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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 3, No. 1,
+April, 1851, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly, Volume 3, No. 1, April, 1851
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 4, 2008 [EBook #25325]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, APRIL, 1851 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+INTERNATIONAL
+
+MONTHLY
+
+MAGAZINE
+
+Of Literature, Science, and Art.
+
+
+VOLUME III.
+
+APRIL TO JULY, 1851.
+
+
+NEW-YORK:
+
+STRINGER & TOWNSEND, 222 BROADWAY.
+
+FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
+
+BY THE NUMBER, 25 Cts.; THE VOLUME, $1; THE YEAR, $3.
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Contents for entire volume 3 in this text. However
+this text contains only issue Vol. 3, No. 1. Minor typos have been
+corrected and footnotes moved to the end of the article.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE THIRD VOLUME.
+
+
+The INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE has now been published one year, with a
+constantly increasing sale, and, it is believed, with a constantly
+increasing good reputation. The publishers are satisfied with its
+success, and will apply all the means at their disposal to increase its
+value and preserve its position. They have recently made such
+arrangements in London as will insure to the editor the use of advance
+sheets of the most important new English publications, and besides all
+the leading miscellanies of literature printed on the continent, have
+engaged eminent persons as correspondents, in Paris, Berlin, and other
+cities, so that _The International_ will more fully than hitherto
+reflect the literary movement of the world.
+
+In wit and humor and romance, the most legitimate and necessary
+components of the popular magazine, as great a variety will be furnished
+as can be gleaned from the best contemporary foreign publications, and
+at the same time several conspicuous writers will contribute original
+papers. In the last year _The International_ has been enriched with new
+articles by Mr. G. P. R. James, Henry Austen Layard, LL.D., Bishop
+Spencer, Mr. Bayard Taylor, Mr. R. H. Stoddard, Mr. Parke Godwin, Mr.
+John R. Thompson, Mr. Alfred B. Street, Mr. W. C. Richards, Dr. Starbuck
+Mayo, Mr. John E. Warren, Mr. George Ripley, Mr. A. O. Hall, Mr. Richard
+B. Kimball, Mrs. E. Oakes Smith, Mrs. Mary E. Hewitt, Miss Alice Carey,
+Miss Cooper (the author of "Rural Hours"), and many others, constituting
+a list hardly less distinguished than the most celebrated magazines in
+the language have boasted in their best days; this list of contributors
+will be worthily enlarged hereafter, and the Historical Review, the
+Record of Scientific Discovery, the monthly Biographical Notices of
+eminent Persons deceased, will be continued, with a degree of care that
+will render _The International_ of the highest value as a repository of
+contemporary facts.
+
+When it is considered that periodical literature now absorbs the best
+compositions of the great lights of learning and literary art throughout
+the world,--that Bulwer, Dickens, James, Thackeray, Macaulay, Talfourd,
+Tennyson, Browning, and persons of corresponding rank in France,
+Germany, and other countries, address the public through reviews,
+magazines, and newspapers--the value of such an "abstract and brief
+chronicle" as it is endeavored to present in _The International_, to
+every one who would maintain a reputation for intelligence, or who is
+capable of intellectual enjoyment, will readily be admitted. It is
+trusted that while these pages will commend themselves to the best
+judgments, they will gratify the general tastes, and that they will in
+no instance contain a thought or suggest a feeling inconsistent with the
+highest refinement and virtue.
+
+    NEW-YORK, July 1, 1851.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+
+VOLUME III. APRIL TO JULY, 1850-51.
+
+
+Alfieri, History and Genius of                                     229
+
+American female Poets, Opinions of, by a Frenchman,                452
+
+Anspach, Margravine of                                             303
+
+American Missions in Ceylon and Sir E. Tennant,                    308
+
+American Saint, An,                                                163
+
+Adventures and Observations in Nicaragua. (Illustrated.)           437
+
+_Arts, The Fine_--Public Works by the King of Prussia, 136.--Herr
+Hiltensperger, 135.--Picture by Leonardo Da Vinci, 136.--Art-Union
+of Vienna, 136.--Another Picture by Raffaelle Discovered,
+136.--Steinhauser's Group for Philadelphia, 136.--The Hillotype,
+136.--Baron Hackett, 137.--Statue of Giovanni de Medici, 137.--Lectures
+before the New-York Artists, 137.--Belgian Exhibition, 137.--Brady's
+Gallery of Illustrious Americans, 137.--Portrait of Cervantes,
+137.--Portraits by Mr. Osgood, 137.--Discoveries at Prague,
+137.--Exhibition of the British Institution, 137.--Lortzing,
+137.--Statue of Wallace, 137.--Engravings of the Art-Unions,
+180.--Exhibition of the National Academy, 181.--Bulletin of the
+Art-Union, 181.--Girodet, 181.--Kotzbue, 181.--Mr. Elliott,
+181.--Schwanthaler, 181.--Museum of Berlin, 181.--Munich Art-Union,
+181.--Kaulbach, 181--French Contribution to the Washington Monument,
+181--Widnmann, 181.--The Exhibitions in New-York, 327.--Prizes and
+Prospects of the Art-Union, 329.--Delaroche, 329.--Mr. Kellogg,
+329.--L'Imitation de Jesus Christ, by Depaepes, 330.--New Members of the
+National Academy, 330.--Sculptures Discovered at Athens, 470.--New Works
+by Nicholas, 471.--German Criticism of Powers, 471.--Diorama of
+Hindostan, 471.--Unveiling the Statue of Frederick the Great,
+471.--Jenny Lind, 471.--The Opera, 471.
+
+_Authors and Books._--The Russian Archives, 26.--Humboldt on the State,
+26.--Russian Geographical Society, 26.--Recollections of Paris, by
+Hertz, 26.--The latest German Novels, 27.--Sch�ffner's History of French
+Law, 27.--Fate of Bonpland, the Traveller, 27.--Russian Account of the
+War in Hungary, 28.--B�lau's Secret History of Mysterious Individuals,
+28.--Italy's Future, by Dr. K�lle, 28.--German Translation of Channing,
+28.--Essays by M, Flourens, 28.--Jacques Arago, 28.--New Book on
+Napoleon, by Colonel H�pfner, 28.--Vaublanc's History of Prance in the
+Time of the Crusades, 28.--Works on the Statistics of Ancient Nations,
+28.--French Version of McCulloch, 28.--MM. Viardot and Circourt on the
+History of the Moors in Europe, 29.--Breton Poets, 29.--Louis
+Phillippe's Last Years, as Described by Himself, 30.--M. Audin,
+31.--Collection of Spanish Romances, by F. Wolf, 31.--Le Bien-Etre
+Universel, 31.--Notices of English Literature by the _Revue
+Brittanique_, 31.--History of French Protestants by Felice, 31.--Works
+in Modern Greek Literature, 32.--Dictionary of Styles in Poetry by
+Planche, 33.--Continuation of Louis Blanc's History of Ten Years,
+33.--Mr. Hallam, 33.--General Napier and his Wife, 33.--Plagiarism by
+Charles Mackay, 33.--English Books on the Roman Catholic Question,
+33.--New Work by R. H. Horne, 33.--Miss Martineau's Book against
+Religion, 34.--Sir John Cam Hobhouse, 34.--Another Book on "Junius",
+34.--Fourier on the Passions, 34.--Mr. Grattan coming again to America,
+34.--Poems by Alaric A. Watts, 35.--The Stowe MSS., 35.--The Scott
+Copyrights, 35.--Dr. Layard, 35.--Henry Alford, 35.--Letter by
+Washington Irving, 35.--Speech on Art, by Alison, 36.--Pensions to
+Poets, 36.--Lavengro, 36.--James T. Fields, 36.--W. G. Simms, 36.--Nile
+Notes by a Howadji, 36.--Use of Documents in the Historical Society's
+Collections, 36.--Fanny Wright, 37.--Prof. Channing's Resignation,
+37.--Mr. Livermore on Public Libraries, 37.--Fenelon never in America,
+37.--Mr. Goodrich and Mr. Walsh, 37.--Works of Major Richardson,
+37.--Mr. Squier's forthcoming Works on American Antiquities, 38.--Letter
+from Charles Astor Bristed, on his Contributions to _Fraser_, 39--The
+Sillimans in Europe, 39.--Works of John Adams, 39.--The C�sars, by De
+Quincy, 39--Jared Sparks, and his Historical Labors, 40--The Opera, by
+Isaac C. Pray, 40.--Frederic Saunders, 40.--The Duty of a Biographer,
+40.--Dr. Andrews's new Work on America, 663.--Bodenstedt's Thousand and
+One Days in the East, 165.--German Emigrant's Manual, 165.--Hungarian
+Biographies, 165.--Caccia's Europe and America, 165.--Fanny Lewald,
+166.--German Reviewals of George Sand, 166.--Scherer's German Songs,
+166.--New Book by Henry M�rger, 166.--Ebeling's Tame Stories of a Wild
+Time, 167.--Grillpazer, the Dramatist, 167.--Rhine Musical Gazette,
+167.--Eddas, by Simrock, 167.--Transactions of the Society of Northern
+Antiquaries, 167.--Raumer's Historical Pocket Book, 167.--_Bilder aus
+Oestreich_, 167.--Poems by Dinglestedt, 167.--Autobiography of Jahn,
+167.--The _Deutsches Museum_, 168.--The Constitutional Struggle in
+Electoral Hesse, 168.--Translations of the Scriptures in African
+Languages, 168.--History of the Prussian Court and Nobility,
+168.--Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Women, 168.--Countess Hahn
+Hahn, 168.--Italia, 168.--Humboldt, as last described, 169.--Rewards of
+Authors, 169.--New Translations of Northern Literature, by George
+Stephens, 169.--Old Work on Etherization, 169.--Phillip Augustus, a
+Tragedy, 169.--Bianchi's Turkish Dictionary, 169.--General Daumas, on
+Western Africa, 170.--De Conches, the Bibliopole, 170.--Jules Sandeau,
+170.--French Play of Massalina, 170.--New French Review, 170.--Victor
+Hugo's New Works, 170.--M. de St. Beuve, 170.--The Shoemakers of Paris,
+170.--Recovery of a Comedy by Moli�re, 171.--Memoirs of Bishop Flaget,
+171.--Travels in the United States by M. Marmier, 171.--Guizot and
+Thiers, 171.--M. Mignet, 171.--Lamartine, 171.--Michelet, 171.--Paris
+and its Monuments, 171.--Mullie's Biographical Dictionary, 171.--The
+Chancellor d'Auguesseau, 171.--Romance and Tales by Napoleon Bonaparte,
+172.--Henry's Life of Calvin, 172.--Discovery of lost Books by Origen,
+173.--Important Discoveries of Greek MSS. near Constantinople,
+173.--Prose Translation of Homer, 173.--Gillie's Literary Veteran,
+173.--Lord Holland's Reminiscences, 173.--Meeting of the British
+Association, 173.--Miss Martineau and the Westminster Review,
+174.--Fielding and Smollett, 174.--Mr. Bigelow's Book on Jamaica, in
+England, 174.--Macready and George Sand, 174.--The Stones of Venice,
+175.--Bulwer Lytton's New Play, 175.--The Last Scenes of Chivalry,
+166.--Fanny Corbeaux, 176.--John G. Taylor on Cuba, 176.--Lady Wortley's
+Travels in the United States, 176.--Opinions of Mr. Curtis's Nile Notes,
+177.--Rev. Satan Montgomery, 177.--Documentary History of New-York,
+177.--Albert J. Pickett's History of Alabama, 178.--Mrs. Farnham,
+178.--Mr. Gayarre on Louisiana, 178.--Lossing's Field Book of the
+Revolution, 178.--Rev. J. H. Ingraham, and his Novels, 178.--Mrs.
+Judson.--The Lady's Book, 179.--Mr. J. R. Tyson, 179.--Dr. Valentine's
+Manual, 179.--Episodes of Insect Life, Mr. Willis, 179.--Robinson's
+Greek Grammar, 179.--Kennedy's Swallow Barn, 179.--American Members of
+the Institute of France, 179.--Works of Walter Colton, 179.--Cobbin's
+Domestic Bible, 179.--Works of Several American Statesmen now in Press,
+180.--Professor Gillespie's Translation of Comte, 180.--Lincoln's
+Horace, 180.--New Novel by the Author of Talbot and Vernon, 180.--Life
+in Fejee, 180.--S. G. Goodrich in England, 180.--Recent American Novels,
+180.--Publications of the Hakluyt Society, 180.--Dr. Mayo's Romance
+Dust, 180.--Thackeray's Lectures, 180.--Mr. Alison, 180.--Dr. Titus
+Tobler on Professor Robinson, 312.--New German Novels, 313.--Kohl, the
+Traveller, 313.--Anastasius Grun and Lenau, 313.--Sir Charles Lyell's
+American Travels Reviewed in Germany, 313.--More of the Countess
+Hahn-Hahn, 313.--German Translations of _David Copperfield, Richard
+Edney_, and Mrs. Hall's _Sorrows of woman_, 313.--Books on Affairs at
+Vienna, 314.--Travels of the Prince Valdimar, 314.--De Montbeillard on
+Spinosa, 314.--Joseph Russeger, 314.--Dr. Strauss, 314.--German
+Universities, 314.--Frau Pfieffer, the Traveller, 314.--Parisians
+sketched by Ferdinand Hiller, 314.--The Diplomats of Italy, 315.--A
+Parisian Willis, 315.--De Castro on the Spanish Protestants, 316.--Books
+on the Hungarian Matters, 316.--Literature in Bengal, 316.--Publications
+on the late Revolutions, at Turin and Florence, 317.--Pensions to
+Authors in France, 317.--MSS. by Louis XVI., 317.--Memoirs of Balzac,
+317.--Quinet on a National Religion, 318.--New Life of Marie Stuart,
+318.--Count Montalembert, 318.--English Biographies by Guizot,
+319.--Romieu's _Spectre Rouge_ de 1852, 319.--Novel by Count Jarnac,
+319.--French inscriptions in Egypt, 319.--Saint Beauve and Mirabeau,
+319.--Democratic Martyrs, 319.--Prosper Merimee on Ticknor's Spanish
+Literature, 320.--Innocence of M. Libri, 320.--The _Politique Nouvelle_,
+320.--New Labors of Lamartine, 320.--An Assyrian Poet in Paris,
+320.--The Edinburgh Review and The Leader on Cousin, 321.--Walter Savage
+Landor in Old Age, 321.--Moses Margoliouth, 321.--Publications of the
+Ecclesiastical History Society, 321.--The Life of Wordsworth,
+322.--Blackwood on American Poets, 322.--Comte's new Calendar, 323.--Old
+Tracts against Romanism, 323.--The Scott Copyrights, 323.--Mrs.
+Browning's new Poems, 323.--Mrs. Hentz's last Novel Dramatized,
+323.--New Book on the United States, 323.--The Guild of Literature and
+Art, 324.--Rev. C. G. Finney's Works in England, 324.--Talvi, 324.--Mrs.
+Southworth's new Novel, 324.--Dr. Spring's last Work, 324.--Mrs.
+Sigourney, 324.--Henry Martyn, 324.--Algernon Sydney, 324.--New Volumes
+of Poems, 324.--Paria, by John E. Warren, 325.--Klopstock in Zurich,
+458.--Wackernagel's History of German Literature, 458.--German
+Dictionary with Americanisms, 458.--Carl Heideloff's new Book in
+Architecture, 458.--Siebeck on Beauty in Gardening, 459.--Schafer's Life
+of Goethe, 459.--Franz Liszt, 459.--History of the Khalifs, by Weil,
+459.--Von Rhaden's Reminiscences of a Military Career, 459.--Life of
+Baron Stein, 459.--Adalbert Kellar, 460.--Heeren and Uckert's Histories
+of the States of Europe, 460.--The Countess Spaur on Pius IX.,
+460.--Illustration of German Idioms, 460.--Last Book of the Countess
+Hahn-Hahn, 460.--"Intercourse with the departed by means of Magnetism,"
+460.--Languages in Russia, 461.--Professor Thiersch, 461.--"The Right of
+Love," a new German Drama, 461.--New German Travels in the United
+States, 461.--Dr. Ernst Foster, 461.--New Work on the use of Stucco,
+461.--Russian Novels and Poems, 461.--Captain Wilkes's Exploring
+Expedition and Taylor's Eldorado in German, 461.--Collection of Greek
+and Latin Physicians, 462.--Correspondence of Mirabeau, 462.--Louis
+Blanc's _Pius de Girondins_, 462.--Anecdote of Scribe, 462.--A Siamese
+Grammar, 462.--"The Death of Jesus," by Citizen Xavier Sauriac,
+463.--Dufai's Satire on Socialist Women, 463.--Remains of Saint Martin,
+463.--Documents respecting the Trial of Louis XVI., 463.--Another Book
+on the French Revolutions, 463.--Letters on the Turkish Empire by M.
+Ubicini, 463.--Collection of Sacred Moralists, 463.--M. Regnault's
+History, 463.--New Novel by Mery, 464.--French Revolutionary Portraits,
+464.--Swedish Version of "Vala," by Parke Godwin, 464.--An Epic by Lord
+Maidstone, 464.--A Defence of Ignorance, 464.--New Story by Dickens,
+464.--Thackeray's Lectures on British Humorists, 464.--Theodore S. Fay,
+465.--Works Published by Mr. Hart, 465.--Carlyle's Life of Sterling,
+465.--Historical Memoirs of Thomas H. Benton, 465.--New Life of
+Jefferson, 466.--Life of Margaret Fuller, by Emerson and Channing,
+466.--The late Rev. Dr. Ogilby's Memoirs, 466.--Dr. Gilman on Edward
+Everett, 466.--W. Gilmore Simms, 466.--Works on "Women's Rights,"
+466.--Illness of Rev. Dr. Smyth, 466.--New Novels, 467.--Miss Bremer,
+467.--Vestiges of Civilization, 467.--Shocco Jones, 467.--Works in Press
+of Mr. Scribner, 467.--John Neal, 467.--Poems of Fanny Green, 467.--Ik.
+Marvel, 467.--Martin Farquhar Tupper, 467.--Dr. Holbrook, 467.--New
+Edition of "Margaret," 467.--Mr. Schoolcraft's Memoirs, 467.--New Work
+by Mr. Melville, 467.--Col. Pickett's History of Alabama, 468.--Dr.
+Baird's Christian Retrospect, 469.--The Parthenon, 469.--Cardinal
+Wiseman's Lectures, 469.--Works of Walter Colton, 469.--History of the
+French Protestants, 469.--New Poems of Alice Carey, Boker, &c., 470.
+
+Botello, Astonishing Adventures of James.--_By Dr. Mayo_,
+  author of "Kaloolah,"                                             40
+
+Biography of a Bad Shilling,                                        92
+
+Borrow, Real Adventures and Achievements of George,                183
+
+Butchers' Leap at Munich,                                          298
+
+Beautiful Streamlet and the Utilitarian, the                       307
+
+Benevolent Institutions of New-York. (Illustrated.)                434
+
+Cooper, James Fenimore. (With a Portrait.)                           1
+
+Calhoun, Powers's Statue of John C. (Illustrated.)                   8
+
+Cocked Hats, A Supply of,                                           97
+
+Costume of the Future,                                             103
+
+Coleridge, Hartley and his Genius,                                 249
+
+Conspiracy of Pontiac,                                             440
+
+Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V.                            376
+
+Crystal Palace, the. A Letter from London. (Illustrated.)          444
+
+Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V.,                           520
+
+Doddridge, and some of his Friends,                                 77
+
+Donkeys at Smithfield,                                              97
+
+Duelling Two Hundred and Fifty Years Ago--_By
+  Thomas Carlyle_,                                                 108
+
+Dog Alcibiades, the,--_By C. Astor Bristed_,                       211
+
+Dewey, George W., and his Writings. (Portrait.)                    286
+
+Dickens and Thackeray,                                             532
+
+Egyptian Antiquities, Preservation of                              299
+
+Fashions. Ladies' (Illustrated.)                         143, 287, 429
+
+Fiddlers, Last of the,--_By Berthold Auerbach_,                     87
+
+First Ship in the Niger.--_By W. A. Russell_,                      127
+
+Faun over his Goblet.--_By R. H. Stoddard_,                        184
+
+Festival upon the Neva,                                            357
+
+French Feuilletonistes upon London,                                446
+
+Gibbon, an Inedited Letter of Edward,                              126
+
+Genlis, Madame de, and Madame de Stael,                            392
+
+Glimpse of the Great Exhibition,                                   409
+
+Great Men's Wives,                                                 413
+
+Grave of Grace Aguilar.--_By Mrs. S. C. Hall_,                     513
+
+Hindostanee Newspapers. _The Flying Sheet of Benares_,              24
+
+Herbert Knowles: "The Three Tabernacles,"                           57
+
+Hogarth, William. (Six Engravings.)                                149
+
+Hawthorne, Nathaniel. (Portrait.)                                  156
+
+Has there been a great Poet in the Nineteenth Century?             182
+
+Hat Reform: A Revolution in Head-Gear,                             187
+
+Heart Whispers.--_By Mary E. Hewitt_,                              200
+
+Herbert, Henry William. (Portrait, &c.)                            289
+
+Halleck, Fitz Greene. (A Portrait.)                                433
+
+_Historical Review of the Month_,                   127, 269, 423, 585
+
+Jews and Christians,                                               162
+
+Jesuit Relations: New Discoveries of MSS. in Rome,                 185
+
+Jeffrey and Joanna Baillie,                                        312
+
+Kendall, George Wilkins. (Portrait.)                               145
+
+Layard, Discoverer of Nineveh, to.--_By Walter Savage
+  Landor_,                                                          98
+
+Life in Persia in the Nineteenth Century,                          105
+
+Littleness of a Great People: Mr. Whitney,                         161
+
+Leading Editors of Paris,                                          239
+
+Love.--_By John Critchly Prince_,                                  247
+
+Lyra, a Lament.--_By Alice Carey_,                                 253
+
+London Described by a Parisian,                                    306
+
+Lion in the Toils, the,--_By C. Astor Bristed_,                    366
+
+Legend of St. Mary's,--_By Alice Carey_,                           416
+
+Marcy, Dr., and Homoeopathy. (Portrait.)                           429
+
+Mining under the Sea,                                              102
+
+My Novel.--_By Sir E. Bulwer Lytton_,               110, 253, 399, 541.
+
+Marie Antoinette.--_By Lord Holland and Mr. Jefferson_,             23
+
+Music.--_By Alfred B. Street_,                                      25
+
+Monte Leone.--_By H. De St. Georges_,                58, 201, 346, 489.
+
+Modern Haroun Al Raschid,                                          245
+
+Man of Tact, the,                                                  372
+
+Meeting of the Nations in Hyde Park.--_By W. M.
+  Thackeray_,                                                      330
+
+Mary Kingsford: a Police Sketch,                                   417
+
+Mayo, Dr., author of "Kaloolah." (Portrait.)                       442
+
+Marie, Jeanne, and Lyrical Poetry in Germany,                      457
+
+Nell Gwynne.--_By Mrs. S. C. Hall._ (Portrait and
+  six other Illustrations.)                                          9
+
+Natural Revelation.--_By Alfred B. Street_,                        200
+
+Nicholas Von der Flue.--_By the author of "Rural
+  Hours,"_                                                         472
+
+Old Maids, a Family of,                                            289
+
+Otsego Hall--Residence of J. F. Cooper. (Illustrated,)             285
+
+Our Phantom Ship among the Ice,                                    386
+
+Our Phantom Ship--Japan,                                           534
+
+Policarpa La Salvarietta, the Heroine of Colombia,                 162
+
+Professional Devotion in a Lawyer,                                 188
+
+Paganini, Anecdotes of,                                            237
+
+Prospects of African Colonization,                                 397
+
+Politeness in Paris and London.--_By Sir Henry Bulwer, K.C.B._,    363
+
+Physiology of Intemperance,                                         98
+
+Prophecy.--_By Alice Carey_,                                       244
+
+_Recent Deaths_:--(Portrait of Joanna Baillie.)--Viscount Gardinville,
+140.--Rev. Dr. Ogilby, 140.--George Thompson, 140.--The Emir Bechir,
+140.--Dr. Leuret, 140.--M. Kockkoek, 140.--Joanna Baillie,
+140.--Spontini, the Composer, 142.--Charles Coqurel, 142.--Col. George
+Williams, 142.--Charles Matthew Sander, 142.--Lord Bexley, 143.--John
+Pye Smith, 143.--Samuel Farmer Jarvis, D.D., LL.D., 279.--Judge
+Burnside, 279.--Ex-Governor Isaac Hill, 280.--Judge Daggett, 231.--Major
+James Rees, 281.--M. M. Noah, 282.--John S. Skinner, 282.--Major General
+Brooke, 282.--F. Gottlieb Hand, 282.--M. Jacobi, 282.--Hans Christian
+Oersted, 283.--Henri Delatouche, 283--Madame de Sermetz, 284.--Marshal
+Dode de la Bruniere, 284.--M. Maillau, 284.--Dr. Henry de Breslau,
+284.--Commissioner Lin, 284.--John Louis Yanoski, 284.--Count d'Hozier,
+284.--George Brentano, 284.--Francis Xavier Fernbach, 284.--Jules
+Martien, 284.--Captain Cunningham, 428.--John Henning, 428.--Padre
+Rozavan, 428.--Prince Wittgenstein, 428.--Lord Langdale, 428.--E. J.
+Roberts, 428,--Professor Wahlenberg, 428.--Philip Hone, Archbishop
+Eccleston, Gen. Brady, 428.--Dr. Samuel George Morton, 563.--Richard
+Lalor Shiel, 563.--Richard Phillips, 565.--Dowton, the Comedian,
+565.--Admiral Codrington, 565.--Lord Chancellor Cottenham, 565.
+
+_Record of Scientific Discovery_--Photography, 138.--London Society of
+Arts, 138.--Barry 138.--Gold, 138.--Light and Heat, 138.--Chinese Coal,
+138.--Water of the Ocean, 138.--The Asteroids, 139.--Shooting Stars,
+139.--Geology of Spain, 139.--Scientific Researches in Abyssinia,
+139.--New Motors, 276.--Water Gas, 276.--Improvements in the Steam
+Engine, 276,--New Applications of Zinc, &c., 276.--New Adaptation of
+Lithography, 276.--Annual of Scientific Discovery, 276.--Oxygen from
+Atmospheric Ari, 277.--Whitened Camera for Photography, 277.--M. Laborde
+on Photography, 277.--Abich on the Country near the Black Sea,
+277.--D'Hericourt on African Discoveries, 277.--Enormous Fossil Eggs,
+277.--Papers by Leverrier and others before the Paris Academy of
+Sciences, 278.--Barth and Overweg in Africa, 278.--General Radowitz on
+Philology, 278.--Latour, on Artificial Coal, 278--Scientific Congress at
+Paris, 278.--Experiments at the Porcelain Factories in Sevres,
+279.--Captain Purnell on Ship Cisterns, 279.--Electric Sun at Gotha,
+279.--Letter from Professor Morse on the Hillotype, 566.--Professor
+Blume and the French Academy, 566.
+
+Rotation of the Earth. (Illustrated.)                              296
+
+Shelley, Memoir of the late Mrs. Percy Bysshe,                      16
+
+Shakspeare, Mr. Hudson's New Edition of,                            18
+
+"Stones of Venice," the,--_By John Ruskin_,                         19
+
+Story Without a Name.--_By G. P. R. James_,          45, 189, 333, 477.
+
+Sweden, Sketches of Life in,                                       450
+
+Sorcery and Magic, History of                                      247
+
+Snowdrop in the Snow.--_By Sydney Yendys_,                         201
+
+Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, and his Works. (Portrait.)                300
+
+Second Wife, or the Tables Turned,                                 331
+
+Smuggler Malgre Lui, the,                                          394
+
+Sorel, Agnes, True History of--_By R. H. Horne_,                   396
+
+Strauss, Dr. David, in Weimar,                                     410
+
+Schalken, the Painter: A Ghost Story,                              449
+
+Scenes at Malmaison,                                               504
+
+Transformation: A Tale.--_By the late Mrs. Shelley_,                70
+
+Thurlow, Lord, and his Terrible Swearing,                           85
+
+Twin Sisters.--_By Wilkie Collins_,                                221
+
+Trenton Falls.--_By N. P. Willis._ Four Engravings,                292
+
+Tobacco,                                                           311
+
+Washington. (Two Engravings.)                                      146
+
+Wilfulness of Woman.--_By the late Mrs. Osgood_,                   188
+
+Wreck of the Old French Aristocracy,                               373
+
+Walpole's Opinions of his Contemporaries,                          488
+
+"Work Away,"                                                       533
+
+Yeast: A Problem.--_By the author of "Alton Locke,"_               160
+
+
+
+
+THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+_Of Literature, Art, and Science._
+
+
+Vol. III NEW-YORK. APRIL 1, 1851. No. I
+
+
+
+
+JAMES FENIMORE COOPER.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The readers of the _International_ have in the above engraving, from a
+Daguerreotype by Brady, the best portrait ever published of an
+illustrious countryman of ours, who, as a novelist, take him all in all,
+is entitled to precedence of every other now living. "With what amazing
+power," exclaims Balzac, in the _Revue de Paris_, "has he painted
+nature! how all his pages glow with creative fire! Who is there writing
+English among our contemporaries, if not of him, of whom it can be said
+that he has a genius of the first order?" And the _Edinburgh Review_
+says, "The empire of the sea, has been conceded to him by acclamation;"
+that, "in the lonely desert or untrodden prairie, among the savage
+Indians or scarcely less savage settlers, all equally acknowledge his
+dominion. 'Within this circle none dares walk but he.'" And Christopher
+North, in the _Noctes_: "He writes like a hero!" And beyond the limits
+of his own country, every where, the great critics assign him a place
+among the foremost of the illustrious authors of the age. In each of the
+departments of romantic, fiction in which he has written, he has had
+troops of imitators, and in not one of them an equal. Writing not from
+books, but from nature, his descriptions, incidents, and characters, are
+as fresh as the fields of his triumphs. His Harvey Birch, Leather
+Stocking, Long Tom Coffin, and other heroes, rise before the mind, each
+in his clearly defined and peculiar lineaments, as striking original
+_creations_, as actual persons. His infinitely varied descriptions of
+the ocean, ships gliding like beings of the air upon its surface, vast
+solitary wildernesses, and indeed all his delineations of nature, are
+instinct with the breath of poetry; he is both the Horace Vernet and the
+Claude Lorraine of novelists; and through all his works are sentiments
+of genuine courtesy and honor, and an unobtrusive and therefore more
+powerful assertion of natural rights and dignity.
+
+WILLIAM COOPER, the emigrant ancestor of JAMES FENIMORE COOPER, arrived
+in this country in 1679, and settled at Burlington, New Jersey. He
+immediately took an active part in public affairs, and his name appears
+in the list of members of the Colonial Legislature for 1681. In 1687, or
+subsequent to the establishment of Penn at Philadelphia, he obtained a
+grant of land opposite the new city, extending several miles along the
+margin of the Delaware and the tributary stream which has since borne
+the name of Cooper's Creek. The branch of the family to which the
+novelist belongs removed more than a century since into Pennsylvania, in
+which state his father was born. He married early, and while a young man
+established himself at a hamlet in Burlington county, New Jersey, which
+continues to be known by his name, and afterward in the city of
+Burlington. Having become possessed of extensive tracts of land on the
+border of Otsego Lake, in central New-York, he began the settlement of
+his estate there in the autumn of 1785, and in the following spring
+erected the first house in Cooperstown. From this time until 1790 Judge
+Cooper resided alternately at Cooperstown and Burlington, keeping up an
+establishment at both places. James Fenimore Cooper was born at
+Burlington on the fifteenth of September, 1789, and in the succeeding
+year was carried to the new home of his family, of which he is now
+proprietor.
+
+Judge Cooper being a member of the Congress, which then held its
+sessions in Philadelphia, his family remained much of the time at
+Burlington, where our author, when but six years of age, commenced under
+a private tutor of some eminence his classical education. In 1800 he
+became an inmate of the family of Rev. Thomas Ellison, Rector of St
+Peter's, in Albany, who had fitted for the university three of his elder
+brothers, and on the death of that accomplished teacher was sent to New
+Haven, where he completed his preparatory studies. He entered Yale
+College at the beginning of the second term of 1802. Among his
+classmates were John A. Collier, Judge Cushman, and the late Justice
+Sutherland of New-York, Judge Bissel of Connecticut, Colonel James
+Gadsden of Florida, and several others who afterwards became eminent in
+various professions. John C. Calhoun was at the time a resident
+graduate, and Judge William Jay of Bedford, who had been his room-mate
+at Albany, entered the class below him. The late James A. Hillhouse
+originally entered the same class with Mr. Cooper; there was very little
+difference in their ages, both having been born in the same month, and
+both being much too young to be thrown into the arena of college life.
+Hillhouse was judiciously withdrawn for this reason until the succeeding
+year, leaving Cooper the youngest student in the college; he, however,
+maintained a respectable position, and in the ancient languages
+particularly had no superior in his class.
+
+In 1805 he quitted the college, and obtaining a midshipman's warrant,
+entered the navy. His frank, generous, and daring nature made him a
+favorite, and admirably fitted him for the service, in which he would
+unquestionably have obtained the highest honors had he not finally made
+choice of the ease and quiet of the life of a private gentleman. After
+six years afloat--six years not unprofitably passed, since they gave him
+that knowledge of maritime affairs which enabled him subsequently,
+almost without an effort, to place himself at the head of all the
+writers who in any period have attempted the description of the sea--he
+resigned his office, and on the first day of January, 1811, was married
+to Miss De Lancey, a sister of the present Bishop of the Diocese of
+Western New-York, and a descendant of one of the oldest and most
+influential families in America.
+
+Before removing to Cooperstown he resided a short time in Westchester,
+near New-York, and here he commenced his career as an author. His first
+book was _Precaution_. It was undertaken under circumstances purely
+accidental, and published under great disadvantages. Its success was
+moderate, though far from contemptible. It is a ludicrous evidence of
+the value of critical opinion in this country, that _Precaution_ was
+thought to discover so much knowledge of _English_ society, as to raise
+a question whether its alleged author could have written it. More
+reputation for this sort of knowledge accrued to Mr. Cooper from
+_Precaution_ than from his subsequent real work on England. It was
+republished in London, and passed for an English novel.
+
+_The Spy_ followed. No one will dispute the success of _The Spy_. It was
+almost immediately republished in all parts of Europe. The novelty of an
+American book of this character probably contributed to give it
+circulation. It is worthy of remark that all our own leading periodicals
+looked coldly upon it; though the country did not. The _North American
+Review_--ever unwilling to do justice to Mr. Cooper--had a very
+ill-natured notice of it, professing to place the _New England Tale_ far
+above it! In spite of such shallow criticism, however, the book was
+universally popular. It was decidedly the best historical romance then
+written by an American; not without faults, indeed, but with a fair
+plot, clearly and strongly drawn characters, and exhibiting great
+boldness and originality of conception. Its success was perhaps decisive
+of Mr. Cooper's career, and it gave an extraordinary impulse to
+literature in the country. More than any thing that had before occurred,
+it roused the people from their feeling of intellectual dependence. The
+popularity of _The Spy_ has been so universal, that there is scarcely a
+written language into which it is not translated. In 1847 it appeared in
+_Persian_ at Ispahan.
+
+In 1823 appeared _The Pioneers_. This book has passages of masterly
+description, and is as fresh as a landscape from another world; but it
+seems to me that it has always had a reputation partly factitious. It is
+the poorest of the Leather Stocking tales, nor was its success either
+marked or spontaneous. Still, it was very well received, though it was
+thought to be a proof that the author was written out. With this book
+commenced the absurdity of saying Mr. Cooper introduced family traits
+and family history into his novels. How little of truth there is in this
+supposition Mr. Cooper has explained in his revised edition, published
+the present year.
+
+_The Pilot_ succeeded. The success of _The Pilot_ was at first a little
+doubtful in this country; but England gave it a reputation which it
+still maintains. It is due to Boston to say that its popularity in the
+United States was first manifested there. I say _due_ to Boston, not
+from considerations of merit in the book, but because, for some reason,
+praise for Mr. Cooper, from New England, has been so rare. The _North
+American Review_ took credit to itself for magnanimity in saying some of
+his works had been rendered into French, when they were a part of every
+literature of Europe. America, it is often said, has no original
+literature. Where can the model of The Pilot be found? I know of nothing
+which could have suggested it but the following fact, which was related
+to me in a conversation with Mr. Cooper. The Pirate had been published a
+short time before. Talking with the late Charles Wilkes, of New-York--a
+man of taste and judgment--our author heard extolled the universal
+knowledge of Scott, and the sea portions of The Pirate cited as a proof.
+He laughed at the idea, as most seamen would, and the discussion ended
+by his promising to write a sea story which could be read by landsmen,
+while seamen should feel its truth. The Pilot was the fruit of that
+conversation. It is one of the most remarkable novels of the time, and
+every where obtained instant and high applause.
+
+_Lionel Lincoln_ followed. This was a second attempt to embody history
+in an American work of fiction. It failed, and perhaps justly; yet it
+contains one of the nicest delineations of character in Mr. Cooper's
+works. I know of no instance in which the distinction between a maniac
+and an idiot is so admirably drawn; the setting was bad, however, and
+the picture was not examined.
+
+In 1826 came _The Last of the Mohicans_. This book succeeded from the
+first, and all over Christendom. It has strong parts and weak parts, but
+it was purely original, and originality always occupies the ground. In
+this respect it is like The Pilot.
+
+After the publication of The Last of The Mohicans, Mr. Cooper went to
+Europe, where his reputation was already well established as one of the
+greatest writers of romantic fiction which our age, more prolific in men
+of genius than any other, had produced. The first of his works after he
+left his native country was _The Prairie_. Its success every where was
+decided and immediate. By the French and English critics it has been
+deemed the best of his stories of Indian life. It has one leading fault,
+however, that of introducing any character superior to the family of the
+squatter. Of this fault Mr. Cooper was himself aware before he finished
+the work; but as he wrote and printed simultaneously, it was not easy to
+correct it. In this book, notwithstanding, Natty Bumpo is quite up to
+his mark, and is surpassed only in The Pathfinder. The reputation of The
+Prairie, like that of The Pioneers, is in a large degree owing to the
+opinions of the reviews; it is always a fault in a book that appeals to
+human sympathies, that it fails with the multitude. In what relates to
+taste, the multitude is of no great authority; but in all that is
+connected with feeling, they are the highest; and for this simple
+reason, that as man becomes sophisticated he deviates from nature, the
+only true source of all our sympathies. Our feelings are doubtless
+improved by refinement, and vice versa; but their roots are struck in
+the human heart, and what fails to touch the heart, in these
+particulars, fails, while that which does touch it, succeeds. The
+perfection of this sort of writing is that which pleases equally the
+head and the heart.
+
+_The Red Rover_ followed The Prairie. Its success surpassed that of any
+of its predecessors. It was written and printed in Paris, and all in a
+few months. Its merits and its reception prove the accuracy of those
+gentlemen who allege that "Mr. Cooper never wrote a successful book
+after he left the United States." It is certainly a stronger work than
+The Pilot, though not without considerable faults.
+
+_The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish_ was the next novel. The author I believe
+regards this and Lionel Lincoln as the poorest of his works. It met with
+no great success.
+
+_The Water Witch_ succeeded, but is inferior to any of the other
+nautical tales. It was the first attempt by Mr. Cooper--the first by any
+author--to lay the scene of a tale of witchcraft on the coast of
+America. It has more imagination than any other of Mr. Cooper's works,
+but the blending of the real with the ideal was in some parts a little
+incongruous. The Water Witch was written in Italy and first printed in
+Germany.
+
+Of all Americans who ever visited Europe, Mr. Cooper contributed most to
+our country's good reputation. His high character made him every where
+welcome; there was no circle, however aristocratic or distinguished, in
+which, if he appeared in it, he was not observed of all observers; and
+he had the somewhat singular merit of _never forgetting that he was an
+American_. Halleck, in his admirable poem of Red Jacket, says well of
+him:
+
+    COOPER, whose name is with his country's woven,
+      First in her fields, her pioneer of mind,
+    _A wanderer now in other lands, has proven_
+      _His love for the young land he left behind._
+
+After having been in Europe about two years he published his _Notions of
+the Americans_, in which he "endeavored to repel some of the hostile
+opinions of the other hemisphere, and to turn the tables on those who at
+that time most derided and calumniated us." It contained some
+unimportant errors, from having been written at a distance from
+necessary documentary materials, but was altogether as just as it was
+eloquent in vindication of our institutions, manners, and history. It
+shows how warm was his patriotism; how fondly, while receiving from
+strangers an homage withheld from him at home, he remembered the scenes
+of his first trials and triumphs, and how ready he was to sacrifice
+personal popularity and profit in defence of his country.
+
+He was not only the first to defend and to praise America, but the first
+to whom appeals were made for information in regard to her by statesmen
+who felt an interest in our destiny. Following the revolution of the
+Three Days, in Paris, a fierce controversy took place between the
+absolutists, the republicans, and the constitutionalists. Among the
+subjects introduced in the Chambers was the comparative cheapness of our
+system of government; the absolutists asserting that the people of the
+United States paid more direct and indirect taxes than the French. La
+Fayette appealed to Mr. Cooper, who entered the arena, and though, from
+his peculiar position, at a heavy pecuniary loss, and the danger of
+incurring yet greater misfortunes, by a masterly _expos�_ silenced at
+once the popular falsehoods. So in all places, circumstances, and times,
+he was the "_American_ in Europe," as jealous of his country's
+reputation as his own.
+
+Immediately after, he published _The Bravo_, the success of which was
+very great: probably equal to that of The Red Rover. It is one of the
+best, if not the very best of the works Mr. Cooper had then written.
+Although he selected a foreign scene on this occasion, no one of his
+works is more American in its essential character. It was designed not
+only to extend the democratical principle abroad, but to confirm his
+countrymen in the opinion that nations "cannot be governed by an
+irresponsible minority without involving a train of nearly intolerable
+abuses." It gave aristocracy some hits, which aristocracy gave back
+again. The best notice which appeared of it was in the famous Paris
+gazette entitled _Figaro_, before Figaro was bought out by the French
+government. The change from the biting wit which characterized this
+periodical, to the grave sentiment of such an article, was really
+touching, and added an indescribable grace to the remarks.
+
+_The Heidenmaur_ followed. It is impossible for one to understand this
+book who has not some acquaintance with the scenes and habits described.
+It was not very successful.
+
+_The Headsman of Berne_ did much better. It is inferior to The Bravo,
+though not so clashing to aristocracy. It met with very respectable
+success. It was the last of Mr. Cooper's novels written in Europe, and
+for some years the last of a political character.
+
+The first work which Mr. Cooper published after his return to the United
+States was _A Letter to his Countrymen_. They had yielded him but a
+hesitating applause until his praise came back from Europe; and when the
+tone of foreign criticism was changed, by acts and opinions of his which
+should have banded the whole American press for his defence, he was
+assailed here in articles which either echoed the tone, or were actual
+translations of attacks upon him by foreigners. The custom peculiar to
+this country of "quoting the opinions of foreign nations by way of
+helping to make up its own estimate of the degree of merit which belongs
+to its public men," is treated in this letter with caustic and just
+severity, and shown to be "destructive of those sentiments of
+self-respect and of that manliness and independence of thought, that are
+necessary to render a people great or a nation respectable." The
+controlling influence of foreign ideas over our literature, fashions,
+and even politics, are illustrated by the manner in which he was himself
+treated, and by what he considers the English doctrines which have been
+broached in the speeches of many of our statesmen. It is a frank and
+honest book, which was unnecessary as a vindication of Mr. Cooper, but
+was called for by the existence of the abuse against which it was
+chiefly directed, though it seems to have had little effect upon it. Of
+the political opinions it contains I have no more to say than that I do
+not believe in their correctness.
+
+It was followed by _The Monikins_, a political satire, which was a
+failure.
+
+The next publications of Mr. Cooper were his _Gleanings in Europe_.
+_Sketches in Switzerland_, first and second series, each in two volumes,
+appeared in 1836, and none of his works contain more striking and vivid
+descriptions of nature, or more agreeable views of character and
+manners. It was followed by similar works on France, Italy, and England.
+All of these were well received, notwithstanding an independence of tone
+which is rarely popular, and some absurdities, as, for example, the
+imputations upon the American Federalists, in the Sketches of
+Switzerland. The book on England excited most attention, and was
+reviewed in that country with as much asperity as if its own travellers
+were not proverbially the most shameless libellers that ever abused the
+hospitality of nations. Altogether the ten volumes which compose this
+series may be set down as the most intelligent and philosophical books
+of travels which have been written by our countrymen.
+
+_The American Democrat, or Hints on the Social and Civil Relations of
+the United States of America_, was published in 1835. The design is
+stated to be, "to make a commencement toward a more just discrimination
+between truth and prejudice." It is essentially a good book on the
+virtues and vices of American character.
+
+For a considerable time Mr. Cooper had entertained an intention of
+writing _The History of the Navy of the United Stated_, and his early
+experience, his studies, his associations, and above all the peculiar
+felicity of his style when treating of nautical affairs, warranted the
+expectation that his work would be a solid and brilliant contribution to
+our historical literature. It appeared in two octavo volumes in 1839,
+and reached a second edition in 1840, and a third in 1846.[A] The public
+had no reason to be disappointed; great diligence had been used in the
+collection of materials; every subject connected with the origin and
+growth of our national marine had been carefully investigated, and the
+result was presented in the most authentic and attractive form. Yet a
+warm controversy soon arose respecting Mr. Cooper's account of the
+battle of Lake Erie, and in pamphlets, reviews, and newspapers, attempts
+were made to show that he had done injustice to the American commander
+in that action. The multitude rarely undertake particular
+investigations; and the attacks upon Mr. Cooper, conducted with a
+virulence for which it would be difficult to find any cause in the
+History, assuming the form of vindications of a brave and popular
+deceased officer, produced an impression so deep and so general that he
+was compelled to defend the obnoxious passages, which he did
+triumphantly in a small volume entitled _The Battle of Lake Erie, or
+Answers to Messrs. Burgess, Duer, and Mackenzie_, published in 1843, and
+in the notes to the last edition of his Naval History. Those who read
+the whole controversy will perceive that Mr. Cooper was guided by the
+authorities most entitled to the consideration of an historian, and that
+in his answers he has demonstrated the correctness of his statements and
+opinions; and they will perhaps be astonished that he in the first place
+gave so little cause for dissatisfaction on the part of the friends of
+Commodore Perry. Besides the Naval History and the essays to which it
+gave rise, Mr. Cooper has published, in two volumes, _The Lives of
+American Naval Officers_, a work of the highest merit in its department,
+every life being written with conciseness yet fulness, and with great
+care in regard to facts; and in the Democratic Review has published an
+unanswerable reply to the attacks upon the American marine by James and
+other British historians.
+
+The first novel published by Mr. Cooper after his return to the United
+States was _Homeward Bound_. The two generic characters of the book,
+however truly they may represent individuals, have no resemblance to
+classes. There may be Captain Trucks, and there certainly are Steadfast
+Dodges, but the officers of the American merchant service are in no
+manner or degree inferior to Europeans of the same pursuits and grade;
+and with all the abuses of the freedom of the press here, our newspapers
+are not worse than those of Great Britain in the qualities for which Mr.
+Cooper arraigns them. The opinions expressed of New-York society in
+_Home as Found_ are identical with those in _Notions of the Americans_,
+a work almost as much abused for its praise of this country as was _Home
+as Found_ for its censure, and most men of refinement and large
+observation seem disposed to admit their correctness. This is no doubt
+the cause of the feeling it excited, for a _nation_ never gets in a
+passion at misrepresentation. It is a miserable country that cannot look
+down a falsehood, even from a native.
+
+The next novel was _The Pathfinder_. It is a common opinion that this
+work deserves success; more than any Mr. Cooper has written. I have
+heard Mr. Cooper say that in his own judgment the claim lay between _The
+Pathfinder_ and _The Deerslayer_, but for myself I confess a preference
+for the sea novels. Leather Stocking appears to more advantage in _The
+Pathfinder_ than in any other book, and in _Deerslayer_ next. In _The
+Pathfinder_ we have him presented in the character of a lover, and
+brought in contact with such characters as he associates with in no
+other stages of his varied history, though they are hardly less
+favorites with the author. The scene of the novel being the great fresh
+water seas of the interior, sailors, Indians, and hunters, are so
+grouped together, that every kind of novel-writing in which he has been
+most successful is combined in one complete fiction, one striking
+exhibition of his best powers. Had it been written by some unknown
+author, probably the country would have hailed him as much superior to
+Mr. Cooper.
+
+_Mercedes of Castile_, a Romance of the Days of Columbus, came next. It
+may be set down as a failure. The necessity of following facts that had
+become familiar, and which had so lately possessed the novelty of
+fiction, was too much for any writer.
+
+_The Deerslayer_ was written after Mercedes and The Pathfinder, and was
+very successful. Hetty Hunter is perhaps the best female character Mr.
+Cooper has drawn, though her sister is generally preferred. The
+Deerslayer was the last written of the "Leather Stocking Tales," having
+come out in 1841, nineteen years after the appearance of The Pioneers in
+1822. Arranged according to the order of events, The Deerslayer should
+be the first of this remarkable series, followed by The Last of the
+Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie.
+
+_The Two Admirals_ followed The Deerslayer. This book in some respects
+stands at the head of the nautical tales. Its fault is dealing with too
+important events to be thrown so deep into fiction; but this is a fault
+that may be pardoned in a romance. Mr. Cooper has written nothing in
+description, whether of sea or land, that surpasses either of the battle
+scenes of this work; especially that part of the first where the French
+ship is captured. The Two Admirals appeared at an unfortunate time, but
+it was nevertheless successful.
+
+_Wing-and-Wing, or Le Feu Follet_, was published in 1842. The interest
+depends chiefly upon the manoeuvres by which a French privateer
+escapes capture by an English frigate. Some of its scenes are among Mr.
+Cooper's best, but altogether it is inferior to several of his nautical
+novels.
+
+_Wyandotte, or the Hutted Knoll_, in its general features resembles The
+Pathfinder and The Deerslayer. The female characters are admirable, and
+but for the opinion, believed by some, from its frequent repetition,
+that Mr. Cooper is incapable of depicting a woman, Maud Meredith would
+be regarded as among the very first class of such portraitures.
+
+Next came the _Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief_, in one volume.
+It is a story of fashionable life in New-York, in some respects peculiar
+among Mr. Cooper's works, and was decidedly successful. It appeared
+originally in a monthly magazine, and was the first of his novels
+printed in this manner.
+
+_Ned Myers_, in one volume, which followed in the same year, is a
+genuine biography, though it was commonly regarded as a fiction.
+
+In the beginning of 1844 Mr. Cooper published _Ashore and Afloat_, and a
+few months afterward _Miles Wallingford_, a sequel to that tale. They
+have the remarkable minuteness yet boldness of description, and dramatic
+skill of narration, which render the impressions he produces so deep and
+lasting. They were as widely read as any of his recent productions.
+
+The extraordinary state of things which for several years has disgraced
+a part of the state of New-York, where, with unblushing effrontery, the
+tenants of several large proprietors have refused to pay rents, and
+claimed, without a shadow of right, to be absolute possessors of the
+soil, gave just occasion of alarm to the intelligent friends of our
+institutions; and this alarm increased, when it was observed that the
+ruffianism of the "anti-renters," as they are styled, was looked upon by
+many persons of respectable social positions with undisguised approval.
+Mr. Cooper addressed himself to the exposure and correction of the evil,
+in a series of novels, purporting to be edited from the manuscripts of a
+family named Littlepage; and in the preface to the first of these,
+entitled _Satanstoe, a Tale of the Colony_, published in 1845, announces
+his intention of treating it with the utmost freedom, and declares his
+opinion, that the "existence of true liberty among us, the perpetuity of
+our institutions, and the safety of public morals, are all dependent on
+putting down, wholly, absolutely, and unqualifiedly, the false and
+dishonest theories and statements that have been advanced in connection
+with this subject." Satanstoe presents a vivid picture of the early
+condition of colonial New-York. The time is from 1737 to the close of
+the memorable campaign in which the British were so signally defeated at
+Ticonderoga. _Chainbearer_, the second of the series, tracing the family
+history through the Revolution, also appeared in 1845, and the last,
+_The Red Skins_, story of the present day, in 1846. "This book," says
+the author, in his preface, "closes the series of the Littlepage
+manuscripts, which have been given to the world as containing a fair
+account of the comparative sacrifices of time, money, and labor, made
+respectively by the landlord and the tenants, on a New-York estate,
+together with the manner in which usages and opinions are changing among
+us, and the causes of these changes." These books, in which the most
+important practical truths are stated, illustrated and enforced, in a
+manner equally familiar and powerful, were received by the educated and
+right-minded with a degree of favor that showed the soundness of the
+common mind beyond the crime-infected districts, and their influence
+will add to the evidences of the value of the novel as a means of
+upholding principles in art, literature, morals and politics.
+
+_The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak_, followed in 1847. It is a story of the
+Pacific, embracing some of Mr. Cooper's finest sea pictures, but
+altogether is not so interesting as the average of his nautical tales.
+
+_Oak Openings, or the Bee-Hunter_, came next. It has the merits
+characteristic of his Indian novels, masterly scene-painting, and
+decided individuality in the persons introduced.
+
+_Jack Tier, or the Florida Reef_, appeared in 1848, and is one of the
+best of the sea stories. The chief character is a woman, deserted by a
+half smuggler, half buccaneer, whom she joins in the disguise of a
+sailor, and accompanies undiscovered during a cruise. In vividness of
+painting and dramatic interest it has rank with the Red Rover and The
+Pilot.
+
+_The Sea Lions, or the Lost Sealers_, was published in 1849. It deals to
+some extent in metaphysics, and its characters are for the most part of
+humble conditions. It has more of domestic life than any of the other
+nautical pieces.
+
+In the spring of 1850 came out _The Ways of the Hour_, the last of this
+long series of more than thirty novels, and like the Littlepage MSS. it
+was devoted to the illustration of social and political evils, having
+for its main subject the constitution and office of juries. In other
+works Mr. Cooper appears as a conservative; in this as a destructive.
+The book is ingenious and able, but has not been very successful.
+
+In 1850 Mr. Cooper came out for the first time as a dramatic writer, in
+a comedy performed at Burton's theatre in New-York. A want of practice
+in writing for the stage prevented a perfect adaptation of his piece for
+this purpose, but it was conceded to be remarkable for wit and satirical
+humor. He has now in press a work illustrative of the social history and
+condition of New-York, which will be published during the summer by Mr.
+Putnam, who from time to time is giving to the public the previous works
+of Mr. Cooper, with his final revisions, and such notes and
+introductions as are necessary for the new generation of readers. The
+Leather Stocking Tales, constituting one of the great works to be ranked
+hereafter with the chief masterpieces of prose fiction in the literature
+of the world, are among the volumes now printed.
+
+It cannot be denied that Mr. Cooper is personally unpopular, and the
+fact is suggestive of one of the chief evils in our social condition. In
+a previous number of this magazine we have asserted the ability and
+eminently honorable character of a large class of American journals. The
+spirit of another class, also in many instances conducted with ability,
+is altogether bad and base; jealous, detracting, suspicious, "delighting
+to deprave;" betraying a familiarity with low standards in mind and
+morals, and a consciousness habituated to interested views and sordid
+motives; degrading every thing that wears the appearance of greatness,
+sometimes by plain denial and insolent contempt, and sometimes by
+wretched innuendo and mingled lie and sophistry; effectually dissipating
+all the romance of character, and all the enthusiasm of life; hating
+dignity, having no sympathies with goodness, insensible to the very
+existence of honor as a spring of human conduct; treating patriotism and
+disinterestedness with an elaborate sneer, and receiving the suggestions
+of duty with a horse-laugh. There is a difference not easily to be
+mistaken between the lessening of men which is occasioned by the
+loftiness of the platform whence the observation is made, and that which
+is produced by the malignant envy of the observer; between the gloomy
+judicial ferocity of a Pope or a Tacitus, and the villain levity which
+revels in the contemplation of imputed faults, or that fiendishness of
+feeling which gloats and howls over the ruins of reputations which
+itself has stabbed.
+
+For a few years after Mr. Cooper's return from Europe, he was repeatedly
+urged by his friends to put a stop to the libels of newspapers by an
+appeal to the law; but he declined. He perhaps supposed that the common
+sense of the people would sooner or later discover and right the wrong
+that was done to him by those who, without the slightest justification,
+invaded the sacredest privacies of his life for subjects of public
+observation. He finally decided, at the end of five years after his
+return, to appeal to the tribunals, in every case in which any thing not
+by himself submitted to public criticism, in his works, should be
+offensively treated, within the limits of the state of New-York. Some
+twenty suits were brought by him, and his course was amply vindicated by
+unanimous verdicts in his behalf. But the very conduct to which the
+press had compelled him was made a cause of ungenerous prejudices. He
+has never objected to the widest latitude or extremest severity in
+criticisms of his writings, but simply contended that the author should
+be let alone. With him, individually, the public had nothing to do. In
+the case of a public officer, slanders may be lived down, but a literary
+man, in his retirement, has no such means of vindication; his only
+appeal is to the laws, and if they afford no protection in such cases,
+the name of law is contemptible.
+
+I enter here upon no discussion of the character of the late Commander
+Slidell Mackenzie, but observe simply that no one can read Mr. Cooper's
+volume upon the battle of Lake Erie and retain a very profound respect
+for that person's sagacity or sincerity. The proprietors of the
+copyright of Mr. Cooper's abridged Naval History offered it, without his
+knowledge, to John C. Spencer, then Secretary of the State of New-York,
+for the school libraries of which that officer had the selection. Mr.
+Spencer replied with peculiar brevity that he would have nothing to do
+with such a partisan performance, but soon after directed the purchase
+of Commander Mackenzie's Life of Commodore Perry, which was entirely and
+avowedly partisan, while Mr. Cooper's book was rigidly impartial.
+Commander Mackenzie returned the favor by hanging the Secretary's son. A
+circumstance connected with this event illustrates what we have said of
+obtaining justice from the newspapers. A month before Commander
+Mackenzie's return to New-York in the Somers, Mr. Cooper sent to me, for
+publication in a magazine of which I was editor, an examination of
+certain statements in the Life of Perry; but after it was in type,
+hearing of the terrible mistake which Mackenzie had made, he chose to
+suffer a continuation of injustice rather than strike a fallen enemy,
+and so directed the suppression of his criticism. Nevertheless, as the
+statements in the Life of Perry very materially affected his own
+reputation, in the following year, when the natural excitement against
+Mackenzie had nearly subsided, he gave his answer to the press, and was
+immediately accused in a "leading journal of the country" of having in
+its preparation devoted himself, from the date of that person's
+misfortune, to his injury. The reader supposes, of course, that the
+slander was contradicted as generally as it had been circulated, and
+that justice was done to the forbearance and delicacy with which Mr.
+Cooper had acted in the matter; but to this day, neither the journal in
+which he was assailed, nor one in a hundred of those which repeated the
+falsehood, has stated these facts. Here is another instance: The late
+William L. Stone agreed with Mr. Cooper to submit a certain matter of
+libel for amicable arbitration, agreeing, in the event of a decision
+against him, to pay Mr. Cooper two hundred dollars toward the expenses
+he must incur in attending to it. The affair attracted much attention.
+Before an ordinary court Mr. Cooper should have received ten thousand
+dollars; but he accepted the verdict agreed upon, the referees deciding
+without hesitation that he had been grossly wronged by the publication
+of which he had complained. After the death of Mr. Stone one of the
+principal papers of the city stated that his widow was poor, and had
+appealed to Mr. Cooper's generosity for the remission of a fine, which
+could be of no importance to a gentleman of his liberal fortune, but had
+been answered with a rude refusal. The statement was entirely and in all
+respects false, and it was indignantly contradicted upon the authority
+of President Wayland, the brother of Mrs. Stone; but the editors who
+gave it currency have never retracted it, and it yet swells the tide of
+miserable defamation which makes up the bad reputations of so many of
+the purest of men. Numerous other instances might be quoted to show not
+only the injustice with which Mr. Cooper has been treated, but the
+addiction of the press to libel, and its unwillingness to atone for
+wrongs it has itself inflicted.
+
+It used to be the custom of the _North American Review_ to speak of Mr.
+Cooper's works as "translated into French," as if thus giving the
+highest existing evidence of their popularity, while there was not a
+language in Europe into which they did not all, after the publication of
+The Red Rover appear almost as soon as they were printed in London. He
+has been the chosen companion of the prince and the peasant, on the
+borders of the Volga, the Danube, and the Guadalquivir; by the Indus and
+the Ganges, the Paraguay and the Amazon; where the name even of
+Washington was never spoken, and our country is known only as the home
+of Cooper. The world has living no other writer whose fame is so
+universal.
+
+Mr. Cooper has the faculty of giving to his pictures an astonishing
+reality. They are not mere transcripts of nature, though as such they
+would possess extraordinary merit, but actual creations, embodying the
+very spirit of intelligent and genial experience and observation. His
+Indians, notwithstanding all that has been written to the contrary, are
+no more inferior in fidelity than they are in poetical interest to those
+of his most successful imitators or rivals. His hunters and trappers
+have the same vividness and freshness, and in the whole realm of fiction
+there is nothing more actual, harmonious, and sustained. They evince not
+only the first order of inventive power, but a profoundly philosophical
+study of the influences of situation upon human character. He treads the
+deck with the conscious pride of home and dominion: the aspects of the
+sea and sky, the terrors of the tornado, the excitement of the chase,
+the tumult of battle, fire, and wreck, are presented by him with a
+freedom and breadth of outline, a glow and strength of coloring and
+contrast, and a distinctness and truth of general and particular
+conception, that place him far in advance of all the other artists who
+have attempted with pen or pencil to paint the ocean. The same vigorous
+originality is stamped upon his nautical characters. The sailors of
+Smollett are as different in every respect as those of Eugene Sue and
+Marryat are inferior. He goes on board his ship with his own creations,
+disdaining all society and assistance but that with which he is thus
+surrounded. Long Tom Coffin, Tom Tiller, Trysail, Bob Yarn, the
+boisterous Nightingale, the mutinous Nighthead, the fierce but honest
+Boltrope, and others who crowd upon our memories, as familiar as if we
+had ourselves been afloat with them, attest the triumph of this
+self-reliance. And when, as if to rebuke the charge of envy that he owed
+his successes to the novelty of his scenes and persons, he entered upon
+fields which for centuries had been illustrated by the first geniuses of
+Europe, his abounding power and inspiration were vindicated by that
+series of political novels ending with The Bravo, which have the same
+supremacy in their class that is held by The Pilot and The Red Rover
+among stories of the sea. It has been urged that his leading characters
+are essentially alike, having no difference but that which results from
+situation. But this opinion will not bear investigation. It evidently
+arose from the habit of clothing his heroes alike with an intense
+individuality, which under all circumstances sustains the sympathy they
+at first awaken, without the aid of those accessories to which artists
+of less power are compelled to resort. Very few authors have added more
+than one original and striking character to the world of imagination;
+none has added more than Cooper; and his are all as distinct and actual
+as the personages that stalk before us on the stage of history.
+
+To be American, without falling into Americanism, is the true task that
+is set before the native artist in literature, the accomplishment of
+which awaits the reward of the best approval in these times, and the
+promise of an enduring name. Some of our authors, fascinated very
+excusably with the faultless models of another age, have declined this
+condition, and have given us Spectators and Tattlers with false dates,
+and developed a style of composition of which the very merits imply an
+anachronism in the proportion of excellence. Others have understood the
+result to be attained better than the means of arriving at it. They have
+not considered the difference between those peculiarities in our
+society, manners, tempers, and tastes, which are genuine and
+characteristic, and those which are merely defects and errors upon the
+English system; they have acquired the force and gayety of liberty, but
+not the dignity of independence, and are only provincial, when they
+hoped to be national. Mr. Cooper has been more happy than any other
+writer in reconciling these repugnant qualities, and displaying the
+features, character, and tone of a great rational style in letters,
+which, original and unimitative, is yet in harmony with the ancient
+models.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] The first and second editions appeared in Philadelphia, and the
+third in Cooperstown. It was reprinted in 1830 in London, Paris, and
+Brussels: and an abridgment of it, by the author, has been largely
+introduced into common schools.
+
+
+
+
+STATUE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN, BY HIRAM POWERS.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The above engraving of the statue of JOHN C. CALHOUN is from a
+daguerreotype taken in Florence immediately after the work was
+completed, and therefore presents it as it came from the hand of the
+sculptor, unmutilated by the accidents to which it was subjected in
+consequence of the wreck of the Elizabeth. The statue of Mr. Calhoun was
+contracted for, we believe, in 1845, and completed in 1850. It is the
+first draped or historical full-length by Mr. Powers, and it amply
+justifies the fame he had won in other performances by the harmonious
+blending of such particular excellences as he had exhibited in
+separation. It indeed illustrates his capacities for the highest range
+of historical portraiture and characterization, and will occasion
+regrets wherever similar subjects have in recent years been confided to
+other artists. We have heard that it is in contemplation to place in the
+park of our own city a colossal figure of Mr. Webster, by the same great
+sculptor. It is fit that while Charleston glories in the possession of
+this counterfeit of her dead Aristides (for in the indefectable purity
+of his public and private life Mr. Calhoun was surpassed by no character
+in the temples of Grecian or Roman greatness), New-York should be able
+to point to a statue of the representative of those ideas which are most
+eminently national, and of which she, as the intellectual and commercial
+metropolis of the whole country, is the centre. For plastic art, Mr.
+Webster may be regarded as perhaps the finest subject in modern history,
+and the head which Thorwaldsen thought must be the artist's ideal of the
+head of Jove, when modelled to the size of life, in the fit proportions
+of such a statue as is proposed, would be more imposing than any thing
+that has appeared in marble since the days of Praxitiles.
+
+This figure of Mr. Calhoun is considerably larger than that of the great
+senator. The face is represented with singular fidelity as it appeared
+ten years ago. The incongruous blending of the Roman toga with the
+palmetto must be borne: civilization is not sufficiently advanced for
+the historical to be much regarded in art; and our Washingtons,
+Hamiltons, Websters and Calhouns, must all, like Mr. Booth and Mr.
+Forrest, come before us in the character of Brutus. With this exception
+as to the design, every critic must admit the work to be faultless; and
+Charleston may well be proud of a monument to her legislator, which
+illustrates her taste while it reminds her of his purity, dignity, and
+watchful care of her interests.
+
+By the wreck of the ship Elizabeth, the left arm of the statue was
+broken off, and the fragment has not been recovered.
+
+
+
+
+NELL GWYNNE.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The above picture is from Sir Peter Lely's portrait, copied in the
+Memoirs of Grammont. Nell Gwynne has been the heroine of a dozen books,
+in the last ten years, and a very interesting work respecting her life
+and times is now being published in _The Gentleman's Magazine_. We copy
+the following article, with its illustrations, from the _Art Journal_,
+in which it appears as one of Mrs. S. C. Hall's "Pilgrimages to English
+Shrines."
+
+There may be some who will object to the application of so honored a
+term to the dwelling of an actress of lost repute; but surely that may
+be a "shrine" where consideration can be taught--where mercy is to be
+learned--and--that which is "greater" than even faith and hope--charity!
+
+However agreeable may be the present, and we have no reason to complain
+of it in any way, there is inexhaustible delight in reverting to the
+past. We do not mean living over again our own days; for though, if we
+could "pick and choose," there are sundry portions of our lives we might
+desire to repeat, yet, beginning from the beginning, taking the bad and
+the good "straight on," there can be few, men or women, who would
+willingly pass again through the whole of a gone-by career. And this,
+properly considered, is one of our greatest blessings; stifling much of
+vain regret, and teaching us to "look forward" to the future. We have
+always had, if we may so call it, a domestic rambling propensity; a
+desire to see "dwellings," not so much for their pictorial as their, so
+to say, personal celebrity: and sometimes, as on our visit to Barley
+Wood, this longing comes upon us at the wrong season, when a cheerful
+fire at "home" would be a meet companion. It is now six years ago--six
+years, last month--that, pacing along Pall Mall, we paused, and turned
+to the left hand corner of St. James's Square, full of painful and
+un-English memories of the Asiatic court of the second Charles; the
+sovereign who had endured adversity without discovering that "sweet are
+its uses;" who had "suffered tribulation" without "learning mercy"--the
+king who makes us doubt if, as a people, we have any claim to what is
+called "national character"--for the change that came over England,
+within a few brief years, from gloomy fanaticism to reckless license, is
+one of the marvels that give to history the aspect of romance. We had
+been walking round Whitehall,[B] recalling the change that had swept
+away nearly all relics of the past in that quarter, and strolled so far
+out of our home-ward path to look at the house in Pall Mall (recently
+removed from its place) which tradition says was the dwelling of Nell
+Gwynne, besides her apartment at Whitehall, to which she was entitled by
+virtue of her office as lady of the bed-chamber to a most outraged
+queen. One of our friends remembers supping in the back room on the
+ground-floor of that very house, the said room being called "the Mirror
+Chamber," because the walls were panelled with looking-glass[C]. There
+are others who affirm that Nelly lodged at the _opposite_ side of Pall
+Mall, because Evelyn gossips of her leaning from her window, "talking to
+the king," who was lounging in St. James's Park, thereby wounding the
+propriety of many, who think vice only vice when it becomes notorious.
+Evelyn was always sadly perplexed by his faithful and high devotion to
+Charles, the king, and his abhorrence of the vices of Charles, the man;
+while Pepys jogged on, sometimes in the royal seraglio, sometimes at
+church, sometimes with my Lady Castlemaine, sometimes with "Knip" at the
+"king's house," seeing, admiring, and repeating--his morality held in
+abeyance; and yet always, even to the kissing of "Mistress Nelly," "a
+sweet pretty soul," companioned by his wife. If Pepys was a curiosity,
+what must Madame Pepys have been![D] What must the "court set" of those
+days have been, when we are absolutely refreshed by turning from them to
+the uneducated but frank-hearted and generous woman,--tainted as she is
+to all history by the worse than imperfections arising out of her
+position, yet redeemed in a degree, by virtues, which, in that
+profligate court, were entirely her own!
+
+[Illustration: WHITEHALL.]
+
+The scene in St. James's Park to which Evelyn refers, was an index to
+the age[E].
+
+Blessed as we are in the knowledge that nowhere in England are the
+domestic virtues better cultivated or more truly flourishing than in our
+own pure and high-souled court, we are almost inclined to treat as a
+mythological fable, the history of Whitehall during the reign of Charles
+the Second. No one trait of the father's better nature redeems that of
+the son. His life was indeed
+
+    "a sad epicure's dream,"
+
+and worse. He was not worthy even of the earnest devotion which the poor
+orange-girl, of all his favorites, alone manifested to the last.
+
+Poor Nell! the sympathy which every right-thinking woman feels it a
+Christian duty to give to her and her class, far from extenuating vice,
+is only a call upon the virtuous to be more virtuous, and to the pure to
+be more pure. No one would plunge into crime, merely for the sake of
+being redeemed therefrom; no one take the sin, who looked first at the
+shame, hideous and enduring as it must be--however overshadowed by the
+broad wings of mercy; the burn of the brand can never be effaced,
+however skilfully healed. And when the wit, the loveliness, the
+generosity, the fidelity of "Madame Ellen," when the memory of the
+well-spent evening of her checkered life, and the allowance we make for
+the early impressions of a young creature, called upon to sing her first
+songs in a tavern, and sell oranges in the depraved and depraving saloon
+of "the King's House;"--when all these aids are exerted to excite our
+sympathy, we only accord the sentiment of pity to "poor Nell Gwynne!"
+
+While looking at the house said to have been inhabited by this "_femme
+d'esprit par la grace de Dieu_!" we vowed a pilgrimage to Sandford Manor
+House, at Sandy End, Fulham,--to the dwelling where there is no doubt
+she spent many summer months. Near as it is to our own, we were doubtful
+of the way, and determined to inquire of our opposite neighbor, who
+keeps the old Brompton tollbar.
+
+"Sandford Manor House," repeated he, "I never heard tell of such a place
+in these parts. Whereabouts is it?"
+
+"Exactly what we want to know. It is a very old dilapidated house, by
+the side of a little stream that runs into the Thames somewhere by Old
+Chelsea. I think you must have heard of it. It was once inhabited by the
+famous Nell Gwynne." I might almost as well have talked Hebrew to our
+neighbor, who seemed born to lay in wait for market-carts, and pounce
+upon them for toll.
+
+[Illustration: SANDFORD MANOR HOUSE.]
+
+"Old house! Nell Gwynne!" he again repeated, and something like an
+expression of life and interest moved his features while he added--"It's
+the Nell Gwynne public-house you're after, I'm thinking; that was in
+Chelsea; but whether it's there now or not, is more than I can tell."
+
+"No, no," we answered, perhaps, sharply, "it is the house she lived in
+we want to see--Sandford Manor House."
+
+"Perhaps it's the madhouse," he suggested. We walked on. "Please," said
+a little rosy-faced boy, "if you want to find out any thing about old
+houses, Hill, the rat-catcher, knows them all, as he hunts up the rats
+and sparrows about; and you have only to go down Thistle Grove, into the
+Fulham road--straight on. His is a low house, ma'am--his name in the
+window--you can't pass it, for the birds and white mice."
+
+And is there no one left, we thought, to tell where the witty,
+light-hearted, true-hearted Nelly lived--she who was the friend of
+Dryden and Lee, the favorite of Lord Buckhurst, the rival of the Duchess
+of Cleveland, the protector of the soldiers of England--the one
+unselfish friend of the selfish Charles? Is there no one in a district
+that once echoed with the praise of her charities--no one to tell where
+she resided, but Hill, the old rat-catcher? We proceeded through the
+prettily-built, but gangrened-looking, cottages located in Thistle
+Grove, once called Brompton Heath, (or Marsh, we forget which,) until
+the sounds of traffic reminded us that we were in the Fulham road.
+Presently the sharp voice of a starling, just above us, attracted our
+attention.
+
+"Poor Tom!" said the bird--"Tom!--poor Tom!"
+
+The old rat-catcher invited us to enter. He is a man of powerful frame,
+with a massive head, fringed round with an abundance of gray hair, with
+deep well-set eyes, and a quiet smile. Two sharp, bitter-looking,
+wiry-haired terriers began smelling, casting their sly eyes upwards, to
+see if we feared them or were friendly to their advances, and, after a
+moment or two, seemed sufficiently satisfied with the scrutiny to
+warrant their wagging their short stumpy tails in rude welcome. The room
+was hung round with cages of the songbirds of England--some content with
+their captivity, others restless, and passing to and fro in front of the
+wires, eager for escape. Strong inclosures, containing both rats and
+ferrets, were ranged along the sides of the small room; the latter,
+long, yellow, pink-eyed, and pink-nosed creatures, lithe as a willow
+wand, courting notice; while the rats, on the contrary, moved their
+whiskers in defiance, and, with bright, black, determined eyes, sat
+lumped up in the distant corners of their dens, ready 'to die game,' if
+die they must. Gay-colored finches, the gold and the green, graced the
+window in little brown bob cages; while mice of all colors, from the
+burnt sienna-colored dormouse, who was more than half asleep within the
+skin of an apple which it had scooped out, to the matronly white mouse,
+who was sitting composedly amid a progeny of thirteen young ones,
+attracted groups of little gazers, every now and then dispersed by the
+larger terrier, who ran out amongst them, snarling and threatening, but
+doing them no harm. "Come in, old chap; that will do, old fellow," said
+his master, adding, "I would not keep a dog that would hurt any thing
+but a _varmint_."
+
+"Oh, oh! Nell's old house," he replied to our inquiries; "Nell Gwynne's
+house at Sandy End, where runs the little river they deepened into a
+canal--the stream I mean that divides Chelsea from Fulham--Sandford
+Manor House! Ay, that I do, and I'd match it against any house in the
+county for rats!--terrible place--I lost two ferrets there, this time
+two years, and one of them was found t'other side of the canal; it must
+have been a pleasant place in those days, when the king was making his
+private road through the Chelsea fields, and the stream was as clear as
+a thrush's eye, and birds of all sorts were so tamed by Madame Ellen,
+that they'd come when she'd call them. Ah, a pretty woman might catch a
+king, but it's only a kind one that could tame the wild birds of the
+air; I know that; I'll show you the way with pleasure." "Poor Tom," sung
+out the starling. "Your bird is calling you," we observed, after he had
+told his wife not to let the jay pick "the splints" off his broken leg,
+and we were leaving the door. "It's not me he's calling," answered the
+old man, with a heavy sigh. "Now that's a bit of nature, ma'am. A bird,
+I'm thinking, remembers longer than a Christian does. Poor Tom's wife is
+married again, but the starling still calls for its master. It's hard to
+say, what they do or do not know; the bird often wrings my heart; but
+for all that, I could not part with him." At any other time we would
+have asked him the reason, but just then we were thinking more of Nell
+Gwynne than of our guide. We walked on, until we came to the "World's
+End." "It is nothing but a common public-house now," observed our
+companion, who had not spoken again, except to his dog: "but I remember
+when it was more than that; and, moreover, in Nell's time, it was a
+place of great resort for noblemen and fine ladies--a royal tea-garden,
+they say--filled with the best of good company; they liked the country
+and the open air in those days." We continued silent, until at last our
+guide called "Stop!" so suddenly, as to make us start. "Do you see that
+bank just under the arch of the bridge we stand on? The hardest day's
+work I ever had was digging an old rat out of that bank. This is Sandy
+End; and that house opposite is Sandford Manor House[F]."
+
+There was nothing in the sight of those green, grim walls to excite any
+feeling of romance. Yet positively our heart beat more rapidly than
+usual for a minute or two--"a way it has" when we are at all interested.
+We turned down a lane seamed with ruts, by the side of a paling black
+with gas tar. We passed two or three exceedingly old houses, and one in
+particular with three windows in front. It was evident that the paling
+had been run across the garden, which must have been very extensive.
+After waiting a few minutes for permission from the master of the
+gas-works, to whom the Manor House belonged, to enter, an elderly man of
+respectable appearance opened the gate, and told us he resided there,
+and that the servant would show us all over the house. The rat-catcher
+commenced poking his stick into the various mounds of earth wherever
+there was the appearance of a hole, and his dogs became at once busy and
+animated. There was but one of the three walnut trees said to have been
+planted by royal hands, remaining, and that stood gnarled, and thick,
+and stunted, close to the present entrance--bent it was, like a thing
+whose pleasantest days are gone, and which cares not how soon it may be
+gathered into the garner. A circular plot of thick green grass was
+directly opposite the hall door, and in its centre grew a young golden
+holly, some of the turf being cleared away from round its root. This was
+encircled by a fair gravel walk, leading to the house, which was entered
+through a rustic porch, covered with ivy; very old and rampant it was,
+and its deep heavy foliage, so densely green, had a pall-like look, as
+it rustled and sighed in the sharp keen air. It was flanked by two
+cypress trees, well-shaped and well-grown. Dank ivy and deep cypress
+where the living Nell would have twined roses and passion-flowers! You
+see the old door-way when under the porch; it is of no particular order,
+but massive and pointed,--the hall is like the usual entrance to
+old-fashioned country-houses, panelled with oak. The staircase is very
+remarkable, as Mr. Fairholt's sketch will show; broad twisted iron rods,
+of great thickness, springing from the oak square pillars which flank
+the turnings, and assisting to support the flight above. The room on the
+right is large, the ceiling low, the windows deep set in the thick
+walls. A very gentle looking little maid was nursing a pretty white cat
+by the fire; her young fresh face and bright smile were like sunbeams in
+a tomb; what did she there? We could fancy old withered crones in such a
+dwelling, rather than a fair tender child, and yet she looked so happy,
+and so full of joy! The opposite room had been fitted up as a kitchen,
+and was clean and cold. We paced up the stairs so often trodden by
+Nell's small feet, when they descended briskly to meet the lounging
+heavy footfalls of her royal master, whom she loved for himself, and
+careless of her own future, as she was of her own person, cared more for
+the honor of the indolent Charles, than ever he cared for his own! In
+nature, in feeling, in all honors _save the one_, how superior was the
+poor orange-girl to her rivals; they envied and slandered each other,
+disdaining no article to fix the fancy of the king, who desired nothing
+more than that they should all live peaceably together, and was not able
+to comprehend why they did not agree when he endeavored to please them;
+they copied each other--but Nell resembled only herself. Instead of
+going like the generality of her sex from bad to worse, the more her
+opportunities of evil increased, the better she became. The ladies of
+the court swore, drank, and gambled; it was the fashion to be coarse and
+vicious, and the more coarse they were, the better they pleased the
+English Sultan; and if the poor orange-girl endeavored to keep her lover
+by what bound him to others,--where's the wonder? Her manners had their
+full taste of the time; but we look in vain elsewhere for the generous
+bravery, the kind thoughts, the disinterested acts, which have retained
+her in our memories. "Poor Nell!" we said aloud, "poor, poor Nell!"
+"Please, if you will only go on, I will show you her bed-room and
+dressing-room, them's little more than closets; but this was her
+bed-room, and that, the madam's dressing-room," said the servant, a
+little impatient of delay. Both rooms were furnished, but cold and
+gloomy; the floor of what the girl called her dressing-room was chippy
+and worm-eaten. "And there," persisted the servant, "in that corner just
+by, if not in that little cupboard, the money was found." "What money?"
+"The money the madam, or some one about her, forgot, fifteen thousand
+good pounds, I am told; and a gentleman came here once, who told me he
+had some of the coins that were discovered there." "That must be a
+mistake," we said. "Oh, there's no knowing. Why should the gentleman
+tell a story?" We saw the girl was determined we should believe her,
+contrary both to our knowledge and reason, so we made no further
+observation, while she muttered that she would "just go and put her own
+room straight a bit." We were left alone in Nell's dressing-chamber! She
+never bestowed much time upon her toilet; and Burnet, who was
+particularly hard upon her at all times, says that, after her
+"elevation," she continued "to _hang_ on her clothes with the same
+slovenly negligence;" and, truly, Sir Peter Lely, would make it appear
+that all the "ladies" of the court, however rich the materials that
+composed their dresses, and well assorted the colors, "hung" them full
+carelessly over their persons; nay, it would be difficult to imagine how
+they could stand up without their dresses falling off; they certainly
+have a most uncomfortable look[G]. However she dressed, she certainly
+succeeded in winning, and even keeping, the _fancy_ (for we may doubt if
+he had any _affection_ for the ministers of his vices) of Charles until
+the end. And although Burnet was marvellously angry that at such a time
+the thought of such a "creature" should find its way into the mind when
+it was about to lay aside the draperies of royalty for the realities of
+eternity--yet the only little passage in the life of the voluptuary that
+ever touched us was, his entreaty to his brother James, "Not to let poor
+Nelly starve!" We closed our eyes in reverie, and endeavored to picture
+the "beauties" upon whom the licentious king conferred a shameful
+immortality. Unfortunately the most powerful female influence in the
+Cabinet has generally been exercised by worthless women; an argument, if
+one were needed, to prove that a woman is little tempted to interfere
+with State affairs if her mind is untainted, and directed to the source
+of woman's legitimate power.
+
+[Illustration: STAIRCASE, SANDFORD MANOR HOUSE.]
+
+How loathsome was the King's subjection to the abandoned vixen, my Lady
+Castlemaine! And yet how powerful must have been her beauty! Can we not,
+in fancy, see her now,--stepping out of her carriage at Bartholomew
+Fair, whither she had gone to view the rare puppet-show of "Patient
+Grizzle," hissed when recognized by the honest mob; yet upon turning the
+light of her radiant and beautiful face towards them, they exchange
+their jibes and curses for admiration and hurras.
+
+"Poor Nelly" was no proficient in pen-craft, for she could only sign
+with the initials--E. G.
+
+Until the publication of Mrs. Jameson's "Beauties," there existed a
+popular fallacy, that every one of Sir Peter Lely's portraits,
+represented a woman of tainted reputation; this was any thing but true;
+however poisonous a _malaria_ may be, there are always some who escape
+its influence, and the pure and high-souled Lady Ossory, and the noble
+Countess de Grammont would adorn even a court such as our own; we wish
+that Evelyn or Pepys had recorded how those ladies treated "Nell," for
+they must have met her during their attendance on the outraged Queen,
+and hardly less insulted Duchess of York; they must have encountered her
+at Whitehall, and noted her dimpled cheeks, and small bright laughing
+eyes; and contrasted her unaffected child-like bearing, with the
+boisterous arrogance of the Duchess of Cleveland, and the cat-like
+cunning of the French _courtezan_, (the Duchess of Portsmouth,) who
+could not with all her arts detach the sovereign from poor Nell, whose
+genuine wit, generosity of mind, as well as purer life, and careless
+buoyant humor, were reliefs to the caprices and eternal French
+cabals,--which troubled his unenergetic nature, in the gorgeous _salon_
+of the most extravagant of his favorites. From such women as Madame de
+Grammont and Lady Ossory the untitled actress could have met no offence;
+for women of high virtue are merciful; women who affect it, are not.
+
+[Illustration: Another View of the Manor House.]
+
+We could fancy Nell's silver laugh, passing along those damp walls of
+Sandford Manor House; we could imagine her leaning from that window,
+conversing with, and rallying, her royal "lover," who stands beneath,
+amid the flowers, once so bright and abundant, where only weeds and
+stinging thistles were to be seen this winter-time. As for him, wisdom
+came not with years; "consideration" never whipped the offending Adam
+out of him--in his character there was no "nettle," but there was no
+"strawberry." What does he reply to her merrie rallying as she dallies
+with her looking-glass? He leans his white and jewelled hand upon his
+hip, and, with a faded smile, listens to her mingled love and reproof.
+She talks of the old soldiers, and wonders why the builders pause in the
+erection of the Hospital, for lack of cash, when certain ladies sport
+new diamonds, and glitter in fair coaches; and he tells her he will take
+her, if she likes, from where she is, and give her the palace by the
+water-side, in exchange for her sweet words and sweeter smiles. She will
+none of this, but answers she would rather content her in the humblest
+house in his dominions, so that the soldiers who fought his battles
+should be worthily lodged in their old age. He repeats to her the last
+bit of Sedley, and diverts her with news of a new play, for well he
+knows those who once lived by the buskin love the buskin still:[H] and
+she listens, and is pleased, but returns to her first theme; and,
+provoked at last by an indifference she cannot understand, she becomes
+bitter, and then Charles laughs at "little pig-eyed Nelly." "Ah, Nell,
+Nell!" he says, stroking, at the same time, the fair tresses that grace
+the head of a pretty boy, her son, "you are like the fruit that will
+come of yonder trees, a rough and bitter outside, but a sweet and
+pleasant soul within."
+
+We composed our thoughts, or rather we aroused from those waking dreams
+in which all indulge sometimes--more or less. The house contains
+fourteen rooms--and must have been pleasant, long ago, as a retreat
+where poor Nell could bring her titled children--whom she doubtless
+loved with all the enthusiasm of her ardent nature. We crossed the
+garden, but could find no trace of the pond in which tradition reports
+Madam Ellen's mother to have been drowned. Not long ago, a very old
+woman resided in Chelsea, whose grandmother, it was said, was Nell's
+stage-dresser; this was before old Ranelagh was built over, and when the
+site of Eaton Square was intersected by damp pathways and
+nursery-gardens. We entered the meadows at the back, to see how the
+house looked from thence, which greatly delighted the rat-catcher's
+terriers.
+
+Modern "improvement" long spared this locality. When we knew and loved
+it first, we could see the Thames from our windows in one direction, and
+Kensington Gardens in another. But old houses, standing within their own
+park-like inclosures, and old trees and green fields, are nearly all
+gone.[I] We used to have the nightingales in the elm-avenue leading to
+Hereford Lodge, but the only nightingale we had last spring was one who
+came from the FAR NORTH. Many hereafter will do pilgrimage to her shrine
+with a far deeper feeling of respect, than, with all our charity, we can
+bestow upon Sandford Manor House.
+
+If the women of England could forget this period of our history, which,
+as Mrs. Jameson truly and beautifully observes, "saw them degraded from
+objects of adoration to servants of pleasure, and gave the first blow to
+that chivalrous feeling with which their sex had hitherto been regarded,
+by levelling the distinction between the unblemished matron and her 'who
+was the ready spoil of opportunity'"--if this were possible, it might be
+well, like Claire, when she threw the pall over the perishing features
+of Julie, to exclaim--
+
+    "Maudite soit l'indigne main qui jamais soulevera ce voile,"
+
+but so it is not; and it becomes our duty to look on Charles, and those
+who were corrupted by his example and his influence, as plague-spots
+upon the fair brow of our beloved country. We should learn to speak of
+him, not as distinguished for "gallantry," but as the monarch who
+reduced those he insulted by his love below the level of the poor
+Georgian slave, who knows no higher destiny than to glitter for a few
+short moons as the star of the harem. But if some of the women of that
+court were deeply degraded--if the termagant and imperious Castlemaine;
+the lovely and intriguing Denham; the coquettish, cold, and cunning
+Richmond; the innately-dissipated and unrestrainable Southesk; the
+equivocal Middleton; the rapacious, prodigal, and insinuating
+Querouaille,--are rendered infamous in our national history--let us not
+confound the innocent with the guilty. We can point out to our
+daughters, for admiration and example, the patient, affectionate, and
+enduring Lady Northumberland, the beloved sister of Lady Rachel Russel;
+the beautiful Miss Hamilton; the peerless Lady Ossory; the matchless
+Jennings;--women passing through the ordeal of the Whitehall court, at
+such a time, with unstained repute, may be well believed to have
+possessed innate virtue and true feminine dignity.
+
+We have not classed Nell Gwynne among the court profligates; nor can we
+so describe her. She was most unfortunate, but not innately vicious; we
+may say so without danger to others. Neither the circumstances of her
+life or death hold out temptations to follow her example. She endured
+vexation and contumely enough, during the most brilliant period of her
+life, to embitter even a less sensitive spirit than hers. The deep and
+earnest love she bore the worthless king, must have been a sore scourge
+to her own heart. The very piety of her nature, overcome as it was by
+circumstances, and the lack of those virtues which, slow of growth, only
+attained strength during the last seven years of her life, and were not
+deemed unworthy the Christian forbearance and even commendation of
+Doctor Tennison,[J] whose funeral sermon preached in memory of the poor
+orange-girl, proves that she must have suffered much from the reproofs
+of conscience, even when her sin to all appearance most revelled in its
+"glory." The canker eat into the rose--soiled and marred its
+perfectness--chipped and wasted its beauty--but could not destroy its
+perfume!
+
+That there must have been great good, and great fascination, in Nell
+Gwynne, is proved by the kind of memory in which her name is enshrined.
+While we say "Poor Nell!" we shake our heads--the sigh and the smile
+mingle together--we regret and pity her. We wonder she was so good--we
+sorrow at the impurity,--not so much of the beset actress, as of her
+position. We know that, though fallen, she was not depraved. She was not
+avaricious, nor intriguing, nor ill-tempered, nor unjust. Her regard for
+literature (though she could hardly sign her own name) proved the
+up-looking of her better nature; and her charity was unbounded. Shall
+we--reared and instructed in all righteous ways--shall we show less
+charity to the memory of one who in her latter days rose out of the
+slough into which circumstance--not vice--had plunged her? Shall we be
+less charitable than the bishop who honored her memory and his own
+character by recording her benevolence, her penitence, her exemplary
+end? The good bishop's testimony renders it needless that we "point a
+moral." There was "joy in heaven" over one sinner that repented. Who but
+One can judge the heart? Let charity hold up her warning finger, often,
+when we "think evil:" and consideration, "like an angel" come, when
+harsh judgment dooms an "erring sister." Above all, let us adopt the
+sentiment of the poet (and our pilgrimage to Sandford Manor House will
+not be in vain):
+
+    "If thy neighbor should sin, old Christoval said,
+    Never, never, unmerciful be!
+    For remember it is by the mercy of God,
+    Thou art not as wicked as he!"[K]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] The appearance of Whitehall from the Thames in the reign of Charles
+II. may be seen in our woodcut. The beautiful Banqueting-house of Inigo
+Jones was crowded among a heterogeneous mass of ugly buildings connected
+with the exigencies of the court. Beside the houses, to the spectator's
+left, was a large garden extending to the river, with fountains and
+parterres. A small garden also projected into the river in front of the
+buildings; and here Charles used to view the civic processions of the
+Lord Mayor, who on the day of his taking the oaths at Westminster,
+generally gratified the sovereign and other sight-seers with a pageant
+on the Thames, in some degree adulatory of the monarch. The king resided
+here so constantly, that the most striking pictures of his private
+manners are recorded to have happened at Whitehall, and for which the
+graphic pages of Pepys, Evelyn, and De Grammont may be consulted.
+Whitehall, indeed, has obtained its chief interest from its connection
+with the Stuarts. The Banqueting-house, erected by James I., in front of
+which his unfortunate son was executed; the residence of Cromwell here
+in a quietude, strangely contrasted with the voluptuousness of the
+Restoration; the flight of James II., and his queen's escape with her
+infant son by the water-gate, shown in our cut, closes the history of
+the Stuart family in this country of sovereigns; and the history also of
+the palace; for, on the 10th April, 1691, the greater part was burnt by
+a fire, which was succeeded by another in 1698, which destroyed nearly
+every building but the Banqueting-house, and Whitehall ceased to be the
+residence of royalty.
+
+[C] Nell's "town-house" was in Pall Mall. Pennant says, "it was the
+first good one on the left hand of St. James's Square, as we enter from
+Pall Mall. The back room on the second floor was (within memory)
+entirely of looking-glass, as was said to have been the ceiling. Over
+the chimney was her picture, and that of her sister was in a third
+room." At this house she died in 1691, and was pompously interred in the
+parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, leaving that parish a handsome sum
+yearly, that every Thursday evening there should be six men employed for
+the space of one hour in ringing, for which they were to have a roasted
+shoulder of mutton and ten shillings for beer.
+
+[D] Pepys was Secretary to the Admiralty, and it was he who published,
+from the king's dictation, the minute and interesting account of his
+escape from the Battle of Worcester, and adventures a Boscobel, and in
+the "Royal Oak." He kept a very minute and amusing diary, in which he
+neglected not to enter the most trivial matters, even the purchase of a
+new wig, or a new riband for his wife. This very littleness of detail
+has made his Memoirs the most extraordinary picture we possess of the
+times. He appears to have been a coarse but shrewd man, and fully alive
+to the faults of his master.
+
+[E] Previous to the restoration of Charles II., the park of St. James's
+appears to have attracted little attention, and to have been left to the
+guidance of nature alone. Charles seems to have had Versailles in view
+when he laid it out from Le Notre's design. A long straight canal was
+formed in its centre from a square pond which existed at its foot near
+the Horse Guards. Rows of elm and lime trees were planted on each side
+of it, an aviary was formed in that place still called the "Bird Cage
+Walk;" and in the large space between this walk and the canal, and
+nearest the Abbey, an extensive decoy for wild fowl was constructed,
+popularly termed "Duck Island," and of which the famous St. Evremond was
+appointed a salaried governor. Charles, who was exceedingly fond of
+walking, and who tired out many a courtier who tried to keep up with his
+quick pace, was continually seen here amusing himself with the birds,
+playing with the dogs, or feeding the ducks. On the opposite side of the
+canal, three broad walks were constructed and shaded with trees, one for
+coaches, the other for walking, and the central one for the game of
+"Pall Mall," an athletic exercise of which the king and the gentlemen of
+the day were fond. The game consisted in driving a ball through a ring
+at the extremity of the walk, which had a narrow border of wood on each
+side of it to keep the ball within bounds. The floor of this portion of
+the park was made of mixed earth, covered with sea-sand and powdered
+shells as at Versailles. The park was much secluded, except on this
+side, which was that only accessible to the public in general. There,
+Spring Gardens, with its bowling-greens and gaming-tables, seduced the
+idle and dissipated, until the Mulberry Garden (which stood on the site
+of Carlton Gardens) put forth its attractions; and which, as Evelyn
+says, became "the only place of refreshment about the town for persons
+of the best quality to be exceedingly cheated at." The plays of the
+period abound with intrigue and adventure carried on at both places. The
+Mall ceased to be the resort of royalty at the death of Charles, but it
+continued to be the fashionable promenade until the close of the last
+century.
+
+[F] The house at Sandy End has been altered within the last few years.
+The characteristic gables of the roof, which so well marked its age, and
+display the taste of the period when it was constructed, are removed,
+and the house is so much modernized as to lose the greater part of its
+interest, and at first sight induce a doubt of its antiquity. The
+extensive gardens still remain, and some very old houses beside it, with
+a characteristic old wall bounding the King's road, inclosing some
+venerable walnut trees. Three years ago, a pretty view of these old
+houses, with Nell's in the back-ground, might have been obtained from
+the adjacent bridge over the brook: but now a large public house, "the
+Nell Gwynne," obstructs the view, a row of small "Nell Gwynne cottages"
+effectually block the path, and the primitive character of the scene has
+passed away for ever.
+
+[G] In the History of Costume in England, by the author of these notes,
+it has been remarked that the freedom and looseness, as well as ease and
+elegance of female costume at this period is to be attributed to the
+taste of Sir Peter Lely, rather than to that exhibited by the _Beauties_
+of Charles's court. "It was to his taste, as it was to that of a later
+artist, Sir Joshua Reynolds, that we are indebted for the freedom which
+characterized their treatment of the rigid and somewhat ungraceful
+costumes before them." Walpole, in his "Anecdotes of Painting," says,
+"Lely supplied the want of taste with _clinquant_; his nymphs trail
+fringes, and embroidery, through meadows and purling streams. Vandyke's
+habits are those of the times; Lely's, a sort of fantastic night-gown
+fastened with a single pin." Lely's ladies are not unfrequently _en
+masque_, and are habited in the conventional dresses adopted for
+goddesses in the court of Versailles.
+
+[H] Nell appears to have first fixed the attention of the King by
+appearing at the King's Theatre in an Epilogue written for her by
+Dryden; who, taking a _pique_ at the rival theatre, when Nokes, the
+famous comedian, had appeared in a hat of large proportions, which
+mightily delighted the silly and volatile frequenters of the place,
+brought forward Nell in a hat as large as a coach-wheel, which gave her
+short figure so grotesque an air, that the very actors laughed outright
+and the whole theatre was in convulsions of merriment. His Majesty was
+nearly suffocated by the excess of his delight; and the _na�ve_ manner
+of the actress, her wit, archness, and beauty, received additional zest
+by the extravagance of "the broad-brimmed hat and waist-belt" in which
+Dryden had attired her, and which fixed her permanently in the memory of
+"the merry Monarch."
+
+[I] "Improvement" has extended far beyond Old Brompton. The little
+wooden house of the old rat-catcher has been swept away, and he is
+obliged to locate himself and his live stock in some back lane, where
+none but his friends can find him; and as he is disastrously poor, their
+number is very limited.
+
+[J] Then vicar of St. Martin's, and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury.
+In that sermon he enlarged upon her benevolent qualities, her sincere
+penitence, and exemplary end. When, says Mrs. Jameson, this was
+afterwards mentioned to Queen Mary, in the hope that it would injure him
+in her estimation, and be a bar to his preferment, "And what then?"
+answered she, hastily. "I have heard as much; it is a sign that the poor
+unfortunate woman died penitent; for, if I can read a man's heart
+through his looks, had she not made a pious and Christian end, the
+Doctor would never have been induced to speak well of her."
+
+[K] We have much yet to do for a class whom it is a shame to name, and
+that much _must be done by women_--by women, themselves _sans tache_,
+_sans reproche_. It is not enough that we repeat our Saviour's words,
+"Go and sin no more:" we must give the sinner a refuge to go to. Asylums
+calculated to receive such ought to be more sufficiently provided in
+England. One lady, as eminent for her rare mental powers as for her
+charity and great wealth, is now trying an experiment that does her
+infinite honor; she has set a noble example to others who are rich and
+ought to be considerate; safe in her high character, her self-respect,
+and her virgin purity, she has provided shelter for many "erring
+sisters,"--in mercy beguiling
+
+    "by gentle ways the wanderer back."
+
+Of all her numerous charities, this is the truest and best; like the
+fair Sabrina she has heard and answered the prayers of those who seek
+protection from the most terrible of all dangers--
+
+    "Listen! for dear honor's sake Listen--and save!"
+
+
+
+
+
+MARY WOLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY.
+
+
+The daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wolstonecraft, and wife of Percy
+Bysshe Shelley, died at the age of fifty-three, in Chester Square,
+Pimlico, London, on the first day of February. What woman had ever
+before relations so illustrious! Daughter of Godwin and wife of Shelley!
+These few words unfold a remarkable history, unparalleled, and
+unapproached in romantic dignity. In the dedication to her of the noble
+poem of _The Revolt of Islam_, Shelley says:
+
+    "They say that thou wert lovely from thy birth,
+    Of glorious parents, thou aspiring Child.
+    I wonder not--for One then left this earth
+    Whose life was like a setting planet mild,
+    Which clothed thee in the radiance undefiled
+    Of its departing glory; still her fame
+    Shines on thee, through the tempests dark and wild
+    Which shake these latter days; and thou canst claim
+    The shelter, from thy Sire, of an immortal name."
+
+In the introduction to one of her novels, she herself says of her youth:
+
+"It is not singular that, as the daughter of two persons of
+distinguished literary celebrity, I should very early in life have
+thought of writing. As a child I scribbled; and my favorite pastime,
+during the hours given me for recreation, was to 'write stories.' Still
+I had a dearer pleasure than this, which was the formation of castles in
+the air--the indulging in waking dreams--the following up trains of
+thought, which had for their subject the formation of a succession of
+imaginary incidents. My dreams were at once more fantastic and agreeable
+than my writings. In the latter I was a close imitator--rather doing as
+others had done, than putting down the suggestions of my own mind. What
+I wrote was intended at least for one other eye--my childhood's
+companion and friend; but my dreams were all my own; I accounted for
+them to nobody; they were my refuge when annoyed--my dearest pleasure
+when free. I lived principally in the country as a girl, and passed a
+considerable time in Scotland. I made occasional visits to the more
+picturesque parts; but my habitual residence was on the blank and dreary
+northern shores of the Tay, near Dundee. Blank and dreary on
+retrospection I call them: they were not so to me then. They were the
+eyry of freedom, and the pleasant region where unheeded I could commune
+with the creatures of my fancy. I wrote then--but in a most common-place
+style. It was beneath the trees of the grounds belonging to our house,
+or on the bleak sides of the woodless mountains near, that my true
+compositions, the airy flights of my imagination, were born and
+fostered. I did not make myself the heroine of my tales. Life appeared
+to me too common-place an affair as regarded myself. I could not figure
+to myself that romantic woes or wonderful events would ever be my lot;
+but I was not confined to my own identity, and I could people the hours
+with creations far more interesting to me at that age, than my own
+sensations."
+
+Her connection with Shelley commenced in 1815, and she gives this
+account of the following year, in which she wrote her famous novel,
+_Frankenstein_:
+
+"After this my life became busier, and reality stood in place of
+fiction. My husband, however, was from the first, very anxious that I
+should prove myself worthy of my parentage, and enrol myself on the page
+of fame. He was for ever inciting me to obtain literary reputation,
+which even on my own part I cared for then, though since I have become
+infinitely indifferent to it. At this time he desired that I should
+write, not so much with the idea that I could produce any thing worthy
+of notice, but that he might himself judge how far I possessed the
+promise of better things hereafter. Still I did nothing. Travelling, and
+the cares of a family, occupied my time; and study, the way of reading,
+or improving my ideas in communication with his far more cultivated
+mind, was all of literary employment that engaged my attention. In the
+summer of 1816, we visited Switzerland, and became the neighbors of Lord
+Byron. At first we spent our pleasant hours on the lake, or wandering on
+its shores: and Lord Byron, who was writing the third canto of Childe
+Harold, was the only one among us who put his thoughts upon paper.
+These, as he brought them successively to us, clothed in all the light
+and harmony of poetry, seemed to stamp as divine the glories of heaven
+and earth, whose influences we partook with him. But it proved a wet,
+ungenial summer, and incessant rain often confined us for days to the
+house. Some volumes of ghost stories, translated from the German into
+French, fell into our hands. There was the History of the Inconstant
+Lover, who when he thought to clasp the bride to whom he had pledged his
+vows, found himself in the arms of the pale ghost of her whom he had
+deserted. There was the tale of the sinful founder of his race, whose
+miserable doom it was to bestow the kiss of death on all the younger
+sons of his fated house, just when they reached the age of promise. His
+gigantic, shadowy form, clothed like the ghost in Hamlet, in complete
+armor, but with the beaver up, was seen at midnight, by the moon's
+fitful beams, to advance slowly along the gloomy avenue. The shape was
+lost beneath the shadow of the castle walls; but soon a gate swung back,
+a step was heard, the door of the chamber opened, and he advanced to the
+couch of the blooming youths, cradled in healthy sleep. Eternal sorrow
+sat upon his face as he bent down and kissed the forehead of the boys,
+who from that hour withered like flowers snapt upon the stalk. I have
+not seen these stories since then; but their incidents are as fresh in
+my mind as if I had read them yesterday. 'We will each write a ghost
+story,' said Lord Byron; and his proposition was acceded to. There were
+four of us. The noble author began a tale, a fragment of which he
+printed at the end of his poem of Mazeppa. Shelley, more apt to embody
+ideas and sentiments in the radiance of brilliant imagery, and in the
+music of the most melodious verse that adorns our language, than to
+invent the machinery of a story, commenced one founded on the
+experiences of his early life. Poor Polidori had some terrible idea
+about a skull-headed lady, who was so punished for peeping through a
+key-hole--what to see I forget--something very shocking and wrong of
+course; but when she was reduced to a worse condition than the renowned
+Tom of Coventry, he did not know what to do with her, and was obliged to
+dispatch her to the tomb of the Capulets, the only place for which she
+was fitted. The illustrious poets also, annoyed by the platitude of
+prose, speedily relinquished their uncongenial task.
+
+"I busied myself _to think of a story_,--a story to rival those which
+had excited us to this task. One which would speak to the mysterious
+fears of our nature, and awaken thrilling horror--one to make the reader
+dread to look around, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of
+the heart. If I did not accomplish these things, my ghost story would be
+unworthy of its name. I thought and pondered--vainly. I felt that blank
+incapability of invention which is the greatest misery of authorship,
+when dull Nothing replies to our anxious invocations. _Have you thought
+of a story?_ I was asked each morning, and each morning I was forced to
+reply with a mortifying negative. Every thing must have a beginning, to
+speak in Sanchean phrase; and that beginning must be linked to something
+that went before. The Hindoos give the world an elephant to support it,
+but they make the elephant stand upon a tortoise. Invention, it must be
+humbly admitted, does not consist in creating out of void, but out of
+chaos; the materials must, in the first place, be afforded: it can give
+form to dark, shapeless substances, but cannot bring into being the
+substance itself. In all matters of discovery and invention, even of
+those that appertain to the imagination, we are continually reminded of
+the story of Columbus and his egg. Invention consists in the capacity of
+seizing on the capabilities of a subject, and in the power of moulding
+and fashioning ideas suggested to it. Many and long were the
+conversations between Lord Byron and Shelley, to which I was a devout
+but nearly silent listener. During one of these, various philosophical
+doctrines were discussed, and among others the nature of the principle
+of life, and whether there was any probability of its ever being
+discovered and communicated. They talked of the experiments of Dr.
+Darwin (I speak not of what the Doctor really did, or said that he did,
+but, as more to my purpose, of what was then spoken of as having been
+done by him), who preserved a piece of vermicelli in a glass case, till
+by some extraordinary means it began to move with voluntary motion. Not
+thus, after all, would life be given. Perhaps a corpse would be
+re-animated; galvanism had given token of such things: perhaps the
+component parts of a creature might be manufactured, brought together,
+and endued with vital warmth. Night waned upon this talk; and even the
+witching hour had gone by, before we retired to rest. When I placed my
+head upon my pillow, I did not sleep, nor could I be said to think. My
+imagination, unbidden, possessed and guided me, gifting the successive
+images that arose in my mind with a vividness far beyond the usual
+bounds of reverie. I saw--with shut eyes, but acute mental vision--I saw
+the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put
+together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then on
+the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with
+an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be; for supremely
+frightful would be the effect of any human endeavor to mock the
+stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world. His success would
+terrify the artist; he would rush away from his odious handywork,
+horror-stricken. He would hope that, left to itself, the slight spark of
+life which he had communicated would fade; that this thing, which had
+received such imperfect animation, would subside into dead matter; and
+he might sleep in the belief that the silence of the grave would quench
+for ever the transient existence of the hideous corpse which he had
+looked upon as the cradle of life. He sleeps; but he is awakened; he
+opens his eyes; behold the horrid thing stands at his bedside, opening
+his curtains, and looking on him with yellow, watery, but speculative
+eyes.
+
+"I opened mine in terror. The idea so possessed my mind, that a thrill
+of fear ran through me, and I wished to exchange the ghastly image of my
+fancy for the realities around. I see them still; the very room, the
+dark _parquet_, the closed shutters, with the moonlight struggling
+through, and the sense I had that the glassy lake and white high Alps
+were beyond. I could not so easily get rid of my hideous phantom; still
+it haunted me. I must try to think of something else. I recurred to my
+ghost story,--my tiresome unlucky ghost story! O! if I could only
+contrive one which would frighten my reader as I myself had been
+frightened that night! Swift as light and as cheering was the idea that
+broke in upon me. 'I found it! What terrified me will terrify others;
+and I need only describe the spectre which had haunted my midnight
+pillow.' On the morrow I announced that I had _thought of a story_. I
+began that day with the words, _It was on a dreary night of November_,
+making only a transcript of the grim terrors of my waking dream."
+
+The next year Shelley and herself were in Buckinghamshire, where the
+great poet wrote _The Revolt of Islam_. In the spring of 1818, they
+quitted England for Italy, and their eldest child died in Rome. Soon
+after, they took a house near Leghorn--half way between the city and
+Monte Nero, where they remained during the summer.
+
+     "Our villa," she says, "was situated in the midst of a podere;
+     the peasants sang as they worked beneath our windows, during
+     the heats of a very hot season, and at night the water-wheel
+     creaked as the process of irrigation went on, and the
+     fire-flies flashed from among the myrtle hedges:--nature was
+     bright, sunshiny, and cheerful, or diversified by storms of a
+     majestic terror, such as we had never before witnessed."
+
+_The Cenci_ and several other poems were written here. The summer of
+1818 they passed at the Baths of Lucca, and in the autumn went to a
+villa belonging to Lord Byron, near Venice, whence they proceeded to
+Naples, where the winter was spent; after which they visited Florence,
+and in the fall of 1820 took up their residence at Pisa. The next
+year--in July--Shelley's death occurred: he was drowned in the gulf of
+Lerici. The details must be familiar to all readers of literary history.
+Mrs. Shelley wrote of the time:
+
+    "This morn thy gallant bark
+      Sailed on a sunny sea,
+    'Tis noon, and tempests dark
+      Have wrecked it on the lee,
+          Ah woe! Ah woe!
+    By spirits of the deep
+    Thou'rt cradled on the billow,
+    To thy eternal sleep.
+
+    Thou sleep'st upon the shore
+      Beside the knelling surge,
+    And sea-nymphs evermore
+      Shall sadly chant thy dirge.
+          They come! they come,
+    The spirits of the deep,
+    While near thy sea-weed pillow
+    My lonely watch I keep.
+
+    From far across the sea
+      I hear a loud lament,
+    By echo's voice for thee,
+      From ocean's caverns sent.
+          O list! O list,
+    The spirits of the deep;
+    They raise a wail of sorrow,
+    While I for ever weep."
+
+Mrs. Shelley returned to England, and for nearly twenty years supported
+herself by writing. In the last ten years--more especially since 1844,
+when her son succeeded to the Shelley estates--she had no need to write
+for money, and it is understood that she devoted the time to the
+composition of _Memoirs of Shelley_.
+
+The _Frankenstein_, _or Modern Prometheus_, of Mrs. Shelley,--a fearful
+and fantastic dream of genius--was never very much read; it was one of
+those books made to be talked of; her _Lodore_ was more easily
+apprehended; it is a love story, from every-day life, but written with
+remarkable boldness and directness, and a real appreciation of the
+nature of both woman and man. The hero of this novel is the son of a
+gentleman ennobled for his services in the American war, and some of the
+scenes are in New-York. The _Last Man_ has for its hero her husband,
+whose character is delineated in it with singular delicacy, but the book
+is in the last degree improbable and gloomy, while abounding in scenes
+of beauty and intense interest. She wrote also _Perkin Warbeck_,
+_Falkner_, _Walpurga_, and other novels, _Journal in Italy and Germany_,
+and _Lives of eminent French Writers_, besides editing the _Poems_ and
+the _Letters_ of Shelley--a labor which she performed judiciously, and
+with feeling and accuracy.
+
+Mrs. Shelley's son succeeded to his grandfather's baronetcy on the 24th
+of April, 1844, and is the present Sir Percy Florence Shelley, Bart., of
+Castle Goring, in Sussex.
+
+
+
+
+REV. H. N. HUDSON'S EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+It has been known among his friends for several years that the Rev.
+Henry N. Hudson was preparing for the press an edition of the works of
+Shakspeare. The office of a Shakspeare restorer and commentator at this
+time is one of the most ambitious in the republic of letters. More than
+any collection of works except the Holy Scriptures--to which only they
+are second in dignity and importance among books--the Works of
+Shakspeare demand for their fit illustration not only the most varied
+and profound scholarship but the most eminent qualities of mind and
+feeling. Mr. Hudson had vindicated his capacities for the noble service
+upon which he has entered in his Lectures upon Shakspeare, published
+about three years ago. The fame he then acquired will be increased by
+his present performance, of which, we understand, the initial volume
+will in a few days be published by James Munroe & Co., of Boston, who
+will issue at short intervals the other ten, the last of which will
+embrace a Life of the Poet by the editor. Some of the main
+characteristics of this edition may be inferred from these paragraphs,
+which we are enabled to make from an early copy of the preface.
+
+"The celebrated Chiswick edition, of which this is meant to be as near
+an imitation as the present state of Shaksperian literature renders
+desirable, was published in 1826, and has for some time been out of
+print. In size of volume, in type, style of execution, and adaptedness
+to the wants of both the scholar and the general reader, it presented a
+combination of advantages possessed by no other edition at the time of
+its appearance. The text, however, abounds in corruptions introduced by
+preceding editors under the name of corrections. Of the number and
+nature of these corruptions no adequate idea can be formed but by a
+close comparison, line by line, and word by word, with the original
+editions.
+
+"The Chiswick edition, though perhaps the most popular that has yet been
+issued, has never, strange to say, been reprinted in this country. For
+putting forth an American edition retaining the advantages of that,
+without its defects, no apology, it is presumed, will be thought
+needful. How far those advantages are retained in the present edition,
+will appear upon a very slight comparison: how far those defects have
+been removed, we may be allowed to say that no little study and
+examination will be required to the forming of a right judgment. In all
+of the plays, the chief, and in many of them the only, basis and
+standard whereby to ascertain the true text, is the folio of 1623. In
+our preparing of copy we have this continually open before us, at the
+same time availing ourselves of whatsoever aid is to be drawn from
+earlier impressions, in case of such plays as were published during the
+author's life. So that, if a thorough revisal of every line, every word,
+every letter, and every point, with a continual reference to the
+original copies, be a reasonable ground of confidence, then we can
+confidently assure the reader that he will here find the genuine text of
+Shakspeare.
+
+"The process of purification has been rendered much more laborious, and
+therefore much more necessary, by the mode in which it was for a long
+time customary to edit the poet's works. This mode is well exemplified
+in the case of Malone and Steevens, who, carrying on their editorial
+labors simultaneously, seem to have vied with each other which should
+most enrich his edition with textual emendations. Both of them had been
+very good editors, but for the unwarrantable liberty which they not only
+took, but gloried in taking, with the text of their author; and, even as
+it was, they undoubtedly rendered much valuable service. And the same
+work, though not always in so great a degree, has been carried on by
+many others: sometimes the alleged corrections of several editors have
+been brought together, that the various advantages of them all might be
+combined and presented in one. Thus corruptions of the text have
+accumulated, each successive editor adding his own to those of his
+predecessors. Many of these so-called improvements were thrown out by
+the editor of the Chiswick edition; but no decisive steps in the way of
+a return to the original text were taken till within a very limited
+period. Knight, Collier, Verplanck, and Halliwell, to all of whom this
+edition is under great obligations, have pretty effectually put a stop
+to the old mode of Shaksperian editing; nor is there much reason to
+apprehend that any one will at present venture upon a revival of it.
+
+"Of the editions hitherto published in America, Mr. Verplanck's is the
+only one, so far as we know, that is at all free from the accumulated
+emendations of preceding editors. Adopting, in the main, the text of Mr.
+Collier, he brought to the work, however, his own excellent taste and
+judgment, wherein he as far surpasses the English editor as he
+necessarily falls short of him in such external advantages as the
+libraries, public and private, of England alone can supply. And Mr.
+Collier's text is indeed remarkably pure: nor, perhaps, can any other
+man of modern times be named, to whom Shaksperian literature is, on the
+whole, so largely indebted. How much he has done, need not be dwelt upon
+here, as the results thereof will be found scattered all through this
+edition. Yet it seems not a little questionable whether both he and
+Knight have not fallen into a serious error; though it must be confessed
+that such error, if it be one, is on the right side, inasmuch as their
+fidelity to the original text extends to the adopting, sometimes of
+probable, sometimes of palpable, or nearly palpable misprints. In these
+Mr. Verplanck has judiciously deviated from his English model, and his
+fine judgment appears to equal advantage in what he adopts and in what
+he rejects. Of his critical remarks it is enough at present to express
+the belief, that in this department he has no rival in this country, and
+will not soon be beaten. Further acknowledgments, both to him and to the
+other three editors named, will be duly and cheerfully made, as the
+occasions for them shall arise....
+
+"In the Introductions our leading purpose is to gather up all the
+historical information that has yet been made accessible, concerning the
+times when the several plays were written and first acted, and the
+sources whence the plots and materials of them were taken. It will be
+seen that in the history of the poet's plays, the indefatigable labors
+of Mr. Collier and others, often resulting in important discoveries,
+have wrought changes amounting almost to a total revolution, since the
+Chiswick edition was published. And we dwell the more upon what
+Shakspeare seems to have taken from preceding writers, because it
+exhibits him, where we like most to consider him, as holding his
+unrivalled inventive powers subordinate to the higher principles of art.
+Besides, if Shakspeare be the most original of writers, he is also one
+of the greatest of borrowers; and as few authors have appropriated so
+freely from others, so none can better afford to have his obligations in
+this kind made known."...
+
+
+
+
+THE STONES OF VENICE--RELIGION, GLORY, AND ART.
+
+
+Mr. John Ruskin, the "Oxford Student," whose _Modern Painters_ and
+_Seven Lamps of Architecture_ have made for him the best fame in the
+literature of art, has just completed the most remarkable of his works,
+_The Stones of Venice_, and from advance sheets of it (for which we are
+indebted to Mr. John Wiley, his American publisher), we present some of
+his preliminary and more general observations, indicating his great
+argument that THE DECLINE OF THE POLITICAL PROSPERITY OF VENICE WAS
+COINCIDENT WITH THAT OF HER DOMESTIC AND INDIVIDUAL RELIGION. Popular as
+the previous works of Mr. Ruskin have been, we cannot doubt that this
+splendid performance will be the most read and most admired of all.
+
+"Since the first dominion of men was asserted over the ocean, three
+thrones, of mark beyond all others, have been set upon its sands: the
+thrones of Tyre, Venice, and England. Of the First of these great powers
+only the memory remains; of the Second, the ruin; the Third, which
+inherits their greatness, if it forget their example, may be led through
+prouder eminence to less pitied destruction. The exaltation, the sin,
+and the punishment of Tyre have been recorded for us, in perhaps the
+most touching words ever uttered by the Prophets of Israel against the
+cities of the stranger. But we read them as a lovely song; and close our
+ears to the sternness of their warning: for the very depth of the Fall
+of Tyre has blinded us to its reality, and we forget, as we watch the
+bleaching of the rocks between the sunshine and the sea, that they were
+once 'as in Eden, the garden of God.' Her successor, like her in
+perfection of beauty, though less in endurance of dominion, is still
+left for our beholding in the final period of her decline: a ghost upon
+the sands of the sea, so weak--so quiet,--so bereft of all but her
+loveliness, that we might well doubt, as we watched her faint reflection
+in the mirage of the lagoon, which was the City, and which the Shadow. I
+would endeavor to trace the lines of this image before it be for ever
+lost, and to record, as far as I may, the warning which seems to me to
+be uttered by every one of the fast-gaining waves, that beat, like
+passing bells, against the STONES OF VENICE.
+
+"It would be difficult to overrate the value of the lessons which might
+be derived from a faithful study of the history of this strange and
+mighty city: a history which, in spite of the labor of countless
+chroniclers, remains in vague and disputable outline,--barred with
+brightness and shade, like the far away edge of her own ocean, where the
+surf and the sandbank are mingled with the sky. The inquiries in which
+we have to engage will hardly render this outline clearer, but their
+results will, in some degree, alter its aspect; and, so far as they bear
+upon it at all, they possess an interest of a far higher kind than that
+usually belonging to architectural investigations. I may, perhaps, in
+the outset, and in few words, enable the general reader to form a
+clearer idea of the importance of every existing expression of Venetian
+character through Venetian art and of the breadth of interest which the
+true history of Venice embraces, than he is likely to have gleaned from
+the current fables of her mystery or magnificence.
+
+"Venice is usually conceived as an oligarchy: she was so during a period
+less than the half of her existence, and that including the days of her
+decline; and it is one of the first questions needing severe
+examination, whether that decline was owing in any wise to the change in
+the form of her government, or altogether, as assuredly in great part,
+to changes in the character of the persons of whom it was composed. The
+state of Venice existed Thirteen Hundred and Seventy-six years, from the
+first establishment of a consular government on the island of the
+Rialto, to the moment when the General-in-chief of the French army of
+Italy pronounced the Venetian republic a thing of the past. Of this
+period, Two Hundred and Seventy-six years were passed in a nominal
+subjection to the cities of old Venetia, especially to Padua, and in an
+agitated form of democracy, of which the executive appears to have been
+intrusted to tribunes, chosen, one by the inhabitants of each of the
+principal islands. For six hundred years, during which the power of
+Venice was continually on the increase, her government was an elective
+monarchy, her King or doge possessing, in early times at least, as much
+independent authority as any other European sovereign, but an authority
+gradually subjected to limitation, and shortened almost daily of its
+prerogatives, while it increased in a spectral and incapable
+magnificence. The final government of the nobles, under the image of a
+king, lasted for five hundred years, during which Venice reaped the
+fruits of her former energies, consumed them,--and expired.
+
+"Let the reader therefore conceive the existence of the Venetian state
+as broadly divided into two periods: the first of nine hundred, the
+second of five hundred years, the separation being marked by what was
+called the 'Serrar del Consiglio; that is to say, the final and absolute
+distinction of the nobles from the commonalty, and the establishment of
+the government in their hands, to the exclusion alike of the influence
+of the people on the one side, and the authority of the doge on the
+other. Then the first period, of nine hundred years, presents us with
+the most interesting spectable of a people struggling out of anarchy
+into order and power; and then governed, for the most part, by the
+worthiest and noblest man whom they could find among them, called their
+Doge or Leader, with an aristocracy gradually and resolutely forming
+itself around him, out of which, and at last by which, he was chosen; an
+aristocracy owing its origin to the accidental numbers, influence, and
+wealth, of some among the families of the fugitives from the older
+Venetia, and gradually organizing itself, by its unity and heroism, into
+a separate body. This first period includes the Rise of Venice, her
+noblest achievements, and the circumstances which determined her
+character and position among European powers; and within its range, as
+might have been anticipated, we find the names of all her hero
+princes,--of Pietro Urseolo, Ordalafo Falier, Domenico Michieli,
+Sebastiano Ziani, and Enrico Dandolo.
+
+"The second period opens with a hundred and twenty years, the most
+eventful in the career of Venice--the central struggle of her
+life--stained with her darkest crime, the murder of Carrara--disturbed
+by her most dangerous internal sedition, the conspiracy of
+Falier--oppressed by her most fatal war, the war of Chiozza--and
+distinguished by the glory of her two noblest citizens (for in this
+period the heroism of her citizens replaces that of her monarchs),
+Vittor Pisani and Carlo Zeno. I date the commencement of the Fall of
+Venice from the death of Carlo Zeno, 8th May, 1418; the _visible_
+commencement from that of another of her noblest and wisest children,
+the Doge Tomaso Mocenigo, who expired five years later. The reign of
+Foscari followed, gloomy with pestilence and war; a war in which large
+acquisitions of territory were made by subtle or fortunate policy in
+Lombardy, and disgrace, significant as irreparable, sustained in the
+battles on the Po at Cremona, and in the marshes at Caravaggio. In 1454,
+Venice, the first of the states of Christendom, humiliated herself to
+the Turk: in the same year was established the Inquisition of State, and
+from this period her government takes the perfidious and mysterious form
+under which it is usually conceived. In 1477, the great Turkish invasion
+spread terror to the shores of the lagoons; and in 1508, the league of
+Cambrai marks the period usually assigned as the commencement of the
+decline of the Venetian power; the commercial prosperity of Venice in
+the close of the fifteenth century blinding her historians to the
+previous evidence of the diminution of her internal strength.
+
+"Now there is apparently a significative coincidence between the
+establishment of the aristocratic and oligarchical powers, and the
+diminution of the prosperity of the state. But this is the very question
+at issue; and it appears to me quite undetermined by any historian, or
+determined by each in accordance with his own prejudices. It is a triple
+question: first, whether the oligarchy established by the efforts of
+individual ambition was the cause, in its subsequent operation, of the
+Fall of Venice; or (secondly) whether the establishment of the
+oligarchy itself be not the sign and evidence rather than the cause, of
+national enervation; or (lastly) whether, as I rather think, the history
+of Venice might not be written almost without reference to the
+construction of her senate or the prerogatives of her Doge. It is the
+history of a people eminently at unity in itself, descendants of Roman
+race, long disciplined by adversity, and compelled by its position
+either to live nobly or to perish:--for a thousand years they fought for
+life; for three hundred they invited death; their battle was rewarded,
+and their call was heard.
+
+"Throughout her career, the victories of Venice, and, at many periods of
+it, her safety, were purchased by individual heroism; and the man who
+exalted or saved her was sometimes (oftenest) her king, sometimes a
+noble, sometimes a citizen. To him no matter, nor to her: the real
+question is, not so much what names they bore, or with what powers they
+were intrusted, as how they were trained, how they were made masters of
+themselves, servants of their country, patient of distress, impatient of
+dishonor; and what was the true reason of the change from the time when
+she could find saviours among those whom she had cast into prison, to
+that when the voices of her own children commanded her to sign covenant
+with Death.
+
+"The evidence which I shall be able to deduce from the arts of Venice
+will be both frequent and irrefragable, that the decline of political
+prosperity was exactly coincident with that of domestic and individual
+religion. I say domestic and individual; for--and this is the second
+point which I wish the reader to keep in mind--the most curious
+phenomenon in all Venetian history is the vitality of religion in
+private life, and its deadness in public policy. Amidst the enthusiasm,
+chivalry, or fanaticism of the other states of Europe, Venice stands,
+from first to last, like a masked statue; her coldness impenetrable, her
+exertion only aroused by the touch of a secret spring. That spring was
+her commercial interest,--this the one motive of all her important
+political acts, or enduring national animosities. She could forgive
+insults to her honor, but never rivalship in her commerce; she
+calculated the glory of her conquests by their value, and estimated
+their justice by their faculty. The fame of success remains, when the
+motives of attempt are forgotten; and the casual reader of her history
+may perhaps be surprised to be reminded, that the expedition which was
+commanded by the noblest of her princes, and whose results added most to
+her military glory, was one in which while all Europe around her was
+wasted by the fire of its devotion, she first calculated the highest
+price she could exact from its piety for the armament she furnished, and
+then, for the advancement of her own private interests, at once broke
+her faith and betrayed her religion.
+
+"And yet, in the midst of this national criminality, we shall be struck
+again and again by the evidences of the most noble individual feeling.
+The tears of Dandolo were not shed in hypocrisy, though they could not
+blind him to the importance of the conquest of Zara. The habit of
+assigning to religion a direct influence over all _his own_ actions, and
+all the affairs of _his own_ daily life, is remarkable in every great
+Venetian during the times of the prosperity of the state; nor are
+instances wanting in which the private feeling of the citizens reaches
+the sphere of their policy, and even becomes the guide of its course
+where the scales of expediency are doubtfully balanced. I sincerely
+trust that the inquirer would be disappointed who should endeavor to
+trace any more immediate reasons for their adoption of the cause of
+Alexander III. against Barbarossa, than the piety which was excited by
+the character of their suppliant, and the noble pride which was provoked
+by the insolence of the emperor. But the heart of Venice is shown only
+in her hastiest counsels; her worldly spirit recovers the ascendency
+whenever she has time to calculate the probabilities of advantage, or
+when they are sufficiently distinct to need no calculation; and the
+entire subjection of private piety to national policy is not only
+remarkable throughout the almost endless series of treacheries and
+tyrannies by which her empire was enlarged and maintained, but
+symbolized by a very singular circumstance in the building of the city
+itself. I am aware of no other city of Europe in which its cathedral was
+not the principal feature. But the principal church in Venice was the
+chapel attached to the palace of her prince, and called the "Chiesa
+Ducale." The patriarchal church, inconsiderable in size and mean
+decoration, stands on the outermost islet of the Venetian group, and its
+name, as well as its site, is probably unknown to the greater number of
+travellers passing hastily through the city. Nor is it less worthy of
+remark, that the two most important temples of Venice, next to the ducal
+chapel, owe their size and magnificence, not to national effort, but to
+the energy of the Franciscan and Dominican monks, supported by the vast
+organization of those great societies on the mainland of Italy, and
+countenanced by the most pious, and perhaps also, in his generation, the
+most wise, of all the princes of Venice, who now rests beneath the roof
+of one of those very temples, and whose life is not satirized by the
+images of the Virtues which a Tuscan sculptor has placed around his
+tomb.
+
+"There are, therefore, two strange and solemn lights in which we have to
+regard almost every scene in the fitful history of the Rivo Alto. We
+find, on the one hand, a deep and constant tone of individual religion
+characterizing the lives of the citizens of Venice in her greatness; we
+find this spirit influencing them in all the familiar and immediate
+concerns of life, giving a peculiar dignity to the conduct even of their
+commercial transactions, and confessed by them with a simplicity of
+faith that may well put to shame the hesitation with which a man of the
+world at present admits (even if it be so in reality) that religious
+feeling has any influence over the minor branches of his conduct. And we
+find as the natural consequence of all this, a healthy serenity of mind
+and energy of will expressed in all their actions, and a habit of
+heroism which never fails them, even when the immediate motive of action
+ceases to be praiseworthy. With the fulness of this spirit the
+prosperity of the state is exactly correspondent, and with its failure
+her decline, and that with a closeness and precision which it will be
+one of the collateral objects of the following essay to demonstrate from
+such accidental evidence as the field of its inquiry presents. And, thus
+far, all is natural and simple. But the stopping short of this religious
+faith when it appears likely to influence national action,
+correspondent as it is, and that most strikingly, with several
+characteristics of the temper of our present English legislature, is a
+subject, morally and politically, of the most curious interest and
+complicated difficulty; one, however, which the range of my present
+inquiry will not permit me to approach, and for the treatment of which I
+must be content to furnish materials in the light I may be able to throw
+upon the private tendencies of the Venetian character.
+
+"There is, however, another most interesting feature in the policy of
+Venice, which a Romanist would gladly assign as the reason of its
+irreligion; namely, the magnificent and successful struggle which she
+maintained against the temporal authority of the Church of Rome. It is
+true that, in a rapid survey of her career, the eye is at first arrested
+by the strange drama to which I have already alluded, closed by that
+ever memorable scene in the portico of St. Mark's, the central
+expression in most men's thoughts of the unendurable elevation of the
+pontifical power; it is true that the proudest thoughts of Venice, as
+well as the insignia of her prince, and the form of her chief festival,
+recorded the service thus rendered to the Roman Church. But the enduring
+sentiment of years more than balanced the enthusiasm of a moment; and
+the bull of Clement V., which excommunicated the Venetians and their
+doge, likening them to Dathan, Abiram, Absalom, and Lucifer, is a
+stronger evidence of the great tendencies of the Venetian government
+than the umbrella of the doge or the ring of the Adriatic. The
+humiliation of Francesco Dandolo blotted out the shame of Barbarossa,
+and the total exclusion of ecclesiastics from all share in the councils
+of Venice became an enduring mark of her knowledge of the spirit of the
+Church of Rome, and of her defiance of it. To this exclusion of papal
+influence from her councils the Romanist will attribute their
+irreligion, and the Protestant their success. The first may be silenced
+by a reference to the character of the policy of the Vatican itself; and
+the second by his own shame, when he reflects that the English
+Legislature sacrificed their principles to expose themselves to the very
+danger which the Venetian senate sacrificed theirs to avoid.
+
+"One more circumstance remains to be noted respecting the Venetian
+government, the singular unity of the families composing it,--unity far
+from sincere or perfect, but still admirable when contrasted with the
+fiery feuds, the almost daily revolutions, the restless succession of
+families and parties in power, which fill the annals of the other states
+of Italy. That rivalship should sometimes be ended by the dagger, or
+enmity conducted to its ends under the mask of law, could not but be
+anticipated where the fierce Italian spirit was subjected to so severe a
+restraint: it is much that jealousy appears usually commingled with
+illegitimate ambition, and that, for every instance in which private
+passion sought its gratification through public danger, there are a
+thousand in which it was sacrificed to the public advantage. Venice may
+well call upon us to note with reverence, that of all the towers which
+are still seen rising like a branchless forest from her islands, there
+is but one whose office was other than that of summoning to prayer, and
+that one was a watchtower only: from first to last, while the palaces of
+the other cities of Italy were lifted into sullen fortitudes of rampart,
+and fringed with forked battlements for the javelin and the bow, the
+sands of Venice never sank under the weight of a war tower, and her roof
+terraces were wreathed with Arabian imagery, of golden globes suspended
+on the leaves of lilies.
+
+"These, then, appear to me to be the points of chief general interest in
+the character and fate of the Venetian people. I would next endeavor to
+give the reader some idea of the manner in which the testimony of art
+bears upon these questions, and of the aspect which the arts themselves
+assume when they are regarded in their true connection with the history
+of the state: 1st. Receive the witness of painting. It will be
+remembered that I put the commencement of the Fall of Venice as far back
+as 1418. Now, John Bellini was born in 1423, and Titian in 1480. John
+Bellini, and his brother Gentile, two years older than he, close the
+line of the sacred painters of Venice. But the most solemn spirit of
+religious faith animates their works to the last. There is no religion
+in any work of Titian's: there is not even the smallest evidence of
+religious temper or sympathies either in himself or in those for whom he
+painted. His larger sacred subjects are merely themes for the exhibition
+of pictorial rhetoric,--composition and color. His minor works are
+generally made subordinate to purposes of portraiture. The Madonna in
+the church of the Frari is a mere lay figure, introduced to form a link
+of connection between the portraits of various members of the Pesaro
+family who surround her. Now this is not merely because John Bellini was
+a religious man and Titian was not. Titian and Bellini are each true
+representatives of the school of painters contemporary with them; and
+the difference in their artistic feeling is a consequence not so much of
+difference in their own natural characters as in their early education:
+Bellini was brought up in faith, Titian in formalism. Between the years
+of their births the vital religion of Venice had expired.
+
+"The _vital_ religion, observe, not the formal. Outward observance was
+as strict as ever; and doge and senator still were painted, in almost
+every important instance, kneeling before the Madonna or St. Mark; a
+confession of faith made universal by the pure gold of the Venetian
+sequin. But observe the great picture of Titian's, in the ducal palace,
+of the Doge Antonio Grimani kneeling before Faith: there is a curious
+lesson in it. The figure of Faith is a coarse portrait of one of
+Titian's least graceful female models: Faith had become carnal. The eye
+is first caught by the flash of the Doge's armor. The heart of Venice
+was in her wars, not in her worship. The mind of Tintoret, incomparably
+more deep and serious than that of Titian, casts the solemnity of its
+own tone over the sacred subjects which it approaches, and sometimes
+forgets itself into devotion; but the principle of treatment is
+altogether the same as Titian's: absolute subordination of the religious
+subject to purposes of decoration or portraiture. The evidence might be
+accumulated a thousand-fold from the works of Veronese, and of every
+succeeding painter,--that the fifteenth century had taken away the
+religious heart of Venice.
+
+"Such is the evidence of painting. To give a general idea of that of
+architecture: Phillipe de Commynes, writing of his entry into Venice in
+1495, observed instantly the distinction between the elder palaces and
+those built 'within this last hundred years; which all have their
+fronts of white marble brought from Istria, a hundred miles away, and
+besides, many a large piece of porphyry and serpentine upon their
+fronts.'...
+
+"There had indeed come a change over Venetian architecture in the
+fifteenth century; and a change of some importance to us moderns: we
+English owe to it our St. Paul's Cathedral, and Europe in general owes
+to it the utter degradation or destruction of her schools of
+architecture, never since revived."...
+
+"The Rationalist kept the arts and cast aside the religion. This
+rationalistic art is the art commonly called Renaissance, marked by a
+return to pagan systems, not to adopt them and hallow them for
+Christianity, but to rank itself under them as an imitator and pupil. In
+Painting it is headed by Giulio Romano and Nicolo Poussin; in
+Architecture, by Sansovino and Palladio.
+
+"Instant degradation followed in every direction,--a flood of folly and
+hypocrisy. Mythologies ill understood at first, then perverted into
+feeble sensualities, take the place of the representations of Christian
+subjects, which had become blasphemous under the treatment of men like
+the Caracci. Gods without power, satyrs without rusticity, nymphs
+without innocence, men without humanity, gather into idiot groups upon
+the polluted canvas, and scenic affectations encumber the streets with
+preposterous marble. Lower and lower declines the level of abused
+intellect; the base school of landscape gradually usurps the place of
+the historical painting, which had sunk into prurient pedantry,--the
+Alsatian sublimities of Salvator, the confectionary idealities of
+Claude, the dull manufacture of Gaspar and Canaletto, south of the Alps,
+and on the north the patient devotion of besotted lives to delineation
+of bricks and fogs, fat cattle and ditch-water. And thus Christianity
+and morality, courage, and intellect, and art all crumbling together
+into one wreck, we are hurried on to the fall of Italy, the revolution
+in France, and the condition of art in England (saved by her
+Protestantism from severer penalty) in the time of George II.
+
+"I have not written in vain if I have heretofore done any thing towards
+diminishing the reputation of the Renaissance landscape painting. But
+the harm which has been done by Claude and the Poussins is as nothing
+when compared to the mischief effected by Palladio, Scamozzi, and
+Sansovino. Claude and the Poussins were weak men, and have had no
+serious influence on the general mind. There is little harm in their
+works being purchased at high prices: their real influence is very
+slight, and they may be left without grave indignation to their poor
+mission of furnishing drawing-rooms and assisting stranded conversation.
+Not so the Renaissance architecture. Raised at once into all the
+magnificence of which it was capable by Michael Angelo, then taken up by
+men of real intellect and imagination, such as Scamozzi, Sansovino,
+Inigo Jones, and Wren, it is impossible to estimate the extent of its
+influence on the European mind; and that the more, because few persons
+are concerned with painting, and, of those few, the larger number regard
+it with slight attention; but all men are concerned with architecture,
+and have at some time of their lives serious business with it. It does
+not much matter that an individual loses two or three hundred pounds in
+buying a bad picture, but it is to be regretted that a nation should
+lose two or three hundred thousand in raising a ridiculous building. Nor
+is it merely wasted wealth or distempered conception which we have to
+regret in this Renaissance architecture: but we shall find in it partly
+the root, partly the expression of certain dominant evils of modern
+times--over-sophistication and ignorant classicalism; the one destroying
+the healthfulness of general society, the other rendering our schools
+and universities useless to a large number of the men who pass through
+them.
+
+"Now Venice, as she was once the most religious, was in her fall the
+most corrupt, of European states; and as she was in her strength the
+centre of the pure currents of Christian architecture, so she is in her
+decline the source of the Renaissance. It was the originality and
+splendor of the palaces of Vicenza and Venice which gave this school its
+eminence in the eyes of Europe; and the dying city, magnificent in her
+dissipation, and graceful in her follies, obtained wider worship in her
+decrepitude than in her youth, and sank from the midst of her admirers
+into the grave.
+
+"It is in Venice, therefore, and in Venice only, that effectual blows
+can be struck at this pestilent art of the Renaissance. Destroy its
+claims to admiration there, and it can assert them nowhere else."
+
+
+
+
+CONTRASTED PORTRAITS OF MARIE ANTOINETTE.
+
+
+In the last number of _The International_ we quoted the remarks of Lord
+Holland upon the character of the wife of Louis XVI. The sketch
+presented by the noble author has been the subject of much and various
+criticism. The London _Times_ says:
+
+     "The virtue of the unfortunate consort of a most unhappy
+     monarch is without a flaw. Enmity, hatred, and every evil
+     passion, have done their worst to palliate murder and to
+     blacken innocence, but the ineradicable spot cannot be fixed to
+     the fair fame of this true woman. Faultless she was not. We are
+     under no obligation to vindicate her imprudent, wilful, and
+     fatal interference with public questions in which she had no
+     concern; we say nothing of her ignorance of the high matters of
+     state into which her uninformed zeal conducted her, to the
+     bitter cost of herself and of those she loved dearest on earth;
+     but of her purity, her uprightness, her beneficence, her
+     devotion, her sweet, playful, happy disposition, in the midst
+     of those home endearments, which were to her the true
+     occupation and charm of life, there cannot exist a doubt.
+     Misfortune fell upon her house to strengthen her love and to
+     confirm her piety. Persecution, imprisonment, calamity that has
+     never been surpassed, and a dreadful end, which, in its
+     bitterness, has seldom been equalled, found and left her, a
+     meek but perfect heroine. One historian has told us, that as
+     'an affectionate daughter and a faithful wife, she preserved in
+     the two most corrupted courts of Europe the simplicity and
+     affections of domestic life.' It is sufficient to add, that she
+     ascended the scaffold enjoining her children to a scrupulous
+     discharge of duty, to forgive her murderers, to forget her
+     wrongs; and that her last words on earth were directed to the
+     beloved husband who had preceded her, whose spirit she was
+     eager to rejoin, yet whose bed, if we are to believe my Lord
+     Holland, she had oftener than once defiled."
+
+And _The Times_ intimates elsewhere that Lord Holland is alone among
+reputable authors in condemning the Queen. How _The Times_ regards
+THOMAS JEFFERSON, we cannot tell, but certainly it is claimed by our
+democracy that he was a witness with a character. Jefferson says of
+Marie Antoinette:
+
+     "The King was now become a passive machine in the hands of the
+     National Assembly, and had he been left to himself, he would
+     have willingly acquiesced in whatever they should devise as
+     best for the nation. A wise constitution would have been
+     formed, hereditary in his line, himself placed at its head,
+     with powers so large, as to enable him to do all the good of
+     his station, and so limited, as to restrain him from its abuse.
+     This he would have faithfully administered, and more than this,
+     I do not believe, he ever wished. But he had a Queen of
+     absolute sway over his weak mind, and timid virtue, and of a
+     character, the reverse of his in all points. This angel, as
+     gaudily painted in the rhapsodies of Burke, with some smartness
+     of fancy, but no sound sense, was proud, disdainful of
+     restraint, indignant at all obstacles to her will, eager in the
+     pursuit of pleasure, and firm enough to hold to her desires, or
+     perish in their wreck. Her inordinate gambling and
+     dissipations, with those of the Count d'Artois, and others of
+     her _clique_, had been a sensible item in the exhaustion of the
+     treasury, which called into action the reforming hand of the
+     nation; and her opposition to it, her inflexible perverseness,
+     and dauntless spirit, led herself to the guillotine, drew the
+     King on with her, and plunged the world into crimes and
+     calamities which will for ever stain the pages of modern
+     history. I have ever believed, that had there been no Queen,
+     there would have been no revolution. No force would have been
+     provoked, nor exercised. The King would have gone hand in hand
+     with the wisdom of his sounder counsellors, who, guided by the
+     increased lights of the age, wished only, with the same pace,
+     to advance the principles of their social constitution. The
+     deed which closed the mortal course of these sovereigns, I
+     shall neither approve nor condemn. I am not prepared to say,
+     that the first magistrate of a nation cannot commit treason
+     against his country, or is unamenable to its punishment; nor
+     yet, that where there is no written law, no regulated tribunal,
+     there is not a law in our hearts, and a power in our hands,
+     given for righteous employment in maintaining right, and
+     redressing wrong. Of those who judged the King, many thought
+     him wilfully criminal; many, that his existence would keep the
+     nation in perpetual conflict with the horde of Kings, who would
+     war against a regeneration which might come home to themselves,
+     and that it were better that one should die than all. I should
+     not have voted with this portion of the legislature. I should
+     have shut up the Queen in a convent, putting harm out of her
+     power, and placed the King in his station, investing him with
+     limited powers, which, I verily believe, he would have honestly
+     exercised, according to the measure of his understanding. In
+     this way, no void would have been created, courting the
+     usurpation of a military adventurer, nor occasion given for
+     those enormities which demoralized the nations of the world,
+     and destroyed, and is yet to destroy, millions and millions of
+     its inhabitants."
+
+A majority of the French authors of the time agree with Mr. Jefferson.
+
+
+
+
+HINDOSTANEE NEWSPAPERS: THE FLYING SHEETS OF BENARES.
+
+
+One of the most successful applications of lithography is in the
+reproduction of the Hindostanee or Persian writing, used in India. It is
+too irregular and complicated to be represented by ordinary types.
+Accordingly lithographic printing establishments have been set up in the
+principal cities of India, where original works, translations of the
+ancient tongues of Asia or the modern ones of Europe, as well as
+newspapers are published. Calcutta, Serampore, Lakhnau, Madras, Bombay,
+Pounah, were the first cities to have these printing offices, but since
+then a great number have been established in the north-west provinces,
+where the Hindostanee is the sole language employed. A year since that
+part of the country contained twenty-eight offices, which in 1849
+produced a hundred and forty-one different works, while the number of
+journals was twenty-six, which, with those printed in other provinces,
+makes about fifty in the native dialect, in all Hindostan. Within the
+last year, new establishments and new periodicals have been commenced.
+At Benares, the ancient seat of Hindoo learning, where the Brahmins used
+to resort to study their language and read the vedas and shasters, a new
+journal is called the _S��rin-i Hind_ (The Flying Sheets of India),
+making the sixth in that city. It is edited by two Hindoo literati,
+Bha�rav Pra��d and Harban L�l, who had before attempted a purely
+scientific publication under the title of _Mir�t Ulalum_ (Mirror of the
+Sciences), which has been stopped. The new paper, of which only three
+numbers have come to our notice, is published twice a month, each number
+having eight pages of small octavo size. The pages are in double
+columns. The subscription is eight _anas_, or twenty-five cents a month,
+or six _roupies_, or three dollars a year. The paper is divided into two
+parts, the first literary and scientific, the second devoted to
+political and miscellaneous intelligence. The first number commences
+with a rhapsody in verse upon eloquence, by the celebrated national poet
+Ha�an, of which the following is the _International's_ translation:
+
+     "Give me to taste, O Song, the sweet beverage of eloquence,
+     that precious art which opens the gate of diction. I dream
+     night and day of the benefits of that noble talent. What other
+     can be compared with it? The sage who knows how to appreciate
+     it, puts forth all his efforts for its acquisition. It is
+     eloquence which gives celebrity to persons of merit. The brave
+     ought to esteem eloquence, for it immortalizes the names of
+     heroes. It is through the science of speaking well that the
+     noble actions of antiquity have come down to us; the language
+     of the _calam_ has perpetuated remarkable deeds. What would
+     have become of the names of Rustam, Cyrus, and Afraciab, if
+     eloquence had not preserved their memory like the recital of a
+     remote dream? It is by the pearls of elocution that the sweet
+     relations between distant friends are preserved. The study of
+     this sublime art is like a market always filled with buyers.
+     It will remain in the world as long as the ear shall be
+     sensible to harmony, or the heart to persuasion."
+
+This is followed by a sort of prospectus, elegantly written, of course
+with the oriental ornaments of alliteration and antithesis, in which the
+editors proclaim the usefulness of instruction to the cause of religion
+and morality. These are the ends they have in view in the publication of
+the new journal, and they appeal to those who approve of their purposes
+to encourage rather than criticise their efforts. To prove how much
+easier it is to criticise than to do well the thing criticised, they
+cite the well known fable of the miller, his son, and the ass. In
+publishing a new periodical, they consider that they are merely
+supplying a want of the public, which desires to be informed as to
+passing events, new discoveries in science, the proceedings in lawsuits,
+&c. This journal will interest all classes of readers, not only people
+in easy circumstances who live on their income, but merchants and
+mechanics, who will find in it intelligence of which they stand in need.
+Those who find in it articles not in their line, are advised not to be
+vexed thereat, but to reflect that they may be agreeable and useful to
+others, and that a journal ought to contain the greatest possible
+variety. For the rest, the editors will thankfully receive such
+information and suggestions as their friends may choose to give them.
+Their prospectus concludes with a panegyric on the English government,
+for favoring education among the natives, saying that not only
+speculative, but practical knowledge is necessary, as says the
+poet-philosopher Saadi: "Though thou hast knowledge, if thou dost not
+apply the same, thou art of no more value than the ignorant; thou art
+like an ass laden with books."
+
+Next they give a table of _the chain_ of human knowledge, by way of
+programme of the subjects which will be likely to be discussed in the
+journal. This is followed by political and miscellaneous news from
+Persia, Cabul, Bombay, Aoude, and Calcutta, and other provinces. Under
+the last head is a statement of the present population of the capital of
+British India, as follows:
+
+    Europeans,            6,433
+    Georgians,            4,615
+    Armenians,              892
+    Chinese,                847
+    Other Asiatics,      15,342
+    Hindoos,            274,335
+    Mussulmans,         110,918
+
+    Total               413,182
+
+The second number opens with an article of above five columns, on the
+inconvenience of not knowing what is taking place, or of knowing it
+imperfectly, followed by a second article of two columns on astronomy,
+and the discovery of planets, by way of introduction to an account of
+the discovery of _Parthenope_, which took place at Naples the 10th of
+May last.
+
+This is followed by news and advertisements of new books, published from
+the printing office of the paper. In the third number there is in the
+news department an article on the _marvellous news from Europe_, in
+which the editors speak of the scientific progress of the Europeans, and
+the astonishing discoveries which daily occur among them. In this
+connection they mention a singular experiment tried by a geologist of
+Stockholm. This savant having found a frog living after having been six
+or seven years in the ground, without air or food, concluded that men
+might live in that way for hundreds of years. Accordingly he solicited
+and obtained from the government, permission to try it for twenty-five
+years on a woman aged twenty. This piece of information is given with
+satisfaction, and the editors refer to the fact that some years since a
+faquir appeared at the court of Runjeet Singh, asking to be buried for
+several days, which was done. When the time arrived he was disinterred,
+as much alive as ever. The editors add, that although many Englishmen
+saw this, they had not believed it, but that this intelligence from
+Stockholm ought to convince them. The same number contains some remarks
+on the Ambassador of Nepaul, who was then in Europe. The following is
+our translation of this article:
+
+     "Jung Bah�dur, has thought best to visit Paris, the capital of
+     France, before returning to India. The first Indian who visited
+     Paris was R�m Mohan Roy, who was succeeded by Dwark�nath Thakur
+     and others. But these were not true Hindoos, of the good
+     school, for they were of the sect of R�m Mohan [who established
+     a sort of philosophic religion under the name of
+     _Brahma-Sabh�_, or the "Reunion of Deists"]. General Jung
+     Bah�dur, Kunwar, R�n�ji, and his brothers are then in reality,
+     the first orthodox Hindoos who have honored Europe with their
+     presence. We do not know how these personages can have followed
+     the prescriptions of the _schastars_ in their passage across
+     the ocean, but we learn by the news from Europe, that they have
+     not taken a single meal with the English, and have neither
+     eaten nor drank with them, though this does not render it
+     certain that they have been free from fault in other respects.
+     It is said beside, that in order to repair every thing, when
+     the Ambassador returns to Nepaul, the King will cast water upon
+     him and thus will purify his _pabitra_ [Brahaminic insignia].
+     Should this arrangement take place and be adopted in other
+     parts of Hindostan, we can believe that many Hindoos of every
+     class will go to feast their eyes with the marvels of Europe."
+
+
+
+
+_Original Poetry._
+
+
+                    MUSIC.
+
+              By Alfred B. Street.
+
+      Music, how strange her power! her varied strains
+        Thrill with a magic spell the human heart.
+      She wakens memory--brightens hope--the pains,
+        The joys of being at her bidding start.
+      Now to her trumpet-call the spirit leaps;
+      Now to her brooding, tender tones it weeps.
+      Sweet music! is she portion of that breath
+        With which the worlds were born--on which they wheel?
+      One of lost Eden's tones, eluding death,
+        To make man what is best within him feel!
+      Keep open his else sealed up depths of heart,
+      And wake to active life the better part
+      Of his mixed nature, being thus the tie
+    That links us to our God, and draws us toward the sky!
+
+
+
+
+_Authors and Books._
+
+
+In a late number of the _Archives for Scientific Information Concerning
+Russia_, a Russian publication, are some interesting facts upon the
+colonization of Siberia, and its present population. It seems that that
+country began to be settled in the reign of the Czar Alexis
+Michaelowich, who issued a law requiring murderers, after suffering
+corporeal punishment and three years' imprisonment, to be sent to the
+frontier cities, among which the towns of Siberia were then included.
+Indeed, under the Empress Elizabeth Petrowna (1741--1761), the whole of
+Southern Siberia was called the Ukraine. The beginning of regular
+transportation to Siberia was made by the Czar Theodore Alexeiwich, who
+ordered in 1679 that malefactors should be sent with their families to
+settle in Siberia. About this time many serfs escaped to Siberia from
+service in Europe, and stringent measures were adopted to reclaim the
+fugitives, and prevent such an offence from being repeated and
+continued. In 1760 a ukase was issued permitting landlords and communes
+to send to Siberia, and have entered as recruits, all persons guilty of
+offences of any kind or degree. In 1822 another ukase allowed the crown
+serfs of the provinces of Great Russia to emigrate to Siberia, where
+they became free, a privilege which they still enjoy. The main part of
+the present inhabitants of the country is composed of the descendants of
+these colonists and exiles, of the banished Strelitzes, and of the
+captured Swedes and Poles. The varied habits, customs, creeds, ideas,
+costumes, and dialects of these motley races have by long contact with
+each other become reduced to something like unity. The former extreme
+rudeness of the people has also of late years undergone a great
+improvement from the influence of new-comers. Still, however, Siberia is
+socially any thing but a tolerable country, even in comparison with
+Russia, and vices which in enlightened lands would be thought monstrous,
+are not occasions of any astonishment or special remark to the mass of
+the inhabitants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A work by WILLIAM HUMBOLDT, just published at Breslau, excites a good
+deal of attention in Germany. It is called _Notions toward an attempt to
+define the Boundaries of the Activity of the State_. It was written many
+years ago, at the time when the author was intimate with Schiller, who
+took an interest in its preparation, but other engagements prevented its
+being finished. It is now published exactly from the original
+manuscript, under the editorial care of Dr. Edward Cauer. Its doctrinal
+starting point is found in the nature and destiny of the individual. Its
+philosophy is essentially that of Kant and Fichte, and is of course
+liberal in its tendencies, though by no means satisfactory to the
+democracy of the present day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Journal of the Russian Ministry for the Enlightenment of the
+People_, for December last, reports a statement made by Mr. Kauwelin to
+the Russian Geographical Society in the previous September. The Society
+had received, by way of reply to an appeal it had issued, more than five
+hundred communications, from various parts of the empire, in relation to
+the Sclavonic portion of the people. These documents, as he said,
+contain a mass of valuable information, not only as to ethnography, but
+also as to Russian arch�ology and history. He showed by several examples
+how ancient local myths and traditions reached back into remote
+antiquity. He proposed the publication of the entire mass of documents,
+because "they enrich history with vivid recollections of the most
+ancient ante-historic life-experience of which the traditions of the
+non-Sclavonic portion of Europe have preserved only obscure intimations
+and vague traces."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hertz, of Berlin, has just published a book which we think can hardly
+fail of a speedy reproduction in both English and French. Its title is
+_Erinnerungen aus Paris_ (Recollections of Paris) 1817-1848. It is
+written by a German lady, who passed these eventful years, or most of
+them, in the French capital, and here narrates, in a lively and genial
+style, her observations and experiences. She was connected with the
+_haute finance_, moved among the lords of the exchange and their
+followers, and being endowed by nature with remarkable penetration,
+taste for art, no aversion to politics, and a genial social faculty, she
+knew all the more prominent personages of the time in public affairs,
+society, art, science, and money-making, and brings them before her
+readers with great success. Louis XVIII. and the members of his family,
+Talleyrand, Decazes, Courier, Constant, Humboldt, Cuvier, Madame
+Tallien, De Stael, Delphine Gay, Gerard, Meyerbeer, Mendelssohn, Liszt,
+are among the actors whom she introduces in most real and living
+proportions. Here is a charming specimen of her skill in portraiture.
+She is speaking of Madame Tallien, then Princess of Chimay, whom she saw
+in 1818: "She was then some forty years old. Her age could to some
+extent be arrived at, for it was known that in 1794 she was scarcely
+twenty, and her full person, inclining to stoutness, showed that the
+first bloom of youth was gone, but it would be difficult again to find
+beauty so well preserved, or to meet with a more imposing appearance.
+Tall, commanding, radiant, she recalled the historic beauties of
+antiquity. So one would imagine Ariadne, Dido, Cleopatra; a perfect
+bust, shoulders, and arms; white as an animated statue, regular
+features, flashing eyes, pearly teeth, hair of raven blackness, hers was
+a mien, speech, and movement, which ravished every beholder." Had we
+space we might give some longer translations from this interesting
+volume, for which our readers would thank us, but we must forbear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE LATEST GERMAN NOVELS.--Theodore M�gge, who is somewhat known in this
+country through Dr. Furness's translation of his novel on Toussaint
+L'Ouverture, has published at Ensleben _K�nig Jacob's Letzte Tage_ (the
+Last Days of King James), a historical romance, with the English James
+II. for its hero. The principal characters, that of the King, of
+Jeffreys, and William of Orange, are drawn successfully. The critics
+complain, however, that it lacks continuous interest, and a continuous
+and connected plot. To understand it, one must have a history of the
+period at hand to refer to. M�gge is not a great romancer, even for
+Germany. In politics he is one of those democrats who would yet have a
+hereditary chief at the head of the government. Glimpses of this
+tendency appear in this novel. Arnold Ruge has also spent a portion of
+his enforced leisure (he is an exile at London) in writing a romance
+called the _Demokrat_, which he has published in Germany, along
+with some previous similar productions, under the title of
+_Revolutions-Novellen_. It is full of Ruge's keen, logical talent, and
+on-rushing energy, but is deficient in esthetic beauty and interest. He
+never forgets the Hegelian dialectics even when he writes novels.
+_Clemens Metternich_, _and Ludwig Kossuth_, by Siegmund Kolisch, is a
+skilfully done but not great production. Uffo Horn has a new series of
+tales, which he calls _Aus drei Iahrhunderten_ (From three Centuries.)
+They are stories of 1690, 1756, and 1844, and are worth reading. Horn
+seizes with success upon the features of an epoch, but is not so good in
+depicting individual character. The _Freischaren Novellen_ (Free-corp
+Novels) of W. Hamm, are stories of modern warlike life, and are written
+with point and spirit. Stifter has published the sixth volume of his
+_Studien_, which, to those who know this charming off-shoot of the
+disappearing romantic school, it is high praise to say, is as good as
+any of the former volumes, if not better. Stifter always keeps himself
+remote from the agitations of the time, and sings his song, and weaves
+his still and lovely enchantments, as if they were not. This new volume
+contains a complete romance, the _Zwei Schwestern_ (Two Sisters), which
+cannot be read without touching the inmost heart, while it delights the
+fancy. Spindler has a humorous novel, whose hero, a travelling clerk or
+bagman, meets with a variety of amusing adventures. Like many other
+books of the comical order, it is tedious when taken in large doses. The
+reader, at first amused, soon lays it down. Caroline von G�hren appears
+with a series of _Novellen_, which receive no great commendation. The
+_Ostergabe_ (Easter Gift), by Frederica Bremer, which has just appeared
+in Germany, is spoken of as her best production. It contains pictures of
+northern life, and of those domestic influences which Miss Bremer so
+delights to glorify. The _Gesammelte Erz�hlungen_ (Collected Tales) of
+W. G. von Horn, lately published at Frankfort, are worth the attention
+of those whose novel reading is not confined to our own language. The
+style is clear and pleasing, and the characters full of truth and
+naturalness. The _Erz�hlungen aus dem Volksleben der Schwerz_ (Tales of
+Popular Life in Switzerland) by Ieremias Gotthelf, also deserves a
+respectful mention. Gotthelf is a religious moralist, who sets forth the
+doctrines of virtue, religious trust in God, and the blessed influence
+of domestic life, in a pleasing and effective manner.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. SCH�FFNER'S _Geschichte der Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs_ ("History
+of French Law"), just published, is noticed with high praise by the
+_Frankfurt Oberpostamts Zeitung_. The work has just been completed by
+the publication of the fourth volume, which only confirms the reputation
+which the earlier portions gained for the author among the jurists of
+all Europe. Dr. Sch�ffner, with equal learning and perspicacity, sets
+forth the relation of French law, and the changes it has undergone, to
+the history of the political institutions of the country. In this
+respect the work interests a much wider public than is ordinarily
+addressed by a juridical treatise. It opens with an account of the
+conflict between the elements of Roman and German law in France. Then it
+exposes the establishment of the feudal aristocracy and its contests
+with the power of the Church; next, the culmination of the royal
+authority, based on a bureaucratic administration, its final fall into
+the hands of the triumphant revolution, and its subjection to the
+various powers that have succeeded each other within the last sixty
+years. The fourth and last volume contains the history of the
+Constitution, of Law, and of the administration from the revolution of
+1789 to the revolution of 1848. Dr. Sch�ffner exhibits in this volume no
+admiration for the various attempts to re-create the State according to
+abstract theories; he goes altogether for moderate progress, gradual
+reform, and keeping up the relation between the present and the past.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The fate of BONPLAND, the eminent traveller and naturalist, is a topic
+of discussion in Germany. It seems that in a speech made in the Senate
+of Brazil, in August last, Count Abrantes said that Bonpland, after
+being released from his eighteen years' detention in Paraguay, had so
+far lost the habits and tastes of civilization that he had settled in a
+remote corner of Brazil, near Alegrete, in the province of Rio Grande du
+Sol, where he got his living by keeping a small shop and selling
+tobacco, &c., and that he avoided all mention of his former scientific
+labors and reputation. It seems, however, that Bonpland still maintains
+a correspondence on scientific subjects with his old friend Humboldt,
+which exhibits no falling off either in his tendencies or powers. On the
+other hand, some suppose that he does not return to Europe because he
+has taken an Indian wife, and finds himself happier in the wilderness in
+her company.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An _official Russian account of operations in Hungary during_ 1849 has
+been published at Berlin, in two volumes. It is by a colonel of the
+general staff, and gives a detailed narrative of the entire doings of
+the Russian forces in that memorable campaign. It casts a full light
+upon the differences between Paskiewich and Haynau, and accuses the
+latter, apparently not without reason, of the grossest mismanagement.
+Even his famous march to Szegedin, which has passed for as brilliant and
+well-planned as it was a successful manoeuvre, is not spared. Of
+course, as regards matters of detail, this writer varies largely from
+previous statements of the Austrians.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second volume of B�lau's _Secret History and Mysterious Individuals_
+has just been published by Brockhaus at Leipzic. The first volume was
+published at the beginning of last year, and has been made known to
+American readers by an interesting review of it in _Blackwood's
+Magazine_, accompanied by copious extracts. It is undeniable that
+Professor B�lau has had access to materials unknown to previous writers,
+which he has used with laudable conscientiousness, to clear up many
+obscure points in history, and to explain the motives of many persons
+whose actions have been wondered at but not understood.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A work of some pretensions has just been published at Stuttgart, with
+the title, _Italiens Zukunft_ (Italy's Future), by FR. K�LLE, who gives
+in it the fruit of seventeen years' residence in the country he treats
+of. He begins with the original elements composing the Romanic Nations,
+and goes on to consider the state of the country at the time of the
+Revolution, the doings of the French, the Restoration, the cities,
+commerce and navigation, the nobles, the peasantry, the Church,
+monastical religious orders, the Jesuits, possibility of Church reform,
+foreign influence, intellectual and scientific activity, Mazzini,
+prospects in case of a future revolution, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A German translation of selections from the works of Dr. CHANNING is
+being published at Berlin. There are to be fifteen small volumes, of
+which six or seven have already appeared. The _Grenzboten_ does not
+think much of the author, but classes him with Schleiremacher and his
+school. It says that Dr. Channing was a special favorite with women,
+which it seems not to intend for a compliment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. FLOURENS, one of the perpetual secretaries of the French Academy of
+Science, has published at Paris a collection of elegant and valuable
+essays. They comprise a dissertation on George Cuvier, one on
+Fontenelle, who is said to have best succeeded in casting on the
+sciences the light of philosophy, and an examination of phrenology,
+which M. Flourens discusses in the spirit of a disciple of Descartes and
+Leibnitz.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JACQUES ARAGO, author of _Souvenirs d'un Aveugle_ (A Voyage Round the
+World), &c., and brother of the astronomer and ex-minister, is one of
+the most remarkable characters of Paris. He is stone _blind_, and has
+been so for years; and yet he placed himself at the head of a band of
+gold seekers, and conducted them to California. Recently he returned to
+Paris, with little gold--indeed, with none at all--but in his voyage he
+met some extraordinary adventures, and is about to communicate them to
+the public in a volume. Jacques Arago is eminent in Paris not more for
+his abilities as a man of letters than for his fastidiousness, devotion,
+and success as a _rou�_. If Love is sometimes blind, he is keen-sighted
+for the sightless Arago, who boasts of having loved and been loved by
+the most beautiful women of France.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The military history of the Napoleonic period has received a new
+contribution in the _War of 1806 and 1807_, just published at Berlin, by
+Col. H�pfner, in two volumes. It is prepared from documents in the
+Prussian archives, and illustrated with maps and plans of battles. Not
+only does it add to our previous stock of information as to the military
+operations in Germany during these eventful years, but it serves at the
+same time as a history of the dissolution of that state which Frederic
+the Great erected with such labor and perseverance. We have here, in
+short, a picture of the downfall of the old Prussian military-system.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new work on FRENCH HISTORY during the middle ages is _La France au
+temps des Croisades_, by M. Vaublanc, which has lately made its
+appearance at Paris, in four handsome octavo volumes. It is the fruit of
+long and conscientious researches, and is written in a style of
+seductive elegance. The author is no dry chronicler, or plodding
+statician, but an artist, fully alive to the picturesqueness of his
+topic. He carries his reader with him into the time and the scenes he
+describes, and makes him a participant in the romantic and adventurous
+life of the period. His book is thus as entertaining as it is
+instructive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A convenient book of reference for those who deal with the more
+recondite and interesting questions of history is the _Statistique des
+Peuples de l'Antiquit�_, by M. Moreau de Jonn�s, just published at
+Paris. It is a work of great erudition and even originality. All sorts
+of facts as to the social condition of the Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks,
+Romans, and Gauls, may be gathered from it. Another new work of a
+similar character is entitled _Du Probleme de la Mis�re et de sa
+solution chez tous les Peuples Anciens et Modernes_, by M. Moreau
+Christophe. Two volumes only have been published; a third is to follow.
+Price $1.50 a volume.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A translation of M'CULLOCH' _Principles of Political Economy_ has
+appeared at Paris, in four vols. 8vo. The translator is M.A. Planche.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LOUIS VIARDOT has published in Paris a _Histoire des Arabes et des Mores
+d'Espagne_. The excellent translator of _Don Quixote_ ought to produce a
+striking work on this subject. The Count ALBERT DE CIRCOURT, too, has
+published a new edition of his _Histoire des Mores Mudejares et des
+Morisques; ou des Arabes d'Espagne sous la domination des Chr�tiens_.
+Few topics in history have been until recently so much neglected as that
+of the Moorish races in Europe, and a good deal of what has appeared on
+the subject has been put together rather with a view to romantic effect
+than with a proper respect for the responsibility of the historian;
+though all Spanish history, Christian or Saracen, so abounds in romantic
+interest that there is less excuse, as less necessity, for outstepping
+the limits of truth, or giving undue prominence to the pathetic and
+marvellous. From this defect of most of his predecessors, the work of
+the Count de Circourt is in a great measure free. He has made a
+dexterous and conscientious use of the materials within his reach, and
+produced a work which unites to an unusual degree popularity of style
+with matter of great novelty and interest. There are few spectacles in
+modern times more attractive, or hitherto more imperfectly understood,
+than the condition of the Spanish Moors, from the time when they became
+a subject race, until their final expulsion from Europe in 1610. The
+reason why more attention has not been given to this subject, must be
+looked for in the fact that the expelled people were Mahometans, and
+that they took refuge in Africa, not in Europe. They had not, as the
+Protestants of France had, an England, Holland, and Germany to
+sympathize with and shelter them;--though, taking it with all its
+consequences, the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes was not a more
+important event in history, or more pregnant with injury to the power
+that enforced it, than the expulsion of the Moors from Spain. In folly
+and perversity the last transaction has pre-eminence. Louis XIV. revoked
+the Edict of Nantes, when he and his empire were at the summit of their
+power; but Philip III. chose the luckless moment for expatriating the
+most energetic and industrious of the inhabitants of Spain, when the
+virtual acknowledgment of the independence of the Dutch, and the
+concession to them of free trade to India, now assailed the prestige of
+Spanish supremacy in Europe, and the commerce of Portugal, at that time
+subject to Spain. From that hour the Peninsula declined with unexampled
+rapidity; and though, in course of time, the progress of decay became
+less marked, it was not finally arrested until two centuries after, when
+the invasion of Napoleon re-awakened Spanish energies, and freed them
+from the trammels which had impeded their development. Two centuries of
+degradation are a heavy penalty for a nation to pay for pride and
+intolerance; though not heavier than Spanish perfidy and cruelty to the
+Moors most richly deserved. In accordance with his design of treating of
+the Moors as a subject race, the Count de Circourt has given only a
+brief summary of their early history when they were ascendant in Spain.
+With the rise of the Christian and decline of the Mahometan power, the
+subject is more minutely, but still succinctly treated, the four
+centuries from the capture of Toledo to that of Granada being comprised
+in the first volume. The two remaining volumes are occupied exclusively
+with the history of the Moors from the overthrow of Grenada to their
+final expulsion from Spain. The various efforts made to convert and
+control them, and their struggles to regain their independence and
+preserve their faith, are copiously treated, but a subject so peculiar
+and hitherto so unjustly neglected, needed early discussion. We know not
+where the character of that worst species of oppression, where the
+antagonism of race is aggravated by differences of creed, can be so
+advantageously studied as in this portion of Spanish history. Nor is the
+early history when the Moors, still a powerful people, were treated with
+comparative consideration by their antagonists, deficient in traits of
+the highest interest, and lessons which oppressors of the present day
+would do well to lay to heart.
+
+We observe that M. de Circourt agrees very nearly with Madame Anita
+George (whose views upon the subject we recently noticed in _The
+International_) respecting Queen Isabella. He says:
+
+     "The Spaniards speak only with enthusiasm of this Princess.
+     They place her in the rank of their best monarchs, and history,
+     adopting the popular judgment, has given her the title of
+     "Great." If we consider merely the grandeur of the fabric she
+     erected, the appellation will appear merited; if its solidity
+     had been taken into consideration, her reputation must have
+     suffered. Nations in general make more account of talents than
+     of the use that has been made of them. They reserve for princes
+     favored by fortune the homage which they ought to pay to good
+     and honest princes, who have exercised paternal rule. They
+     deify him who knows how to subjugate them. Thus it happens in
+     all countries that the king who has established absolute
+     monarchy is styled the great king. But it happens often that
+     such founders have built up the present at the expense of the
+     future. In Spain absolute monarchy sent forth for a time a
+     formidable lustre, and then came suddenly a protracted period
+     of progressive decay, which ended in the revolutions of which
+     we have been witnesses. Barren glory, shameful prostration,
+     interminable and possibly fruitless revolution, are all the
+     work of Isabella."
+
+This is very different from the estimate of Mr. Prescott, but perhaps
+more just. In his forthcoming _Memoirs of the Reign of Philip the
+Second_, Mr. Prescott will have to trace the results of Spanish policy
+toward the Moors. We shall compare his views with those of MM. Circourt
+and Viardot.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. DE VILLEMERQUE has translated the _Po�me des Bardes Bretons du VI.
+Si�cle_, and the book is praised by the French critics.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LOUIS PHILIPPE'S last apology for his policy as King of the French has
+just made its appearance at Paris, and justly excites attention. It is a
+pamphlet written by M. Edward Lemoine, and bears the title of
+_L'abdication du roi Louis Philippe racconte� par lui m�me_. It is the
+report of a series of conversations which M. Lemoine had with the
+deceased King during the month of October, 1849, and which he was
+authorized to give to the world after his death. The writer gives every
+thing in the words of Louis Philippe, as they were uttered either in
+reply to questions or spontaneously in reference to the topics under
+discussion. The exiled monarch defends his conduct in every particular
+with ingenuity and force, dwelling especially on his abdication, on his
+refusal to yield to the opposition and admit the demanded reform, which
+brought on the revolution, on his abandoning Paris with so little effort
+at resistance, on his peace policy, and on the Spanish marriages. He
+denies emphatically that he or his family had thought of or undertaken
+any conspiracy with a view to recovering the throne. His children, he
+said, had been taught that when their country spoke they must obey, and
+that the duty of a patriot was to be ready, whatever she might command.
+This they had understood, and in all cases practised. Accordingly they
+had always been, and always would be strangers to intrigues.
+
+As for his persistence in keeping the Guizot ministry, that was
+commanded by every constitutional principle. That ministry had a
+majority in the Chambers as large even as that which overthrew Charles
+X.; how then should the King interfere against this majority? Besides,
+had not what happened since February demonstrated that he was right? The
+policy of every government since June, 1848, had resembled, as nearly as
+could be conceived, the very policy of the ministry so much and so
+unjustly complained of.
+
+Guizot had in fact promised reform. He had said that the instant the
+Chambers should vote against him he would retire, and the first measure
+of his successors would be reform. As for himself, said Louis Philippe,
+he had understood that this was only a pretext. Reform would be the
+entrance on power of the opposition, the entrance of the opposition
+would be war, would be the beginning of the end. Accordingly he had
+determined to abdicate as soon as the opposition assumed the reins of
+government; for he no longer would be himself supported by public
+opinion. The want of this support it was which finally caused him to
+abandon the throne without resistance. He could not have kept it without
+civil war. For this he had always felt an insurmountable horror, and he
+had never regretted that in February Marshal Bugeaud had so soon ordered
+the firing to stop. Besides, nobody advised him to defend himself, but
+the contrary. He had then nothing to do but to follow the example of his
+ministers who had abdicated, of his friends who had abdicated, of the
+national guard who had abdicated, of the public conscience which had
+abdicated. He did not take this step till after the universal
+abdication. But if he had fought and lost, and died fighting, who could
+tell the horrors that would have ensued? Or if he had triumphed, all
+France would have exclaimed against him as sanguinary and selfish, a bad
+prince, a scourge to the nation, and ere many months a new insurrection
+would have made an end. Victory would have been more disastrous than
+exile. He had done well to abdicate, and were the crisis to recur, he
+would not act otherwise. He had abandoned power (of which he was accused
+of being so greedy) as soon as he understood that he could no longer
+hold it to the advantage of his country.
+
+As for the charge of avarice, that was abundantly disproved by the
+publication of the manner in which he had employed the civil list, and
+by the fact that he was covered with debts. He had spent like a King
+without counting, and now that he had to pay he was obliged to borrow.
+And it is rather curious, said he, that the furniture employed in the
+festivals of the Republican President of the Assembly is my personal
+property, and that the horses and carriages of which so free use has
+been made, had been paid for from my own purse. This however, was a
+trifle not worth speaking of.
+
+If he had suffered from falsehoods printed in the journals, print had
+however done him justice in giving to the world his private letters.
+These had set right his private character as well as his public policy.
+He only wished that those papers had all been published, and published
+more widely. They did more for the glorification of his policy than the
+speeches of his most eloquent ministers. They proved that his had never
+been a policy of peace at any price. He had besieged Antwerp without the
+consent of England; he had sent an army to Ancona, though Metternich had
+declared that a Frenchman in Italy would be war in Europe. His
+government had always acted boldly and firmly, and had been respected.
+Why, only a few weeks before February, the great powers of Europe had
+asked of France to settle with her alone, and without consulting
+England, some of the questions which might compromise the equilibrium of
+Europe. Such was the consideration in which France was then held.
+
+As to the Spanish marriages, that was all done in the interest of
+France, and not, as had been charged, of his dynasty. If the latter were
+the thing he had aimed at, would he have refused the crown of Belgium,
+or of Greece, or of Portugal, for Nemours? Would he have refused the
+hand of Isabella for Aumale or Montpensier? No; he merely sought to
+render his country independent of England, and not her dupe. The
+_entente cordiale_ in the hands of Lord Palmerston was becoming
+treacherous. He recollected the saying of Metternich, that the alliance
+of France and England was useful, like the alliance of man and horse.
+He determined to be the man, and by those marriages accomplished it.
+There was already a Cobourg in Belgium, one in England, and one in
+Portugal; could France allow another to be set up in Spain? So far the
+conversations of Louis Philippe relate to matters of his own history.
+From this he was led to speak briefly of Charles X., and things
+preceding the downfall of that prince. For this we must refer our
+readers to the pamphlet itself, which will doubtless be imported by some
+of our booksellers, if not soon translated into English and published
+entire. It cannot be read without interest. We give its substance above,
+without thinking it necessary to criticise any of the statements of the
+exiled prince.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. AUDIN, a French historian, whose histories of Leo X., Luther, Calvin,
+and Henry VIII., are known to those who have sought an acquaintance with
+the Catholic view of those personages and their times, died on the 21st
+February, in his carriage, near Avignon. He was returning to Paris from
+Rome, where he had been to finish a new work, and to recover his health,
+which intense devotion to study had undermined. His expectations were
+not realized, and he returned to his own country to expire before
+reaching his home. At Marseilles, where he landed, the physicians
+dissuaded him from attempting to go further, but he refused to be guided
+by their advice. The works of Audin have been much read in this country.
+They are singularly unscrupulous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Imperial Academy of Sciences at Vienna has just published an essay
+by the eminent Spanish scholar Ferdinand Wolf, which justly excites
+attention in the learned circles of Europe. It is on a collection of
+Spanish romances which exists in manuscript in the library of the
+University at Prague. Among these are many which are found in no other
+collection, and have hitherto remained unknown. Some of them, relating
+to the Cid, are very remarkable. They make a hundred romances discovered
+by Wolf, whose former collection (_Rosa de Romances_), published in
+1846, and whose work on the romance-poetry of the Spaniards, are known
+to all students of that kind of literature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new weekly journal, under the title of _Le Bien-Etre Universel_ (The
+Universal Well-Being), appeared at Paris on the 24th February. It
+advocates Girardin's idea of the abolition of taxes, and the support of
+the government by the assumption by the latter of the whole business of
+insurance. Among the contributors are Victor Hugo, Eugene Sue, Francois
+Vidal, E. Quinet, Alphonse Esquiros, and Eugene Pelletan. It is
+published in quarto form, of the largest size permitted by the law, at
+$1.20 a year, and furnishes, in addition to its political and economical
+articles, a full summary of news, political, commercial, literary, and
+miscellaneous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Revue Brittanique_ has some interesting facts as to the English
+book trade. It says: "The great booksellers, like Longman & Murray, must
+be encouraged by the result of the speculations ventured on by the
+booksellers of Paris." Is it not wonderful that articles from reviews,
+which one would suppose would lose their interest in the course of time,
+and which have been circulated in the Edinburgh or Quarterly to the
+extent of ten thousand or twelve thousand copies, should be sold in
+reprints at a high price, and live through two, three, or even six
+editions? The articles of Macaulay are going through the sixth edition,
+although the book costs a pound sterling. Of Macaulay's History of
+England Longman has sold between 20,000 and 30,000 copies, and
+Thirlwall's and Grote's Histories of Greece, though they have not the
+same immediate, exciting interest, sell well, notwithstanding they are
+so long. Mure's and Talfourd's Histories of Greek literature are put
+forth in new editions. The reviews, instead of injuring the sale of
+solid works, increase it. Occasional books, like travels, biographies,
+&c., naturally have their public interest, but most of them are sold at
+half price within three months of their appearance. At London there are
+circulating libraries which lend out books, not only in the city itself,
+but all over England: the railroads have extended their business very
+greatly. In order to satisfy as many customers as possible, they buy
+some works by hundreds. For instance, such a circulating library has two
+hundred copies of Macaulay's History, a hundred of Layard's Nineveh, a
+hundred of Cumming's hunting adventures, and so on. When the first
+excitement about a book is over, these extra copies are put into
+handsome binding and disposed of for half price. The system of cheap
+publishing has not yet much affected the circulating libraries in
+England, while in this country it has destroyed them. Books can be
+bought here now for the former cost of reading them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A book worthy of all commendation is the _Histoire des Protestants de
+France_, from the Reformation to the present time, by M. G. de Felice,
+published at Paris. The author treats his subject with all that peculiar
+talent which renders French historians always interesting and
+instructive. He is clear, forcible, judicious, and profound, without
+pedantry or sectarian zeal. The action of his story is dramatic, the
+delineation of his characters as glowing as it is just, and his
+sympathies so true and generous, and at the same time so tolerant, that
+the reader follows him attentively from the beginning to the end. The
+Huguenots were worthy of such a historian, for though persecuted for
+their opinions, they never ceased to love their country, or to wish to
+live at peace with their enemies and serve her. Rarely has a body of men
+produced nobler characters. This book fills a vacuum in French history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Modern Greek Literature is by no means so wild and imperfect as might be
+expected from a nation in such a chaotic and uncultivated condition. The
+people of Greece are hardly more civilized than the Servians, the
+Dalmatians, or any other of the half-savage tribes that inhabit the
+south-eastern corner of Europe, but the influence exercised by the
+antique glory of the land still remains to develop among them a degree
+of artistic power and beauty unknown to their neighbors. And little as
+Greece has gained generally from the introduction of German royalty and
+German office-holders, it has no doubt profited by the greater attention
+thus excited toward the works of the mighty poets who stand alone and
+unharmed after all else that their times produced has fallen into ruin.
+Thus, since the incoming of the Bavarians there has been growing up a
+disposition in favor of the early literature, and against the newer and
+less elegant forms of the modern language. The purification of the
+latter, and its restoration to something like the old classical
+perfection, the abandonment of rhyme, which is the universal form of the
+proper new Greek verse, and even the employment of the ancient
+mythological expressions, are the characteristic aims of some of the
+most gifted of living Hellene writers. In this way there are two
+distinct classes of cotemporaneous literature to be found in the
+Peninsula; the one consists of these somewhat reactionary and romantic
+lovers of the past, the other of the fresh, native products of the
+people, independent as far as possible of antiquity, and altogether
+unaffected by learned studies. The latter is mainly lyric in its
+character, and has often a wild beauty, which is none the less
+attractive because it is purely natural. These songs deal more with
+nature than those of the Sclavonic tribes, with which Mrs. Robinson has
+made us so well acquainted. The brooks, the hills, the sky, the birds,
+appear in them, and for human interest, some adventurous _Klepht_, some
+fighting and dying robber, is brought upon the scene.
+
+The best of the Romaic literature is no doubt the dramatic. This is
+natural, for the Greeks are still a representative and dramatic people.
+Until comparatively lately the poets confined themselves, if not to
+modern subjects, at least to the modern genius of their language. Their
+dramas were written in rhyme, and with a total disregard of the antique
+principles of rhythm. Quantity was supplanted by following the accents,
+and the exterior of the piece was more that of a French play than like
+the drama of any other nation. The specimen of this style most
+accessible to American students is the _Aspasia_ of Rizos, published in
+Boston some twenty years ago, a tragedy, by the way, well worth reading.
+But latterly, the antique tendency prevailing, plays are written in the
+old measures, and with all the old machinery. This is in fact a
+revolutionary proceeding, but we hope may not be without its use, for
+Greece is not now rich enough to make useless experiments. One of these
+plays has been translated into German, and thus made accessible to those
+of the readers of that language whose studies have not reached into the
+musical Romaic. It is called _The Wedding of Kutrulis_, an Aristophanic
+Comedy, by Alexandros Rhisos Rhangawis. The form used by the great
+Athenian satirist is perfectly reproduced, and an original and hearty
+wit is not wanting. The Aristophanic dress is justified by the poet in
+some lines which we thus render into the rudeness of English:
+
+    Though he trimeters boldly arranges together, and anap�sts weaves
+      with each other,
+    'Tis not weakness in words that compels him, nor fear at the rhymes'
+      double ringing;
+    In spans he can syllables harness with skill, as a fledgling should do
+      of the muses,
+    And where thoughts and poetic ideas there are none, words can heap up in
+      [Greek: ia] and [Greek: azei],
+    But mid the verdure of laurels eternally green, and by Castaly's ever pure
+      fountains,
+    There found he all broken and voiceless the pipe that, in rage at these
+      poets profaning,
+    At these now-a-day sons of Marsyas, the noble old Muse had flung from her.
+
+The subject and story of this comedy are drawn from the actual life of
+the people. Spyros, a tavern-keeper in Athens, has promised his daughter
+Anthusia to Kutrulis, a rich tailor. The young lady's notions are
+however above tailors; her husband must wear epaulettes and orders. If
+Kutrulis wants her hand, he must become minister. He despairs at first,
+but as others have become ministers, there is a chance for him.
+Accordingly, the needful intrigues and solicitations are set on foot.
+The strophe of the chorus by the sovereign public is too characteristic
+and too Attic for us not to try to render it, though perhaps only the
+few who have dipped in the well of the antique drama can appreciate it:
+
+    O muse of the billiard room,
+    Thou that from mocha's odor-pouring steam,
+    And from the ringlets, white-curling from pipes on high
+    Thine inspiration drawest, of venal sort!
+    Here's a new minister must be appointed now.
+    Up and strike the praising strings!
+    Up, O muse of the mob's grace,
+    Put forth in the rosy pages of newspapers
+    Dithyrambic articles!
+    The hero praise aloud!
+
+To succeed in his ambition, Kutrulis must choose a party with which to
+identify himself. Accordingly the Russian, the British and the French
+parties, the three into which Greek public men are divided, are
+introduced, and each urges the reasons why he should become its
+partisan. This gives the poet an admirable opportunity for the use of
+satire, which he improves excellently. Kutrulis pledges himself to each
+of these candidates for his support, but mean while his friends have
+spread the report that he has actually been appointed minister. Now the
+swarm of office-seekers and speculators of all sorts come to solicit his
+favor and exhibit their own corruption. This part of the drama is
+treated with keen effect. While the report of his appointment is
+believed by himself and others, Kutrulis marries the scheming Anthusia,
+who presently wakes from her illusion to find that she is only a
+tailor's wife after all. She declares that by way of revenge she will
+compel her husband to give her a new dress every week, and the piece
+ends to the amusement of everybody.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. PLANCHE, the oldest Professor and the most learned Grecian at Paris,
+has just issued the first number of a _Dictionnaire du Style po�tique
+dans la Langue Grecque_. This dictionary is in fact a concordance of
+Greek, Latin, and French poetry. It offers a complete and curious
+illustration of the origin and growth of figurative words and phrases,
+and of their transfer from one language to another. The word _anchor_,
+for instance, was one of the earliest among the Greeks, a marine people,
+to take on a metaphorical sense. We see this even in Pindar, who speaks
+of his heroes as _casting anchor on the summit of happiness_. M. Planche
+follows this typical use of the word in Virgil, in Ovid, and in Racine,
+the last of whom says in the _Pleaders_:
+
+        "Natheless, gentlemen,
+    The anchor of your goodness us assures."
+
+To the curious student of words and their internal senses this
+Dictionary is evidently a book worth having.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. ELIAS REGNAULT has undertaken to continue the _Dix Ans_ of LOUIS
+BLANC, in the shape of _L'Histoire de Huit Ans_ 1840--48. Few works had
+ever so powerful an influence as Blanc's "Ten Years." The events of the
+eight years of which Regnault proposes a history were in no
+inconsiderable degree fruits of this work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. HALLAM, on the 13th of February, sent a letter to the Society of
+Antiquaries, in London, announcing in consequence of his recent
+bereavement, he wished at the next anniversary to relinquish the office
+of Vice-President, which he had filled for the last thirty years; having
+been a member of the Society for more than half a century, and having
+during that period contributed many papers to its transactions. A
+resolution was proposed by Mr. Payne Collier, seconded by Mr. Bruce,
+expressive of respect for Mr. Hallam, sincere sympathy with his
+afflictions, and sorrow at his retirement. In a subsequent letter, Mr.
+Hallam stated that he should continue to be a member of the Society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERAL SIR WILLIAM NAPIER has published a new edition of his History
+of the War in the Peninsula--the best military history in the English
+language--and in his new preface he states that he is indebted to Lady
+Napier, his wife, not only for the arrangement and translation of an
+enormous pile of official correspondence, written in three languages,
+but for that which is far more extraordinary, the elucidation of the
+secret ciphers of Jerome Bonaparte and others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a recent number of _The International_ we printed a poem by Charles
+Mackay, entitled _Why this Longing?_ without observing that it was a
+plagiarism from a much finer poem by Harriet Winslow List, of Portland,
+which may be found in The Female Poets of America, page 354.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A descriptive catalogue of the books and pamphlets educed by the
+reinstitution of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy in England, would be a
+very entertaining work. It is astonishing how active the English become
+in pamphleteering when any such engrossing subject comes before the
+people or the parliament. The Duke of Sussex carefully preserved every
+thing in this shape that was printed during the discussion of Catholic
+Emancipation, and after his death we purchased his collection, which
+amounted to about _seventy thick volumes_, and includes autograph
+certificates of presentation from "Peter Plimley," and perhaps a hundred
+other combatants. The present discussions will be not less voluminous,
+and it promises to be vastly more entertaining. The matter of the holy
+chair of St. Peter, with the Mohammedan inscription, upon which the
+_verd antique_ Lady Morgan has published two or three letters as witty
+and pungent as ever came from the pen of an Irishwoman, will afford
+pleasant material for the last chapter of her ladyship's memoirs.
+Warren, the author of _Ten Thousand a Year_, Dr. Twiss, the biographer
+of Eldon, Dr. George Croly, the poet, Walter Savage Landor, and Sheridan
+Knowles, the dramatist, are among the more famous of the disputants on
+the Protestant side. The author of "Virginius" professes to review
+Archbishop Wiseman's lectures on _Transubstantiation_, and the _Literary
+Gazette_ says he thoroughly demolishes that dogma, which, however, "no
+one supposes that any Romanist of education and common sense believes.
+It is understood on all hands that whatever defence or explanation is
+offered, is only for the sake of affording plausible apology to the
+vulgar for a dogma which the infallibility of the church requires to be
+unchangeably retained. The reply of the philosophical churchman,
+_populus vult decipi et decipiatur_, is that which many a priest would
+give if privately pressed on the subject." The _Literary Gazette_ makes
+a very common but very absurd mistake, for which no Roman Catholic would
+thank him. The church does maintain the doctrine, and the most
+"philosophical" churchman would be dealt with in a very summary manner
+if he should publicly deny it. The _Literary Gazette_ adds that Knowles
+"displays complete mastery of the principles and familiarity with the
+details of the controversy," which we can scarcely believe upon the
+_Gazette's_ testimony until it evinces for itself a little more
+knowledge of the matter.
+
+The only one of these works that has been reprinted in this country is
+Landor's, which we receive from Ticknor, Reed & Fields, of Boston.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+R. H. HORNE, the dramatist, and author of _Orion_,--upon which his best
+reputation is likely to rest--has just published in London _The Dreamer
+and the Worker_, in two volumes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. ROEBUCK, the radical member of Parliament, is continuing his History
+of the Whigs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is not be denied that Miss MARTINEAU is one of the cleverest women of
+our time; deafness and ugliness have induced her to cultivate to the
+utmost degree her intellectual faculties, and several of her books are
+illustrations of a mind even masculine in its power and activity; but
+the constitutional feebleness, waywardness, and wilfulness of woman is
+nevertheless not unfrequently evinced by her, and as she grows older the
+infirmities of her nature are more and more conspicuous; vexed with
+neglect, without the kindly influences of home or friendship, without
+the consolations or hopes of religion, she seems now ambitious of
+attention only, and willing to sacrifice every thing womanly or
+respectable to attract to herself the eyes of the world--the last thing,
+in her case, one would think desirable. In the book she has just
+published--_Letters on Man's Nature and Development, by Harriet
+Martineau and H. G. Atkinson_--she avows the most positive and shameless
+atheism: Christians have had little regard for Pagan deities--she will
+have as little for theirs! The sun rose yesterday; the fishes still swim
+in the sea; all the world goes on as before; but she cares not a fig for
+any deities, Christian or pagan--and don't believe a word of the
+immortality of the soul! In this new book, of which she is the chief
+author, the interlocutors place implicit credence in all the phenomena
+of mesmerism, and they cannot believe there is any thing in man's being
+or existence or conscience beyond what the senses reach, beyond what the
+scalpel discloses in the brain. They trace acts and motions and even
+inclinations to the brain, and deny that there is or can be any thing in
+contact which can influence it. _Cerebrum et pr�terea nihil_ is their
+motto. The book is the apotheosis of that lump of marrow and fibre. And
+yet this brain, which is so jealously guarded from any spiritual or
+immaterial influence, is declared to be completely under the direction
+of any man or woman who may pass a hand, with faith, backwards and
+forwards over the skull. The extremities of the body--the fingers--send
+forth and radiate certain electric, or galvanic, or invisible
+influences, and thus one has full power over another's organization and
+volition! But as to any influence beyond the sensible world, that Miss
+Martineau stoutly denies. The following passage is not an uninteresting
+specimen of this foolish production:
+
+     "I observed that under the influence of mesmerism some patients
+     would spontaneously place their hand, or rather the ends of
+     their fingers, on that part of the brain in action; and these
+     were persons wholly ignorant of phrenology. In some cases the
+     hand would pass very rapidly from part to part, as the organs
+     became excited. If the habit of action was encouraged, they
+     would follow every combination with precision: and if one hand
+     would not do they would use both to cover distant parts in
+     action at the same time. I was delighted with their effects;
+     but did not consider them very extraordinary, because I had
+     been accustomed to observe the same phenomena, in a lesser
+     degree, in the ordinary or normal condition. I know some, who
+     on any excitement of their love of approbation, will rub their
+     hand over the organ immediately. Others, I have observed, when
+     irritated, pass the hand over destructiveness. I have observed
+     others hold their hand over the region of the attachments, as
+     they gazed on the object of their affections. I have watched
+     the poet inspired to write with the fingers pressing on the
+     region of ideality, and those listening to music leaning upon
+     the elbow, with the fingers pressing on the organ of music; and
+     I catch myself performing those actions continually, as if I
+     were a puppet moved by strings. You will observe, besides, how
+     the head follows the excited organ. The proud man throws his
+     head back; the fine man carries his head erect; vanity draws
+     the head on one side, with the hat on the opposite side; the
+     intellect presses the head forward; the affections throw it
+     back on the shoulders; and so with the rest."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Right Honorable Sir JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE is created a peer with the
+title of Baron Broughton de Gyfford, in the county of Wilts. His fame in
+literature has long been lost, in England, in his reputation as a
+politician; but in this country we know him only as rather a clever man
+of letters. His most noticeable works that we remember, are, _A Journey
+through Albania, in 1809, Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of Childe
+Harold, The State of Literature in Italy_, and two volumes entitled
+_Letters from Paris during the last Reign of Napoleon_. His lordship
+must be in the vicinity of seventy-five years of age.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of "JUNIUS" there is still another book--though many good libraries
+contain not so many volumes as have been written upon the subject--and
+the journals have almost every month some new contributions to the
+mystery, increasing the accumulation by which the face of the author is
+hidden. The last work is entitled "Fac-simile Autograph Letters of
+Junius, Lord Chesterfield and Mrs. C. Dayrolles, showing that the wife
+of Mr. Solomon Dayrolles was the amanuensis employed in copying the
+letters of Junius for the printer; with a Postscript to the first Essay
+on Junius and his Works: by William Cramp, author of 'The Philosophy of
+Language.'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Passions of the Human Soul_, by Charles Fourier, translated from
+the French by the Rev. John Reynell Morell, with critical annotations, a
+biography of Fourier, and a general introduction, by Hugh Doherty, has
+been published by Baliere of London (and of Fulton-street, New-York), in
+two octavos. This is one of Fourier's greatest works, and the attention
+given to his principles of society in this country will secure for it
+many readers here.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THOMAS COLLEY GRATTAN, the author of _Highways and By-ways, Jacqueline
+of Holland_, &c., and a few years ago, British Consul at Boston, is
+coming to this country to give lectures. He will not be very
+successful.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE POEMS OF ALARIC A. WATTS, lately published in London, in a very
+sumptuous edition,--though some of the plates have an oldish look--are
+much commended in nearly all the reviews, and civilly treated even by
+Fraser, who once described Watts as a fellow "of some talent in writing
+verses on children dying of colic, and a skill in putting together
+fiddle-faddle fooleries, which look pretty in print; in other respects
+of an unwashed appearance; no particular principles, with well-bitten
+nails, and a great genius for back-biting." Watts some twenty years
+since had a controversy with Robert Montgomery who wrote _Satan_, in
+such a manner as very much to please his hero (a difficult task in
+biography), and one of the subjects of protracted and sharp discussion
+concerned the names of the disputants. Watts maintained that the author
+of "Hell," "Woman," "Satan," &c., was the son of a clown at Bath, named
+Gomery; and in return Montgomery, who, allowing that as Watts was the
+lawfully begotten son of a respectable nightman of the name of Joseph
+Watts, he had a fair title to the patronymic, denied that he had any
+claim to the gothic appellation of Alaric. "The man's name," said
+Montgomery, "is Andrew." This was a great while ago, and the quarrels of
+the time are happily forgotten. Watts is now fifty-seven years old, and
+age has sobered him, and given him increase of taste, both as to scandal
+and to writing verses. There are some extremely pretty things in this
+book (which may be found at Putnam's).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE STOWE MSS., including the unpublished diaries and correspondence of
+George Grenville, have been bought by Mr. Murray. The diary reveals, it
+is said, the secret movements of Lord Bute's administration, the private
+histories of Wilkes and Lord Chatham, and the features of the early
+madness of George III.; while the correspondence exhibits Wilkes in a
+new light, and reveals (what the Stowe papers were expected to reveal)
+something of moment about _Junius_. The whole will form about four
+volumes, and will appear among the next winter's novelties.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The copyrights, steel plates, wood-cuts, stereotype plates, &c. of
+_Walter Scott's works, and of his life, by Lockhart_, were to be sold in
+London, by auction, on the 26th March. This property belonged to the
+late Mr. Cadell of Edinburgh. The copyright of "Waverly" has five years
+more to run, and that of the works generally does not terminate for
+twenty years. This is the largest copyright property ever sold.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. LAYARD's fund having been exhausted, a subscription was lately set
+on foot for him in London, and its success we hope will enable him to
+prosecute his investigations with renewed vigor. He has, we hear,
+entirely recovered from his late indisposition, and needs but a supply
+of money to recommence his operations with renewed vigor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HENRY ALFORD, a very pleasing poet, a profound scholar, and most
+excellent man, is at the present time vicar of Wymeswold, in
+Leicestershire, England. He was born in London in 1810, and in 1832
+graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards
+Fellow. In 1835 he was married to his cousin, to whom are written some
+of his most charming effusions. At Easter in 1844 they lost one of their
+four children, and the bereavement seems to have induced the composition
+of many pieces full of tenderness and of remarkable beauty, which appear
+in the collection of his poems. In 1841 he was elected one of the
+lecturers in the University of Cambridge, and he is now, we believe,
+Examiner in Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and Logic in the
+University of London. He has published, besides his poetical works,
+which appeared in two volumes, some years since, several volumes of
+sermons, a work entitled _Chapters on the Poets of Ancient Greece_,
+written for the Nottingham mechanics; a volume of _University Lectures_;
+a work intended as a regular course of exercises in classical
+composition; and the _Greek Testament_, with a critically revised text,
+digest of various readings, &c., in which he has displayed sound
+learning and judgment. He is also editor of a very complete collection
+of the "Works of Donne", published some years ago at Oxford. The great
+labor of his life, however, centres in his edition of the _Greek
+Testament_, the first volume of which only, containing the four Gospels,
+has appeared. He is now working hard, eight or ten hours a day, in his
+theological researches, which promise a liberal harvest. We understand
+that he has in contemplation a poem of considerable length, the
+composition of which is to be the pleasant solace of his declining
+years. Mr. Alford's minor poems have within a few years been very
+popular in America, and won for their author the warm friendship and
+sympathy of many who will probably never know him personally. His pure
+domestic feeling, and hearty appreciation of whatever is most genial and
+hopeful in human nature, entitle him to the distinction he enjoys of
+being one of the truest "poets of the heart."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a sketch of the artist ANDREW WILSON, who died in Edinburgh two years
+ago, the _Art Journal_ gives the following postscript of a letter from
+Sir David Wilkie to Wilson:
+
+    MADRID, _Dec. 24th, 1827._
+
+     MY DEAR SIR,--Having been employed by our mutual friend, Mr.
+     Wilkie, to copy the above, I cannot let the opportunity pass
+     unimproved of speaking a word in my own name, and to call to
+     your mind the pleasant hours we occasionally passed together
+     many years since. Let me express, my dear sir, my great
+     pleasure in thus renewing, after so long an interval, our
+     acquaintance. You, of course, if you can recollect any thing of
+     me, can only remember me as a raw, inexperienced youngster,
+     while you were already a man, valuable for information,
+     acquirements, and weight of character. With great regard, my
+     dear sir, believe me, truly yours,
+
+                              WASHINGTON IRVING.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. ALISON, the historian, at a recent meeting of the Glasgow section of
+the Architectural Institute of Scotland, delivered an address in which
+he reviewed the state and progress of architecture, and its general
+influence on the mind and on the progress of civilization, from the
+period when it first became identified with Art to the present time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The diet of Denmark has just voted to three poets of that nation a
+yearly pension of 1,000 thalers each. Two of them were H. Herz and
+Puludan M�ller; the name of the third we do not know.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The book of the month in New-York has been _Lavengro_ (published by
+Putnam and by the Harpers in large editions.) Its success was a
+consequence of the fame won by the author in his "Bible in Spain," &c.,
+and of clever trickery in advertising. Generally, we believe, it has
+disappointed. We agree very nearly about it with the London _Leader_,
+that--
+
+     "It is worth reading, but not worth re-reading. A certain
+     freshness of scene, with real vigor of style, makes you canter
+     pleasantly enough through the volumes; but when the journey is
+     over you find yourself arrived Nowhere. It is not truth, it is
+     not fiction; neither biography nor romance; not even romantic
+     biography; but three volumes of sketches without a purpose, of
+     narratives without an aim. Mr. Borrow has hit the English taste
+     by his union of the clerical and scholarly with what we may
+     call _manly blackguardism_. His sympathies are all with the
+     blackguards. Not with the ragged nondescripts of the streets,
+     but the poetic vagabonds of the fields--the Rommany Chals--the
+     Gipsies, who are as great in "horse-taming" as Hector of old,
+     and great in the art of "self-defence" as any Greek before the
+     walls of Troy--not to mention other peculiarities in respect of
+     property and its conveyance which they share with the
+     Greeks--the Gipsies in short who are vagabonds in the true
+     wandering sense of the term."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JAMES T. FIELDS has in press a new edition of his Poems, embracing the
+pieces which he has written since the edition of 1849. Mr. Fields has a
+just sense of poetical art; his compositions are happily conceived, and
+uniformly executed with the most careful elaboration. A few days ago we
+saw a letter from Miss Mitford, addressed to a friend in this country,
+in which he is referred to as one of the "living classics of our
+tongue." We perceive that he is to be the next anniversary poet of the
+Phi Beta Kappa at Harvard.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+W. G. SIMMS has published at Charleston a fine poem entitled _The City
+of the Silent_, written for the occasion of the consecration of a
+cemetery near that city. It flows in natural harmony, and in thought as
+well as in manner has an appropriate dignity. We wonder that there has
+appeared no complete collection of the poems of Mr. Simms, which fill at
+least a dozen volumes, nearly all of which are now out of print. Some of
+his pieces have remarkable merit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"NILE NOTES BY A HOWADJI," is not a book of travel, but the book of a
+traveller. The traveller is obviously a very charming and veracious one,
+but after all, the landscape and the persons, scenes, and manners he
+describes are so idealized by him as to have lost much of their natural
+identity, and put on the somewhat artificial look of museum specimens.
+However, the _Notes_ are not, therefore, to us the less, but all the
+more, readable, because we have abundance of mere books of travel, and
+scarcely any traveller worth remarking. Mr. Kinglake, the author of
+_Eothen_, to be sure, was a host in himself. And Mr. Thackeray, in his
+_Journey from Cheapside to Cairo_, proved himself a fit companion of
+that gentleman. But a certain sneering humor, a certain mephistophelian
+irony, in these persons, prevent one from feeling entirely at ease with
+them, or believing, in fact, in their complete sincerity. It is not so
+with the author of _Nile Notes_, than whom a June breeze is not more
+bland, and moonlight not less gairish or oppressive. This conviction,
+indeed, strikes us in a very peculiar manner as we read, that no more
+genial nature ever penetrated that dismal and incredible East, to avouch
+the eternal freshness of man against the decay of nature and the
+mutability of institutions. An actually weird effect is produced by the
+sight of this plump and rosy Christian pervading the graves of dead
+empires, and thinking democracy amidst the listening ghosts of the
+Pharaohs. Did these solemn empires, did these absolute and strutting
+monarchs mistake their grandeur, and exist after all only that this
+modern democrat might laugh and live a life devoid of care? Such is the
+lesson of the book. It is sweeter to know the freshness and kindly
+nature that penned it; it is sweeter to feel the graceful and humane
+fancies that baptize every page of it, than to remember whole lineages
+of buried empires, or recognize whole pyramids of absolute and dissolved
+Pharaohs. The book is a mine of beautiful descriptions, and of sentences
+which tickle your inmost midriff with delight. (Harpers.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have been surprised lately at several long discussions in the
+New-York Historical Society of the question whether copies, extracts, or
+abstracts of the MSS. and other historical documents in the Society's
+collections might be published without the Society's special permission.
+We do not know who introduced the prohibitory proposition, but it is in
+the last degree ridiculous; there cannot be said in its support one
+syllable of reason; that it has been entertained so long is
+discreditable to the Society. The prime object of the Society is the
+collection and preservation of the materials of history; the more
+numerous the multiplication of copies, the more certain the
+probabilities of their preservation. A private collector may for obvious
+reasons hoard his treasures, and wish for the destruction of all copies
+of them; but the considerations which govern him are the last that
+should influence a historical society under similar circumstances.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FANNY WRIGHT, some dozen years ago, entered into a sort of limited
+partnership with one of Robert Owen's old New-Harmony associates, and
+has since been known as Frances Wright D'Arusmont. They lived together a
+few months, but women grow old, and these infidel philosophers are very
+apt to live according to their liberties; Madame resided in Paris,
+Monsieur in Cincinnati: Madame wanted more money than Monsieur would
+allow, and she returned, and is now before the courts of Ohio with a
+plea (of _eighty thousand words_) for property held by D'Arusmont, which
+she says is hers. We know little of the merits of the case, but if there
+is to be domestic unhappiness, we are content that she should be a
+sufferer, whose whole career has been a warfare upon the institutions
+which define the true position, and guard the best interests of her sex.
+It is more than thirty years since Fanny Wright wrote her _Views of
+Society and Manners in America_. The brilliant woman who lectured to
+crowds in the old Park Theatre, against decency, is old now, and an
+atheist old woman, desolate, is rather a pitiable object.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EDWARD T. CHANNING, a brother of the Rev. Dr. William Ellery Channing,
+and for thirty years Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard College, has
+resigned his place, and his resignation is one of the weightiest
+misfortunes that has befallen this school for some time. Professor
+Channing's fitness for the professorship of English literature was shown
+in his admirable article upon the Poetry of Moore, in the _North
+American Review_ for 1817. He has written much and well in criticism,
+and is perhaps equally familiar with both Latin and English literature.
+His lectures, described as eminently rich, suggestive, and practical, we
+hope will be given to the press. It is intimated that Mr. George Hillard
+will be his successor in the college, and we know of no man so young who
+could more nearly fill his place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"PUBLIC LIBRARIES," is the title of a very interesting article in the
+February number of _The International_, erroneously credited to
+Chambers's _Papers for the People_. The Edinburgh publisher, it seems,
+took two articles from the _North American Review_, cut them in pieces
+and transposed the sentences, prefixed a few remarks of his own, added a
+few words at the end of his Mosaic, and issued this "Paper for the
+People" as an original contribution to bibliothecal literature, without
+a word as to its real authorship or the sources whence it was derived.
+Such things are often done, and if Messrs. Chambers always evince as
+much sagacity in their appropriations, their readers will have abundant
+cause to be grateful. The articles in the _North American Review_ were
+written by Mr. George Livermore, a Boston merchant, who has the
+accomplishments of a Roscoe, and who as a bibliographer is scarcely
+surpassed in knowledge or judgment by any contemporary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FENELON, the Archbishop of Cambray, it was proved to the satisfaction of
+somebody, who read a paper upon the subject before the New-York
+Historical Society, a year or two ago, was once a missionary in America.
+But Mr. Poore, while in Paris for the collection of documents
+illustrative of the history of Massachusetts, investigated the matter,
+with his customary sagacity and diligence, and a communication by him to
+_The International_ most satisfactorily shows that the supposition was
+entirely wrong. The Fenelon who was in this country was tried at Quebec,
+in a case of which the famous La Salle was one of the witnesses, and of
+which the _process verbal_ is now in the _Archives de l'Am�rique_, in
+Paris; and the Archbishop was at the time of the trial certainly in
+France.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. S. G. GOODRICH, of whose works we recently gave a reviewal, will
+sail in a few days for Paris, where he will immediately enter upon the
+duties of the consulship to which he has been appointed by the
+President. This will be pleasant news for American travellers in Europe.
+Mr. Walsh has never been very liberal of attentions to his countrymen
+unless their position was such as to render their society an object of
+his ambition. Mr. Goodrich himself recently passed several months in
+Paris, bearing letters to the consul, who in all the time offered him
+not even a recognition. He will be apt to pay more regard to the letter
+which Mr. Goodrich bears from the Secretary of State.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MAJOR RICHARDSON's _Wacousta, or the Prophecy_, is a powerfully written
+novel, originally printed twenty years ago, and lately republished by
+Dewitt & Davenport. The descriptions are graphic, and the incidents
+dramatic, but the plot is in some respects defective. The prophecies
+which have such influence over the race of De Holdimars should have been
+pronounced in his infancy, and not only a few days before the terrible
+results attributed to it; the introduction of the race at Holdimar's
+execution, is injudicious; and the circumstances under which Wacousta
+finds Valletort and Clara his auditors not well contrived. But
+altogether the book is one of the best we have illustrating Indian life.
+Major Richardson is a British American; his father was an officer in
+Simcoe's famous regiment; other members of his family held places of
+distinction in the civil or military service; and he was himself a
+witness of some of the most remarkable scenes in our frontier military
+history, and was made a prisoner by the United States troops at the
+battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed--_not_ by Colonel
+Johnson, very certainly. Major Richardson subsequently served in Spain,
+and resided several years in Paris, where he wrote _Ecart�_, a very
+brilliant novel, of which we are soon to have a new edition. A later
+work from his hand, which we need not name, is more creditable to his
+abilities than to his taste or discretion; but _Wacousta_ and _Ecart�_
+are worthy of the best masters in romantic fiction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The subject of _American Antiquities_ has been very much neglected by
+American writers. Even the remains of an ancient and high civilization
+which are scattered so profusely all through Mexico and Central America
+have hitherto been illustrated almost exclusively by foreigners, and the
+most complete and magnificent publication respecting them that will ever
+have been made is that of Lord Kingsborough. Recently, however, our own
+country has furnished an antiquary of indefatigable industry, great
+perseverance and sagacity, in Mr. E. G. Squier, who was lately _Charg�
+d'Affaires_ of the United States to the Republic of Central America, and
+is now engaged in printing several works which he has completed, in this
+city. The splendid volume by Mr. Squier which was published two years
+ago by the _Smithsonian Institution_, upon the Antiquities of the Valley
+of the Mississippi, illustrates his abilities, and is a pledge of the
+value of his new performances. The first of his forthcoming volumes
+will, like that, be issued by the Smithsonian Institution, and it will
+constitute a quarto of some two hundred pages, with more than ninety
+engravings, under the title of _Aboriginal Monuments of New-York,
+comprising the results of Original Surveys and Explorations, with an
+Appendix_. This is now, we believe, on the eve of publication. A second
+volume is entitled, _The Serpent Symbol, and the Worship of the
+Reciprocal Principle, in America_. It contains, also, extended
+incidental illustrations of the religious systems of the American
+aborigines, and of the symbolical character of the ancient monuments in
+the United States. It will form a large octavo of two hundred and fifty
+pages, with sixty-three engravings, and will be published by Mr. Putnam.
+
+The first of these works, constituting part of the second volume of the
+"Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," may be regarded as a
+continuation of the author's _Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi
+Valley_, forming the first volume of those contributions. It gives a
+succinct account of the aboriginal remains of the state of New-York,
+which were thoroughly investigated by the author, under the joint
+auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the New-York Historical
+Society, in 1848. It strips the subject of all the absurd hypotheses and
+conjectures with which it has been involved by speculative and fanciful
+minds, and gives us a new and full statement of facts, from which there
+is no difficulty in getting at correct results. The appendix, which
+forms quite half of the volume, is devoted to the consideration of
+several of the more interesting questions stated in connection with the
+subject of our antiquities generally, and has a closer relation to the
+previously published volume than to the present memoir. The _rational�_
+of symbolism is very elaborately deduced from an analysis of the
+primitive religious structures of the Greeks, and applied, as we think,
+with entire success, to the elucidation of the origin and purposes of a
+large part of the monumental remains in the western United States.
+Indeed this whole work is dependent on, and illustrative of, the other,
+which must be imperfectly understood without it.
+
+The same is true of the second work, on the "Serpent Symbol," etc.,
+which, however, is chiefly devoted to inquiries into the philosophy and
+religion of the aboriginal American nations, and the relations which
+they sustained to the primitive systems of the other continent. The
+principal inquiry is, how far the identities which, in these respects,
+confessedly existed between the early nations of both worlds, may be
+regarded as derivative, or the result of like conditions and common
+mental and moral constitutions. These are radical questions, which must
+be decided before we can, with safety, attempt any generalizations on
+the subject of the origin of the American race, which has so long
+occupied speculative minds. Mr. Squier, in this volume, has brought
+together a vast number of new and interesting facts, demonstrating the
+existence of some of the most abstract oriental doctrines in America,
+illustrated by precisely identical or analogous symbols; but he does not
+admit that they were derivative, without first subjecting them to a
+rigid analysis, in order to ascertain if they may not have originated on
+the spot where they were found, by a natural and almost inevitable
+process. The work, therefore, is essentially critical, and may be
+regarded as initiatory to the investigation of these subjects, on a new
+and more philosophical system. It is the first of a series, under the
+general title of "American Arch�ological Researches," of which, it is
+announced in the advertisement, "The Arch�ology and Ethnology of Central
+America," and "The Mexican Calendar," will form the second and third
+volumes.
+
+Besides these works, Mr. Squier has now in press, _Nicaragua: Its
+Condition, Resources, and Prospects; being a Narrative of a Residence in
+that Country, and containing also chapters illustrative of its
+Geography, Topography, History, Social and Political Condition,
+Antiquities, &c., illustrated by Maps and Engravings_. This cannot fail
+of being a book of much interest and value. We are confident that it
+will be worth more than all the hundred other volumes that have been
+printed upon the subjects which it will embrace. Mr. Squier, while
+_Charg� d'Affaires_ to Central America, and Minister to Nicaragua,
+enjoyed extraordinary opportunities, in his relations with the chief
+persons of those countries and his frequent tours of observation, for
+obtaining full and accurate information, and the general justness of his
+apprehensions respecting affairs may be relied upon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The REV. DR. SCHROEDER has in press a _History of Constantine the
+Great_, in which we shall have his views of the Church in the fourth
+century.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. CHARLES ASTOR BRISTED, whose clever sketches of American Society we
+have copied into the _International_ as they have appeared in the
+successive numbers of _Fraser's Magazine_, has addressed the following
+letter to Mr. Willis, upon an intimation in the _Home Journal_ that
+under the name of Carl Benson he described himself:
+
+     "MY DEAR SIR:--Several intimations to the above effect have
+     already reached me, but now for the first time from a source
+     deserving notice. Allow me to deny, _in toto_, any intention of
+     describing myself under the name of Henry Benson. Were I
+     disposed to attempt self-glorification, it would be under a
+     very different sort of character. Here I should, in strictness,
+     stop; but, as you have done me the honor to speak favorably of
+     certain papers in _Fraser_, perhaps you will permit me to
+     intrude on your time (and your readers', if you think it worth
+     while), so far as to explain _what_ (not _whom_) Mr. Benson is
+     meant for.
+
+     "The said papers (ten in all, of which four still remain in the
+     editor's hands), were originally headed, 'The Upper Ten
+     Thousand,' as representing life and manners in a particular
+     set, which title the editor saw fit to alter into 'Sketches of
+     American Society'--not with my approbation, as it was claiming
+     for them more than they contained, or professed to contain.
+     Harry Benson, the thread employed to hang them together, is a
+     sort of fashionable hero--a _quadratus homo_, according to the
+     'Upper Ten' conception of one; a young man who, starting with a
+     handsome person and fair natural abilities, adds to these the
+     advantages of inherited wealth, a liberal education, and
+     foreign travel. He possesses much general information, and
+     practical dexterity in applying it, great world-knowledge and
+     _aplomb_, financial shrewdness, readiness in
+     composition--speaks half-a-dozen languages, dabbles in
+     literature, in business, _in every thing but politics_--talks
+     metaphysics one minute, and dances a polka the next--in short,
+     knows a little of every thing, with a knack of reproducing it
+     effectively; moreover, is a man of moral purity, deference to
+     women and hospitality to strangers, which I take to be the
+     three characteristic virtues of a New-York gentleman. On the
+     other hand, he has the faults of his class strongly
+     marked--intense foppery in dress, general Sybaritism of living,
+     a great deal of Jack-Brag-ism and show-off, mythological and
+     indiscreet habits of conversation, a pernicious custom of
+     sneering at every body and every thing, inconsistent blending
+     of early Puritan and acquired Continental habits, occasional
+     fits of recklessness breaking through the routine of a
+     worldly-prudent life. The character is so evidently a
+     type--even if it were not designated as such in so many words,
+     more than once--that it is surprising it should ever have been
+     attributed to an individual--above all, to one who is never at
+     home but in two places--outside of a horse and inside of a
+     library. Most of the other characters are similarly types--that
+     is to say, they represent certain styles and varieties of men.
+     The fast boy of Young America (from whose diary Pensez-y gave
+     you a leaf last summer), whose great idea of life is dancing,
+     eating supper after dancing, and gambling after eating supper;
+     the older exquisite, without fortune enough to hurry
+     brilliantly on, who makes general gallantly his amusement and
+     occupation; the silent man, _blaz�_ before thirty, and not to
+     be moved by any thing; (a variety of American much overlooked
+     by strangers, but existing in great perfection, both here and
+     at the south;) the beau of the 'second set,' dressy, vulgar and
+     good natured; these and others I have endeavored to depict.
+     Now, as every class is made up of individuals, every character
+     representing a class must resemble some of the individuals in
+     it, in some particulars; but if you undertook to attach to each
+     single character one and the same living representative, you
+     would soon find each of them, like Mrs. Malaprop's Cerberus,
+     'three gentlemen at once,' if not many more; and should one of
+     your 'country readers,' anxious to 'put the right names to
+     them,' address--not _one_, but _five_ or _six_--of his 'town
+     correspondents,' he would get answers about as harmonious as if
+     he had consulted the same number of German commentators on the
+     meaning of a disputed passage in a Greek tragedian. Some of the
+     personages are purely fanciful--for instance, Mr.
+     Harrison--such a man as never did exist, but I imagine might
+     very well exist, among us. But, as the development of these
+     characters is still in manuscript, it would be premature to say
+     more of them.
+
+     "Yet one word. The sketches were written entirely for the
+     English market, so to speak, without any expectation of their
+     being generally read or republished here. This will account for
+     their containing many things which must seem very flat and
+     common-place to an American reader--such as descriptions of
+     sulkies and trotting-wagons, how people dress, and what they
+     eat for dinner, etc.; which are nevertheless not necessarily
+     uninteresting to an Englishman who has not seen this country.
+     Excuse me for trespassing thus far on your patience, and
+     believe me, dear sir, yours very truly
+
+                              C. A. BRISTED."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, LL.D. and his son Benjamin Silliman, junior, of Yale
+College, sailed a few days ago for Europe, for the purpose chiefly of
+making a geological exploration of the central and southern portion of
+that continent. After visiting the volcanic regions of central France,
+they will make the tour of Italy, visiting Vesuvius and Etna, and will
+return to England in time to attend the meeting of the British Academy
+of Sciences, at Ipswich, in July. They will next visit Switzerland and
+the Alps, and return home in the autumn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second volume of _The Works of John Adams_, we understand, has been
+very well received by the book-buyers. It is frequently observed of it,
+that it vindicates the title of its eminent author and subject to a
+higher distinction than has commonly been awarded to him in our day. It
+certainly is one of the most interesting biographies of the
+revolutionary period that we have read. The third and fourth volumes
+will be published by Little & Brown about the beginning of May.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"THE C�SARS," by De Quincy, is the last of the works by that great
+author issued by Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, who promise us in their
+beautiful typography all that the "Opium Eater" has written. "The
+C�sars" is a very remarkable book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+OF THE EDITION OF THE WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON by JARED SPARKS, we
+published some years ago in the Philadelphia _North American_ an opinion
+which was amply vindicated by citations and comparisons, and more
+recently, in the _International_ for last December, we substantially
+repeated our judgment in the following words, in reply to some
+observations on the subject in the Paris _Journal des Debats_:
+
+     "But the omissions by Mr. Sparks--sometimes from carelessness,
+     sometimes from ignorance, and sometimes from an indisposition
+     to revive memories of old feuds, or to cover with disgrace
+     names which should be dishonored, and his occasional verbal
+     alterations of Washington's letters, prevent satisfaction with
+     his edition of Washington."
+
+Since then an able and ingenious writer in the _Evening Post_ has
+criticised the labors of Mr. Sparks in the same manner, and in a second
+paper conclusively replied to his defenders. We profess thoroughly to
+understand this matter; we have carefully compared the original letters
+of Washington, as they are preserved in the Department of State, in the
+Charleston Library, the New-York Historical Society's Library, and in
+numerous other public and private collections, and we have come to the
+conclusion that instead of having done any service to American History
+by his editions of Morris, Franklin, and Washington, Mr. Sparks has done
+positive and scarcely reparable injury; since by his incomplete,
+inaccurate and injudicious publications, he has prevented the
+preparation of such as are necessary for the illustration of the
+characters of these persons and the general history of their times. We
+shall not at present enter into any particulars for the vindication of
+our dissent from the very common estimation of the character of Mr.
+Sparks as a historian; but we may gratify some students in our history
+by stating that _A Complete Collection of the Writings of Washington,
+chronologically arranged, and amply illustrated with Introductions,
+Notes, &c._, is in hand, and will be published with all convenient
+expedition. It will embrace about twice as much matter as the edition by
+Sparks, but will be much more compactly printed. It would have appeared
+before the present time, but for an absurd misapprehension in regard to
+certain assumed copyrights, which one of our most eminent justices, and
+several lawyers of the highest distinction, have declared null and
+impossible.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. ISAAC C. PRAY is the author of a beautiful volume on the eve of
+publication, on the History of the Musical Drama. One hundred and sixty
+pages are devoted to "Parodi and the Opera." Mr. Pray is a capital
+critic in this department; he has been many years familiar with the
+various schools of musical art, and at home behind the scenes in the
+great opera houses of Europe: so that probably no writer in America has
+more ample material for such a work as he has undertaken. He proposes a
+series of some half-dozen volumes on the subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. FREDERIC SAUNDERS, an industrious literary antiquary, is publishing
+in the _Methodist Quarterly Review_ and the _Christian Recorder_, a
+series of pleasant reminiscences of the great lights of the church in
+England, in the last generation. Among his papers that have appeared are
+entertaining sketches of Edward Irving and Dr. Chalmers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"THE DUTY OF A BIOGRAPHER," is very justly described by a writer on this
+subject in the last _Democratic Review_. They certainly managed these
+things better in the days of king Cheops, but biographies would still be
+written truthfully and to some purpose if there were more honesty in
+criticism--if the mob of people who fancy they may themselves sometimes
+be heroes of such writing, did not for their prospective safety denounce
+every _post-mortem_ exhibition of infirmities; or if to the creatures
+most largely endowed with the means of hearing, slavering were not more
+easy than dissection.
+
+
+
+
+ASTONISHING ADVENTURE OF JAMES BOTELLO.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY W. S. MAYO, M.D. AUTHOR OF KALOOLAH, ETC.
+
+
+To an author who has been accustomed to deal with the startling and the
+marvellous in the way of incident and adventure, nothing can be more
+amusing than the confident opinions of critics and readers as to the
+improbability, and frequently the impossibility, of particular scenes
+which often happen to be faithful descriptions of actual occurrences. In
+this manner several passages from "Kaloolah" and "The Berber" have been
+indicated by some of my many good natured and liberal critics in this
+country and in England, as taxing a little too strongly the credulity of
+readers. Among such passages, the escape, in the first pages of the
+Berber, of the young Englishman, by jumping overboard in the bay of
+Cadiz, and hiding himself in the darkness of the night beneath the
+overhanging stern of his boat, has been particularly pointed out. Now,
+if this was pure invention, it might be safely left to a jury of yankee
+boatmen or Spanish _barqu�ros_ to decide whether the incident was not in
+the highest degree probable and natural; but being literally founded in
+fact, it is perhaps unnecessary to make any such appeal. There may be,
+however, a few unadventurous souls who will still persist in their
+doubts as to the probability of the incident. For the especial benefit
+of such I will relate the true story of a boat adventure, which in every
+way is a thousand times more strange and incredible than any of the
+wildest inventions of the wildest romance.
+
+The voyage of Vasco di Gama around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian
+Ocean, was the beginning of a complete revolution in the trade of Europe
+and the East. This trade, which, following the expensive route of Egypt
+and the Red Sea, had been for a long time in the hands of the Venetians
+and Genoese, suddenly turned itself into the new and cheap channel
+opened by the enterprise of the Portuguese. The merchants of Genoa and
+Venice found themselves unexpectedly cut off from their accustomed
+sources of wealth, while a tide of affluence rolled into the mouth of
+the Tagus, and Lisbon became the commercial mart of the world.
+
+The success of the Portuguese gave a new impulse to the spirit of
+enterprise which had already been excited among the maritime nations of
+Europe by the discoveries of Columbus, and efforts to divert a portion
+of the golden current soon began to be made. The Spaniards, debarred
+from following the direct route of the Portuguese, by their own
+exclusive pretensions in the west, and the consequent decision of the
+Pope, granting to them the sole right of exploration beyond a certain
+line of longitude to the west, and confining the Portuguese to the east,
+had, under the guidance of the adventurous Magellan, found a westerly
+route to the Indies. The English were busy with several schemes for a
+short cut to the north-west. The Dutch were beginning to give signs of a
+determination, despite the Pope's decision, to follow the route by the
+Cape of Good Hope. As may be imagined, these movements aroused the
+jealousy of the court and merchants of Lisbon. They trembled lest their
+commercial monopoly should be encroached upon, and every care was taken
+to keep the rest of Europe in ignorance of the details of the trade, and
+of the discoveries and conquests of their agents in the East.
+
+Of course nothing could be more injurious to a Portuguese of the time
+than to be suspected of a design to aid with advice or information the
+schemes of foreign rivals. Unluckily for James Botello such a suspicion
+lighted upon him. It was rumored that he was disposed to sell his
+services to the French. He was known to be a gentleman of parts, well
+acquainted with the East--having served with credit under the immediate
+successors of Vasco de Gama--and as competent as any one to lead the
+Frenchman into the Indian Ocean, and to initiate him into the mysteries
+of the trade. The suspicion, however, could not have been very strong,
+and probably had no real foundation in truth, or else more stringent
+measures than appear to have been used would have been adopted by an
+unscrupulous court to prevent his carrying his designs into execution.
+The rumor, however, had its effect; and Botello soon found that his
+influence at court was gone, and that he had become an object of jealous
+observation.
+
+Anxious to give the lie to this calumny, and to regain the favor of his
+sovereign, John III, Botello embarked as a volunteer in the fleet which
+was taking out to Calicut the new viceroy, De Cunna. Upon the arrival of
+this fleet, the operations of the Portuguese, both military and
+commercial, were carried on with renewed vigor; and in all these Botello
+bore his part, but without being able wholly to remove the suspicions
+with which he was sensible his actions were still watched by his
+superiors. A favorite project of the Portuguese--one that had been
+pursued with energy and by every means of diplomacy or war--was the
+establishment of a fort in Diu, a town situated at the mouth of the Gulf
+of Cambaya. Several times the capture of the place had been attempted by
+force, but without success. Even the great Albuquerque had been foiled
+in a furious attack. Failing in this, the Portuguese repeatedly
+endeavored to get permission to erect a fort for the protection of their
+trade, by persuasion or artifice. It had become an object of the most
+ardent desire, as well with the king and court at home, as with the
+viceroys and their officers in the East.
+
+It happened now in the year 1534, that Badur, king of Cambaya, was
+sorely pressed by his enemy the Great Mogul--so much so, that he was
+compelled to call in the assistance of his other enemy, the Portuguese.
+The price of this assistance was to be permission to erect and garrison
+a fort at Diu. Badur hesitated; he knew that if the Portuguese were
+allowed a fort, they would soon be masters of the whole town; but his
+necessities were urgent, and he finally acceded to the demand. De Cunna
+rushed to Diu; a treaty was speedily concluded with Badur--the fort was
+planned, and its erection commenced with vigor.
+
+No one better than Botello knew how pleased King John would be with the
+news. He resolved to be the bearer of the good tidings, and thus to
+restore himself to the royal favor. His plan was a bold and daring one;
+in fact, considering the known dangers of the sea, and the then
+imperfect state of navigation, it must have seemed almost hopeless; but
+he suffered no doubts or apprehensions to prevent him from carrying it
+into immediate effect. In order to conceal his design, he gave out that
+he was going on a boat excursion up the Gulf of Cambaya, to visit the
+court of the now friendly Badur. Two young soldiers, of inferior degree,
+named Juan de Sousa and Alfonzo Belem, readily consented to accompany
+him. The boat selected for the voyage was a small affair--something like
+a modern jolly boat, though of rather greater beam in proportion to its
+other dimensions; its length was sixteen feet, its breadth nine feet.
+Four Moorish slaves from Melenda, on the coast of Africa, were selected
+to work the boat, while two native servants, having Portuguese blood in
+their veins, completed the crew.
+
+Botello's preparations for the voyage were soon made; and waiting only
+to secure a copy of the treaty with Badur, and plans of the fort which
+had been commenced, he ordered the short mast, with its tapering lateen
+yard, to be raised, and the sail trimmed close to the breeze blowing
+into the roadstead of Diu. But instead of turning up along the northern
+coast of the Gulf of Cambaya, he directed the bow of his little bark
+boldly out to sea.
+
+His companions knew but little of navigation; but they knew enough to
+know that a south-westerly course was hardly the one on which to reach
+Cambaya. To the remonstrances of Juan and Alfonzo, Botello simply
+replied that he preferred sailing south with the wind, to rowing north
+against it; and they would find the course he had chosen the safest and
+shortest in the end.
+
+In this way they sailed for three days. On the morning of the fourth,
+Botello found that it would be impossible for him longer to turn a deaf
+ear to the mutterings of discontent among his crew. It was high time for
+an explanation of his plans; and trusting to his eloquence and
+influence, he proceeded to unfold his design.
+
+Imagine the astonishment and dismay depicted in the countenances of the
+servants and sailors when he told them that he purposed making the long
+and dangerous voyage to Lisbon in the miserable little boat in which
+they had embarked. But as he went on commenting upon the feasibility of
+the project, discussing the real dangers of such voyage, and ridiculing
+the imaginary, and dilating upon the honors and rewards which they would
+win by being the first bearers of the tidings they carried, a change
+from dismay to hope and confidence took place in the minds of all his
+hearers, excepting the African sailors, who did not much relish the idea
+of so long a voyage to Christian lands. They, however, were slaves and
+infidels, and their opposition was not much heeded.
+
+To every objection Botello had a plausible reply. He confidently
+asserted his knowledge of a safe route, and of his ability to preserve
+their little craft amid all the dangers of the sea.
+
+"But may we not be forestalled in our news, after all," demanded
+Alfonzo, "by the vessels from Calicut?"
+
+"No fear of that," replied Botello. "The news from Diu will not reach
+Calicut for a month, and then it will be too late in the monsoon to
+dispatch a vessel, even if one were ready. Besides, I have certain
+information that the viceroy has determined that no dispatches shall be
+sent home until he can announce the completion of the fort."
+
+"I like not this new route you propose," said Juan. "Why leave the usual
+course to Melenda?"
+
+"Because we should be in danger of exciting the suspicions of our
+brethren who now garrison the forts of Melenda, Zanzabar, and
+Mozambique, and perhaps be detained. No, we will take a more direct
+course--strike the coast of Africa below Sofalo, and then follow the
+shore around the Cape of Good Hope."
+
+"And what are we to do for provisions and water, in the mean time?"
+
+"Of provisions we have a store that will last until we reach land, when
+we can obtain supplies from the natives; as to water, we must go at once
+upon the shortest possible allowance, and daily pray for rain--St.
+Francis will aid us. I can show you something that will set your minds
+easy upon that point."
+
+Botello produced a box from beneath the stern sheets, and opening it,
+took out with an air of reverence a leaden image of the saint.
+
+"See this," he exclaimed, in a tone of exultation. "It was modelled from
+the portrait recognized by the aged Moor. Have you not heard of the
+miracle?--true, you were not at Calicut. Know, then, that a few months
+since, a native of India was presented to the viceroy, whose reputed age
+amounted to three hundred years. His story was, that in early youth he
+encountered an aged man lingering upon the banks of a stream which he
+was anxious to pass. The youth tendered the support of his strong
+shoulders, and bore him across the water. As a reward for the service,
+the old man bade the youth to live until they should meet again. And
+thus had he lived, until a few months since he was presented to De
+Cunna, when he at once recognized in a portrait of St. Francis the holy
+man whom he had carried across the stream. This image was modelled from
+that portrait; it was blessed by the pious convert in whose person was
+performed the miracle. Our voyage must be prosperous with this on
+board."
+
+The sight of an image taken from a portrait acknowledged to be the saint
+himself, removed all doubt. And what Botello's arguments and persuasions
+might have failed to accomplish, was easily effected by the little image
+of lead. A heretic might, perhaps, have questioned the saint's power
+over the physical phenomena of the sea, but he could not have denied his
+moral influence over the minds of the adventurous voyageurs who confided
+in him. No hesitation remained, except in the minds of the four slaves,
+who, having been forcibly converted from the errors of Mohammed, were
+yet somewhat weak in the true faith.
+
+It was this want of faith that led to one of the most lamentable events
+of the voyage. They had been out more than a month without having had
+sight of land, and not even a distant sail had lighted up the dismal
+loneliness of the ocean. It must be recollected what a solitude was the
+vast surface of the Indian and Pacific seas in those days. Beside the
+Portuguese fleets that followed each other at long and regular
+intervals, Christian commerce there was none, while Arabian trade was
+small in amount, and confined to certain narrow channels. The Moorish
+slaves had never before been so long in the open sea, and their fears
+increased as day after day the little boat bore them farther to the
+south. The provisions were also, by this time, nearly exhausted, and the
+daily allowance of water proved barely sufficient to moisten their
+parched lips. The slaves, after taking counsel among themselves,
+demanded that the course of the boat should be arrested.
+
+"And which way would you go?" asked Botello. "Back to Diu? It would take
+three months to reach the port, and long ere that we should starve."
+
+"Let us steer, then, directly for the African coast. Melenda must be our
+nearest port."
+
+"Never!" returned the resolute Botello. "I will run no risk of having
+our voyage frustrated by the jealousy of my old enemy, Alfonzo
+Peristrello, who has command at that station. Courage for a few days
+more, and we shall see land. There are isles hereaway that you will deem
+fit residences for the blessed saints--such fruits! such flowers!"
+
+The promises of Botello had influence with all of his companions
+excepting the Moors, whose muttered discontent suddenly assumed a fierce
+and menacing aspect. Luckily, Botello was as wary as he was brave.
+
+It was in the middle of the night that, stretched upon the midship
+thwart of the boat, he noticed a movement among the Moors, who occupied
+the bow. One of them moved stealthily towards him, and bending over him,
+cautiously sought the hilt of his dagger; but before he could draw it,
+the grasp of Botello was upon his throat, and he was hurled to the
+bottom of the boat. With a shout, the other Moors seized the boat hooks
+and stretchers, and rushed upon Botello; but Juan and Alfonzo were upon
+the alert, and, drawing their long daggers, rushed to his defence. Never
+was there a more desperate conflict than on that starlit night, in that
+frail boat, that floated a feeble, solitary speck of humanity on the
+bosom of the vast Indian sea.
+
+The conflict was desperate, but it was soon over. The Portuguese of
+those days were other men than their degenerate descendants of the
+present age; and, besides, the slaves were overmatched both in arms and
+numbers. Three were slain outright, and the fourth driven overboard. One
+of the Portuguese servants was killed; thus diminishing the number of
+the voyageurs more than one-half--a lucky circumstance, without which,
+most probably, the whole would have perished.
+
+For a week longer the little bark stood on its course, when a violent
+storm threatened a melancholy termination to the voyage. The wind,
+however, was accompanied by rain, and Botello kept up the spirits of his
+friends by attributing the storm to St. Francis, who had sent it
+expressly to save them from dying by thirst. It would have been perhaps
+more easy to believe in the saint's agency in the matter had there been
+less wind; for in addition to the danger of being ingulfed by the heavy
+sea, their clothing, which they spread to collect the rain, was so
+deluged with salt spray as to make the water exceedingly brackish. Bad
+as it was, however, it served to maintain life until they reached a
+little rocky, uninhabited island in the channel of Mozambique.
+
+It was with some difficulty that a landing place was found. Upon
+ascending the rocks, a few scattered palms exhibited the only appearance
+of vegetation. Their chief necessity--freshwater--however, was found in
+abundance, standing in the hollows of the rocky surface, where it had
+been deposited by the recent storm. Several kinds of wild fowl showed
+themselves in abundance, and so tame as to suffer themselves to be
+caught without any trouble; while crowding the little sandy inlets were
+thousands of the finest turtle.
+
+At this spot Botello and his companions rested for a week; which was
+spent in caulking and repairing their boat and sail, drying and salting
+the flesh of fowl and turtle, and in filling every available vessel with
+the precious fluid so liberally furnished by their patron St. Francis.
+
+A succession of storms followed their departure, and tossed them about
+here and there for so many days, that their reckoning became exceedingly
+confused. Botello, however, was an accomplished navigator, and his
+sailor instinct stood him in good stead. Upon returning fair weather he
+conjectured that he was abreast of Cape Corientes, and the bow of the
+boat was directed, due east, for the African coast.
+
+Calms followed storms. The oars were got out, and day after day the
+clumsy boat was pulled through the long rolling swell of the glassy sea.
+Still no sight of land. Their provisions were getting short again--their
+water was reduced to the lowest possible allowance, and the labor of the
+oar was rapidly exhausting their strength. The image of St. Francis was
+hourly appealed to. Sometimes his aid was implored in most humble
+prayers--sometimes demanded with the wildest imprecations and threats.
+One day Botello seized the little St. Francis, and whirling him on high,
+threatened to throw him into the sea, unless he instantly granted a
+sight of land; no land showed itself, and the saint was reverentially
+replaced in his box. But he was not to rest there long in quiet. The
+next day the ingenious Botello announced to his sinking companions that
+he had a plan to compel the saint to terms. The image was produced from
+its box, a cord was fastened around its neck, and it was then thrown
+overboard. Down went his leaden saintship into the depths of the ocean.
+"And there he shall remain," exclaimed Botello, "until he sends us land
+or rain." An hour had not expired when a faint bluish haze in the
+eastern horizon attracted all eyes. A favorable breeze springing up, the
+sail was hoisted, and as the boat moved under its influence, the haze
+grew in consistency and size. Land was in sight.
+
+The reader may perhaps smile with contempt at the superstitious faith of
+Botello and companions in the connection between this happy land-fall
+and their ingenious compulsion of the saint's miraculous power; but it
+may be questioned whether there was not good ground for their belief--at
+least as good ground as there is for faith in any of the facts of animal
+magnetism, clairvoyance, and spiritual rappings.
+
+The land proved to be a point in Lagoa Bay--a familiar object to
+Botello. Upon going ashore, a party of natives received him, with whom
+friendly relations were soon established, and from whom provisions and
+water were readily obtained. A few days served to recruit the exhausted
+strength of the party, when taking again to their boat, they coasted
+along the shore, landing at frequent intervals, until they reached the
+dreaded Cape of Storms, as the southern point of Africa was called by
+its first discoverer, Bartholomew Diaz.
+
+The Cape did not belie its reputation. From the summit of Table
+Mountain, and the surrounding high lands, it sent down a gust that drove
+the unfortunate voyageurs away from the land a long distance to the
+south-west; and many weary and despairing days were passed before they
+were able to make the harbor of Saldahana. Here the chief necessity of
+life--fresh water--was found in abundance, and a supply of provisions
+obtained, consisting chiefly of the dried flesh of seals, with which the
+harbor was filled. A few orange and lemon-trees, planted by the early
+Portuguese discoverers, were loaded with fruit, and afforded a grateful
+and effectual means of removing the symptoms of scurvy which were
+beginning to appear.
+
+Saldahana being a resting place for the outward bound Portuguese fleets,
+Botello made his stay as short as possible, lest he should be
+intercepted and turned back by some newly appointed and jealous viceroy.
+For the same reason he avoided several points on the coast of western
+Africa where his countrymen had stations--keeping well out to sea and
+from the mouth of the Congo, and steering a direct course across the
+Gulf of Guinea. He knew that if a Portuguese admiral had sailed at the
+appointed time, he must be somewhere in that Gulf, and that his tall
+barks would hug the shore, creeping from headland to headland slowly and
+cautiously. The energetic Botello and his companions had encountered too
+many dangers to be frightened at the perils of a run across the Gulf,
+and the resolution was adopted to give the Portuguese fleet, by the aid
+of St. Francis, the go-by in the open sea.
+
+The run was successfully achieved; not, however, without many weary days
+at the oar, and many an appeal to St. Francis for favoring winds, and
+for aid in the sudden tornadoes which frequently threatened to ingulf
+them. Cape de Verd was reached; the barren shore of the great desert was
+passed, with but a single stoppage in the Rio del Ouro--a slender arm of
+the sea setting up a few miles into the sands of Sahara. Here a few
+dates and some barley cakes were purchased of a family of wandering
+Arabs; and again putting to sea, the shores of Morocco were cautiously
+coasted. Without further adventure, but not without further suffering,
+and labor, and danger, the short remaining distance was passed. The head
+of the Straits of Gibraltar--the headlands of Spain--the southern point
+of Algarve, successively came in sight; and then the smiling mouth of
+the golden Tagus greeted their longing eyes.
+
+And thus was happily finished this wonderful voyage--a voyage which, if
+performed in the present day, with all the means and appliances of
+navigation, would excite the admiration of the world, but which, under
+the circumstances of the age, the prejudices and ignorance of the
+voyageurs, and the imperfect state of maritime science, may truly be
+considered the most astonishing upon record. It must be observed, too,
+that this was no involuntary boat expedition--no desperate alternative
+of some foundering ship's crew--but the deliberate, carefully considered
+project of an experienced sailor; and that the hardihood evinced in its
+conception was surpassed by the resolution, perseverance, and skill,
+with which it was conducted to its end.
+
+The presence of Botello was soon known to his friends; and the rumor
+spread through the city that an Indian fleet had arrived off the mouth
+of the Tagus. It reached the court, so that upon his application for an
+audience of the king, he found no detention except from the curiosity of
+the courtiers and ministers; which, however, he resolutely refused to
+satisfy, until he had communicated his news to the royal ear.
+
+Botello exhibited his copy of the convention with Badur, king of
+Cambaya, and the plans of the fort which was being erected at Diu, and
+related the history of his adventurous voyage. King John freely
+expressed his astonishment and delight, and calling around him the
+members of his household, familiarly questioned Botello as to all the
+little details of his voyage.
+
+There was a pause in the conversation. Botello threw himself upon his
+knees. "There is one point," he exclaimed, "upon which your majesty has
+not condescended to question me."
+
+"What is that?" demanded the king.
+
+"My reasons," replied Botello, "for undertaking this long and hazardous
+voyage. Your majesty knows, or at least many of your majesty's enemies
+know, that I am one not over cautious in confronting danger, either by
+sea or land; but I should never have had the courage to make myself the
+bearer of tidings however important, as I have done, without some reason
+other than the desire of astonishing the world by a feat which by many
+will be pronounced simply fool-hardy. Your majesty will believe me--I
+had another and a better reason."
+
+"And that reason was--"
+
+"The favor of my sovereign, and the removal of the undeserved suspicions
+with which my motives and feelings had been visited."
+
+"Rise," replied the king, extending his hand, and smiling graciously.
+"Our suspicions were of the slightest. We will take some fitting
+opportunity of showing that they are gone for ever."
+
+The courtiers overwhelmed Botello and his companions with
+congratulations. The king accompanied him to see the boat, and upon
+dismissing him, renewed his assurances of favor and reward--assurances
+which Botello found were destined never to be realized. The next day a
+change had come over the royal countenance--the jealousy of trade had
+been aroused. It would be a terrible blow to the commercial monopoly,
+already threatened from so many quarters, to have it known that the
+voyage from the East Indies had been performed in an open boat. Botello
+was informed that, for reasons of state, his boat must be destroyed, but
+that he himself should ever continue to enjoy the favorable opinion of
+his sovereign. As an earnest of the royal favor, which was some day to
+exhibit itself more openly, he was appointed to an office of no great
+consequence, and which had also the disadvantage attached to it of a
+residence in the interior of the country.
+
+Once installed, he found that he was little better than a prisoner for
+life. His movements were closely watched by the officials around him;
+his communications with the capital cut off, and to all his
+remonstrances and petitions the only reply was that the king's service
+required his continual residence in his department. Botello was not a
+man to quietly submit to such unjust restraint; but unluckily his health
+began to fail. His body found itself unable to withstand the chafings
+and struggles of his energetic and adventurous spirit under the
+mortifications and disappointments of his position; the fears and
+suspicions of the court of Lisbon were soon removed by his death. His
+boat had been burned--his companions had been sent back to India, and it
+was not long before the fact of his extraordinary voyage had passed from
+the public mind.
+
+
+
+
+A STORY WITHOUT A NAME[L]
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.
+
+_Continued from page 494, vol. II._
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+It was long ere Emily Hastings slept. There was a bright moonlight; but
+she sat not up by the window, looking out at the moon in love-lorn
+guise. No, she laid her down in bed, as soon as the toilet of the night
+was concluded, and having left the window-shutters open, the light of
+the sweet, calm brightener of the night poured in a long, tranquil ray
+across the floor. She watched it, with her head resting on her hand for
+a long time. Her fancy was very busy with it, as by slow degrees it
+moved its place, now lying like a silver carpet by her bedside, now
+crossing the floor far away, and painting the opposite wall. Her
+thoughts then returned to other things, and whether she would or not,
+Marlow took a share in them. She remembered things that he had said, his
+looks came back to her mind, she seemed to converse with him again,
+running over in thought all that had passed in the morning.
+
+She was no castle-builder; there were no schemes, plans, designs, in her
+mind; no airy structures of future happiness employed fancy as their
+architect. She was happy in her own heart; and imagination, like a bee,
+extracted sweetness from the flowers of the present.
+
+Sweet Emily, how beautiful she looked, as she lay there, and made a
+night-life for herself in the world of her own thoughts!
+
+She could not sleep, she knew not why. Indeed, she did not wish or try
+to sleep. She never did when sleep did not come naturally; but always
+remained calmly waiting for the soother, till slumber dropped uncalled
+and stilly upon her eyelids.
+
+One hour--two hours--the moonbeam had retired far into a corner of the
+room, the household was all still; there was no sound but the barking of
+a distant farm-dog, such a long way off, that it reached the ear more
+like an echo than a sound, and the crowing of a cock, not much more
+near.
+
+Suddenly, her door opened, and a figure entered, bearing a small
+night-lamp. Emily started, and gazed. She was not much given to fear,
+and she uttered not a sound; for which command over herself she was very
+thankful, when, in the tall, graceful form before her, she recognized
+Mrs. Hazleton. She was dressed merely as she had risen from her bed: her
+rich black hair bound up under her snowy cap, her long night-gown
+trailing on the ground, and her feet bare. Yet she looked perhaps more
+beautiful than in jewels and ermine. Her eyes were not fixed and
+motionless, though there was a certain sort of deadness in them. Neither
+were her movements stiff and mechanical, as we often see in the
+representations of somnambulism on the stage. On the contrary, they were
+free and graceful. She looked neither like Mrs. Siddons nor any other
+who ever acted what she really was. Those who have seen the state know
+better. She was walking in her sleep, however: that strange act of a
+life apart from waking life--that mystery of mysteries, when the soul
+seems severed from all things on earth but the body which it
+inhabits--when the mind sleeps, but the spirit wakes--when the animal
+and the spiritual live together, yet the intellectual lies dead for the
+time.
+
+Emily comprehended her condition at once, and waited and watched, having
+heard that it is dangerous to wake suddenly a person in such a state.
+Mrs. Hazleton walked on past her bed towards a door at the other side of
+the room, but stopped opposite the toilet-table, took up a ribbon that
+was lying on it, and held it in her hand for a moment.
+
+"I hate him!" she said aloud; "but strangle him--oh, no! That would not
+do. It would leave a blue mark. I hate him, and her too! They can't help
+it--they must fall into the trap."
+
+Emily rose quietly from her bed, and advancing with a soft step, took
+Mrs. Hazleton's hand gently. She made no resistance, only gazing at her
+with a look not utterly devoid of meaning. "A strange world!" she said,
+"where people must live with those they hate!" and suffered Emily to
+lead her towards the door. She showed some reluctance to pass it,
+however, and turned slowly towards the other door. Her beautiful young
+guide led her thither, and opened it; then went on through the
+neighboring room, which was vacant, Mrs. Hazleton saying, as they passed
+the large bed canopied with velvet, "My mother died there--ah, me!" The
+next door opened into the corridor; but Emily knew not where her hostess
+slept, till perceiving a light streaming out upon the floor from a room
+near the end, she guided Mrs. Hazleton's steps thither, rightly judging
+that it must be the chamber she had just left. There she quietly induced
+her to go to bed again, taking the lamp from her hand, and bending down
+her sweet, innocent face, gave her a gentle kiss.
+
+"Asp!" said Mrs. Hazleton, turning away; but Emily remained with her for
+several minutes, till the eyes closed, the breathing became calm and
+regular, and natural sleep succeeded to the strange state into which she
+had fallen.
+
+Then returning to her own room, Emily once more sought her bed; but
+though the moonlight had now departed, she was farther from sleep than
+ever.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton's words still rang in her ears. She thought them very
+strange; but yet she had heard--it was indeed a common superstition in
+those days--that people talking in their sleep expressed feelings
+exactly the reverse of those which they really entertained; and her
+good, bright heart was glad to believe. She would not for the world have
+thought that the fair form, and gentle, dignified manners of her friend
+could shroud feelings so fierce and vindictive as those which had
+breathed forth in the utterance of that one word, "hate." It seemed to
+her impossible that Mrs. Hazleton could hate any thing, and she resolved
+to believe so still. But yet the words rang in her ears, as I have said.
+She had been somewhat agitated and alarmed, too, though less than many
+might have been, and more than an hour passed before her sweet eyes
+closed.
+
+On the morning of the following day, Emily was somewhat late at
+breakfast; and she found Mrs. Hazleton down, and looking bright and
+beautiful as the morning. It was evident that she had not even the
+faintest recollection of what had occurred in the night--that it was a
+portion of her life apart, between which and waking existence there was
+no communication open. Emily determined to take no notice of her
+sleep-walking; and she was wise, for I have always found, that to be
+informed of their strange peculiarity leaves an awful and painful
+impression on the real somnambulists--a feeling of being unlike the rest
+of human beings, of having a sort of preternatural existence, over which
+their human reason can hold no control. They fear themselves--they fear
+their own acts--perhaps their own words, when the power is gone from
+that familiar mind, which is more or less the servant, if not the slave,
+of will, and when the whole mixed being, flesh, and mind, and spirit, is
+under the sole government of that darkest, least known, most mysterious
+personage of the three--the soul.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton scolded her jestingly for late rising, and asked if she
+was always such a lie-abed. Emily replied that she was not, but usually
+very matutinal in her habits. "But the truth is, dear Mrs. Hazleton,"
+she added, "I did not sleep well last night."
+
+"Indeed," said her fair hostess, with a gay smile; "who were you
+thinking of to keep your young eyes open?"
+
+"Of you," answered Emily, simply; and Mrs. Hazleton asked no more
+questions; for, perhaps, she did not wish Emily to think of her too
+much. Immediately after breakfast the carriage was ordered for a long
+drive.
+
+"I will give you so large a dose of mountain air," said Mrs. Hazleton,
+"that it shall insure you a better night's rest than any narcotic could
+procure, Emily. We will go and visit Ellendon Castle, far in the wilds,
+some sixteen miles hence."
+
+Emily was well pleased with the prospect, and they set out together,
+both apparently equally prepared to enjoy every thing they met with. The
+drive was a long one in point of time, for not only were the carriages
+more cumbrous and heavy in those days, but the road continued ascending
+nearly the whole way. Sometimes, indeed, a short run down into a gentle
+valley released the horses from the continual tug on the collar, but it
+was very brief, and the ascent commenced almost immediately. Beautiful
+views over the scenery round presented themselves at every turn; and
+Emily, who had all the spirit of a painter in her heart, looked forth
+from the window enchanted.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton marked her enjoyment with great satisfaction; for either
+by study or intuition she had a deep knowledge of the springs and
+sources of human emotions, and she knew well that one enthusiasm always
+disposes to another. Nay, more, she knew that whatever is associated in
+the mind with pleasant scenes is usually pleasing, and she had plotted
+the meeting between Emily and him she intended to be her lover with
+considerable pains to produce that effect. Nature seemed to have been a
+sharer in her schemes. The day could not have been better chosen. There
+was the light fresh air, the few floating clouds, the merry dancing
+gleams upon hill and dale, a light, momentary shower of large,
+jewel-like drops, the fragment of a broken rainbow painting the distant
+verge of heaven.
+
+At length the summit of the hills was reached; and Mrs. Hazleton told
+her sweet companion to look out there, ordering the carriage at the same
+time to stop. It was indeed a scene well worthy of the gaze. Far
+spreading out beneath the eye lay a wide basin in the hills, walled in,
+as it were, by those tall summits, here and there broken by a crag. The
+ground sloped gently down from the spot at which the carriage paused, so
+that the whole expanse was open to the eye, and over the short brown
+herbage, through which a purple gleam from the yet unblossomed heath
+shone out, the lights and shades seemed sporting in mad glee. All was
+indeed solitary, uncultivated, and even barren, except where, in the
+very centre of the wide hollow, appeared a number of trees, not grouped
+together in a wood, but scattered over a considerable space of ground,
+as if the remnants of some old deer-park, and over their tall tops rose
+up the ruined keep of some ancient stronghold of races passed away, with
+here and there another tower or pinnacle appearing, and long lines of
+grassy mounds, greener than the rest of the landscape, glancing between
+the stems of the older trees, or bearing up in picturesque confusion
+their own growth of wild, fantastic, seedling ashes.
+
+By the name of the spot, Ellendon, which means strong-hill, I believe it
+is more than probable that the Anglo-Saxons had here some forts before
+the conquest; but the ruin which now presented itself to the eyes of
+Emily and Mrs. Hazleton was evidently of a later date and of Norman
+construction.
+
+Here, probably, some proud baron of the times of Henry, Stephen, or
+Matilda, had built his nest on high, perchance to overawe the Saxon
+churls around him, perhaps to set at defiance the royal power itself.
+Here the merry chase had swept the hills; here revelry and pageantry had
+checkered a life of fierce strife and haughty oppression. Such scenes,
+at least such thoughts, presented themselves to the imaginative mind of
+Emily, like the dreamy gleams that skimmed in gold and purple before her
+eyes; but the effect of any strong feeling, whether of enjoyment or of
+grief, was always to make her silent; and she gazed without uttering a
+word.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton, however, understood some points in her character, and by
+the long fixed look from beneath the dark sweeping lashes of her eye, by
+the faint sweet smile that gently curled her young, beautiful lip, and
+by the sort of gasping sigh after she had gazed breathless for some
+moments, she knew how intense was that gentle creature's delight in a
+scene, which to many an eye would have offered no peculiar charm.
+
+She would not suffer it to lose any of its first effect, and after a
+brief pause ordered the carriage to drive on. Still Emily continued to
+look onwards out of the carriage-window, and as the road turned in the
+descent, the castle and the ancient trees grouped themselves differently
+every minute. At length, as they came nearer, she said, turning to Mrs.
+Hazleton, "There seems to be a man standing at the very highest point of
+the old keep."
+
+"He must be bold indeed," replied her companion, looking out also. "When
+you come close to it, dear Emily, you will see that it requires the foot
+of a goat and the heart of a lion to climb up there over the rough,
+disjointed, tottering stones. Good Heaven, I hope he will not fall!"
+
+Emily closed her eyes. "It is very foolish," she said.
+
+"Oh, men have pleasure in such feats of daring," answered Mrs. Hazleton,
+"which we women cannot understand. He is coming down again as steadily
+as if he were treading a ball-room. I wish that tree were out of the
+way."
+
+In two or three minutes the carriage passed between two rows of old and
+somewhat decayed oaks, and stopped between the fine gate of the castle,
+covered with ivy, and rugged with the work of Time's too artistic hand,
+and a building which, if it did not detract from the picturesque beauty
+of the scene, certainly deprived it of all romance. There, just opposite
+the entrance, stood a small house, built apparently of stones stolen
+from the ruins, and bearing on a pole projecting from the front a large
+blue sign-board, on which was rudely painted in yellow, the figure of
+what we now call a French horn, while underneath appeared a long
+inscription to the following effect:
+
+"John Buttercross, at the sign of the Bugle Horn, sells wine and aqua
+vit�, and good lodgings to man and horse. N.B. Donkeys to be found
+within."
+
+Emily laughed, and in an instant came down to common earth.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton wished both John Buttercross and his sign in one fire or
+another; though she could not help owning that such a house in so remote
+a place might be a great convenience to visitors like herself. She took
+the matter quietly, however, returning Emily's gay look with one
+somewhat rueful, and saying, "Ah, dear girl, all very mundane and
+unromantic, but depend upon it the house has proved a blessing often to
+poor wanderers in bleak weather over these wild hills; and we ourselves
+may find it not so unpleasant by and by when Paul has spread our
+luncheon in the parlor, and we look out of its little casement at the
+old ruin there."
+
+Thus saying, she alighted from the carriage, gave some orders to her
+servants, and to an hostler who was walking up and down a remarkably
+beautiful horse, which seemed to have been ridden hard, and then leaning
+on Emily's arm, walked up the slope towards the gate.
+
+Barbican and outer walls were gone--fallen long ago into the ditch, and
+covered with the all-receiving earth and a green coat of turf. You could
+but tell were they lay, by the undulations of the ground, and the grassy
+hillock here and there. The great gate still stood firm, however, with
+its two tall towers, standing like giant wardens to guard the entrance.
+There were the machicolated parapets, the long loopholes mantled with
+ivy, the outsloping basement, against which the battering ram might have
+long played in vain, the family escutcheon with the arms crumbled from
+it, the portcullis itself showing its iron teeth above the traveller's
+head. It was the most perfect part of the building; and when the two
+ladies entered the great court the scene of ruin was more complete.
+Many a tower had fallen, leaving large gaps in the inner wall; the
+chapel with only one beautiful window left, and the fragments of two
+others, showing where the fine line had run, lay mouldering on the
+right, and at some distance in front appeared the tall majestic keep,
+the lower rooms of which were in tolerable preservation, though the roof
+had fallen in to the second story, and the airy summit had lost its
+symmetry by the destruction of two entire sides. Short green turf
+covered the whole court, except where some mass of stone, more recently
+fallen than others, still stood out bare and gray; but a crop of
+brambles and nettles bristled up near the chapel, and here and there a
+tree had planted itself on the tottering ruins of the walls.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton walked straight towards the entrance of the keep along a
+little path sufficiently well worn to show that the castle had frequent
+visitors, and was within a few steps of the door-way, when a figure
+issued forth which to say sooth did not at all surprise her to behold.
+She gave a little start, however, saying in a low tone to Emily, "That
+must be our climbing friend whose neck we thought in such peril a short
+time since."
+
+The gentleman--for such estate was indicated by his dress, which was
+dark and sober, but well made and costly--took a step or two slowly
+forward, verging a little to the side as if to let two ladies pass whom
+he did not know; but then suddenly he stopped, gazed for an instant with
+a well assumed look of surprise and inquiry, and then hurried rapidly
+towards them, raising his hat not ungracefully, while Mrs. Hazleton
+exclaimed, "Ah, how fortunate! Here is a friend who doubtless can tell
+us all about the ruins."
+
+At the same moment Emily recognized the young man whom she had found
+accidentally wounded in her father's park.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+"Let me introduce Mr. Ayliffe to you, Emily," said Mrs. Hazleton; "but
+you seem to know each other already. Is it so?"
+
+"I have seen this gentleman before," replied her young companion, "but
+did not know his name. I hope you have quite recovered from your wound?"
+
+"Quite, I thank you, Miss Hastings," replied John Ayliffe, in a quiet
+and respectful tone; but then he added, "the interest you kindly showed
+on the occasion, I believe did much to cure me."
+
+"Too much, and too soon!" thought Mrs. Hazleton, as she remarked a
+slight flush pass over Emily's cheek, to which her reply gave
+interpretation.
+
+"Every one, I suppose, would feel the same interest," answered the
+beautiful girl, "in suffering such as you seemed to endure when I
+accidentally met you in the park. Shall we go on into the Castle?"
+
+The last words were addressed to Mrs. Hazleton, who immediately
+assented, but asked Mr. Ayliffe to act as their guide, and, at the very
+first opportunity, whispered to him, "not too quick."
+
+He seemed to comprehend in a moment what she meant; and during the rest
+of the ramble round the ruins behaved himself with a good deal of
+discretion. His conversation could not be said to be agreeable to Emily;
+for there was little in it either to amuse or interest. His stores of
+information were very limited--at least upon subjects which she herself
+was conversant; and although he endeavored to give it, every now and
+then, a poetical turn, the attempt was not very successful. On the
+whole, however, he did tolerably well till after the luncheon at the
+inn, to which Mrs. Hazleton invited him, when he began to entertain his
+two fair companions with an account of a rat hunt, which surprised Emily
+not a little, and drew, almost instantly, from Mrs. Hazleton a monitory
+gesture.
+
+The young man looked confused, and broke off, suddenly, with an
+embarrassed laugh, saying, "Oh! I forgot, such exploits are not very fit
+for ladies' ears; and, to say the truth, I do not much like them myself
+when there is any thing better to do."
+
+"I should think that something better might always be found," replied
+Mrs. Hazleton, gravely, taking to her own lips the reproof which she
+knew was in Emily's heart; "but, I dare say, you were a boy when this
+happened?"
+
+"Oh, quite a boy," he said, "quite a boy. I have other things to think
+of now."
+
+But the impression was made, and it was not favorable. With keen
+acuteness Mrs. Hazleton watched every look, and every turn of the
+conversation; and seeing that the course of things had begun ill for her
+purposes, she very soon proposed to order the carriage and return;
+resolving to take, as it were, a fresh start on the following day. She
+did not then ask young Ayliffe to dine at her house, as she had, at
+first, intended; but was well pleased, notwithstanding, to see him mount
+his horse in order to accompany them on the way back; for she had
+remarked that his horsemanship was excellent, and well knew that skill
+in manly exercises is always a strong recommendation in a woman's eyes.
+Nor was this all: decidedly handsome in person, John Ayliffe had,
+nevertheless, a certain common--not exactly vulgar--air, when on his
+feet, which was lost as soon as he was in the saddle. There, with a
+perfect seat, and upright, dashing carriage, managing a fierce, wild
+horse with complete mastery, he appeared to the greatest advantage. All
+his horsemanship was thrown away upon Emily. If she had been asked by
+any one, she would have admitted, at once, that he was a very handsome
+man, and a good and graceful rider; but she never asked herself whether
+he was or not; and, indeed, did not think about it at all.
+
+One thing, however, she did think, and that was not what Mrs. Hazleton
+desired. She thought him a coarse and vulgar-minded young man; and she
+wondered how a woman of such refinement as Mrs. Hazleton could be
+pleased with his society. There was at the end of that day only one
+impression in his favor, which was produced by an undefinable
+resemblance to her father, evanescent, but ever returning. There was no
+one feature like: the coloring was different: the hair, eyes, beard, all
+dissimilar. He was much handsomer than Sir Philip Hastings ever had
+been; but ever and anon there came a glance of the eye, or a curl of the
+lip; a family expression which was familiar and pleasant to her. John
+Ayliffe accompanied the carriage to the gate of Mrs. Hazleton's park;
+and there the lady beckoned him up, and in a kind, half jesting tone,
+bade him keep himself disengaged the next day, as she might want him.
+
+He promised to obey, and rode away; but Mrs. Hazleton never mentioned
+his name again during the evening, which passed over in quiet
+conversation, with little reference to the events of the morning.
+
+Before she went to bed, however, Mrs. Hazleton wrote a somewhat long
+epistle to John Ayliffe, full of very important hints for his conduct
+the next day, and ending with an injunction to burn the letter as soon
+as he had read it. This done, she retired to rest; and that night, what
+with free mountain air and exercise, she and Emily both slept soundly.
+The next morning, however, she felt, or affected to feel, fatigue; and
+put off another expedition which had been proposed.
+
+Noon had hardly arrived, when Mr. Ayliffe presented himself, to receive
+her commands he said, and there he remained, invited to stay to dinner,
+not much to Emily's satisfaction; but, at length, she remembered that
+she had letters to write, and, seated at a table in the window, went on
+covering sheets of paper, with a rapid hand, for more than an hour;
+while John Ayliffe seated himself by Emily's embroidery frame, and
+labored to efface the bad impression of the day before, by a very
+different strain of conversation. He spoke of many things more suited to
+her tastes and habits than those which he had previously noticed, and
+spoke not altogether amiss. But yet, there was something forced in it
+all. It was as if he were reading sentences out of a book, and, in
+truth, it is probable he was repeating a lesson.
+
+Emily did not know what to do. She would have given the world to be
+freed from his society; to have gone out and enjoyed her own thoughts
+amongst woods and flowers; or even to have sat quietly in her own room
+alone, feeling the summer air, and looking at the glorious sky. To seek
+that refuge, however, she thought would be rude; and to go out to walk
+in the park would, she doubted not, induce him to follow. She sat still,
+therefore, with marvellous patience, answering briefly when an answer
+was required; but never speaking in reply with any of that free pouring
+forth of heart and mind which can only take place where sympathy is
+strong.
+
+She was rewarded for her endurance, for when it had lasted well nigh as
+long as she could bear it, the drawing-room door opened, and Mr. Marlow
+appeared. His eyes instantly fixed upon Emily with that young man
+sitting by her side; and a feeling, strange and painful, came upon him.
+But the next instant the bright, glad, natural, unchecked look of
+satisfaction, with which she rose to greet him, swept every doubt-making
+jealousy away.
+
+Very different was the look of Mrs. Hazleton. For an instant--a single
+instant--the same black shadow, which I have mentioned once before, came
+across her brow, the same lightning flashed from her eye. But both
+passed away in a moment; and the feelings which produced them were again
+hidden in her heart. They were bitter enough; for she had read, with the
+clear eyesight of jealousy, all that Marlow's look of surprise and
+annoyance--all that Emily's look of joy and relief--betrayed.
+
+They might not yet call themselves lovers--they might not even be
+conscious that they were so; but that they were and would be, from that
+moment, Mrs. Hazleton had no doubt. The conviction had come upon her,
+not exactly gradually, but by fits, as it were--first a doubt, and then
+a fear, and then a certainty that one, and then that both loved.
+
+If it were so, she knew that her present plans must fail; but yet she
+pursued them with an eagerness very different than before--a wild, rash,
+almost frantic eagerness. There was a chance, she thought, of driving
+Emily into the arms of John Ayliffe, with no love for him, and love for
+another; and there was a bitter sort of satisfaction in the very idea.
+Fears for her father she always hoped might operate, where no other
+inducement could have power, and such means she resolved to bring into
+play at once, without waiting for the dull, long process of drilling
+Ayliffe into gentlemanly carriage, or winning for him some way in
+Emily's regard. To force her to marry him, hating rather than loving
+him, would be a mighty gratification, and for it Mrs. Hazleton resolved
+at once to strike; but she knew that hypocrisy was needed more than
+ever; and therefore it was that the brow was smoothed, the eye calmed in
+a moment.
+
+To Marlow, during his visit, she was courteous and civil enough, but
+still so far cold as to give him no encouragement to stay long. She kept
+watch too upon all that passed, not only between him and Emily, but
+between him and John Ayliffe; for a quarrel between them, which she
+thought likely, was not what she desired. But there was no danger of
+such a result. Marlow treated the young man with a cold and distant
+politeness--a proud civility, which left him no pretence for offence,
+and yet silenced and abashed him completely. During the whole visit,
+till towards its close, the contrast between the two men was so marked
+and strong, so disadvantageous to him whom Mrs. Hazleton sought to
+favor, that she would have given much to have had Ayliffe away from
+such a damaging companion. At length she could endure it no longer, and
+contrived to send him to seek for some flowers which she pretended to
+want, and which she knew he would not readily find in her gardens.
+
+Before he returned, Marlow was gone; and Emily, soon after, retired to
+her own room, leaving the youth and Mrs. Hazleton together.
+
+The three met again at dinner, and, for once, a subject was brought up,
+by accident, or design--which, I know not--that gave John Ayliffe an
+opportunity of setting himself in a somewhat better light. Every one has
+some amenity--some sweeter, gentler spot in the character. He had a
+great love for flowers--a passion for them; and it brought forth the
+small, very small portion of the poetry of the heart which had been
+assigned to him by nature. It was flowers then that Mrs. Hazleton talked
+of, and he soon joined in discussing their beauties, with a thorough
+knowledge of, and feeling for his subject. Emily was somewhat surprised,
+and, with natural kindness, felt glad to find some topic where she could
+converse with him at ease. The change of her manner encouraged him, and
+he went on, for once, wisely keeping to a subject on which he was at
+home, and which seemed so well to please. Mrs. Hazleton helped him
+greatly with a skill and rapidity which few could have displayed, always
+guiding the conversation back to the well chosen theme, whenever it was
+lost for an instant.
+
+At length, when the impression was most favorable, John Ayliffe rose to
+go--I know not whether he did so at a sign from Mrs. Hazleton; but I
+think he did. Few men quit a room gracefully--it is a difficult
+evolution--and he, certainly, did not. But Emily's eyes were in a
+different direction, and to say the truth, although he had seemed to her
+more agreeable that evening than he had been before, she thought too
+little of him at all to remark how he quitted the room, even if her eyes
+had been upon him.
+
+From time to time, indeed, some of the strange vague words which he had
+used when she had seen him in the park, had recurred to her mind with an
+unpleasant impression and she had puzzled herself with the question of
+what could be their meaning; but she soon dismissed the subject,
+resolving to seek some information from Mrs. Hazleton, who seemed to
+know the young man so well.
+
+On the preceding night, that lady had avoided all mention of him; but
+that was not the case now. She spoke of him, almost as soon as he was
+gone, in a tone of some compassion, alluding vaguely and mysteriously to
+misfortunes and disadvantages under which he had labored, and saying,
+that it was marvellous to see how much strength of mind, and natural
+high qualities, could effect against adverse circumstances. This called
+forth from Emily the inquiry which she had meditated, and although she
+could not recollect exactly the words John Ayliffe had used, she
+detailed, with sufficient accuracy, all that had taken place between
+herself and him; and the strange allusion he had made to Sir Philip
+Hastings.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton gazed at her for a moment or two after she had done
+speaking, with a look expressive of anxious concern.
+
+"I trust, my dear Emily," she said, at length, "that you did not repel
+him at all harshly. I have had much sad experience of the world, and I
+know that in youth we are too apt to touch hardly and rashly, things
+that for our own best interests, as well as for good feeling's sake, we
+ought to deal with tenderly."
+
+"I do not think that I spoke harshly," replied Emily, thoughtfully; "I
+told him that any thing he had to say must be said to my father; but I
+do not believe I spoke even that unkindly."
+
+"I am glad to hear it--very glad;" replied Mrs. Hazleton, with much
+emphasis; and then, after a short pause, she added, "Yet I do not know
+that your father--excellent, noble-minded, just and generous as he
+is--was the person best fitted to judge and act in the matter which John
+Ayliffe might have to speak of."
+
+"Indeed!" exclaimed Emily, becoming more and more surprised, and in some
+degree alarmed, "this is very strange, dear Mrs. Hazleton. You seem to
+know more of this matter; pray explain it all to me. I may well hear
+from you, what would be improper for me to listen to from him."
+
+"He has a kindly heart," said Mrs. Hazleton, thoughtfully, "and more
+forbearance than I ever knew in one so young; but it cannot last for
+ever; and when he is of age, which will be in a few days, he must act;
+and I trust will act kindly and gently--I am sure he will, if nothing
+occurs to irritate a bold and decided character."
+
+"But act how?" inquired Emily, eagerly; "you forget, dear Mrs. Hazleton,
+that I am quite in the dark in this matter. I dare say that he is all
+that you say; but I will own that neither his manners generally, nor his
+demeanor on that occasion, led me to think very well of him, or to
+believe that he was of a forbearing or gentle nature."
+
+"He has faults," said Mrs. Hazleton, dryly; "oh yes, he has faults, but
+they are those of manner, more than heart or character--faults produced
+by circumstances which may be changed by circumstances--which would
+never have existed, had he had, earlier, one judicious, kind, and
+experienced friend to counsel and direct him. They are disappearing
+rapidly, and, if ever he should fall under the influences of a generous
+and noble spirit, will vanish altogether."
+
+She was preparing the way, skilfully exciting, as she saw, some interest
+in Emily, and yet producing some alarm.
+
+"But still you do not explain," said the beautiful girl, anxiously; "do
+not, dear Mrs. Hazleton, keep me longer in suspense."
+
+"I cannot--I ought not, Emily, to explain all to you," replied the lady,
+"it would be a long and painful story; but this I may tell you, and
+after that, ask me no more. That young man has your father's fortunes
+and his fate entirely in his hands. He has forborne long. Heaven grant
+that his forbearance may still endure."
+
+She ceased, and after one glance at Emily's face, she cast down her
+eyes, and seemed to fall into thought.
+
+Emily gazed up towards the sky, as if seeking counsel there, and then,
+bursting into tears, hurriedly quitted the room.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+Emily's night was not peaceful. The very idea that her father's fate was
+in the power of any other man, was, in itself, trouble enough; but in
+the present case there was more. Why, or wherefore, she knew not; but
+there was something told her that, in spite of all Mrs. Hazleton's
+commendations, and the fair portrait she had so elaborately drawn, John
+Ayliffe was not a man to use power mercifully. She tried eagerly to
+discover what had created this impression: she thought of every look and
+every word which she had seen upon the young man's countenance, or heard
+from his lips; and she fixed at length more upon the menacing scowl
+which she had marked upon his brow in the cottage, than even upon the
+menacing language which he had held when her father's name was
+mentioned.
+
+Sleep visited not her eyes for many an hour, and when at length her eyes
+closed through fatigue, it was restless and dreamful. She fancied she
+saw John Ayliffe holding Sir Philip on the ground, trying to strangle
+him. She strove to scream for help, but her lips seemed paralyzed, and
+there was no sound. That strange anguish of sleep--the anguish of
+impotent strong will--of powerless passion--of effort without effect,
+was upon her, and soon burst the bonds of slumber. It would have been
+impossible to endure it long. All must have felt that it is greater than
+any mortal agony; and that if he could endure more than a moment, like a
+treacherous enemy it would slay us in our sleep.
+
+She awoke unrefreshed, and rose pale and sad. I cannot say that Mrs.
+Hazleton, when she beheld Emily's changed look, felt any great
+compunction. If she had no great desire to torture, which I will not
+pretend to say, she did not at all object to see her victim suffer; but
+Emily's pale cheek and distressed look afforded indications still more
+satisfactory; which Mrs. Hazleton remarked with the satisfaction of a
+philosopher watching a successful experiment. They showed that the
+preparation she had made for what was coming, was even more effectual
+than she had expected, and so the abstract pleasure of inflicting pain
+on one she hated, was increased by the certainty of success.
+
+Emily said little--referred not at all to the subject of her thoughts,
+but dwelt upon it--pondered in silence. To one who knew her she might
+have seemed sullen, sulky; but it was merely that one of those fits of
+deep intense communion with the inner things of the heart--those
+abstracted rambles through the mazy wilderness of thought, which
+sometimes fell upon her, was upon her now. At these times it was very
+difficult to draw her spirit forth into the waking world again--to rouse
+her to the things about her life. It seemed as if her soul was absent
+far away, and that the mere animal life of the body remained. Great
+events might have passed before her eyes, without her knowing aught of
+them.
+
+On all former occasions but one, these reveries--for so I must call
+them--had been of a lighter and more pleasant nature. In them it had
+seemed as if her young spirit had been tempted away from the household
+paths of thought, far into tangled wilds where it had lost
+itself--tempted, like other children, by the mere pleasure of the
+ramble--led on to catch a butterfly, or chase the rainbow.
+Feeling--passion, had not mingled with the dream at all, and
+consequently there had been no suffering. I am not sure that on other
+occasions, when such absent fits fell upon her, Emily Hastings was not
+more joyous, more full of pure delight, than when, in a gay and
+sparkling mood, she moved her father's wonder at what he thought light
+frivolity. But now it was all bitter: the labyrinth was dark as well as
+intricate, and the thorns tore her as she groped for some path across
+the wilderness.
+
+Before it had lasted very long--before it had at all reached its
+conclusion--and as she had sat at the window of the drawing-room, gazing
+out upon the sky without seeing either white cloud or blue, Sir Philip
+Hastings himself, on a short journey for some magisterial purpose,
+entered the room, spoke a few words to Mrs. Hazleton, and then turned to
+his daughter. Had he been half an hour later, Emily would have cast her
+arms round his neck and told him all; but as it was, she remained
+self-involved, even in his presence--answered indeed mechanically--spoke
+words of affection with an absent air, and let the mind still run on
+upon the path which it had chosen.
+
+Sir Philip had no time to stay till this fit was past, and Mrs. Hazleton
+was glad to get rid of him civilly before any other act of the drama
+began.
+
+But his daughter's mood did not escape Sir Philip's eyes. I have said
+that for her he was full of observation, though he often read the
+results wrongly; and now he marked Emily's mood with doubt, and not with
+pleasure. "What can this mean?" he asked himself, "can any thing have
+gone wrong? It is strange, very strange. Perhaps her mother was right
+after all, and it might have been better to take her to the capital."
+
+Thus thinking, Sir Philip himself fell into a reverie, not at all
+unlike that in which he had found his daughter. Yet he understood not
+hers, and pondered upon it as something strange and inextricable.
+
+In the mean time, Emily thought on, till at length Mrs. Hazleton
+reminded her that they were to go that day to the Waterfall. She rose
+mechanically, sought her room, dressed, and gazed from the window.
+
+It is wonderful, however, how small a thing will sometimes take the
+mind, as it were, by the hand, and lead it back out of shadow into
+sunshine. From the lawn below the window a light bird sprang up into the
+air, quivered upon its twinkling wings, uttered a note or two, and then
+soared higher, and each moment as it rose up, up, into the sky, the
+song, like a spirit heavenward bound, grew stronger and more strong, and
+flooded the air with melody.
+
+Emily watched it as it rose, listened to it as it sang. Its upward
+flight seemed to carry her spirit above the dark things on which it
+brooded; its thrilling voice to waken her to cheerful life again. There
+is a high holiness in a lark's song; and hard must be the heart, and
+strong and corrupt, that does not raise the voice and join with it in
+its praise to God.
+
+When she went down again into the drawing-room, she was quite a
+different being, and Mrs. Hazleton marvelled what could have happened so
+to change her. Had she been told that it was a lark's song, she would
+have laughed the speaker to scorn. She was not one to feel it.
+
+I will not pause upon the journey of the morning, nor describe the
+beautiful fall of the river that they visited, or tell how it fell
+rushing over the precipice, or how the rocks dashed it into diamond
+sparkles, or how rainbows bannered the conflict of the waters, and
+boughs waved over the struggling stream like plumes. It was a sweet and
+pleasant sight, and full of meditation; and Mrs. Hazleton, judging
+perhaps of others by herself, imagined that it would produce in the mind
+of Emily those softening influences which teach the heart to yield
+readily to the harder things of life.
+
+There is, perhaps, not a more beautiful, nor a more frequently
+applicable allegory than that of the famous Amreeta Cup--I know not
+whether devised by Southey, or borrowed by him from the rich store of
+instructive fable hidden in oriental tradition. It is long, long, since
+I read it; but yet every word is remembered whenever I see the different
+effect which scenes, circumstances, and events produce upon different
+characters. It is shown by the poet that the cup of divine wine gave
+life and immortality, and excellence superhuman, and bliss beyond
+belief, to the pure heart; but to the dark, earthly, and evil, brought
+death, destruction, and despair. We may extend the lesson a little, and
+see in the Amreeta wine, the spirit of God pervading all his works, but
+producing in those who see and taste an effect, for good or evil,
+according to the nature of the recipient. The strong, powerful,
+self-willed, passionate character of Mrs. Hazleton, found, in the calm
+meditative fall of the cataract, in the ever shifting play of the wild
+waters, and in the watchful stillness of the air around, a softening,
+enfeebling influence. The gentle character of Emily turned from the
+scene with a heart raised rather than depressed, a spirit better
+prepared to combat with evil and with sorrow, full of love and trust in
+God, and a confidence strong beyond the strength of this world. There is
+a voice of prophecy in waterfalls, and mountains, and lakes, and
+streams, and sunny lands, and clouds, and storms, and bright sunsets,
+and the face of nature every where, which tells the destiny, not of one,
+but of many, and at all events, foreshows the unutterable mercy reserved
+for those who trust. It is a prophecy--and an exhortation too. The words
+are, "Be holy, and be happy!" The God who speaks is true and glorious.
+Be true and inherit glory.
+
+Emily had been cheerful as they went. As they returned she was calm and
+firm. Readily she joined in any conversation. Seldom did she fall into
+any absent fit of thought, and the effect of that day's drive was any
+thing but what Mrs. Hazleton expected or wished.
+
+When they returned to the house, a letter was delivered to Emily
+Hastings, with which, the seal unbroken, she retired to her own room.
+The hand was unknown to her, but with a sort of prescience something
+more than natural, she divined at once from whom it came, and saw that
+the difficult struggle had commenced. An hour or two before, the very
+thought would have dismayed her. Now the effect was but small.
+
+She had no suspicion of the plans against her; no idea whatever that
+people might be using her as a tool--that there was any interest
+contrary to her own, in the conduct or management of others. But yet she
+turned the key in the door before she commenced the perusal of the
+letter, which was to the following effect:
+
+"I know not," said the writer, in a happier style than perhaps might
+have been expected, "how to prevail upon your goodness to pardon all I
+am going to say, knowing that nothing short of the circumstances in
+which I am placed, could excuse my approaching you even in thought. I
+have long known you, though you have known me only for a few short
+hours. I have watched you often from childhood up to womanhood, and
+there has been growing upon me from very early years a strong
+attachment, a deep affection, a powerful--overpowering--ardent love,
+which nothing can ever extinguish. Need I tell you that the last few
+days would have increased that love had increase been possible.
+
+"All this, however, I know is no justification of my venturing to raise
+my thoughts to you--still less of my venturing to express these feelings
+boldly; but it has been an excuse to myself, and in some degree to
+others, for abstaining hitherto from that which my best interests, a
+mother's fame, and my own rights, required. The time has now come when I
+can no longer remain silent; when I must throw upon you the
+responsibility of an important choice; when I am forced to tell you how
+deeply, how devotedly, I love you, in order that you may say whether you
+will take the only means of saving me from the most painful task I ever
+undertook, by conferring on me the greatest blessing that woman ever
+gave to man; or, on the other hand, will drive me to a task repugnant to
+all my feelings, but just, necessary, inevitable, in case of your
+refusal. Let me explain, however, that I am your cousin--the son of your
+father's elder brother by a private marriage with a peasant girl of this
+county. The whole case is perfectly clear, and I have proof positive of
+the marriage in my hands. From fear of a lawsuit, and from the pressure
+of great poverty, my mother was induced to sacrifice her rights after
+her husband's early death, still to conceal her marriage, to bear even
+sneers and shame, and to live upon a pittance allowed to her by her
+husband's father, and secured to her by him after his own death, when
+she was entitled to honor, and birth, and distinction by the law of the
+land.
+
+"One of her objects, doubtless, was to secure to herself and her son a
+moderate competence, as the late Sir John Hastings, my grandfather and
+yours, had the power of leaving all his estates to any one he pleased,
+the entail having ended with himself. For this she sacrificed her
+rights, her name, her fame, and you will find, if you look into your
+grandfather's will, that he took especial care that no infraction of the
+contract between him and her father should give cause for the assertion
+of her rights. Two or three mysterious clauses in that will will show
+you at once, if you read them, that the whole tale I tell you is
+correct, and that Sir John Hastings, on the one hand, paid largely, and
+on the other threatened sternly, in order to conceal the marriage of his
+eldest son, and transmit the title to the second. But my mother could
+not bar me of my rights: she could endure unmerited shame for pecuniary
+advantages, if she pleased; but she could not entail shame upon me; and
+were it in the power of any one to deprive me of that which Sir John
+Hastings left me, or to shut me out from the succession to his whole
+estates, to which--from the fear of disclosing his great secret--he did
+not put any bar in his will that would have been at once an
+acknowledgment of my legitimacy, I would still sacrifice all, and stand
+alone, friendless and portionless in the world, rather than leave my
+mother's fame and my own birth unvindicated. This is one of the
+strongest desires, the most overpowering impulses of my heart; and
+neither you nor any one could expect me to resist it. But there is yet a
+stronger still--not an impulse, but a passion, and to that every thing
+must yield. It is love; and whatever may be the difference which you see
+between yourself and me, however inferior I may feel myself to you in
+all those qualities which I myself the most admire, still, I feel myself
+justified in placing the case clearly before you--in telling you how
+truly, how sincerely, how ardently I love you, and in asking you whether
+you will deign to favor my suit even now as I stand, to save me the pain
+and grief of contending with the father of her I love, the anguish of
+stripping him of the property he so well uses, and of the rank which he
+adorns; or will leave me to establish my rights, to take my just name
+and station, and then, when no longer appearing humble and unknown, to
+plead my cause with no less humility than I do at present.
+
+"That I shall do so then, as now, rest assured--that I would do so if
+the rank and station to which I have a right were a principality, do not
+doubt; but I would fain, if it were possible, avoid inflicting any pain
+upon your father. I know not how he may bear the loss of station and of
+fortune--I know not what effect the struggles of a court of law, and
+inevitable defeat may produce. Only acquainted with him by general
+repute, I cannot tell what may be the effect of mortification and the
+loss of all he has hitherto enjoyed. He has the reputation of a good, a
+just, and a wise man, somewhat vehement in feeling, somewhat proud of
+his position. You must judge him, rather than I; but, I beseech you,
+consider him in this matter.
+
+"At any time, and at all times, my love will be the same--nothing can
+change me--nothing can alter or affect the deep love I bear you. When
+casting from me the cloud which had hung upon my birth, when assuming
+the rank and taking possession of the property that is my own, I shall
+still love you as devotedly as ever--still as earnestly seek your hand.
+But oh! how I long to avoid all the pangs, the mischances, the anxieties
+to every one, the ill feeling, the contention, the animosity, which must
+ever follow such a struggle as that between your father and myself--oh,
+how I long to owe every thing to you, even the station, even the
+property, even the fair name that is my own by right! Nay, more, far
+more, to owe you guidance and direction--to owe you support and
+instruction--to owe you all that may improve, and purify, and elevate
+me.
+
+"Oh, Emily, dear cousin, let me be your debtor in all things. You who
+first gave me the thought of rising above fate, and making myself worthy
+of the high fortunes which I have long known awaited me, perfect your
+work, redeem me for ever from all that is unworthy, save me from bitter
+regrets, and your father from disappointment, sorrow, and poverty, and
+render me all that I long to be.
+
+    "Yours, and forever,
+
+                              "JOHN HASTINGS."
+
+Very well done, Mrs. Hazleton!--but somewhat too well done. There was a
+difference, a difference so striking, so unaccountable, between the
+style of this letter, both in thought and composition, and the ordinary
+style and manners of John Ayliffe, that it could not fail to strike the
+eyes of Emily. For a moment she felt a little confused--not undecided.
+There was no hesitation, no doubt, as to her own conduct. For an instant
+it crossed her mind that this young man had deeper, finer feelings in
+his nature than appeared upon the surface--that his manner might be more
+in fault than his nature. But there were things in the letter itself
+which she did not like--that, without any labored analysis or
+deep-searching criticism, brought to her mind the conviction that the
+words, the arguments, the inducements employed were those of art rather
+than of feeling--that the mingling of threats towards her father,
+however veiled, with professions of love towards herself, was in itself
+ungenerous--that the objects and the means were not so high-toned as the
+professions--that there was something sordid, base, ignoble in the whole
+proceeding. It required no careful thought to arrive at such a
+conclusion--no second reading--and her mind was made up at once.
+
+The deep reverie into which she had fallen in the morning had done her
+good--it had disentangled thought, and left the heart and judgment
+clear. The fair, natural scene she had passed through since, the
+intercourse with God's works, had done her still more good--refreshed,
+and strengthened, and elevated the spirit; and after a very brief pause
+she drew the table towards her, sat down, and wrote. As she did write,
+she thought of her father, and she believed from her heart that the
+words she used were those which he would wish her to employ. They were
+to the following effect:
+
+"Sir: Your letter, as you may suppose, has occasioned me great pain, and
+the more so, as I am compelled to say, not only that I cannot return
+your affection now, but can hold out no hope to you of ever returning
+it. I am obliged to speak decidedly, as I should consider myself most
+base if I could for one moment trifle with feelings such as those which
+you express.
+
+"In regard to your claims upon my father's estates, and to the rank
+which he believes himself to hold by just right, I can form no judgment;
+and could have wished that they had never been mentioned to me before
+they had been made known to him.
+
+"I never in my life knew my father do an unjust or ungenerous thing, and
+I am quite sure that if convinced another had a just title to all that
+he possesses on earth, he would strip himself of it as readily as he
+would of a soiled garment. My father would disdain to hold for an hour
+the rightful property of another. You have therefore only to lay your
+reasons before him, and you may be sure that they will have just
+consideration and yourself full justice. I trust that you will do so
+soon, as to give the first intelligence of such claims would be too
+painful a task for
+
+    "Your faithful servant,
+
+                              "EMILY HASTINGS."
+
+She read her letter over twice, and was satisfied with it. Sealing it
+carefully, she gave it to her own maid for despatch, and then paused for
+a moment, giving way to some temporary curiosity as to who could have
+aided in the composition of the letter she had received, for John
+Ayliffe's alone she could not and would not believe it to be. She cast
+such thoughts from her very speedily, however, and, strange to say, her
+heart seemed lightened now that the moment of trial had come and gone,
+now that a turning-point in her fate seemed to have passed.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton was surprised to see her re-enter the drawing-room with a
+look of relief. She saw that the matter was decided, but she was too
+wise to conclude that it was decided according to her wishes.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Marlow reasoned with his own heart. For the first time in his life it
+had proved rebellious. It would have its own way. It would give no
+account of its conduct,--why it had beat so, why it had thrilled so, why
+it had experienced so many changes of feeling when he saw John Ayliffe
+sitting beside Emily Hastings, and when Emily Hastings had risen with so
+joyous a smile to greet him--it would not explain at all. And now he
+argued the point with it systematically, with a determination to get to
+the bottom of the matter one way or another. He asked it, as if it had
+been a separate individual, if it was in love with Emily Hastings. The
+question was too direct, and the heart said it "rather thought not."
+
+Was it quite sure? he asked again. The heart was silent, and seemed to
+be considering. Was it jealous? he inquired. "Oh dear no, not in the
+least."
+
+Then why did it go on in such a strange, capricious, unaccountable way,
+when a good-looking, vulgar young man was seen sitting beside Emily?
+
+The heart said it "could not tell; that it was its nature to do so."
+
+Marlow was not to be put off. He was determined to know more, and he
+argued, "If it be your nature to do so, you of course do the same when
+you see other young men sitting by other young women." The heart was
+puzzled, and did not reply; and then Marlow begged a definite answer to
+this question. "If you were to hear to-morrow that Emily Hastings is
+going to be married to this youth, or to any other man, young or old,
+what would you do then?"
+
+"Break!" said the heart, and Marlow asked no more questions. Knowing how
+dangerous it is to enter into such interrogations on horseback, when the
+pulse is accelerated and the nervous system all in a flutter, he had
+waited till he got into his own dwelling, and seated himself in his
+chair, that he might deal with the rebellious spirit in his breast
+stately, and calmly likewise; but as he came to the end of the
+conversation, he rose up, resolving to order a fresh horse, and ride
+instantly away, to confer with Sir Philip Hastings. In so doing he
+looked round the room. It was not very well or very fully furnished. The
+last proprietor before Mrs. Hazleton had not been very fond of books,
+and had never thought of a library. When Marlow brought his own books
+down he had ordered some cases to be made by a country carpenter, which
+fitted but did not much ornament the room. They gave it a raw, desolate
+aspect, and made him, by a natural projection of thought, think ill of
+the accommodation of the whole house, as soon as he began to entertain
+the idea of Emily Hastings ever becoming its mistress. Then he went on
+to ask himself, "What have I to offer for the treasure of her hand? What
+have I to offer but the hand of a very simple, undistinguished country
+gentleman--quite, quite unworthy of her? What have I to offer Sir Philip
+Hastings as an alliance worthy of even his consideration?--A good,
+unstained name; but no rank, and a fortune not above mediocrity. Marry!
+a fitting match for the heiress of the Hastings and Marshall families."
+
+He gazed around him, and his heart fell.
+
+A little boy, with a pair of wings on his shoulders, and the end of a
+bow peeping up near his neck, stood close behind Marlow, and whispered
+in his ear, "Never mind all that--only try."
+
+And Marlow resolved he would try; but yet he hesitated how to do so.
+Should he go himself to Sir Philip? But he feared a rebuff. Should he
+write? No, that was cowardly. Should he tell his love to Emily first,
+and strive to win her affections, ere he breathed to her father? No,
+that would be dishonest, if he had a doubt of her father's consent. At
+length he made up his mind to go in person to Sir Philip, but the
+discussion and the consideration had been so long that it was too late
+to ride over that night, and the journey was put off till the following
+day. That day, as early as possible, he set out. He called it as early
+as possible, and it was early for a visit; but the moment one fears a
+rebuff from any lady one grows marvellously punctilious. When his horse
+was brought round he began to fancy that he should be too soon for Sir
+Philip, and he had the horse walked up and down for half an hour.
+
+What would he have given for that half hour, when, on reaching Sir
+Philip's door, he found that Emily's father had gone out, and was not
+expected back till late in the day. Angry with himself, and a good deal
+disappointed, he returned to his home, which, somehow, looked far less
+cheerful than usual. He could take no pleasure in his books, or in his
+pictures, and even thought was unpleasant to him, for under the
+influence of expectation it became but a calculation of chances, for
+which he had but scanty data. One thing, indeed, he learned from the
+passing of that evening, which was, that home and home happiness was
+lost to him henceforth without Emily Hastings.
+
+The following day saw him early in the saddle, and riding away as if
+some beast of the chase were before him. Indeed, man's love, when it is
+worth any thing, has always smack of the hunter in it. He cared not for
+highlands or bypaths--hedges and ditches offered small impediments.
+Straight across the country he went, till he approached the end of his
+journey; but then he suddenly pulled in his rein, and began to ask
+himself if he was a madman. He was passing over the Marshall property at
+the time, the inheritance of Emily's mother, and the thought of all that
+she was heir to cooled his ardor with doubt and apprehension. He would
+have given one half of all that he possessed that she had been a
+peasant-girl, that he might have lived with her upon the other.
+
+Then he began to think of all that he should say to Sir Philip Hastings,
+and how he should say it; and he felt very uneasy in his mind. Then he
+was angry with himself for his own sensations, and tried philosophy and
+scolded his own heart. But philosophy and scolding had no effect; and
+then cantering easily through the park, he stopped at the gate of the
+house and dismounted.
+
+Sir Philip was in this time; and Marlow was ushered into the little room
+where he sat in the morning, with the library hard by, that he might
+have his books at hand. But Sir Philip was not reading now; on the
+contrary, he was in a fit of thought; and, if one might judge by the
+contraction of his brow, and the drawing down of the corners of his
+lips, it was not a very pleasant one.
+
+Marlow fancied that he had come at an inauspicious moment, and the first
+words of Sir Philip, though kind and friendly, were not at all
+harmonious with the feeling of love in his young visitor's heart.
+
+"Welcome, my young friend," he said, looking up. "I have been thinking
+this morning over the laws and habits of different nations, ancient and
+modern; and would fain satisfy myself if I am right in the conclusion
+that we, in this land, leave too little free action to individual
+judgment. No man, we say, must take law in his own hands; yet how often
+do we break this rule--how often are we compelled to break it. If you,
+with a gun in your hand, saw a man at fifty or sixty paces about to
+murder a child or a woman, without any means of stopping the blow except
+by using your weapon, what would you do?"
+
+"Shoot him on the spot," replied Marlow at once, and then added, "if I
+were quite certain of his intention."
+
+"Of course--of course," replied Sir Philip. "And yet, my good friend, if
+you did so without witnesses--supposing the child too young to testify,
+or the woman sleeping at whom the blow was aimed--you would be hung for
+your just, wise, charitable act."
+
+"Perhaps so," said Marlow, abruptly; "but I would do it, nevertheless."
+
+"Right, right," replied Sir Philip, rising and shaking his hand; "right,
+and like yourself! There are cases when, with a clear consciousness of
+the rectitude of our purpose, and a strong confidence in the justice of
+our judgment, we must step over all human laws, be the result to
+ourselves what it may. Do you remember a man--one Cutter--to whom you
+taught a severe lesson on the very first day I had the pleasure of
+knowing you? I should have been undoubtedly justified, morally, and
+perhaps even legally also, in sending my sword through his body, when he
+attacked me that day. Had I done so I should have saved a valuable human
+life, spared the world the spectacle of a great crime, and preserved an
+excellent husband and father to his wife and children. That very man has
+murdered the game-keeper of the Earl of Selby; and being called to the
+spot yesterday, I had to commit him for that crime, upon evidence which
+left not a doubt of his guilt. I spared him when he assaulted me from a
+weak and unworthy feeling of compassion, although I knew the man's
+character, and dimly foresaw his career. I have regretted it since; but
+never so much as yesterday. This, of course, is no parallel case to that
+which I just now proposed; but the one led my mind to the other."
+
+"Did the wretched man admit his guilt?" asked Marlow.
+
+"He did not, and could not deny it," answered Sir Philip; "during the
+examination he maintained a hard, sullen silence; and only said, when I
+ordered his committal, that I ought not to be so hard upon him for that
+offence, as it was the best service he could have done me; for that he
+had silenced a man whose word could strip me of all I possessed."
+
+"What could he mean?" asked Marlow, eagerly.
+
+"Nay, I know not," replied Sir Philip, in an indifferent tone; "crushed
+vipers often turn to bite. The man he killed was the son of the former
+sexton here--an honest, good creature too, for whom I obtained his
+place; his murderer a reckless villain, on whose word there is no
+dependence. Let us give no thought to it. He has held some such language
+before; but it never produced a fear that my property would be lost, or
+even diminished. We do not hold our fee simples on the tenure of a
+rogue's good pleasure--why do you smile?"
+
+"For what will seem at first sight a strange, unnatural reason for a
+friend to give, Sir Philip," replied Marlow, determined not to lose the
+opportunity; "for your own sake and for your country's, I am bound to
+hope that your property may never be lost or diminished; but every
+selfish feeling would induce me to wish it were less than it is."
+
+Sir Philip Hastings was no reader of riddles, and he looked puzzled; but
+Marlow walked frankly round and took him by the hand, saying, "I have
+not judged it right, Sir Philip, to remain one day after I discovered
+what are my feelings towards your daughter, without informing you fully
+of their nature, that you may at once decide upon your future demeanor
+towards one to whom you have hitherto shown much kindness, and who would
+on no account abuse it. I was not at all aware of how this passion had
+grown upon me, till the day before yesterday, when I saw your daughter
+at Mrs. Hazleton's, and some accidental circumstance revealed to me the
+state of my own heart."
+
+Sir Philip looked as if surprised; but after a moment's thought, he
+inquired, "And what says Emily, my young friend?"
+
+"She says nothing, Sir Philip," replied Marlow; "for neither by word nor
+look, as far as I know, have I betrayed my own feelings towards her. I
+would not, between us, do so, till I had given you an opportunity of
+deciding, unfettered by any consideration for her, whether you would
+permit me to pursue my suit or not."
+
+Sir Philip was in a reasoning mood that day, and he tortured Marlow by
+asking, "And would you always think it necessary, Marlow, to obtain a
+parent's consent, before you endeavored to gain the affection of a girl
+you loved?"
+
+"Not always," replied the young man; "but I should think it always
+necessary to violate no confidence, Sir Philip. You have been kind to
+me--trusted me--had no doubt of me; and to say one word to Emily which
+might thwart your plans or meet your disapproval, would be to show
+myself unworthy of your esteem or her affection."
+
+Sir Philip mused, and then said, as if speaking to himself, "I had some
+idea this might turn out so, but not so soon. I fancy, however," he
+continued, addressing Marlow, "that you must have betrayed your feelings
+more than you thought, my young friend; for yesterday I found Emily in a
+strange, thoughtful, abstracted mood, showing that some strong feelings
+were busy at her heart."
+
+"Some other cause," said Marlow quickly; "I cannot even flatter myself
+that she was thinking of me. When I saw her the day before, there was a
+young man sitting with her and Mrs. Hazleton--John Ayliffe, I think, is
+his name--and I will own I thought his presence seemed to annoy her."
+
+"John Ayliffe at Mrs. Hazleton's!" exclaimed Sir Philip, his brow
+growing very dark; "John Ayliffe in my daughter's society! Well might
+the poor child look thoughtful--and yet why should she? She knows
+nothing of his history. What is he like, Marlow--how does he bear
+himself?"
+
+"He is certainly handsome, with fine features and a good figure,"
+replied Marlow; "indeed, it struck me that there was some resemblance
+between him and yourself; but there is a want I cannot well define in
+his appearance, Sir Philip--in his air--in his carriage, whether still
+or in motion, which fixes upon him what I am accustomed to call a
+class-mark, and that not of the best. Depend upon it, however, that it
+was annoyance at being brought into society which she disliked that
+affected your daughter as you have mentioned. My love for her she is,
+and must be, ignorant of; for I stayed there but a few minutes; and
+before that day, I saw it not myself. And now, Sir Philip, what say you
+to my suit? May I--as some of your words lead me to hope--may I pursue
+that suit and strive to win your dear daughter's love?"
+
+"Of course," replied Sir Philip, "of course. A vague fancy has long been
+floating in my brain, that it might be so some day. She is too young to
+marry yet; and it will be sad to part with her when the time does come;
+but you have my consent to seek her affection if she can give it you.
+She must herself decide."
+
+"Have you considered fully," asked Marlow, "that I have neither fortune
+nor rank to offer her, that I am by no means----"
+
+Sir Philip waved his hand almost impatiently. "What skills it talking of
+rank or wealth?" he said. "You are a gentleman by birth, education,
+manners. You have easy competence. My Emily will desire no more for
+herself, and I can desire no more for her. You will endeavor, I know, to
+make her happy, and will succeed, because you love her. As for myself,
+were I to choose out of all the men I know, you would be the man.
+Fortune is a good adjunct; but it is no essential. I do not promise her
+to you. That she must do; but if she says she will give you her hand, it
+shall be yours."
+
+Marlow thanked him, with joy such as may be conceived; but Sir Philip's
+thoughts reverted at once to his daughter's situation at Mrs.
+Hazleton's. "She must stay there no longer, Marlow," he said; "I will
+send for her home without delay. Then you will have plenty of
+opportunity for the telling of your own tale to her ear, and seeing how
+you may speed with her; but, at all events, she must stay no longer in a
+house where she can meet with John Ayliffe. Mrs. Hazleton makes me
+marvel--a woman so proud--so refined!"
+
+"It is but justice to say," replied Marlow, thoughtfully, "that I have
+some vague recollection of Mrs. Hazleton having intimated that they met
+that young gentleman by chance upon some expedition of pleasure. But had
+I not better communicate my hopes and wishes to Lady Hastings, my dear
+sir?"
+
+"That is not needful," replied Emily's father, somewhat sternly; "I
+promise her to you, if she herself consents. My good wife will not
+oppose my wishes or my daughter's happiness; nor do I suffer opposition
+upon occasions of importance. I will tell Lady Hastings my determination
+myself."
+
+Marlow was too wise to say another word, but agreed to come on the
+following day to dine and sleep at the hall, and took his leave for the
+time. It was not, indeed, without some satisfaction that he heard Sir
+Philip order a horse to be saddled and a man to prepare to carry a
+letter to Mrs. Hazleton; for doubts were rapidly possessing themselves
+of his mind--not in regard to Emily--but in reference to Mrs. Hazleton
+herself.
+
+The letter was dispatched immediately after his departure, recalling
+Emily to her father's house, and announcing that the carriage would be
+sent for her early on the following morning. That done, Sir Philip
+repaired to his wife's drawing-room, and informed her that he had given
+his consent to his young friend Marlow's suit to their daughter. His
+tone was one that admitted no reply, and Lady Hastings made none; but
+she entered her protest quite as well, by falling into a violent fit of
+hysterics.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[L] Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by G. P. R.
+James, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States
+for the Southern District of New-York.
+
+
+
+
+HERBERT KNOWLES.
+
+
+We recently printed in the _International_ an interesting account of the
+"marvellous boy" Chatterton, who "perished in his pride," and the
+memoirs of Southey recall to us the almost as unfortunate Herbert
+Knowles, who died in 1817. Knowles was a poor boy of the humblest
+origin, without father or mother, yet with abilities sufficient to
+excite the attention of strangers, who subscribed 20_l._ a year towards
+his education, upon condition that his friends should furnish 30l. more.
+The boy was sent to Richmond School, Yorkshire, preparatory to his
+proceeding as a sizer to St. John's, but when he quitted school the
+friends were unable to advance another sixpence on his account. To help
+himself, Herbert Knowles wrote a poem, sent it to Southey with a history
+of his case, and asked permission to dedicate it to the Laureate.
+Southey, finding the poem "brimful of power and of promise," made
+inquiries of the schoolmaster, and received the highest character of the
+youth. He then answered the application of Knowles, entreated him to
+avoid present publication, and promised to do something better than
+receive his dedication. He subscribed at once 10_l._ per annum towards
+the failing 30_l._, and procured similar subscriptions from Mr. Rogers
+and the late Lord Spencer. Herbert Knowles, receiving the news of his
+good fortune, wrote to his protector a letter remarkable for much more
+than the gratitude which pervaded every line. He remembered that Kirke
+White had gone to the university countenanced and supported by patrons,
+and that to pay back the debt he owed them he wrought day and night
+until his delicate frame gave way, and his life became the penalty of
+his devotion. Herbert Knowles felt that he could not make the same
+desperate efforts, and deemed it his first duty to say so. "I will not
+deceive," he writes in his touching anxiety.
+
+"Far be it from me to foster expectations which I feel I cannot gratify.
+Two years ago I came to Richmond totally ignorant of classical and
+mathematical literature. Out of that time, during three months and two
+long vacations I have made but a retrograde course. If I enter into
+competition for university honors I shall kill myself. Could I twine,
+to gratify my friends, a laurel with the cypress I would not repine; but
+to sacrifice the little inward peace which the wreck of passion has left
+behind, and relinquish every hope of future excellence and future
+usefulness in one wild and unavailing pursuit, were indeed a madman's
+act, and worthy of a madman's fate."
+
+The poor fellow promised to do what he could, assured his friends that
+he would not be idle, and that if he could not reflect upon them any
+extraordinary credit, he would certainly do them no disgrace. Herbert
+Knowles had taken an accurate measure of his strength and capabilities,
+and soon gave proof that he spoke at the bidding of no uncertain monitor
+within him. Two months after his letter to Southey he was laid in his
+grave. The fire consumed the lamp even faster than the trembling lad
+suspected.
+
+A poem by him, _The Three Tabernacles_, though perhaps familiar to most
+of our readers, is so beautiful that we reprint it here:
+
+
+THE THREE TABERNACLES.
+
+    Methinks it is good to be here,
+       If thou wilt let us build,--but for whom?
+    Nor Elias nor Moses appear;
+       But the shadows of eve that encompass the gloom,
+       The abode of the dead, and the place of the tomb.
+
+    Shall we build to Ambition? Ah! no:
+       Affrighted, he shrinketh away;
+    For see, they would pin him below
+       To a small narrow cave; and, begirt with cold clay,
+       To the meanest of reptiles a peer and a prey.
+
+    To Beauty? Ah! no: she forgets
+       The charms that she wielded before;
+    Nor knows the foul worm that he frets
+       The skin which but yesterday fools could adore,
+       For the smoothness it held, or the tint which it wore.
+
+    Shall we build to the purple of Pride,
+       The trappings which dizen the proud?
+    Alas! they are all laid aside;
+       And here's neither dress nor adornment allowed,
+       But the long winding-sheet, and the fringe of the shroud.
+
+    To Riches? Alas! 'tis in vain:
+       Who hid, in their turns have been hid;
+    The treasures are squandered again;
+       And here, in the grave, are all metals forbid,
+       But the tinsel that shone on the dark coffin-lid.
+
+    To the pleasures which Mirth can afford,
+       The revel, the laugh and the jeer?
+    Ah! here is a plentiful board,
+       But the guests are all mute as their pitiful cheer,
+       And none but the worm is a reveller here.
+
+    Shall we build to Affection and Love?
+       Ah! no: they have withered and died,
+    Or fled with the spirit above.
+       Friends, brothers, and sisters, are laid side by side,
+       Yet none have saluted, and none have replied.
+
+    Unto Sorrow? The dead cannot grieve;
+       Nor a sob, nor a sigh meets mine ear,
+    Which compassion itself could relieve:
+       Ah! sweetly they slumber, nor hope, love, or fear;
+       Peace, peace, is the watchword, the only one here.
+
+    Unto Death, to whom monarchs must bow?
+       Ah! no: for his empire is known,
+    And here there are trophies enow;
+       Beneath the cold dead, and around the dark stone,
+       Are the signs of a sceptre that none may disown.
+
+    The first tabernacle to Hope we will build,
+       And look for the sleepers around us to rise;
+    The second to Faith, which insures it fulfilled;
+       And the third to the Lamb of the Great Sacrifice,
+       Who bequeathed us them both when he rose to the skies.
+
+There are in his works several other pieces not less remarkable for the
+best qualities of poetry; and they all appear to be the echoes of
+genuine feeling.
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNT MONTE-LEONE: OR, THE SPY IN SOCIETY.[M]
+
+TRANSLATED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE FROM THE FRENCH OF H.
+DE ST. GEORGES.
+
+_Continued from page 511, vol. II._
+
+
+PART SECOND--BOOK FIRST.
+
+THE DUCHESS.
+
+On the very day on which the marriage had been celebrated at the town of
+Sorrento, a man descended from a carriage that, from the dust on its
+wheels, seemed to have travelled far, at the town of Ceprano, situated
+on the frontier of the Roman States and the kingdom of Naples. People
+call Ceprano a city; it is, however, in fact, only a large town of the
+Abruzzi, very ugly and very dirty, to which leads one of the worst and
+most romantic roads in Italy. Ceprano would scarcely merit the
+traveller's notice, but for many curiosities which it contains, worthy
+of particular attention. These curiosities are neither the charms of
+nature, for the scenery is without interest, nor palaces, nor monuments.
+They are neither archeologic nor artistic, but the greatest of earthly
+rarities--curiosities of humanity. The women of Ceprano are, perhaps,
+the most beautiful in Italy. Their stature, their regular and noble
+features, their magnificent black hair, twined around their charming
+faces, a graceful carriage, truly antique, their picturesque costume,
+partaking of the characters of both modern Greece and Italy, form the
+most admirable and pleasant combination. The women of Ceprano display,
+also, a peculiar coquetry, by their graceful and bold air; they carry on
+their heads etruscan amphor�, in which, like Rachel, they bring water
+from the spring. At the fountain, therefore, strangers assemble to
+admire these nymphs. The traveller of whom we speak had gone thither,
+according to the well established custom, while his horses were being
+changed. He had, however, been preceded by another man, whose strange
+appearance soon attracted attention. The latter was about sixty years of
+age, of middle height, and well made. He had been handsome, if one could
+judge from the purity of the lines of his features, which time had not
+entirely effaced. His _coiffure_ alone would have made him appear
+whimsical and ridiculous, had not his head been noble and distinguished.
+He wore powder; and locks such as once were known as _a l'aille de
+pigeon_, were on each side of his face. A cloak of light silk was
+buttoned over his breast, so as to conceal a blue coat on which a cross
+of Saint Louis rested, being suspended to a broad blue ribbon. Sitting
+between two of the prettiest girls of Ceprano, he talked to them in an
+Italian, very little of which they understood; for his _patois_ called
+forth from the volatile creatures bursts of laughter.
+
+"Bah!" said he in French; "this is the consequence of not studying
+foreign tongues. I cannot turn the _indigenes_ to profit. Pity, too,
+when they are beautiful as these are."
+
+"Signor, may I be your interpreter?" said the last comer, who had heard
+only the latter portion of the old man's words.
+
+"Thanks, Signor," said he; "heaven has sent you to the aid of a
+barbarian who was pitilessly murdering the mother tongue of Tasso.
+Formerly," continued he, "pantomime answered to talk with women as well
+as language; now, however, I must explain myself in another manner. I
+cannot, therefore, ask you to be the interpreter of my request of these
+girls!"
+
+"What, Signor, did you ask them?" said he.
+
+"Nothing, but permission to write two signs on my tablets. A habit I
+imported from London, a peculiar kind of statistics to introduce some
+variety into the tedious stories travellers spin. I indicate the region
+through which I pass by a single phrase or word which recalls to me what
+they have most agreeable to the heart, mind, or senses. See," said he,
+taking a rich pocket-book on which was a prince's coronet in gold, "all
+Italy will occupy but two pages. Florence? _Flowers and museums._
+Bologna? _Hams._ Milan? _La scala._ Leghorn? _Nothing._ Rome? _Every
+thing. Et c�tera._ I wished to write Ceprano? _kisses_: to prove that
+here I touched the lips of the two prettiest women of Italy."
+
+"If that is all," said the person to whom the old man spoke, "and for
+the purpose of advocating so useful a cause," said she, with a laugh, "I
+will procure you the pleasure you desire."
+
+"Indeed, Signor, I do not know how I can recompense you for such a
+service."
+
+"Signor, I deserve no recompense from you, as I merely advance the art
+of travelling, which through your exertions is about to become so
+attractive----"
+
+"_Signorine_," said he to the beautiful girls of Ceprano, in the pure
+Roman dialect; "an old man's kiss always brings prosperity to the
+youthful; and this, Signor," he pointed to the old man with powdered
+hair, "wishes you to be happy."
+
+The two young girls, with the most natural grace possible, offered their
+brows to the old man, who kissed them paternally as possible.
+
+"I thank you, sir," said he to his interpreter. "I am indebted solely
+for this chapter to your politeness, and can express my pleasure only by
+dedicating it to you. To do so, however, it is necessary that I should
+know your name----"
+
+"Write then, Ceprano, dedicated to Count Monte-Leone. But, Signor, shall
+not I know the name of the author of a work so interesting as that to
+which I have contributed?"
+
+"The name of the writer who is indebted to you for the best chapter of
+his book, is the Prince de Maulear."
+
+The Count made a brusque movement of surprise, and saluting the Prince
+coldly, left him. A quarter of an hour after, two carriages in different
+directions left Ceprano. Monte-Leone's took the road to Rome, the Prince
+de Maulear's that to Naples. The former, however, did not go to Rome;
+for, when he had come to the foot of a wooded mountain, he left the
+carriage, and accompanied by a man in a long cloak, who had hitherto sat
+in the carriage, Monte-Leone went into a thick underwood, and proceeding
+up a rocky path almost to the top of the mountain, went to the little
+town of Frenona, which is on the very brow. The night was near at hand,
+and the trees with their leaves, too early for the season, increased the
+darkness of the mountain path. Suddenly, at a distance of two hundred
+feet from them, a bright and sparkling light was seen approaching
+Monte-Leone and his companion. The Count uttered a sharp whistle, and
+the light went to the middle of the wood, and hurried like a
+will-o'-the-wisp towards the travellers. The light was a torch, borne by
+a man, dressed as a peasant and wrapped in a large cloak, which suffered
+nothing but his two sparkling eyes to be seen, which were scarcely less
+brilliant than the torch.
+
+"_Buon Giorno, Signor Pignana_," said the Count to the new comer; "you
+see I have kept the appointment at San Paolo."
+
+"The brothers await your excellency," said Pignana, bowing to the
+ground; "be pleased to follow me."
+
+"I have come hither to do so," said the Count.
+
+The three men continued to ascend the mountain, and after a while turned
+to the right and stopped in front of an old building partially in ruins.
+Following a path around the ruin, they came to the place where the wall
+was highest, and stopped in front of a door. Pignana pulled a rope. A
+bell sounded, and the door was opened by a man in the costume Pignana
+wore. The three then crossed a long paved court, and through a vestibule
+entered a corridor leading into a vast hall, which had been the
+refectory of the monastery of San Paolo. A few torches lit up the room;
+around a table in the centre of which were thirty men all dressed like
+those we have described. They arose when Monte-Leone entered, and bowed
+with respect. The Count took his seat and spoke thus:
+
+"You desired, Signori, to see me once more among you, and to accede to
+your wish I have braved every danger; for you know that Rome and Naples
+make common cause against us. For a long time I have wished to see you,
+and been anxious to ascertain your views, by putting, as your supreme
+chief, two questions to you."
+
+"Speak, Monsignore," said the _Carbonari_.
+
+"Have the _Vente_ of all Italy," said the Count, "those of Rome, Venice,
+Milan, Parma, Verona, Turin, and the other principal cities of Italy,
+the chiefs of which I see here, ever doubted me?"
+
+"No, Monsignore; but they have feared lest being a victim to the unhappy
+fate which has befallen you, it might be your intention to leave us."
+
+"And betray you, Signori," said the Count, with bitterness; "sell you
+like a spy and informer?"
+
+"_Never!_" said all the company; "Monte-Leone can be no spy."
+
+"Thank you, Signori, for the good opinion you have of me," said the
+Count in an ironical tone; "why then did you demand that foolish
+manifestation in the theatre of San Carlo? Do you not see that I have
+given you sufficient pledges by risking my life at the _Venta_ of
+Pompeia, where I, who had every gratification that fortune could bestow
+on me, risked every thing by declaring myself your chief? Let me tell
+you, Signori, two powerful motives led me--my convictions and my
+father's blood, which yet calls to me for vengeance. The following is my
+second question:--Do the _Vente_ of Italy promise to obey my orders
+without giving any to me?"
+
+"Monsignore, you in this demand perfect submission!"
+
+"Perfect, Signori; I will make my demand more explicit. I demand
+obedience, to act by my orders, and never without them; to think as I
+do, and to be the body of an association of which I am the soul."
+
+The _Carbonari_ were silent.
+
+"Decide!" said the Count, taking out his watch. "I had but two hours to
+devote to you, to settle all, and only a few minutes remain."
+
+The _Carbonari_ consulted together. Their conversation was animated as
+possible. The Count looked again at his watch, and all turned towards
+him.
+
+"Your excellency," said the one who seemed to be the most important,
+"may rely on our faith, conscience, and trust in you. We would, though,
+think we exceeded our powers, and implicate the brothers who have
+confided in us too deeply, if we were to consent to be passive, as you
+wish us and the Italian _Vente_ to become.
+
+"Then there is nothing more to be said, Signori," and Monte-Leone arose.
+"Perhaps I have confided too implicitly in my audacity, resolution, and
+the power over myself, which never has deserted me. I deceived myself,
+perhaps, when too proudly I fancied I could inspire you with confidence
+equal to my own. I thought by risking life, fortune, and all, I won the
+right to hold the dice myself. But you do not think thus, and I submit.
+Faithful to my oaths, and to our principles, I am always ready to keep
+and to defend them. Acting, henceforth, alone, I shall do as I please,
+and be accountable to myself alone. Now, Signori, adieu! I shall leave
+Italy, and perhaps Europe, in search of a country, the institutions of
+which recognize the true principles of national happiness. Wherever,
+though, I may be, I will be _mute as to your secrets, and devoted to
+your principles_. You had just now a chief in Count Monte-Leone. He is
+so no more, but is still your brother."
+
+Bowing to them with that noble dignity which he never laid aside, he
+bade the man who had accompanied him to take a torch and lead the way.
+Monte-Leone descended the mountain at Frepinond, and regained the
+carriage that waited for him, in which he proceeded to the Eternal City.
+Wounded at what, when he remembered how much he had done, seemed
+ingratitude, he said to himself, "Henceforth Monte-Leone commands--he
+cannot obey."
+
+About evening, on the night after the _Venta_ at San Paola, the Count
+got out of his carriage, and, as his sadness increased as he left
+Naples, sought to revive himself by walking. He walked through
+Ferentino, a little town of the Roman States, and as he passed by the
+church he heard the sound of the organ. Monte-Leone had a heart piously
+inclined, and the sentiment of religion was always aroused by the sight
+of the church. He went into the church, which was brilliantly lighted. A
+few of the faithful here and there prayed; the half tints of the light
+on the walls giving them the appearance of statues on tombs. Before the
+principal altar two persons knelt. A priest was about to unite their
+fate. Monte-Leone approached the altar, but the seclusion of the
+position of the couple as they bent to the ground before the priest, who
+was blessing them, made it impossible for him to distinguish their
+features. A strange curiosity took possession of him, for this was
+evidently no ordinary village marriage. The rich dress of the young
+woman, the noble air of the young man to whom she was about to be
+married, all announced one of those secret unions not contracted beneath
+the vaulted arches of a cathedral, but in the oratory of some palace, or
+the chapel of some secluded hamlet. The ceremony was over, and the newly
+married couple left the altar and walked down the nave to the door of
+the church of Ferentino, where a magnificent carriage was waiting. Just
+as they were about leaving the church, the bride lifted up her veil and
+saw a man standing near the vase of holy water. The light of the lamp
+fell directly on his face. The young woman, astonished, trembling and
+confused, felt her strength give way, and could scarcely suppress an
+exclamation of agony. She saw Count Monte-Leone. He also had recognized
+in the bridegroom the Duke of Palma, minister of police of Naples. In
+the new duchess he had also recognized the primadonna of San Carlo da
+Felina. Thus the two angels, which in his ecstatic vision at his
+father's tomb the Count had seen, and who appeared to contend for
+him--Aminta and La Felina--the two women, one of whom he adored, while
+he was himself adored by the other, were no longer free. Aminta had
+married from duty, La Felina from reason.
+
+
+II.--THE FATHER.
+
+Eight days after the meeting of the Prince de Maulear and Count
+Monte-Leone at Ceprano, a post-chaise, accompanied by a kind of
+travelling forge, entered Naples by the Roman road, and after having
+crossed the city at a rapid rate, the postillions cracking their whips
+the while, stopped at the French embassy. The powdered head of the old
+man appeared at the window of the chaise, and the Swiss of the embassy
+replied, in execrable French, to a question put to him thus:
+
+"Monsieur, the Marquis de Maulear does not stop in the embassy. His
+apartments were too small for two."
+
+The Swiss, enchanted by this reply, which he thought eminently witty,
+bowed to the traveller, and was about to return to his chair, when the
+old man again called him:
+
+"But, my fine fellow," said he to the Helvetian, "you have not yet told
+me where the Marquis does live."
+
+"The Marquis de Maulear," said the Swiss, "is in the palace of
+Cellamare, where he rented a pavilion near the gardens of the
+Villa-Reale."
+
+"To the palace Cellamare," said the traveller to the postillion; and the
+latter drove off at a gallop.
+
+After about five minutes the same powdered head appeared at the door,
+and the traveller said, "Hollo! postillion, stop; do you hear, rascal;
+pull up."
+
+"What does your excellency, sir?" asked the postillion.
+
+"Take my excellency to the best Hotel in Naples."
+
+"The best is _la Vittoria_, between the bay and Villa Reale."
+
+The postillion lied, for _le Crocelle_ was better; but at _la Vittoria_
+they received two piastres a piece for travellers, and at _le Crocelle_
+got nothing. The _Vittoria_, then, was the best hotel in Naples for
+postillions, but not for travellers. The apartments of the Marquis de
+Maulear, the witty Swiss had told him, were too small for two; and this
+information had induced him thus suddenly to change his plan. The
+traveller thought the Marquis might have yielded to some tender
+influence, and contracted a _quasi morganatique_ marriage as a prelude
+to more serious ties. "If that be so," said the stranger, "it would be
+wrong to go to the Marquis's house. I do not wish to surprise him by a
+simple visit which would not have the effect of a solemn interview."
+
+The chaise stopped at _la Vittoria_. Two servants and an intendant came
+to the carriage, and the postillion received eight piastres for his
+human freight. The Marquis de Maulear had really taken his young wife to
+the palace of Cellamare, a portion of which was rented to wealthy
+strangers a few days after his marriage. The Marquis had acted decidedly
+in writing to his father that he had married without consulting him.
+Henceforth it was of no importance whether the world knew it or not;
+besides, the Signora Rovero and Aminta, having thought that the Prince
+had authorized his son to marry whomsoever he pleased, secrecy would not
+have seemed proper or justifiable. The Marquis, who grew every day more
+in love, and whose ardor continually increased as he discovered new
+qualities to adore in the young heart confided to him, sought to expel
+the terrors which he apprehended would result from his father's
+surprise, but was unable to satisfy himself that the latter would not be
+completely enraged. The Marquis possessed an honorable fortune from his
+deceased mother. He therefore was not at all disturbed, in a pecuniary
+point of view, in relation to Aminta's fate. The distress, the
+humiliation to which his young wife would be exposed, should she be
+repelled by his father and family, made him tremble whenever that idea
+presented itself to his mind. Aminta had perceived these clouds
+occasionally on the brow of her husband, but had attributed it to his
+apprehensions that she did not love him as much as he adored her. She
+had striven to restore his confidence; and with that gentle voice, never
+heard by any one without emotion, said, "Henri, I was frank with you,
+when before marriage my heart asked time to return all the passion you
+felt. I know I love you now, and was wrong to be so timid; for," added
+she, "I deprived myself of happiness by delay." Maulear clasped her in
+his arms and forgot his troubles, as all do who love and are loved.
+
+One morning, about ten o'clock, he had left her to go to the French
+embassy, whither he was called by important business. The young Marquise
+had gone into the garden of Cellamare, and sat beneath an arbor of
+jasmin, reading her favorite poet Tasso. Love of Maulear now interpreted
+these passionate mysteries, which hitherto she had not understood. Her
+soul, illumined by the flame enkindled in it, did not admire, as it
+formerly did, the form and gentle harmony of the poem alone. The meaning
+of the verses touched her heart, and she seemed for the first time to
+open this book, which is so filled with burning inspirations. The
+tenderness of Maulear had begun to dissipate the sad presentiments which
+had so long agitated her: she felt arising in her a gentle return of
+that deep affection she had inspired; and though she had been alone but
+two hours, it seemed to her that the Marquis had been absent a much
+longer time. Looking in the direction she expected Henri to come, she
+examined the burning horizon beyond the avenue of plane-trees beneath
+which she sat, until she saw a human form coming down it. The person who
+advanced walked slowly, and looked around him carefully, as if he was in
+search of something. For a while he examined curiously the hedge on the
+principal alley; nor, until he stood within a few paces of Aminta, did
+he see that this white figure was a woman; its graceful immobility
+having made him fancy it a statue. The stranger bowed to her politely as
+possible, and spoke to her with an air half way between respect and
+familiarity, impertinence and consideration. Aminta arose and recognized
+him, and as she did so, exhibiting a constraint and embarrassment she
+could not account for. The person who had spoken to Aminta was dressed
+so strangely, that the young woman was struck by it. Having been
+accustomed to all the fashions of the epoch, to the elegance of the
+young men who visited her mother's house, to the good taste of the
+Marquis de Maulear, she had never seen such a costume as that of the
+stranger. A coat of Prussian blue, with a straight collar and large wide
+skirts, enveloped a thin, delicate frame. A waistcoat of white silk, cut
+square in front, with two immense pockets, from one of which hung a
+watch, with an immense chain and multitude of seals, beating against
+breeches of buff cassimer, the legs of which were inserted in vast
+boots. A rich frill of English point lace, with ruffles to match, gave
+an air of magnificence to this toilet; the whole being surmounted with a
+powdered head-dress with open wings, like those of a sea-gull in a
+desperate storm. The result of all this toilette was such, that no one
+felt inclined to laugh, or even if the inclination arose, the noble air
+of which we have spoken soon repressed it. Aminta felt as Count
+Monte-Leone had at Ceprano, when the latter made the acquaintance of the
+Prince de Maulear, whom our readers have beyond doubt recognized.
+
+"Excuse me, beautiful lady, for thus disturbing your reveries," said the
+Prince, bowing again to Aminta, "but I am come to visit the Marquis de
+Maulear, who must return ere long, as one of his servants told me. I
+however learned, that in addition to the pleasure of roaming through
+this paradise, I would find _Madame_. I could not resist the pleasure of
+presenting you my homage."
+
+In the manner the Prince pronounced the word _Madame_, there was a
+shadow of fine irony, which Aminta could not but observe. She blushed
+slightly, for she thought the stranger alluded to her recent marriage;
+and though shocked at his familiarity, Aminta was satisfied with
+replying politely, that she would be happy if the visitor would remain
+until the Marquis de Maulear should return with her.
+
+The Prince sat on a rustic chair, which Aminta offered him, and said, as
+he looked at her with admiration, "The Marquis may stay away as long as
+he pleases; and while with you I will not complain."
+
+"But, Signor," said Aminta, "something of importance has brought you
+hither."
+
+"No," said the visitor, "I come merely to see the Marquis; and to do so
+have travelled the four hundred leagues between Paris and Naples.
+Nothing more!"
+
+"Ah, Signor," said Aminta, delighted, "then you love him?"
+
+"Devotedly," continued the Prince, "though I suspect him rather of
+ingratitude. Do not be afraid," added he; "I believe him to be an
+ingrate in friendship, but not in love. _Madame_ (and he looked
+anxiously at her) has every charm to prevent his being so."
+
+Any person less delicately organized than Aminta, and less
+impressionable, would have had no suspicion of the elegant _abandon_
+which was the foundation of this compliment. By means of her instinct,
+however, she had guessed that there was a kind of contempt of _bon ton_
+in what was said to her, altogether unbecoming in a conversation with a
+person of her rank and station. She replied, then, that she thought she
+had sufficient claims on the Marquis's love for him never to forget them
+... that if such a misfortune should befall her, she would find in her
+heart and conscience no reason for reproaching herself, and would be
+able to support indifference, and be bold enough to pardon it.
+
+"Very well, very well," said the Prince gayly. "Pretty women are always
+generous; they, however, are least worthy of commendation on that
+account, when they resemble you."
+
+"Signor," said Aminta to the Prince, "I know not to whom I have the
+honor to speak. You have, however, told me you come from France, and I
+will thank you to tell me if men are volatile there, as I have heard."
+
+"Signora, I do not think I slander my countrymen, when I say their
+hearts are not easily fixed for a long time. Were they more faithful,
+they would not, perhaps, be so amiable. In my time, for instance,
+marriage was an affair of business. One married to be married, to have
+an heir, to regulate one's household. That was all. If a man loved his
+wife three or six months it was superb. A year of constancy became
+ridiculous and vulgar. Then the lady would fall in love, and the husband
+conceived a friendship for the courtier, mousquetaire, or abbe, whom the
+lady patronized. The husband did not fall in love; he only looked for
+amusements. Sometimes chance afforded him what he needed, or he went to
+the opera, where the nymphs of music and dancing took charge of his
+superfluous funds. People talked of him for two days, and then he was
+forgotten. Thus gently and pleasantly the husband and wife floated down
+the stream of time; each keeping close to a bank, and shaking hands
+whenever the currents brought them together. In the business of life
+they were always as considerate as possible of each other, and shed some
+honest tears when death separated them. Sometimes in old age, when both
+were wearied by passion, and satiated with love, they recounted to each
+other their wild adventures, as sailors tell their stories of shipwrecks
+and the perils of their voyages. But," continued the Prince, "as there
+are exceptions to all rules, the exceptions were the kindly-disposed and
+well-regulated households, which were spoken of and laughed at.
+Happiness, however, avenged them. Thus, beautiful lady, people lived in
+other times. They do not live thus now--"
+
+"All this I own," said Aminta, "interests me deeply."
+
+"The devil!" said the Prince, aside, and under the impression that he
+was in the presence of the irregular passion of his son, "Does not
+morganaticism suffice?" Under this hypothesis, which made him smile with
+pity, he resolved to cut the foolish hope short at the roots.
+
+"In our days all is changed--women are saints and husbands are
+angels--and the two are riveted together for all time. The wife is
+constant, the husband faithful; or, if the contrary be the case, the
+matter is hushed up and concealed. If public morality is satisfied, the
+lovers are not the losers. It is also said that unhappy marriages now
+are the exceptions. The chief difference is, though, that now men do
+before marriage what they used to do afterwards. If one finds a pleasant
+woman," said he, approaching Aminta, "like you, beautiful, intelligent,
+and I venture to say also full of talent, as you are--we swear we love
+her, and are really sincere. Reason, however, in the guise of matrimony,
+hurries to sound the knell of love. At the first peal, it escapes, and
+whither? The beauty we adore first weeps, and then finds consolation, or
+rather suffers herself to be consoled. Then, opening her wings like the
+butterfly, she hurries to find the pleasure she calls and expects."
+
+The tone, rather than the language, of this conversation terrified and
+amazed Aminta.
+
+The Prince observed this. "Did she love him really?" he said; and
+touched with this idea, he added--
+
+"All that I say, madame, is a general remark, the application of which I
+make to no one, least of all to yourself."
+
+"Signor," said Aminta, rising, "I do not understand you."
+
+"Certainly," said the Prince, "you do not understand that one who loves
+you should cease to do so. That is what I had the honor to tell you just
+now. The Marquis, though, is very young and inexperienced. He believes
+in love, as men of twenty-five usually do. This explains to me the
+apparent rigidness of his words, and unveils the mystery of his
+pretended wisdom. I do not, however, wish to make a person so charming
+as you are desperate; and perhaps I do you a great favor in warning you
+against future dangers and mischances."
+
+"Signor," said Aminta, trembling with emotion, "I cannot guess why you
+speak to me thus; but I perceive that you do not know me."
+
+The Prince said, with a smile, "I speak to a charming woman, to one of
+earth's angels, whom some lucky mortals meet with, and who by their
+tenderness reveal all the pleasures and joys promised to the faithful by
+the houris of divine Providence."
+
+"Signor," said Aminta, looking at the Prince with an expression in which
+both indignation and contempt were visible, "unused as I am to such
+language, though I scarcely understand it, my reason and good sense tell
+me you would speak thus only to the mistress of the Marquis de Maulear."
+
+"True," said the Prince, "and I speak now to the most charming mistress
+imaginable."
+
+"Me! do you speak thus to me, Signor?" said the young woman, with a
+painful accent. "And you thought----?"
+
+"Who then are you, madame!" asked the old man, with surprise and terror
+at Aminta's tone.
+
+"Who is she, monsieur?" said the Marquis, coming from a neighboring
+alley, where, pale and terrified, he had for some time been listening to
+this conversation, "she is my wife, the _Marquise de Maulear_!"
+
+Had a thunderbolt fallen at the feet of the Prince he could not have
+been more surprised. The blood left his face, and he supported himself
+against the back of his chair.
+
+"Henri," said Aminta, "tell this man again that he has dared to insult
+your wife! Tell him I am yours in God's eyes, and that he has doubly
+outraged me in the fact that his words fell from the lips of age. Say to
+him, that a gentleman, if such he is, should not utter such things until
+assured they were neither an insult nor an outrage to her who heard
+them."
+
+"Aminta," said the Marquis, "the person of whom you speak thus is----"
+
+"Be silent, monsieur,"[N] interrupted the Prince, looking sternly at his
+son, "madame has not offended me, though I have her. Madame," said he,
+"accept my apology for a fault caused by the Marquis alone. The name you
+bear is entitled to the respect of all, especially to mine. I will be
+the last to forget it. Be pleased to leave the Marquis de Maulear and
+myself together for a few moments. What I have to say none must listen
+to. Do not be afraid," added he, when he saw the hesitation with which
+Aminta left; "I am no foe of the Marquis, and besides, the only weapon
+of old men is the tongue. Our conversation will not be long, and I will
+then leave the Marquis to you for ever."
+
+Henri made a motion, the purport of which was to beseech Aminta to go.
+Taking a lateral alley, she disappeared.
+
+"Monsieur," said the Prince, "you should know that my name should not be
+pronounced in the presence of that young woman, especially after the
+error which your silence has led me into in relation to her." The Prince
+continued, "So you are married?"
+
+"Yes, monsieur," said Maulear, trembling like a criminal in the presence
+of the judge.
+
+"Contrary to my orders, and without my consent," continued the Prince.
+
+"Father, if any excuse be possible, you will find it in the person I
+have selected."
+
+"I do not ask for justification, monsieur, but for excuse. How long did
+you reflect on this union before you contracted it?"
+
+"A month," said the Marquis.
+
+"A month is a short time to reflect on a life of remorse and regret.
+You know I never will forgive you."
+
+"Never, monsieur?" asked Maulear, bowing respectfully before his father.
+"God himself pardons."
+
+"I am not God, monsieur, and have neither his goodness nor his mercy.
+Hearken to me, and let none of my words be lost, as they are the last I
+shall ever speak to you. I have not concealed my principles, which were
+probably not firm enough in relation to morals and virtue. In these
+principles the people of the century in which I was born lived. I was,
+perhaps, badly educated, but so were all nobles then; and if they
+preserved their loyalty and honor, were faithful to their kings, and
+died for them,--if they did honor to their family, and fought well, they
+were forgiven for other faults. Philosophy and the progress of the age
+have rectified all this: whether they have improved the state of things
+the future must decide. I am too old to retrace my steps, and have the
+faults, and perhaps the virtues, of my century. There is one thing true,
+certain ideas I never will abandon, among which are my opinions about
+marriage. All this you think behind the spirit of the age, and perhaps
+ridiculous; but I intend to express myself fully, that you may not
+expect me ever to alter my opinion about your conduct. For four
+centuries, monsieur, there has not been a single _mesalliance_ in my
+family. The Dukes of Salluce, the Princes of Maulear, from whom we are
+sprung, were never married but with the noblest families of the
+world--those of France--that is the only safety for me, that was the
+only marriage for you. I was willing to receive as a daughter-in-law
+only a French woman, of noble blood--noble as our own. This you say is a
+prejudice--so it may be, monsieur, but it is a prejudice I will not lay
+aside. I was never a rigorous father to you, and I contemplated using
+only one of my paternal rights, that of bringing about a marriage for
+you to suit myself. You acted for yourself, monsieur, and must continue
+to do so. Adieu! Henceforth the Marquis de Maulear has no father, and
+the Prince no son."
+
+The old man arose with cold and haughty dignity, preparing to leave.
+
+"Father, do not leave me thus--for the sake of my mother, whom you
+loved, pause."
+
+The Prince walked away.
+
+"For the sake of your father, whom you adored!"
+
+The Prince did not pause.
+
+"Well," said the Marquis, in despair, and just then he saw Aminta at the
+end of the alley, "I prefer to abandon the nobility of the Maulears,
+which produces such obduracy, for the virtues and talent of a Rovero."
+
+The old man had scarcely heard the last word, than he turned around and
+said to his son:
+
+"Rovero! did you say Rovero? the minister of Murat?"
+
+"There is his daughter," said Henri, pointing to Aminta.
+
+The countenance of the Prince lost its icy coldness, and assumed an
+expression of deep tenderness. Drawing near to Aminta, with tears in his
+eyes, he said, "The daughter of Rovero?" and with increasing agitation,
+"Are you the daughter of Rovero?"
+
+Looking at her for a few moments in silence, his countenance assumed an
+indefinable expression, and seemed to read in the countenance of the
+young girl an infinitude of memories and dreams. Finally, completely
+carried away by a feeling he could not control, he folded Aminta in his
+arms and clasped her to his bosom.
+
+
+III.--THE MAN WITH THE MASK.
+
+Paris, that great theatre on which, for fifty years, so much sublime and
+common-place republicanism, so many monarchic, imperial, constitutional,
+and other dramas had been represented--Paris, about the end of 1818, two
+years after the occurrence of the events described in the last chapter,
+presented a strange aspect, over which we will cast a retrospective
+glance for the purpose of making our story intelligible.
+
+Louis XVIII. reigned perhaps a little more absolutely than the charter
+permitted. By the aggregation of power, kings and kingdoms almost always
+fall; and this king, who wished to govern with the restrictions on power
+which he had himself yielded to France, found himself in endless
+controversy, from the errors of his friends, his family, and his
+minister. Monsieur[O] was in the opposition, and with him were all the
+malcontents of the realm. _Monsieur_ had his creatures, and his
+ministers in cas�, all ready to consecrate their services to the good of
+the country. These were the only men, said the Prince, who could rescue
+the restoration from the factions in arms against it. At the head of
+this ministry was the Count Jules de Polignac, the favorite of the
+ex-comte d'Artois. Next to Polignac came M. de Vitrolles, famous for his
+intellect and his devotion to the royal family, M. de Grosbois, and
+others, who had made progress in the graces and confidence of the
+Prince. The King at that time exhibited a decided favoritism to a
+certain statesman of merit and worth, the rapid fortune of whom,
+however, had made many persons jealous and had excited much hatred. The
+star of M. de Blacus, which till then had been so brilliant, began to
+grow pale. From these palace intrigues, from these divisions of
+families, arose in public affairs a species of perpetual controversy
+which impeded the progress of the ship of state. In the mean time,
+parties taking advantage of this discontent, excited every bad passion,
+and silently undermined the soil preparing the explosion which
+ultimately destroyed this feeble and disunited monarchy. The great
+parties were divided and subdivided into many factions opposed to each
+other, but, as will be seen hereafter, all striving to overturn the
+existing order of things--though in the end each purposed the triumph of
+his own cause when a general chase should have ensued. The French
+nation, though strong, great and powerful when its parts are united, was
+then composed of royalists frankly devoted to the government of the
+restoration of ultra royalists, more so even than the King himself--and
+who wished the country to retrace its steps to principles, which good
+sense, time, healthy reason, and especially the revolutionary tempest,
+had most painfully refuted. Next came the Bonapartists, who seeing
+themselves disinherited by a peaceful government, and deprived of the
+prospects of glory they had deemed their own, regretted sincerely the
+man of victory and his triumphs. Next came the liberals, a portion of
+whom were sincerely devoted to political progress, for which the country
+was not yet prepared--and, finally, the Jacobins, old relics of 1793,
+who sought to precipitate France into that abyss of horror, the very
+trace of which the wonderful genius of Napoleon had effaced. All these
+opinions, advocated by intelligent and capable men, of gifted minds, but
+also of turbulent and dangerous spirits, to whom agitation is the
+natural element--all these were secretly busy, watching their
+opportunity to burst upon the public attention. Paris, the head of the
+great French body, was all the time happy as possible, and seemed calm
+and flourishing. It was like those men with a smiling face, a calm and
+cold icy exterior, but who nurse violent passions and bitter
+animosities. The police at that time was under the control of a minister
+who was young and active, but who was often led astray; just as
+greyhounds, who, when almost overrunning their quarry, catch a glimpse
+of other prey. The multiplied and contradictory devices of the factions,
+therefore, led the police and its agents into difficulties of which the
+criminals always contrived to take advantage. For two years, plot
+followed plot, almost uninterruptedly; Bonapartist, liberal,
+ultra-royalist plots followed each other; that of Didier was the first.
+His object was to confide the Kingly office to a Lieutenant-General, to
+the Duke of Orleans. Didier sought for his confederates among the men,
+whom a kind of fanaticism yet attached to the exile of Saint-Helena;
+among the old soldiers of the valley of the Loire, and that crowd of
+imperial agents whom the restoration had stripped of honor and
+employment. He promised good titles, orders, to all, and seduced many.
+The plot failed from its own impotence, for the police had little to do
+with it. Another affair, the consequences of which to those concerned in
+it were great, gave increased activity to the police, and diverted it
+from the only circumstances which could unfold to it the true enemies of
+the government of Louis XVIII. This affair was known as the _Society of
+Patriots_ of 1816, and had as its chiefs _Pleigner_, _Carbonneau_, and
+_Tolleron_. They intended to ask the Emperor of Russia to grant them a
+constitutional King, chosen elsewhere than from the elder branch of the
+Bourbons. A man named Schellstein, who had been a kind of enlisting
+agent to the conspirators, informed M. Angles, chief of police, of their
+plan, and intentions, and by a sentence given July 7, 1816, _Pleigner_,
+_Carbonneau_, and _Tolleron_, were sentenced to have their hands cut off
+and to be beheaded. Three days after the sentence was executed. Finally,
+in 1818, a third conspiracy was pointed out to the notice of the police.
+This conspiracy had a more exalted character than the preceding ones,
+for it included the ultra-royalists, that is to say the nobles,
+generals, peers, and high functionaries of France.
+
+The Morning Chronicle, June 27, 1818, published at London the
+following:--"There was a report at Paris, that a conspiracy had been
+discovered at Saint Cloud, embracing many of the ultra-royalist party.
+The King would abdicate, and be replaced by Monsieur."
+
+The Times, on the 2d July, said--"The plan of the conspiracy is known.
+Should the King abdicate, the conspirators have resolved to treat him
+like Paul I. The following is the list of ministers:--General Canuel, of
+war; M. de Chateaubriand, of foreign affairs; M. Bruges, of the navy; M.
+Villele, of the interior; M. de Labourdonnaie, of the police; General
+Donadieu, commandant of Paris." All this was announced with an
+appearance of truth; for all the persons named belonged to the
+opposition to the King and his favorite. When, however, facts were
+sought for, and the proof was pointed out, all the edifice crumbled
+away, and there remained only a few malcontents, but no rebels were to
+be found. The sentence of the Royal Court of Paris, given November 3d
+following, declared--"Generals Canuel and Donadieu, MM. de Rieux, de
+Songis, de Chapdelaine, de Romilly, and Joannis, are released and
+declared innocent." They had been imprisoned forty days. This affair
+produced a most painful sensation in France, and the minister of police
+was reproached with great imprudence, which made many new enemies to the
+government, and did not add to its security. The fact was, the true
+criminals had been overlooked; and, like the worms which eat away the
+interior of a beautiful fruit without changing its form and color, they
+more skilfully and adroitly attacked the very heart of society when it
+seemed most secure and safe. The perfidious worm which was eating away
+at the heart of France, as it had long done those of the other European
+monarchies, was Carbonarism. As we said in our first chapters, the
+existence of this power was scarcely suspected, while in secret, by its
+ramifications, it ruled Europe.
+
+A man of mind and energy, but whose mild and almost effeminate manners
+concealed vigor and perseverance, M. H----, at that time under the
+direction of M. Angles, supervised the political police of the kingdom.
+M. H---- was always aware of the extent of the operations of the
+various factions, and probably was the only man in France really alarmed
+at the influence which Carbonarism exerted in France and the neighboring
+states. Often he had made communications to the prefect, another
+minister, who paid attention to known parties and attached but little
+importance to this new foe, which was, however, the most terrible of
+all, and proposed to itself the object of destroying, at any risk, and
+received into its bosom all the operatives of this work, whatsoever
+might be their opinions. M. H---- had no evidence in relation to this
+terrible organization, nor did he know where it met. Towards the end of
+February, 1819, M. H---- received a letter sealed in black, and with the
+impression on the wax of an auger piercing the globe. The strange seal
+did not escape his notice. The direction was, "M. H----, for himself
+alone, _confidential_." The superior of the political police read the
+letter, which was as follows:--
+
+"Monsieur,--A man who can do the state great service wishes to have an
+interview with you, and requests that you will grant him a moment's
+conversation to-morrow evening at nine-oclock, in your cabinet. He will
+be masked. He begs you to permit him to keep his mask until he shall be
+satisfied that he is seen by no one else. Should the strangeness of this
+request not permit you to accept it, place a lighted taper in your
+window opening on the _quai des Orfevres_ and no one will come. The
+writer knows that he addresses a man of courage and honor, who never is
+terrified by mere forms when he looks for important results. It is also
+known that this man, though protected by wise precautions, made
+necessary by the grave circumstances in which he is often placed, would
+be incapable of taking an advantage of those who come to him frankly and
+truly."
+
+M. H---- reflected long on this letter. He hesitated not, because he was
+used to confidences made in terms and in manner as strange. But the
+conditions of the mask, so contrary to French habit, almost, in spite of
+himself, annoyed and troubled him. He, however, began to be inspired
+with the confidence which the man evidently felt himself. He therefore
+decided to receive him, and gave orders, that should the masked man
+present himself he should be admitted into his cabinet. M. H----only
+took a few measures of prudence, and after having examined the locks and
+charges of his pistols, which he always wore, and assured himself that
+the sound of a bell on his table would be heard at once by the
+attendants, waited attentively for the hour of the interview. The clock
+of the Palais Royal struck nine, when he was told that a masked man
+wished to speak to him. A few minutes after the visitor was introduced.
+He was tall and wrapped in a brown cloak, which he threw off when he had
+reached the room. He wore a costume half way between a tradesman's and
+prosperous workman's.
+
+"What do you wish, Monsieur?" asked M. H----, who was sitting in his
+chair.
+
+Without replying, the stranger, who was standing, pointed to two glass
+doors on each side of one through which he had entered, behind which
+were full silk curtains. M. H----understood him, and after a moment's
+hesitation, decided, and clapped his hands thrice. This was probably a
+signal well understood, for soon after a slight noise was heard in each
+of the rooms, and the silk curtains were slightly agitated. Then rising,
+M. H---- opened the two doors and shut two external ones, which
+doubtless communicated with two other rooms.
+
+"Thank you, sir," said the mask, "you will not regret your confidence."
+
+These words were pronounced with a decidedly foreign air. The man took
+off his mask, and M. H---- examined his features. His physiognomy was
+that of the south; his expression dark, and his long black hair hung
+over his face, and rested on his shoulders. The eyes of this man were
+sad and deep; and glittering beneath his dark brows, added to the
+ferocity of his expression. He was silent for some time, and then said,
+in a calm voice, to the chief of police: "I come, Monsieur, to propose a
+contract to you, which, when you have heard it, you can either accept or
+reject. An immense volcano undermines Paris; a conspiracy, or rather an
+immense association is about to be formed. They are not isolated
+enemies, scattered in small numbers, but a vast family of men, here and
+every where, in every man's house, and perhaps in the very bureau of the
+police. Among them are millions of iron-hearted and iron-nerved men,
+among whom are the mechanic, the day laborer, soldiers of every arm, the
+financier, the advocate, artist, the scholar, and the priest--every rank
+and condition is represented. At their head are nobles, lords, and
+princes; and they wish to accomplish in France what they have already
+done in the rest of Europe. First, they seek to abolish royalty, and to
+bestow on the people free and unlimited liberty. Their secret assemblies
+are called _Vente_. The association is called _Carbonarism_, and its
+members _Carbonari_."
+
+M. H---- sprang up from his chair. Of the plot which he had been so
+anxious to discover, and of which he had but a vague knowledge, he was
+now at last to obtain a clue. In a tone exhibiting the most lively
+curiosity, he bade the man go on. The mask took a seat; he felt that
+henceforth he might treat with M. H---- as an equal.
+
+"I am," said he, with a smile full of venom, "but an unworthy member of
+this important society, and come to treat with you, therefore, not in my
+own name--"
+
+"In the name of whom, then, do you come?"
+
+"There is," said the mask, "a man in Paris of high rank, of noble birth,
+and of great fortune, who, by means of his position and connections,
+which I cannot reveal, knows, and henceforth will know, all the secrets,
+all the plans of the Carbonari, from the obscure acts of the humblest
+of the brothers, to the orders given to the _Vente_ by the supreme
+chiefs--"
+
+"And this man is willing to surrender his infamous associates to us?"
+said M. H----.
+
+"He will; but in consideration of this immense sacrifice, he demands
+certain things which I am charged to communicate to you."
+
+"Tell me," said M. H----, "what he asks."
+
+"We will talk of that hereafter. I, however, propose to you an honest
+bargain, and you will not be called on to pay the price until the
+service shall have been performed. I therefore come to ask you not for a
+reward, but for one word."
+
+"A word?"
+
+"A word, a promise, and an oath."
+
+"If it be compatible with my duties."
+
+"Certainly!" said the stranger. "We conspirators are honest people
+enough, but we are prudent, and used to secrecy. We never make
+revelations without exacting a double security."
+
+"That of honor!"
+
+"And displaying the dagger as the certain reward of treachery."
+
+"Stop, sir!" said M. H----, rising, and evidently enraged at the daring
+of the stranger. "You forget where you are; no one but myself makes
+threats here; assume, therefore, another tone; for sorry as I should be
+not to avail myself of your offers, I must, if you persist, terminate
+our interview at once. But," continued he, "what is required of me?"
+
+"I have told you--an oath. Here it is. You will swear on this," and he
+took a crucifix from his bosom, "that neither in person, nor otherwise,
+will you ever attempt to discover the person in behalf of whom I treat.
+You will swear that when you have been informed of the facts which I
+shall point out to you, when you shall have received proof of the
+culpability of certain men, you will cause them to be arrested and give
+them no clue to, and make no revelation of, the means by which you
+acquired your information."
+
+"But how will the man who is to furnish this information treat with us?"
+
+"Through me alone," said the stranger, "and I will allow you to be
+ignorant of nothing. In a few words--I will be his interpreter--the soul
+of his body, the action of his thought. Here," continued he, again
+presenting the crucifix to M. H----," an oath for such services is not
+too much to ask. You do not often get information at so cheap a rate.
+The form of the oath will doubtless appear strange to you, but I am a
+native of a land where oaths are taken on the cross alone."
+
+"So be it," said M. H----, who, as he listened to the man, reflected on
+the small importance of the conditions imposed on him, which did not
+demand that he should act against the _Vente_ or associations, until
+there was no doubt of their guilt. "So be it; I accept. I swear that I
+will never seek to ascertain of whom you are the agent, whether in
+person or through others." He placed his hand on the crucifix.
+
+"_Rely then on him--rely on me_," said the stranger.
+
+"Why do you not speak now?" said M. H----.
+
+"_Because it is necessary to give the fruit time to ripen before we
+gather it_," said the mysterious stranger; and bowing to M. H----, he
+left.
+
+"Well," said the chief of the political police, when he was alone, "the
+bargain I have made is not a rare one. Informers always have scruples at
+first, especially when they are men of rank;--when those of the man of
+whom the agent speaks are dissipated, or when by his wants and vices he
+is forced to draw directly on our chest, his shame will pass away, and
+his name will be enrolled on the list of our spies like those of M. X.,
+the Baron de W----, the Advocate V----, the Ex-consul R----, and the
+Countess of Fu. This man is, then, taken in three words, what we call a
+SPY IN SOCIETY."
+
+
+IV.--THE AMBASSADRESS.
+
+On the twentieth of June, 1818, six months before the occurrence of the
+scene we have described in the preceding chapter, the greatest
+excitement was exhibited in a magnificent hotel in the Faubourg
+Saint-Honor�. The principal entrance of this hotel, or the Faubourg, was
+occupied by a crowd of workmen, who were busy in arranging a multitude
+of flower vases, from the court-gate to the door of the hotel.
+Upholsterers and florists crowded the vestibule, the stairway, and the
+antechambers with their flowers and carpets. The interior of the rooms
+on the ground floor presented a scene of a different kind of disorder. A
+pell-mell--a crowd of men and women were tacking down and sowing rich
+and sumptuous stuffs on the floors. The rooms of the lower floor of the
+hotel opened on one of the gardens surrounding the _Champs-Elys�es_
+towards the Faubourg St. Honor�. An immense ball-room was constructed in
+the garden. This ball-room was united to the house by richly dressed
+doors, cut into the windows, and, with the ground floor, formed one
+immense suite. The garden at this period of the year contributed in no
+small degree to the pleasures of the festival. The curtains at the doors
+of this hall could at any time be lifted up so as to permit access to
+this oasis of verdure. One might have thought a magic ring had
+transported to this corner of Paris, all the riches of the vegetation of
+southern climes, and might have, in imagination, strayed beneath the
+jasmin bowers, amid the roses and orange-groves of Italy, so delicious
+was the perfume which filled this garden. Its peculiar physiognomy and
+design, its form, manner, and even the statues, the majority of which
+were _chef-d'-oeuvres_ of Italian art, all proved some foreign taste
+had presided over its construction, and that this taste had been the
+passion of some elegant and distinguished man.
+
+But now this paradise had passed into the possession of a charming woman
+and admirable artiste. This hotel belonged to the beautiful _Felina_,
+the Italian queen of song, who had deigned to descend from a throne to
+be the Duchess of Palma. The lofty brow which had borne so proudly the
+diadem of Semiramis and Junia, wore now a duchess's coronet. This was a
+great self-deprecation; for Europe contained a thousand duchesses, and
+but one _Felina_. Worse still, many duchesses would not recognize La
+Felina as one of the number. She was a duchess by chance; a duchess not
+by the grace of God, but by the grace of talent and beauty. Observe,
+too, that this version was the most favorable, the most amiable and
+polite. It was the one adopted by the intelligent, philosophic and
+sensible duchesses of the empire. The true duchesses, those of other
+days, who could not understand how any one could wear a ducal coronet
+without having at least three centuries of nobility, made use of all the
+grape of their artillery to annihilate the _singing woman_. It was
+whispered, but loudly enough to be heard by half a dozen persons, that
+La Felina, arming herself with that rigidity she kept for the Duke of
+Palma alone, displaying all her charms, and envying the title and
+fortune of the noble Neapolitan, had refused to surrender her heart
+without her hand;--that the poor Duke, entwined in the nets of this
+modern Circe, wearied of the many love-scrapes which he had undergone,
+made up his mind, as he could not become a lover, to become a husband.
+This delightful theme was so decorated by the rich imaginations of the
+ladies of the Faubourg Saint-Germain, that it could scarcely be
+recognized beneath the inlaying of the rich anecdotes to which it gave
+occasion; but which lacked only three essentials of merit--good sense,
+justice, and truth. As far as relates to good sense, we will say that
+the Duchess of Palma was far richer than her husband. Her talent had
+long procured her a brilliant income; and to renounce the stage, at the
+height of her reputation and glory, when every note she uttered was
+worth a doubloon, was to reject vast wealth, the source of which was her
+voice and talent. Good sense would not justify the reproach of cupidity;
+truth and justice would equally have rejected the charge.
+
+_La Felina_, far from wishing to lead the Duke astray--far from wishing,
+as was said, to make her fortune by marrying him, had long rejected the
+hand of the Neapolitan minister of police when the most powerful reasons
+would have induced her to accept it. She married the Duke only because
+of the deep and irrepressible passion which animated her heart for the
+Count Monte-Leone. She knew the Count loved Aminta; she knew that, when
+at liberty, he would marry the sister of Taddeo. Anxious to contend with
+herself by creating new weapons to oppose the passion which devoured
+her, anxious to build up a new barrier between the Count and herself,
+and to prepare a defence for her own heart, she accepted the hand of the
+Duke of Palma as a rampart of duty, and, as it were, forcibly to leave a
+profession, the triumphs of which disgusted and offended her because she
+regretted having ever experienced them. These were the reasons or
+reasonings which led La Felina to act as she did. We shall see, at a
+later period, that she achieved her purpose.
+
+The Duke of Palma having secretly married _La Felina_ in the town of
+Ferentino, the day Monte-Leone recognized him, took his beautiful wife
+to a villa he possessed on the _lago di Como_, and after sojourning
+there a few days, went to Naples and forced the King to accept his
+resignation as minister of police. The Duke was dissatisfied with
+Naples, for no one would forgive him for marrying the Prima-Donna. The
+two then came to Paris after a brief mission, during which the Duke had
+been obliged to leave her alone at the _lago di Como_. There they
+purchased the hotel of which we have spoken, and prepared to receive the
+court, and exhibit all the aristocratic luxury with which the Duke of
+Palma was so familiar. One circumstance, however, which had been
+entirely unforeseen, wrecked all their hopes. The best society of Paris,
+which is so lenient to some eccentricities, yet so rigid in its exaction
+of obedience to certain prejudices--the society to which, from rank and
+position, the Duke of Palma belonged, was rebellious. Among the nobles
+of the restoration there were a few exceptions, and though the persons
+who ventured to the Duke's were perfectly well received--though they
+praised in the highest degree the graces and exquisite _haut-ton_ of the
+Duchess, their example was not followed, and the hotel remained silent
+and empty. The Duke and Duchess lived alone, buried in a magnificent
+tomb. The cause of this neglect of the invitations of the ex-minister
+may be easily divined. The Duke had married La Felina, the singer, about
+whom there had been, and yet were, so many reports. The beautiful
+artiste was much wounded by this general neglect, not because she
+regretted the world and its pleasures, but on account of other
+impressions which had haunted her since she had lived alone at Como. The
+affront, however, recoiled on her husband, and her deep, resolute soul
+bitterly resented it. La Felina was an Italian, and those of that nation
+who receive affronts avenge them. She was not long at a loss. Her
+vengeance, however, could not easily be attained, for she had to do with
+a rich and powerful society, which had, as it were, formed a coalition
+to insult a woman, by rejecting her with disdain and contempt.
+
+The renown of _La Felina_ as a singer had long excited the curiosity of
+Paris. Her admirable voice, her dramatic talent, her wonderful beauty,
+made the great artiste to be envied in every theatre in Europe. By a
+strange caprice, or an exaggerated distrust of her powers, the great
+artiste had always refused to sing in the capital, though well aware
+that there alone great artistic talent is baptized. Amazed at the
+national glory, she had never asked this sacrifice of French
+_cognoscenti_. Great, therefore, was the emotion of the various
+drawing-rooms, when it was said that a great concert would be given by
+the Duke of Palma, and that his Duchess La Felina would sing. The
+concert was for the benefit of some interesting charity; and humanity
+was a pretext to the high Parisian society not to visit La Felina, but
+to perform a great duty. How though could invitations be had? There was
+great difficulty, for the invitations were most limited in number. It is
+always the case in Paris, that as obstacles increase, the desire to
+overcome them also is multiplied. This was exemplified in the case of
+the concert. It was, however, strange that the very hotels where the
+ducal _artiste_ had been worst treated, where her advances had been
+worst received, were those to which the invitations came first. Here and
+there some affronts given by the noble Italians who were the intimate
+friends of the Duke of Palma, but they were all submitted to, so anxious
+was the world to enjoy the long-desired but unexpected pleasure of
+hearing La Felina.
+
+This took place many months before the entertainments, the preparations
+for which we described at the commencement of this chapter. On the day
+appointed for the concert, a long file of carriages filled up the whole
+Faubourg St. Honor�, and stopped at the door of the hotel of the Duke of
+Palma. The Duchess sat in her most remote drawing-room, dressed with
+extreme simplicity, beautiful without adornment, and waited for the
+guests, whom an usher at the door of the first drawing-room announced.
+As each one saluted her, she arose, and thanked them for their visit.
+This reception, far from gratifying the majority of her guests, seemed
+to offend them. They fancied they had met on neutral ground, in a room
+appropriated to charity, and not to wait on a lady who did the honors of
+her own house. The latter, however, was the case. Multiplying her cares
+for and attention to her guests, appearing to notice neither the cold
+politeness of the one nor the rudeness of the other, the Duchess
+increased her amiability and politeness to all who approached her. The
+ice was broken. The men could not resist her charms, and many women
+followed their example. The dazzling luxury of the hotel, the admirable
+pictures, the majestic beauty of the Duchess, produced such an effect on
+this society, composed of the most illustrious persons of Paris, and of
+all who were famous at the epoch, that the success of La Felina was
+complete. The great feature of the entertainment was impatiently waited
+for. The concert which the Duchess had announced did not begin, and it
+was growing late. The artistes, it was said, had not yet come, and all
+were as impatient as possible, when an excellent orchestra was heard. A
+few young people, forgetting why they had come, and utterly reckless of
+the opposition they would give rise to, hurried to the great ball-room,
+and whiled away the time _before the concert_ in dancing.
+
+About midnight a report was circulated among the guests that the Duchess
+was fatigued at the reception of so many persons, and the _habitues_
+said that her efforts to make her guests happy had been so great that
+she would not sing, and the entertainment would conclude with a ball.
+Nothing could equal the vexation and anger which appeared on certain
+faces, and which were augmented by the fact that La Felina made no
+apology, but in the kindest terms thanked them for the pleasure she had
+received from them, and which she feared she could not enjoy again for a
+long time, her health demanding the most complete solitude. Thus Felina
+turned a concert into a ball, and forced all Paris to visit her.
+
+The next day the journals said: "Yesterday the Duke and Duchess of Palma
+gave the most magnificent entertainment of the year. The _�lite_ of the
+_faubourg_ Saint-Germain and the capital were assembled, and all retired
+delighted with the reception extended to them by the illustrious
+strangers. The Duke sent ten thousand francs to the poor of his
+arrondissement, to make up a subscription which could not otherwise be
+completed."
+
+A few months after, the Duke was appointed ambassador of Naples to the
+court of France, and in honor of his sovereign's birthday prepared the
+magnificent entertainment which created such disorder in the _faubourg_
+St. Honor�. The new position of the Duke of Palma, his diplomatic
+character, and the rumor of the beauty and elegance of the Duchess had
+silenced all complaints, and all now were anxious to be received at the
+Neapolitan Embassy.
+
+A circumstance, however, of which the world was entirely ignorant, had
+within a few months made an altogether different woman of the Duchess,
+who had previously been gay and happy. An air of sadness reigned over
+her features, and her eyes assumed not unfrequently a wild glare, which
+could be removed only by tears. Some unknown sorrow had made great
+inroads even upon her beauty. Always kind and considerate to the Duke
+and those who surrounded her, she yet seemed to fulfil her requisitions
+of duty alone in complying with the observances of her rank. She seemed
+anxious to seclude herself from the world, and to seek to drown her
+grief in the solitude she had formerly avoided. Whether sorrow had
+assumed too deep an empire over her heart, or from some other cause, all
+were struck at the change so suddenly worked in her moral organization
+and in her beauty. Far, however, from making any opposition to this
+splendid entertainment, or exhibiting any indifference to its
+preparations, all were surprised to see the Duchess devote herself to it
+so fully. Nothing escaped her care; her refined taste neglected nothing
+which could contribute to the brilliancy of the entertainment. The Duke,
+delighted at the apparent revival of the Duchess's taste for the
+pleasures of the world, which she had long disdained, aided her with
+all his power, and spared no expense to gratify her. The invitations
+were numerous, and on this occasion there were no refusals; for the most
+noble persons were anxious to be entertained by the Neapolitan minister.
+The Duke hesitated only in relation to one of the many persons who were
+to be invited. This person was the Count Monte-Leone. The secretary who
+had been directed to prepare the list of persons to be invited had
+according to custom put down his name among the noble and distinguished
+Neapolitans who had called at the embassy of their country in Paris. The
+Duchess saw the list, and said nothing. The Duke hesitated for a long
+time--not that he had the least suspicion of the Duchess's sentiments
+towards Monte-Leone: he had attributed the presence of La Felina at the
+etruscan house to the consequence of an abortive masked-ball pleasantry.
+Besides, at the time of the arrest there were three other men in the
+house, and the ex-minister had almost forgotten the affair. The Count,
+in spite of his acquittal, was known to be an enemy of the government,
+and he doubted if it was proper to receive him at the embassy. One
+consideration alone prevented the Duke from erasing his name from the
+list--it was that the Count would not wish to appear at the embassy, and
+the Duke would thus be spared the necessity of showing any rudeness to
+him. The day came at last. The interior of the hotel was really
+fairy-like, and the rooms on the ground floor joined with the garden
+ball-room presented one of those magical pictures of which poets dream,
+but which men rarely see. The arts, luxury, comfort, opulence, and
+taste, all were united to produce a spectacle, which, lighted by a
+thousand lamps, spoke both to the mind and senses, and recalled one of
+those splendid palaces of _The Thousand and One Nights_, of which we
+have read, but which none will see.
+
+On that day the Duchess seemed to have regained all her dazzling beauty.
+An observer might however have asked if the animation of this lady was
+not derived from a kind of feverish agitation, evident in the brilliancy
+of her eyes and deep red of her lips, rather than from expectation of
+pleasure or joy at the realization of the plans she had marked out for
+herself. Nine o'clock struck when the first guests were introduced. A
+crowd soon followed them, and the most distinguished names were heard in
+the saloons. The Duke d'Harcourt! the Vicompte and Mlle. Marie
+d'Harcourt! the Prince de Maulear! the Marquis and Marquise de Maulear!
+Signor Taddeo Rovero! _Il Conte_ MONTE-LEONE!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CORREGIO, the illustrious painter, is said to have been born and bred,
+and to have lived and died in extreme poverty. It is stated that he came
+to his death at the early age of forty, from the fatigue of carrying
+home a load of halfpence paid for one of his immortal works.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[M] Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by Stringer
+& Townsend, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New-York.
+
+[N] As the conversations in the rest of this book are supposed to be
+sometimes in French and sometimes in English, the translator will render
+the terms of courtesy now by _signor, signora_, and _signorina_, and
+again by _monsieur_, _madame_, and _mademoiselle_.
+
+[O] The Comte d'Artois, afterwards Charles X.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSFORMATION.
+
+BY THE LATE MRS. SHELLEY.
+
+    Forthwith this frame of mine was wrench'd
+      With a woful agony,
+    Which forced me to begin my tale,
+      And then it set me free.
+
+    Since then, at an uncertain hour,
+      That agony returns;
+    And till my ghastly tale is told
+      This heart within me burns.
+
+                  COLERIDGE'S ANCIENT MARINER.
+
+
+I have heard it said, that, when any strange, supernatural, and
+necromantic adventure has occurred to a human being, that being, however
+desirous he may be to conceal the same, feels at certain periods torn
+up, as it were, by an intellectual earthquake, and is forced to bare the
+inner depths of his spirit to another. I am a witness of the truth of
+this. I have dearly sworn to myself never to reveal to human ears the
+horrors to which I once, in excess of fiendly pride, delivered myself
+over. The holy man who heard my confession, and reconciled me to the
+church, is dead. None knows that once--
+
+Why should it not be thus? Why tell a tale of impious tempting of
+Providence, and soul-subduing humiliation? Why? answer me, ye who are
+wise in the secrets of human nature! I only know that so it is; and in
+spite of strong resolves--of a pride that too much masters me--of shame,
+and even of fear, so to render myself odious to my species--I must
+speak.
+
+Genoa! my birthplace--proud city! looking upon the blue waves of the
+Mediterranean sea--dost thou remember me in my boyhood, when thy cliffs
+and promontories, thy bright sky and gay vineyards, were my world? Happy
+time! when to the young heart the narrow-bounded universe, which leaves,
+by its very limitation, free scope to the imagination, enchains our
+physical energies, and, sole period in our lives, innocence and
+enjoyment are united. Yet, who can look back to childhood, and not
+remember its sorrows and its harrowing fears? I was born with the most
+imperious, haughty, tameless spirit, with which ever mortal was gifted.
+I quailed before my father only; and he, generous and noble, but
+capricious and tyrannical, at once fostered and checked the wild
+impetuosity of my character, making obedience necessary, but inspiring
+no respect for the motives which guided his commands. To be a man, free,
+independent; or, in better words, insolent and domineering, was the hope
+and prayer of my rebel heart.
+
+My father had one friend, a wealthy Genoese noble, who, in a political
+tumult, was suddenly sentenced to banishment, and his property
+confiscated. The Marchese Torella went into exile alone. Like my father,
+he was a widower: he had one child, the almost infant Juliet, who was
+left under my father's guardianship. I should certainly have been an
+unkind master to the lovely girl, but that I was forced by my position
+to become her protector. A variety of childish incidents all tended to
+one point,--to make Juliet see in me a rock of refuge; I in her, one,
+who must perish through the soft sensibility of her nature too rudely
+visited, but for my guardian care. We grew up together. The opening rose
+in May was not more sweet than this dear girl. An irradiation of beauty
+was spread over her face. Her form, her step, her voice--my heart weeps
+even now, to think of all of relying, gentle, loving, and pure, that was
+enshrined in that celestial tenement. When I was eleven and Juliet eight
+years of age, a cousin of mine, much older than either--he seemed to us
+a man--took great notice of my playmate; he called her his bride, and
+asked her to marry him. She refused, and he insisted, drawing her
+unwillingly towards him. With the countenance and emotions of a maniac I
+threw myself on him--I strove to draw his sword--I clung to his neck
+with the ferocious resolve to strangle him: he was obliged to call for
+assistance to disengage himself from me. On that night I led Juliet to
+the chapel of our house: I made her touch the sacred relics--I harrowed
+her child's heart, and profaned her child's lips with an oath, that she
+would be mine, and mine only.
+
+Well, those days passed away. Torella returned in a few years, and
+became wealthier and more prosperous than ever. When I was seventeen, my
+father died; he had been magnificent to prodigality; Torella rejoiced
+that my minority would afford an opportunity for repairing my fortunes.
+Juliet and I had been affianced beside my father's deathbed--Torella was
+to be a second parent to me.
+
+I desired to see the world, and I was indulged. I went to Florence, to
+Rome, to Naples; thence I passed to Toulon, and at length reached what
+had long been the bourne of my wishes, Paris. There was wild work in
+Paris then. The poor king, Charles the Sixth, now sane, now mad, now a
+monarch, now an abject slave, was the very mockery of humanity. The
+queen, the dauphin, the Duke of Burgundy, alternately friends and
+foes--now meeting in prodigal feasts, now shedding blood in
+rivalry--were blind to the miserable state of their country, and the
+dangers that impended over it, and gave themselves wholly up to
+dissolute enjoyment or savage strife. My character still followed me. I
+was arrogant and self-willed; I loved display, and above all, I threw
+all control far from me. Who could control me in Paris? My young friends
+were eager to foster passions which furnished them with pleasures. I was
+deemed handsome--I was master of every knightly accomplishment. I was
+disconnected with any political party. I grew a favorite with all: my
+presumption and arrogance was pardoned in one so young; I became a
+spoiled child. Who could control me? not letters and advice of
+Torella--only strong necessity visiting me in the abhorred shape of an
+empty purse. But there were means to refill this void. Acre after acre,
+estate after estate, I sold. My dress, my jewels, my horses and their
+caparisons, were almost unrivalled in gorgeous Paris, while the lands of
+my inheritance passed into possession of others.
+
+The Duke of Orleans was waylaid and murdered by the Duke of Burgundy.
+Fear and terror possessed all Paris. The dauphin and the queen shut
+themselves up; every pleasure was suspended. I grew weary of this state
+of things, and my heart yearned for my boyhood's haunts. I was nearly a
+beggar, yet still I would go there, claim my bride, and rebuild my
+fortunes. A few happy ventures as a merchant would make me rich again.
+Nevertheless, I would not return in humble guise. My last act was to
+dispose of my remaining estate near Albaro for half its worth, for ready
+money. Then I despatched all kinds of artificers, arras, furniture of
+regal splendor, to fit up the last relic of my inheritance, my palace in
+Genoa. I lingered a little longer yet, ashamed at the part of the
+prodigal returned, which I feared I should play. I sent my horses. One
+matchless Spanish jennet I despatched to my promised bride; its
+caparisons flamed with jewels and cloth of gold. In every part I caused
+to be entwined the initials of Juliet and her Guido. My present found
+favor in hers and in her father's eyes.
+
+Still, to return a proclaimed spendthrift, the mark of impertinent
+wonder, perhaps of scorn, and to encounter singly the reproaches or
+taunts of my fellow-citizens, was no alluring prospect. As a shield
+between me and censure, I invited some few of the most reckless of my
+comrades to accompany me; thus I went armed against the world, hiding a
+rankling feeling, half fear and half penitence, by bravado and an
+insolent display of satisfied vanity.
+
+I arrived in Genoa. I trod the pavement of my ancestral palace. My proud
+step was no interpreter of my heart, for I deeply felt that, though
+surrounded by every luxury, I was a beggar. The first step I took in
+claiming Juliet must widely declare me such. I read contempt or pity in
+the looks of all. I fancied, so apt is conscience to imagine what it
+deserves, that rich and poor, young and old, all regarded me with
+derision. Torella came not near me. No wonder that my second father
+should expect a son's deference from me in waiting first on him. But,
+galled and stung by a sense of my follies and demerit, I strove to throw
+the blame on others. We kept nightly orgies in Palazzo Carega. To
+sleepless, riotous nights, followed listless, supine mornings. At the
+Ave Maria we showed our dainty persons in the streets, scoffing at the
+sober citizens, casting insolent glances on the shrinking women. Juliet
+was not among them--no, no; if she had been there, shame would have
+driven me away, if love had not brought me to her feet.
+
+I grew tired of this. Suddenly I paid the Marchese a visit. He was at
+his villa, one among the many which deck the suburb of San Pietro
+d'Arena. It was the month of May--a month of May in that garden of the
+world--the blossoms of the fruit-trees were fading among thick, green
+foliage; the vines were shooting forth; the ground strewed with the
+fallen olive blooms; the firefly was in the myrtle hedge; heaven and
+earth wore a mantle of surpassing beauty. Torella welcomed me kindly,
+though seriously; and even his shade of displeasure soon wore away. Some
+resemblance to my father--some look and tone of youthful ingenuousness,
+lurking still in spite of my misdeeds, softened the good old man's
+heart. He sent for his daughter, he presented me to her as her
+betrothed. The chamber became hallowed by a holy light as she entered.
+Hers was that cherub look, those large, soft eyes, full dimpled cheeks,
+and mouth of infantine sweetness, that expresses the rare union of
+happiness and love. Admiration first possessed me; she is mine! was the
+second proud emotion, and my lips curled with haughty triumph. I had not
+been the _enfant g�t�_ of the beauties of France not to have learnt the
+art of pleasing the soft heart of woman. If towards men I was
+overbearing, the deference I paid to them was the more in contrast. I
+commenced my courtship by the display of a thousand gallantries to
+Juliet, who, vowed to me from infancy, had never admitted the devotion
+of others; and who, though accustomed to expressions of admiration, was
+uninitiated in the language of lovers.
+
+For a few days all went well. Torella never alluded to my extravagance;
+he treated me as a favorite son. But the time came, as we discussed the
+preliminaries to my union with his daughter, when this fair face of
+things should be overcast. A contract had been drawn up in my father's
+lifetime. I had rendered this, in fact, void, by having squandered the
+whole of the wealth which was to have been shared by Juliet and myself.
+Torella, in consequence, chose to consider this bond as cancelled, and
+proposed another, in which, though the wealth he bestowed was
+immeasurably increased, there were so many restrictions as to the mode
+of spending it, that I, who saw independence only in free career being
+given to my own imperious will, taunted him as taking advantage of my
+situation, and refused utterly to subscribe to his conditions. The old
+man mildly strove to recall me to reason. Roused pride became the tyrant
+of my thought: I listened with indignation--I repelled him with disdain.
+
+"Juliet, thou art mine! Did we not interchange vows in our innocent
+childhood? are we not one in the sight of God? and shall thy
+cold-hearted, cold-blooded father divide us? Be generous, my love, be
+just; take not away a gift, last treasure of thy Guido--retract not thy
+vows--let us defy the world, and setting at naught the calculations of
+age, find in our mutual affection a refuge from every ill!"
+
+Fiend I must have been, with such sophistry to endeavor to poison that
+sanctuary of holy thought and tender love. Juliet shrank from me
+affrighted. Her father was the best and kindest of men, and she strove
+to show me how, in obeying him, every good would follow. He would
+receive my tardy submission with warm affection, and generous pardon
+would follow my repentance. Profitless words for a young and gentle
+daughter to use to a man accustomed to make his will law, and to feel in
+his own heart a despot so terrible and stern, that he could yield
+obedience to nought save his own imperious desires! My resentment grew
+with resistance; my wild companions were ready to add fuel to the flame.
+We laid a plan to carry off Juliet. At first it appeared to be crowned
+with success. Midway, on our return, we were overtaken by the agonized
+father and his attendants. A conflict ensued. Before the city guard came
+to decide the victory in favor of our antagonists, two of Torella's
+servitors were dangerously wounded.
+
+This portion of my history weighs most heavily with me. Changed man as I
+am, I abhor myself in the recollection. May none who hear this tale ever
+have felt as I. A horse driven to fury by a rider armed with barbed
+spurs, was not more a slave than I to the violent tyranny of my temper.
+A fiend possessed my soul, irritating it to madness. I felt the voice of
+conscience within me; but if I yielded to it for a brief interval, it
+was only to be a moment after torn, as by a whirlwind, away--borne along
+on the stream of desperate rage--the plaything of the storms engendered
+by pride. I was imprisoned, and, at the instance of Torella, set free.
+Again I returned to carry off both him and his child to France; which
+hapless country, then preyed on by freebooters and gangs of lawless
+soldiery, offered a grateful refuge to a criminal like me. Our plots
+were discovered. I was sentenced to banishment; and as my debts were
+already enormous, my remaining property was put in the hands of
+commissioners for their payment. Torella again offered his mediation,
+requiring only my promise not to renew my abortive attempts on himself
+and his daughter. I spurned his offers, and fancied that I triumphed
+when I was thrust out from Genoa, a solitary and penniless exile. My
+companions were gone: they had been dismissed the city some weeks
+before, and were already in France. I was alone--friendless; with nor
+sword at my side, nor ducat in my purse.
+
+I wandered along the sea-shore, a whirlwind of passion possessing and
+tearing my soul. It was as if a live coal had been set burning in my
+breast. At first I meditated on what _I should do_. I would join a band
+of freebooters. Revenge!--the word seemed balm to me:--I hugged
+it--caressed it--till, like a serpent, it stung me. Then again I would
+abjure and despise Genoa, that little corner of the world. I would
+return to Paris, where so many of my friends swarmed; where my services
+would be eagerly accepted; where I would carve out fortune with my
+sword, and might, through success, make my paltry birthplace, and the
+false Torella, rue the day when they drove me, a new Coriolanus, from
+her walls. I would return to Paris--thus, on foot--a beggar--and present
+myself in my poverty to those I had formerly entertained sumptuously.
+There was gall in the mere thought of it.
+
+The reality of things began to dawn upon my mind, bringing despair in
+its train. For several months I had been a prisoner: the evils of my
+dungeon had whipped my soul to madness, but they had subdued my
+corporeal frame. I was weak and wan. Torella had used a thousand
+artifices to administer to my comfort; I had detected and scorned them
+all--and I reaped the harvest of my obduracy. What was to be
+done?--Should I crouch before my foe, and sue for forgiveness?--Die
+rather ten thousand deaths!--Never should they obtain that victory!
+Hate--I swore eternal hate! Hate from whom?--to whom?--From a wandering
+outcast--to a mighty noble. I and my feelings were nothing to them:
+already had they forgotten one so unworthy. And Juliet!--her angel-face
+and sylph-like form gleamed among the clouds of my despair with vain
+beauty; for I had lost her--the glory and flower of the world! Another
+will call her his!--that smile of paradise will bless another!
+
+Even now my heart fails within me when I recur to this rout of
+grim-visaged ideas. Now subdued almost to tears, now raving in my agony,
+still I wandered along the rocky shore, which grew at each step wilder
+and more desolate. Hanging rocks and hoar precipices overlooked the
+tideless ocean; black caverns yawned; and for ever, among the sea-worn
+recesses, murmured and dashed the unfruitful waters. Now my way was
+almost barred by an abrupt promontory, now rendered nearly impracticable
+by fragments fallen from the cliff. Evening was at hand, when, seaward,
+arose, as if on the waving of a wizard's wand, a murky web of clouds,
+blotting the late azure sky, and darkening and disturbing the till now
+placid deep. The clouds had strange fantastic shapes; and they changed,
+and mingled, and seemed to be driven about by a mighty spell. The waves
+raised their white crests; the thunder first muttered, then roared from
+across the waste of waters, which took a deep purple dye, flecked with
+foam. The spot where I stood, looked, on one side, to the wide-spread
+ocean; on the other, it was barred by a rugged promontory. Round this
+cape suddenly came, driven by the wind, a vessel. In vain the mariners
+tried to force a path for her to the open sea--the gale drove her on the
+rocks. It will perish!--all on board will perish!--would I were among
+them! And to my young heart the idea of death came for the first time
+blended with that of joy. It was an awful sight to behold that vessel
+struggling with her fate. Hardly could I discern the sailors, but I
+heard them. It was soon all over!--A rock, just covered by the tossing
+waves, and so unperceived, lay in wait for its prey. A crash of thunder
+broke over my head at the moment that, with a frightful shock, the skiff
+dashed upon her unseen enemy. In a brief space of time she went to
+pieces. There I stood in safety; and there were my fellow-creatures,
+battling, now hopelessly, with annihilation. Methought I saw them
+struggling--too truly did I hear their shrieks, conquering the barking
+surges in their shrill agony. The dark breakers threw hither and thither
+the fragments of the wreck; soon it disappeared. I had been fascinated
+to gaze till the end: at last I sank on my knees--I covered my face with
+my hands: I again looked up; something was floating on the billows
+towards the shore. It neared and neared. Was that a human form?--it grew
+more distinct; and at last a mighty wave, lifting the whole freight,
+lodged it upon a rock. A human being bestriding a sea-chest!--A human
+being!--Yet was it one? Surely never such had existed before--a
+misshapen dwarf, with squinting eyes, distorted features, and body
+deformed, till it became a horror to behold. My blood, lately warming
+towards a fellow-being so snatched from a watery tomb, froze in my
+heart. The dwarf got off his chest; he tossed his straight, straggling
+hair from his odious visage.
+
+"By St. Beelzebub!" he exclaimed, "I have been well bested." He looked
+round, and saw me, "Oh, by the fiend! here is another ally of the mighty
+one. To what saint did you offer prayers, friend--if not to mine? Yet I
+remember you not on board."
+
+I shrank from the monster and his blasphemy. Again he questioned me, and
+I muttered some inaudible reply. He continued:----
+
+"Your voice is drowned by this dissonant roar. What a noise the big
+ocean makes! Schoolboys bursting from their prison are not louder than
+these waves set free to play. They disturb me. I will no more of their
+ill-timed brawling.--Silence, hoary One!--Winds, avaunt!--to your
+homes!--Clouds, fly to the antipodes, and leave our heaven clear!"
+
+As he spoke, he stretched out his two long lank arms, that looked like
+spiders' claws, and seemed to embrace with them the expanse before him.
+Was it a miracle? The clouds became broken, and fled; the azure sky
+first peeped out, and then was spread a calm field of blue above us; the
+stormy gale was exchanged to the softly breathing west; the sea grew
+calm; the waves dwindled to riplets.
+
+"I like obedience even in these stupid elements," said the dwarf, "How
+much more in the tameless mind of man! It was a well got up storm, you
+must allow--and all of my own making."
+
+It was tempting Providence to interchange talk with this magician. But
+_Power_, in all its shapes, is venerable to man. Awe, curiosity, a
+clinging fascination, drew me towards him.
+
+"Come, don't be frightened, friend," said the wretch: "I am good-humored
+when pleased; and something does please me in your well-proportioned
+body and handsome face, though you look a little woe-begone. You have
+suffered a land--I, a sea wreck. Perhaps I can allay the tempest of your
+fortunes as I did my own. Shall we be friends?"--And he held out his
+hand; I could not touch it. "Well, then, companions--that will do as
+well. And now, while I rest after the buffeting I underwent just now,
+tell me why, young and gallant as you seem, you wander thus alone and
+downcast on this wild sea-shore."
+
+The voice of the wretch was screeching and horrid, and his contortions
+as he spoke were frightful to behold. Yet he did gain a kind of
+influence over me, which I could not master, and I told him my tale.
+When it was ended, he laughed long and loud; the rocks echoed back the
+sound; hell seemed yelling around me.
+
+"Oh, thou cousin of Lucifer!" said he; "so thou too hast fallen through
+thy pride; and, though bright as the son of Morning, thou art ready to
+give up thy good looks, thy bride, and thy well-being, rather than
+submit thee to the tyranny of good. I honor thy choice, by my soul! So
+thou hast fled, and yield the day; and mean to starve on these rocks,
+and to let the birds peck out thy dead eyes, while thy enemy and thy
+betrothed rejoice in thy ruin. Thy pride is strangely akin to humility,
+methinks."
+
+As he spoke, a thousand fanged thoughts stung me to the heart.
+
+"What would you that I should do?" I cried.
+
+"I!--Oh, nothing, but lie down and say your prayers before you die. But,
+were I you, I know the deed that should be done."
+
+I drew near him. His supernatural powers made him an oracle in my eyes;
+yet a strange unearthly thrill quivered through my frame as I
+said--"Speak!--teach me--what act do you advise?"
+
+"Revenge thyself, man!--humble thy enemies!--set thy foot on the old
+man's neck, and possess thyself of his daughter!"
+
+"To the east and west I turn," cried I, "and see no means! Had I gold,
+much could I achieve; but, poor and single, I am powerless."
+
+The dwarf had been seated on his chest as he listened to my story. Now
+he got off; he touched a spring; it flew open!--What a mine of
+wealth--of blazing jewels, beaming gold, and pale silver--was displayed
+therein. A mad desire to possess this treasure was born within me.
+
+"Doubtless," I said, "one so powerful as you could do all things."
+
+"Nay," said the monster, humbly, "I am less omnipotent than I seem. Some
+things I possess which you may covet; but I would give them all for a
+small share, or even for a loan of what is yours."
+
+"My possessions are at your service," I replied, bitterly--"my poverty,
+my exile, my disgrace--I make a free gift of them all."
+
+"Good! I thank you. Add one other thing to your gift, and my treasure is
+yours."
+
+"As nothing is my sole inheritance, what besides nothing would you
+have?"
+
+"Your comely face and well-made limbs."
+
+I shivered. Would this all-powerful monster murder me? I had no dagger.
+I forgot to pray--but I grew pale.
+
+"I ask for a loan, not a gift," said the frightful thing: "lend me your
+body for three days--you shall have mine to cage your soul the while,
+and, in payment, my chest. What say you to the bargain?--Three short
+days."
+
+We are told that it is dangerous to hold unlawful talk; and well do I
+prove the same. Tamely written down, it may seem incredible that I
+should lend any ear to this proposition; but, in spite of his unnatural
+ugliness, there was something fascinating in a being whose voice could
+govern earth, air, and sea. I felt a keen desire to comply; for with
+that chest I could command the world. My only hesitation resulted from a
+fear that he would not be true to his bargain. Then, I thought, I shall
+soon die here on these lonely sands, and the limbs he covets will be
+mine no more:--it is worth the chance. And, besides, I knew that, by all
+the rules of art-magic, there were formula and oaths which none of its
+practisers dared break. I hesitated to reply; and he went on, now
+displaying his wealth, now speaking of the petty price he demanded, till
+it seemed madness to refuse. Thus is it; place our bark in the current
+of the stream, and down, over fall and cataract it is hurried; give up
+our conduct to the wild torrent of passion, and we are away, we know not
+whither.
+
+He swore many an oath, and I adjured him by many a sacred name; till I
+saw this wonder of power, this ruler of the elements, shiver like an
+autumn leaf before my words; and as if the spirit spake unwillingly and
+per force within him, at last, he, with broken voice, revealed the spell
+whereby he might be obliged, did he wish to play me false, to render up
+the unlawful spoil. Our warm life-blood must mingle to make and to mar
+the charm.
+
+Enough of this unholy theme. I was persuaded--the thing was done. The
+morrow dawned upon me as I lay upon the shingles, and I knew not my own
+shadow as it fell from me. I felt myself changed to a shape of horror,
+and cursed my easy faith and blind credulity. The chest was there--there
+the gold and precious stones for which I had sold the frame of flesh
+which nature had given me. The sight a little stilled my emotions; three
+days would soon be gone.
+
+They did pass. The dwarf had supplied me with a plenteous store of food.
+At first I could hardly walk, so strange and out of joint were all my
+limbs; and my voice--it was that of the fiend. But I kept silent, and
+turned my face to the sun, that I might not see my shadow, and counted
+the hours, and ruminated on my future conduct. To bring Torella to my
+feet--to possess my Juliet in spite of him--all this my wealth could
+easily achieve. During dark night I slept, and dreamt of the
+accomplishment of my desires. Two suns had set--the third dawned. I was
+agitated, fearful. Oh, expectation, what a frightful thing art thou,
+when kindled more by fear than hope! How dost thou twist thyself round
+the heart, torturing its pulsations! How dost thou dart unknown pangs
+all through our feeble mechanism, now seeming to shiver us like broken
+glass, to nothingness--now giving us a fresh strength, which can _do_
+nothing, and so torments us by a sensation, such as the strong man must
+feel who cannot break his fetters, though they bend in his grasp. Slowly
+paced the bright, bright orb up the eastern sky; long it lingered in the
+zenith, and still more slowly wandered down the west; it touched the
+horizon's verge--it was lost! Its glories were on the summits of the
+cliff--they grew dun and gray. The evening star shone bright. He will
+soon be here.
+
+He came not!--By the living heavens, he came not!--and night dragged out
+its weary length, and, in its decaying age, "day began to grizzle its
+dark hair;" and the sun rose again on the most miserable wretch that
+ever upbraided its light. Three days thus I passed. The jewels and the
+gold--oh, how I abhorred them!
+
+Well, well--I will not blacken these pages with demoniac ravings. All
+too terrible were the thoughts, the raging tumult of ideas that filled
+my soul. At the end of that time I slept; I had not before since the
+third sunset; and I dreamt that I was at Juliet's feet, and she smiled,
+and then she shrieked--for she saw my transformation--and again she
+smiled, for still her beautiful lover knelt before her. But it was not
+I--it was he, the fiend, arrayed in my limbs, speaking with my voice,
+winning her with my looks of love. I strove to warn her, but my tongue
+refused its office; I strove to tear him from her, but I was rooted to
+the ground--I awoke with the agony. There were the solitary hoar
+precipices--there the plashing sea, the quiet strand, and the blue sky
+over all. What did it mean? was my dream but a mirror of the truth? was
+he wooing and winning my betrothed? I would on the instant back to
+Genoa--but I was banished. I laughed--the dwarfs yell burst from my
+lips--_I_ banished! Oh, no! they had not exiled the foul limbs I wore; I
+might with these enter, without fear of incurring the threatened penalty
+of death, my own, my native city.
+
+I began to walk towards Genoa. I was somewhat accustomed to my distorted
+limbs; none were ever so ill-adapted for a straightforward movement; it
+was with infinite difficulty that I proceeded. Then, too, I desired to
+avoid all the hamlets strewed here and there on the sea-beach, for I was
+unwilling to make a display of my hideousness. I was not quite sure
+that, if seen, the mere boys would not stone me to death as I passed,
+for a monster: some ungentle salutations I did receive from the few
+peasants or fishermen I chanced to meet. But it was dark night before I
+approached Genoa. The weather was so balmy and sweet that it struck me
+that the Marchese and his daughter would very probably have quitted the
+city for their country retreat. It was from Villa Torella that I had
+attempted to carry off Juliet; I had spent many an hour reconnoitring
+the spot, and knew each inch of ground in its vicinity. It was
+beautifully situated, embosomed in trees, on the margin of a stream. As
+I drew near, it became evident that my conjecture was right; nay,
+moreover, that the hours were being then devoted to feasting and
+merriment. For the house was lighted up; strains of soft and gay music
+were wafted towards me by the breeze. My heart sank within me. Such was
+the generous kindness of Torella's heart that I felt sure that he would
+not have indulged in public manifestations of rejoicing just after my
+unfortunate banishment, but for a cause I dared not dwell upon.
+
+The country people were all alive and flocking about; it became
+necessary that I should study to conceal myself; and yet I longed to
+address some one, or to hear others discourse, or in any way to gain
+intelligence of what was really going on. At length, entering the walks
+that were in immediate vicinity to the mansion, I found one dark enough
+to veil my excessive frightfulness; and yet others as well as I were
+loitering in its shade. I soon gathered all I wanted to know--all that
+first made my very heart die with horror, and then boil with
+indignation. To-morrow Juliet was to be given to the penitent, reformed,
+beloved Guido--to-morrow my bride was to pledge her vows to a fiend from
+hell! And I did this!--my accursed pride--my demoniac violence and
+wicked self-idolatry had caused this act. For if I had acted as the
+wretch who had stolen my form had acted--if, with a mien at once
+yielding and dignified, I had presented myself to Torella, saying, I
+have done wrong, forgive me; I am unworthy of your angel-child, but
+permit me to claim her hereafter, when my altered conduct shall manifest
+that I abjure my vices, and endeavor to become in some sort worthy of
+her; I go to serve against the infidels; and when my zeal for religion
+and my true penitence for the past shall appear to you to cancel my
+crimes, permit me again to call myself your son. Thus had he spoken; and
+the penitent was welcomed even as the prodigal son of scripture: the
+fatted calf was killed for him; and he, still pursuing the same path,
+displayed such open-hearted regret for his follies, so humble a
+concession of all his rights, and so ardent a resolve to reacquire them
+by a life of contrition and virtue, that he quickly conquered the kind
+old man; and full pardon, and the gift of his lovely child, followed in
+swift succession.
+
+Oh! had an angel from paradise whispered to me to act thus! But now,
+what would be the innocent Juliet's fate? Would God permit the foul
+union--or, some prodigy destroying it, link the dishonored name of
+Carega with the worst of crimes? To-morrow, at dawn, they were to be
+married: there was but one way to prevent this--to meet mine enemy, and
+to enforce the ratification of our agreement. I felt that this could
+only be done by a mortal struggle. I had no sword--if indeed my
+distorted arms could wield a soldier's weapon--but I had a dagger, and
+in that lay my every hope. There was no time for pondering or balancing
+nicely the question: I might die in the attempt; but besides the burning
+jealousy and despair of my own heart, honor, mere humanity, demanded
+that I should fall rather than not destroy the machinations of the
+fiend.
+
+The guests departed--the lights began to disappear; it was evident that
+the inhabitants of the villa were seeking repose. I hid myself among the
+trees--the garden grew desert--the gates were closed--I wandered round
+and came under a window--ah! well did I know the same!--a soft twilight
+glimmered in the room--the curtains were half withdrawn. It was the
+temple of innocence and beauty. Its magnificence was tempered, as it
+were, by the slight disarrangements occasioned by its being dwelt in,
+and all the objects scattered around displayed the taste of her who
+hallowed it by her presence. I saw her enter with a quick light step--I
+saw her approach the window--she drew back the curtain yet further, and
+looked out into the night. Its breezy freshness played among her
+ringlets, and wafted them from the transparent marble of her brow. She
+clasped her hands, she raised her eyes to heaven. I heard her voice.
+Guido! she softly murmured, Mine own Guido! and then, as if overcome by
+the fulness of her own heart, she sank on her knees:--her upraised
+eyes--her negligent but graceful attitude--the beaming thankfulness that
+lighted up her face--oh, these are tame words! Heart of mine, thou
+imagest ever, though thou canst not portray, the celestial beauty of
+that child of light and love.
+
+I heard a step--a quick firm step along the shady avenue. Soon I saw a
+cavalier, richly dressed, young, and, methought, graceful to look on,
+advance. I hid myself yet closer. The youth approached; he paused
+beneath the window. She arose, and again looking out she saw him, and
+said--I cannot, no, at this distant time I cannot record her terms of
+soft silver tenderness; to me they were spoken, but they were replied to
+by him.
+
+"I will not go," he cried: "here where you have been, where your memory
+glides like some heaven-visiting ghost, I will pass the long hours till
+we meet, never, my Juliet, again, day or night, to part. But do thou, my
+love, retire; the cold morn and fitful breeze will make thy cheek pale,
+and fill with languor thy love-lighted eyes. Ah, sweetest! could I press
+one kiss upon them, I could, methinks, repose."
+
+And then he approached still nearer, and methought he was about to
+clamber into her chamber. I had hesitated, not to terrify her; now I was
+no longer master of myself. I rushed forward--I threw myself on him--I
+tore him away--I cried, "O loathsome and foul-shaped wretch!"
+
+I need not repeat epithets, all tending, as it appeared, to rail at a
+person I at present feel some partiality for. A shriek rose from
+Juliet's lips. I neither heard nor saw--I _felt_ only mine enemy, whose
+throat I grasped, and my dagger's hilt; he struggled, but could not
+escape; at length hoarsely he breathed these words: "Do!--strike home!
+destroy this body--you will still live; may your life be long and
+merry!"
+
+The descending dagger was arrested at the word, and he, feeling my hold
+relax, extricated himself and drew his sword, while the uproar in the
+house, and flying of torches from one room to the other, showed that
+soon we should be separated--and I--oh! far better die; so that he did
+not survive, I cared not. In the midst of my frenzy there was much
+calculation:--fall I might, and so that he did not survive, I cared not
+for the death-blow I might deal against myself. While still, therefore,
+he thought I paused, and while I saw the villanous resolve to take
+advantage of my hesitation, in the sudden thrust he made at me, I threw
+myself on his sword, and at the same moment plunged my dagger, with a
+true desperate aim, in his side. We fell together, rolling over each
+other, and the tide of blood that flowed from the gaping wound of each
+mingled on the grass. More I know not--I fainted.
+
+Again I returned to life: weak almost to death, I found myself stretched
+upon a bed--Juliet was kneeling beside it. Strange! my first broken
+request was for a mirror. I was so wan and ghastly, that my poor girl
+hesitated, as she told me afterwards; but, by the mass! I thought myself
+a right proper youth when I saw the dear reflection of my own well-known
+features. I confess it is a weakness, but I avow it, I do entertain a
+considerable affection for the countenance and limbs I behold, whenever
+I look at a glass; and have more mirrors in my house, and consult them
+oftener than any beauty in Venice. Before you too much condemn me,
+permit me to say that no one better knows than I the value of his own
+body; no one, probably, except myself, ever having had it stolen from
+him.
+
+Incoherently I at first talked of the dwarf and his crimes, and
+reproached Juliet for her too easy admission of his love. She thought me
+raving, as well she might, and yet it was some time before I could
+prevail on myself to admit that the Guido whose penitence had won her
+back for me was myself; and while I cursed bitterly the monstrous dwarf,
+and blest the well-directed blow that had deprived him of life, I
+suddenly checked myself when I heard her say--Amen! knowing that him
+whom she reviled was my very self. A little reflection taught me
+silence--a little practice enabled me to speak of that frightful night
+without any very excessive blunder. The wound I had given myself was no
+mockery of one--it was long before I recovered--and as the benevolent
+and generous Torella sat beside me talking such wisdom as might win
+friends to repentance, and mine own dear Juliet hovered near me,
+administering to my wants, and cheering me by her smiles, the work of my
+bodily cure and mental reform went on together. I have never, indeed,
+wholly, recovered my strength--my cheek is paler since--my person a
+little bent. Juliet sometimes ventures to allude bitterly to the malice
+that caused this change, but I kiss her on the moment, and tell her all
+is for the best. I am a fonder and more faithful husband--and true is
+this--but for that wound, never had I called her mine.
+
+I did not revisit the sea-shore, nor seek for the fiend's treasure; yet,
+while I ponder on the past, I often think, and my confessor was not
+backward in favoring the idea, that it might be a good rather than an
+evil spirit, sent by my guardian angel, to show me the folly and misery
+of pride. So well at least did I learn this lesson, roughly taught as I
+was, that I am known now by all my friends and fellow-citizens by the
+name of Guido il Cortese.
+
+
+
+
+From the North British Review
+
+PHILIP DODDRIDGE, AND SOME OF HIS FRIENDS.
+
+
+In the ornithological gallery of the British Museum is suspended the
+portrait of an extinct lawyer, Sir John Doddridge, the first of the name
+who procured any distinction to his old Devonian family. Persons skilful
+in physiognomy have detected a resemblance betwixt King James's
+solicitor-general and his only famous namesake. But although it is
+difficult to identify the sphery figure of the judge with the slim
+consumptive preacher, and still more difficult to light up with pensive
+benevolence the convivial countenance in which official gravity and
+constitutional gruffiness have only yielded to good cheer; yet, it would
+appear, that for some of his mental features the divine was indebted to
+his learned ancestor. Sir John was a bookworm and a scholar; and for a
+great period of his life a man of mighty industry. His ruling passion
+went with him to the grave; for he chose to be buried in Exeter
+Cathedral, at the threshold of its library. His nephew was the rector of
+Shepperton in Middlesex; but at the Restoration, as he kept a
+conscience, he lost his living. In the troubles of the Civil War, the
+judge's estate of two thousand a year had also been lost out of the
+family, and the ejected minister was glad to rear his son as a London
+apprentice, who became, on the twenty-sixth of June, 1702, the father of
+Philip Doddridge.
+
+The child's first lessons were out of a pictorial Bible, occasionally
+found in the old houses of England and Holland. The chimney of the room
+where he and his mother usually sat, was adorned with a series of Dutch
+tiles, representing the chief events of scriptural story. In bright
+blue, on a ground of glistering white, were represented the serpent in
+the tree, Adam delving outside the gate of Paradise, Noah building his
+great ship, Elisha'a bears devouring the naughty children, and all the
+outstanding incidents of holy writ. And when the frost made the fire
+burn clear, and little Philip was snug in the arm-chair beside his
+mother, it was endless joy to hear the stories that lurked in the
+painted porcelain. That mother could not foresee the outgoings of her
+early lesson; but when the tiny boy had become a famous divine, and was
+publishing his Family Expositor, he could not forget the nursery Bible
+in the chimney tiles. At ten years of age he was sent to the school at
+Kingston, which his grandfather Baumann had taught long ago; and here
+his sweet disposition, and alacrity for learning drew much love around
+him--a love which he soon inspired in the school at St. Albans, whither
+his father subsequently removed him. But whilst busy there with his
+Greek and Latin, his heart was sorely wrung by the successive tidings of
+the death of either parent. His father was willing to indulge a wish he
+had now begun to cherish, and had left money enough to enable the young
+student to complete his preparations for the Christian ministry. Of this
+provision a self-constituted guardian got hold, and embarked it in his
+own sinking business. His failure soon followed, and ingulfed the little
+fortune of his ward; and, as the hereditary plate of the thrifty
+householders was sold along with the bankrupt's effects, if he had ever
+felt the pride of being born with a silver spoon in his mouth, the poor
+scholar must have felt some pathos in seeing both spoon and tankard in
+the broker's inventory.
+
+A securer heritage, however, than parental savings, is parental faith
+and piety. Daniel Doddridge and his wife had sought for their child
+first of all the kingdom of heaven, and God gave it now. Under the
+ministry of Rev. Samuel Clarke of St. Alban's, his mind had become more
+and more impressed with the beauty of holiness, and the blessedness of a
+religious life; and, on the other hand, that kind-hearted pastor took a
+deepening interest in his amiable and intelligent orphan hearer. Finding
+that he had declined the generous offer of the Duchess of Bedford, to
+maintain him at either University, provided he would enter the
+established church, Dr. Clarke applied to his own and his father's
+friends, and procured a sufficient sum to send him to a dissenting
+academy at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, then conducted by an able tutor,
+whose work on Jewish antiquities still retains considerable value--the
+Rev. David Jennings.
+
+To trace Philip Doddridge's early career would be a labor of some
+amusement and much instruction. And we are not without abundant
+materials. No man is responsible for his remote descendants. Sir John
+Doddridge, judge of the Court of King's Bench, would have blushed to
+think that his great-grandnephew was to be a Puritan preacher. With more
+reason might Dr. Doddridge have blushed to think that his great-grandson
+was to be a coxcomb. But so it has proved. Twenty years ago Mr. John
+Doddridge Humphreys gave to the world five octavos of his ancestor's
+correspondence, which, on the whole, we deem the most eminent instance,
+in modern times, of editorial incompetency. But the book contains many
+curiosities to reward the dust-sifting historian. And were it not our
+object to hasten on and sketch the ministerial model to which our last
+number alluded, we could cheerfully halt for half an hour, and entertain
+our readers and ourselves with the sweepings of Dr. Doddridge's Kibworth
+study.
+
+Suffice it to say that the prot�g� of the good Dr. Clarke rewarded his
+patron's kindness. His classical attainments were far above the usual
+University standard, and he read with avidity the English philosophers
+from Bacon down to Shaftesbury. He early exhibited that hopeful
+propensity--the noble avarice of books. In his first half-yearly account
+of nine pounds are entries for "King's Inquiry," and an interleaved New
+Testament; and a guinea presented by a rich fellow-student, is invested
+in "Scott's Christian Life." Nor was he less diligent in perusing the
+stores of the Academy Library. In six months we find him reading sixty
+volumes; and some of them as solid as Patrick's Exposition and
+Tillotson's Sermons. With such avidity for information, professional and
+miscellaneous, and with a style which was always elastic and easy, and
+with brilliant talent constantly gleaming over the surface of unruffled
+temper and warm affections, it is not wonderful that his friends hoped
+and desired for him high distinction; but it evinces unusual and
+precocious attainments, that, when he had scarcely reached majority, he
+should have been invited to succeed Mr. Jennings as pastor at Kibworth,
+and that whilst still a young man he should have been urged by his
+ministerial brethren to combine with his pastorate the responsible
+duties of a college tutor....
+
+From such a catastrophe the hand of God saved Philip Doddridge. In 1729
+he was removed to Northampton, and from that period may be dated the
+consolidation of his character, and the commencement of a new and noble
+career. The anguish of spirit occasioned by parting with a much-loved
+people, and the solemn consciousness of entering on a more arduous
+sphere, both tended to make him thoughtful, and that thoughtfulness was
+deepened by a dangerous sickness. Nor in this sobering discipline must
+we leave out of view one painful but salutary element--a mortified
+affection. Mr. Doddridge had been living as a boarder in the house of
+his predecessor's widow, and her only child--the little girl whom he had
+found amusement in teaching an occasional lesson, was now nearly grown
+up, and had grown up so brilliant and engaging, that the soft heart of
+the tutor was terribly smitten. The charms of Clio and Sabrina, and
+every former flame, were merged in the rising glories of Clarinda--as by
+a classical apotheosis Miss Kitty was now known to his entranced
+imagination; and in every vision of future enjoyment Clarinda was the
+beatific angel. But when he decided in favor of Northampton, Miss
+Jennings showed a will of her own, and absolutely refused to go with
+him. To the romantic lover the disappointment was all the more severe,
+because he had made so sure of the young lady's affection; nor was it
+mitigated by the mode in which Miss Jennings conveyed her declinature.
+However, her scorn, if not an excellent oil, was a very good eyesalve.
+It disenchanted her admirer, and made him wonder how a reverend divine
+could ever fancy a spoiled child, who had scarcely matured into a
+petulant girl. And as the mirage melted, and Clarinda again resolved
+into Kitty, other realities began to show themselves in a sedater and
+truer light to the awakened dreamer. As an excuse for an attachment at
+which Doddridge himself soon learned to smile, it is fair to add that
+love was in this instance prophetic. Clarinda turned out a remarkable
+woman. She married an eminent dissenting minister, and became the mother
+of Dr. John Aiken and Mrs. Barbauld, and in her granddaughter, Lucy
+Aiken, her matrimonial name still survives; so that the curious in such
+matters may speculate how far the instructions of Doddridge contributed
+to produce the "Universal Biography," "Evenings at Home," and "Memoirs
+of the Courts of the Stuarts."
+
+His biographers do not mark it, but his arrival at Northampton is the
+real date of Doddridge's memorable ministry. He then woke up to the full
+import of his high calling, and never went to sleep again. The sickness,
+the wounded spirit, the altered scene, and we may add seclusion from the
+society of formal religionists, had each its wholesome influence; and,
+finding how much was required of him as a pastor and a tutor, he set to
+work with the concentration and energy of a startled man, and the first
+true rest he took was twenty years after, when he turned aside to die.
+
+Glorying in such names as Goodwin, and Charnock, and Owen, it was the
+ambition of the early Nonconformists of England to perpetuate among
+themselves a learned ministry. But the stern exclusiveness of the
+English Universities rendered the attainment of this object very
+difficult. It may be questioned whether it is right in any established
+church to inflict ignorance as a punishment on those dissenting from it.
+If intended as a vindictive visitation, it is a very fearful one, and
+reminds us painfully of those tyrants who used to extinguish the eyes of
+rebellious subjects. And if designed as a reformatory process, we
+question its efficiency. The zero of ignorance is unbelief, and its
+_minus_ scale marks errors. You cannot make dissenters so ignorant
+thereby to make them Christians; and, even though you made them savages,
+they might still remain seceders. However, this was the policy of the
+English establishment in the days of Doddridge. By withholding education
+from dissenters, they sought either to reclaim them, or to be revenged
+upon them; and had this policy succeeded, the dissenting pulpits would
+soon have been filled with fanatics, and the pews with superstitious
+sectaries. But, much to their honor, the Nonconformists taxed themselves
+heavily in order to procure elsewhere the light which Oxford and
+Cambridge refused. Academies were opened in various places, and, among
+others selected for the office of tutor, his talents recommended Mr.
+Doddridge. A large house was taken in the town of Northampton, and the
+business of instruction had begun, when Dr. Reynolds, the diocesan
+chancellor, instituted a prosecution, in the ecclesiastical courts, on
+the ground that the Academy was not licensed by the bishop. The affair
+gave Dr. Doddridge much trouble, but he had a powerful friend in the
+Earl of Halifax. That nobleman represented the matter to King George the
+Second, and conformably to his own declaration, "That in his reign there
+should be no persecution for conscience' sake," his majesty sent a
+message to Dr. Reynolds, which put an end to the process.
+
+Freed from this peril, the institution advanced in a career of
+uninterrupted prosperity. Not only was it the resort of aspirants to the
+dissenting ministry, but wealthy dissenters were glad to secure its
+advantages for sons whom they were training to business or to the
+learned professions. And latterly, attracted by the reputation of its
+head, pupils came from Scotland and from Holland; and, in one case at
+least, we find a clergyman of the Church of England selecting it as the
+best seminary for a son whom he designed for the established ministry.
+Among our own compatriots educated there, we find the names of the Earl
+of Dunmore, Ferguson of Kilkerran, Professor Gilbert Robinson, and
+another Edinburgh professor, James Robertson, famous in the annals of
+his Hebrew-loving family.
+
+With an average attendance of forty young men, mostly residing under his
+own roof, this Academy would have furnished abundant occupation to any
+ordinary teacher; and although usually relieved of elementary drudgery
+by his assistant, the main burden of instruction fell on Doddridge
+himself. He taught algebra, geometry, natural philosophy, geography,
+logic, and metaphysics. He prelected on the Greek and Latin classics,
+and at morning worship the Bible was read in Hebrew. Such of his pupils
+as desired it were initiated in French; and besides an extensive course
+of Jewish Antiquities and Church History, they were carried through a
+history of philosophy on the basis of Budd�us. To all of which must be
+added the main staple of the curriculum, a series of two hundred and
+fifty theological lectures, arranged, like Stapfer's, on the
+demonstrative principle, and each proposition following its predecessor
+with a sort of mathematical precision. Enormous as was the labor of
+preparing so many systems, and arranging anew materials so multifarious,
+it was still a labor of love. A clear and easy apprehension enabled him
+to amass knowledge with a rapidity which few have ever rivalled, and a
+constitutional orderliness of mind rendered him perpetual master of all
+his acquisitions; and, like most _millionaires_ in the world of
+knowledge, his avidity of acquirement was accompanied by an equal
+delight in imparting his treasures. When the essential ingredients of
+his course were completed, he relieved his memory of its redundant
+stores, by giving lectures on rhetoric and belles-lettres, on the
+microscope, and on the anatomy of the human frame; and there is one
+feature of his method which we would especially commemorate, as we fear
+that it still remains an original without a copy. Sometimes he conducted
+the students into the library, and gave a lecture on its contents. Going
+over it case by case, and row by row, he pointed out the most important
+authors, and indicated their characteristic excellences, and fixed the
+mental association by striking or amusing anecdotes. Would not such
+bibliographical lectures be a boon to all our students? To them a large
+library is often a labyrinth without a clue--a mighty maze--a dusty
+chaos. And might not the learned keepers of our great collections give
+lectures which would at once be entertaining and edifying on those
+rarities, printed and manuscript, of which they are the favored
+guardians, but of which their shelves are in the fair way to become not
+the dormitory alone, but the sepulchre? Nor was it to the mere
+intellectual culture of his pupils that Dr. Doddridge directed his
+labors. His academy was a church within a church; and not content with
+the ministrations which its members shared in common with his stated
+congregation, this indefatigable man took the pains to prepare and
+preach many occasional sermons to the students. These, and his formal
+addresses, as well as his personal interviews, had such an effect, that
+out of the two hundred young men who came under his instructions,
+seventy made their first public profession of Christianity during their
+sojourn at Northampton....
+
+Whilst in labors for his students and his people thus abundant,
+Doddridge was secretly engaged on a task which he intended for the
+Church at large. Ever since his first initiation into the Bible story,
+as he studied the Dutch tiles on his mother's knee, that book had been
+the nucleus round which all his vast reading and information revolved
+and arranged itself; and he early formed the purpose of doing something
+effectual for its illustration. Element by element the plan of the
+"Family Expositor" evolved, and he set to work on a New Testament
+Commentary, which should at once instruct the uninformed, edify the
+devout, and facilitate the studies of the learned. Happy is the man who
+has a "magnum opus" on hand! Be it an "Excursion" poem, or a Southey's
+"Portugal," or a Neandrine "Church History,"--to the fond projector
+there is no end of congenial occupation, and, provided he never
+completes it, there will be no break in the blissful illusion. Whenever
+he walks abroad, he picks up some dainty herb for his growthful Pegasus;
+or, we should rather say, some new bricks for his posthumous pyramid.
+And wherever he goes he is flattered by perceiving that his book is the
+very desideratum for which the world is unwittingly waiting; and in his
+sleeve he smiles benevolently to think how happy mankind will be as soon
+as he vouchsafes his epic or his story. It is delightful to us to think
+of all the joys with which, for twenty years, that Expositor filled the
+dear mind of Dr. Doddridge; how one felicitous rendering was suggested
+after another; how a bright solution of a textual difficulty would rouse
+him an hour before his usual, and set the study fire a blazing at four
+o'clock of a winter's morning; and then how beautiful the first quarto
+looked as it arrived with its laid sheets and snowy margins! We see him
+setting out to spend a week's holiday at St. Albans, or with the
+Honorable Mrs. Scawen at Maidwell, and packing the "apparatus criticus"
+into the spacious saddle-bags; and we enjoy the prelibation with which
+Dr. Clarke and a few cherished friends are favored. We sympathize in his
+dismay when word arrives that Dr. Guyse has forestalled his design, and
+we are comforted when the doctor's chariot lumbers on, and no longer
+stops the way. We are even glad at the appalling accident which set on
+fire the manuscript of the concluding volume, charring its edges, and
+bathing it all in molten wax: for we know how exulting would be the
+thanks for its deliverance. We can even fancy the pious hope dawning in
+the writer's mind, that it might prove a blessing to the princess to
+whom it was inscribed; and we can excuse him if, with bashful
+disallowance, he still believed the fervid praises of Fordyce and
+Warburton, or tried to extract an atom of intelligent commendation from
+the stately compliments of bishops. But far be it from us to insinuate
+that the chief value of the Expositor was the pleasure with which it
+supplied the author. If not so minutely erudite as some later works
+which have profited by German research, its learning is still sufficient
+to shed honor on the writer, and, on a community debarred from colleges;
+and there must be original thinking in a book which is by some regarded
+as the source of Paley's "Hor� Paulin�." But, next to its Practical
+Observations, its chief excellence is its Paraphrase. There the sense of
+the sacred writers is rescued from the haze of too familiar words, and
+is transfused into language not only fresh and expressive, but congenial
+and devout; and whilst difficulties are fairly and earnestly dealt with,
+instead of a dry grammarian or a one-sided polemic, the reader
+constantly feels that he is in the company of a saint and a scholar. And
+although we could name interpreters more profound, and analysts more
+subtle, we know not any who has proceeded through the whole New
+Testament with so much candor, or who has brought to its elucidation
+truer taste and holier feeling. He lived to complete the manuscript, and
+to see three volumes published. He was cheered to witness its acceptance
+with all the churches; and to those who love his memory, it is a welcome
+thought to think in how many myriads of closets and family circles its
+author when dead has spoken. And as his death in a foreign land
+forfeited the insurance by which he had somewhat provided for his
+family, we confess to a certain comfort in knowing that the loss was
+replaced by this literary legacy. But the great source of complacency
+is, that He to whom the work was consecrated had a favor for it, and has
+given it the greatest honor that a human book can have--making it
+extensively the means of explaining and endearing the book of God.
+
+Whilst this great undertaking was slowly advancing, the author was from
+time to time induced to give to the world a sermon or a practical
+treatise. Several of these maintain a considerable circulation down to
+the present day; but of them all the most permanent and precious is "The
+Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul." The publication of this work
+was urged upon him by Dr. Isaac Watts, with whom it had long been a
+cherished project to prepare a manual which should contain within itself
+a complete course of practical piety, from the first dawn of earnest
+thought to the full development of Christian character, But when
+exhaustion and decay admonished Dr. Watts that his work was done, he
+transferred to his like-minded friend his favorite scheme; and, sorely
+begrudging the interruption of his Commentary, Doddridge compiled this
+volume. It is not faultless. A more predominant exhibition of the Gospel
+remedy would have been more apostolic; and it would have prevented an
+evil which some have experienced in reading it, who have entangled
+themselves in its technical details, and who, in their anxiety to keep
+the track of the Rise and Progress, have forgotten that after all the
+grand object is to reach the Cross. But, with every reasonable
+abatement, it is the best book of the eighteenth century; and, tried by
+the test of usefulness, we doubt if its equal has since appeared.
+Rendered into the leading languages of Europe, it has been read by few
+without impression, and in the case of vast numbers that impression has
+been enduring. What adds greatly to its importance, and to the reward of
+its glorified writer--many of those whom it has impressed were master
+minds, and destined in their turn to be the means of impressing others.
+As in the instance of Wilberforce, this little book was to be in their
+minds the germ of other influential books, or of sermons; and, like the
+lamp at which many torches and tapers are lighted, none can tell how far
+its rays have travelled in the persons and labors of those whose
+Christianity it first enkindled.
+
+But what was the secret of Dr. Doddridge's great success? He had not the
+rhetoric of Bates, the imagination of Bunyan, nor the massive theology
+of Owen; and yet his preaching and his publications were as useful as
+theirs. So far as we can find it out, let us briefly indicate where his
+great strength lay.
+
+As already hinted, we attach considerable importance to his clear and
+orderly mind. He was an excellent teacher. At a glance he saw every
+thing which could simplify his subject, and he had self-denial
+sufficient to forego those good things which would only encumber it.
+Hence, like his college lectures, his sermons were continuous and
+straightforward, and his hearers had the comfort of accompanying him to
+a goal which they and he constantly kept in view. It was his plan not
+only to divide his discourses, but to enunciate the divisions again and
+again, till they were fully imprinted on the memory; and although such a
+method would impart a fatal stiffness to many compositions, in his
+manipulation it only added clearness to his meaning, and precision to
+his proofs. Dr. Doddridge's was not the simplicity of happy
+illustration. In his writings you meet few of those apt allusions which
+play over every line of Bunyan, like the slant beams of evening on the
+winking lids of the ocean; nor can you gather out of his writings such
+anecdotes as, like garnet in some Highland mountain, sparkle in every
+page of Brooks and Flavel. Nor was it the simplicity of homely language.
+It was not the terse and self-commending Saxon, of which Latimer in one
+age, and Swift in another, and Cobbett in our own, have been the mighty
+masters, and through it the masters of their English fellows. But it was
+the simplicity of clear conception and orderly arrangement. A text or
+topic may be compared to a goodly apartment still empty; and which will
+be very differently garnished according as you move into it piece by
+piece the furniture from a similar chamber, or pour in pell-mell the
+contents of a lumber attic. Most minds can appreciate order, and to the
+majority of hearers it is a greater treat than ministers always imagine,
+to get some obscure matter made plain, or some confused subject cleared
+up. With this treat Doddridge's readers and hearers were constantly
+indulged. Whether they were things new or old, from the orderly
+compartments of his memory he fetched the argument or the quotation
+which the moment wanted. He knew his own mind, and told it in his own
+way, and was always natural, arresting, instructive. And even if, in
+giving them forth, they should cancel the ticket-marks--the numerals by
+which they identify and arrange their own materials, authors and orators
+who wish to convince and to edify must strive in the first place to be
+orderly. To this must be added a certain pathetic affectionateness, by
+which all his productions are pervaded.
+
+Leaving the tutor, the pastor, the author, it is time that we return to
+the man; and might we draw a full-length portrait, our readers would
+share our affection. That may not be, and therefore we shall only
+indicate a few features. His industry, as has been inferred, was
+enormous; in the end it became an excess, and crushed a feeble
+constitution into an early grave. His letters alone were an extensive
+authorship. With such friends as Bishop Warburton and Archbishop Secker,
+with Isaac Watts and Nathaniel Lardner, with his spiritual father, the
+venerable Clarke, and with his fervent and tender-hearted brother,
+Barker, it was worth while to maintain a frequent correspondence; but
+many of his epistolizers had little right to tax a man like Doddridge.
+Those were the cruel days of dear posts and "private opportunities;" and
+a letter needed to contain matter enough to fill a little pamphlet; and
+when some cosy country clergyman, who could sleep twelve hours in the
+twenty-four, or some self-contained dowager, who had no charge but her
+maid and her lap-dog, insisted on long missives from the busiest and
+greatest of their friends, they forgot that a sermon had to be laid
+aside, or a chapter of the Exposition suspended in their favor; or that
+a man, who had seldom leisure to talk to his children, must sit up an
+extra hour to talk to them. And yet, amidst the pressure of overwhelming
+toil, his vivacity seldom flagged, and his politeness never. Perhaps the
+severest thing he ever said was an impromptu on a shallow-pated student
+who was unfolding a scheme for flying to the moon:--
+
+    And will Volatio leave this world so soon,
+    To fly to his own native seat, the moon?
+    'Twill stand, however, in some little stead,
+    That he sets out with such an empty head.
+
+But his wit was usually as mild as his dispositions; and it was seldom
+that he answered a fool according to his folly. His very essence was his
+kindness and charity; and one of the worst faults laid to his charge is
+a perilous sort of catholicity. The dissenters never liked his dealings
+with the Church of England; and both Episcopalians and Presbyterians
+have regretted his intimacy with avowed or suspected Arians. Bishop
+Warburton reproached him for editing Hervey's Meditations, and Nathaniel
+Neal warned him of the contempt he was incurring amongst many by
+associating with "honest crazy Whitefield;" whilst the "rational
+dissenters," represented by Dr. Kippis, have regretted that his superior
+intelligence was never cast into the Socinian scale. Judging from his
+early letters, this latter consummation was at one time far from
+unlikely; but the older and more earnest he grew, the more definite
+became his creed, and the more intense his affinity for spiritual
+Christianity. In ecclesiastical polity he never was a partisan, and for
+piety his attraction was always more powerful than for mere theology.
+But in that essential element of vital Christianity, a profound and
+adoring attachment to the Saviour of men, the orthodoxy of Doddridge was
+never gainsaid. Had any one intercepted a packet of his letters, and
+found one addressed to Whitefield and another to Wesley; one to the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and another to Dr. Webster of Edinburgh; one to
+Henry Baker, F.R.S., describing a five-legged limb and similar
+prodigies; and another to the Countess of Huntingdon or Joseph Williams,
+the Kidderminster manufacturer, on some rare phasis of spiritual
+experience; he might have been at a loss to devise a sufficient theory
+for such a miscellaneous man. And yet he had a theory. As he writes to
+his wife, "I do not merely talk of it, but I feel it at my heart, that
+the only important end of life, and the greatest happiness to be
+expected in it, consists in seeking in all things to please God,
+attempting all the good we can." And from the post-office could the
+querist have returned to the great house at the top of the town, and
+spent a day in the study, the parlor, and the lecture-room, he would
+have found that after all there was a true unity amidst these several
+forthgoings. Like Northampton itself, which marches with more counties
+than any other shire in England, his tastes were various and his heart
+was large, and consequently his borderline was long. And yet Northampton
+has a surface and a solid content, as well as a circumference; and
+amidst all his complaisance and all his versatility, Doddridge had a
+mind and a calling of his own.
+
+The heart of Doddridge was just recovering from the wound which the
+faithless Kitty had inflicted, when he formed the acquaintance of Mercy
+Maris. Come of gentle blood, her dark eyes and raven hair and brunette
+complexion were true to their Norman pedigree; and her refined and
+vivacious mind was only too well betokened in the mantling cheek, and
+the brilliant expression, and the light movements of a delicate and
+sensitive frame. When one so fascinating was good and gifted besides,
+what wonder that Doddridge fell in love? and what wonder that he deemed
+the twenty-second of December (1730) the brightest of days, when it gave
+him such a help-meet? Neither of them had ever cause to rue it; and it
+is fine to read the correspondence which passed between them, showing
+them youthful lovers to the last. When away from home the good doctor
+had to write constantly to apprise Mercy that he was still "pure well;"
+and in these epistles he records with Pepysian minuteness every incident
+which was likely to be important at home; how Mr. Scawen had taken him
+to see the House of Commons, and how Lady Abney carried him out in her
+coach to Newington; how soon his wrist-bands got soiled in the smoke of
+London, and how his horse had fallen into Mr. Coward's well at
+Walthamstow; and how he had gone a fishing "with extraordinary success,
+for he had pulled a minnow out of the water, though it made shift to get
+away." They also contain sundry consultations and references on the
+subject of fans and damasks, white and blue. And from one of them we are
+comforted to find that the Northampton carrier was conveying a
+"harlequin dog" as a present from Kitty's husband to the wife of Kitty's
+old admirer--showing, as is abundantly evinced in other ways, how good
+an after-crop of friendship may grow on the stubble fields where love
+was long since shorn. But our pages are not worthy that we should
+transfer into them the better things with which these letters abound.
+Nor must we stop to sketch the domestic group which soon gathered round
+the paternal table--the son and three daughters who were destined, along
+with their mother, to survive for nearly half a century their bright
+Northampton home, and, along with the fond father's image, to recall his
+first and darling child--the little Tetsy whom "every body loved,
+because Tetsy loved every body."
+
+
+SIR JAMES STONEHOUSE.
+
+The family physician was Dr. Stonehouse. He had come to Northampton an
+infidel, and had written an attack on the Christian evidence, which was
+sufficiently clever to run through three editions, when the perusal of
+Dr. Doddridge's "Christianity Founded on Argument" revolutionized all
+his opinions. He not only retracted his skeptical publication, but
+became an ornament to the faith which once he destroyed. To the liberal
+mind of Doddridge it was no mortification, at least he never showed it,
+that his son in the faith preferred the Church of England, and waited on
+another ministry. The pious and accomplished physician became more and
+more the bosom friend of the magnanimous and unselfish divine, and, in
+conjunction, they planned and executed many works of usefulness, of
+which the greatest was the Northampton Infirmary. At last Dr. Stonehouse
+exchanged his profession for the Christian ministry, and became the
+rector of Great and Little Cheverell, in Wiltshire. Belonging to a good
+family, and possessing superior powers, his preaching attracted many
+hearers in his own domain of Bath and Bristol, and, like his once
+popular publications, was productive of much good. He used to tell two
+lessons of elocution which he had one day received from Garrick, at the
+close of the service. "What particular business had you to do to-day
+when the duty was over?" asked the actor. "None." "Why," said Garrick,
+"I thought you must from the hurry in which you entered the desk.
+Nothing can be more indecent than to see a clergyman set about sacred
+service as if he were a tradesman, and wanted to get through it as soon
+as possible. But what books might those be which you had in the desk
+before you?" "Only the Bible and Prayer-Book," replied the preacher.
+"_Only_ the Bible and Prayer-Book," rejoined the player. "Why, you
+tossed them about, and turned the leaves as carelessly as if they were a
+day-book and ledger." And by the reproof of the British Roscius the
+doctor greatly profited; for, even among the pump-room exquisites, he
+was admired for the perfect grace and propriety of his pulpit manner.
+Perhaps he studied it too carefully, at least he studied it till he
+became aware of it, and talked too much about it. His old age was rather
+egotistical. He had become rich and a baronet, and, as the friend of
+Hannah More, a star in the constellation "Virgo." And he loved to
+transcribe the laudatory notes in which dignitaries acknowledged
+presentation copies of his three-penny tracts. And he gave forth oracles
+which would have been more impressive had they been less querulous. But
+with all these foibles, Sir James was a man of undoubted piety, and it
+may well excuse a little communicativeness when we remember that of the
+generation he had served so well, few survived to speak his praise. At
+all events, there was one benefactor whom he never forgot; and the
+chirrup of the old Cicada softened into something very soft and tender
+every time he mentioned the name of Doddridge.
+
+
+COLONEL GARDINER.
+
+Amongst the visitors at their father's house, at first to the children
+more formidable than the doctor, and by and by the most revered all, was
+a Scotch cavalry officer. With his Hessian boots, and their tremendous
+spurs, sustaining the grandeur of his scarlet coat and powdered queue,
+there was something to youthful imaginations very awful in the tall and
+stately hussar; and that awe was nowise abated when they got courage to
+look on his high forehead which overhung gray eyes and weather-beaten
+cheeks, and when they marked his firm and dauntless air. And then it was
+terrible to think how many battles he had fought, and how in one of them
+a bullet had gone quite through his neck, and he had lain a whole night
+among the slain. But there was a deeper mystery still. He had been a
+very bad man once, it would appear, and now he was very good; and he had
+seen a vision; and altogether, with his strong Scotch voice, and his
+sword, and his wonderful story, the most solemn visitant was this grave
+and lofty soldier. But they saw how their father loved him, and they saw
+how he loved their father. As he sat so erect in the square corner-seat
+of the chapel, they could notice how his stern look would soften, and
+how his firm lip would quiver, and how a happy tear would roll down his
+deep-lined face; and they heard him as he sang so joyfully the closing
+hymn, and they came to feel that the colonel must indeed be very good.
+At last, after a long absence, he came to see their father, and staid
+three days, and he was looking very sick and very old. And the last
+night, before he went away their father preached a sermon in the house,
+and his text was, "I will be with him in trouble; I will deliver him and
+honour him." And the colonel went away, and their father went with him,
+and gave him a long convoy; and many letters went and came. But at last
+there was war in Scotland. There was a rebellion, and there were
+battles; and then the gloomy news arrived. There had been a battle close
+to the very house of Bankton, and the king's soldiers had run away, and
+the brave Colonel Gardiner would not run, but fought to the very last,
+and alas for the Lady Frances!--he was stricken down and slain, scarce a
+mile from his own mansion door.
+
+
+JAMES HERVEY.
+
+Near Northampton stands the little parish church of Weston Favel. Its
+young minister was one of Doddridge's dearest friends. He was a tall and
+spectral-looking man, dying daily; and, like so many in that district,
+was a debtor to his distinguished neighbor. After he became minister of
+his hereditary parish, and when he was preaching with more earnestness
+than light, he was one day acting on a favorite medical prescription of
+that period, and accompanying a ploughman along the furrow in order to
+smell the fresh earth. The ploughman was a pious man, and attended the
+Castle-Hill Meeting; and the young parish minister asked him, "What do
+you think the hardest thing in religion?" The ploughman respectfully
+returned the question, excusing himself, as an ignorant man; and the
+minister said, "I think the hardest thing in religion is to deny sinful
+self;" and, expatiating some time on its difficulties, asked if any
+thing could be harder? "No, sir, except it be to deny righteous self."
+At the moment the minister thought his parishioner a strange fellow, or
+a fool; but he never forgot the answer, and was soon a convert to the
+ploughman's creed. James Hervey had a mind of uncommon gorgeousness. His
+thoughts all marched to a stately music, and were arrayed in the richest
+superlatives. Nor was it affectation. It was the necessity of his ideal
+nature, and was a merciful compensation for his scanty powers of outward
+enjoyment. As he sat in his little parlor watching the saucepan, in
+which his dinner of gruel was simmering, and filled up the moments with
+his microscope, or a page of the Astro-Theology, in his tour of the
+universe he soon forgot the pains and miseries of his corporeal
+residence. To him "Nature was Christian;" and after his own soul had
+drunk in all the joy of the Gospel, it became his favorite employment to
+read in the fields and the firmament. One product of these researches
+was his famous "Meditations." They were in fact a sort of Astro and
+Physico-Evangelism, and, as their popularity was amazing, they must have
+contributed extensively to the cause of Christianity. They were followed
+by "Theron and Aspasio"--a series of Dialogues and Letters on the most
+important points of personal religion, in which, after the example of
+Cicero, solid instruction is conveyed amidst the charms of landscape,
+and the amenities of friendly intercourse. This latter work is
+memorable as one of the first attempts to popularize systematic
+divinity; and it should undeceive those who deem dulness the test of
+truth, when they find the theology of Vitringa and Witsius enshrined in
+one of our finest prose poems. It was hailed with especial rapture by
+the Seceders of Scotland, who recognized "the Marrow" in this lordly
+dish, and were justly proud of their unexpected apostle. Many of them,
+that is, many of the few who achieved the feat of a London journey,
+arranged to take Weston on their way, and eschewing the Ram Inn and the
+adjacent Academy, they turned in to Aspasio's lowly parsonage. Here they
+found a "reed shaking in the wind:"--a panting invalid nursed by his
+tender mother and sister; and when the Sabbath came, James Erskine, or
+Dr. Pattison, or whoever the pilgrim might be, saw a great contrast to
+his own teeming meeting-house in the little flock that assembled in the
+little church of Weston Favel. But that flock hung with up-looking
+affection on the moveless attitude and faint accents of their emaciated
+pastor, and with Scotch-like alacrity turned up and marked in their
+Bibles every text which he quoted; and though they could not report the
+usual accessories of clerical fame--the melodious voice, and graceful
+elocution, and gazing throng--the visitors carried away "a thread of the
+mantle," and long cherished as a sacred remembrance, the hours spent
+with this Elijah before he went over Jordan. Others paid him the
+compliment of copying his style; and both among the Evangelical
+preachers of the Scotch Establishment and its Secession, the
+"Meditations" became a frequent model. A few imitators were very
+successful; for their spirit and genius were kindred; but the tendency
+of most of them was to make the world despise themselves, and weary of
+their unoffending idol. Little children prefer red sugar-plums to white,
+and always think it the best "content" which is drunk from a painted
+cup; but when the dispensation of content and sugar-plums has yielded to
+maturer age, the man takes his coffee and his cracknel without observing
+the pattern of the pottery. And, unfortunately, it was to this that the
+Herveyites directed their chief attention, and hungry people have long
+since tired of their flowery truisms and mellifluous inanities; and,
+partly from impatience of the copyists, the reading republic has nearly
+ostracized the glowing and gifted original.
+
+
+OTHER FRIENDS.
+
+Gladly would we introduce the reader to a few others of Dr. Doddridge's
+friends; such as Dr. Clarke, his constant adviser and considerate
+friend, whose work on "The Promises" still holds its place in our
+religious literature; Gilbert West, whose catholic piety and elegant
+taste found in Doddridge a congenial friend; Dr. Watts, who so shortly
+preceded him to that better country, of which on earth they were among
+the brightest citizens; Bishop Warburton, who in a life-long
+correspondence with so mild a friend, carefully cushioned his formidable
+claws, and became the lion playing with the lamb; and William Coward,
+Esq., with cramps in his legs, and crotchets in his head--the rich
+London merchant who was constantly changing his will, but who at last,
+by what Robert Baillie would have termed the "canny conveyance" of Watts
+and Doddridge, did bequeath twenty thousand pounds towards founding a
+dissenting college. At each of these and several others we would have
+wished to glance; for we hold that biography is only like a cabinet
+specimen when it merely presents the man himself, and that to know him
+truly he must be seen _in situ_ and surrounded with his friends;
+especially a man like Doddridge, whose affectionate and absorptive
+nature imbibed so much from those around him. But perhaps enough has
+been already said to aid the reader's fancy.
+
+The sole survivor of twenty children, and with such a weakly frame, the
+wonder is that, amidst incessant toil, Doddridge held out so long.
+Temperance, elasticity of spirits, and the hand of God upheld him. At
+last, in December, 1750, preaching the funeral sermon of Dr. Clarke, at
+St. Albans, he caught a cold which he could never cure. Visits to London
+and the waters of Bristol had no beneficial effect; and, in the fall of
+the following year, he was advised to try a voyage to Lisbon. His kind
+friend, Bishop Warburton, here interfered, and procured for his
+dissenting brother a favor which deserves to be held in lasting
+memorial. He applied at the London Post-office, and, through his
+influence, it was arranged that the captain's room in the packet should
+be put at the invalid's disposal. Accordingly, on the thirtieth of
+September, accompanied by his anxious wife and a servant, he sailed from
+Falmouth; and, revived by the soft breezes and the ship's stormless
+progress, he sat in his easy-chair in the cabin, enjoying the brightest
+thoughts of all his life. "Such transporting views of the heavenly world
+is my Father now indulging me with, as no words can express," was his
+frequent exclamation to the tender partner of his voyage. And when the
+ship was gliding up the Tagus, and Lisbon with its groves and gardens
+and sunny towers stood before them, so animating was the spectacle, that
+affection hoped he might yet recover. The hope was an illusion. Bad
+symptoms soon came on; and the chief advantage of the change was, that
+it perhaps rendered dissolution more easy. On the twenty-sixth of
+October, 1751, he ceased from his labors, and soon after was laid in the
+burying-ground of the English factory. The Lisbon earthquake soon
+followed; but his grave remains to this day, and, like Henry Martyn's at
+Tocat, is to the Christian traveller a little spot of holy ground.
+
+A hundred years have passed away since then; but there is much of
+Doddridge still on earth. The "Life of Colonel Gardiner" is still one of
+the best-known biographies; and, with Dr. Brown, we incline to think
+that, as a manual for ministers, there has yet appeared no memoir
+superior to his own. The Family Expositor has undergone that
+disintegrating process to which all bulky books are liable, and many of
+its happiest illustrations now circulate as things of course in the
+current popular criticism; and though his memory does not receive the
+due acknowledgment, the church derives the benefit. The singers of the
+Scotch Paraphrases and of other hymn collections are often unwitting
+singers of the words of Doddridge; and the thousands who quote the
+lines--
+
+    Live while you live, the epicure would say, &c.,
+
+are repeating the epigram which Philip Doddridge wrote, and which Samuel
+Johnson pronounced the happiest in our language. And if the "Rise and
+Progress" shall ever be superseded by a modern work, we can only wish
+its successor equal usefulness; however great its merits we can scarcely
+promise that it will keep as far ahead of all competitors for a hundred
+years as the original work has done. Had Doddridge lived a little
+longer, missionary movements would have been sooner originated by the
+British churches; but he lived long enough to be the father of the Book
+Society. And though Coward College is now absorbed in a more extensive
+erection, the founders of St. John's Wood College should rear a statue
+to Doddridge, as the man who gave the mightiest impulse to the work of
+rearing an educated Nonconformist ministry in England.
+
+
+
+
+From Leigh Hunt's Journal.
+
+LORD THURLOW, AND HIS TERRIBLE SWEARING.
+
+
+Lord Thurlow, once Lord High Chancellor of England, Keeper of the
+Conscience of George the Third, &c., was a tall, dark, harsh-featured,
+deep-voiced, beetle-browed man, of strong natural abilities, little
+conscience, and no delicacy. Having discovered, in the outset of life,
+that the generality of the world were more affected by manner than
+matter, he indulged a natural inclination to huffing and arrogance, by
+acting systematically upon it to that end; and, in a worldly point of
+view, he succeeded to perfection; with this drawback--which always
+accompanies false pretensions of the kind--that, knowing to what extent
+they were false, his mind was kept in a proportionate state of
+irritability and dissatisfaction; so that his success, after all, was
+only that of a man who prospers by parading an infirmity. With good
+intention as a judge in ordinary cases, he had sufficient patience
+neither to study nor to listen. As a statesman, he was actuated wholly
+by personal feelings of ambition and rivalry; and as keeper of the Royal
+Conscience, he presented an aspect of ludicrous inconsistency,
+discreditable to both parties; for he openly kept a mistress, while his
+master professed to be a pattern of chastity and decorum. But he had
+face for any thing. Seeing that airs of independence would turn to good
+account, even in the royal closet, provided he was servile at heart, he
+sometimes, with great cunning, huffed the King himself; and he did as
+much with the Prince of Wales, and with the like success. What he really
+could have done best, had his industry equalled his acuteness, and his
+ambition been less towards the side of pomp and power, would have been
+something in literary and metaphysical criticism, as may be seen in his
+letters to Cowper and others. What he became most famous for doing, was
+swearing.
+
+We must here advertise our fair readers (in case any of them should be
+doing us the honor of reading this article aloud), that we are going to
+give some specimens of the swearing of this solemn and illustrious
+person; so that, if they do not regard the words in the same childish,
+meaningless, and nonsensical light that we do ourselves (for reasons
+that we shall give presently), and therefore cannot comfortably frame
+their lovely and innocent lips to utter them (which, indeed, custom will
+hardly allow us to expect), they had better hand over the passages to
+the nearest male friend that happens to be with them, and get him to
+read or to _initialize_ them instead. As to ourselves (for reasons also
+to be presently given), we shall write the words at full length, out of
+sheer sense of their nothingness; only premising, that such was not the
+opinion entertained of them by this tremendous Lord Chancellor, or by
+the age in which he lived; otherwise he would not have resorted to them
+as clenches for his thunderbolts, neither would his contemporaries have
+given them to the reading world under those mitigated and whispering
+forms of initials and hyphens, which have come down to our own times,
+and which are intended to impress their audacity by intimating their
+guilt.
+
+"_Damns_ have had their day," says the man in the "Rivals." So they
+have; and so we would have the reader think, and treat them accordingly;
+that is to say, as things of no account, one way or the other. But such
+was not the case when the dramatist wrote; and therefore Lord Thurlow
+was renowned as a swearer, even in a swearing age. It was his ambition
+to be considered a swearer. He took to it, as a lad does, who wishes to
+show that he has arrived at man's estate. Every thing with the judge was
+"damned bad" or "damned good," damned hot or cold, damned stupid, &c. It
+was his epithet, his adjective, his participle, his sign of positive and
+superlative, his argument, his judgment. He could not have got on
+without it. To deprive Thurlow of his "damn" would have been to shave
+his eyebrows, or to turn his growl to a whisper.
+
+"Lamenting," says Lord Campbell, "the great difficulty he had in
+disposing of a high legal situation, he described himself as long
+hesitating between the intemperance of A. and the corruption of B., but
+finally preferring the man of bad temper. Afraid lest he should have
+been supposed to have admitted the existence of pure moral worth, he
+added, 'Not but that there was a d----d deal of corruption in A.'s
+intemperance.' Happening to be at the British Museum, viewing the
+Townley Marbles, when a person came in and announced the death of Mr.
+Pitt, Thurlow was heard to say, 'a d----d good hand at turning a
+period!' and no more.
+
+"The following anecdote (continues his lordship) was related by Lord
+Eldon:--
+
+"After dinner, one day, when nobody was present but Lord Kenyon and
+myself, Lord Thurlow said, 'Taffy,[P] I decided a cause this morning,
+and I saw from Scott's face he doubted whether I was right.' Thurlow
+then stated his view of the case, and Kenyon instantly said, 'Your
+decision was quite right.' 'What say you to that?' asked the Chancellor.
+I said, 'I did not presume to form a judgment upon a case in which they
+both agreed. But I think a fact has not been mentioned, which may be
+material.' I was about to state the fact, and my reasons. Kenyon,
+however, broke in upon me, and, with some warmth, stated that I was
+always so obstinate, there was no dealing with me. 'Nay,' interposed
+Thurlow, 'that's not fair. You, Taffy, are obstinate, and give no
+reasons; you, Jack Scott, are obstinate, too; but then you give your
+reasons, and d----d bad ones they are!'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"In Thurlow's time, the habit of profane swearing was unhappily so
+common, that Bishop Horsley, and other right reverend prelates, are said
+not to have been entirely exempt from it; but Thurlow indulged in it to
+a degree that admits of no excuse. I have been told by an old gentleman,
+who was standing behind the woolsack at the time that Sir Ilay Campbell,
+then Lord Advocate, arguing a Scotch appeal to the bar in a very tedious
+manner, said, 'I will noo, my lords, proceed to my seevent pownt.' 'I'll
+be d----d if you do,' cried Lord Thurlow, so as to be heard by all
+present; 'this house is adjourned till Monday next,' and off he
+scampered. Sir James Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas,
+used to relate that, while he and several other legal characters were
+dining with Lord Chancellor Thurlow, his lordship happening to swear at
+his Swiss valet, when retiring from the room, the man returned, just put
+his head in, and exclaimed, 'I von't be d----d for you, Milor;' which
+caused the noble host and all his guests to burst out into a roar of
+laughter. From another valet he received a still more cutting retort.
+Having scolded this meek man for some time without receiving any answer,
+he concluded by saying, 'I wish you were in hell.' The terrified valet
+at last exclaimed, 'I wish I was, my lord! I wish I was!'
+
+"Sir Thomas Davenport, a great _nisi prius_ leader, had been intimate
+with Thurlow, and long flattered himself with the hopes of succeeding to
+some valuable appointment in the law; but, several good things passing
+by, he lost his patience and temper along with them. At last he
+addressed this laconic application to his patron: 'The Chief Justiceship
+of Chester is vacant; am I to have it?' and received the following
+laconic answer--'No! by God! Kenyon shall have it.'
+
+"Having once got into a dispute with a bishop respecting a living, of
+which the Great Seal had the alternate presentation, the bishop's
+secretary called upon him, and said, 'My lord of ---- sends his
+compliments to your lordship, and believes that the next turn to present
+to ---- belongs to his lordship.' _Chancellor._--'Give my compliments to
+his lordship, and tell him that I will see him d----d first before he
+shall present.' _Secretary._--'This, my lord, is a very unpleasant
+message to deliver to a bishop.' 'You are right, it is so, therefore
+tell the bishop that _I_ will be damned first before he shall
+present.'"[Q]
+
+Lord Campbell concludes his records of the Chancellor's _jusjuration_
+(if we may coin a word for a precedent so extraordinary), by frankly
+extracting into his pages the whole of a long damnatory ode, which was
+put into the judge's mouth by the authors of the once-famous collection
+of libels called _Criticisms on the Rolliad_, and _Probationary Odes for
+the Laureateship_,--the precursor, and very witty precursor, though
+flagrantly coarse and personal, of the _Anti-Jacobin Magazine_ and the
+_Rejected Addresses_. They were on the Whig side of politics, and are
+understood to have been the production of Dr. Lawrence, a civilian, and
+George Ellis, the author of several elegant works connected with poetry
+and romance. We shall notice the book further when we come to speak of
+Mr. Ellis himself. Lord Thurlow is made to contribute one of the
+Probationary Odes; and he does it in so abundant and complete a style,
+that bold as our "innocence" makes us in this particular, yet not having
+the legal warrant of the biographer, we really have not the courage to
+bring it in as evidence. The reader, however, may guess of what sort of
+stuff it is composed, when he hears that it begins with the
+comprehensive line,
+
+    "Damnation seize ye all;"
+
+and ends with the following pleasing and particular couplet:--
+
+    "Damn them beyond what mortal tongue can tell;
+    Confound, sink, plunge them all, to deepest, blackest hell."
+
+After this, it will hardly be a climax to add, that Peter Pindar said of
+this Keeper of the King's Conscience, with great felicity, that he
+"swore his prayers."
+
+We have been thus particular on the subject of Lord Thurlow's swearing,
+partly because it is the main point of his lordship's character with
+posterity, but chiefly that we might show what has already been
+intimated; namely, what a nothing such talk has become, and what high
+time it is to treat it as it deserves, and give it no longer in
+typography those implied awful significances, those under-breaths and
+intensifications of initials and hyphens, which make it pretend to have
+a meaning, and are the main cause why it survives. The word _damned_ in
+Lord Thurlow's mouth, for all its emphasis and effect, had as little
+meaning as the word _blest_, or the word _conscience_. It has equally
+little meaning in any body's. It no more signifies what it was
+originally intended to signify, than the word "cursed" means
+_anathematized_, or the word "pontificate" means _bridge-making_. This
+is the natural death of oaths in any tremendous sense of the words, or
+in any sense at all. They become things of "sound and fury, signifying
+nothing." Who that utters the word "zounds," imagines that he is
+speaking of such awful and inconceivable things as "God's wounds,"
+though literally he is doing so? Or what honest farmer, who ejaculates
+"Please the pigs" (such extraordinary things do reform and vicissitude
+bring together!) supposes that his Protestant soul is propitiating the
+_Pyx_, or Holy Sacrament box, of the Roman Catholic Church? Yet time
+was, when the innocent word "zounds" was written with the same culpatory
+dashes and hyphens as the "damns that have had their day;" and "pigs,"
+we suppose, were exenterated in like manner: suggested only by their
+heads and tails,--the first letter and the last. We happen to be no
+swearers ourselves, so that we are speaking a good word for no custom of
+our own; though, we confess, that when we come to an oath as a trait of
+character, in biography or in fiction, we are no more in the habit of
+balking it, than we are of ignoring any other harmless ejaculation; and
+therefore, by reason of its very nonsense and nothingness, we like to
+see it written plainly out as if it _were_ nothing, instead of being
+mystified into a more nonsensical importance. We have known better men
+than ourselves who have sworn; and we have known worse; but with none of
+them had the word any meaning, nor has it any, ever, except in the
+pulpit; where it is a pity (as many an excellent clergyman has thought)
+that it is heard at all. Treat it lightly elsewhere, as an expletive and
+a mere way of speaking, and it will come to nothing as it deserves, and
+follow the obsolete "plagues" and "murrains" of our ancestors.
+
+The only persons who profess to swear to any purpose, are the Roman
+Catholics; and they, indeed, may well be said to swear "terribly"--or
+rather they would do so, if any poor set of human creatures, fallible by
+the necessity of their natures, could of a surety know what is
+infallible, and be commissioned by a writing on the sun or moon to let
+us hear it. Lord Thurlow, with all his damns, and his big voice, and his
+power of imprisonment to boot, was a babe of grace compared with the
+Roman Catholic Bishop of Rochester who thundered forth the famous
+excommunication which the Protestant chapter-clerk of that city gave to
+the author of _Tristram Shandy_ to put in his book; to the immortal
+honor of said Protestant, and disgrace of the unalterable and infallible
+Roman Catholic Churchmen; who, when delivered from their bonds, and
+complimented on partaking of the progress and civilization common to the
+rest of the world, take the first opportunity for showing us we are
+mistaken, and crying damnation to their deliverers.
+
+We shall not repeat the document alluded to, lest we should be thought
+to give the light matter of which we have been treating, a tone of too
+much importance. Suffice it to say, that when all the powers, and
+angels, and very virgins of heaven are called upon by the
+excommunication to "curse" and "damn" the object of it limb by limb
+(literally so), his eyes, his brains, and his heart (how unlike fair
+human readers, who doubt whether the very word "damn" should be
+uttered), good Uncle Toby interposes one of those world-famous
+pleasantries which have shaken the old Vatican beyond recovery.
+
+"'Our armies swore terribly in Flanders,' cried my Uncle Toby; 'but
+nothing to this. For my own part, I could not have the heart to curse my
+dog so.'"
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[P] Thurlow politely calls Kenyon _Taffy_, because the latter was a
+Welshman. _Scott_ is Lord Eldon himself.
+
+[Q] _Lives of the Chancellors._ Second Series. Vol. v. pp. 644, 664.
+
+
+
+
+From Chambers' Edinbourgh Journal.
+
+THE LAST OF THE FIDDLERS.
+
+A VILLAGE TALE.
+
+BY BERTHOLD AUERBACH.
+
+
+The midnight silence of the village is broken by unusual clattering
+sounds--a horse comes galloping along at the top of his speed, his rider
+crying aloud, "Fire--fire! Help, ho! Fire!" Away he rides straight to
+the church, and presently the alarm-bell is heard pealing from the
+steeple.
+
+It is no easy matter to arouse the harvest folks, after a hard day's
+work, from their first sound sleep: there they lie, stretched as
+unconsciously as the corn in the fields which they have reaped in the
+sweat of their brow. But wake they must--there is no help for it. The
+stable-boys are the first on the alert--every one anxious to win the
+reward which, time out of mind, has been given to the person, who, on
+the occasion of a fire, is the first to reach the engine-house with
+harnessed horses. Here and there a light is seen at a cottage lattice--a
+window is opened--the men come running out of doors with their coats
+half drawn on, or in their shirt sleeves. The villagers all collect
+about the market-house, and the cry is heard on all sides, "Where is it?
+Where is the fire?"
+
+"In Eibingen."
+
+Question and answer were alike unneeded, for in the distance, behind the
+dark pine-forest, the whole sky was illumined with a bright-red glow, in
+the stillness of the night, like the glow of the setting sun; while
+every now and then a shower of sparks rose into the air, as if shot out
+from a blast-furnace.
+
+The night was still and calm, and the stars shone peacefully on the
+silent earth.
+
+The horses are speedily put to the fire-engine, the buckets placed in a
+row, a couple of torches lighted, and the torch-bearers stand ready on
+either side holding on to the engine, which is instantly covered with
+men.
+
+"Quick! out with another pair of horses! two can't draw such a
+load!"--"Down with the torches!"--"No, no; they're all right--'tis the
+old way!"--"Drive off, for Heaven's sake--quick!"
+
+Such-like exclamations resounded on all sides. Let us follow the crowd.
+
+The engine, with its heavy load, now rolls out of the village, and
+through the peaceful fields and meadows: the fruit-trees by the roadside
+seem to dance past in the flickering light; and soon the crowd hurry,
+helter-skelter, through the forest. The birds are awakened from sleep,
+and fly about in affright, and can scarcely find their way back to their
+warm nests. The forest is at length passed, and down below, in the
+valley, lies the hamlet, brightly illumined as at noon-day, while
+shrieks and the alarm-bell are heard, as if the flames had found a
+voice.
+
+See! what is yonder white, ghost-like form, in a fluttering dress, on
+the skirts of the forest? The wheels creak, and rattle along the stony
+road--no sounds can be distinguished in the confusion. Away! help! away!
+
+The folks are now seen flying from the village with their goods and
+chattels--children in their bare shirts and with naked feet--carrying
+off beds and chairs, pots and pans. Has the fire spread so fearfully, or
+is this all the effect of fright?
+
+"Where's the fire?"
+
+"At Hans the Fiddler's."
+
+And the driver lashed his horses, and every man seemed to press forward
+with increased ardor to fly to the succor.
+
+As they approached the spot, it was clearly impossible to save the
+burning cottage; and all efforts were therefore directed to prevent the
+flames extending to the adjoining houses. Just then every body was
+busied in trying to save a horse and two cows from the shed; but the
+animals, terrified by the fire, would not quit the spot, until their
+eyes were bandaged, and they were driven out by force.
+
+"Where's old Hans?" was the cry on all sides.
+
+"Burnt in his bed to a certainty," said some. Others declared that he
+had escaped. Nobody knew the truth.
+
+The old fiddler had neither child nor kinsfolk, and yet all the people
+grieved for him; and those who had come from the villages round about
+reproached the inhabitants for not having looked after the fate of the
+poor fellow. Presently it was reported that he had been seen in Urban
+the smith's barn; another said that he was sitting up in the church
+crying and moaning--the first time he had been there without his fiddle.
+But neither in the barn nor in the church was old Hans to be found, and
+again it was declared that he had been burnt to death in his house, and
+that his groans had actually been heard; but, it was added, all too late
+to save him, for the flames had already burst through the roof, and the
+glass of the windows was sent flying across the road.
+
+The day was just beginning to dawn when all danger of the fire spreading
+was past; and leaving the smouldering ruins, the folks from a distance
+set out on their return.
+
+A strange apparition was now seen coming down the mountain-side, as if
+out of the gray mists of morning. In a cart drawn by two oxen sat a
+haggard figure, dressed in his bare shirt, and his shoulders wrapped in
+a horse-cloth. The morning breeze played in the long white locks of the
+old man, whose wan features were framed, as it were, by a short,
+bristly, snow-white beard. In his hands he clutched a fiddle and
+fiddlestick. It was old Hans, the village fiddler. Some of the lads had
+found him at the edge of the forest, on the spot where we had caught a
+glimpse of him, looking like a ghostly apparition, as we rattled past
+with the engine. There he was found standing in his shirt, and holding
+his fiddle in both his hands pressed tightly to his breast.
+
+As they drew near the village, he took his fiddle and played his
+favorite waltz. Every eye was turned on the strange-looking man, and all
+welcomed his return, as if he had risen from the grave.
+
+"Give me a drink!" he exclaimed to the first person who held out a hand
+to him. "I'm burnt up with thirst!"
+
+A glass of water was brought him.
+
+"Bah!" cried the old man; "'twere a sin to quench such a thirst as mine
+with water; bring me some wine! Or has the horrid red cock drunk up all
+my wine too?"
+
+And again he fell to fiddling lustily, until they arrived at the spot of
+the fire. He got down from the cart, and entered a neighbor's cottage.
+All the folks pressed up to the old fiddler, tendering words of comfort,
+and promising that they would all help him to rebuild his cottage.
+
+"No, no!" replied Hans; "'tis all well. I have no home--I'm one of the
+cuckoo tribe that has no resting-place of its own, and only now and then
+slips into the swallow's nest. For the short time I have to live, I
+shall have no trouble in finding quarters wherever I go. I can now climb
+up into a tree again, and look down upon the world in which I have no
+longer any thing to call my own. Ay, ay, 'twas wrong in me ever to have
+had any thing of my own except my precious little fiddle here!"
+
+No objection was raised to the reasoning of the strange old man, and the
+country-folks from a distance went their ways home with the satisfaction
+of knowing that the old fiddler was still alive and well. Hans properly
+belonged to the whole country round about: his loss would have been a
+public one: much as if the old linden-tree on the Landeck Hill close by
+had been thrown down unexpectedly in the night Hans was as merry as a
+grig when Caspar the smith gave him an old shirt, the carpenter Joseph a
+pair of breeches--and so on. "Well, to be sure, folks may now say that I
+carry the whole village on my back!" said he; and he gave to each
+article of dress the name of the donor. "A coat indeed like this, which
+a friend has worn nicely smooth for one, fits to a T. I was never at my
+ease in a new coat; and you know I used always to go to the church, and
+rub the sleeves in the wax that dropped from the holy tapers, to make
+them comfortable and fit for wear. But this time I'm saved the trouble,
+and I'm for all the world like a new-born babe who is fitted with
+clothes without measuring. Ay, ay, you may laugh; but 'tis a fact--I'm
+new-born."
+
+And in truth it quite seemed so with the old man: the wild merriment of
+former years, which had slumbered for a while, all burst out anew.
+
+A fellow just now entered who had been active in extinguishing the fire,
+and having his hand in the work, had been at the same time no less
+actively engaged in quenching a certain internal fire--and in truth, as
+was plain to be seen, more than was needed. On seeing him, the old
+fiddler cried out, "By Jove, how I envy the fellow's jollity!" All the
+folks laughed; but presently the merriment was interrupted by the
+entrance of the magistrate with his notary, come to investigate the
+cause of the fire, and take an inventory of the damage.
+
+Old Hans openly confessed his fault. He had the odd peculiarity of
+carrying about him, in all his pockets, a little box of lucifer matches,
+in order never to be at a loss when he wanted to light his pipe.
+Whenever any one called on him, and wherever he went, his fingers were
+almost unconsciously playing with the matches. Often and often he was
+heard to exclaim, "Provoking enough! that these matches should come into
+fashion just as I am going off the stage. Look! a light in the twinkling
+of an eye! Only think of all the time I've lost in the course of my life
+in striking a light with the old flint and steel,--days, weeks, ay,
+years!"
+
+The fire had, to all appearances, originated with this child's play of
+the old man, and the magistrate said with regret that he must inflict
+the legal penalty for his carelessness. "However, at all events 'tis
+well 'tis no worse," he added; "you are in truth the last of the
+fiddlers; in our dull, plodding times, you are a relic of the past--of a
+merry, careless age. 'Twould have been a grievous thing if you had come
+to such a miserable end."
+
+"Look ye, your worship, I ought to have been a parson," said Hans; "and
+I should have preached to the folks after this fashion:--'Don't set too
+much store on life, and it can't hurt you; look on every thing as
+foolery, and then you'll be cleverer than all the rest. If the world was
+always merry--if folks did nothing but work and dance, there would be no
+need of schoolmasters--no need of learning to write and read--no
+parsons--and (by your worship's pardon) no magistrates. The whole world
+is a big fiddle--the strings are tuned--Fortune plays upon them; but
+some one is wanted to be constantly screwing up the strings; and this is
+a job for the parson and magistrate. There's nothing but turning and
+screwing, and turning and scraping, and the dance never begins.'"
+
+The fiddler's tongue went running on in this way, until his worship at
+length took a friendly leave of him. We shall, however, remain, and tell
+the reader something of the history of this strange character.
+
+It is now nearly thirty years since the old man first made his
+appearance in the village, just at the time when the new church was
+consecrated. When he first came among the villagers, he played for three
+days and three nights almost incessantly the maddest tunes.
+Superstitious folks muttered one to another that it must be Old Nick
+himself who could draw such spirit and life from the instrument, as
+never to let any one have rest or quiet any more than he seemed to
+require it himself. During the whole of this time he scarcely ate a
+morsel, and only drank--but in potent draughts--during the pauses. Often
+it seemed as if he did not stir a finger, but merely laid the
+fiddlestick on the strings, and magic sounds instantly came out of them,
+while the fiddle-bow hopped up and down of itself.
+
+Hey-day! there was a merrymaking and piece of work in the large
+dancing-room of the "Sun." Once, during a pause, the hostess, a buxom
+portly widow, cried out, "Hold hard, fiddler; do stop--the cattle are
+all quarrelling with you, and will starve if you don't let the lads and
+girls go home and feed them. If you've no pity on us folks, do for
+goodness' sake stop your fiddling for the sake of the poor dumb
+creatures."
+
+"Just so!" cried the fiddler; "here you can see how man is the noblest
+animal on the face of the earth; man alone can dance--ay, dance in
+couples. Hark ye, hostess, if you'll dance a turn with me, I'll stop my
+fiddlestick for a whole hour."
+
+The musician jumped off the table. All the by-standers pressed the
+hostess, till at length she consented to dance. She clasped her partner
+tight round the waist, whilst he kept hold of his fiddle, drawing from
+it sounds never before heard; and in this comical manner, playing and
+dancing, they performed their evolutions in the circle of spectators;
+and at length, with a brilliant scrape of his bow, he concluded,
+embraced the hostess, and gave her a bouncing kiss, receiving in return
+a no less hearty box on the ear. Both were given and taken in fun and
+good temper.
+
+From that time forward the fiddler was domiciled under the shade of the
+"Sun." There he nestled himself quietly, and whenever any merrymaking
+was going on in the country round-about, Hans was sure to be there with
+his fiddle; but he always returned home regularly; and there was not a
+village nor a house far and wide around, in which there was more
+dancing, than in the hostelry of the portly landlady of the "Sun."
+
+The fiddler comported himself in the house as if he belonged to it; he
+served the guests (never taking any part in out-of-doors work),
+entertained the customers as they dropped in, played a hand at cards
+occasionally, and was never at a loss in praising a fresh tap. "We've
+just opened a new cask of wine--only taste, and say if there's not music
+in wine, and something divine!" Touching every thing that concerned the
+household, he invariably used the authoritative and familiar _we_:-"_We_
+have a cellar fit for a king;" "_Our_ house lies in every one's way;"
+and so forth.
+
+Hans and his little fiddle, as a matter of course, were at every
+village-gathering and festivity; and the people of the country
+round-about could never dissociate in their thoughts the "Sun" inn and
+Hans the fiddler. But possibly the hostess considered the matter in a
+different light. At the conclusion of the harvest merrymaking she took
+heart and said--"Hans, you must know I've a liking for you; you pay for
+what you eat; but wouldn't you like for once to try living under another
+roof? What say you?"
+
+Hans protested that he was well enough off in his present quarters, and
+that he felt no disposition to neglect the old proverb of "Let well
+alone." The landlady was silent.
+
+Weeks went over, and at length she began again--"Hans, you wouldn't do
+any thing to injure me?"
+
+"Not for the world!"
+
+"Look ye--'tis only on account of the folks hereabouts. I would not
+bother you, but you know there's a talk----You can come back again after
+a month or two, and you'll be sure to find my door open to you."
+
+"Nay, nay, I'll not go away, and then I shall not want to come back."
+
+"No joking, Hans--I'm in earnest--you must go."
+
+"Well, there's one way to force me: go up into my room, pack my things
+into a bundle, and throw them into the road; otherwise I promise you
+I'll not budge from the spot."
+
+"You're a downright good-for-nothing fellow, and that's the truth; but
+what am I to do with you?"
+
+"Marry me!"
+
+The answer to this was another box on the ear; but this time it was
+administered much more gently than at the dance. As soon as the
+landlady's back was turned, Hans took his fiddle and struck up a lively
+tune.
+
+From time to time the hostess of the "Sun" recurred to the subject of
+Hans's removal, urging him to go; but his answer was always
+ready--always the same--"_Marry me!_"
+
+One day in conversation she told him that the police would be sure soon
+to interfere and forbid his remaining longer, as he had no proper
+certificate; and so forth. Hans answered not a word, but cocking his hat
+knowingly on the left side, he whistled a merry tune, and set out for
+the castle of the count, distant a few miles. The village at that time
+belonged to the Count von S----.
+
+That evening, as the landlady was standing by the kitchen fire, her
+cheeks glowing with the reflection from the hearth, Hans entered, and
+without moving a muscle of his face, handed to her a paper, and said,
+"Look ye, there's our marriage-license; the count dispenses with
+publishing the bans. This is Friday--Sunday is our wedding-day!'
+
+"What do you say, you saucy fellow? I hope"----
+
+"Hollo, Mr. Schoolmaster!" interrupted Hans, as he saw that worthy
+functionary passing the window just at that instant "Do step in here,
+and read this paper."
+
+Hans held the landlady tight by the arm, while the schoolmaster read the
+document, and at the conclusion tendered his congratulations and good
+wishes.
+
+"Well, well--with all my heart!" said the landlady at length. "Since
+'tis to be so, to tell the truth I've long had a liking for you, Hans;
+but 'twas only on account of the prate and gossip"----
+
+"Sunday morning then?"
+
+"Ay, ay--you rogue."
+
+A merry scene was that, when on the following Sunday morning Hans the
+Fiddler--or, to give him his proper style, Johann Grubenm�ller--paraded
+to church by the side of his betrothed, fiddling the wedding-march,
+partly for his self-gratification, partly to give the ceremony a certain
+solemn hilarity. For a short space he deposited his instrument on the
+baptismal font; but the ceremony being ended, he shouldered it again,
+struck up an unusually brisk tune, and played so marvellously, that the
+folks were fairly dying with laughter.
+
+Ever since that time Hans resided in the village, and that is as much as
+to say that mirth and jollity abode there. For some years past, however,
+Hans was often subject to fits of dejection, for the authorities had
+decreed that there should be no more dancing without the special
+permission of the magistrate. Trumpets and other wind-instruments
+supplanted the fiddle, and our friend Hans could no longer play his
+merry jigs, except to the children under the old oak-tree, until his
+reverence, in the exercise of his clerical powers, forbade even this
+amusement, as prejudicial to sound school discipline.
+
+Hans lost his wife just three years ago, with whom he had lived in
+uninterrupted harmony. Brightly and joyously as he had looked on life at
+the outset of his career, its close seemed often clouded, sad, and
+burthensome, more than he was himself aware. "A man ought not to grow so
+old!" he often repeated--an expression which escaped from a long train
+of thought that was passing unconsciously in the old man's mind, in
+which he acknowledged to himself that young limbs and the vigor of
+youth properly belonged to the careless life of a wandering musician.
+"The hay does not grow as sweet as it did thirty years ago!" he stoutly
+maintained.
+
+The new village magistrate, who had a peculiarly kind feeling towards
+old Hans, set about devising means of securing him from want for the
+rest of his days. The sum (no inconsiderable one) for which the house
+was insured in the fire-office was by law not payable in full until
+another house should be built in its place. It happened that the parish
+had for a long time been looking out for a spot on which to erect a new
+schoolhouse in the village, and at the suggestion of the worthy
+magistrate the authorities now bought from Hans the ground on which his
+cottage had stood, with all that remained upon it. But the old man did
+not wish to be paid any sum down, and an annuity was settled on him
+instead, amply sufficient to provide for all his wants. This plan quite
+took his fancy; he chuckled at the thought (as he expressed it) that he
+was eating himself up, and draining the glass to the last drop.
+
+Hans, moreover, was now permitted again to play to the children under
+the village oak on a summer evening. Thus he lived quite a new life; and
+his former spirit seemed in some measure to return. In the summer, when
+the building of the new schoolhouse was commenced, old Hans was riveted
+to the spot as if by magic; there he sat upon the timbers, or on a pile
+of stones, watching the digging and hammering with fixed attention.
+Early in the morning, when the builders went to their work they always
+found Hans already on the spot. At breakfast and noon, when the men
+stopped work to take their meals, which were brought them by their wives
+and children, old Hans found himself seated in the midst of the circle,
+and played to them as they ate and talked. Many of the villagers came
+and joined the party; and the whole was one continued scene of
+merriment. Hans often said that he never before knew his own importance,
+for he seemed to be wanted everywhere--whether folks danced or rested,
+his fiddle had its part to play: and music could turn the thinnest
+potato-broth into a savory feast.
+
+But an unforeseen misfortune awaited our friend Hans, of which the
+worthy magistrate, notwithstanding his kindness to the old man, was
+unintentionally the cause. His worship came one day, accompanied by a
+young man, who had all the look of a genius: the latter stood for some
+minutes, with his arms folded, gazing at Hans, who was busy fiddling to
+the workpeople at their dinner.
+
+"There stands the last of the fiddlers, of whom I told you," said the
+magistrate; "I want you to paint him--he is the only relic of old times
+whom we have left."
+
+The artist complied. At first old Hans resisted the operation stoutly,
+but he was at length won over by the persuasion of his worship, and
+allowed the artist to take his likeness. With trembling impatience he
+sat before the easel, wanting every instant to jump up and see what the
+man was about. But this the artist would not allow, and promised to show
+him the picture when it was finished. Day after day old Hans had to sit
+to the artist, in this state of wonder and suspense, and when at noon he
+played to the workmen at their meals, his tunes were slow and heavy, and
+had lost all their former vivacity and spirit.
+
+At length the picture was finished, and Hans was allowed to see himself
+on canvas. At the first glance he started back in affright, crying out
+like one mad, "Donner and Blitz!--the rascal has stolen me!"
+
+From that day forward, when the artist had gone away, and taken the
+picture with him, old Hans was quite changed: he went about the village,
+talking to himself, and was often heard to mutter, "Nailed up to the
+wall--stolen! Hans has his eyes open day and night, looking down from
+the wall--never sleeps, nor eats, nor drinks. Stolen!--the thief!"
+Seldom could a sensible word be drawn from him; but he played the
+wildest tunes on his fiddle, and every now and then would stop and
+laugh, exclaiming, as if gazing at something, "Ha, ha! you old fellow
+there, nailed up to the wall, with your fiddle; you can't play--you are
+the wrong one--here he sits!"
+
+On one occasion the spirit of the old man burst out again: it was the
+day when the gayly-decked fir bush was stuck upon the finished gable of
+the new schoolhouse.[R] The carpenters and masons came, dressed in their
+Sunday clothes, preceded by a band of music, to fetch "the master." The
+old fiddler, Hans, was the whole day long in high spirits--brisk and gay
+as in his best years. He sang, drank, and played till late into the
+night, and in the morning he was found, with his fiddle-bow in his hand,
+dead in his bed....
+
+Many of the villagers fancy, in the stillness of the night, when the
+clock strikes twelve, that they hear a sound in the schoolhouse, like
+the sweetest tones of a fiddle. Some say that it is old Hans's
+instrument, which he bequeathed to the schoolhouse, and which plays by
+itself. Others declare that the tones which Hans played _into_ the wood
+and stones, when the house was building, come _out_ of them again in the
+night. Be this as it may, the children are taught all the new rational
+methods of instruction, in a building which is still haunted by the
+ghost of the last fiddler.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE III. gave Lord Eldon a seal, containing a figure of Religion
+looking up to Heaven, and of Justice with no bandage over her eyes, his
+Majesty remarking at the same time, that Justice should be bold enough
+to look the world in the face. The motto of the seal was _His dirige te.
+Quere._ Would not this be a more appropriate inscription for the spout
+of a tea-pot than for the seal of a Lord Chancellor.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[R] This custom is prettily related in Auerbach's story of 'Ivo.'
+
+
+
+
+From Dickens' Household Words.
+
+A BIOGRAPHY OF A BAD SHILLING.
+
+
+I believe I may state with confidence that my parents were respectable,
+notwithstanding that one belonged to the law--being the zinc door-plate
+of a solicitor. The other was a pewter flagon residing at a very
+excellent hotel, and moving in distinguished society; for it assisted
+almost daily at convivial parties in the Temple. It fell a victim at
+last to a person belonging to the lower orders, who seized it, one fine
+morning, while hanging upon some railings to dry, and conveyed it to a
+Jew, who--I blush to record the insult offered to a respected member of
+my family--melted it down. My first mentioned parent--the zinc
+plate--was not enabled to move much in society, owing to its very close
+connection with the street door. It occupied, however, a very
+conspicuous position in a leading thoroughfare, and was the means of
+diffusing more useful instruction, perhaps, than many a quarto, for it
+informed the running as well as the reading public, that Messrs.
+Snapples and Son resided within, and that their office hours were from
+ten till four. In order to become my progenitor it fell a victim to
+dishonest practices. A "fast" man unscrewed it one night, and bore it
+off in triumph to his chambers. Here it was included by "the boy" among
+his numerous "perquisites," and, by an easy transition, soon found its
+way to the Hebrew gentleman above mentioned.
+
+The first meeting between my parents took place in the melting-pot of
+this ingenious person, and the result of their subsequent union was
+mutually advantageous. The one gained by the alliance that strength and
+solidity which is not possessed by even the purest pewter; while to the
+solid qualities of the other were added a whiteness and brilliancy that
+unadulterated zinc could never display.
+
+From the Jew, my parents were transferred--mysteriously and by night--to
+an obscure individual in an obscure quarter of the metropolis, when, in
+secrecy and silence, I was _cast_, to use an appropriate metaphor, upon
+the world.
+
+How shall I describe my first impression of existence? how portray my
+agony when I became aware _what I was_--when I understood my mission
+upon earth? The reader, who has possibly never felt himself to be what
+Mr. Carlyle calls a "sham," or a "solemnly constituted imposter," can
+have no notion of my sufferings!
+
+These, however, were endured only in my early and unsophisticated youth.
+Since then, habitual intercourse with the best society has relieved me
+from the embarrassing appendage of a conscience. My long career upon
+town--in the course of which I have been bitten, and rung, and subjected
+to the most humiliating tests--has blunted my sensibilities, while it
+has taken off the sharpness of my edges; and, like the counterfeits of
+humanity, whose lead may be seen emulating silver at every turn, my only
+desire is--not to be worthy of passing, but simply--to pass.
+
+My impression of the world, on first becoming conscious of existence,
+was, that it was about fifteen feet in length, very dirty, and had a
+damp, unwholesome smell; my notions of mankind were, that it shaved only
+once a fortnight; that it had coarse, misshapen features; a hideous
+leer; that it abjured soap, as a habit; and lived habitually in its
+shirt-sleeves. Such, indeed, was the aspect of the apartment in which I
+first saw the light, and such the appearance of the professional
+gentleman who ushered me into existence.
+
+I may add that the room was fortified, as if to sustain a siege. Not
+only was the door itself lined with iron, but it was strengthened by
+ponderous wooden beams, placed upright, and across, and in every
+possible direction. This formidable exhibition of precautions against
+danger was quite alarming.
+
+I had not been long brought into this "narrow world" before a low and
+peculiar tap, from the outside of the door, met my ear. My master
+paused, as if alarmed, and seemed on the point of sweeping me and
+several of my companions (who had been by this time mysteriously ushered
+into existence) into some place of safety. Reassured, however, by a
+second tapping, of more marked peculiarity, he commenced the elaborate
+process of unfastening the door. This having been accomplished, and the
+entrance left to the guardianship only of a massive chain, a mysterious
+watchword was exchanged with some person outside who was presently
+admitted.
+
+"Hollo! there's two on you?" cried my master, as a hard, elderly animal
+entered, followed somewhat timidly by a younger one of mild and modest
+aspect.
+
+"A green 'un as I have took under my arm," said Mr. Blinks (which I
+presently understood to be the name of the elder one), "and werry
+deserving he promises to be. He's just come out of the stone-pitcher,
+without having done nothing to entitle him to have gone in. This was it:
+a fellow out at Highbury Barn collared him, for lifting snow from some
+railings, where it was a hanging to dry. Young Innocence had never
+dreamt of any thing of the kind--bein' a walking on his way to the
+work'us--but beaks being proverbially otherwise than fly, he got six
+weeks on it. In the 'Ouse o' Correction, however, he met some knowing
+blades, who put him up to the time of day, and he'll soon be as
+wide-awake as any on 'em. This morning he brought me a pocket-book, and
+in it eigh--ty pound flimsies. As he is a young hand, I encouraged him
+by giving him three pun' ten for the lot--it's runnin' a risk, but I
+done it. As it is, I shall have to send 'em all over to 'Amburg.
+Howsomever, he's got to take one pund in home made: bein' out of it
+myself, I have brought him to you."
+
+"You're here at the nick o' time," said my master, "I've just finished a
+new batch--"
+
+And he pointed to the glittering heap in which I felt myself--with the
+diffidence of youth--to be unpleasantly conspicuous.
+
+"I've been explaining to young Youthful that it's the reg'lar thing,
+when he sells his swag to gents in my way of business, to take part of
+it in this here coin." Here he took _me_ up from the heap, and as he did
+so I felt as if I were growing black between his fingers, and having my
+prospects in life very much damaged.
+
+"And is all this bad money?" said the youth, curiously gazing, as I
+thought, at me alone, and not taking the slightest notice of the rest of
+my companions.
+
+"Hush, hush, young Youthful," said Mr. Blinks, "no offence to the home
+coinage. In all human affairs, every thing is as good as it looks."
+
+"I could not tell them from the good--from those made by government, I
+should say"--hastily added the boy.
+
+I felt myself leaping up with vanity, and chinking against my companions
+at these words. It was plain I was fast losing the innocence of youth.
+In justice to myself, however, I am bound to say that I have, in the
+course of my subsequent experience, seen many of the lords and masters
+of the creation behave much more absurdly under the influence of
+flattery.
+
+"Well, we must put you up to the means of finding out the real turtle
+from the mock," said my master. "It's difficult to tell by the ring.
+Silver, if it's at all cracked--as lots of money is--don't ring no
+better than pewter; besides, people can't try every blessed bit o' tin
+they get in that way; some folks is offended if they do, and some ain't
+got no counter. As for the color, I defy any body to tell the
+difference. And as for the figgers on the side, wot's your dodge? Why,
+wen a piece o' money's give to you, look to the hedges, and feel 'em too
+with your finger. When they ain't quite perfect, ten to one but they're
+bad 'uns. You see, the way it's done is this--I suppose I may put the
+young 'un up to a thing or two more?" added Mr. Blinks, pausing.
+
+My master, who had during the above conversation lighted a short pipe,
+and devoted himself with considerable assiduity to a pewter pot--which
+he looked at with a technical eye, as if mentally casting it into crown
+pieces,--now nodded assent. He was not of an imaginative or philosophic
+turn, like Mr. Blinks. He saw none of the sentiment of his business, but
+pursued it on a system of matter of fact, because he profited by it.
+This difference between the producer and the middle-man may be
+continually observed elsewhere.
+
+"You see," continued Mr. Blinks, "that these here '_bobs_'"--by which he
+meant shillings--"is composed of a mixter of two metals--pewter and
+zinc. In coorse these is first prigged raw, and sold to gents in my line
+of bis'ness, who either manufacters them themselves, or sells 'em to
+gents as does. Now, if the manufacturer is only in a small way of
+bis'ness, and is of a mean natur, he merely casts his money in plaster
+of Paris moulds. But for nobby gents like our friend here (my master
+here nodded approvingly over his pipe), this sort of thing won't
+pay--too much trouble and not enough profit. All the top-sawyers in the
+manufactur is scientific men. By means of what they calls a galwanic
+battery a cast is made of that partiklar coin selected for himitation.
+From this here cast, which you see, that there die is made, and from
+that there die impressions is struck off on plates of the metal prepared
+for the purpose. Now, unfortunately, we ain't got the whole of the
+masheenery of the Government institootion _yet_ at our disposal, though
+it's our intention for to bribe the Master of the Mint (in imitation
+coin) some of these days to put us up to it all--so you see we're
+obliged to stamp the two sides of this here shilling, for instance
+(taking _me_ up again as he spoke), upon different plates of metal,
+jining of 'em together afterwards. Then comes the _milling_ round the
+hedges. This we do with a file; and it is the himperfection of that 'ere
+as is continually a preying upon our minds. Any one who's up to the
+bis'ness can tell whether the article's geniwine or not, by a looking at
+the hedge; for it can't be expected that a file will cut as reg'lar as a
+masheen. This is reely the great drawback upon our purfession."
+
+Here Mr. Blinks, overcome by the complicated character of his subject,
+subsided into a fit of abstraction, during which he took a copious pull
+at my master's porter.
+
+Whether suggested by the onslaught upon his beer, or by a general sense
+of impending business, my master now began to show symptoms of
+impatience. Knocking the ashes out of his pipe, he asked "how many bob
+his friend wanted?"
+
+The arrangement was soon concluded. Mr. Blinks filled a bag which he
+carried with the manufacture of my master, and paid over twenty of the
+shillings to his _prot�g�_. Of this twenty, _I_ was one. As I passed
+into the youth's hand I could feel it tremble, as I own mine would have
+done had I been possessed of that appendage.
+
+My new master then quitted the house in company with Mr. Blinks, whom he
+left at the corner of the street--an obscure thoroughfare in
+Westminster. His rapid steps speedily brought him to the southern bank
+of the "fair and silvery Thames," as a poet who once possessed me (only
+for half an hour) described that uncleanly river, in some verses which I
+met in the pocket of his pantaloons. Diving into a narrow street,
+obviously, from the steepness of its descent, built upon arches, he
+knocked at a house of all the unpromising rest the least promising in
+aspect. A wretched hag opened the door, past whom the youth glided, in
+an absent and agitated manner; and, having ascended several flights of a
+narrow and precipitate staircase, opened the door of an apartment on the
+top story.
+
+The room was low, and ill-ventilated. A fire burnt in the grate, and a
+small candle flickered on the table. Beside the grate, sat an old man
+sleeping on a chair; beside the table, and bending over the flickering
+light, sat a young girl engaged in sewing. My master was welcomed, for
+he had been absent, it seemed, for two months. During that time he had,
+he said, earned some money; and he had come to share it with his father
+and sister.
+
+I led a quiet life with my companions, in my master's pocket, for more
+than a week. At the end of that time, the stock of good money was nearly
+exhausted, although it had on more than one occasion been judiciously
+mixed with a neighbor or two of mine. Want, however, did not leave us
+long at rest. Under pretence of going away again to get "work," my
+master--leaving several of my friends to take their chance, in
+administering to the necessities of his father and sister--went away. I
+remained to be "smashed" (passed) by my master.
+
+"Where are you going so fast, that you don't recognize old friends" were
+the words addressed to the youth by a passer-by, as he was crossing, at
+a violent pace, the nearest bridge, in the direction of the Middlesex
+bank.
+
+The speaker was a young gentleman, aged about twenty, not ill-looking,
+but with features exhibiting that peculiar expression of cunning, which
+is popularly described as "knowing." He was arrayed in what the police
+reports in the newspapers call "the height of fashion,"--that is to say,
+he had travestied the style of the most daring dandies of last year. He
+wore no gloves; but the bloated rubicundity of his hands was relieved by
+a profusion of rings, which--even without the cigar in his mouth--were
+quite sufficient to establish his claims to gentility.
+
+Edward, my master, returned the civilities of the stranger, and, turning
+back with him, they agreed to "go somewhere."
+
+"Have a weed," said Mr. Bethnal, producing a well-filled cigar-case.
+There was no resisting. Edward took one.
+
+"Where shall we go?" he said.
+
+"I'll tell you what we'll do," said Mr. Bethnal, who looked as if
+experiencing a novel sensation--he evidently had an idea. "I tell you
+what--we'll go and blow a cloud with Joe, the pigeon-fancier. He lives
+only a short distance off, not far from the abbey; I want to see him on
+business, so we shall kill two birds. He's one of us, you know."
+
+I now learned that Mr. Bethnal was a new acquaintance, picked up under
+circumstances (as a member of Parliament, to whom I once belonged, used
+to say in the House) to which it is unnecessary further to allude.
+
+"I was glad to hear of your luck, by-the-by," said the gentleman in
+question, not noticing his companion's wish to avoid the subject. "I
+heard of it from Old Blinks. Smashing's the thing, if one's a
+presentable cove. You'd do deuced well in it. You've only to get nobby
+togs and you'll do."
+
+Mr. Joe, it appeared, in addition to his ornithological occupations,
+kept a small shop for the sale of coals and potatoes; he was also, in a
+very small way, a timber merchant; for several bundles of firewood were
+piled in pyramids in his shed.
+
+Mr. Bethnal's business with him was soon dispatched; although not until
+after the latter had been assured by his friend, that Edward was "of the
+right sort," with the qualification that he was "rather green at
+present;" and he was taken into Mr. Joe's confidence, and also into Mr.
+Joe's up-stairs sanctum.
+
+In answer to a request from Mr. Bethnal, in a jargon to me then
+unintelligible, Mr. Joe produced from some mysterious depository at the
+top of the house, a heavy canvas bag, which he emptied on the table,
+discovering a heap of shillings and half-crowns, which, by a sympathetic
+instinct, I immediately detected to be of my own species.
+
+"What do you think of these?" said Mr. Bethnal to his young friend.
+
+Edward expressed some astonishment that Mr. Joe should be in the line.
+
+"Why, bless your eyes," said that gentleman, "you don't suppose I gets
+my livelihood out of the shed down stairs, nor the pigeons neither. You
+see, these things are only dodges. If I lived here like a
+gentleman--that is to say, without a occupation--the p'lese would soon
+be down upon me. They'd be obleeged to take notice on me. As it is, I
+comes the respectable tradesman, who's above suspicion--and the pigeons
+helps on the business wonderful."
+
+"How is that?"
+
+"Why, I keeps my materials--the pewter, and all that--on the roof, in
+order to be out o' the way, in case of a surprise. If I was often seed
+upon the roof, a-looking after such-like matters, inquisitive eyes would
+be on the look out. The pigeons is a capital blind. I'm believed to be
+devoted to my pigeons, out o' which I takes care it should be thought I
+makes a little fortun--and that makes a man respected. As for the pigeon
+and coal and 'tatur business, them's dodges. Gives a opportoonity of
+bringing in queer-looking sackfuls o' things, which otherwise would
+compel the _'spots'_--as we calls the p'lese--to come down on us."
+
+"Compel them!--but surely they come down whenever they've a suspicion?"
+
+"You needn't a' told me he was green," said Mr. Joe to his elder
+acquaintance, as he glanced at the youth with an air of pity. "In the
+first place, we takes care to keep the vork-shop almost impregnable; so
+that, if they attempts a surprise, we has lots o' time to get the things
+out o' the way. In the next, if it comes to the scratch--which is a
+matter of almost life and death to us--we stands no nonsense."
+
+Mr. Joe pointed to an iron crowbar, which stood in the chimney-corner.
+
+"I ses nothing to criminate friends, you know," he added significantly
+to Mr. Bethnal, "but _you_ remember wot Sergeant Higsley got?"
+
+Mr. Bethnal nodded assent, and Mr. Joe volunteered for the benefit and
+instruction of Edward an account of the demise and funeral of the late
+Mr. Sergeant Higsley. That official having been promoted, was ambitious
+of being designated, in the newspapers, "active and intelligent," and
+gave information against a gang of coiners; "Wot wos the consequence?"
+continued the narrator. "Somehow or another, that p'leseman was never
+more heered on. One fine night he went on his beat; he didn't show at
+the next muster; and it was s'posed he'd bolted. Every inquiry was made,
+and the 'mysterious disappearance of a p'leseman,' got into the
+noospapers. Howsomnever, _he_ never got any wheres."
+
+"And what became of him?"
+
+Mr. Joe then proceeded to take a long puff at his pipe, and winking at
+his initiated friend, proceeded to narrate how that the injured gang
+dealt in eggs.
+
+"What has that to do with it?"
+
+"Why you see eggs is not always eggs." Mr. Pouter then went on to state
+that one night a long deal chest left the premises of the coiners,
+marked outside, 'eggs,' for exportation. "They were duly shipped, a
+member of the firm being on board. The passage was rough, the box was on
+deck, and somehow or other, somebody tumbled it overboard."
+
+"But what has this to do with the missing policeman?"
+
+"The chest was six feet long, and----,"
+
+Here Mr. Bethnal became uneasy.
+
+"Vell," said the host, "the firm's broke up, and is past peaching up,
+only it shows you, my green 'un, what we _can_ do."
+
+I was shaken in my master's pocket by the violence of the dread which
+Mr. Joe's story had occasioned him.
+
+Mr. Bethnal, with the philosophy which was habitual to him, puffed away
+at his pipe.
+
+"The fact o' the matter is," said Mr. Joe, who was growing garrulous on
+an obviously pet subject, "that we aint afeerd o' the p'lese in this
+neighborhood, not a hap'orth; _we_ know how to manage them." He then
+related an anecdote of another policeman, who had been formerly in his
+own line of business. This gentleman being, as he observed, "fly" to all
+the secret signs of the craft, obtained an interview with a friend of
+his for the purpose of purchasing a hundred shillings. A package was
+produced and exchanged for their proper price in currency, but on the
+policeman taking his prize to the station house to lay the information,
+he discovered that he had been outwitted. The rouleau contained a
+hundred good farthings, for each of which he had paid two pence
+half-penny.
+
+"Then, what is the bad money generally worth?" asked Edward,
+interrupting the speaker.
+
+"As a general rule," was the answer, "our sort is worth about one-fifth
+part o' the wallie it represents. So, a sovereign--(though we aint got
+much to do with gold here--that's made for the most part in
+Brummagem)--a 'Brum' sovereign may be bought for about four-and-six; a
+bad crown piece for a good bob; a half-crown for about fippence; a bob
+for two pence half-penny, and so on. As for the sixpennys and
+fourpennys, we don't make many on 'em, their wallie bein' too
+insignificant." Mr. Joe then proceeded with some further remarks for the
+benefit of his prot�g�:----
+
+"You see you need have no fear o' passing this here money if you're a
+respectable-looking cove. If a gentleman is discovered at any think o'
+the kind, it's always laid to a mistake; the shopman knocks under, and
+the gentleman gives a good piece o' money with a grin. And that's how it
+is that so much o' our mannyfactur gets smashed all over the country."
+
+The visitors having been somewhat bored, apparently, during the latter
+portion of their host's remarks, soon after took their departure. The
+rum-and-water which Mr. Joe's liberality had supplied, effectually
+removed Edward's scruples; and on his way back he expressed himself in
+high terms in favor of "smashing," considered as a profession.
+
+"O' course," was the reply of his experienced companion. "It aint once
+in a thousand times that a fellow's nailed. You shall make your first
+trial to-night. You've the needful in your pocket, hav'n't you? Come,
+here's a shop--I want a cigar."
+
+Edward appeared to hesitate; but Mr. Joe's rum-and-water asserted
+itself, and into the shop they both marched.
+
+Mr. Bethnal, with an air of most imposing nonchalance, took up a cigar
+from one of the covered cases on the counter, put it in his mouth, and
+helped himself to a light. Edward, not so composedly, followed his
+example.
+
+"How much."
+
+"Sixpence."
+
+The next instant the youth had drawn me from his pocket, received
+sixpence in change, and walked out of the shop, leaving me under the
+guardianship of a new master.
+
+I did not remain long with the tobacconist: he passed me next day to a
+gentleman, who was as innocent as himself as to my real character. It
+happened that I slipped into a corner of this gentleman's pocket, and
+remained there for several weeks--he, apparently, unaware of my
+existence. At length he discovered me, and one day I found myself, in
+company with a _good_ half-crown, exchanged for a pair of gloves, at a
+respectable-looking shop. After the purchaser had left, the assistant
+looked at me suspiciously, and was going to call back my late owner, but
+it was too late. Taking me then to his master, he asked if I was not
+bad.
+
+"It don't look very good," was the answer. "Give it to me, and take care
+to be more careful for the future."
+
+I was slipped into the waistcoat pocket of the proprietor, who
+immediately seemed to forget all about the occurrence.
+
+That same night, immediately on the shop being closed, the shopkeeper
+walked out, having changed his elegant costume for garments of a coarser
+and less conspicuous description, and hailing a cab, requested to be
+driven to the same street in Westminster in which I first saw the light.
+To my astonishment, he entered the shop of my first master: how well I
+remembered the place, and the coarse countenance of its proprietor!
+Ascending to the top of the house, we entered the room, to which the
+reader has been already introduced,--the scene of so much secret toil.
+
+A long conversation, in a very low tone, now took place between the
+pair, from which I gleaned some interesting particulars. I discovered
+that the respectable gentleman who now possessed me was the coiner's
+partner,--his being the "issue" department, which his trade
+transactions, and unimpeachable character, enabled him to undertake very
+effectively.
+
+"Let your next batch be made as perfectly as possible,"--I heard him say
+to his partner. "The last seems to have gone very well: I have heard of
+only a few detections, and one of those was at my own shop to-day. One
+of my fellows made the discovery, but not until after the purchaser left
+the shop."
+
+"That, you see, will 'appen now and then," was the answer; "but think o'
+the number on 'em as is about, and how sharp some people is
+getting--thanks to them noospapers, as is always a interfering with wot
+don't concern 'em. There's now so much of our metal about, that it's
+almost impossible to get change for a suff'rin nowhere without getting
+some on it. Every body's a-taking of it every day; and as for them
+that's detected, they're made only by the common chaps as aint got our
+masheenery,"--and he glanced proudly at his well-mounted galvanic
+battery. "All I wish is, that we could find some dodge for milling the
+edges better--it takes as much time now as all the rest of the work put
+together. Howsomever, I've sold no end on 'em in Whitechapel and other
+places, since I saw you. And as for this here neighborhood, there's
+scarcely a shop where they don't deal in the article more or less."
+
+"Well," said Mr. Niggle's (which, I learned from his emblazoned
+door-posts was the name of my respectable master), "be as careful about
+these as you can. I am afraid it's through some of our money that that
+young girl has been found out."
+
+"Wot, the young 'ooman as has been remanded so often at the p'lese
+court?"
+
+"The same. I shall know all about it to-morrow. She is to be tried at
+the Old Bailey, and I am on the jury, as it happens."
+
+Mr. Niggles then departed to his suburban villa, and passed the
+remainder of the evening as became so respectable a man.
+
+The next morning he was early at business; and, in his capacity of
+citizen, did not neglect his duties in the court, where he arrived
+exactly two minutes before any of the other jurymen.
+
+When the prisoner was placed in the dock, I saw at once that she was the
+sister of my first possessor. She had attempted to pass two bad
+shillings at a grocer's shop. She had denied all knowledge that the
+money was bad, but was notwithstanding arrested, examined, and was
+committed for trial. Here, at the Old Bailey, the case was soon
+dispatched. The evidence was given in breathless haste; the judge summed
+up in about six words, and the jury found the girl guilty. Her sentence
+was, however, a very short imprisonment.
+
+It was my fortune to pass subsequently into the possession of many
+persons, from whom I learnt some particulars of the afterlife of this
+family. The father survived his daughter's conviction only a few days.
+The son was detained in custody; and as soon as his identity became
+established, charges were brought against him which led to his being
+transported. As for his sister--I was once, for a few hours, in a family
+where there was a governess of her name. I had no opportunity of knowing
+more; but--as her own nature would probably save her from the influences
+to which she must have been subjected in jail--it is but just to
+suppose, that some person might have been found to brave the opinion of
+society, and to yield to one so gentle, what the law calls "the benefit
+of a doubt."
+
+The changes which I underwent in the course of a few months were many
+and various--now rattling carelessly in a cash-box; now loose in the
+pocket of some careless young fellow, who passed me at a theatre; then,
+perhaps, tied up carefully in the corner of a handkerchief, having
+become the sole stock-in-hand of some timid young girl. Once I was given
+by a father as a "tip" or present to his little boy; when, I need
+scarcely add, I found myself ignominiously spent in hard-bake ten
+minutes afterwards. On another occasion, I was (in company with a
+sixpence) handed to a poor woman, in payment for the making of a dozen
+shirts. In this case I was so fortunate as to sustain an entire family,
+who were on the verge of starvation. Soon afterwards, I formed one of
+seven, the sole stock of a poor artist, who contrived to live upon my
+six companions for many days. He had reserved me until the last--I
+believe because I was the brightest and best-looking of the whole; and
+when he was at last induced to change me, for some coarse description of
+food, to his and my own horror, I was discovered!
+
+The poor fellow was driven from the shop; but the tradesman, I am bound
+to say, did not treat me with the indignity that I expected. On the
+contrary, he thought my appearance so deceitful, that he did not scruple
+to pass me next day, as part of change for a sovereign.
+
+Soon after this, somebody dropped me on the pavement, where, however, I
+remained but a short time. I was picked up by a child, who ran
+instinctively into a shop for the purpose of making an investment in
+figs. But, coins of my class had been plentiful in that neighborhood,
+and the grocer was a sagacious man. The result was, that the child went
+figless away, and that I--my edges curl as I record the humiliating
+fact--was nailed to the counter as an example to others. Here my career
+ended, and my biography closes.
+
+
+
+
+A SUPPLY OF COCKED HATS.
+
+
+In new work entitled _A Voyage to the Mauritius and Back_, just
+published in London, we find the following capital story, from which it
+is apparent that the Chatham-street auction system, even if indigenous,
+is not peculiar to New-York. The subject of the joke was an Indian
+officer at the Cape, on leave of absence, and an inmate of the
+boarding-house where the writer was living.
+
+"The most singular character which Cape Town presented was a Major
+Holder, of the Bombay Army. In dress he was entirely unique. He wore
+invariably a short red shell jacket, thrown open, with a white
+waistcoat, and short but large white trousers, cotton stockings, and
+shoes; on his head a cocked-hat, with an upright red and white feather,
+the whole surmounted by a green silk umbrella, held painfully aloft to
+clear the feather: to this may be added a shirt-collar which acted
+almost as a pair of blinders on either side. In person he was ample, but
+somewhat shapeless; and he had a vast oblong face, which neither laughed
+nor showed any sign of animation whatever. The history of the Major's
+cocked-hat was as follows. Strolling into an auction at Bombay, he was
+rather taken with the reasonable price of a cocked-hat, which the
+flippant auctioneer was recommending with all his ingenuity. 'Going for
+six rupees--must be sold to pay the creditors. No advance upon six?
+Shall we say siccas?' In an evil hour the Major bid for the hat, left
+his address, and returned to his quarters, the happy possessor of a
+'bargain.' Seated at breakfast the next morning, a procession is
+observed approaching the house; four men carrying a large packing-case
+slung to a pole, and headed by a half-caste, with a small paper in his
+hand.
+
+"'Major Holder, sar, brought you the cocked-hats, sir; all sound and
+good, sar; wish live long to wear out, sar. Here leel' bill, which feel
+obleege you pay, sar.' Whereupon he puts into the hands of the astounded
+commander a document, headed 'Major Thomas Holder, of H.E.I.C.'s ----
+Regt., Dr. to estate of ---- and Co., bankrupts, for seventy-two
+cocked-hats, purchased at auction,' &c., &c., &c.
+
+"It was in vain that the Major remonstrated after he understood the
+predicament in which he was placed; in vain he appealed to the
+auctioneer--to the company present; it was too good a joke, and they
+would have given it against him under almost any circumstances.
+
+"Major Holder was a rigid economist; he had almost a mind which admitted
+but one idea at a time, and, indeed, not very often that. He was
+possessed of six dozen of cocked-hats, and they must be worn out. Being
+mostly in command of his own regiment, he had unlimited choice as to his
+own head-dress; so he commenced the task at once. From thenceforth all
+other hats or caps were to him matters of history. At the economical
+rate of two hats a year, he might safely calculate upon being much
+advanced in life before the case was exhausted. True, there were
+drawbacks: he was much consulted about auctions by his friends; many
+inquiries made of him on that point; bills of auction, and especially
+any thing relating to cocked-hats, forwarded to him by the kind
+attention of acquaintance; and a question very currently put to him by
+the ensigns was 'Tom, how are you off for hats?'
+
+"The interest taken in the Major's hats was far from dying, even after
+the lapse of years: the less likely to do so, indeed, from the
+circumstance of their forming epochs in history; as, 'Such a one got
+leave in Tom's fourth hat;' or, 'I hope to be off before Tom changes his
+hat;' or, 'I'll make you a bet that Jack's married before another hat's
+gone.' When this individual arrived at the Cape he was understood to be
+in his fifteenth hat: but there occurred some confusion in the Major's
+chronology; for it was understood that, owing to the practical jokes
+played there, no less than three hats were expended during the short
+month of his stay. To correct this, he adopted the plan of sitting upon
+his hat at dinner; but as he wore no tails to his jacket, and left the
+feather protruding behind, it had to a stranger the appearance of being
+a natural appendage to his person."
+
+
+
+
+BUYING DONKEYS AT SMITHFIELD.
+
+
+One of the brothers Mayhew is publishing in London, (and the Harpers are
+reprinting it in New-York) a serial work under the title of _London
+Labor and London Poor_, similar in design to the sketches of trades and
+occupations a year or two ago printed in the _Tribune_. It is in as
+lively a vein as may be, but such an anatomy is unavoidably sometimes
+repulsive. The authors perhaps endanger the designed effect of their
+performance by attempting to invest it with the attractions of
+quaintness and humor. We quote from the second part the following
+description of coster-mongers in the Smithfield market:
+
+"The donkeys standing for sale are ranged in a long line on both sides
+of the race course, their white velvety noses resting on the wooden rail
+they are tied to. Many of them wear their blinkers and head-harness, and
+others are ornamented with ribands fastened in their halters. The
+lookers-on lean against this railing, and chat with the boys at the
+donkeys' heads, or with the men who stand behind them, and keep
+continually hitting and shouting at the poor still beasts, to make them
+prance. Sometimes a party of two or three will be seen closely examining
+one of these 'Jerusalem ponies,' passing their hands down his legs or
+quietly looking on, while the proprietor's ash stick descends on the
+patient brute's back, making a dull hollow sound. As you walk in front
+of a long line of donkeys, the lads seize the animals by their nostrils
+and show their large teeth, asking if you 'want a hass, sir,' and all
+warranting the creature to be 'five years old next buff-day.' Dealers
+are quarrelling among themselves, down-crying each other's goods. 'A
+hearty man,' shouted one proprietor, pointing to his rival's stock,
+'could eat three sich donkeys as yourn at a meal!' One fellow, standing
+behind his steed, shouts as he strikes, 'Here's the real Britannia
+metal;' whilst another asks, 'Who's for the pride of the market?' and
+then proceeds to flip 'the pride' with the whip till she clears away the
+mob with her kickings. Here, standing by its mother, will be a shaggy
+little colt, with a group of ragged boys fondling it and lifting it in
+their arms from the ground.
+
+"During all this the shouts of the drivers and runners fill the air, as
+they rush past each other on the race course. Now a tall fellow,
+dragging a donkey after him, runs by, crying, as he charges in amongst
+the mob, 'Hulloa! hulloa! Hi! hi!' his mate, with his long coat-tails
+flying in the wind, hurrying after him and roaring, between his blows,
+'Keem up!'"
+
+
+
+
+From the Leader.
+
+TO LAYARD, DISCOVERER OF BABYLON AND NINEVEH.
+
+
+    No harps, no choral voices, may enforce,
+    The words I utter. Thebes and Elis heard
+    Those harps, those voices, whence high men rose higher;
+    And nations crowned the singer who crowned _them_.
+    His days are over. Better men than his
+    Live among _us_: and must they live unsung
+    Because deaf ears flap round them? or because
+    Gold lies along the shallows of the world,
+    And vile hands gather it? My song shall rise,
+    Although none heed or hear it: rise it shall,
+    And swell along the wastes of Nineveh
+    And Babylon, until it reach to thee,
+    Layard! who raisest cities from the dust,
+    Who driest Lethe up amid her shades,
+    And pourest a fresh stream on arid sands,
+    And rescuest thrones and nations, fanes and gods,
+    From conquering Time: he sees thee, and turns back.
+      The weak and slow Power pushes past the wise,
+    And lifts them up in triumph to her ear:
+    They, to keep firm the seat, sit with flat palms
+    Upon the cushion, nor look once beyond
+    To cheer thee on thy road. In vain are won
+    The spoils; another carries them away;
+    The stranger seeks them in another land,
+    Torn piecemeal from thee. But no stealthy step
+    Can intercept thy glory.
+                          Cyrus raised
+    His head on ruins: he of Macedon
+    Crumbled them, with their dreamer, into dust:
+    God gave thee power above them, far above;
+    Power to raise up those whom they overthrew,
+    Power to show mortals that the kings they serve
+    Swallow each other, like the shapeless forms,
+    And unsubstantial, which pursue pursued
+    In every drop of water, and devour
+    Devoured, perpetual round the crystal globe.[S]
+
+                              WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[S] Seen through a solar microscope.
+
+
+
+
+From Household Words.
+
+PHYSIOLOGY OF INTEMPERANCE.
+
+
+"One glass more," exclaimed mine host of the Garter. "A bumper at
+parting! No true knight ever went away without 'the stirrup-cup.'"
+
+"Good," cried a merry-faced guest; "but the Age of Chivalry is gone, and
+that of water-drinkers and teetotallers has succeeded. Temperance
+societies have been imported from America, and grog nearly thrown
+overboard by the British Navy."
+
+"Very properly so," observed a Clergyman who sat at the table. "The
+accidents which occur from drunkenness on board ship may be so
+disastrous on the high seas, and the punishment necessary to suppress
+this vice is so revolting, that the most experienced naval officers have
+recommended the allowance of grog, served both to officers and men in
+our Navy, to be reduced one-half. In America, as well as in our own
+Merchant Service, vessels sail out of harbor on the Temperance
+principle; not a particle of spirits is allowed on board; and the men
+throughout the voyage are reported to continue healthy and able-bodied.
+Tea is an excellent substitute; many of our old seamen prefer it to
+grog."
+
+"That may be," exclaimed the merry-faced guest. "Horses have been
+brought to eat oysters; and on the Coromandel coast, Bishop Heber says,
+they get fat when fed on fish. Sheep have been trained up, during a
+voyage, to eat animal food, and refused, when put ashore, to crop the
+dewy greensward. When honest Jack renounces his grog, and, after reefing
+topsails in a gale of wind, goes below deck to swill down a domestic
+dish of tea, after the fashion of Dr. Samuel Johnson at Mrs. Thrale's, I
+greatly fear the character of our British seamen will degenerate. In the
+glorious days of Lord Nelson, the observation almost passed into a
+proverb, that the man who loved his grog always made the best sailor.
+Besides, in rough and stormy weather, when men have perhaps been
+splicing the mainbrace, and exposed to the midnight cold and damp, the
+stimulus of grog is surely necessary to support, if not restore, the
+vital energy?"
+
+"Not in the least," rejoined the clergyman. "Severe labor, even at sea,
+is better sustained without alcoholic liquors; and the depressing
+effects of exposure to cold and wet weather best counteracted by a hot
+mess of cocoa or coffee served with biscuit or the usual allowance of
+meat. In fact, I have lately read, with considerable satisfaction, a
+prize essay by an accomplished physician, in which he proves that
+alcohol acts as a poison on the nervous system, and that we can dispense
+entirely with the use of stimulants."
+
+"Not exactly so," observed a physician, who was of the party. "Life
+itself exists only by stimulation; the air we breathe, the food we eat,
+the desires and emotions which excite the mind to activity, are all so
+many forms of physical and mental stimuli. If the atmosphere were
+deprived of its oxygen, the blood would cease to acquire those
+stimulating properties which excite the action of the heart, and sustain
+the circulation; and if the daily food of men were deprived of certain
+necessary stimulating adjuncts, the digestive organs would no longer
+recruit the strength, and the wear and tear of the body. Nay, strange as
+it may appear, that common article in domestic cookery, salt, is a
+natural and universal stimulant to the digestive organs of all
+warm-blooded animals. This is strikingly exemplified by the fact, that
+animals, in their wild state, will traverse, instinctively, immense
+tracts of country in pursuit of it; for example, to the salt-pans of
+Africa and America; and it is a curious circumstance that one of the ill
+effects produced by withholding this stimulant from the human body is
+the generation of worms. The ancient laws of Holland condemned men, as a
+severe punishment, to be fed on bread unmixed with salt; and the effect
+was horrible; for these wretched criminals are reported to have been
+devoured by worms, engendered in their own stomach. Now, I look upon
+alcohol to be, under certain circumstances, as healthful and proper a
+stimulant to the digestive organs as salt, when taken in moderation,
+whether in the form of malt liquor, wine, or spirits and water. When
+taken to excess, it may act upon the nervous system as a poison; but the
+most harmless solids or fluids may, by being taken to excess, be
+rendered poisonous. Indeed, it has been truly observed, that 'medicines
+differ from poisons, only in their doses.' Alcoholic stimulants,
+artificially and excessively imbibed, are, doubtless, deleterious."
+
+"The subject," observed the host, filling his glass, and passing the
+bottle, "is a curious one. The port before us, at all events, is not
+poison, and I confess, that so ignorant am I of these matters, that I
+would like to know something about this alcohol which is so much spoken
+of."
+
+"The explanation is not difficult," answered the Doctor. "Alcohol is
+simply derived by fermentation, or distillation, from substances or
+fluids containing sugar; in other words, the matter of sugar, when
+subjected to a certain temperature, undergoes a change, and the elements
+of which the sugar was previously composed enter into a new combination,
+which constitutes the fluid named Alcohol, or Spirits of Wine. Raymand
+Lully, the alchemist, (thirteenth century,) is said to have given it the
+name of Alcohol; but the art of obtaining it was, in that age of
+darkness and superstition, kept a profound mystery. When it became more
+known, physicians prescribed it only as a medicine, and imagined that it
+had the important property of prolonging life, upon which account they
+designated it 'Aqua Vit�,' or the 'Water of life,' and the French, to
+this day, call their Cognac _'Eau de Vie_.'"
+
+"It is a remarkable circumstance," observed the Clergyman, filling his
+glass, "that there is hardly any nation, however rude and destitute of
+invention, that has not succeeded in discovering some composition of an
+intoxicating nature; and it would appear, that nearly all the herbs, and
+roots, and fruits on the face of the earth have been, in some way or
+other, sacrificed on the shrine of Bacchus. All the different grains
+destined for the support of man; corn of every description; esculent
+roots, potatoes, carrots, turnips; grass itself, as in Kamtschatka;
+apples, pears, cherries, and even the delicious juice of the peach, have
+been pressed into this service; nay, so inexhaustible appear to be the
+resources of art, that a vinous spirit has been obtained by distillation
+from milk itself."
+
+"Milk!" cried the merry-faced guest. "Can alcohol be obtained from
+mother's milk?"
+
+"Very probably," continued the Clergyman. "The Tartars and Calmucks
+obtain a vinous spirit from the distillation of mares' and cows' milk;
+and, as far as I can recollect, the process consists in allowing the
+milk first to remain in untanned skins, sewed together, until it sours
+and thickens. This they agitate until a thick cream appears on the
+surface, which they give to their guests, and then, from the skimmed
+milk that remains, they draw off the spirits."
+
+"Exactly so," observed the Doctor, "but it is worthy of notice, that a
+Russian chemist discovered that if this milk were deprived of its butter
+and cheese, the whey, although it contains the whole of the sugar of
+milk, will not undergo vinous fermentation."
+
+"These facts," observed the host, "are interesting, but they are more
+curious than useful. The alcohol, I presume, from whatever source it be
+derived, is chemically the same thing; how, then, does it happen that
+some wines, containing precisely the same quantity of alcohol,
+intoxicate more speedily than others?"
+
+"The reason," explained the Doctor, "is simply this. We must regard all
+wines, even the very wine we are drinking, not as a simple mixture, but
+as a compound holding the matter of sugar, mucilaginous, and extractive
+principles contained in the grape juice, in intimate combination with
+the alcohol. Accordingly, the more quickly the real spirit is set free
+from this combination, the more rapidly are intoxicating effects
+produced; and this is the reason why wines containing the same quantity
+of alcohol have different intoxicating powers. Thus, champagne
+intoxicates very quickly. Now this wine contains comparatively only a
+small quantity of alcohol; but this escapes from the froth, or bubbles
+of carbonic acid gas, as it reaches the surface, carrying along with it
+all the aroma which is so agreeable to the taste. The liquor in the
+glass then becomes vapid. This has been clearly proved. The froth of
+champagne has been collected under a glass bell, and condensed by
+surrounding the vessel with ice; the alcohol has then been found
+condensed within the glass. The object, therefore, of icing
+champagne--or rather, the effect produced by this operation--is to
+repress its tendency to effervesce, whereby a smaller quantity of
+alcohol is taken with each glass. Wines containing the same quantity of
+alcohol accordingly differ in their effects; nay, it is not to the
+alcohol only they contain that certain obnoxious effects are to be
+attributed, for, as Dr. Paris clearly shows, when they contain an excess
+of certain acids, a suppressed fermentation takes place in the stomach
+itself, which will cause flatulency and a great variety of unpleasant
+symptoms. In fact, a fluid load remains in the stomach, to undergo a
+slow and painful form of digestion."
+
+"But, in whatever shape you introduce it," remarked the host, "whether
+disguised as wine, or in the form of brandy, whiskey, or gin-and-water,
+it matters not--I wish to have a clear idea of the immediate effects of
+alcohol upon the living system."
+
+"Well!" said the Doctor, "it can very easily be described. When you
+swallow a glass--let us say of brandy-and-water--the stimulating liquid,
+upon entering into the stomach, excites the blood-vessels and nerves of
+its internal lining coat, which causes an increased flow of blood and
+nervous energy to this part. The consequence is, that the internal
+membrane of the stomach becomes highly reddened and injected, just as if
+inflammation had already been produced by the presence of the stimulant.
+Thus far you probably follow me:--but this is not all--the vessels thus
+excited have an absorbing power; they suck up (as it were) and carry
+directly into the stream of the circulation a portion (at all events) of
+the alcohol which thus irritates them. The result is, that alcohol is
+thus mixed with the blood and brought into immediate contact with the
+minute structure of all the different organs of the body."
+
+"But how," asked the merry-faced guest, "can this be known? Who ever saw
+into the stomach of a living man?"
+
+"Strange as it may appear to you, that has been done, and all the
+circumstances connected with the digestion of solids and fluids in the
+stomach have been very accurately observed. It happened, in the year
+1822, that a young Canadian, named Alexis St. Martin, was accidentally
+wounded by the discharge of a musket, which carried away a portion of
+his ribs, perforating and exposing the interior of the stomach. After
+the poor fellow had undergone much suffering, all the injured parts
+became sound, excepting the perforation into the stomach, which remained
+some two and a half inches in circumference; and upon this unfortunate
+individual his physician, Dr. Beaumont, when he was sufficiently well,
+made a series of very careful observations, which have determined a
+great variety of important points connected with the physiology of
+digestion. Fluids introduced into the stomach rapidly disappeared, being
+taken up by these vessels and carried into the system. We cannot,
+therefore, be surprised to hear that so subtile and penetrating a fluid
+as alcohol should very speedily find its way into all the tissues of the
+body. Its presence may be smelt in the breath of persons addicted to
+spirituous liquors, as well as in their secretions generally."
+
+"But to what do you attribute the noxious effects of alcohol, allowing
+it to be thus carried by direct absorption into the circulation?" asked
+the host.
+
+"To the excess of carbon," answered the Doctor, "which is thus
+introduced into the system; and explains why the liver, in hard
+drinkers, is generally found diseased."
+
+"How so?" inquired the host. "I have heard of the 'gin liver.'"
+
+"It is well known that a long residence in India," interposed the
+Clergyman, "will give rise to enlargement and induration of this organ."
+
+"And for the same reason," answered the Doctor, "the liver acts as a
+substitute for the lungs--just as the skin acts vicariously for the
+kidneys."
+
+"Not a word of this do I understand," said the merry-faced guest.
+
+"Well, then," continued the Doctor, "I will endeavor to explain it. By a
+wonderful provision of nature, which appears to come under the law of
+compensation, when one organ, by reason of decay, is unable to perform
+its functions, another undertakes its functions, and, to a certain
+extent, supplies its place. You all know that blind people acquire a
+preternatural delicacy in the sense of touch, which did not escape the
+philosophical observation of Wordsworth, who speaks of
+
+              "A watchful heart,
+    Still couchant--an inevitable ear;
+    And an eye practised like the blind man's touch."
+
+"Now, it is the office of the vessels of the skin to throw off by
+perspiration the watery parts of the blood; the kidneys do the same; and
+under a great variety of circumstances which must be familiar to all,
+these organs frequently act vicariously for one another. The office of
+the liver, and the lungs also, is in like manner to throw off carbon
+from the system, and when during a residence in a tropical climate the
+lungs are unable, from the state of the atmosphere, to perform their
+functions, the liver acting vicariously for this organ is stimulated to
+undue activity, and becomes consequently diseased. Applying these
+remarks to the spirit drinker, it is obvious that the excess of carbon
+introduced into the system by alcohol is thrown upon the liver, and by
+stimulating it to undue activity produces a state of inflammation."
+
+"This I understand," observed the Clergyman, "but how does it act upon
+the brain? Does the alcohol itself actually become absorbed, and enter
+into the substance of the brain?"
+
+"The effect of an excess of carbon, in the blood-vessels of the brain,
+is to produce sleep and stupor; hence the drunkard breathes thick, and
+snores spasmodically, and after this state, ends in confirmed apoplexy
+and death--just as dogs become insensible when held over the Grotto del
+Cane, in Italy, where they inhale this deleterious gas. But in addition
+to this it has been clearly proved, that alcohol does enter into the
+substance of the brain, for it has been detected by the smell, upon
+examining the brain of persons who have died drunk; besides which,
+alcohol, after having been introduced by way of experiment, into the
+body of a living dog, has afterwards been procured absolutely as alcohol
+by distillation from the substance of the brain. It is so subtile a
+fluid that Liebig says it permeates every tissue of the body."
+
+"But how do you explain the circumstance that death sometimes happens
+suddenly after drinking spirits," asked the host, "before there can be
+time for absorption to take place?"
+
+"I remember, not many years ago," interrupted the merry-faced guest, "a
+water-man, in attendance at the cab-stand at the top of the Haymarket,
+for a bribe of five shillings, tossed off a bottle of gin, upon which he
+dropped down insensible, and soon died."
+
+"This may clearly be accounted for," observed the Doctor. "The stomach,
+as I premised, is plentifully supplied with nerves, and is connected
+with one of the great nervous centres in the body, so that a sudden
+impression produced upon these nerves, by the introduction of a quantity
+of such stimulus, gives a shock to the whole nervous system, which
+completely overpowers it. From the centre to the circumference it acts
+like a stroke of lightning, and the death is often instantaneous. A
+draught of iced water taken when the system has been overheated by
+exertion, by dancing or otherwise, has been known to be immediately
+fatal. The physiological action--or rather the 'shock' upon the nervous
+system, is in both cases the same--violent mental emotion will in like
+manner suspend the action of the heart and produce instant death. These
+are the terrors of alcohol, when drank to excess; but the health of the
+habitual tippler is sure to be undermined; his hands become tremulous,
+he is unsteady in his gait, his complexion becomes sallow, and all his
+mental faculties gradually impaired."
+
+"To what, may I ask," inquired the merry-faced guest, "do you attribute
+the circumstance of the trembling hand recovering its steadiness, after
+taking a glass of spirits in the morning after a debauch; 'hair of the
+dog,' as it is called, 'that bit overnight?'"
+
+"Action and reaction is the great law of the animal economy," replied
+the Doctor; "over stimulation will always produce a corresponding degree
+of depression; when, therefore, the nervous system has been over-excited
+by alcoholic liquors, the usual amount of nervous energy which is
+necessary to give tone to the muscular system is wanting, and then a
+stimulus gives a fillip to the nervous centres, which restores the
+nervous powers to the extremities. When this state of things, however,
+has been permitted to go on, and the brain has been frequently brought
+under alcoholic influence, its structure becomes affected, and a slow
+and very insidious inflammation takes place, which terminates in a
+softening of its substance. This mischief may proceed for a considerable
+period without being suspected, but on a sudden _delirium tremens_ may
+supervene, which will terminate, perhaps, in paralysis--perhaps death!"
+
+"To what, Doctor," inquired the Clergyman, "do you attribute the mental
+pleasures of intoxication? Can this be explained upon physiological
+principles?"
+
+"Easily, I think," answered the Doctor. "All inebriating agents have a
+two-fold action--as I have already pointed out--first, on the
+circulation; and secondly, on the nervous system. There can be no doubt
+that the mind becomes endowed with increased energy when the circulation
+through the brain is moderately quickened. This has been proved by
+observation. The case has been reported of a person who having lost by
+disease a part of the skull and its investments, a corresponding portion
+of brain was open to inspection. In a state of dreamless sleep the brain
+lay motionless within the skull; but when dreams occurred, as reported
+by the patient, then the quantity of blood was observed to flow with
+increased rapidity, causing the brain to move and protrude out of the
+skull. When perfectly awake, and engaged in active thought, then the
+blood again was sent with increased force to the brain, and the
+protrusion was still greater. Under all circumstances, increased
+circulation through the brain gives rise to mental excitement, and
+sometimes to an unusual lucidity of ideas. It is observed in the early
+stages of fever, and even in the dying--and this accounts for the
+clearing up of the mind which sometimes occurs in the last moments of
+life--what is called familiarly 'the lightening before death.'"
+
+"That," observed the Clergyman, "is a very curious circumstance, which I
+firmly believe; and you account for this, if I understand your meaning,
+by explaining that the blood which no longer circulates in the
+extremities, which may have become cold, flows with increased impetus
+through the brain."
+
+"Exactly so," replied the Doctor; "and upon this very principle, the
+rapidity of ideas, and the pleasurable mental excitement attending that
+temporary state of intellectual exaltation, depends on the increased
+rapidity of the flow of blood through the brain; but when this becomes
+carried to too great an extent, and the rapidity of the current disturbs
+the healthy condition of the brain, then the manifestations of the mind
+necessarily become impaired, the ideas are no longer under the control
+of the reasoning faculty, and the bodily organs, usually under the
+dominion of the will, no longer obey its mandates. This I believe to be
+the true theory of mental intoxication."
+
+"But there are many circumstances," observed the host, "which may
+accelerate or retard this excitement."
+
+"Certainly," continued the Doctor; "persons who join the social board
+already elated with some good news, or cause of unusual happiness;
+persons who talk much, and excite themselves in argument, are apt to
+become affected more speedily than those who hold themselves in the
+midst of the convivial scene sedate and taciturn. The mind, in fact, may
+exercise a considerable power of resistance against inebriation; for
+which reason, persons in the society of their superiors, under
+circumstances which render it necessary they should maintain the
+appearance of being always well conducted, drink with impunity more than
+they otherwise could, if they did not impose upon themselves this
+consciousness of self-government. We also observe the influence of the
+mind, in controlling, and, indeed, putting an end to a fit of
+intoxication, by making, doubtless, an impression on the heart and
+causation, when a sense of danger, or a piece of good or bad news,
+suddenly communicated, sobers a person on a sudden."
+
+"I have heard," observed the merry-faced guest, "that moving
+about--changing from one seat into another--will check the effects of
+liquor; and I have known persons who have left a social party perfectly
+sober, become suddenly tipsy in the open air. How is this to be
+explained?"
+
+"Precisely on the same principle," answered the Doctor, "upon leaving an
+overheated room, on your returning homewards, you expose yourself to an
+atmosphere many degrees below that you have just left. The cold checks
+the circulation on the surface of the body; the blood is driven inwards;
+it accumulates, consequently, in the internal organs; and sometimes its
+pressure is such on the brain, as to produce on a sudden the very last
+stage of intoxication. The limbs refuse to support their burthen, and
+the person falls down in a state of profound insensibility."
+
+"I have recently," said the host, "read in the Police Reports several
+cases of this description; and imagined that some narcotic drug must
+have been mixed with the liquor drank by such persons. Adulterations of
+some sort must go on to a frightful extent in gin-palaces."
+
+"Not by any means," answered the Doctor, "to the extent you suppose. It
+is said that the spirit dealer makes his whisky or gin bead by adding a
+little turpentine to it. Well! what then? Turpentine is a very healthy
+diuretic. It is given to infants to kill worms in very large doses.
+Then, again, vitriol is spoken of; but so strong is sulphuric acid, that
+it would clearly render these spirits quite unpalatable. I do not affirm
+that the art of adulteration may not occasionally be had recourse to,
+even with criminal intentions, for such cases have been brought under
+the notice of the authorities; but I do not believe the practice is so
+general as some persons suppose. I apprehend dilution is a more general
+means of fraud."
+
+"It has often occurred to me," said the Clergyman, "that our municipal
+regulations ought, on this subject, be much improved. Our Excise
+officers enter the cellars of the wholesale and retail spirit-dealers,
+only to gauge the strength of the spirit, and to ascertain how much it
+may be overproof, which alone regulates the Government duty; but for the
+sake of the public health I would go further than this. If a butcher be
+found selling unhealthy meat; a fishmonger, bad fish; or a baker cheat
+in the weight of bread, they severally have their goods confiscated, and
+are fined; and so far the public is protected. But the authorities seem
+not to care what description of poison is sold across the counter of
+gin-palaces--an evil which may easily be remedied. I would put the
+licensed victualler on the same level with the butcher and fishmonger:
+and if he were found selling adulterated spirits, and the charge were
+proved against him by the same having been fairly analyzed, he, too,
+should be liable to be fined, or even lose his license. The public
+health is, upon this point, at present, utterly unprotected."
+
+"Some such measure," observed the host, "might be advantageously
+adopted; but I confess that I do not advocate the prohibition principle;
+instead of preaching a Crusade against the use of any particular
+article, whether of necessity or comfort, let us educate the people, and
+improve their social condition by inculcating sound moral principles;
+they will soon learn that habits of industry and temperance can alone
+insure them and their children happiness and prosperity; and in so doing
+you will teach a sound, practical permanent lesson."
+
+"But," interrupted the Clergyman, "if we continue the conversation
+longer, we shall ourselves become transgressors; the 'stirrup-cup' is
+drained; much remains doubtless to be said respecting the evils,
+physical and moral, which arise from intemperance; but let us now
+adjourn."
+
+"With all my heart!" exclaimed the host, "and now, 'to all and each, a
+fair good night.'"
+
+
+
+
+From "Rambles beyond Railways;" by W. Wilkie Collins, author of
+"Antonina."
+
+MINING UNDER THE SEA.
+
+
+In complete mining equipment, with candles stuck by lumps of clay to
+their felt hats, the travellers have painfully descended by
+perpendicular ladders and along dripping-wet rock passages, fathoms down
+into pitchy darkness; the miner who guides them calls a halt.
+
+We are now four hundred yards out under the bottom of the sea, and
+twenty fathoms or a hundred and twenty feet below the sea level.
+Coast-trade vessels are sailing over our heads. Two hundred and forty
+feet beneath us men are at work; and there are galleries deeper yet even
+below that. The extraordinary position down the face of the cliff, of
+the engines and other works on the surface at Botallack, is now
+explained. The mine is not excavated like other mines under the land,
+but under the sea.
+
+Having communicated these particulars, the miner next tells us to keep
+strict silence and listen. We obey him, sitting speechless and
+motionless. If the reader could only have beheld us now, dressed in our
+copper-colored garments, huddled close together in a mere cleft of
+subterranean rock, with flame burning on our heads and darkness
+enveloping our limbs, he must certainly have imagined, without any
+violent stretch of fancy, that he was looking down upon a conclave of
+gnomes.
+
+After listening for a few moments, a distant unearthly noise becomes
+faintly audible,--a long, low, mysterious moaning, that never changes,
+that is felt on the ear as well as heard by it; a sound that might
+proceed from some incalculable distance, from some far invisible height;
+a sound unlike any thing that is heard on the upper ground in the free
+air of heaven; a sound so sublimely mournful and still, so ghostly and
+impressive when listened to in the subterranean recesses of the earth,
+that we continue instinctively to hold our peace, as if enchanted by it,
+and think not of communicating to each other the strange awe and
+astonishment which it has inspired in us both from the very first.
+
+At last the miner speaks again, and tells us that what we hear is the
+sound of the surf lashing the rocks a hundred and twenty feet above us,
+and of the waves that are breaking on the beach beyond. The tide is now
+at the flow, and the sea is in no extraordinary state of agitation: so
+the sound is low and distant just at this period. But when storms are at
+their height, when the ocean hurls mountain after mountain of water on
+the cliffs, then the noise is terrific; the roaring heard down here in
+the mine is so inexpressibly fierce and awful that the boldest men at
+work are afraid to continue their labor; all ascend to the surface to
+breathe the upper air and stand on the firm earth; dreading, though no
+such catastrophe has ever happened yet, that the sea will break in on
+them if they remain in the caverns below.
+
+Hearing this, we get up to look at the rock above us. We are able to
+stand upright in the position we now occupy; and, flaring our candles
+hither and thither in the darkness, can see the bright pure copper
+streaking the dark ceiling of the gallery in every direction. Lumps of
+ooze, of the most lustrous green color, traversed by a natural network
+of thin red veins of iron, appear here and there in large irregular
+patches, over which water is dripping slowly and incessantly in certain
+places. This is the salt water percolating through invisible crannies in
+the rock. On stormy days it spirts out furiously in thin continuous
+streams. Just over our heads we observe a wooden plug of the thickness
+of a man's leg; there is a hole here, and the plug is all that we have
+to keep out the sea.
+
+Immense wealth of metal is contained in the roof of this gallery,
+throughout its whole length; but it remains, and will always remain,
+untouched: the miners dare not take it, for it is part, and a great
+part, of the rock which forms their only protection against the sea, and
+which has been so far worked away here that its thickness is limited to
+an average of three feet only between the water and the gallery in which
+we now stand. No one knows what might be the consequence of another
+day's labor with the pick-axe on any part of it. This information is
+rather startling when communicated at the depth of four hundred and
+twenty feet under ground. We should decidedly have preferred to receive
+it in the counting-house. It makes us pause for an instant, to the
+miner's infinite amusement, in the very act of knocking away about an
+inch of ore from the rock, as a memento of Botallack. Having, however,
+ventured, on reflection, to assume the responsibility of weakening our
+defence against the sea by the length and breadth of an inch, we secure
+our piece of copper, and next proceed to discuss the propriety of
+descending two hundred and forty feet more of ladders, for the sake of
+visiting that part of the mine where the men are at work.
+
+Two or three causes concur to make us doubt the wisdom of going lower.
+There is a hot, moist, sickly vapor, floating about as, which becomes
+more oppressive every moment; we are already perspiring at every pore,
+as we were told we should, and our hands, faces, jackets, and trousers,
+are all more or less covered with a mixture of mud, tallow, and
+iron-drippings, which we can feel and smell much more acutely than is
+exactly desirable. We ask the miner what there is to see lower down. He
+replies, nothing but men breaking ore with pickaxes: the galleries of
+the mine are alike, however deep they may go; when you have seen one,
+you have seen all.
+
+The answer decides us: we determine to get back to the surface.
+
+
+
+
+From Tait's Magazine.
+
+THE COSTUME OF THE FUTURE.
+
+
+Our business is with male attire, and it would be ungallant to
+introduce, merely in a parenthesis, the subject of ladies' dress, or we
+might pause to congratulate them and ourselves upon the very reasonable
+and natural costume which they have enjoyed for some time. The portraits
+of the present day are not disfigured by the towering head-gear, the
+long waists and hoops against which Reynolds had to contend, nor by the
+greater variety of hideous fashions, including the no-waist, the tight
+clinging skirt, the enormous bows of hair, and the balloon or
+leg-of-mutton sleeves, which at various periods interfered with the
+highest efforts of Lawrence. The present dress differs slightly from
+that of the best ages; and Vandyke or Lely, if summoned to paint the
+fair ladies of the Court of Queen Victoria, would find little they could
+wish to alter in the arrangement of their costume. But what would they
+say to the gentlemen?
+
+They would miss the rich materials, the variety of color and of make,
+and the flowing outlines to which they were accustomed, and would find,
+instead of them every body going about in a plain, uniform,
+close-fitting garb, admitting of no variety of color or make, and not
+presenting a single line or contour upon which they could look with
+pleasure. They might not be much gratified by learning the superior
+economy of modern fashions: they might say that, putting rich materials
+and delicate hues aside, it is possible to contrive a picturesque dress
+out of the most simple fabrics. Beauty and expense are by no means of
+necessity associated in dress. When Oliver Goldsmith, after spending
+more than would pay a modern gentleman's tailor's bill for a couple of
+years, upon a single coat of cherry-colored velvet, had the misfortune
+to stain it in a conspicuous place, he was obliged to go on wearing it,
+and always to hold his hat (in this instance of some use) before the
+fatal grease-spot. He could not afford to have another new coat, and yet
+this expensive and unfortunate piece of finery was every bit as ugly, if
+not more so, than the plain black or invisible-green cloth coat of this
+age. The long shoes, pointed toes, and other grotesque fashions of the
+middle ages, must all of them have been expensive; and it was by
+inefficient sumptuary laws that it was attempted to put them down. The
+draperies which we admire on an Etruscan vase were of the coarsest
+woollen: and the possession of silken stuffs in abundance has not tended
+to make the Chinese national dress better than what we know it to be.
+
+Of coats, the frock is better than the evening or dress-coat. It fulfils
+the purpose of a garment more completely, and when buttoned up is
+capable of protecting the chest. The triangular opening in front of the
+coat and waistcoat is, however, an absurdity. It leaves unprotected from
+cold and wet the very part which most requires protection. Pictorially,
+the regularly-defined patch of white seen through it is always
+offensive; but its whiteness has one merit, if it really be white. The
+exposure of part of the linen worn under the tailor's portion of the
+man's dress makes attention to its condition necessary; and perhaps has
+contributed to the greater personal cleanliness which obtains among a
+coat-wearing than among a blouse-wearing population. Cleanliness is very
+truly reputed to be next to godliness, and it may be worth while making
+some sacrifice of convenience and taste for the sake of it: it belongs
+to morals rather than to �sthetics, and should accordingly take
+precedence of any thing appertaining only to the latter.
+
+The tail or dress coat is evidently derived from the frock, or from
+something like the frock, by turning back the skirts. Remains of this
+process may be seen in the buttons which, without serving any useful
+purpose, still continue to decorate the coat-tails in many military
+uniforms, and in servants' liveries, and in those which, without being
+so remarkable, still adhere to the tails of an ordinary dress-coat. This
+arrangement may be noticed very distinctly in the well-known portraits
+of Charles XII. of Sweden, in which the white livery is seen buttoned
+back upon the blue cloth which forms the outer side of the coat skirts.
+
+The tail-coat is certainly the worst of the two, whether for utility or
+for appearance; and so thought George IV., whose opinion, however, in
+matters of taste, was not in general good for much. This king, in his
+latter days, carried his aversion to it so far as to banish it entirely
+from his back, and from his presence for a time, during which he, and
+the persons immediately about him, wore a kind of frock coat in evening
+dress. But the public did not follow the royal lead, and the
+swallow-tails still flutter behind the wearer of an evening coat.
+
+Waistcoats do not call for much reprobation, except in the matter of the
+already-mentioned white triangle, in which they err in company with the
+coats. But a good long waistcoat, buttoned up to the throat, is a very
+useful and unexceptionable piece of attire. A few years ago, people wore
+them of all kinds of color, and of all kinds of stuffs, silks, and
+velvet; now, however, black is your only wear, with perhaps an
+occasional license to assume the white waistcoat, which was once
+associated with that exceedingly frivolous and now evanescent party who
+were called 'Young England.'
+
+Trousers are so sensible and convenient a portion of attire that little
+can be said against them. It is a form of covering for the legs well
+fitted for the inhabitants of a cold and variable climate, and hardly
+differs from what may be seen on the figures of the Gauls on Trajan's
+Column, and other monuments of antiquity. In practical convenience, they
+far surpass their shorter rivals, which also require continuation by
+stockings to complete the purpose of clothing the leg. Buttons at the
+knee are a great nuisance, and probably were what chiefly contributed to
+the melancholy determination of a certain gentleman in the last century,
+who found his existence insupportable, and put an end to it with his own
+hand. Life, he said, was made up of nothing but buttoning and
+unbuttoning; and so he shot himself one morning in his dressing-gown and
+slippers, before the intolerable burden of the day commenced.
+
+Trousers are great levellers. The legs of Achilles and of Thersites
+would share the same fate in them, and both would in modern London be as
+well entitled to the epithet of "well-trousered," as the former alone
+was to that of 'well-greaved' before Troy. Probably the majority of
+mankind are but too well content with this result, as there are few who
+could emulate Mr. Cruikshanks in James Smith's song of names, who
+
+      "----stepped into ten thousand a year
+    By showing his leg to an heiress;"
+
+and the trouser is therefore likely to be a permanent article in the
+wardrobe, so that its continued existence must be taken as a datum or
+postulate in any discussion upon vestimentary reform. This, it must be
+allowed, makes any reform to a very picturesque costume out of the
+question; for not only is the loose trouser itself hostile to the fit
+display of the lower limbs, but it interferes with the use of any such
+dress as the military habit of the Romans, or the Highland kilt, or the
+short tunic with which we are familiar on the stage in costumed plays,
+where no particular accuracy as to place or time is affected. The effect
+of the combination may often be noticed in the dress of little boys, who
+may be seen wearing trousers under such a tunic, reaching to the knee or
+a little above it. The horizontal line which terminates the lower part
+of the kilt is seen in immediate contrast with, and at right angles to
+the almost perpendicular lines of the trousers, which produces a most
+disagreeable appearance; although it is well adapted, by the contrast of
+a straight line with the graceful curves of the legs, to set them off to
+advantage when uncovered.
+
+Flowing robes after the classical or eastern fashion are of course not
+to be thought of. They would be mightily out of place in railroad
+carriages, or in omnibuses, or in walking the streets on muddy days.
+Modern habits of activity and personal independence require the dress to
+be tolerably succinct and unvoluminous; but some change in the right
+direction has been lately made by the introduction of what are called
+paletots, and other coats of various transitional forms between them and
+the shooting-jacket proper. In these a good deal of the stiffness and
+angularity of the regulation frock coat is got rid of, and they admit of
+adaptation to different statures and sizes. They have much comfort and
+convenience to recommend them, and it would be a great point gained if
+they were altogether adopted, and the frock-coat, which still asserts a
+claim to be considered more correct, were quietly given up.
+
+It may be matter only of custom and association, or it may also depend
+upon some deeper considerations, but the result of much observation is,
+that with the ordinary out-of-door costume of the present day, as worn
+in cities, nothing goes so well as the black hat. There is an ugliness
+and a stiffness about it which is congruous with the ugliness and
+stiffness of every thing else. Its very height and straight sides tend
+to carry the eye upwards, in conformity with the indication of the
+principal lines in the lower part of the dress. It is like a steeple
+upon a Gothic tower, and repeats the perpendicular tendencies of what is
+below it, instead of contradicting them by the introduction of a
+horizontal element. Certainly, no kind of cap goes well with it: the
+traveller who has not unpacked his hat, and continues to wear in the
+streets what served him on the road, or the Turk, European in all but
+his red fez, cut but a sorry and mongrel figure among the shining
+beavers around them, which retain their place as necessary evils under
+the existing order of things.
+
+Once, however, escape from the town, and see how every one gets rid of
+his regular coat, and of his chimney-pot. The man of business in his
+rural retreat, the lawyer in vacation, the lounger at the sea-side, have
+all discarded them. Emancipation from the coat and hat is synonymous
+with leisure, enjoyment, and freedom from the formal trammels of public
+and civic life. The most staid and reverend personages may now be seen
+disporting themselves in divers jackets, and in that Wide-awake which a
+few years since was confined to the sportsman or his slang imitator.
+Surely this universal consent of mankind must be accepted as an omen of
+the future; and when the looser and more sensible garments now worn in
+the country, shall be established as the usual dress of the towns also,
+they will be accompanied by the soft and wide-leaved hat of felt, which
+already goes along with them wherever they are tolerated.
+
+
+
+
+From the Athen�um.
+
+LIFE IN PERSIA, IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+Prince Alexis Soltykoff, a Russian, who published in Paris last year his
+_Travels in India_, has just given to the world from the same city a
+volume of _Novels in Persia_. In both works we find the same charm of
+simplicity in the narrative, the same truth and spirit in the drawings,
+and, we may add, what some people would call the same deficiencies--that
+is to say, the same absence of got-up learning and bookmaking art. There
+are no historical, geological, or philological treatises pressed into
+their pages, no statistical calculations, not one quotation from other
+people's books, not a single word about Darius, Sapor, or Khosroes!
+
+Prince Soltykoff has not followed the too commonly adopted recipe for
+writing a book of travels. He has not on his return home read every body
+else's book on the same subject,--and then condensed his readings into
+one volume, bristling with erudition and stuck full of learned notes
+which, ten to one, are either not read at all or read in the wrong
+place. As to notes--there are not two to each volume. Satisfied with
+having said nothing that is not true, and with having related nothing
+that he has not seen, he feels no misgivings or regret at leaving much
+unsaid. Of all the information which can be acquired without leaving
+one's fireside in London or St. Petersburg he gives not a word, but the
+valuable testimony of the eyewitness he records in a series of drawings
+in which Eastern life is 'taken in the fact' with a truth and liveliness
+of touch rarely found in an amateur pencil. The letter-press is a
+secondary part of the work,--merely to render the drawings intelligible;
+and we are convinced that if the author could have imagined a more
+unpretending title for his book than the one given, he would have
+selected it. Indeed, the word _book_ is scarcely an appropriate one to
+use on this occasion; and we may compare the pleasure which we have
+derived in perusing Prince Soltykoff's travels both in Persia and in
+India to that afforded by the inspection of the album of an intelligent
+traveller who should enliven the exhibition by his agreeable and
+instructive conversation.
+
+The travels in India took place between the years 1841 and 1846, while
+those in Persia were accomplished as far back as 1838. We are not told
+why the publication has been so long delayed, and can account for it
+only by supposing that the fashion which has lately brought before the
+public in the capacity of authors so many subjects of the Czar, was not
+in 1838 so prevalent at St. Petersburg. Be that as it may, a picture of
+the Eastern world in its immobility can brave a lapse of time which
+would prove fatal to the likeness of any portraiture of European
+society. The following sketch, for instance, is likely to be as true
+now, as when it was written:--
+
+"After three months' stay at Teheran, I was heartily tired of it and of
+Persia altogether. The manner of living is fearfully monotonous. A
+stranger, debarred from female society, and deprived of all the
+diversions of European cities, can scarcely find employment for his day.
+I had hired for six _toumans_ a month (the touman is worth about ten
+shillings) one of the prettiest houses of the town in the quarter named
+Gazbine-Dervaz�. The air, it is true, circulated as freely through it as
+in the open street, but the climate is so mild and the weather was so
+fine that this could scarcely be considered an objection. The house
+consisted of two stories of several rooms with two terraces to each.
+Those of the upper story overlooked the town, which, in spite of its
+dulness, had a certain air of activity. Two rows of windows--the lower
+closed with wooden shutters and the upper one formed of colored
+glass,--gave light to the principal room, of which the walls were white
+as snow. I took advantage of two niches to place therein two complete
+Persian armors which I had procured with inconceivable trouble, for no
+one can imagine the numberless and tedious difficulties which impede
+every kind of transaction. For the most trifling purchase one hundred
+toumans are spoken of as a hundred roubles in Russia. Besides,
+punctuality is a virtue unknown in Persia, and this alone would suffice
+to make the country odious to foreigners. If you charge a tradesman with
+want of faith, he replies gravely that 'his nose has burned with
+regret'--a strange expression of repentance certainly! Indeed, the habit
+of falsehood is so inveterate among Persians of this class--and I may
+even say of all classes--that when they happen by chance to keep their
+word they never fail to claim a reward as though they had performed a
+most rare and meritorious act. Having examined all the rare but rather
+heterogeneous articles which compose the royal treasury, we went to see
+the king's second son (the eldest was at Tauris), to whom Count
+Simonitsch had to pay a farewell visit. We found the little prince in
+the audience chamber, seated on the floor on a cachmere, and propped by
+several large bolsters covered with pink muslin. He was a delicate
+sickly child of four or five years old, with an unmeaning countenance, a
+pale face, insignificant and rather flattened features, and red hair,
+or rather, I should say, with his hair dyed of a deep red. He was
+dressed in a shawl caftan lined with fur, and wore on his little
+black cap a diamond aigrette. We sat down in front of him on the
+carpet;--Mirza-Massoud, the minister for foreign affairs, and two or
+three other dignitaries who were present at the interview, remained
+standing. _D�m�hi schoum� tschogh est?_ that is to say, 'Is your nose
+very fat?' inquired Count Simonitsch. This extraordinary form of speech
+universally used by well-bred persons in Persia, seems to indicate that
+they ascribe considerable hygienic importance to that feature. All my
+researches to discover the origin and symbolical meaning of this
+courtesy have proved in vain; I have never obtained a satisfactory
+explanation to my questions on this head: all I can say is, that the
+hackneyed forms of salutation in use among European nations have since
+seemed to me far less absurd than they formerly did."
+
+We have no doubt that even should Prince Keikhobade-Mirza have departed
+this life, another original might be found for the following picture of
+a Persian prince in reduced circumstances:
+
+"On my return home I found an Armenian merchant waiting for me who
+seemed somewhat less of a rogue than his brethren. He had brought me a
+_Sipehr_ (shield) in delicately wrought steel, ornamented with
+inscriptions and arabesques, inlaid in gold; it belonged, he said, to
+Prince Mohammed-Veli-Mirza, and he demanded a sum of thirty-six toumans
+(about eighteen pounds), which I gave without hesitation. It was not
+dear at that price. This Mohammed-Veli-Mirza, one of the numerous sons
+of the late Fet-Ali-Schah, had been, if I mistake not, governor of
+Schiraz. His reputation, as well as that of his brother
+Keikhobade-Mirza, (indeed, I might say of all his brothers), was so well
+established in the country, that the Armenian begged I would not
+consider the bargain as concluded until he had paid the money into the
+prince's hands, lest he should wish to recede from his word. You know,
+he said, that these _Schahzad�s_ have no scruples in these
+matters,--that they are all _tamamkharab_, that is to say, bad
+characters--_kharab_, meaning a thing that is bad--decayed, dilapidated.
+Fortunately the fears of the prudent Armenian were not realized; for a
+wonder, Mohammed-Veli-Mirza was contented with the sum he had first
+asked, and the _Sipehr_ was added to my collection. A few days later I
+received a deputation from Prince Keikhobade-Mirza, offering me a
+similar shield as a present. In the first impulse of my gratitude I
+hastened to present my thanks to the generous donor. His house was the
+abode of poverty; his appearance was noble and dignified, and his
+countenance very handsome, although he squinted. The portrait of his
+royal father, the late Fet-Ali-Schah, hung in the room, and I was
+struck with the resemblance between father and son. The full-length
+portrait of my gracious host was there also--in the full dress of a
+prince of the blood holding a shield. Keikhobade-Mirza, whose gracious
+and cordial reception touched me the more on account of the evident
+poverty of his household, pointed to this latter portrait,--saying that
+in his father's lifetime he was, as I could see, his _selictar_, or
+royal shield-bearer, and enjoyed a brilliant station, but that now he
+was fallen; adding that he had sent me the shield which he had
+inherited--the same which I saw represented in the picture--knowing that
+I had been looking out for curious arms at the bazaar. I was profuse in
+my expressions of gratitude, although thanks in Persia denote a man of
+mean station, and though my Persian servant, who had accompanied me, was
+making signs to me to stop. 'It is a mere trifle,' said the Prince, 'and
+I hope to find some other articles more worthy your acceptance, for my
+only desire is to be agreeable to you.' The morrow brought me his
+_Nazir_, or steward, to ask for three hundred _toumans_ (150_l._); and
+as I seemed in no hurry to give them, he sent for his shield back again.
+Some time afterwards, he came to see me, and asked why I had returned
+it. 'You sent for it by your nazir,' I said. 'My nazir,' he replied,
+(although the man was present and looking on with an ambiguous smile,)
+'is a rogue and a storyteller; give me a hundred toumans and I will let
+you have the shield, which indeed is yours. I begged you to accept it as
+well as every thing else I may possess.' And so the matter ended."
+
+The foregoing picture of Oriental munificence can scarcely be more
+disenchanting than the sight of the sketch of Mohammed-Schah which
+Prince Soltykoff had the honor to take. The large head, the heavy
+inexpressive features, the clumsy frame, are sad dream dispellers; and
+were it not for the redeeming Persian cap, the "Centre of the World"
+might be mistaken for a grocer of the Rue St. Denis in a shawl
+dressing-gown. On grand occasions the appearance of the Schah must be
+still more incongruous, if we are to believe the description which the
+author gives of the state dress preserved in the royal treasury. One can
+scarcely fancy a gouty Centre of the World attired in a European uniform
+of _blue cloth_, with the facings embroidered in diamonds, ruby buttons,
+and epaulets formed of immense emeralds, to which are attached fringes
+of large pearls. We translate a description of a last sitting, and of
+the exchange of courtesies between the royal model and the amateur
+artist; it may serve to reconcile some of our readers to the rather
+monotonous form in which royal munificence is usually displayed in
+European courts. When compared to a lame horse, a gold snuff-box
+appears--if not an ingenious--at least a convenient present:
+
+"On the 31st of January I went for the last time to the Palace to take
+leave of the Schah, and make another portrait of him.... He proposed at
+first to sit for his profile, but as I objected on the score of its
+being less interesting:--'Well, well, he said, 'as you wish; you
+understand the thing better than I do.' He then resumed his conversation
+with the courtiers, who were ranged in a row at the other end of the
+room,--sounding my praises in Turkish in the most exaggerated terms,
+according to the rules of Persian politeness, and remarking among other
+things how difficult it was to catch an exact likeness so
+quickly--doubtless to set me at my ease, for he saw I was hurrying in my
+task. To all these remarks the courtiers merely replied: '_B�li_,
+_b�li_, yes, yes,' in a monotonous and inexpressive tone. The Schah
+seemed much surprised to learn that I was to leave Teheran the following
+day. He inquired what motive induced me to leave Persia so soon. I
+replied, that I was eager to join my family and friends, to inform them
+of the favors I had received at the hands of His Majesty. For these
+latter words the interpreter substituted the words 'Centre of the
+World.' I added, that I intended returning to Teheran with my brother in
+the course of the following year, at which the Prince of course appeared
+delighted--'Return soon,' he said, 'you will always be welcome at my
+court.' Then turning to Mirza-Massoud, his Minister for Foreign Affairs,
+who had accompanied me:--I have known many Franks,' he remarked, 'but
+none who pleased me as much as this one.' This phrase, it must be said,
+loses somewhat of its effect when it is known that the good Prince never
+failed to address it to every stranger who presented himself. He next
+inquired of the Minister for Foreign Affairs if the presents he intended
+for me were ready, and particularly recommended that they should not be
+worth less than three hundred toumans. I then took leave of His Majesty,
+backing out of the room as well as I could, while he continued to bestow
+on me his smiles and gracious words. The next day, on my way to the
+Russian Embassy, I met four of the King's servants, slowly leading in
+great ceremony a tall, lame, bay horse. Before they accosted me to tell
+me so, I had guessed that it was intended for me. I had not had time to
+take on a fitting air for the occasion before my groom, who was walking
+beside my horse, began to abuse the Schah's people in most lively terms,
+refusing to admit such a sorry jade into my stables. In spite of my
+opposition to so rude an action, and my exclamations in bad Turkish, the
+Persians returned to the Palace stables, where they chose another horse,
+which they brought me direct to the Embassy. My groom was not more
+inclined to receive it than the first, nor to listen to my
+remonstrances, and those of a dragoman of the Embassy, whose aid I had
+invoked in order to declare that I accepted the royal gift with due
+respect. All was useless; the quarrel proceeded,--my squire insisting on
+performing his duty in spite of myself, and only interrupting himself to
+make me understand that he was acting in my interest. The Schah's
+servants at last, reduced to silence by the observations of so zealous a
+follower, departed once more with their horse to submit the affair to
+the Prime Minister, who was to decide in his wisdom whether the animal
+was or was not worthy of being offered to me. A mixture of cleverness
+and cunning, with an almost childish na�vet�, seemed to me a striking
+feature in the Persian character. Hadji-Mirza-Agassi pronounced the
+steed to be to a certain degree valuable, and requested me to excuse
+it,--for the present a better could not be offered,--adding, that on my
+return I should receive a magnificent one."
+
+Prince Soltykoff's remarks generally relate more to the habits and
+indications of character observable among those whom he visits than to
+any material objects or physical sensations. The notions entertained of
+politeness in Persia seem especially to have struck him, as our readers
+may have seen by the extracts which we have given. We will give one more
+illustrating the same subject. It has often been said that a knowledge
+of foreign countries is apt to make us better satisfied with our own,
+and we have shown how an experience of Oriental gifts may restore the
+oft-derided snuff-box to honor. Who knows whether even saucy children
+may not in future be more patiently endured by our readers after the
+following anecdote. For our own part, we know of no "dear little pickle"
+whom we would not prefer to this very well-behaved Persian boy:
+
+"Three days afterwards I was at Gazbine, installed in the house of a
+certain Scherif-Khan, and received in his absence by his four sons, who
+were all dressed alike, and the eldest of whom was barely eleven. In the
+midst of the ruins of the town--all Persian towns indeed are mere
+abominable ruins of mud walls--I considered myself fortunate in
+obtaining a room and a fire-place. One of the walls of the apartment to
+which I was conducted consisted of small bits of colored glass,
+checkered at regular intervals with small squares of wood, for glass is
+both rare and expensive in Persia. As, however, the greater part of the
+colored glass was broken, and the wind came rushing through the holes
+and crevices, I was half frozen and nearly stifled with smoke, until an
+end was put to my sufferings by stopping the holes and nailing some felt
+on the doors. The children of the house came, under the guidance of a
+sort of servant who filled the office of tutor, to pay me a visit, and
+seated themselves on the floor. The second, who was about ten, and who
+by right of his mother's superior rank was to inherit all the paternal
+titles and wealth, inquired after my health; and on my asking him in my
+turn how he felt, replied with a very stiff little air, 'that in my
+presence every body must feel satisfied.' I then offered him some cakes,
+requesting to know if they were to his liking.--'All you offer is very
+good,' he said, 'and all you eat must be excellent.' I had a cap on my
+head, and another lay on the table; I questioned him on the value which
+he attached to the two articles, and asked which he preferred. 'Both are
+superb,' he replied, 'but the one you prefer is undoubtedly the best.'
+After this piquant specimen of the civility of the country, it may be
+supposed that I was not sorry to end the conference, and to get rid of
+such an excessively well bred child. I took care, however, to send a cup
+of tea to his mother, who, the tutor informed me, was young and pretty,
+and lived in the house with three other wives of Scherif-Khan. She found
+it so much to her liking that she sent to beg for a pound of it."
+
+One word more: Oehlenschl�ger used to complain that when he wrote in
+Danish he wrote for two hundred readers; Russians are very much in the
+same case, and Prince Soltykoff, like all his countrymen who desire to
+have a public, has been obliged to have recourse to a foreign language.
+But the misfortune is so easily and gracefully borne, that we can
+scarcely find pity for it. The drawings are well lithographed by French
+artists. Our neighbors are much fonder of lithographic illustrations
+than we are, and, it must be admitted, excel us in that branch of art.
+We have noticed especially the lithographs executed by M. Trayer, a
+young artist, who is also a painter of promise.
+
+
+
+
+From Leigh Hunt's Journal.
+
+DUELLING TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS AGO.
+
+SIR THOMAS DUTTON AND SIR HATTON CHEEK.
+
+BY THOMAS CARLYLE.
+
+
+Peace here, if possible; skins were not made for mere slitting and
+slashing! You that are for war, cannot you go abroad, and fight the
+Papist Spaniards? Over in the Netherlands there is always fighting
+enough. You that are of ruffling humor, gather your truculent ruffians
+together; make yourselves colonels over them; go to the Netherlands, and
+fight your bellyful!
+
+Which accordingly many do, earning deathless war-laurels for the moment;
+and have done, and will continue doing, in those generations. Our
+gallant Veres, Earl of Oxford and the others, it has long been their
+way; gallant Cecil, to be called Earl of Wimbledon; gallant Sir John
+Burroughs, gallant Sir Hatton Cheek,--it is still their way. Deathless
+military renowns are gathered there in this manner; deathless for the
+moment. Did not Ben Jonson, in his young hard days, bear arms very
+manfully as a private soldado there? Ben, who now writes learned plays
+and court-masks as Poet Laureate, served manfully with pike and sword
+there, for his groat a day with rations. And once when a Spanish soldier
+came strutting forward between the lines, flourishing his weapon, and
+defying all persons in general--Ben stept forth, as I hear; fenced that
+braggart Spaniard, since no other would do it; and ended by soon
+slitting him in two, and so silencing him! Ben's war-tuck, to judge by
+the flourish of his pen, must have had a very dangerous stroke in it.
+
+"Swashbuckler age," we said; but the expression was incorrect, except as
+a figure. Bucklers went out fifty years ago, "about the twentieth of
+Queen Elizabeth"; men do not now swash with them, or fight in that way.
+Iron armor has mostly gone out, except in mere pictures of soldiers;
+King James said, It was an excellent invention; you could get no harm,
+and neither could you do any in it. Bucklers, either for horse or foot,
+are quite gone. Yet old Mr. Stowe, good chronicler, can recollect when
+every gentleman had his buckler; and at length every serving man and
+city dandy. Smithfield--still a waste field, full of puddles in wet
+weather,--was in those days full of buckler duels, every Sunday and
+holiday in the dry season; and was called Ruffian's Rig, or some such
+name.
+
+A man, in those days, bought his buckler, of gilt leather and wood, at
+the haberdasher's; "hung it over his back, by a strap fastened to the
+pommel of his sword in front." Elegant men showed what taste, or sense
+of poetic beauty, was in them by the fashion of their buckler. With
+Spanish beaver, with starched ruff, and elegant Spanish cloak, with
+elegant buckler hanging at his back, a man, if his moustachios and boots
+were in good order, stepped forth with some satisfaction. Full of
+strange oaths, and bearded like the pard; a decidedly truculent-looking
+figure. Jostle him in the street thoroughfares, accidentally splash his
+boots as you pass--by heaven the buckler gets upon his arm, the sword
+flashes in his fist, with oaths enough; and you too being ready, there
+is a noise! Clink, clank, death and fury; all persons gathering round,
+and new quarrels springing from this one! And Dogberry comes up with the
+town guard? And the shopkeepers hastily close their shops? Nay, it is
+hardly necessary, says Mr. Howe; these buckler fights amount only to
+noise, for most part; the jingle of iron against tin and painted
+leather. Ruffling swashers strutting along with big oaths and whiskers,
+delight to pick a quarrel; but the rule is you do not thrust, you do not
+strike below the waist; and it was oftenest a dry duel--mere noise, as
+of working tinsmiths, with profane swearing! Empty vaporing bullyrooks
+and braggarts, they encumber the thoroughfares mainly. Dogberry and
+Verges ought to apprehend them. I have seen, in Smithfield, on a dry
+holiday, "thirty of them on a side," fighting and hammering as if for
+life; and was not at the pains to look at them, the blockheads; their
+noise as the mere beating of old kettles to me!
+
+The truth is, serving-men themselves, and city apprentices had got
+reckless, and the duels, no death following, ceased to be sublime. About
+fifty years ago, serious men took to fighting with rapiers, and the
+buckler fell away. Holles, in Sherwood, as we saw, fought with rapier,
+and he soon spoiled Markham. Rapier and dagger especially; that is a
+more silent duel, but a terribly serious one! Perhaps the reader will
+like to take a view of one such serious duel in those days, and
+therewith close this desultory chapter.
+
+It was at the siege of Juliers, in the Netherlands wars, of the year
+1609; we give the date, for wars are perpetual, or nearly so, in the
+Netherlands. At one of the storm parties of the siege of Juliers, the
+gallant Sir Hatton Cheek, above alluded to, a superior officer of the
+English force which fights there under my Lord Cecil, that shall be
+Wimbledon; the gallant Sir Hatton, I say, being of hot temper, superior
+officer, and the service a storm-party on some bastion or demilune,
+speaks sharp word of command to Sir Thomas Dutton, who also is probably
+of hot temper in this hot moment. Sharp word of command to Dutton; and
+the movement not proceeding rightly, sharp word of rebuke. To which
+Dutton, with kindled voice, answers something sharp; is answered still
+more sharply with voice high flaming;--whereat Dutton suddenly holds in;
+says merely, "He is under military duty here, but perhaps will not
+always be so;" and rushing forward, does his order silently, the best he
+can. His order done, Dutton straightway lays down his commission; packs
+up, that night, and returns to England.
+
+Sir Hatton Cheek prosecutes his work at the siege of Juliers; gallantly
+assists at the taking of Juliers, triumphant over all the bastions, and
+half-moons there; but hears withal that Dutton is at home in England,
+defaming him as a choleric tyrant and so forth. Dreadful news, which
+brings some biliary attack on the gallant man, and reduces him to a bed
+of sickness. Hardly recovered, he dispatches message to Dutton, That he
+shall request to have the pleasure of his company, with arms and seconds
+ready, on some neutral ground,--Calais sands for instance,--at an early
+day, if convenient. Convenient; yes, as dinner to the hungry! answers
+Dutton; and time, place, and circumstances are rapidly enough agreed
+upon.
+
+And so, on Calais sands, on a winter morning of the year 1609, this is
+what we see most authentically, through the lapse of dim Time. Two
+gentlemen stript to the shirt and waistband; in two hands of each a
+rapier and dagger clutched; their looks sufficiently serious! The
+seconds, having stript, equipt, and fairly overhauled and certified
+them, are just about retiring from the measured fate-circle, not without
+indignation that _they_ are forbidden to fight. Two gentlemen in this
+alarming posture; of whom the Universe knows, has known, and will know
+nothing, except that they were of choleric humor, and assisted in the
+Netherlands wars! They are evidently English human creatures, in the
+height of silent fury and measured circuit of fate; whom we here audibly
+name once more, Sir Hatton Cheek, Sir Thomas Dutton, knights both,
+soldadoes both. Ill-fated English human creatures, what horrible
+confusion of the pit is this?
+
+Dutton, though in suppressed rage, the seconds about to withdraw, will
+explain some things if a word were granted, "No words," says the other;
+"stand on your guard!" brandishing his rapier, grasping harder his
+dagger. Dutton, now silent too, is on his guard. Good heavens! after
+some brief flourishing and flashing,--the gleam of the swift clear steel
+playing madly in one's eyes,--they, at the first pass, plunge home on
+one another; home, with beak and claws; home to the very heart! Cheek's
+rapier is through Dutton's throat from before, and his dagger is through
+it from behind,--the windpipe miraculously missed; and, in the same
+instant, Dutton's rapier is through Cheek's body from before, his dagger
+through his back from behind,--lungs and life _not_ missed; and the
+seconds have to advance, "pull out the four bloody weapons," disengage
+that hell-embrace of theirs. This is serious enough! Cheek reels, his
+life fast-flowing; but still rushes rabid on Dutton, who merely parries,
+skips, till Cheek reels down, dead in his rage. "He had a bloody burial
+there that morning," says my ancient friend. He will assist no more in
+the Netherlands or other wars.
+
+Such scene does history disclose, as in sunbeams, as in blazing
+hell-fire, on Calais sands, in the raw winter morning; then drops the
+blanket of centuries, of everlasting night, over it, and passes on
+elsewhither. Gallant Sir Hatton Cheek lies buried there, and Cecil of
+Wimbledon, son of Burleigh, will have to seek another superior officer.
+What became of the living Dutton afterwards, I have never to this moment
+had the least hint.
+
+
+
+
+From Blackwood's Magazine
+
+MY NOVEL:
+
+OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.
+
+BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.
+
+_Continued from page 550, Vol. II._
+
+
+BOOK IV.--INITIAL CHAPTER:
+
+COMPRISING MR. CAXTON'S OPINIONS ON THE MATRIMONIAL STATE, SUPPORTED BY
+LEARNED AUTHORITIES.
+
+"It was no bad idea of yours, Pisistratus," said my father graciously,
+"to depict the heightened affections and the serious intentions of
+Signior Riccabocca by a single stroke--_He left off his spectacles!_
+Good."
+
+"Yet," quoth my uncle, "I think Shakspeare represents a lover as falling
+into slovenly habits, neglecting his person, and suffering his hose to
+be ungartered, rather than paying that attention to his outer man which
+induces Signior Riccabocca to leave off his spectacles, and look as
+handsome as nature will permit him."
+
+"There are different degrees and many phases of the passion," replied my
+father. "Shakspeare is speaking of an ill-treated, pining, wobegone
+lover, much aggrieved by the cruelty of his mistress--a lover who has
+found it of no avail to smarten himself up, and has fallen despondingly
+into the opposite extreme. Whereas Signior Riccabocca has nothing to
+complain of in the barbarity of Miss Jemima."
+
+"Indeed he has not!" cried Blanche, tossing her head--"forward
+creature!"
+
+"Yes, my dear," said my mother, trying her best to look stately, "I am
+decidedly of opinion that, in that respect, Pisistratus has lowered the
+dignity of the sex. Not intentionally," added my mother mildly, and
+afraid she had said something too bitter; "but it is very hard for a man
+to describe us women."
+
+The Captain nodded approvingly; Mr. Squills smiled; my father quietly
+resumed the thread of his discourse.
+
+"To continue," quoth he, "Riccabocca has no reason to despair of success
+in his suit, nor any object in moving his mistress to compassion. He
+may, therefore, very properly tie up his garters and leave off his
+spectacles. What do you say, Mr. Squills?--for, after all, since
+love-making cannot fail to be a great constitutional derangement, the
+experience of a medical man must be the best to consult."
+
+"Mr. Caxton," replied Squills, obviously flattered, "you are quite
+right: when a man makes love, the organs of self-esteem and desire of
+applause are greatly stimulated, and therefore, of course, he sets
+himself off to the best advantage. It is only, as you observe, when,
+like Shakspeare's lover, he has given up making love as a bad job, and
+has received that severe hit on the ganglions which the cruelty of a
+mistress inflicts, that he neglects his personal appearance: he neglects
+it, not because he is in love, but because his nervous system is
+depressed. That was the cause, if you remember, with poor Major Prim. He
+wore his wig all awry when Susan Smart jilted him; but I set it all
+right for him."
+
+"By shaming Miss Smart into repentance, or getting him a new
+sweetheart?" asked my uncle.
+
+"Pooh!" answered Squills, "by quinine and cold bathing."
+
+"We may therefore grant," renewed my father, "that, as a general rule,
+the process of courtship tends to the spruceness, and even foppery, of
+the individual engaged in the experiment, as Voltaire has very prettily
+proved somewhere. Nay, the Mexicans, indeed, were of opinion that the
+lady at least ought to continue those cares of her person even after
+marriage. There is extant, in Sahagun's _History of New Spain_, the
+advice of an Aztec or Mexican mother to her daughter, in which she
+says--'That your husband may not take you in dislike, adorn yourself,
+wash yourself, and let your garments be clean.' It is true that the good
+lady adds,--'Do it in moderation; since, if every day you are washing
+yourself and your clothes, the world will say you are over-delicate; and
+particular people will call you--TAPETZON TINEMAXOCH!' What those words
+precisely mean," added my father modestly, "I cannot say, since I never
+had the opportunity to acquire the ancient Aztec language--but something
+very opprobrious and horrible, no doubt."
+
+"I dare say a philosopher like Signior Riccabocca," said my uncle, "was
+not himself very _tapetzon tine_--what d'ye call it?--and a good healthy
+English wife, like that poor affectionate Jemima, was thrown away upon
+him."
+
+"Roland," said my father, "you don't like foreigners: a respectable
+prejudice, and quite natural in a man who has been trying his best to
+hew them in pieces, and blow them up into splinters. But you don't like
+philosophers either--and for that dislike you have no equally good
+reason."
+
+"I only implied that they were not much addicted to soap and water,"
+said my uncle.
+
+"A notable mistake. Many great philosophers have been very great beaux.
+Aristotle was a notorious fop. Buffon put on his best laced ruffles when
+he sat down to write, which implies that he washed his hands first.
+Pythagoras insists greatly on the holiness of frequent ablutions; and
+Horace--who, in his own way, was as good a philosopher as any the Romans
+produced--takes care to let us know what a neat, well-dressed, dapper
+little gentleman he was. But I don't think you ever read the 'Apology of
+Apuleius?"
+
+"Not I--what is it about?" asked the Captain.
+
+"About a great many things. It is that sage's vindication from several
+malignant charges--amongst others, and principally indeed, that of
+being much too refined and effeminate for a philosopher. Nothing can
+exceed the rhetorical skill with which he excuses himself for
+using--tooth-powder. 'Ought a philosopher,' he exclaims, 'to allow any
+thing unclean about him, especially in the mouth--the mouth, which is
+the vestibule of the soul, the gate of discourse, the portico of
+thought! Ah, but �millianus [the accuser of Apuleius] never opens _his_
+mouth but for slander and calumny--tooth-powder would indeed be
+unbecoming to _him_! Or, if he use any, it will not be my good Arabian
+tooth-powder, but charcoal and cinders. Ay, his teeth should be as foul
+as his language! And yet even the crocodile likes to have his teeth
+cleaned; insects get into them, and, horrible reptile though he be, he
+opens his jaws inoffensively to a faithful dentistical bird, who
+volunteers his beak for a toothpick.'"
+
+My father was now warm in the subject he had started, and soared
+miles away from Riccabocca and "My Novel." "And observe," he
+exclaimed--"observe with what gravity this eminent Platonist pleads
+guilty to the charge of having a mirror. 'Why, what,' he exclaims, 'more
+worthy of the regards of a human creature than his own image,' (_nihil
+respectabilius homini quam formam suam!_) Is not that one of our
+children the most dear to us who is called 'the picture of his father?'
+But take what pains you will with a picture, it can never be so like you
+as the face in your mirror! Think it discreditable to look with proper
+attention on one's self in the glass! Did not Socrates recommend such
+attention to his disciples--did he not make a great moral agent of the
+speculum? The handsome, in admiring their beauty therein, were
+admonished that handsome is who handsome does; and the more the ugly
+stared at themselves, the more they became naturally anxious to hide the
+disgrace of their features in the loveliness of their merits. Was not
+Demosthenes always at his speculum? Did he not rehearse his causes
+before it as before a master in the art? He learned his eloquence from
+Plato, his dialectics from Eubulides; but as for his delivery--there, he
+came to the mirror!'
+
+"Therefore," concluded Mr. Caxton, returning unexpectedly to the
+subject--"therefore it is no reason to suppose that Dr. Riccabocca is
+averse to cleanliness and decent care of the person, because he is a
+philosopher; and, all things considered, he never showed himself more a
+philosopher than when he left off his spectacles and looked his best."
+
+"Well," said my mother kindly, "I only hope it may turn out happily. But
+I should have been better pleased if Pisistratus had had not made Dr.
+Riccabocca so reluctant a wooer."
+
+"Very true," said the Captain; "the Italian does not shine as a lover.
+Throw a little more fire into him, Pisistratus--something gallant and
+chivalrous."
+
+"Fire--gallantry--chivalry!" cried my father, who had taken Riccabocca
+under his special protection--"why, don't you see that the man is
+described as a philosopher?--and I should like to know when a
+philosopher ever plunged into matrimony without considerable misgivings
+and cold shivers. Indeed, it seems that--perhaps before he was a
+philosopher--Riccabocca _had_ tried the experiment, and knew what it
+was. Why, even that plain-speaking, sensible, practical man, Metellus
+Numidicus, who was not even a philosopher, but only a Roman censor, thus
+expressed himself in an exhortation to the people to perpetrate
+matrimony--'If, O Quirites, we could do without wives, we should all
+dispense with that subject of care (_e� molesti� careremus_); but since
+nature has so managed it, that we cannot live with women comfortably,
+nor without them at all, let us rather provide for the human race than
+our own temporary felicity.'"
+
+Here the ladies set up a cry of such indignation, that both Roland and
+myself endeavored to appease their wrath by hasty assurances that we
+utterly repudiated that damnable doctrine of Metellus Numidicus.
+
+My father, wholly unmoved, as soon as a sullen silence was established,
+re-commenced--"Do not think, ladies," said he, "that you were without
+advocates at that day; there were many Romans gallant enough to blame
+the censor for a mode of expressing himself which they held to be
+equally impolite and injudicious. 'Surely,' said they, with some
+plausibility, 'if Numidicus wished men to marry, he need not have
+referred so peremptorily to the disquietudes of the connection, and thus
+have made them more inclined to turn away from matrimony than given them
+a relish for it.' But against these critics one honest man (whose name
+of Titus Castricus should not be forgotten by posterity), maintained
+that Metellus Numidicus could not have spoken more properly; 'For
+remark,' said he, 'that Metellus was a censor, not a rhetorician. It
+becomes rhetoricians to adorn, and disguise, and make the best of
+things; but Metellus, _sanctus vir_--a holy and blameless man, grave and
+sincere to whit, and addressing the Roman people in the solemn capacity
+of censor--was bound to speak the plain truth, especially as he was
+treating of a subject on which the observation of every day, and the
+experience of every life, could not leave the least doubt upon the mind
+of his audience. 'Still Riccabocca, having decided to marry, has no
+doubt prepared himself to bear all the concomitant evils--as becomes a
+professed sage; and I own I admire the art with which Pisistratus has
+drawn the precise woman likely to suit a philosopher."
+
+Pisistratus bows, and looks round complacently; but recoils from two
+very peevish and discontented faces feminine.
+
+_Mr. Caxton_ (completing his sentence),--"Not only as regards mildness
+of temper and other household qualifications, but as regards the very
+person of the object of his choice. For you evidently remembered,
+Pisistratus, the reply of Bias, when asked his opinion on marriage:
+[Greek: �toi kal�n exeis, � aischran kai ei kal�n, exeis koin�n ei d�
+aischran, exeis poin�n.]"
+
+Pisistratus tries to look as if he had the opinion of Bias by heart, and
+nods acquiescingly.
+
+_Mr. Caxton._--"That is, my dears, 'the woman you would marry is either
+handsome or ugly: if handsome, she is koin�, viz: you don't have her to
+yourself; if ugly, she is poin�--that is, a fury.' But, as it is
+observed in Aulus Gellius, (whence I borrow this citation,) there is a
+wide interval between handsome and ugly. And thus Ennius, in his tragedy
+of _Menalippus_, uses an admirable expression to designate women of the
+proper degree of matrimonial comeliness, such as a philosopher would
+select. He calls this degree _stata forma_--a rational, mediocre sort of
+beauty, which is not liable to be either koin� or poin�. And Favorinus,
+who was a remarkably sensible man, and came from Provence--the male
+inhabitants of which district have always valued themselves on their
+knowledge of love and ladies--calls this said _stata forma_ the beauty
+of wives--the uxorial beauty. Ennius says, that women of a _stata forma_
+are almost always safe and modest. Now Jemima, you observe, is described
+as possessing this _stata forma_; and it is the nicety of your
+observation in this respect, which I like the most in the whole of your
+description of a philosopher's matrimonial courtship, Pisistratus,
+(excepting only the stroke of the spectacles,) for it shows that you had
+properly considered the opinion of Bias, and mastered all the counter
+logic suggested in Book v. chapter xi., of Aulus Gellius."
+
+"For all that," said Blanche, half-archly, half-demurely, with a smile
+in the eye, and a pout of the lip, "I don't remember that Pisistratus,
+in the days when he wished to be most complimentary, ever assured me
+that I had a _stata forma_--a rational, mediocre sort of beauty."
+
+"And I think," observed my uncle, "that when he comes to his real
+heroine, whoever that may be, he will not trouble his head much about
+either Bias or Aulus Gellius."
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Matrimony is certainly a great change in life. One is astonished not to
+find a notable alteration in one's friend, even if he or she have been
+only wedded a week. In the instance of Dr. and Mrs. Riccabocca the
+change was peculiarly visible. To speak first of the lady, as in
+chivalry bound, Mrs. Riccabocca had entirely renounced that melancholy
+which had characterised Miss Jemima: she became even sprightly and gay,
+and looked all the better and prettier for the alteration. She did not
+scruple to confess honestly to Mrs. Dale, that she was now of opinion
+that the world was very far from approaching its end. But, in the
+meanwhile, she did not neglect the duty which the belief she had
+abandoned serves to inculcate--"She set her house in order." The cold
+and penurious elegance that had characterised the Casino disappeared
+like enchantment--that is, the elegance remained, but the cold and
+penury fled before the smile of woman. Like Puss-in-Boots after the
+nuptials of his master, Jackeymo only now caught minnows and
+sticklebacks for his own amusement. Jackeymo looked much plumper, and so
+did Riccabocca. In a word, the fair Jemima became an excellent wife.
+Riccabocca secretly thought her extravagant, but, like a wise man,
+declined to look at the house bills, and ate his joint in unreproachful
+silence.
+
+Indeed, there was so much unaffected kindness in the nature of Mrs.
+Riccabocca--beneath the quiet of her manner there beat so genially the
+heart of the Hazeldeans--that she fairly justified the favorable
+anticipations of Mrs. Dale. And though the Doctor did not noisily boast
+of his felicity, nor, as some new married folks do, thrust it
+insultingly under the _nimis unctis naribus_--the turned-up noses of
+your surly old married folks, nor force it gaudily and glaringly on the
+envious eyes of the single, you might still see that he was a more
+cheerful and light-hearted man than before. His smile was less ironical,
+his politeness less distant. He did not study Machiavelli so
+intensely,--and he did not return to the spectacles; which last was an
+excellent sign. Moreover, the humanising influence of the tidy English
+wife might be seen in the improvement of his outward or artificial man.
+His clothes seemed to fit him better; indeed, the clothes were new. Mrs.
+Dale no longer remarked that the buttons were off the wrist-bands, which
+was a great satisfaction to her. But the sage still remained faithful to
+the pipe, the cloak, and the red silk umbrella. Mrs. Riccabocca had (to
+her credit be it spoken) used all becoming and wifelike arts against
+these three remnants of the old bachelor Adam, but in vain. "_Anima
+mia_--soul of mine," said the Doctor tenderly, "I hold the cloak, the
+umbrella, and the pipe, as the sole relics that remain to me of my
+native country. Respect and spare them."
+
+Mrs. Riccabocca was touched, and had the good sense to perceive that
+man, let him be ever so much married, retains certain signs of his
+ancient independence--certain tokens of his old identity, which a wife,
+the most despotic, will do well to concede. She conceded the cloak, she
+submitted to the umbrella, she concealed her abhorrence of the pipe.
+After all, considering the natural villany of our sex, she confessed to
+herself that she might have been worse off. But, through all the calm
+and cheerfulness of Riccabocca, a nervous perturbation was sufficiently
+perceptible;--it commenced after the second week of marriage--it went on
+increasing, till one bright sunny afternoon, as he was standing on his
+terrace gazing down upon the road, at which Jackeymo was placed,--lo, a
+stage-coach stopped! The Doctor made a bound, and put both hands to his
+heart as if he had been shot; he then leapt over the balustrade, and his
+wife from her window beheld him flying down the hill, with his long hair
+streaming in the wind, till the trees hid him from her sight.
+
+"Ah," thought she with a natural pang of conjugal jealousy, "henceforth
+I am only second in his home. He has gone to welcome his child!" And at
+that reflection Mrs. Riccabocca shed tears.
+
+But so naturally amiable was she, that she hastened to curb her emotion,
+and efface as well as she could the trace of a stepmother's grief. When
+this was done, and a silent self-rebuking prayer murmured over, the good
+woman descended the stairs with alacrity, and, summoning up her best
+smiles, emerged on the terrace.
+
+She was repaid; for scarcely had she come into the open air, when two
+little arms were thrown round her, and the sweetest voice that ever came
+from a child's lips, sighed out in broken English, "Good mamma, love me
+a little."
+
+"Love you? with my whole heart!" cried the stepmother, with all a
+mother's honest passion. And she clasped the child to her breast.
+
+"God bless you, my wife!" said Riccabocca, in a husky tone.
+
+"Please take this too," added Jackeymo in Italian, as well as his sobs
+would let him--and he broke off a great bough full of blossoms from his
+favorite orange-tree, and thrust it into his mistress's hand. She had
+not the slightest notion what he meant by it!
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Violante was indeed a bewitching child--a child to whom I defy Mrs.
+Caudle herself (immortal Mrs. Caudle!) to have been a harsh stepmother.
+
+Look at her now, as, released from those kindly arms, she stands, still
+clinging with one hand to her new mamma, and holding out the other to
+Riccabocca--with those large dark eyes swimming in happy tears. What a
+lovely smile!--what an ingenuous candid brow! She looks delicate--she
+evidently requires care--she wants the mother. And rare is the woman who
+would not love her the better for that! Still, what an innocent
+infantine bloom in those clear smooth cheeks!--and in that slight frame,
+what exquisite natural grace!
+
+"And this, I suppose, is your nurse, darling?' said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+observing a dark foreign-looking woman, dressed very strangely--without
+cap or bonnet, but a great silver arrow stuck in her hair, and a
+filagree chain or necklace resting upon her kerchief.
+
+"Ah, good Annetta," said Violante in Italian. "Papa, she says she is to
+go back; but she is not to go back--is she?"
+
+Riccabocca, who had scarcely before noticed the woman, started at that
+question--exchanged a rapid glance with Jackeymo--and then, muttering
+some inaudible excuse, approached the Nurse, and beckoning her to follow
+him, went away into the grounds. He did not return for more than an
+hour, nor did the woman then accompany him home. He said briefly to his
+wife that the Nurse was obliged to return at once to Italy, and that she
+would stay in the village to catch the mail; that indeed she would be of
+no use in their establishment, as she could not speak a word of English;
+but that he was sadly afraid Violante would pine for her. And Violante
+did pine at first. But still, to a child it is so great a thing to find
+a parent--to be at home--that, tender and grateful as Violante was, she
+could not be inconsolable while her father was there to comfort.
+
+For the first few days, Riccabocca scarcely permitted any one to be with
+his daughter but himself. He would not even leave her alone with his
+Jemima. They walked out together--sat together for hours in the
+Belvidere. Then by degrees he began to resign her more and more to
+Jemima's care and tuition, especially in English, of which language at
+present she spoke only a few sentences, (previously perhaps, learned by
+heart,) so as to be clearly intelligible.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+There was one person in the establishment of Dr. Riccabocca, who was
+satisfied neither with the marriage of his master nor the arrival of
+Violante--and that was our friend Lenny Fairfield. Previous to the
+all-absorbing duties of courtship, the young peasant had secured a very
+large share of Riccabocca's attention. The sage had felt interest in the
+growth of this rude intelligence struggling up to light. But what with
+the wooing, and what with the wedding, Lenny Fairfield had sunk very
+much out of his artificial position as pupil, into his natural station
+of under-gardener. And on the arrival of Violante, he saw, with natural
+bitterness, that he was clean forgotten, not only by Riccabocca, but
+almost by Jackeymo. It was true that the master still lent him books,
+and the servant still gave him lectures on horticulture. But Riccabocca
+had no time nor inclination now to amuse himself with enlightening that
+tumult of conjecture which the books created. And if Jackeymo had been
+covetous of those mines of gold buried beneath the acres now fairly
+taken from the Squire, (and good-naturedly added rent-free, as an aid to
+Jemima's dower,) before the advent of the young lady whose future dowry
+the produce was to swell--now that she was actually under the eyes of
+the faithful servant, such a stimulus was given to his industry, that he
+could think of nothing else but the land, and the revolution he designed
+to effect in its natural English crops. The garden, save only the
+orange-trees, was abandoned entirely to Lenny, and additional laborers
+were called in for the field-work. Jackeymo had discovered that one part
+of the soil was suited to lavender, that another would grow camomile. He
+had in his heart apportioned a beautiful field of rich loam to flax; but
+against the growth of flax the Squire set his face obstinately. That
+most lucrative, perhaps, of all crops, when soil and skill suit, had, it
+would appear, been formerly attempted in England much more commonly than
+it is now, since you will find few old leases which do not contain a
+clause prohibitory of flax, as an impoverishment of the land. And though
+Jackeymo learnedly endeavored to prove to the Squire that the flax
+itself contained particles which, if returned to the soil, repaid all
+that the crop took away, Mr. Hazeldean had his old-fashioned prejudices
+on the matter, which were insuperable. "My forefathers," quoth he, "did
+not put that clause in their leases without good cause; and as the
+Casino lands are entailed on Frank, I have no right to gratify your
+foreign whims at his expense."
+
+To make up for the loss of the flax, Jackeymo resolved to convert a very
+nice bit of pasture into orchard ground, which he calculated would bring
+in �10 net per acre by the time Miss Violante was marriageable. At this,
+Squire pished a little; but as it was quite clear the land would be all
+the more valuable hereafter for the fruit-trees, he consented to permit
+the 'grass land' to be thus partially broken up.
+
+All these changes left poor Lenny Fairfield very much to himself--at a
+time when the new and strange devices which the initiation into book
+knowledge creates, made it most desirable that he should have the
+constant guidance of a superior mind.
+
+One evening after his work, as Lenny was returning to his mother's
+cottage very sullen and very moody, he suddenly came in contact with
+Sprott the tinker.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+The tinker was seated under a hedge, hammering away at an old
+kettle--with a little fire burning in front of him--and the donkey hard
+by, indulging in a placid doze. Mr. Sprott looked up as Lenny
+passed--nodded kindly, and said--
+
+"Good evenin', Lenny: glad to hear you be so 'spectably sitivated with
+Mounseer."
+
+"Ay," answered Lenny, with a leaven of rancor in his recollections,
+"You're not ashamed to speak to me now, that I am not in disgrace. But
+it was in disgrace, when it wasn't my fault, that the real gentleman was
+most kind to me."
+
+"Ar--r, Lenny," said the Tinker, with a prolonged rattle in that said
+Ar--r, which was not without great significance. "But you sees the real
+gentleman who han't got his bread to get, can hafford to 'spise his
+cracter in the world. A poor tinker must be timbersome and nice in his
+'sociations. But sit down here a bit, Lenny; I've summat to say to ye!"
+
+"To me--"
+
+"To ye. Give the neddy a shove out i' the vay, and sit down, I say."
+
+Lenny rather reluctantly, and somewhat superciliously, accepted this
+invitation.
+
+"I hears," said the Tinker in a voice made rather indistinct by a couple
+of nails which he had inserted between his teeth; "I hears as how you be
+unkimmon fond of reading. I ha' sum nice cheap books in my bag
+yonder--sum low as a penny."
+
+"I should like to see them," said Lenny, his eyes sparkling.
+
+The Tinker rose, opened one of the paniers on the ass's back, took out a
+bag which he placed before Lenny, and told him to suit himself. The
+young peasant desired no better. He spread all the contents of the bag
+on the sward, and a motley collection of food for the mind was
+there--food and poison--_serpentes avibus_--good and evil. Here,
+Milton's Paradise Lost, and there The Age of Reason--here Methodist
+Tracts, and there True Principles of Socialism--Treatises on Useful
+Knowledge by sound learning actuated by pure benevolence--Appeals to
+Operatives by the shallowest reasoners, instigated by the same ambition
+that had moved Eratosthenes to the conflagration of a temple; works of
+fiction admirable as Robinson Crusoe, or innocent as the old English
+Baron, besides coarse translations of such garbage as had rotted away
+the youth of France under Louis Quinze. This miscellany was an epitome,
+in short, of the mixed World of Books, of that vast City of the Press,
+with its palaces and hovels, its aqueducts and sewers--which opens all
+alike to the naked eye and the curious mind of him to whom you say, in
+the Tinker's careless phrase, "suit yourself."
+
+But it is not the first impulse of a nature, healthful and still pure,
+to settle in the hovel and lose itself amidst the sewers; and Lenny
+Fairfield turned innocently over the bad books, and selecting two of
+three of the best, brought them to the tinker and asked the price.
+
+"Why," said Mr. Sprott, putting on his spectacles, "you has taken the
+werry dearest: them 'ere be much cheaper, and more hinterestin'."
+
+"But I don't fancy them," answered Lenny; "I don't understand what they
+are about, and this seems to tell one how the steam-engine is made, and
+has nice plates; and this is Robinson Crusoe, which Parson Dale once
+said he would give me--I'd rather buy it out of my own money."
+
+"Well, please yourself," quoth the Tinker; "you shall have the books for
+four bob, and you can pay me next month."
+
+"Four bobs--four shillings? it is a great sum," said Lenny, "but I will
+lay it by, as you are kind enough to trust me; good evening, Mr.
+Sprott."
+
+"Stay a bit," said the Tinker; "I'll just throw you these two little
+tracts into the barging; they be only a shilling a dozen, so 'tis but
+tuppence--and ven you has read _those_, vy, you'll be a reglar
+customer."
+
+The Tinker tossed to Lenny Nos. 1 and 2 of Appeals to Operatives, and
+the peasant took them up gratefully.
+
+The young knowledge-seeker went his way across the green fields, and
+under the still autumn foliage of the hedgerows. He looked first at one
+book, then at another; he did not know on which to settle.
+
+The Tinker rose and made a fire with leaves and furze and sticks, some
+dry and some green.
+
+Lenny has now opened No. 1 of the tracts: they are the shortest to read,
+and don't require so much effort of the mind as the explanation of the
+steam-engine.
+
+The Tinker has now set on his grimy gluepot, and the glue simmers.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+As Violante became more familiar with her new home, and those around her
+became more familiar with Violante, she was remarked for a certain
+stateliness of manner and bearing, which, had it been less evidently
+natural and inborn, would have seemed misplaced in the daughter of a
+forlorn exile, and would have been rare at so early an age among
+children of the loftiest pretensions. It was with the air of a little
+princess that she presented her tiny hand to a friendly pressure, or
+submitted her calm clear cheek to a presuming kiss. Yet withal she was
+so graceful, and her very stateliness was so pretty and captivating,
+that she was not the less loved for all her grand airs. And, indeed, she
+deserved to be loved; for though she was certainly prouder than Mr. Dale
+could approve of, her pride was devoid of egotism; and that is a pride
+by no means common. She had an intuitive forethought for others; you
+could see that she was capable of that grand woman-heroism, abnegation
+of self; and though she was an original child, and often grave and
+musing, with a tinge of melancholy, sweet, but deep in her character,
+still she was not above the happy genial merriment of childhood,--only
+her silver laugh was more attuned, and her gestures more composed, than
+those of children habituated to many play-fellows usually are. Mrs.
+Hazeldean liked her best when she was grave, and said "she would become
+a very sensible woman." Mrs. Dale liked her best when she was gay, and
+said "she was born to make many a heart ache;" for which Mrs. Dale was
+properly reproved by the Parson. Mrs. Hazeldean gave her a little set of
+garden tools; Mrs. Dale a picture-book and a beautiful doll. For a long
+time the book and the doll had the preference. But Mrs. Hazeldean having
+observed to Riccabocca that the poor child looked pale, and ought to be
+a good deal in the open air, the wise father ingeniously pretended to
+Violante that Mrs. Riccabocca had taken a great fancy to the
+picture-book, and that he should be very glad to have the doll, upon
+which Violante hastened to give them both away, and was never so happy
+as when mamma (as she called Mrs. Riccabocca) was admiring the
+picture-book, and Riccabocca with austere gravity dandled the doll. Then
+Riccabocca assured her that she could be of great use to him in the
+garden; and Violante instantly put into movement her spade, hoe, and
+wheelbarrow.
+
+This last occupation brought her into immediate contact with Mr. Leonard
+Fairfield; and that personage one morning, to his great horror, found
+Miss Violante had nearly exterminated a whole celery-bed, which she had
+ignorantly conceived to be a crop of weeds.
+
+Lenny was extremely angry. He snatched away the hoe, and said angrily,
+"You must not do that, Miss. I'll tell your papa if you--"
+
+Violante drew herself up, and never having been so spoken to before, at
+least since her arrival in England, there was something comic in the
+surprise of her large eyes, as well as something tragic in the dignity
+of her offended mien. "It is very naughty of you, Miss," continued
+Leonard in a milder tone, for he was both softened by the eyes and awed
+by the mien, "and I trust you will not do it again."
+
+"_Non capisco,_" (I don't understand,) murmured Violante, and the dark
+eyes filled with tears. At that moment up came Jackeymo; and Violante,
+pointing to Leonard, said, with an effort not to betray her emotion,
+"_Il fanciullo e molto grossolano_," (he is a very rude boy.)
+
+Jackeymo turned to Leonard with the look of an enraged tiger. "How you
+dare, scum of de earth that you are," cried he,[T] "how you dare make
+cry the signorina?" And his English not supplying familiar vituperatives
+sufficiently, he poured out upon Lenny such a profusion of Italian
+abuse, that the boy turned red and white in a breath with rage and
+perplexity.
+
+Violante took instant compassion upon the victim she had made, and, with
+true feminine caprice, now began to scold Jackeymo for his anger, and,
+finally approaching Leonard, laid her hand on his arm, and said with a
+kindness at once child-like and queenly, and in the prettiest imaginable
+mixture of imperfect English and soft Italian, to which I cannot pretend
+to do justice, and shall therefore translate: "Don't mind him. I dare
+say it was all my fault, only I did not understand you: are not these
+things weeds?"
+
+"No, my darling signorina," said Jackeymo in Italian, looking ruefully
+at the celery-bed, "they are not weeds, and they sell very well at this
+time of the year. But still, if it amuses you to pluck them up, I should
+like to see who's to prevent it."
+
+Lenny walked away. He had been called "the scum of the earth," by a
+foreigner too! He had again been ill-treated for doing what he conceived
+his duty. He was again feeling the distinction between rich and poor,
+and he now fancied that that distinction involved deadly warfare, for he
+had read from beginning to end those two damnable tracts which the
+Tinker had presented to him. But in the midst of all the angry
+disturbance of his mind, he felt the soft touch of the infant's hand,
+the soothing influence of her conciliating words, and he was half
+ashamed that he had spoken so roughly to a child.
+
+Still, not trusting himself to speak, he walked away and sat down at a
+distance. "I don't see," thought he, "why there should be rich and poor,
+master and servant." Lenny, be it remembered, had not heard the Parson's
+Political Sermon.
+
+An hour after, having composed himself, Lenny returned to his work.
+Jackeymo was no longer in the garden; he had gone to the fields; but
+Riccabocca was standing by the celery-bed, and holding the red silk
+umbrella over Violante as she sat on the ground looking up at her father
+with those eyes already so full of intelligence, and love, and soul.
+
+"Lenny," said Riccabocca, "my young lady has been telling me that she
+has been very naughty, and Giacomo very unjust to you. Forgive them
+both."
+
+Lenny's sullenness melted in an instant: the reminiscence of tracts Nos.
+1 and 2,--
+
+    "Like the baseless fabric of a vision,
+    Left not a wreck behind."
+
+He raised his eyes, swimming with all his native goodness, towards the
+wise man, and dropped them gratefully on the face of the infant
+peacemaker. Then he turned away his head and fairly wept. The Parson was
+right: "O ye poor, have charity for the rich; O ye rich, respect the
+poor."
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Now from that day the humble Lenny and the regal Violante became great
+friends. With what pride he taught her to distinguish between celery and
+weeds--and how proud too was she when she learned that she was _useful_!
+There is not a greater pleasure you can give to children, especially
+female children, than to make them feel they are already of value in the
+world, and serviceable as well as protected. Weeks and months rolled
+away, and Lenny still read, not only the books lent him by the Doctor,
+but those he bought of Mr. Sprott. As for the bombs and shells against
+religion which the Tinker carried in his bag, Lenny was not induced to
+blow himself up with them. He had been reared from his cradle in simple
+love and reverence for the Divine Father, and the tender Saviour, whose
+life, beyond all records of human goodness, whose death, beyond all
+epics of mortal heroism, no being whose infancy has been taught to
+supplicate the Merciful and adore the Holy, yea, even though his later
+life may be entangled amidst the thorns of some desolate pyrrhonism, can
+ever hear reviled and scoffed without a shock to the conscience and a
+revolt of the heart. As the deer recoils by instinct from the tiger, as
+the very look of the scorpion deters you from handling it, though you
+never saw a scorpion before, so the very first line in some ribald
+profanity on which the Tinker put his black finger, made Lenny's blood
+run cold. Safe, too, was the peasant boy from any temptation in works of
+a gross and licentious nature, not only because of the happy ignorance
+of his rural life, but because of a more enduring safeguard--genius!
+Genius, that, manly, robust, healthful as it be, is long before it loses
+its instinctive Dorian modesty; shamefaced, because so susceptible to
+glory--genius, that loves indeed to dream, but on the violet bank, not
+the dung-hill. Wherefore, even in the error of the senses, it seeks to
+escape from the sensual into worlds of fancy, subtle and refined. But
+apart from the passions, true genius is the most practical of all human
+gifts. Like the Apollo, whom the Greek worshipped as its type, even
+Arcady is its exile, not its home. Soon weary of the dalliance of Temp�,
+it ascends to its mission--the archer of the silver bow, the guide of
+the car of light. Speaking more plainly, genius is the enthusiasm for
+self-improvement; it ceases or sleeps the moment it desists from seeking
+some object which it believes of value, and by that object it insensibly
+connects its self-improvement with the positive advance of the world. At
+present Lenny's genius had no bias that was not to the positive and
+useful. It took the direction natural to his sphere, and the wants
+therein--viz., to the arts which call mechanical. He wanted to know
+about steam-engines and artesian wells; and to know about them it was
+necessary to know something of mechanics and hydrostatics; so he bought
+popular elementary works on those mystic sciences, and set all the
+powers of his mind at work on experiments.
+
+Noble and generous spirits are ye, who, with small care for fame, and
+little reward from pelf, have opened to the intellects of the poor the
+portals of wisdom! I honor and revere ye; only do not think ye have done
+all that is needful. Consider, I pray ye, whether so good a choice from
+the Tinker's bag would have been made by a boy whom religion had not
+scared from the pestilent, and genius had not led to the self-improving.
+And Lenny did not wholly escape from the mephitic portions of the motley
+elements from which his awakening mind drew its nurture. Think not it
+was all pure oxygen that the panting lips drew in. No; there were still
+those inflammatory tracts. Political I do not like to call them, for
+politics mean the art of government, and the tracts I speak of assailed
+all government which mankind has hitherto recognized. Sad rubbish,
+perhaps, were such tracts to you, O sound thinker, in your easy-chair!
+Or to you, practised statesman, at your post on the treasury bench--to
+you, calm dignitary of a learned church--or to you, my lord judge, who
+may often have sent from your bar to the dire Orcus of Norfolk's Isle
+the ghosts of men whom that rubbish, falling simultaneously on the bumps
+of acquisitiveness and combativeness, hath untimely slain. Sad rubbish
+to you! But seems it such rubbish to the poor man, to whom it promises a
+paradise on the easy terms of upsetting a world! For ye see, these
+"Appeals to Operatives" represent that same world-upsetting as the
+simplest thing imaginable--a sort of two-and-two-make-four proposition.
+The poor have only got to set their strong hands to the axle, and
+heave-a-hoy! and hurrah for the topsy-turvy! Then, just to put a little
+wholesome rage into the heave-a-hoy! it is so facile to accompany
+the eloquence of "Appeals" with a kind of stir-the-bile-up
+statistics--"Abuses of the Aristocracy"--"Jobs of the
+Priesthood"--"Expenses of Army kept up for Peers' younger sons"--"Wars
+contracted for the villainous purpose of raising the rents of the
+land-owners"--all arithmetically dished up, and seasoned with tales of
+every gentleman who has committed a misdeed, every clergyman who has
+dishonored his cloth; as if such instances were fair specimens of
+average gentlemen and ministers of religion! All this passionately
+advanced, (and observe, never answered, for that literature admits no
+controversialists, and the writer has it all his own way) may be
+rubbish; but it is out of such rubbish that operatives build barricades
+for attack, and legislators prisons for defence.
+
+Our poor friend Lenny drew plenty of this stuff from the Tinker's bag.
+He thought it very clever and very eloquent; and he supposed the
+statistics were as true as mathematical demonstrations.
+
+A famous knowledge-diffuser is looking over my shoulder, and tells me,
+"Increase education, and cheapen good books, and all this rubbish will
+disappear!" Sir, I don't believe a word of it. If you printed Ricardo
+and Adam Smith at a farthing a volume, I still believe that they would
+be as little read by the operatives as they are now-a-days by a very
+large proportion of highly cultivated men. I still believe that, while
+the press works, attacks on the rich, and propositions for heave-a-hoys,
+will always form a popular portion of the Literature of Labor. There's
+Lenny Fairfield reading a treatise on hydraulics, and constructing a
+model for a fountain into the bargain; but that does not prevent his
+acquiescence in any proposition for getting rid of a National Debt,
+which he certainly never agreed to pay, and which he is told makes sugar
+and tea so shamefully dear. No. I tell you what does a little counteract
+those eloquent incentives to break his own head against the strong walls
+of the Social System--it is, that he has two eyes in that head, which
+are not always employed in reading. And, having been told in print that
+masters are tyrants, parsons hypocrites or drones in the hive, and
+land-owners vampires and bloodsuckers, he looks out into the little
+world around him, and, first, he is compelled to acknowledge that his
+master is not a tyrant, (perhaps because he is a foreigner and a
+philosopher, and, for what I and Lenny know, a republican.) But then
+Parson Dale, though High Church to the marrow, is neither hypocrite nor
+drone. He has a very good living, it is true--much better than he ought
+to have, according to the "political" opinions of those tracts; but
+Lenny is obliged to confess that, if Parson Dale were a penny the
+poorer, he would do a pennyworth's less good; and, comparing one parish
+with another, such as Roodhall and Hazeldean, he is dimly aware that
+there is no greater CIVILIZER than a parson tolerably well off. Then,
+too, Squire Hazeldean, though as arrant a Tory as ever stood upon
+shoe-leather, is certainly not a vampire nor bloodsucker. He does not
+feed on the public; a great many of the public feed upon him; and,
+therefore, his practical experience a little staggers and perplexes
+Lenny Fairfield as to the gospel accuracy of his theoretical dogmas.
+Masters, parsons, and land-owners! having at the risk of all popularity,
+just given a _coup de patte_ to certain sages extremely the fashion at
+present, I am not going to let you off without an admonitory flea in the
+ear. Don't suppose that any mere scribbling and typework will suffice to
+answer the scribbling and typework set at work to demolish you--_write_
+down that rubbish you can't--_live_ it down you may. If you are rich,
+like Squire Hazeldean, do good with your money; if you are poor, like
+Signor Riccabocca, do good with your kindness.
+
+See! there is Lenny now receiving his week's wages; and though Lenny
+knows that he can get higher wages in the very next parish, his blue
+eyes are sparkling with gratitude, not at the chink of the money, but at
+the poor exile's friendly talk on things apart from all service; while
+Violante is descending the steps from the terrace, charged by her
+mother-in-law with a little basket of sago, and such-like delicacies,
+for Mrs. Fairfield, who has been ailing the last few days.
+
+Lenny will see the Tinker as he goes home, and he will buy a most
+Demosthenean "Appeal"--a tract of tracts, upon the "Propriety of
+Strikes," and the Avarice of Masters. But, somehow or other, I think a
+few words from Signor Riccabocca, that did not cost the Signor a
+farthing, and the sight of his mother's smile at the contents of the
+basket, which cost very little, will serve to neutralise the effects of
+that "Appeal," much more efficaciously than the best article a Brougham
+or a Mill could write on the subject.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Spring had come again; and one beautiful May-day, Leonard Fairfield sate
+beside the little fountain which he had now actually constructed in the
+garden. The butterflies were hovering over the belt of flowers which he
+had placed around his fountain, and the birds were singing overhead.
+Leonard Fairfield was resting from his day's work, to enjoy his
+abstemious dinner, beside the cool play of the sparkling waters, and,
+with the yet keener appetite of knowledge, he devoured his book as he
+munched his crusts.
+
+A penny tract is the shoeing-horn of literature; it draws on a great
+many books, and some too tight to be very useful in walking. The penny
+tract quotes a celebrated writer, you long to read him; it props a
+startling assertion by a grave authority, you long to refer to it.
+During the nights of the past winter, Leonard's intelligence had made
+vast progress: he had taught himself more than the elements of
+mechanics, and put to practice the principles he had acquired, not only
+in the hydraulical achievement of the fountain, nor in the still more
+notable application of science, commenced on the stream in which
+Jackeymo had fished for minnows, and which Lenny had diverted to the
+purpose of irrigating two fields, but in various ingenious contrivances
+for the facilitation or abridgment of labor, which had excited great
+wonder and praise in the neighborhood. On the other hand, those rabid
+little tracts, which dealt so summarily with the destinies of the human
+race, even when his growing reason, and the perusal of works more
+classical or more logical, had led him to perceive that they were
+illiterate, and to suspect that they jumped from premises to conclusions
+with a celerity very different from the careful ratiocination of
+mechanical science, had still, in the citations and references wherewith
+they abounded, lured him on to philosophers more specious and more
+perilous. Out of the Tinker's bag he had drawn a translation of
+Condorcet's _Progress of Man_, and another of Rousseau's _Social
+Contract_. These had induced him to select from the tracts in the
+Tinker's miscellany those which abounded most in professions of
+philanthropy, and predictions of some coming Golden Age, to which old
+Saturn's was a joke--tracts so mild and mother-like in their language,
+that it required a much more practical experience than Lenny's to
+perceive that you would have to pass a river of blood before you had the
+slightest chance of setting foot on the flowery banks on which they
+invited you to repose--tracts which rouged poor Christianity on the
+cheeks, clapped a crown of innocent daffodillies on her head, and set
+her to dancing a _pas de zephyr_ in the pastoral ballet in which St.
+Simon pipes to the flock he shears; or having first laid it down as a
+preliminary axiom, that
+
+    "The cloud-capt towers, the gorgeous palaces,
+    The solemn temples, the great globe itself--
+    Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve,"
+
+substituted in place thereof Monsieur Fourier's symmetrical phalanstere,
+or Mr. Owen's architectural parallelogram. It was with some such tract
+that Lenny was seasoning his crusts and his radishes, when Riccabocca,
+bending his long dark face over the student's shoulder, said abruptly--
+
+"_Diavolo_, my friend! What on earth have you got there? Just let me
+look at it, will you?"
+
+Leonard rose respectfully, and colored deeply as he surrendered the
+tract to Riccabocca.
+
+The wise man read the first page attentively, the second more cursorily,
+and only ran his eye over the rest. He had gone through too vast a range
+of problems political, not to have passed over that venerable _Pons
+Asinorum_ of Socialism, on which Fouriers and St. Simons sit straddling
+and cry aloud that they have arrived at the last boundary of knowledge!
+
+"All this is as old as the hills," quoth Riccabocca irreverently; "but
+the hills stand still, and this--there it goes!" and the sage pointed to
+a cloud emitted from his pipe. "Did you ever read Sir David Brewster on
+Optical Delusions? No! Well, I'll lend it to you. You will find therein
+a story of a lady who always saw a black cat on her hearth-rug. The
+black cat existed only in her fancy, but the hallucination was natural
+and reasonable--eh--what do you think?"
+
+"Why, sir," said Leonard, not catching the Italian's meaning, "I don't
+exactly see that it was natural and reasonable."
+
+"Foolish boy, yes! because black cats are things possible and known. But
+who ever saw upon earth a community of men such as sit on the
+hearth-rugs of Messrs. Owen and Fourier? If the lady's hallucination was
+not reasonable, what is his, who believes in such visions as these?"
+
+Leonard bit his lip.
+
+"My dear boy," cried Riccabocca kindly, "the only thing sure and
+tangible to which these writers would lead you, lies at the first step,
+and that is what is commonly called a Revolution. Now, I know what that
+is. I have gone, not indeed through a revolution, but an attempt at
+one."
+
+Leonard raised his eyes towards his master with a look of profound
+respect, and great curiosity.
+
+"Yes," added Riccabocca, and the face on which the boy gazed exchanged
+its usual grotesque and sardonic expression for one animated, noble, and
+heroic. "Yes, not a revolution for chimeras, but for that cause which
+the coldest allow to be good, and which, when successful, all time
+approves as divine--the redemption of our native soil from the rule of
+the foreigner! I have shared in such an attempt. And," continued the
+Italian mournfully, "recalling now all the evil passions it arouses, all
+the ties it dissolves, all the blood that it commands to flow, all the
+healthful industry it arrests, all the madmen that it arms, all the
+victims that it dupes, I question whether one man really honest, pure,
+and humane, who has once gone through such an ordeal, would ever hazard
+it again, unless he was assured that the victory was certain--ay, and
+the object for which he fights not to be wrested from his hands amidst
+the uproar of the elements that the battle has released."
+
+The Italian paused, shaded his brow with his hand, and remained long
+silent. Then, gradually resuming his ordinary tone, he continued:
+
+"Revolutions that have no definite objects made clear by the positive
+experience of history; revolutions, in a word, that aim less at
+substituting one law or one dynasty for another, than at changing the
+whole scheme of society, have been little attempted by real statesmen.
+Even Lycurgus is proved to be a myth who never existed. They are the
+suggestions of philosophers who lived apart from the actual world, and
+whose opinions (though generally they were very benevolent, good sort of
+men, and wrote in an elegant poetical style) one would no more take on a
+plain matter of life, than one would look upon Virgil's _Eclogues_ as a
+faithful picture of the ordinary pains and pleasures of the peasants who
+tend our sheep. Read them as you would read poets, and they are
+delightful. But attempt to shape the world according to the poetry--and
+fit yourself for a madhouse. The farther off the age is from the
+realization of such projects, the more these poor philosophers have
+indulged them. Thus, it was amidst the saddest corruption of court
+manners, that it became the fashion in Paris to sit for one's picture,
+with a crook in one's hand, as Alexis, or Daphne. Just as liberty was
+fast dying out of Greece, and the successors of Alexander were founding
+their monarchies, and Rome was growing up to crush in its iron grasp all
+states save its own, Plato withdraws his eyes from the world, to open
+them in his dreamy Atlantis. Just in the grimmest period of English
+history, with the axe hanging over his head, Sir Thomas More gives you
+his _Utopia_. Just when the world is to be the theatre of a new
+Sesostris, the dreamers of France tell you that the age is too
+enlightened for war, that man is henceforth to be governed by pure
+reason and live in a Paradise. Very pretty reading all this to a man
+like me, Lenny, who can admire and smile at it. But to you, to the man
+who has to work for his living, to the man who thinks it would be so
+much more pleasant to live at his ease in a phalanstere than to work
+eight or ten hours a day; to the man of talent, and action, and
+industry, whose future is invested in that tranquillity and order of a
+state, in which talent, and action, and industry are a certain
+capital;--why Messrs. Coutts, the great bankers, had better encourage a
+theory to upset the system of banking! Whatever disturbs society, yea,
+even by a causeless panic, much more by an actual struggle, falls first
+upon the market of labor, and thence affects prejudicially every
+department of intelligence. In such times the arts are arrested;
+literature is neglected; people are too busy to read any thing save
+appeals to their passions. And capital, shaken in its sense of security,
+no longer ventures boldly through the land, calling forth all the
+energies of toil and enterprise, and extending to every workman his
+reward. Now Lenny, take this piece of advice. You are young, clever, and
+aspiring; men rarely succeed in changing the world; but a man seldom
+fails of success if he lets the world alone, and resolves to make the
+best of it. You are in the midst of the great crisis of your life; it is
+the struggle between the new desires knowledge excites, and that sense
+of poverty, which those desires convert either into hope and emulation,
+or into envy and despair. I grant that it is an uphill work that lies
+before you; but don't you think it is always easier to climb a mountain
+than it is to level it? These books call on you to level a mountain; and
+that mountain is the property of other people, subdivided amongst a
+great many proprietors, and protected by law. At the first stroke of the
+pick-axe it is ten to one but what you are taken up for a trespass. But
+the path up the mountain is a right of way uncontested. You may be safe
+at the summit, before (even if the owners are fools enough to let you)
+you could have levelled a yard. '_Cospetto!_' quoth the doctor, 'it is
+more than two thousand years ago since poor Plato began to level it, and
+the mountain is as high as ever!'"
+
+Thus saying, Riccabocca came to the end of his pipe, and, stalking
+thoughtfully away, he left Leonard Fairfield trying to extract light
+from the smoke.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Shortly after this discourse of Riccabocca's, an incident occurred to
+Leonard that served to carry his mind into new directions. One evening,
+when his mother was out, he was at work on a new mechanical contrivance,
+and had the misfortune to break one of the instruments which he
+employed. Now it will be remembered that his father had been the
+Squire's head-carpenter; the widow had carefully hoarded the tools of
+his craft which had belonged to her poor Mark; and though she
+occasionally lent them to Leonard, she would not give them up to his
+service. Amongst these, Leonard knew that he should find the one that he
+wanted; and being much interested in his contrivance, he could not wait
+till his mother's return. The tools, with other little relics of the
+lost, were kept in a large trunk in Mrs. Fairfield's sleeping room; the
+trunk was not locked, and Leonard went to it without ceremony or
+scruple. In rummaging for the instrument, his eye fell on a bundle of
+MSS.; and he suddenly recollected that when he was a mere child, and
+before he much knew the difference between verse and prose, his mother
+had pointed to these MSS. and said "One day or other, when you can read
+nicely I'll let you look at these, Lenny. My poor Mark wrote such
+verses--ah, he _was_ a scollard!" Leonard, reasonably enough, thought
+that the time had now arrived when he was worthy the privilege of
+reading the paternal effusions, and he took forth the MSS. with a keen
+but melancholy interest. He recognized his father's handwriting, which
+he had often seen before in account-books and memoranda, and read
+eagerly some trifling poems, which did not show much genius, nor much
+mastery of language and rhythm--such poems, in short, as a self-educated
+man with a poetic taste and feeling, rather than poetic inspiration or
+artistic culture, might compose with credit, but not for fame. But
+suddenly, as he turned over these 'Occasional Pieces,' Leonard came to
+others in a different handwriting--a woman's handwriting--small, and
+fine, and exquisitely formed. He had scarcely read six lines of these
+last before his attention was irresistibly chained. They were of a
+different order of merit from poor Mark's; they bore the unmistakable
+stamp of genius. Like the poetry of women in general, they were devoted
+to personal feeling--they were not the mirror of a world, but
+reflections of a solitary heart. Yet this is the kind of poetry most
+pleasing to the young. And the verses in question had another attraction
+for Leonard; they seemed to express some struggle akin to his own--some
+complaint against the actual condition of the writer's life, some sweet
+melodious murmurs at fortune. For the rest, they were characterized by a
+vein of sentiment so elevated that, if written by a man, it would have
+run into exaggeration; written by a woman, the romance was carried off
+by so many revelations of sincere, deep, pathetic feeling, that it was
+always natural, though true to a nature from which you would not augur
+happiness.
+
+Leonard was still absorbed in the perusal of these poems, when Mrs.
+Fairfield entered the room.
+
+"What have you been about, Lenny?--searching in my box?"
+
+"I came to look for my father's bag of tools, mother, and I found these
+papers, which you said I might read some day."
+
+"I doesn't wonder you did not hear me when I came in," said the widow
+sighing. "I used to sit still for the hour together, when my poor Mark
+read his poems to me. There was such a pretty one about the Peasant's
+Fireside, Lenny--have you got hold of that?"
+
+"Yes, dear mother; and I remarked the allusion to you; it brought tears
+to my eyes. But these verses are not my father's--whose are they? They
+seem a woman's hand."
+
+Mrs. Fairfield looked--changed color--grew faint--and seated herself.
+
+"Poor, poor Nora!" said she falteringly. "I did not know as they were
+there; Mark kep' 'em; they got among his"--
+
+_Leonard._--"Who was Nora?"
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield._--"Who?--child,--who? Nora was--was my own--own
+sister."
+
+_Leonard_ (in great amaze, contrasting his ideal of the writer of these
+musical lines in that graceful hand, with his homely, uneducated mother,
+who can neither read nor write.)--"Your sister--is it possible? My aunt,
+then. How comes it you never spoke of her before? Oh, you should be so
+proud of her, mother."
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield_ (clasping her hands).--"We were proud of her, all of
+us--father, mother,--all! She was so beautiful and so good, and not
+proud she! though she looked like the first lady in the land. Oh! Nora,
+Nora!"
+
+_Leonard_ (after a pause).--"But she must have been highly educated?"
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield._--"'Deed she was!"
+
+_Leonard._--"How was that?"
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield_ (rocking herself to and fro in her chair).--"Oh! my
+Lady was her godmother--Lady Lansmere I mean--and took a fancy to her
+when she was that high! and had her to stay at the Park, and wait on her
+ladyship; and then she put her to school, and Nora was so clever that
+nothing would do but she must go to London as a governess. But don't
+talk of it, boy!--don't talk of it!"
+
+_Leonard._--"Why not, mother?--what has become of her?--where is she?"
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield_ (bursting into a paroxysm of tears).--"In her grave--in
+her cold grave! Dead, dead!"
+
+Leonard was inexpressibly grieved and shocked. It is the attribute of
+the poet to seem always living, always a friend. Leonard felt as if some
+one very dear had been suddenly torn from his heart. He tried to console
+his mother; but her emotion was contagious, and he wept with her.
+
+"And how long has she been dead?" he asked at last, in mournful accents.
+
+"Many's the long year, many; but," added Mrs. Fairfield, rising, and
+putting her tremulous hand on Leonard's shoulder, "you'll just never
+talk to me about her--I can't bear it--it breaks my heart. I can bear
+better to talk of Mark--come down stairs--come."
+
+"May I not keep these verses, mother? Do let me."
+
+"Well, well, those bits o' paper be all she left behind her--yes, keep
+them, but put back Mark's. Are _they_ all here?--sure?" And the widow,
+though she could not read her husband's verses, looked jealously at the
+MSS. written in his irregular large scrawl, and, smoothing them
+carefully, replaced them in the trunk, and resettled over them some
+sprigs of lavender, which Leonard had unwittingly disturbed.
+
+"But," said Leonard, as his eye again rested on the beautiful
+handwriting of his lost aunt"--but you call her Nora--I see she signs
+herself L."
+
+"Leonora was her name. I said she was my Lady's godchild. We called her
+Nora for short"--
+
+"Leonora--and I am Leonard--is that how I came by the name?"
+
+"Yes, yes--do hold your tongue, boy," sobbed poor Mrs. Fairfield; and
+she could not be soothed nor coaxed into continuing or renewing a
+subject which was evidently associated with insupportable pain.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+It is difficult to exaggerate the effect that this discovery produced on
+Leonard's train of thought. Some one belonging to his own humble race
+had, then, preceded him in his struggling flight towards the lofter
+regions of Intelligence and Desire. It was like the mariner amidst
+unknown seas, who finds carved upon some desert isle a familiar
+household name. And this creature of genius and of sorrow--whose
+existence he had only learned by her song, and whose death created, in
+the simple heart of her sister, so passionate a grief after the lapse of
+so many years--supplied to the romance awaking in his young heart the
+ideal which it unconsciously sought. He was pleased to hear that she had
+been beautiful and good. He paused from his books to muse on her, and
+picture her image to his fancy. That there was some mystery in her fate
+was evident to him; and while that conviction deepened his interest, the
+mystery itself, by degrees, took a charm which he was not anxious to
+dispel. He resigned himself to Mrs. Fairfield's obstinate silence. He
+was contented to rank the dead amongst those holy and ineffable images
+which we do not seek to unveil. Youth and Fancy have many secret hoards
+of idea which they do not desire to impart, even to those most in their
+confidence. I doubt the depth of feeling in any man who has not certain
+recesses in his soul in which none may enter.
+
+Hitherto, as I have said, the talents of Leonard Fairfield had been more
+turned to things positive than to the ideal; to science and
+investigation of fact than to poetry, and that airier truth in which
+poetry has its element. He had read our greater poets, indeed, but
+without thought of imitating; and rather from the general curiosity to
+inspect all celebrated monuments of the human mind, than from that
+especial predilection for verse which is too common in childhood and
+youth to be any sure sign of a poet. But now these melodies, unknown to
+all the world beside, rang in his ear, mingled with his thoughts--set,
+as it were, his whole life to music. He read poetry with a different
+sentiment--it seemed to him that he had discovered its secret. And so
+reading, the passion seized him, and "the numbers came."
+
+To many minds, at the commencement of our grave and earnest pilgrimage,
+I am Vandal enough to think that the indulgence of poetic taste and
+reverie does great and lasting harm; that it serves to enervate the
+character, give false ideas of life, impart the semblance of drudgery to
+the noble toils and duties of the active man. All poetry would not do
+this--not, for instance, the Classical, in its diviner masters--not the
+poetry of Homer, of Virgil, of Sophocles, not, perhaps, even that of the
+indolent Horace. But the poetry which youth usually loves and
+appreciates the best--the poetry of mere sentiment--does so in minds
+already over predisposed to the sentimental, and which require bracing
+to grow into healthful manhood.
+
+On the other hand, even this latter kind of poetry, which is peculiarly
+modern, does suit many minds of another mould--minds which our modern
+life, with its hard positive forms, tends to produce. And as in certain
+climates plants and herbs, peculiarly adapted as antidotes to those
+diseases most prevalent in the atmosphere, are profusely sown, as it
+were, by the benignant providence of nature--so it may be that the
+softer and more romantic species of poetry, which comes forth in harsh,
+money-making, unromantic times, is intended as curatives and
+counter-poisons. The world is so much with us, now-a-days, that we need
+have something that prates to us, albeit even in too fine an euphuism,
+of the moon and stars.
+
+Certes, to Leonard Fairfield, at that period of his intellectual life,
+the softness of our Helicon descended as healing dews. In his turbulent
+and unsettled ambition, in his vague grapple with the giant forms of
+political truths, in his bias towards the application of science to
+immediate practical purposes, this lovely vision of the Muse came in the
+white robe of the Peacemaker; and with upraised hand, pointing to serene
+skies, she opened to him fair glimpses of the Beautiful, which is given
+to Peasant as to Prince--showed to him that on the surface of earth
+there is something nobler than fortune--that he who can view the world
+as a poet is always at soul a king; while to practical purpose itself,
+that larger and more profound invention, which poetry stimulates,
+supplied the grand design and the subtle view--leading him beyond the
+mere ingenuity of the mechanic, and habituating him to regard the inert
+force of the matter at his command with the ambition of the Discoverer.
+But, above all, the discontent that was within him, finding a vent, not
+in deliberate war upon this actual world, but through the purifying
+channels of song--in the vent itself it evaporated, it was lost. By
+accustoming ourselves to survey all things with the spirit that retains
+and reproduces them only in their lovelier or grander aspects, a vast
+philosophy of toleration for what we before gazed on with scorn or hate
+insensibly grows upon us. Leonard looked into his heart after the
+enchantress had breathed upon it; and through the mists of the fleeting
+and tender melancholy which betrayed where she had been, he beheld a new
+sun of delight and joy dawning over the landscape of human life.
+
+Thus, though she was dead and gone from his actual knowledge, this
+mysterious kinswoman--"a voice, and nothing more"--had spoken to him,
+soothed, elevated, cheered, attuned each discord into harmony; and if
+now permitted from some serener sphere to behold the life that her soul
+thus strangely influenced, verily, with yet holier joy, the saving and
+lovely spirit might have glided onward in the eternal progress.
+
+We call the large majority of human lives _obscure_. Presumptuous that
+we are! How know we what lives a single thought retained from the dust
+of nameless graves may have lighted to renown?
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+It was about a year after Leonard's discovery of the family MSS. that
+Parson Dale borrowed the quietest pad mare in the Squire's stables, and
+set out on an equestrian excursion. He said that he was bound on
+business connected with his old parishioners of Lansmere; for, as it has
+been incidentally implied in a previous chapter, he had been connected
+with that borough town (and I may here add, in the capacity of curate)
+before he had been inducted into the living of Hazeldean.
+
+It was so rarely that the Parson stirred from home, that this journey to
+a town more than twenty miles off was regarded as a most daring
+adventure, both at the Hall and at the Parsonage. Mrs. Dale could not
+sleep the whole previous night with thinking of it; and though she had
+naturally one of her worst nervous headaches on the eventful morn, she
+yet suffered no hands less thoughtful than her own to pack up the
+saddle-bags which the Parson had borrowed along with the pad. Nay, so
+distrustful was she of the possibility of the good man's exerting the
+slightest common sense in her absence, that she kept him close at her
+side while she was engaged in that same operation of packing up--showing
+him the exact spot in which the clean shirt was put, and how nicely the
+old slippers were packed up in one of his own sermons. She implored him
+not to mistake the sandwiches for his shaving-soap, and made him observe
+how carefully she had provided against such confusion, by placing them
+as far apart from each other as the nature of saddle-bags will admit.
+The poor Parson--who was really by no means an absent man, but as little
+likely to shave himself with sandwiches and lunch upon soap as the most
+common-place mortal may be--listened with conjugal patience, and thought
+that man never had such a wife before; nor was it without tears in his
+own eyes that he tore himself from the farewell embrace of his weeping
+Carry.
+
+I confess, however, that it was with some apprehension that he set his
+foot in the stirrup, and trusted his person to the mercies of an
+unfamiliar animal. For whatever might be Mr. Dale's minor
+accomplishments as man and parson, horsemanship was not his forte.
+Indeed, I doubt if he had taken the reins in his hand more than once
+since he had been married.
+
+The Squire's surly old groom, Mat, was in attendance with the pad; and,
+to the Parson's gentle inquiry whether Mat was quite sure that the pad
+was quite safe, replied laconically, "Oi, oi, give her her head."
+
+"Give her her head!" repeated Mr. Dale, rather amazed, for he had not
+the slightest intention of taking away that part of the beast's frame,
+so essential to its vital economy--"Give her her head!"
+
+"Oi, oi; and don't jerk her up like that, or she'll fall a doincing on
+her hind-legs."
+
+The Parson instantly slackened the reins; and Mrs. Dale--who had tarried
+behind to control her tears--now running to the door for 'more last
+words,' he waved his hand with courageous amenity, and ambled forth into
+the lane.
+
+Our equestrian was absorbed at first in studying the idiosyncrasies of
+the pad, and trying thereby to arrive at some notion of her general
+character: guessing, for instance, why she raised one ear and laid down
+the other; why she kept bearing so close to the left that she brushed
+his leg against the hedge; and why, when she arrived at a little
+side-gate in the fields, which led towards the home-farm, she came to a
+full stop, and fell to rubbing her nose against the rail--an occupation
+from which the Parson, finding all civil remonstrances in vain, at
+length diverted her by a timorous application of the whip.
+
+This crisis on the road fairly passed, the pad seemed to comprehend that
+she had a journey before her, and giving a petulant whisk of her tail,
+quickened her amble into a short trot, which soon brought the Parson
+into the high-road, and nearly opposite the Casino.
+
+Here, sitting on the gate which led to his abode, and shaded by his
+umbrella, he beheld Dr. Riccabocca.
+
+The Italian lifted his eyes from the book he was reading, and stared
+hard at the Parson; and he--not venturing to withdraw his whole
+attention from the pad, (who, indeed, set up both her ears at the
+apparition of Riccabocca, and evinced symptoms of that surprise and
+superstitious repugnance at unknown objects which goes by the name of
+"shying,")--looked askance at Riccabocca.
+
+"Don't stir, please," said the Parson, "or I fear you will alarm this
+creature; it seems a nervous, timid thing;--soho--gently--gently."
+
+And he fell to patting the mare with great unction.
+
+The pad, thus encouraged, overcame her first natural astonishment at the
+sight of Riccabocca and the red umbrella; and having before been at the
+Casino on sundry occasions, and sagaciously preferring places within the
+range of her experience to bournes neither cognate nor conjecturable,
+she moved gravely up toward the gate on which the Italian sate; and,
+after eyeing him a moment--as much as to say "I wish you would get
+off"--came to a dead lock.
+
+"Well," said Riccabocca, "since your horse seems more disposed to be
+polite than yourself, Mr. Dale, I take the opportunity of your present
+involuntary pause to congratulate you on your elevation in life, and to
+breathe a friendly prayer that pride may not have a fall!"
+
+"Tut," said the Parson, affecting an easy air, though still
+contemplating the pad, who appeared to have fallen into a quiet doze,
+"it is true that I have not ridden much of late years, and the Squire's
+horses are very high fed and spirited; but there is no more harm in them
+than their master when one once knows their ways."
+
+    "Chi v� piano, v� sano,
+    E chi v� sano v� lontano,"
+
+said Riccabocca, pointing to the saddle-bags. "You go slowly, therefore
+safely; and he who goes safely may go far. You seem prepared for a
+journey?"
+
+"I am," said the Parson; "and on a matter that concerns you a little."
+
+"Me!" exclaimed Riccabocca--"concerns me!"
+
+"Yes, so far as the chance of depriving you of a servant whom you like
+and esteem affects you."
+
+"Oh," said Riccabocca, "I understand you: you have hinted to me very
+often that I or Knowledge, or both together, have unfitted Leonard
+Fairfield for service."
+
+"I did not say that exactly; I said that you have fitted him for
+something higher than service. But do not repeat this to him. And I
+cannot yet say more to you, for I am very doubtful as to the success of
+my mission; and it will not do to unsettle poor Leonard until we are
+sure that we can improve his condition."
+
+"Of that you can never be sure," quoth the wise man, shaking his head;
+"and I can't say that I am unselfish enough not to bear you a grudge for
+seeking to decoy away from me an invaluable servant--faithful, steady,
+intelligent, and (added Riccabocca warming as he approached the
+climacteric adjective)--exceedingly cheap! Nevertheless go, and Heaven
+speed you. I am not an Alexander, to stand between man and the sun."
+
+"You are a noble great-hearted creature, Signor Riccabocca, in spite of
+your cold-blooded proverbs and villainous books." The Parson, as he said
+this, brought down the whip-hand with so indiscreet an enthusiasm on the
+pad's shoulder, that the poor beast, startled out of her innocent doze,
+made a bolt forward, which nearly precipitated Riccabocca from his seat
+on the stile, and then turning round--as the Parson tugged desperately
+at the rein--caught the bit between her teeth, and set off at a canter.
+The Parson lost both his stirrups; and when he regained them, (as the
+pad slackened her pace,) and had time to breathe and look about him,
+Riccabocca and the Casino were both out of sight.
+
+"Certainly," quoth Parson Dale, as he resettled himself with great
+complacency, and a conscious triumph that he was still on the pad's
+back--"certainly it is true 'that the noblest conquest ever made by man
+was that of the horse:' a fine creature it is--a very fine creature--and
+uncommonly difficult to sit on,--especially without stirrups." Firmly in
+_his_ stirrups the Parson planted his feet; and the heart within him was
+very proud.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Lansmere was situated in the county adjoining that which contained the
+village of Hazeldean. Late at noon the Parson crossed the little stream
+which divided the two shires, and came to an inn, which was placed at an
+angle, where the great main road branched off into two directions--the
+one leading towards Lansmere, the other going more direct to London. At
+this inn the pad stopped, and put down both ears with the air of a pad
+who has made up her mind to bait. And the Parson himself, feeling very
+warm and somewhat sore, said to the pad benignly, "It is just--thou
+shall have corn and water!"
+
+Dismounting therefore, and finding himself very stiff, as soon as he had
+reached _terra firma_, the Parson consigned the pad to the ostler, and
+walked into the sanded parlor of the inn, to repose himself on a very
+hard Windsor chair.
+
+He had been alone rather more than half-an-hour, reading a county
+newspaper which smelt much of tobacco, and trying to keep off the flies
+that gathered round him in swarms, as if they had never before seen a
+Parson, and were anxious to ascertain how the flesh of him tasted,--when
+a stage-coach stopped at the inn. A traveller got out with his
+carpet-bag in his hand, and was shown into the sanded parlor.
+
+The Parson rose politely, and made a bow.
+
+The traveller touched his hat, without taking it off--looked at Mr. Dale
+from top to toe--then walked to the window, and whistled a lively
+impatient tune, then strode towards the fire-place and rang the bell;
+then stared again at the Parson; and that gentleman having courteously
+laid down the newspaper, the traveller seized it, threw himself on a
+chair, flung one of his legs over the table, tossed the other up on the
+mantel-piece, and began reading the paper, while he tilted the chair on
+its hind legs with so daring a disregard to the ordinary position of
+chairs and their occupants, that the shuddering Parson expected every
+moment to see him come down on the back of his skull.
+
+Moved, therefore, to compassion, Mr. Dale said mildly--
+
+"Those chairs are very treacherous, sir. I'm afraid you'll be down."
+
+"Eh," said the traveller, looking up much astonished. "Eh, down?--oh,
+you're satirical, sir."
+
+"Satirical, sir? upon my word, no!" exclaimed the Parson earnestly.
+
+"I think every free-born man has a right to sit as he pleases in his own
+house," resumed the traveller with warmth; "and an inn is his own house,
+I guess, so long as he pays his score. Betty, my dear."
+
+For the chambermaid had now replied to the bell.
+
+"I han't Betty, sir; do you want she?"
+
+"No, Sally--cold brandy and water--and a biscuit."
+
+"I han't Sally either," muttered the chambermaid; but the traveller
+turning round, showed so smart a neckcloth and so comely a face, that
+she smiled, colored, and went her way.
+
+The traveller now rose, and flung down the paper. He took out a
+pen-knife, and began paring his nails. Suddenly desisting from this
+elegant occupation, his eye caught sight of the Parson's shovel-hat,
+which lay on a chair in the corner.
+
+"You're a clergyman, I reckon, sir," said the traveller, with a slight
+sneer.
+
+Again Mr. Dale bowed--bowed in part deprecatingly--in part with dignity.
+It was a bow that said, "No offence, sir, but I _am_ a clergyman, and
+I'm not ashamed of it."
+
+"Going far?" asked the traveller.
+
+_Parson._--"Not very."
+
+_Traveller._--"In a chaise or fly? If so, and we are going the same
+way--halves."
+
+_Parson._--"Halves?"
+
+_Traveller._--"Yes, I'll pay half the damage--pikes inclusive."
+
+_Parson._--"You are very good, sir. But," (_spoken with pride_) "I am on
+horseback."
+
+_Traveller._--"On horseback! Well, I should not have guessed that! You
+don't look like it. Where did you say you were going?"
+
+"I did _not_ say where I was going, sir," said the Parson drily, for he
+was much offended at that vague and ungrammatical remark applicable to
+his horsemanship, that "he did not look like it."
+
+"Close!" said the traveller laughing: "an old traveller, I reckon."
+
+The Parson made no reply, but he took up his shovel-hat, and, with a bow
+more majestic than the previous one, walked out to see if his pad had
+finished her corn.
+
+The animal had indeed finished all the corn afforded to her, which was
+not much, and in a few minutes more Mr. Dale resumed his journey. He had
+performed about three miles, when the sound of wheels behind made him
+turn his head, and he perceived a chaise driven very fast, while out of
+the windows thereof dangled strangely a pair of human legs. The pad
+began to curvet as the post horses rattled behind, and the Parson had
+only an indistinct vision of a human face supplanting these human legs.
+The traveller peered out at him as he whirled by--saw Mr. Dale tossed up
+and down on the saddle, and cried out, "How's the leather?"
+
+"Leather!" soliloquised the Parson, as the pad recomposed herself. "What
+does he mean by that? Leather! a very vulgar man. But I got rid of him
+cleverly."
+
+Mr. Dale arrived without farther adventure at Lansmere. He put up at the
+principal inn--refreshed himself by a general ablution--and sate down
+with a good appetite to his beef-steak and pint of port.
+
+The Parson was a better judge of the physiognomy of man than that of the
+horse; and after a satisfactory glance at the civil smirking landlord,
+who removed the cover and set on the wine, he ventured on an attempt at
+conversation. "Is my lord at the park?"
+
+_Landlord_, still more civilly than before: "No, sir, his lordship and
+my lady have gone to town to meet Lord L'Estrange."
+
+"Lord L'Estrange! He is in England, then?"
+
+"Why, so I heard," replied the landlord, "but we never see him here now.
+I remember him a very pretty young man. Every one was fond of him, and
+proud of him. But what pranks he did play when he was a lad! We hoped he
+would come in for our boro' some of these days, but he has taken to
+foren parts--more's the pity. I am a reg'lar Blue, sir, as I ought to
+be. The Blue candidate always does me the honor to come to the Lansmere
+Arms. 'Tis only the low party puts up with the Boar," added the landlord
+with a look of ineffable disgust. "I hope you like the wine, sir?"
+
+"Very good, and seems old."
+
+"Bottled these eighteen years, sir. I had in the cask for the great
+election of Dashmore and Egerton. I have little left of it, and I never
+give it but to old friends like--for, I think, sir, though you be grown
+stout, and look more grand, I may say that I've had the pleasure of
+seeing you before."
+
+"That's true, I dare say, though I fear I was never a very good
+customer."
+
+_Landlord._--"Ah, it is Mr. Dale, then! I thought so when you came into
+the hall. I hope your lady is quite well, and the Squire too; fine
+pleasant-spoken gentleman; no fault of his if Mr. Egerton went wrong.
+Well, we have never seen him--I mean Mr. Egerton--since that time. I
+don't wonder he stays away; but my lord's son, who was brought up
+here,--it an't nat'ral like that he should turn his back on us!"
+
+Mr. Dale made no reply, and the landlord was about to retire, when the
+Parson, pouring out another glass of the port, said--"There must be
+great changes in the parish. Is Mr. Morgan, the medical man, still
+here?"
+
+"No, indeed; he took out his ploma after you left, and became a real
+doctor; and a pretty practice he had too, when he took, all of a sudden,
+to some new-fangled way of physicking--I think they calls it
+homysomething----"
+
+"Homoeopathy!"
+
+"That's it--something against all reason: and so he lost his practice
+here and went up to Lunnun. I've not heard of him since."
+
+"Do the Avenels keep their old house?"
+
+"Oh, yes!--and are pretty well off, I hear say. John is always poorly;
+though he still goes now and then to the Odd Fellows, and takes his
+glass; but his wife comes and fetches him away before he can do himself
+any harm."
+
+"Mrs. Avenel is the same as ever?"
+
+"She holds her head higher, I think," said the landlord, smiling. "She
+was always--not exactly proud like, but what I calls gumptious."
+
+"I never heard that word before," said the Parson, laying down his knife
+and fork. "Bumptious, indeed, though I believe it is not in the
+dictionary, has crept into familiar parlance, especially amongst young
+folks at school and college."
+
+"Bumptious is bumptious, and gumptious is gumptious," said the landlord,
+delighted to puzzle a Parson. "Now the town beadle is bumptious, and
+Mrs. Avenel is gumptious."
+
+"She is a very respectable woman," said Mr. Dale, somewhat rebukingly.
+
+"In course, sir, all gumptious folks are; they value themselves on their
+respectability, and looks down on their neighbors."
+
+_Parson_, still philologically occupied. "Gumptious--gumptious. I think
+I remember the substantive at school--not that my master taught it to
+me. 'Gumption,' it means cleverness."
+
+_Landlord_, (doggedly.)--"There's gumption and gumptious! Gumption is
+knowing; but when I say that sum un is gumptious, I mean--though that's
+more vulgar like--sum un who does not think small beer of hisself. You
+take me, sir!"
+
+"I think I do," said the Parson, half-smiling. "I believe the Avenels
+have only two of their children alive still--their daughter, who married
+Mark Fairfield, and a son who went off to America?"
+
+"Ah, but he made his fortune there, and has come back."
+
+"Indeed! I'm very glad to hear it. He has settled at Lansmere?"
+
+"No, sir. I hear as he's bought a property a long way off. But he comes
+to see his parents pretty often--so John tells me--but I can't say that
+I ever see him, I fancy Dick doesn't like to be seen by folks who
+remember him playing in the kennel."
+
+"Not unnatural," said the Parson indulgently; "but he visits his
+parents: he is a good son, at all events, then?"
+
+"I've nothing to say against him. Dick was a wild chap before he took
+himself off. I never thought he would make his fortune; but the Avenels
+are a clever set. Do you remember poor Nora--the Rose of Lansmere, as
+they called her? Ah, no, I think she went up to Lunnun afore your time,
+sir."
+
+"Humph!" said the Parson drily. "Well, I think you may take away now. It
+will be dark soon, and I'll just stroll out and look about me."
+
+"There's a nice tart coming, sir."
+
+"Thank you, I've dined."
+
+The Parson put on his hat and sallied forth into the streets. He eyed
+the houses on either hand with that melancholy and wistful interest with
+which, in middle life, we revisit scenes familiar to us in
+youth--surprised to find either so little change or so much, and
+recalling, by fits and snatches, old associations and past emotions. The
+long High Street which he threaded now began to change its bustling
+character, and slide, as it were gradually, into the high road of a
+suburb. On the left, the houses gave way to the moss-grown pales of
+Lansmere Park: to the right, though houses still remained, they were
+separated from each other by gardens, and took the pleasing appearance
+of villas--such villas as retired tradesmen or their widows, old maids,
+and half-pay officers, select for the evening of their days.
+
+Mr. Dale looked at these villas with the deliberate attention of a man
+awakening his power of memory, and at last stopped before one, almost
+the last on the road, and which faced the broad patch of sward that lay
+before the lodge of Lansmere Park. An old pollard oak stood near it, and
+from the oak there came a low discordant sound; it was the hungry cry of
+young ravens, awaiting the belated return of the parent bird. Mr. Dale
+put his hand to his brow, paused a moment, and then, with a hurried
+step, passed through the little garden and knocked at the door. A light
+was burning in the parlor, and Mr. Dale's eye caught through the window
+a vague outline of three forms. There was an evident bustle within at
+the sound of the knocks. One of the forms rose and disappeared. A very
+prim, neat, middle-aged maid-servant now appeared at the threshold, and
+austerely inquired the visitor's business.
+
+"I want to see Mr. or Mrs. Avenel. Say that I have come many miles to
+see them; and take in this card."
+
+The maid-servant took the card, and half-closed the door. At least three
+minutes elapsed before she reappeared.
+
+"Missis says it's late, sir; but walk in."
+
+The Parson accepted the not very gracious invitation, stepped across the
+little hall, and entered the parlor.
+
+Old John Avenel, a mild-looking man, who seemed slightly paralytic, rose
+slowly from his arm-chair. Mrs. Avenel, in an awfully stiff, clean, and
+Calvinistical cap, and a gray dress, every fold of which bespoke
+respectability and staid repute--stood erect on the floor, and, fixing
+on the Parson a cold and cautious eye, said:
+
+"You do the like of us great honor, Mr. Dale--take a chair! You call
+upon business?"
+
+"Of which I have apprised you by letter, Mr. Avenel."
+
+"My husband is very poorly."
+
+"A poor creature!" said John feebly, and as if in compassion of himself,
+"I can't get about as I used to do. But it ben't near election time, be
+it, sir?"
+
+"No, John," said Mrs. Avenel, placing her husband's arm within her own.
+"You must lie down a bit, while I talk to the gentleman."
+
+"I'm a real good blue," said poor John; "but I an't quite the man I
+was;" and leaning heavily on his wife, he left the room, turning round
+at the threshold, and saying, with great urbanity--"Any thing to oblige,
+sir?"
+
+Mr. Dale was much touched. He had remembered John Avenel the comeliest,
+the most active, and the most cheerful man in Lansmere; great at glee
+club and cricket, (though then stricken in years,) greater in vestries;
+reputed greatest in elections.
+
+"Last scene of all," murmured the Parson; "and oh well, turning from the
+poet, may we cry with the disbelieving philosopher, 'Poor, poor
+humanity!'"[U]
+
+In a few minutes Mrs. Avenel returned. She took a chair at some distance
+from the Parson's, and, resting one hand on the elbow of the chair,
+while with the other she stiffly smoothed the stiff gown, she said--
+
+"Now, sir."
+
+That "Now, sir," had in its sound something sinister and warlike. This
+the shrewd Parson recognized with his usual tact. He edged his chair
+nearer to Mrs. Avenel, and placing his hand on hers--
+
+"Yes, now then, and as friend to friend."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[T] It need scarcely be observed, that Jackeymo, in his conversations
+with his master or Violante, or his conferences with himself, employs
+his native language, which is therefore translated without the blunders
+that he is driven to commit when compelled to trust himself in the
+tongue of the country in which he is a sojourner.
+
+
+
+
+From Fraser's Magazine.
+
+AN INEDITED LETTER OF EDWARD GIBBON.
+
+
+The following is an inedited letter of the celebrated author of _The
+Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_. It is addressed to his friend M.
+D'Eyverdun (who was at that time at Leipsig), and has lately been found
+among a mass of papers in the house which M. D'Eyverdun possessed at
+Lausanne, and where Mr. Gibbon resided several years.
+
+    _To M. D'Eyverdun, at Leipsig._
+
+                              London, May 7th, 1776.
+
+My long silence towards you has been occasioned (if I have properly
+analyzed what has lately passed in my mind) by different reasons. During
+the Summer there was indolence and procrastination; since the opening of
+parliament the necessity of finishing my book, and at the same time of
+subduing America. I have been involved in a multitude of public,
+private, and literary business, such as I had never experienced in the
+whole course of my life. The materials of my correspondence I have
+gradually accumulated, and despairing of being able to say any thing, I
+have wisely finished by saying nothing. Meantime, it is not necessary to
+inform my dear reader that I love him just as much as if I had written
+to him every week.
+
+Where, then, shall I begin this letter? Can this question be put to a
+man who has just published his book? I shall speak of myself, and I
+shall enjoy the pleasure which renders the conversation of friends so
+delightful,--the pleasure of talking of one's self with somebody who
+will take an interest in the subject. It is true I should greatly prefer
+conversing with you, walking backwards and forwards in my library, where
+I could, without blushing, make to you all the confessions which my
+vanity might prompt. But at this lamentable distance from London to
+Leipsig we cannot do without a confidant, and the paper might one day
+disclose the little secrets which I am obliged to confide to you.
+
+You know that the first volume of _The History of the Decline and Fall
+of the Roman Empire_ has had the most complete success, and the most
+flattering to the author. But I must take up the matter a little further
+back. I do not know whether you recollect that I had agreed with my
+bookseller for an edition of 500 copies. This was a very moderate
+number; but I wished to learn the taste of the public, and to reserve to
+myself the opportunity of soon making, in a second edition, all the
+changes which the observations of critics and my own reflections might
+suggest. We had come, perhaps, to the twenty-fifth sheet, when my
+publisher and my printer, men of sense and taste, began to perceive that
+the work in question might be worth something, and that the said 500
+copies would not suffice for the demands of the British readers. They
+stated their reasons to me, and very humbly, but very earnestly, begged
+me to permit 500 more to be printed. I yielded to their entreaties, not,
+however, without fearing that the younger brothers of my numerous family
+might be condemned to an inglorious old age, in the obscurity of some
+warehouse. Meantime the printing went on; and, in spite of paternal
+affection, I sometimes cursed the attention which I was obliged to pay
+to the education of my children, to cure them of the little defects
+which the negligence of their preceptors had suffered to pass without
+correcting them.
+
+At length, in the month of February, I saw the decisive hour arrive, and
+I own to you that it was not without some sort of uneasiness. I knew
+that my book was good, but I would have had it excellent; I could not
+rely on my own judgment, and I feared that of the public,--that tyrant
+who often destroys in an instant the fruit of ten years' labor. At
+length, on the 16th of February, I gave myself to the universe, and the
+universe--that is to say, a small number of English readers--received me
+with open arms. In a fortnight the whole edition was so completely
+exhausted that not a single copy was left. Mr. Cadell (my publisher)
+proposed to me to publish a second edition of 1000 copies, and in a few
+days he saw reason to beg me to allow him to print 1500 copies. It will
+appear at the beginning of next month; and he already ventures to
+promise me that it will be sold before the end of the year, and that he
+shall be obliged to importune me a third time. The volume--a handsome
+quarto--costs a guinea in boards; it has sold, as my publisher expresses
+it, like a sixpenny pamphlet on the affairs of the day.
+
+I have hitherto contented myself with stating the fact, which is the
+least equivocal testimony in favor of the _History_. It is said that a
+horse alone does not flatter kings when they think fit to mount him;
+might we not add, that the bookseller is the only person who does not
+flatter authors when they take it into their heads to appear in print?
+But you conceive that from a small number of eager readers one always
+finds means to catch praises, and for my part, I own to you that I am
+very fond of these praises; those of women of rank, especially when they
+are young and handsome, though not of the greatest weight, amuse me
+infinitely. I have had the good fortune to please some of these persons,
+and the ancient _History_ of your learned friend has succeeded with them
+like a fashionable novel. Now hear what Robertson says in a letter which
+was not designed to fall into my hands:--
+
+     "I have read (says he) Mr. Gibbon's _History_ with great
+     attention, and with singular pleasure. It is a work of great
+     merit. We find in it that sagacity of research, without which
+     an author does not merit the name of an historian. His
+     narrative is clear and interesting; his style is elegant and
+     vigorous, sometimes rather too labored, and, perhaps, studied:
+     but these defects are amply compensated by the beauty of the
+     language, and sometimes by a rare felicity of expression."
+
+Now listen attentively to poor David Hume:
+
+     "After having read with impatience and avidity the first volume
+     of your _History_, I feel the same impatience to thank you for
+     your interesting present; and to express to you the
+     satisfaction which this production has afforded me, under the
+     several points of view, of the dignity of the style, the extent
+     of your researches, the profound manner in which the subject is
+     treated. This work is entitled to the highest esteem. You will
+     feel pleasure, as I do myself, from hearing that all the men of
+     letters in this city (Edinburgh) agree in admiring your work,
+     and in desiring the continuation of it."
+
+Do you know, too, that the Tacitus and Livy of Scotland have been useful
+to me in more ways than one. Our good English folk had long lamented the
+superiority which these historians had acquired; and as national
+prejudices are kept up at a small expense, they have eagerly raised
+their unworthy countrymen by their acclamations to a level with these
+great men. Besides, I have had the good fortune to avoid the shoal which
+is the most dangerous in this country. A historian is always to a
+certain degree a political character, and every reader according to his
+private opinion seeks in the most remote ages the sentiments of the
+historian upon kings and governments. A minister who is a great friend
+to the prerogatives of the crown has complimented me, on my having
+everywhere professed the soundest doctrines.
+
+Mr. Walpole, on the other hand, and my Lord Camden, both partisans of
+liberty, and even of a republic, are persuaded that I am not far from
+their ideas. This is a proof, at least, that I have observed a fair
+neutrality.
+
+Let us now look at the reverse of the medal, and inspect the means which
+Heaven has thought fit to employ to humble my pride. Would you think, my
+dear sir, that injustice has been carried so far as to attack the purity
+of my faith? The cry of the bishops and of a great number of ladies,
+equally respectable for their age and understanding, has been raised
+against me. It has been maintained, that the last two chapters of my
+pretended _History_ are only a satire on the Christian religion--a
+satire the more dangerous as it is concealed under a veil of moderation
+and impartiality: and that the emissary of Satan, after having long
+amused his readers with a very agreeable tale, insensibly leads them
+into the infernal snare. You perceive all the horror of this accusation,
+and will easily understand that I shall oppose only a respectful silence
+to the clamors of my enemies?
+
+And the Translation? Will you soon cause me to be read and burnt in the
+rest of Europe? After a short suspension, the reasons for which it is
+useless to detail, I re-commenced sending the sheets as they issued from
+the press. They went regularly by way of Gottingen, where M. Sprengel
+has, doubtless, taken care to forward them to you; so that the whole of
+the English original must have been long since in your hands. What use
+have you made of it? Is the translation finished? When and where do you
+intend it shall appear? I cannot help fearing accidents that may have
+happened by the way, and still more apprehending your indolence or
+forgetfulness; and the more so, as I have learned from several quarters
+that you are engaged in the translation of some German work.
+Notwithstanding my silence, you might have informed me of the state of
+things; at all events you have not a moment to lose, for the Duke de
+Choiseul, who is quite delighted with my work, has signified to Mr.
+Walpole his intentions to have it translated as soon as possible. I
+believe I have put a stop to this design by assuring him that your
+translation was in the press at Leipsig; but we cannot long answer for
+events, and it would be equally unpleasant to be anticipated by a _bel
+esprit_ of Paris, or by a manoeuvre of an Amsterdam bookseller.
+
+This is a pretty decent letter; I know, however, that you ought not to
+give me credit for it, because it is all about myself. I have a thousand
+other things to tell you, and as many questions to ask you. Depend on
+another letter in a week. Fear nothing, I swear by holy friendship; and
+my oath will not remain without effect.
+
+                        Ever yours,
+
+                              ED. GIBBON.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[U] Mr. Dale probably here alludes to Lord Bolingbroke's ejaculation as
+he stood by the dying Pope; but his memory does not serve him with the
+exact words.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RELICS OF MADISON.
+
+Among the household effects of Mrs. Madison, sold in Washington lately,
+were an original portrait of Washington by Stuart, and others of
+Jefferson, Madison, and Mrs. M. by the same artist; one of John Adams,
+by Col. Trumbull, and one of Monroe, by Vanderlyn, all originals,
+painted especially for Mr. Madison, and never out of the possession of
+the family. Besides these there were portraits of three discoverers,
+Vespucius, Columbus, and Cabot, and many other very valuable paintings.
+
+
+
+
+From Leigh Hunt's Journal.
+
+THE FIRST SHIP IN THE NIGER.
+
+BY WILLIAM ALLAN RUSSELL.
+
+
+    'Tis tropic noon! and not a single sound
+    Breathes on the eternal stillness all around;
+    'Tis tropic noon! and yet the sultry time
+    Seems like the twilight of some fairy clime.
+    Spreading in lone luxuriance round is seen
+    The mangrove's tangled maze of sombre green;
+    Thro' mists that dwell those baneful fens upon
+    Large orbed and pale peers out the shrouded Sun,
+    And struggling sickly thro' the vaporous day,
+    Dull on the windless waters falls the pallid ray.
+    So slumb'ringly the glassy river goes,
+    The water-lily dips not as it flows;
+    The swallow, haunter of the charmed spot,
+    Skims through the silence, and awakes it not;
+    Perch'd as in sleep, the gray kingfisher broods,
+    A sentinel among the solitudes;
+    And faints the breeze beneath the heavy sky,
+    Nor bends the bulrush, as it loiters by
+    Thro' long green walls of forest trees, that throw
+    Unwavering shadows in the flood below;
+    And droops from topmost boughs (like garlands dight
+    By elfin hands) the gaudy parasite:
+    Crowning the wave with flow'rs; and high above,
+    The tall acacia moves, or seems to move
+    Its feathery foliage in the enamor'd air,
+    That seems, tho' all unheard, to linger there:
+    Might'st fancy all, the earth, the air, the stream,
+    Still unawaken'd from Creation's dream.
+    When, hark! there sounds along the lonely shore
+    A voice those wilds had never heard before;
+    The wild bird dipp'd--the diamond-eye'd gazelle
+    Started and paused,--then fled into the dell;
+    Stirr'd by no breeze, the tree-tops seem'd to sigh--
+    When, lo! again the still repeated cry;
+    Hark! 'tis the leadsman, chanting loud and clear
+    The changing fathoms, as a ship draws near,--
+    And all at once rings out the Briton's hearty cheer!
+
+
+
+
+_Historical Review of the Month._
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES.
+
+The Thirty-first American Congress, after a session of a little more
+than three months, closed on the 4th of March. The conclusion of the
+session was much more interesting and important than its commencement.
+Our record of the previous month closed with the passage by the Senate,
+on the 13th of February, of the joint resolution authorizing the
+President to confer the brevet rank of Lieutenant-General on General
+Scott. Mr. Benton, on the following day, attempted to revive his bill
+paying to Missouri two per cent. on her sales of public lands, but was
+unsuccessful. The River and Harbor Bill was taken up in the House on the
+13th, and debated for several days; it finally passed on the 18th, by a
+vote of 114 to 75. During the debate an altercation took place between
+Mr. Inge of Alabama and Mr. Stanley of North Carolina, which resulted in
+a duel. The parties met in Maryland, beyond the jurisdiction of the
+District of Columbia, and after an ineffectual exchange of shots, agreed
+to a reconciliation.
+
+Several exciting debates arose in the Senate, in relation to the
+Fugitive Slave Law, growing out of the following circumstances: On
+Saturday, February 21st, an alleged fugitive slave, named Shadrach, was
+arrested in Boston by the U.S. Marshal, and taken before the U.S.
+Commissioner for examination. The counsel for defence asked for a
+postponement of the case for two days, which was granted, Shadrach
+remaining in the U. S. Court Room, in custody of the U. S. Deputy
+Marshal, since, by a law of the state, the use of the jail is forbidden
+for the confinement of a fugitive slave. Soon after the adjournment of
+the Court the doors were suddenly burst open by a mob of negroes, the
+officers overpowered, and the prisoner carried off. After being hurried
+rapidly through the streets, he was secreted in a remote part of the
+city, and in the evening made his escape to Canada. The announcement of
+this case produced much excitement in Washington. A conference of the
+Cabinet was immediately called, and on the following Tuesday the
+President issued a proclamation calling on the commanders of the U. S.
+military and naval forces at Boston to aid the government officers with
+their troops, if need be, in the discharge of their duty. In reply to a
+resolution offered by Mr. Clay, and unanimously adopted by the Senate,
+the President addressed to that body a special message on the subject.
+He regards the rescue of the slave as an act of sudden violence,
+unexpected by the authorities, and not as proceeding from or sanctioned
+by the general feeling of the citizens of Boston. He quotes the laws of
+Congress, of 1789 and 1799, in relation to the safe-keeping of prisoners
+committed under the authority of the United States, and the
+Massachusetts state law of 1843, making it a penal offence for any
+officer of the commonwealth to aid in the arrest or detention of a
+fugitive slave: considering that, though such state legislation may
+create embarrassment, it cannot impair the constitutional provision for
+the delivery of fugitives bound to labor in another state. He recommends
+a modification of the general law, enabling the President to call upon
+the militia, and place them under the control of any civil officer of
+the government, without requiring any previous proclamation, in cases
+where the civil authority is menaced.
+
+The California Duties Bill, giving the new state $300,000 out of the
+duties collected while she was a territory, to defray the expenses of
+the state government up to the time of her admission, passed the Senate
+February 25th. The Cheap Postage Bill, as amended, passed the following
+day, by a vote of 39 to 15. This bill provides a rate of three cents
+when pre-paid, five cents when not pre-paid, on letters less than half
+an ounce, and for any distance exceeding three thousand miles double
+these rates. Instead of a uniform rate of one cent on newspapers, it
+provides a tariff postage from five to twenty-five cents per quarter for
+weekly papers, according to distances; semi-weeklies to pay double,
+tri-weeklies triple, and dailies five times these rates. The House
+afterwards added an amendment providing for the coinage of three-cent
+pieces, which was concurred in by the Senate. The law will take effect
+on the 1st of July next.
+
+On Saturday, February 22d, Mr. Rantoul, of Massachusetts, appeared and
+took his seat for the remaining ten days of his term. The bill
+abolishing constructive mileage on the part of the Senate passed both
+houses. The River and Harbor Bill, appropriating between two and three
+millions of dollars for the improvement of the harbors of the coast and
+the lakes, and the river navigation of the interior, was taken up in the
+Senate, on Saturday, March 1st, by a vote of 31 to 25. The debate
+continued until past midnight, when the Senate adjourned. The subject
+was resumed on Monday morning, the opponents of the bill, who were in
+the minority, exercising their ingenuity in order to prevent a vote.
+There being now but a few hours of the session remaining, the utmost
+activity and excitement prevailed in both houses. The indispensable
+Appropriation Bills were yet to be passed, the Postage Bill was waiting
+its final vote, and a number of important measures, disposed of by one
+house, were waiting the action of the other. The discussion in the
+Senate was continued through the whole of Monday night, until four
+o'clock on Tuesday morning, when the majority yielded to a motion
+postponing its consideration for four hours, in order to allow the
+necessary Appropriation Bills to be acted on.
+
+In the House, on Monday, the Senate's Joint Resolution requesting the
+President to authorize one of our vessels in the Mediterranean to bring
+Kossuth and his companions to this country, was passed by a large
+majority. The resolution relieving Mr. Ritchie from the terms of his
+printing contract, and giving him one-half the proceeds fixed by the law
+of 1819, passed the House by a majority of five, and was taken up in the
+Senate about half an hour before the close of the session, but was lost
+for want of time. Among the last acts of the house were, the passage of
+the Senate bill paying $40,000 to the American Colonization Society for
+expenses incurred in supporting the Africans recaptured from the bark
+Pons; the defeat of the resolution creating the rank of
+Lieutenant-General; and the act founding a Military Asylum for the
+relief of disabled soldiers. The French Spoliation Bill, the bill making
+Land Warrants Assignable, the bill granting ten million acres of the
+public lands to the states for the relief of the indigent insane, and
+all the proposals for new steamship lines, as well as Mr. Collins's
+application for an additional appropriation to his Liverpool line, were
+lost for want of time. In the Senate, after the River and Harbor Bill
+was dropped, the Army and Navy and Civil and Diplomatic Appropriation
+Bills, the Post Route Bill, and the Light House Bill, were all passed.
+Both houses adjourned at noon, on Tuesday, March 4th.
+
+After an interval of twenty minutes, the Senate was again called to
+order, a Special Session having been ordered by the President to
+consider Executive business. Messrs. Bright, Bayard, Cass, Jefferson
+Davis, Hamilton, Mason, Pratt, Rusk, and Dodge of Wisconsin, Senators
+elect, appeared and were qualified. Mr. Foote, of Vermont, appeared on
+the 8th and was sworn in. Mr. Yulee presented a communication, claiming
+to have been elected by the Legislature of Florida, he having received
+29 votes when the remainder were blank. The Judiciary Committee reported
+against allowing the California Senators mileage by the Panama route,
+but the discussion of the subject was postponed till the next session.
+
+On Friday, the 7th, the Senate ratified the treaties lately negotiated
+with Portugal, with Switzerland, and the treaty with Mexico respecting
+the Tehuantepec route from the Gulf to the Pacific. The treaty of
+extradition with Mexico was rejected. The treaty with Switzerland was
+amended in some particulars.
+
+A message was received in reply to a resolution calling on the State
+Department to furnish copies of the correspondence with Turkey regarding
+Kossuth. In addition to the correspondence which has already appeared,
+Mr. Webster in February, addressed a letter to J. P. Brown, Dragoman of
+the Legation at Constantinople, concerning the probable intentions of
+Turkey; to which Mr. Brown replied that in May, 1851, the year for which
+the Sultan promised Austria to retain the Hungarians will expire. Mr.
+Webster thereupon addressed a letter to Mr. Marsh, U. S. minister to
+Constantinople, in relation to the approaching release of Kossuth and
+his companions, and the offer to be made to them and to the Sublime
+Porte, in accordance with the joint resolution of Congress. Mr. Webster
+requests our minister to state that though the United States has no
+intention to interfere in any manner with the international relations of
+other Governments, yet, in this case, it hopes that suggestions
+proceeding from no other motives than friendship and respect for the
+Porte, and sympathy for the unhappy exiles, may be received as a proof
+of national good-will. He alludes in terms of high commendation to the
+course of the Porte in refusing to deliver the exiles into the hands of
+their pursuers, and while acknowledging the force of the considerations
+through which they have been detained up to the present time, urges that
+their transportation to this country cannot longer be reasonably
+opposed. The tone of Mr. Webster's letter is humane, eloquent and
+dignified; it will be read with earnest satisfaction by the friends of
+Liberty throughout the Globe.
+
+The action of the Executive Session of the Senate was chiefly upon
+nominations made by the President. These having been completed and some
+resolutions adopted, calling for information on various subjects, to be
+communicated to the next session, the Senate adjourned on the 13th of
+March. The following are the principal nominations: Hon. Robert F.
+Schenck, of Ohio, Minister to Brazil; John B. Kerr, of Maryland, Charg�
+to Nicaragua; John S. Pendleton, of Virginia, Charg� to the Argentine
+Republic; Mr. Markoe, of the State Department, Charg� to Denmark; Y. P.
+King, of Georgia, Charg� to New-Granada; Samuel G. Goodrich, of
+Massachusetts, Consul at Paris; John Howard Payne, Consul to Tunis; Mr.
+Easby, of Washington, Commissioner of Public Buildings; Grafton Baker,
+of Mississippi, Chief Justice of New-Mexico; Ogden Hoffman, Jr., of San
+Francisco, District Judge for California; George G. Baker, of Ohio,
+Consul to Genoa; Henry A. Homer, of Massachusetts, Dragoman to the
+Turkish Legation; H. Jones Brooke, of Penn., Consul at Belfast; and
+Charles Russell, Collector at Santa Barbara, California. Jacob B. Moore,
+of New-York, was confirmed as Post-Master, and T. Butler King, of
+Georgia, as Collector, at San Francisco.
+
+M. Marcoleta, Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Nicaragua,
+arrived in this country from Europe, and was officially presented to the
+President on Saturday, Feb. 22. The addresses on both sides were of the
+most cordial character. Commodore Jones, whose trial by Court Martial
+has been going on at Washington for some time past, has been found
+guilty of speculating in gold dust with the public funds, and is
+suspended from his command for five years, half of the time without pay.
+
+The Superintendent of the Census has published a table, compiled from
+the returns of the Marshals, which are complete in all the principal
+States. From this it appears that the entire population of the United
+States will be about 23,200,000, of which 8,070,734 are slaves. The
+entire representative population will be 21,710,000, and the ratio of
+representation 93,170, the law of May, 22, 1850, determining the number
+of representatives at 233. The States which gain, in all, are as
+follows: Arkansas 1, Indiana 1, Illinois 2, Massachusetts 1, Mississippi
+1, Michigan 1, Missouri 2, Pennsylvania 1--10. The following States
+lose, viz; Maine 1, New Hampshire 1, New-York 1, North Carolina 2, South
+Carolina 2, Vermont 1, Virginia 2. The free States gain six members and
+lose four; the slave States gain four and lose six.
+
+No Senator has yet been elected in the State of Massachusetts. On the
+eighteenth ballot, Mr. Sumner lacked nine votes of an election, after
+which the matter was postponed to the 2d of April. In the New-York
+Legislature, a joint resolution providing for the election of a U. S.
+Senator finally passed at 2 A. M. on the 19th, and the Hon. Hamilton
+Fish, ex-Governor of the State, was then elected. In the Ohio
+Legislature, an election was finally reached on the 15th of March,
+Benjamin F. Wade, the Whig candidate, receiving a majority of three. The
+New Jersey Legislature has chosen Commodore Robert F. Stockton, on the
+27th ballot, by a majority of one, three of the members being absent.
+Commodore Stockton resigned his place in the Navy last year.
+
+The one hundred and nineteenth anniversary of Washington's birthday was
+celebrated throughout the United States with more than the usual honors.
+In New-York City, a large military and civic procession was arranged,
+under the direction of the Common Council, succeeded by a brilliant
+illumination in the evening. An oration was delivered at the celebration
+instituted by the Union Committee, by the Hon. Mr. Foote, of
+Mississippi. At the dinner which succeeded, the Hon. Edward Everett made
+an eloquent speech on the American Constitution.
+
+Considerable excitement has arisen in different localities of the Free
+States, on account of the seizure of colored persons claimed as fugitive
+slaves. The Boston case has become exceedingly complicated, through a
+series of counter-arrests, on the parts of State and U. S. officers. Mr.
+Elizur Wright, editor of the Boston _Commonwealth_, and six other
+persons, mostly negroes, are held for trial on a charge of aiding in the
+escape of the slave Shadrach. On the other hand, the U. S. District
+Attorney, Commissioner and Deputy Marshal, were arrested and held to
+bail in the sum of $10,000 each, on charge of arresting the fugitive,
+the suits being brought on the ground that the Fugitive Slave law is
+unconstitutional, and that the officers acted without authority. Several
+arrests of fugitive slaves have been made in various parts of
+Pennsylvania, but there has been no violent resistance to the law. The
+Governor of Pennsylvania lately made a requisition on the Governor of
+Maryland, for the delivery of a man charged with kidnapping a free black
+child five years old, born in Pennsylvania of a fugitive slave, and
+reclaimed with her. The Governor of Maryland refused to surrender the
+accused, and replied in a long letter sustaining his course by the
+authority of the Attorney General.
+
+Few measures of interest have been passed by the several State
+Legislatures, during the past month. The State of New Jersey has
+abolished the freehold qualification. In the Legislature of Wisconsin a
+land limitation bill, fixing the limit at 640 acres, passed the Senate,
+but was defeated in the House. The Maryland Convention for the revision
+of the State Constitution, has adopted a clause abolishing imprisonment
+for debt, by a vote of 60 to 5. The Indiana Convention has completed a
+revised Constitution for that State, which will be submitted to the
+votes of the people. The Legislature of Pennsylvania has passed a joint
+resolution of thanks to the Hon. Daniel Webster, for his letter to
+H�lsemann, the Austrian Charg� d'Affaires.
+
+Several severe storms have been experienced in the Western States. The
+town of Fayetteville, Tenn., was nearly destroyed by a tornado, on the
+24th of February. The place was enveloped in impenetrable darkness, and
+many lives were lost in the crash of the falling buildings. Forty-two
+houses were blown down. A terrific gale passed over Pittsburg, tearing
+the steamers from their moorings, and injuring a great number of
+buildings.
+
+The family of Mr. William Cosden, in Kent Co., Md.,--including himself,
+his wife, sister, sister-in-law, and a black servant, were murdered on
+the 25th of February. A small boy made his escape and gave the alarm.
+The murderers have not yet been taken.
+
+The trials of the Cuban invaders at New Orleans have at last been
+brought to an end. After three unsuccessful attempts to procure a
+verdict in the case of Gen. Henderson, the jury in each instance being
+unable to agree, the prosecution was withdrawn. The trial of Gen.
+Quitman and the other persons who had been arraigned, was also
+relinquished, and the matter will be suffered to drop.
+
+Jenny Lind has reached St. Louis, on her tour of triumph in the West.
+The proceeds of her thirteen concerts in New Orleans amounted to
+$200,000. On the 13th of March, she gave a concert at Natchez which
+produced $6,600, $1,000 of which was devoted to charitable objects.--A
+great meeting in favor of railroads in the Mississippi Valley, was held
+in New Orleans on the 24th of February.--The cholera has appeared in a
+mild form on some of the Western rivers. In the town of Franklin, Tenn.,
+there have been already fourteen deaths from it.
+
+Henry Clay sailed from New-York for Havana, on the 11th of March. He
+intends remaining a few weeks in that city to rest from the fatigues of
+the late session. He was received in New-York with great enthusiasm;
+thousands of persons crowded the docks to witness his departure.
+
+The steamer Oregon, while on her passage from Louisville to New Orleans,
+burst her boiler near Vicksburg, killing and wounding about seventy
+persons. The boat afterwards took fire and burned to the water's edge.
+The surviving passengers were taken off by the steamer Iroquois, which
+fortunately happened to be in the vicinity. A steam-ferry boat at St.
+Louis burst her boiler on the 23d of February, killing about twenty
+persons. Several other slight explosions and collisions have occurred on
+the Western rivers.
+
+A notorious person, named Wm. H. Thompson, (better known as "One-Eyed
+Thompson,") who was supposed to have been a confederate of various gangs
+of counterfeiters and burglars, was arrested on the 1st of March, on a
+charge of counterfeiting, and committed suicide the next day in his
+cell. He left a letter addressed to the Coroner and another to his wife,
+written in a style which shows him to have been a man of more than
+ordinary intellect. He stated that, being of no farther use to his
+family, he felt it his duty to die. He had always cherished a
+disposition to commit suicide, as he had no means of solving the mystery
+of life, and desired death, either as an explanation or as an eternal
+sleep.
+
+The latest accounts from Texas, represent that State as being in a most
+flourishing condition. Emigrants are continually arriving from all
+quarters, and especially from Germany. The subject of Popular Education
+is beginning to attract attention, and the agricultural interest is
+receiving the support of many gentlemen of wealth and intelligence. The
+Indians still continue their depredations in the neighborhood of Rio
+Grande City, and all along the Mexican frontier. Several engagements
+between them and the U. S. troops, have taken place in the vicinity of
+Laredo. Gen. Brooke is organizing an expedition against the Camanches,
+and as soon as the spring opens, a campaign will be made directly into
+their hunting grounds. A singular being, known as the Wild Woman of
+Navidad, who has baffled the search of the hunters for several years,
+has lately been caught by a party who were out after deer. It appears
+that she was a negress who fled to the wilderness after Fannin's defeat,
+fifteen years ago, since which time she has lived in the woods,
+subsisting on acorns and other wild fruits.
+
+News from El Paso to the 31st of December, state that the Boundary
+Commissioners have fixed the initial point of their survey at the
+parallel of 32� 22' N., on the Rio Grande, a point conjectured to be
+about 20 miles north of El Paso. The line will run thence 3� westward,
+and then due north, to the Gila River. From two to three years will be
+required to complete the survey. The American Commission, numbering more
+than one hundred persons, is divided into three companies, and located
+at El Paso, Socorro, and the Mission of San Elizario.
+
+The last mail from the Salt Lake, Utah Territory, reaches to the
+beginning of December. The settlement was then in a very prosperous
+condition, the weather being remarkably mild. Grain and vegetables of
+all kinds were very abundant, 200,000 bushels of wheat having been
+gathered the past season. Several saw and grist mills were in active
+operation, and a woollen factory and brewery were in course of erection.
+Large supplies of coal and iron have been discovered in the Valley of
+the Little Salt Lake, about 350 miles to the south-west of the Mormon
+settlement, and a colony has been sent there. The snows in the Timpanozu
+and Bear River Mountains have greatly retarded the mails between the
+Salt Lake and Missouri.
+
+We have news from California to the 1st of February. The amount of gold
+dust shipped from San Francisco on that day and the 15th of January, was
+about $3,500,000. The Legislature of California convened on the 6th of
+January. Gov. Burnett's Message, which was transmitted on the following
+day, gives a general review of State affairs. A reduction of fees and
+salaries is recommended, and an increase of the tax on real and personal
+estate, in order to keep up the financial credit of the State, without
+recourse to foreign loans. The Governor also favors the passage of laws
+excluding negroes from the State, and extending the punishment of death
+to the crime of grand larceny. A few days subsequent to the meeting of
+the Legislature, Gov. Burnett tendered his resignation, and Lieut. Gov.
+McDougal was inaugurated as Governor the following day. A bill to remove
+to capital of the State from San Jos� to Vallejo, has passed the Senate,
+and will probably pass the House. A bill appointing the 3d of February
+for the election of a U. S. Senator, has passed the House. The total
+debt of the State on the 15th of December last, was $485,460. If the
+proposed reductions in the expenses are made, the estimated balance in
+the Treasury at the end of June, will be $220,346, nearly half the total
+debt.
+
+California has again been excited with the rumored discovery of a gold
+placer, far surpassing any previous account. The steamer Chesapeake, it
+appears, sailed from San Francisco for the Klamath River with a company
+of adventurers, and after an absence of two weeks, returned with news of
+the discovery of a beach of golden sand, on the coast, twenty-seven
+miles north of the mouth of Trinity River. From the fact of this beach
+being bounded by a bluff from one to four hundred feet in height, the
+name of "Gold Bluff" was given to the locality. The beach extends for a
+distance of six miles and is from twenty to fifty yards in width. It is
+a mixture of gray and black sand, through which the gold is disseminated
+in particles so fine that it cannot be separated with ordinary washing.
+This sand is constantly shifting, under the action of the waves, and at
+times the ocean covers the entire beach, breaking against the bluffs.
+The amount of gold in the sand is variously represented, at from ten
+cents to ten dollars. A constant surf breaks along the shore, rendering
+the landing in the boats impracticable except in very calm weather,
+while it is almost equally difficult to reach the spot by land.
+
+An Association called the "Pacific Mining Company" was immediately
+formed, with a stock of 12,000 shares at $100 each. One thousand shares
+were sold immediately, and several vessels were put up at once for the
+Gold Bluff, the miners flocking from all parts of the diggings, to join
+in the adventure. The original stockholders, however,--about thirty in
+number--lay claim to the best parts of the beach, and have erected log
+cabins and laid in a large store of provisions, preparatory to washing
+the sand on an extensive scale. The reports of the richness of this
+locality are doubtless very greatly exaggerated.
+
+Business in San Francisco and the inland towns and trading communities
+of the mountains, was remarkably dull. Goods had been sold at very low
+rates, in some instances lower than the first cost. The winter has been
+so remarkably clear and fine, that the miners--who had removed to the
+dry diggings, in anticipation of rain--have been greatly embarrassed in
+their operations. They have occupied themselves in throwing up dirt, and
+only await a week's rain to wash out sufficient gold to restore the
+trade of the country. New discoveries of gold in quartz rock continue to
+be made, and some of the specimens, which have been assayed, are of
+almost incredible richness. The mining region in the north, on the
+Klamath, Shaste, and Umpqua Rivers, is yielding a rich return. The
+agricultural capacities of this region are also highly commended.
+
+The difficulties between the miners and the Indians continue to
+increase, and a general war with all the tribes of the Sierra Nevada, is
+threatened. The principal depredations have been committed on the
+Mariposa and the American Fork. The Indians are supposed to be leagued
+together, and to have their head-quarters near the source of the Cattee
+river. In consequence of a murder on Fresno Creek, a company of
+seventy-five Americans, under the command of Capt. Barney, attacked one
+of their strongholds. It was a fortified village, built on the summit of
+a mountain, and accessible only at one point. The battle lasted three
+hours, the Indians being finally driven off with the loss of sixty men.
+It was reported in San Jos� that the Indians had surprised a company of
+seventy-two men, on Rattlesnake Creek, and murdered them all. In
+consequence of these occurrences, the Governor dispatched Col. Johnson
+to the scene of disturbance, ordered out 200 men, and applied to Gen.
+Smith for the assistance of the United States troops.
+
+A large business is now done in bringing droves of sheep from New Mexico
+and Sonora into California. The expedition dispatched for the purpose of
+exploring the Colorado River has reached a point thirty miles from its
+mouth. Several meetings have been held in favor of constructing a
+railroad between San Francisco and San Jos�, and half the stock was
+subscribed at the last accounts.
+
+We have dates from Oregon to Jan. 25th. The papers speak with enthusiasm
+of the climate and agricultural capacities of the country. On the
+coldest day of January, at Portland, Oregon, the thermometer only fell
+to 23�. A large steamer, named the "Lot Whitcomb," has been built at
+Milwaukie, and was launched on Christmas Day with great ceremony, Gov.
+Gaines giving her the christening. She is 160 feet in length, and is to
+run on the Willamette River.
+
+
+EUROPE.
+
+England presents a history of more than usual interest for the past
+month. Parliament was opened on the 3d of February. The Queen's speech
+contained no decided feature beyond recommending a reform in the
+administration of the Courts of Equity. An excited address arose on the
+Parliamentary address in reply to the speech. Lord John Russell took
+strong grounds against the acts of the Pope, and proposed that the most
+stringent measures, regulating the conduct of all Catholic
+functionaries, should be adopted. On the 17th of February, the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer laid before the Commons the budget for the
+current year. It appears that the surplus of last year was �2,500,000,
+half of which the Chancellor proposed to apply to the national debt. He
+also proposed to abolish the window-tax, but to introduce a house-tax in
+its stead. Several other modifications were made, but unfavorably
+received; and on the 20th, on the question of a bill giving the
+franchise to every householder paying �10 taxes, the Ministry was left
+in a minority of 48 votes. After this reverse, the Cabinet, which for
+some time previous had been rapidly losing ground, had no alternative
+but to resign. It entered upon office in July, 1846, and consequently
+ruled for nearly five years. The resignation took effect on Saturday,
+Feb. 22d. The Queen at once accepted it, and sent for Lord Stanley, who
+declined undertaking the construction of a new Government. Her Majesty
+then returned to Lord John Russell, who tried unsuccessfully to induce
+Sir James Graham to enter the Ministry. Lord Aberdeen was then summoned
+and Lord Stanley a second time, but no arrangement could be made.
+Finally, a meeting of the resigned Ministry was held on the 28th, and it
+was rumored that a new Cabinet would be formed from the old one,
+substituting Sir James Graham in the place of Lord John Russell. Another
+report is, that the Queen intends to advise with the Duke of Wellington,
+in relation to the crisis.
+
+During this interregnum, very little has been done in Parliament. On a
+motion of D'Israeli, involving the principle of free trade, the
+Government only carried its point by a majority of 14 in a full House.
+The House of Lords has rejected the bill allowing marriage with a
+deceased wife's sister, its principal opponents being the Bishops, who
+resisted it on religious grounds. The anti-papal agitation is still kept
+up, but in a less violent form. The great Crystal Palace in Hyde Park is
+now completed, and the throng of visitors is very great. Contributions
+are continually arriving from all quarters of the world.
+
+In France the President's influence appears to be on the decline. Having
+sent into the National Assembly his demand for a donation of $360,000 in
+addition to the salary provided for him in the Constitution, it was lost
+after a sharp debate, by a majority of 102. A national subscription to
+relieve the President from his pecuniary embarrassments, was proposed,
+but this he declined, preferring to reduce his private expenses. A sale
+of his horses, however, did not bring more than half their cost.
+
+A number of Diplomatic changes have been made. Among the appointments
+are: Gen. Aupick, Ambassador to England; Lavalette, to Constantinople;
+M. de Sartiges, to the United States; M. Bourboulon, to China; M. de
+Saint-Georges, to Brazil, &c. The National Assembly has accomplished
+nothing of importance. The subjects of Labor and Agriculture have been
+discussed, but without reaching any conclusion. The third anniversary of
+the Republic was celebrated throughout all parts of France, with the
+greatest enthusiasm. The manifestations of republican sentiment were so
+sincere and so universal, that the Orleanists and Legitimists were
+struck dumb. At the latest dates, it was rumored that they were about
+forming a union, on the basis of the restoration of Henry V.,
+acknowledging the Count de Paris as his successor. The Ex-Queen is said
+to have joined this movement, though the Duchess of Orleans will not
+consent to postpone the claims of her son.
+
+Germany is still in a fog. The Dresden Conference has not yet been able
+to bring order out of the chaos. The reconstitution of the Central
+German Power was partly agreed on, each Government taking the Presidency
+by turns. Austria, however, claimed the Presidency without alternation.
+Prussia thereupon refused to sanction the installation of a Central
+Power until all the German Governments have stated their views
+concerning the revision of the Constitution of the Diet. A return to the
+old form of the Diet is recommended in many quarters, as the sole means
+of restoring harmony; but the prospect of a settlement which shall be
+generally acceptable, is as far off as ever. The Prussian Assembly was,
+at the last accounts, engaged in discussing a new law for the censorship
+of the Press.
+
+Switzerland is menaced with a war on the part of the German Powers, for
+the purpose of recovering for Prussia the Canton of Neufchatel. It is
+stated that the Confederation will shortly march an army to the Swiss
+frontier: they have been restrained, up to the present time, by the fear
+of exposing themselves to revolution at home. England it is rumored will
+strongly oppose such a movement. The Federal Council of Switzerland has
+issued a decree, prohibiting French refugees from residing in the
+cantons on the French frontiers. The number of political refugees in the
+country amounts to about 500, large numbers having been sent to England
+and the United States, at the expense of the Federal Government.
+
+ITALY is in a state of great alarm, in relation to Mazzini and his
+revolutionary designs. It is stated that he has raised a loan of more
+than two millions of francs, and is maturing his plan for an outbreak
+which shall sweep the whole Italian peninsula. Garibaldi (who is at
+present on Staten Island, near New-York) is reported to be on the coast
+with a large naval force. These rumors are made the pretext of an
+increase of the Austrian force in Italy. The forces of Piedmont are
+being put upon a war footing, in order to be ready for any emergency. It
+was stated, in Turin, on the 24th of February, that the German Powers
+have demanded of the Piedmontese government, the suppression of the
+liberty of the press, and reconciliation of the Court of Rome.
+
+The bands of robbers which infest the mountains, in the Papal States,
+have been dislodged from some of their strongholds, by the united
+Austrian and Roman forces. A party of thirty of these brigands took
+possession of the town of Forlini-Popoli, and plundered the inhabitants,
+who were at the time congregated in the theatre of the place. In the
+island of Corsica, a robber named Mazoni has, for 18 months past, held
+possession of a fortified town called Ile-Rousse, with a population of
+1,000 inhabitants. He communicates with the agents of the Government,
+his dispatches being drawn up in regular style, and signed "Mazoni,
+Bandit." Archbishop Hughes is still preaching in Rome, and it is said
+that he either has been or shortly will be made Cardinal.
+
+The Government of NAPLES has completed its work of persecution. From
+twenty to thirty men, some of noble rank, some formerly Ministers of
+State, have been condemned to the prison or the galley. Of 140 Deputies,
+eighty-five are in various ways victims: twenty-four have been shut up
+in prison, unheard of for two years; and sixty-one are refugees.
+
+The thirteenth Storthing (National Congress) of NORWAY, was opened on
+the 11th of February by King Oscar in person. Among other things, he
+recommended the construction of a railroad from the City of Christiana
+to Lake Mi�sen.
+
+From TURKEY we learn that Gen. Dembinski has reached Constantinople. All
+the refugees have left Shumla, and 240 persons, chiefly Poles, had
+sailed from Constantinople on their way to America. Kossuth, with 300
+Hungarians, still remains at Kutahya, where a very strict guard is
+maintained over all his movements. He is not allowed to communicate with
+his friends. A sale of Gen. Bem's effects was held at Aleppo on the 23d
+of January, and enormous prices were paid for trifles of all kinds, as
+relics. The troubles at Bagdad and Aleppo have been subdued. A
+difficulty arose between the Porte and Abbas Pacha, Viceroy of Egypt, in
+relation to a retrenchment of the expenditures of the latter. At one
+time a war was anticipated, but our latest dates announce that the
+difference has been adjusted.
+
+
+BRITISH AMERICA.
+
+Mr. Howe, the Commissioner dispatched to England from Nova Scotia,
+writes from London that his mission on behalf of the Portland and
+Halifax Railroad will prove successful. A serious disturbance has taken
+place on the Great Western Railroad, near Hamilton, Canada West, 900
+laborers having made a strike for higher wages. As they menaced the
+peace of the neighborhood, the inhabitants called on the executive for
+the aid of the troops to assist the civil authorities.
+
+A large anti-slavery meeting was held at Toronto, on the 28th of
+February. Its avowed object is to furnish sympathy and aid to the
+American fugitives. A large class of persons, however, including the
+Government officials, are opposed to the movement. The Free School
+system is becoming popular in Canada, and is already partially adopted
+in the District of Toronto.
+
+
+MEXICO.
+
+We have news from the Mexican capital to the 15th of February. The
+country was remarkably quiet, the revolts in Chiapas and Guanajuato
+having been completely quelled. Congress has done nothing of importance.
+Se�or Lacunza has declined the post of Minister to England, which has
+been given to Se�or Payno, who has resigned the office of Minister of
+Justice. Munguia, the refractory Bishop of Michoacan, has given in his
+submission to the Government. President Arista is engaged in arranging
+an active plan of operations with his Cabinet, and favorable predictions
+are made in regard to the effects of his administration.
+
+On the 16th of February, the City of Chihuahua was thrown into great
+alarm by the rumor that thirty American adventurers, leagued with a
+large body of Indians, armed with two field-pieces, were encamped at a
+short distance. The troops were ordered out, but could not find such a
+force, though the existence of a company of robbers among the mountains,
+headed by an American, was well ascertained. Great depredations are
+committed in the City of Mexico. On the 3d of February, eight armed men
+appeared on the public promenade, and plundered a large number of
+persons. The affairs of Yucatan are in a desperate condition. The
+treasury is exhausted, and the army called out against the Indians is
+without money or means to carry on the war.
+
+
+CENTRAL AMERICA.
+
+A war between the Central Government of Guatemala on one side, and the
+allied States of Honduras and San Salvador, has broken out. This rupture
+was occasioned by the British blockade of the Pacific ports of the
+latter States, which they attribute to the instigation of Guatemala. A
+joint army of 6000 men was raised for the protection of the frontier.
+The inhabitants of the mountain provinces of Guatemala, who are nearly
+all in favor of the Federal Union of the Central American States,
+sympathized with this movement, and large bodies of deserters from
+Carrera's forces joined the allied army. A plot of Carrera to excite a
+revolt in San Salvador was completely defeated. At the last accounts,
+the two armies had met near Chiquimula. One statement announces the
+total defeat of the allied forces by Carrera, while another says the
+former obtained possession of Chiquimula; and that the only victory
+gained by Carrera was over a company of deserters from his own ranks,
+near the village of San Geronimo.
+
+In the State of Nicaragua, the chain of communication from the Atlantic
+to the Pacific, is nearly completed. The engineers have nearly finished
+the survey of a road from Rio Lag�, on the western shore of the Lake, to
+the port of San Juan del Sur on the Pacific, a distance of twelve miles.
+Small boats are now building to run on the San Juan River, and it is
+expected that the transit from sea to sea will be made in twenty-four
+hours, and the journey from New-York to San Francisco in twenty-four
+days.
+
+
+THE WEST INDIES.
+
+On the 3d of March, Havana was in the midst of the Carnival, and given
+up to gayety of all kinds. The Captain General, Concha, has made himself
+exceedingly popular by his liberal measures, and it was rumored that he
+intended visiting Spain for the purpose of procuring further reforms in
+the government of the Island. Miss Fredrika Bremer was on a visit to
+Matanzas. The cholera has broken out at Cardenas, and there have been
+many fatal cases among the crews in the harbor and the negroes on shore.
+
+This scourge is still prevailing in many parts of Jamaica, having made
+its appearance in some districts a second time with increased malignity.
+
+In Hayti, the threatened war on the Dominicans has not been undertaken.
+The United States Government is interfering actively in the alleged
+imprisonment, without cause, of Captain Mayo, of the American brig
+Leander. The evidence in the case has been transmitted to the Emperor.
+
+The inhabitants of Georgetown, Grand Caymanas, are digging up the beach
+around a certain inlet of the island, in search of a treasure supposed
+to have been buried by the pirate Gibbs. Several flat stones, marked
+with cabalistic letters, have been discovered, but no gold.
+
+
+SOUTH AMERICA.
+
+The workmen on the Panama Railroad are now engaged in laying the rails
+from Navy Bay to Gatun, a distance of three and a half miles. The first
+locomotive was landed on the 22d of February. A new steamer has been
+placed on the Chagres River, to run between Chagres and Gorgona, and
+another is building at Navy Bay for the same purpose, to form a daily
+line. The attention of Americans on the Isthmus is at present attracted
+towards the auriferous region of New Grenada, in the provinces of Choco
+and Antioquia, lying between the Pacific and the Magdalena River. About
+three hundred and fifty persons, principally Frenchmen, are engaged in
+working the Buenaventura mines, which yield from two to three ounces per
+day to each man. A severe shock of an earthquake was felt at Carthagena
+on the 7th of February.
+
+In VENEZUELA, the new President, Monagas, has been inaugurated; the
+country is quiet and prosperous.
+
+The Presidential Election in PERU has terminated in favor of Echinique.
+Congress was to meet on the 20th of March.
+
+One or two partial insurrections have occurred in BOLIVIA, and a decree
+has been issued for the banishment of all Buenos Ayreans, who were not
+married to Bolivian females. It is believed that the difficulty between
+Brazil and the Argentine Republic will be settled without war.
+
+
+ASIA.
+
+Late news from Canton announce the death of Commissioner Lin, who seized
+the English opium in 1839. Murders and piracy are on the increase in the
+Indian seas, notwithstanding the alleged severity of the Chinese
+authorities.
+
+The British surveying ship Herald has arrived at Singapore, from the
+Arctic regions, bringing a rumor of news in relation to Sir John
+Franklin. Near the extreme station of the Russian Fur Company, the
+officers of the Herald learned from the natives that a party of white
+men had been encamped three or four hundred miles inland, that the
+Russians had made an attempt to supply them with provisions and
+necessaries, but had been prevented by the natives. No communication
+could be opened with the spot where they were said to be, as a hostile
+tribe intervened. The Esquimaux confirmed this rumor, with the addition
+that the whites had been murdered in a quarrel with the natives.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+M. XAVIER RAYMOND, a practised and accredited author, has begun a series
+of essays in the _Paris Journal des Debats_, on the British and American
+Steam Navigation Companies: historical details, statistics, modes of
+forming, organization--comparison. He agrees with our Secretary of the
+Navy, that it is better for government to subsidize companies, and
+partly or mainly rely upon them for war-steamers, than to build and
+maintain a steam-fleet for itself, at greater cost, and with no
+superiority of adaptation for belligerent service. He admits that this
+plan would not find grace with the European Ministers of Marine; but,
+for them, circumstances are different. The report of the Secretary has
+been received here as able and satisfactory. M. Raymond observes that,
+notwithstanding the amount of subsidies granted in England and America,
+to various Companies of Steam Navigation, he knows but one among those
+which operate on a line of more than five hundred leagues that is in a
+prosperous condition. This may be a mistake.
+
+The Paris _Moniteur_ contains a very curious and interesting biography,
+by an able hand, Dr. Parise, of Dr. Joseph Ignatius _Guillotin_, the
+inventor of the famous instrument of decapitation called after him. His
+character was benevolent, and his design humane. This is now realized.
+He proposed his machine (not altogether original, but improved
+laboriously) in 1789: a report was ordered on it, by the Legislative
+Assembly in 1792; and on the 21st August of that year, it was first used
+for a political execution. It gave occasion for numberless effusions of
+verse at his expense. No one experienced more horror at the abuse of it,
+than he uniformly testified. Seventy-six physicians and surgeons
+perished under its slider. He rescued as many intended victims as he
+possibly could. He was finally arrested himself, for execution; by some
+chance he escaped, and then withdrew, in despair, from the political
+theatre.
+
+We noticed lately the death of the Italian Professor SARTI, whose
+anatomical museum was exhibited last year in Broadway. The library of
+the deceased professor was being sold at Rome, when the police came in
+and stopped the sale. Among his books were twenty-one volumes of
+manuscript correspondence between the governments of Rome and Venice,
+from the time of Pope Paul Caraffa downwards. Monsignor Molsa, a great
+friend of the late professor, knowing of these volumes, which were in
+cipher, with their interpretations, hastened to tell Cardinal Antonelli,
+who dispatched orders just in time to save the secrets of the state from
+further exposure. Sarti died in Liverpool.
+
+
+
+
+_The Fine Arts._
+
+
+The present king of Prussia, great and glaring as are his faults as a
+politician, deserves the credit of doing a great deal for the
+advancement of art and the decoration of his capital and residence,
+Berlin. He is building there a new metropolitan church which is expected
+to be a splendid edifice, and will be such as far as the most lavish
+expenditure of money can make it. He has just completed a New Museum to
+contain the large and excellent collections of Egyptian antiquities
+(including those brought home by Prof. Lepsius), of the antiquities of
+the middle ages, of Slavonic and Germanic relics, of plaster casts from
+the antique, the collection known as the "Copper-Plate Cabinet," &c.,
+&c., all of which have heretofore been most inconveniently arranged for
+inspection in the Old Museum and in various royal palaces, or else
+packed away somewhere out of sight. This edifice was designed by the
+architect St�ler; its foundations were laid in 1843, and its interior
+has just been completed with a luxury, variety, and extent of ornament,
+in the mosaic work of the floors, and the decorations of the walls and
+ceiling, which are not equalled by any other public building. Among the
+artists employed in these decorations are the sculptors Wredow, Gramzow,
+St�rmer, Schievelbein, and Berges; here, too, is to be seen Kaulbach's
+great series of frescoes, of which the Babel is already finished, and
+the Destruction of Jerusalem nearly so. The landscape painters Gr�b,
+Pape, Biermann, Schirmer, Max Schmidt, contribute a great number of
+frescoes of Egyptian and oriental subjects. A critic in the _Grenzboten_
+who eulogizes the beauties both of design and execution in the separate
+parts of the edifice, still says, and we think not without reason, that
+it does not form a united and organic whole. He says, too, that in it
+the old works are rather used as decorations for the architecture than
+the latter as a setting for them; "I cannot avoid the impression that
+here the old monuments of art are not the end, but the means to the
+execution of the great edifice of modern times in which it is sought to
+embody the entire encyclop�distic, historical experience in art
+belonging to the present epoch."
+
+Another edifice which this prince intends as a monument of his reign, is
+the new Campo Santo, or burial-place for members of the royal family,
+which he is erecting at Berlin. This building, which will surround a
+court where are the tombs, is to be ornamented with frescoes by the
+eminent painter Cornelius. This artist has just completed the third
+great cartoon for these frescoes. Its subject is the Resurrection. Its
+place is on the right of the "Heavenly Jerusalem" and opposite to the
+"Four sides of the Apocalypse," which is on the left of the "Downfall of
+Babylon." Thus on one side of the hall is represented the destruction of
+Evil, on the other the triumph of the Good. The Resurrection, which has
+been changed somewhat from the original design, is described as follows:
+On a rock is seen an angel in a position of repose, with the book of
+life and death unopened on his lap, his right hand grasping the sword of
+justice. His face is thoughtful and sublimely earnest. On the left are
+figures full of terror and despair, on the right all is heavenly joy and
+satisfaction. In the centre is a re-united family animated by the
+delight of meeting again. At the side of this family are two girls and
+above them three youths, noble and beautiful persons. The faces of the
+maidens are turned upward, illuminated by the eternal light of heaven.
+On the same side of the family are three persons advanced in age, one
+woman and two men, waiting in pious hope and submission for the decision
+of the judge; on the other side, a little higher, three figures seek and
+find that salvation is theirs; a youth whose foot reaches back among the
+condemned is drawn mildly forth by an angel, and beside him is a tender
+maiden with her young brother in her arms, whom she holds lovingly, as
+she follows the celestial messenger. The group on which Justice
+sorrowfully fulfils its office, occupies about a quarter of the canvas;
+it consists of two youthful and two more aged figures. On a height a
+woman wrings her hands in the anguish of remorse, while another gazes in
+despair upon the ground. A youth lies backward leaning on his right
+hand, shading his eyes with his left as if not to see the approach of
+destruction. The older pair, a man and woman, have thrown themselves to
+the earth; the woman hides her face in her hands, the man, leaning on
+his elbows, tears his hair with his hands; his face expresses the
+consciousness of a sin which can find no forgiveness. The artist has
+aimed throughout to convey the idea that salvation and damnation are not
+_inflicted_ or _conferred_ upon the persons, but are the result of the
+inward state of each soul and conscience. The angel with the book of
+life and death can announce no sentence which has not already been
+pronounced by the very being to which it refers. The execution of the
+whole is spoken of as sublime and grandiose.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The well-known German painter, Hiltensperger, has received the
+commission to design and partly to execute for the new imperial palace
+at St. Petersburg (an edifice destined to serve as a museum of antique
+art) a series of paintings, representing the history of art among the
+Greeks and Romans. A part of the designs are already completed, and
+receive the warm praise of those to whom they have been exhibited. In
+order to avoid the monotony which seems inherent in the subject, he
+represents the peculiarities of each artist introduced by a symbolic
+picture; for instance, the inventor of battle pictures is designated by
+a picture of that sort; the discoverer of an effect of light, by a boy
+blowing a fire, &c. Historical epochs and their transitions are denoted
+by allegorical figures, like day and night.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An old picture has been discovered in the city of Hanover which seems to
+be proved a genuine LEONARDO DA VINCI. It is known that Leonardo, as
+well as Zenale and the French artist Bourgogne, was commissioned by
+Ludovico Sforza, on occasion of the birth of his twin sons, to paint a
+picture glorifying the mother (Beatrice D'Este) and the event. Zenale
+and Bourgogne resorted to the Christian narrative, and represented the
+Duchess as the Virgin, and her two sons as the Saviour and John the
+Baptist; Leonardo, on the other hand, took his frame-work from the Greek
+mythology, and painted Leda and the Dioscures. The picture was greatly
+admired at the time, though that the figure of the Duchess of Milan
+should be represented nude was thought rather bad even then. The picture
+soon disappeared, and Vasari says that in his time it was no longer in
+existence, or else was probably at Fontainebleau. Other writers say it
+is in other places, but plainly none of them know any thing about it.
+The present picture was bought about five years since at an auction by a
+gentleman of Hanover. The conception and treatment agree perfectly with
+the original descriptions of Leonardo's work, while the coloring,
+drawing, and expression are pronounced altogether his.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The ART-UNION AT VIENNA opened its galleries to the public of that
+pleasure-loving city during December last, and more than two thousand
+persons visited them daily. The best pictures were by the D�sseldorf
+artists Tidemann and Achenbach. The _Religious Service of the Haugians_,
+by the first, is said by one critic to overwhelm the spectator by its
+spirit of earnest piety, before it allows him to admire the incomparable
+art of its execution. The members of the sect are represented as
+assembled in a simple room, which is lighted from above. The light is
+modified by the dust which is caused by the crowd. Simple grandeur, adds
+the writer, makes this picture one of the most remarkable productions of
+modern art. It was sold for 2400 florins, or about 1000 dollars.
+Achenbach's landscape _Venner Lake in Sweden_, was also greatly admired;
+its price was 1800 florins. H�bner's _Emigrants_ and Hasenclever's
+_Pastor's Family_ were also favorites. Among the Vienna artists F�hrichs
+carried off the palm in this exhibition. He is a historical painter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Gazette of Cremona states, that a very splendid picture by Raffaelle
+has been brought to light in that city by a learned connoisseur, who, of
+course, would part with the priceless gem for a fixed sum! The
+composition portrays the Virgin worshipping the Infant Saviour, with St.
+Joseph in the back-ground. The _Art Journal_ altogether discredits the
+story we translated from the German for the last _International_
+respecting a picture by Michael Angelo, said to have been discovered in
+London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Letters from Rome speak in high terms of an alto relievo monument just
+modelled there by the German sculptor STEINHAUSER for a family in
+Philadelphia. The monument was designed to commemorate two sisters and a
+brother, and to be erected in a chapel built specially for the purpose.
+The artist has represented the three persons as gently sleeping, in a
+partially sitting posture, at the foot of a cross. The elder sister
+leans against the cross, and clasps the younger sister with one arm and
+the brother with the other. This sister is made the personation of Love,
+the younger of Faith, with one hand on an open book, and the boy of
+Hope, bearing a pomegranate flower in his hand. Above them floats the
+angel of the resurrection. The figures are of the size of life, and are
+said happily to combine the classical antique in form with Christian
+sentiment in expression. The whole is to be executed in marble, and
+surrounded with a frame-work of Gothic architecture. The work was
+awarded to Steinhauser as the result of a public competition, in which
+Crawford was one of the participants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ADOLF SCHR�DTER, one of the first painters of the D�sseldorf School, has
+just produced a series of nine colored sketches by way of illustrations
+to a poem of A. von Marens entitled "The Court of Wine." He represents
+King Wine as leading a triumphal march enthroned on a wine-press,
+wreathed with vine leaves and drawn with grape vines by jolly vintagers
+of every age and sex. Behind follow as chamberlains a band of coopers, a
+jester dancing on a cask, and a troop of gay youths full of all "quips
+and cranks and youthful wiles." Then come, represented by most happily
+conceived figures, the German rivers on whose shores are the
+world-famous vineyards whose names make epicures smack their lips; then
+the German impersonations of _Saus_ and _Braus_, or Joviality and Good
+Living; after them a troop of cooks, and next a queer company of
+dancers. We see a poet crowned with vine leaves, a tipsy-happy Capuchin
+monk and a jester laughing at him. The series closes with a love-scene,
+broken in upon by a watchman armed with a big spit hung with herrings,
+beer-cans, sausages, and other furniture of a German restaurant. The
+whole are treated with that affluence of national humor for which
+Schr�dter is unequalled.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. HILL, a retired clergyman residing near the Cattskill mountains,
+where he has given his leisure to the study of photography, after
+numerous experiments, has succeeded in obtaining colored pictures of
+extraordinary beauty. Portraits and landscapes, by his process, are said
+to be as fresh and vivid in color as those produced by the best _camera
+obscura_. The subject is an interesting one, and will have an important
+bearing upon the arts. We have noticed it more fully under the head of
+_Scientific Miscellany_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. HACKETT, or _Baron_ Hackett, as we believe he is entitled to be
+called, is now in England. We have seen no announcements of his
+appearance in the theatres, but believe that like Macready, he had
+engagements, and was to make a "last appearance" in London during the
+present season. As the originator of the line of Yankee characters, he
+has, like the originators of almost every thing else, seen others step
+in and divide the palm with him. As an artist, he is more finished than
+his competitors, and as a general actor he is above all comparison with
+them. They confine themselves to one range of characters, he shows a
+versatility of talent, and goes through a variety which it requires some
+genius to conceive, as well as mere talent at imitation. His
+Falstaff--though we cannot concede it to be exactly the character drawn
+by Shakspeare--is the best delineation in its way given by any actor now
+on the stage, and his Monsieur Mallet is in all respects admirable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The STATUE OF GIOVANNI DI MEDICI, by Baccio Bandinelli, has just been
+placed on its pedestal in the place before the church of San Lorenzo at
+Florence. It is three hundred years since this statue was made, and
+during all this time it has been kept in the great council hall of the
+Palazzo Vecchio, while its proper pedestal has been vacant. It
+represents Giovanni (the famous leader of the _bande nere_, or black
+bands, the Bayard of Italy, and the father of Cosmo I., the first Grand
+Duke of Florence) in a sitting posture, with the commander's baton in
+his hand. It is of little value as a work of art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LORTZING, the eminent German composer of operas, who died lately, left
+behind him only four Prussian thalers, or $3, on which his family had to
+exist a week. This was his sole property aside from music-books and a
+little furniture. And yet during his life he was a great favorite of the
+German people, and could not justly be called a spendthrift.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A very interesting series of lectures, by Henry James, George W. Curtis,
+Parke Godwin, and Mr. Huntington, was delivered before the artists of
+New-York, at the hall of the Academy of Fine Arts, in January and
+February. The ability displayed in the lectures, and the interest they
+excited, will induce measures for another course of the same kind next
+year.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A suggestion for extending the Triennial Exhibition of the works of
+Belgian artists, which opens at Brussels in August of the present year,
+to the painters and sculptors of all nations, has been discussed in that
+city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A colossal statue of Wallace has recently been finished by a Mr. Patrick
+Park, at Edinburgh. It was publicly uncovered in the presence of a large
+party, composed in part of a regiment of Highlanders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Noticing Brady, Lester, and Davignon's _Gallery of Illustrious
+Americans_, the London _Spectator_ observes:
+
+     "In no people do the chief men appear as more thoroughly
+     incarnate of the national traits; each outwardly a several
+     Americanism. Here we have the massive potency of Daniel
+     Webster,--on whose ponderous brow and fixed abashing eyes is
+     set the despotism of intellect; Silas Wright,--a well-grown and
+     cultivated specimen of the ordinary statesman; Henry Clay and
+     Col. Fremont,--two halves of the perfected go-ahead spirit; the
+     first shrewd, not to be evaded, knowing; the second impassable
+     to obstacles and alive only to the thing to be done. The heads
+     are finely and studiously lithographed from daguerreotypes by
+     Brady, and suffice to show how utterly fallacious is the notion
+     that _character_ is lost in this process."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A portrait of the author of _Don Quixotte_, after a painting by
+Velasquez, has been discovered in Paris, and has created some sensation,
+as none of the portraits of the great Spanish poet hitherto existing
+were considered very authentic. The renown of Cervantes being not fairly
+established till after his death, little pains were taken to preserve
+his features during lifetime. His portrait had been painted by Pacheco;
+but there existed but a poor copy of this, and it was from this copy
+that all engravings have been taken. The hope, therefore, of possessing
+a portrait of the poet by such a man as Velasquez, is cheering; and
+there are some facts which go far enough to prove the thorough
+authenticity of that now discovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Exhibition of the British Institution was opened to private view, in
+London, on the 8th of February, and to the public on the Monday
+following. The number of works in painting and sculpture amounts to 548,
+and, as a whole, the Exhibition is considered as scarcely up to the
+average.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of French Taste we have a new illustration in the fact that M. de
+Triqueti, the sculptor, has completed a statue of Our Saviour, six and a
+half feet high, for one of the decorations of the tomb of Napoleon
+Bonaparte.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The late railway works, undertaken near Prague, in Bohemia, have brought
+to light a great number of objects which may constitute a new species of
+European art, we mean that if the Czecho-Slaves before the introduction
+of Christianity. Some of the ancient sculptures found relate to the
+Slavian goddess Ziwa, most undoubtedly analogous to the Indian Siwa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. S. S. OSGOOD has recently completed several very admirable
+portraits, one of which is of himself, and painted with remarkable
+ability. Another is of Mary E. Hewitt, one of our most respected
+literary women, whose fine face is reflected with equal fidelity and
+felicity from Mr. Osgood's canvas.
+
+
+
+
+_Record of Scientific Discovery._
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--Two alleged improvements in Photography have laid claim to
+public attention: one the product of France, the other of the United
+States. The French discovery was recently communicated to the Academy of
+Sciences in Paris, by M. Blanquart-Evrard, and consists in a mode of
+whitening the sides of the camera, and also the interior of the tube, to
+which opticians have hitherto been accustomed to give a coating of
+black. By the new improvement, it is claimed, a saving of one-half is
+effected in the time required to produce a picture, beside the
+additional advantages of increased uniformity of action, and less
+necessity for a powerful light, together with less resistance from red,
+yellow and green rays. The plan has been experimented upon with success
+both in France and England. The second and latest invention is the
+Hillotype; so-called, in the absence of a better name, from Mr. L. L.
+Hill, of Greene Co., N. Y., who claims the discovery of a process,
+whereby photographic impressions can be produced with the complete
+colors of nature. It is stated that a number of successful experiments
+have established the practicability of the new plan, and that
+landscapes, sunset-scenes, portraits, &c., have been produced with
+marvellous fidelity. We shall presently know more of these
+asseverations. As yet, the entire process is concealed, and, as in
+certain other instances, may never come to light.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE LONDON SOCIETY OF ARTS.--In a paper by Mr. MURCHISON, read before
+the London Society of Arts, we find an interesting account of the origin
+and early history of that distinguished body. Efforts having been
+perseveringly made for the establishment of an institution for the
+promotion of the arts, sciences, and manufactures of the kingdom, the
+Society of Arts was finally organized in London, in the year 1754, under
+the auspices of Lord Rodney and other prominent persons. The success of
+this organization was encouraging and signal. Subscriptions poured in
+upon it, and a large number of members were soon enrolled. Premiums were
+then established; the first being one of �30 for the discovery of pure
+cobalt, and another of the same amount for the cultivation of madder.
+The progress of the Society from that period to the present has been
+uniformly encouraging, and it now ranks among the foremost scientific
+institutions of the day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An anecdote of the artist BARRY, some of whose best works adorn the
+walls of the Society's Rooms, is related in connection with this
+accompt. Barry being in distress, the sum of �1200 was subscribed by the
+members for his relief, and with this amount it was determined to
+procure for him a life annuity. The funds were so applied; the payment
+of the annuity to Barry being confided to the father of the late Sir
+Robert Peel. After the receipt of the first quarter of the first year,
+however, the artist died. The balance of the purchase money was absorbed
+in the coffers of Sir Robert.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GOLD.--M. FREMY, successor to Gay-Lussac in the chair of chemistry at
+the Garden of Plants, Paris, has submitted to the French Academy the
+results of his _Chemical Researches on Gold_. It was considered important
+to these researches to study the combinations of the oxides of gold with
+the alkalis so extensively employed in gilding. The aurates were easily
+produced, but it was impossible to obtain the combination of alkalis and
+the protoxide of gold. Auric acid was produced by boiling the perchlaide
+of gold with excess of potash, precipitating the auric acid by sulphuric
+acid, and purifying the former by solution in concentrated nitric acid;
+afterward precipitating by means of water and washing the auric acid
+until the liquor contained no trace of nitric acid. The auric acid
+combines immediately with potash and soda. Mr. Fremy promises an
+examination of the question whether gold is able, in combining with
+oxygen, to form a salifiable base, as has been asserted. The present
+experiment was undertaken mainly in reference to its use in
+electro-gilding.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIGHT AND HEAT.--Prof. Moigno lately presented to the French Academy a
+memoir on the experiments of Neeft, in Frankfort, on the development of
+_Light and Heat in the galvanic circuit_. M. Moigno witnessed these
+experiments in person, and considers it proved, first, that light always
+appears at the negative pole, and that this primitive light is
+independent of combustion; second, that the source of the heat is
+properly the positive poles, and that this heat is originally dark heat;
+thirdly, that light and heat do not unite at the instant of evolution,
+but only after the intensity of each has reached a certain point; from
+this union ensue the phenomena of flame and combustion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHINESE COAL.--A late number of the Chinese Repository contains some
+_notices of Coal in China_, by Dr. D. J. Macgowan, in which occur a
+number of curious and interesting facts. Coal deposits are found to
+exist throughout the mountain ranges which girt the great plain of
+China; but unskilful mining and the difficulty of transportation enhance
+its cost and limit the consumption, so that it is little used except for
+culinary and manufacturing purposes. The best comes from Pingting-chau
+in Sh�ns�; the quality most in demand in central China is called the
+Kwang coal, and is brought from various districts in H�n�n. Numerous
+varieties are produced in the province of Kiangs�--slaty, cannel,
+bituminous and anthracite. This portion of the mineral wealth of China
+is computed at nearly six millions of dollars. The scarcity of the
+supply is owing not to the poverty of the mines, but chiefly to the want
+of facilities for mining, which can alone be supplied by the
+steam-engine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WATER OF THE OCEAN.--The results of observations on the different
+_Chemical Conditions of Water_, at the Surface of the Ocean and at the
+Bottom, on Soundings, have been communicated by Mr. A. A. Hayes, State
+Assayer of Massachusetts; who states, that while pursuing the subject of
+copper corrosion at the surface of the ocean, he was some years since
+led to examine samples of copper, which had remained some time at the
+bottom of the ocean. He found that copper and bronze, and even a brass
+compound, from the bottom, were thickly incrusted with a sulphuret of
+copper, frequently found in crystallized layers, having a constant
+chemical composition, entirely free from chlorine or oxygen, the
+corroding agents of the surface. Specimens of copper and bronze from mud
+and clay at different depths, and in one instance from clean sand below
+a powerful rapid, gave thick layers of sulphuret of copper, or copper
+and tin. Instances of the corrosion of silver are also adduced. Mr.
+Hayes concludes that the waters from the land, which are never destitute
+of organic matter in a changing state, exert a very important influence
+in causing the differences of chemical condition in the ocean. Organic
+matter, he argues, dissolved from the surface of the earth, or from
+rocks percolating the strata, assumes a state in which it powerfully
+attracts oxygen; and waters holding this matter in solution readily
+decompose sulphates of lime and soda even when partially exposed to
+atmospheric air.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ASTEROIDS.--A letter from Prof. LEWIS R. GIBBS, of the Charleston
+Observatory, given in the _Charleston Evening News_, enumerates thirteen
+Kuam _Asteroids_; three having been discovered during the past year. The
+following Table gives their names in order of discovery, date of
+discovery, name and residence of discoverer, and the mean distances of
+the Asteroids from the sun, that of the earth being called 1:
+
+    Name.       Date.           Discov'r.  Place.      M. Dist.
+
+ 1. Ceres       1801, Jan.   1  Piazzi,    Palermo     2,766
+ 2. Pallas      1802, Mar.  28  Olbers,    Bremen      2,772
+ 3. Juno        1804, Sept.  1  Harding,   Lilienthal  2,671
+ 4. Vesta       1807, Mar.  29  Olbers,    Bremen      2,361
+ 5. Astr�a      1845, Dec.   8  Hencke,    Driessen    2,420
+ 6. Hebe        1847, July   1  Hencke,    Driessen    2,420
+ 7. Iris        1847, Aug.  13  Hind,      London      2,385
+ 8. Flora       1847, Oct.  18  Hind,      London      2,202
+ 9. Metis       1848, April 25  Graham,    Markree     2,386
+10. Hygeia      1849, April 12  Gasparis,  Naples      3,122
+11. Parthenope  1850, May   11  Gasparis,  Naples      2,440
+12. Clio        1850, Sept. 13  Hind,      London      2,330
+13. Not named   1850, Nov.   2  Gasparis,  Naples      Unk'wn
+
+It appears that of these thirteen Asteroids, three have been discovered
+by Hind of London, three by Gasparis of Naples, two by Hencke of
+Driessen, two by Olbers of Bremen, while Piazzi of Palermo, Harding of
+Lilienthal, and Graham of Markree, have each discovered one. Eight out
+of the twelve orbits ascertained have an inclination of less than ten
+degrees. The _London Athen�um_ states that the Lalande Medal of the
+Paris Academy of Sciences has been awarded to M. de Gasparis for his
+discovery of the planet Hygeia. The prize for 1850 was shared between
+Gasparis for his two discoveries in November, and Mr. Hind for his
+discovery of Clio on the 13th of September.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEOLOGY OF SPAIN.--A late number of the Journal of the British
+Geological Society contains an interesting and valuable paper by Don
+JOAQUIN EZQUERRA DEL BAYO, on the Geology of Spain. The Geological
+constitution of the country is stated to consist of three principal
+divisions--the Crystalline, Transition, and Secondary formations. The
+gneiss rocks of the first division occupy about a fifth of the surface
+of the soil, extending longitudinally from north to south. The plutonic
+rocks which penetrate them are generally granite of various degrees of
+firmness. The most important of the granitic ramifications to the east
+passes by the Sierra de Gridos, Sierra d'Avila, and the Guadarrama, to
+Soma Sierra, in a north-east direction. The great granitic outburst of
+Truxillo and of the mountains of Toledo does not extend so far to the
+east. A third, which has probably given its present form to the Sierra
+Morena, terminates at Linares, in the province of Jaen. The rocks are
+not rich in useful metals compared with their great development, but
+lead and copper are found in great quantities in the district of
+Linares, and rich argentiferous veins have been lately discovered at
+Hiendeleucina. Other veins have become exhausted. The successive
+formations of the country present some curious features. "Our soil,"
+says Don Joaquin, "has never been at rest, nor is it so even at present.
+Earthquakes are still often felt at Granada, and along the coast of the
+province of Alicante, where their effects have been disastrous." Among
+the numerous fossils found upon the coast of Spain are some species of
+mollusca of an extraordinary size, and in the vicinity of Cuevas de Vera
+the remains of elephants have been found, isolated and distributed in
+different directions, proving the existence of a more tropical climate
+in former times than now prevails in those districts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the Paris ACADEMY OF SCIENCES an extended Report was read at a recent
+meeting from a committee on M. ROCHET D'HERICOURT'S third journey in
+Abyssinia, in the northern part. He started in 1847, and returned in
+1849. In Geography he determined directly, by observation of the
+meridian heights of the sun, the latitude of a large number of
+geographical points in Egypt, in Arabia Petr�a, along the coasts of the
+Red Sea, and in the north of Abyssinia. His meteorological observations
+were constant, and are pronounced especially exact. So, those of the
+magnetic inclination. The results are furnished in the Report. He
+attended closely and successfully to the geology of the regions which he
+traversed. The geological constitution of Abyssinia is now made known
+over the greater part of its surface. The herbary which the traveller
+brought to the Museum of Natural History, consists of 150 species, the
+most of them, however, of plants already known. Three new ones are
+described. He succeeded in getting home a sheep of Abyssinia, remarkable
+for the long hairs of its fleece. Some of his specimens of fish are new.
+Much attention is given to his new species of _Epeira_, or silk-spider.
+At the sight of the silk which forms the web of the insect, he conceived
+the hope that it might be turned to account for the silk-manufacture. It
+is very fine and soft, long and firm enough, and of a beautiful yellow
+color. This spider inhabits the large trees, shrubbery, and hedges, and
+extends its webs to the neighboring habitations; and the webs are nearly
+all more than a yard in diameter. The quantity is prodigious. "M.
+d'Hericourt," says the Report, "like every person who has attempted
+tissues with spiders' webs or cocoons, has not sufficiently regarded the
+difficulty of domesticating them, as is done with the silk-worm, in
+order to multiply them adequately, and provide them with such insects of
+prey, or sufficient nourishment." The Committee proposed the formal
+thanks of the Academy to the traveller, for the scientific harvest of
+his new journey, and an expression of the interest felt in the speedy
+publication of his narrative.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHOOTING-STARS.--M. QUETELET states, in relation to the _Shooting-Stars
+of August, 1850_, that the number per hour on the evening of the 9th of
+August was about 60 for Brussels; on the evening of the 10th, 111 for
+Brussels, 180 for Markree, Ireland, and 58 for Rome. The direction was
+the same in each place.
+
+
+
+
+_Recent Deaths._
+
+
+DEATH OF AN OFFICER OF LOUIS XV.'S MOUSQUETAIRES.--The _Journal de
+Francfort_ states that Viscount Frederic Adolphe de Gardinville, of
+Athies, mousquetaire gris in the service of Louis XV., and knight of the
+order of St. Louis, has just died, aged 113, at his country house, near
+Homburg. This officer was born on the twenty-eighth of January, 1738,
+and had retired to Homburg after the dissolution of the army of the
+Cond�.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE REV. JOHN OGILBY, D.D., of New-York, died in Paris on the second of
+February. He was rector of St. Mark's church, in the Bowery, and had
+been for nine years professor of Ecclesiastical History in the General
+Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church. His health had
+been impaired for several years, and he had visited Europe in the hope
+that change of climate and associations would improve it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The venerable and accomplished GEORGE THOMSON, the correspondent of
+Burns, died recently in Leith Links, at the advanced age of ninety-two.
+Mr. Thomson's early connection with the poet Burns is universally known,
+and his collection of Scottish Songs, for which many of Burns's finest
+pieces were originally written, has been before the public for more than
+half a century. His letters to the poet are incorporated with all the
+large editions of Burns, and the greater portion of them will be
+included in the new life by Chambers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE EMIR BECHIR, who, during fifty years, played so important a part in
+Syria, died lately at Kaoi-keni, a village on the Bosphorus. His eldest
+son, Halib, and younger son, Emir, who had both embraced Islamism, died
+a few days before him. Izzet Pasha is appointed Governor of Damascus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. LEURET, the physician of Bic�tre, who is well-known to the
+scientific world by his profound works on mental derangement and the
+anatomy of the brain, died on the sixth of January, at Nancy, his
+birthplace, after a long illness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Dutch papers report the death, at Amsterdam, aged seventy-two, of a
+marine painter of eminence, M. KOCKKOEK, father of the distinguished
+landscape painter of the same name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JOANNA BAILLIE, whose literary life reached back into the last century,
+and whose early recollections were of the days of Burke, Dr. Johnson,
+Goldsmith, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and the great men who figured before the
+French Revolution, died at Hampsted, near London, on the evening of
+Sunday, the twenty-third of February, at the great age of nearly ninety
+years. During the principal part of her life she lived with a maiden
+sister, Agnes--also a poetess--to whom she addressed her beautiful
+_Birthday_ poem. They were of a family in which talent and genius were
+hereditary. Their father was a Scottish clergyman, and their mother a
+sister of the celebrated Dr. William Hunter. They were born at Bothwell,
+within a short distance of the rippling of the broad waters of the
+Clyde. Joanna's child-life and associations are beautifully mirrored in
+the poem to which we have alluded. Early in life the sisters removed to
+London, where their brother, the late Sir Matthew Baillie--the favorite
+medical adviser of George III.--was settled as a physician, and there
+her earliest poetical works appeared, anonymously. When she began to
+write, she tells us in one of her prefaces, not one of the eminent
+authors of modern times was known, and Mr. Hayley and Miss Seward were
+the poets spoken of in society. The brightest stars in the poetical
+firmament, with very few exceptions, have risen and set since then; the
+greatest revolutions in empire and in opinion have taken place; but she
+lived on as if no echo of the upturnings and overthrows which filled the
+world reached the quiet of her home; the freshness of her inspirations
+untarnished; writing from the fulness of a true heart of themes
+belonging equally to all the ages. Personally she was scarcely known in
+literary society; but from her first appearance as an author, no woman
+commanded more respect and admiration by her works; and the most
+celebrated of her contemporaries vied with each other in doing her
+honor. Scott calls her the Shakspeare of her sex:
+
+    ----"The wild harp silent hung
+    By silver Avon's holy shore,
+    Till twice a hundred years roll'd o'er,
+    When SHE, the bold enchantress, came
+    With fearless hand and heart on flame,--
+    From the pale willow snatched the treasure,
+    And swept it with a kindred measure,
+    Till Avon's swans, while rung the grove
+    With Montfort's hate and Basil's love,
+    Awakening at the inspiring strain
+    Deem'd their own SHAKSPEARE lived again!"
+
+Her first volume was published in 1798, under the title, _A Series of
+Plays, in which it is attempted to delineate the stronger Passions of
+the Mind, each Passion being the subject of a Tragedy and a Comedy_. A
+second volume was published in 1802, and a third in 1812. During the
+interval, she gave the world a volume of miscellaneous dramas, including
+the _Family Legend_, a tragedy founded upon a story of one of the
+Macleans of Appin, which, principally through the good offices of Sir
+Walter Scott, was brought out at the Edinburgh Theatre. She visited
+Scott, in Edinburgh, in 1808, and in the following year the _Family
+Legend_ was played in that city fourteen nights in succession. Scott
+wrote for it a prologue, and Mackenzie, the author of _The Man of
+Feeling_, contributed an epilogue. The same piece was performed in
+London in 1814. The only "Play of the Passions" ever represented on a
+stage was _De Montfort_, first brought out by John Kemble and Mrs.
+Siddons, and played eleven nights. In 1821 it was revived by Edmund
+Kean, but fruitlessly. Miss O'Neil then played the heroine. Kean
+subsequently brought out _De Montfort_ in Philadelphia and New-York. No
+actors of inferior genius have ventured to attempt it, and probably it
+will not again be represented.
+
+The "Plays of the Passions" are Miss Baillie's most remarkable works. In
+this series each passion is made the subject of a tragedy and a comedy.
+In the comedies she failed completely; they are pointless tales in
+dialogue. Her tragedies, however, have great merit, though possessing a
+singular quality for works of such an aim, in being without the
+earnestness and abruptness of actual and powerful feeling. By refinement
+and elaboration she makes the passions sentiments. She fears to distract
+attention by multiplying incidents; her catastrophes are approached by
+the most gentle gradations; her dramas are therefore slow in action and
+deficient in interest. Her characters possess little individuality; they
+are mere generalizations of intellectual attributes, theories
+personified. The very system of her plays has been the subject of
+critical censure. The chief object of every dramatic work is to please
+and interest, and this object may be arrived at as well by situation as
+by character. Character distinguishes one person from another, while by
+passion nearly all men are alike. A controlling passion perverts
+character, rather than develops it; and it is therefore in vain to
+attempt the delineation of a character by unfolding the progress of a
+passion. It has been well observed too, that unity of passion is
+impossible since to give a just relief and energy to any particular
+passion, it should be presented in opposition to one of a different sort
+so as to produce a powerful conflict in the heart.
+
+[Illustration: J Baillie]
+
+In dignity and purity of style, Miss Baillie has not been surpassed by
+any of the poets of her sex. Her dialogue is formed on the Shakespearian
+model and she has succeeded perhaps better than any other dramatist in
+imitating the manner of the greatest poet of the world.
+
+In 1823 Miss Baillie published a collection of _Poetic Miscellanies_, in
+1836 three more volumes of Plays, in 1842 _Fugitive Verses_, and she was
+the author also of _A View of the General Tenor of the New Testament
+Regarding the Nature and Dignity of Jesus Christ_.
+
+A short time before her death--not more than six weeks--a complete
+edition of her Poetical Works was published in London, in a very large
+and compact volume of 850 pages, by the Longmans--"with many corrections
+and a few additions by herself." The volume opens with the Plays on the
+Passions. We have then the miscellaneous plays; and the last division
+includes her delightful songs and all her poetical compositions not
+dramatic nor connected with the plays; and here appears a poem of some
+length, recently printed for private circulation, as well as some short
+poems not before published. A pleasing and characteristic portrait
+accompanies the volume, and we have had it copied for the
+_International_.
+
+Though Miss Baillie's fame always tended to draw her into society, her
+life was passed in seclusion, and illustrated by an integrity, kindness,
+and active benevolence, which showed that poetical genius of a high
+order may be found in a mind well regulated, able and willing to execute
+the ordinary duties of life in an exemplary manner. Gentle and
+unassuming to all, with an unchangeable simplicity of character, she
+counted many of the most celebrated persons of the last age among her
+intimate friends, and her quiet home was frequently resorted to by
+people of other nations, as well as by her own countrymen, for the
+purpose of paying homage to a woman so illustrious for genius and
+virtue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPONTINI, the celebrated composer, author of _La Vestale_ and _Fernand
+Cortez_, died on the 24th ult., at Majolati, near Ancona, where he had
+gone to pass the winter, in the hope of re-establishing his health.
+Being desirous of attending divine service, in spite of the severity of
+the season, he took cold on leaving the church, which in a short time
+led to a fatal result. He expired in the arms of his wife, the sister of
+M. Erard, the celebrated pianist. He was in the seventy-second year of
+his age. The life of this unfortunate _Maestro_, says the _Athen�um_,
+would be a curious rather than a pleasing story, were it thoroughly
+written. He was educated at the _Conservatorio de la Piet�_ of Naples,
+and began his career when seventeen years of age, as the composer of an
+opera, _I Puntigli delle Donne_. To this succeeded some sixteen operas,
+produced within six years, for the theatres of Italy and Sicily, not a
+note of which has survived. In 1803, Spontini went to Paris, in which
+capital again he produced some half-a-dozen operas and an oratorio,--all
+of which have perished. It would seem, however, as if there must have
+been something of grace in either _Maestro_ or music, since Spontini was
+appointed music-director to the Empress Josephine; and it was owing to
+court interest that his _La Vestale_--on a _libretto_ rejected by both
+Mehal and Cherubini--was put into rehearsal at the _Grand Op�ra_. The
+rehearsals went on for a twelvemonth. Spontini rewrote and re-touched
+the work while it was in preparation to such an excess, that the expense
+of copying the alterations is said to have amounted to _ten thousand
+francs_ ($2,000)! _La Vestale_, however, was at last produced, in 1809,
+with brilliant and decisive success, so far as France and Germany were
+concerned. In 1809 he produced his _Fernand Cortez_ at the _Grand
+Op�ra_. That work, too, was favorably received, and still keeps the
+stage in Germany. In no subsequent essay was the composer so fortunate.
+_Olympie_, the third grand work written by him for France, proved a
+failure. During the latter part of his residence in Paris, he directed
+the Italian Opera, until it fell to Madame Catalani. It was in 1820 that
+the magnificent appointments offered to the _Maestro_ by the Court of
+Prussia tempted him to leave Paris for Berlin; in which capital his last
+three grand operas were produced with great splendor. These were,
+_Nourmahal_ (founded on 'Lalla Rookh), _Alcidor_, and _Agnes von
+Hohenstauffen_. None of them, however, could be called successful. In
+Berlin, Spontini continued to reside as first Chapel-master till the
+death of the late King,--and there his professional career may be said
+to have ended. A life in some respects more outwardly prosperous cannot
+be conceived. Spontini was rich,--girt with ribbons and hung with
+orders;--but it may be doubted whether ever official grew old in the
+midst of such an atmosphere of dislike as surrounded the composer of _La
+Vestale_ at Berlin. He was mercilessly attacked in print,--in private
+spoken of by rival musicians with an active hatred amounting to
+malignity. There was hardly a baseness of intrigue with which report did
+not credit him. His music, even, was avoided in his own theatre; and it
+was an article in the contract of more than one _prima donna_, that she
+would not sing in Spontini's operas. Of later years, he rarely was seen
+in the orchestra save to direct his own works. In this capacity he
+showed a vivacity, a precision, and an energy almost incomparable. As a
+man, he had the courtliest of courtly manners; the air, too, of one well
+satisfied with his own personal appearance. He conversed chiefly
+concerning himself and his works, apparently taking little or no
+interest in other transactions of art. This might account for his ill
+odor in a capital where misconstructions and jealous evil-speaking have
+too often been the lot of the simplest, the most learned, and the least
+self-asserting of artists. The limited nature of his sympathies may be
+felt in Spontini's music. With all its spirit, this is generally
+dry--awkward without the excuse of learned pedantry--sometimes grand,
+very seldom tender--the rhythm more decided than the melody, which is
+often frivolous, often flat, rarely vocal. He has been accused of
+shallowness in the orchestral treatment of his operas,--in which noise
+is often accumulated to conceal want of resource. But allowing all these
+objections to be generally true to the utmost, the _finale_ to the
+second act of _La Vestale_ still remains--and will remain--a
+master-piece of declamation, spirit, and stage climax. The rest of _La
+Vestale_ is carefully wrought,--but in power, and brightness, and
+passion, by many a degree inferior to that temple-scene. For its sake,
+the name of Spontini will not be forgotten, unsatisfactory as was his
+career in Art, and small as was his personal popularity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARLES COQUERELL, a brother of the eminent Protestant minister, and
+himself well known and esteemed in the scientific circles of Paris, died
+in that city, early in February. He long reported the proceedings of the
+Academy of Sciences for the _Courrier Fran�ais_; and is the author,
+besides, of various works in general literature. He wrote a _History of
+English Literature--Carit�as, an Essay on a complete Spiritualist
+Philosophy_--and _The History of the Churches of the Desert, or of the
+Protestant Churches of France from the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+to the Reign of Louis the XVI._ In this last performance he introduces
+the substance of a mass of private and official correspondence from
+Louis XIV.'s time down to the revolution, relative to Protestantism in
+France, and the numberless and atrocious persecutions to which it was
+subjected. Many of the papers he obtained are of great literary and
+historical value, and he has taken measures for their preservation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COLONEL GEORGE WILLIAMS, M. P. for Ashton, died on the nineteenth of
+December. He was born in St. John's Newfoundland, and is said to have
+joined the army of Burgoyne at the age of twelve years, and to have been
+present at the battle of Stillwater. He afterwards accompanied Lady
+Harriet Acland on her memorable expedition to join her husband in
+captivity. He afterwards saw much active service, and died aged
+eighty-seven, supposed to have been the last survivor of the army of
+Saratoga.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERR CHARLES MATTHEW SANDER, described as one of the most celebrated
+surgeons of Germany, and author of many works not only in illustration
+of his more immediate profession and of medicine, but also on Greek
+phiology and arch�ology, died suddenly, at Brunswick, in his
+seventy-second year, while seated at his desk in the act of writing a
+treatise on anatomy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NICHOLAS VANSITTART, Lord Bexley, was the second son of Henry
+Vansittart, Governor of Bengal, and was born on the twenty-ninth of
+April, 1776. Four years after, his father perished in the Aurora
+frigate, when that vessel foundered at sea, on her outward passage to
+India. In 1791 he was called to the bar, but, finding little prospect of
+forensic advancement, he deserted Westminster Hall for the more
+ambitious arena of the House of Commons, being elected member for
+Hastings in 1796. In 1801 he proceeded on a special mission to the Court
+of Copenhagen; but the Danish Government, overawed by France and Russia,
+refused to receive an English ambassador. Soon after his return he
+became joint secretary of the treasury, which office he held until 1804,
+when the Addington ministry resigned. In 1805, he was appointed Chief
+Secretary for Ireland; in 1806, he resumed his former duties at the
+treasury; and, in 1812, on the formation of the Liverpool
+administration, he obtained the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+for which he was peculiarly fitted by the bent and information of his
+mind. So far back as 1796, he had addressed a series of pamphlets to Mr.
+Pitt, on the conduct of the bank directors; and in 1796 he had published
+an inquiry into the state of the finances, in answer to a very popular
+production, by a Mr. Morgan, on the national debt. The death of Lord
+Londonderry, in 1822, led to a reconstruction of the ministry; and Mr.
+Vansittart was offered a peerage and the Chancellorship of the Duchy of
+Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet, on condition that he quitted the
+Exchequer. This arrangement was carried out in the month of January
+following. At length, in 1828, he retired from public life, and since
+that period resided in comparative retirement, at Footscray, near
+Bexley, in Kent. Lord Bexley was F.R.S., D.C.L., and F.S.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JOHN PYE SMITH, D.D., F.R.S., one of the most eminent scholars and
+theological writers of the time, died at Guilford, near Leeds, in
+England, on the fifth of February, at the advanced age of
+seventy-six--having been born at Sheffield in 1775. His father was a
+bookseller, and it was intended to bring him up to the same business,
+but his early displays of talent, and his love of learning induced his
+father to send him to Rotherham College, where he greatly distinguished
+himself, and upon the completion of his terms of study became a
+classical tutor. In 1801--at the early age of twenty-five--he became
+theological tutor and principal of Homerton College, the oldest of the
+institutions for training ministers among the Independents. The duties
+of that responsible post he filled with untiring devotedness and the
+highest efficiency for the long space of fifty years. A theological
+professorship is naturally combined with ministerial duties; and in two
+or three years after his settlement at Homerton he received a call from
+the church at the Gravel Pits chapel, and continued the pastor of that
+church for about forty-seven years. The chief labor of Dr. Pye Smith's
+life, and his most enduring monument, was the work entitled _The
+Scripture Testimony to the Messiah: an inquiry with a view to a
+satisfactory determination of the doctrine taught in the Holy Scriptures
+concerning the person of Christ_. This work is admitted by the greatest
+scholars to be the first of its kind. It is marked by profound and
+accurate learning, candid criticism, and by that reverential and
+Christian spirit which ought to govern every theological inquiry. He
+published several less important compositions, including one of decided
+value upon the relations of geology and revelation, which led to his
+election into the Royal Society; and he left a voluminous System of
+Christian Doctrine, in MS.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+_Ladies' Fashions for the Spring._
+
+
+The advance of the spring appears to have brought increase of gayety in
+London and in Paris, in which cities fashionable society has received
+new impulses from circumstances connected with affairs. Heavy velvets
+have generally given place to silks and satins, and there is a
+prevailing airiness in the manner in which they are made up. The first
+of the above full-lengths represents a dress composed of a pale
+sea-green satin; the sides of the front decorated with _bouffants_ or
+fullings of white _tulle_, formed in rows of three; at the top of each
+third fulling is a narrow border of green cord, forming a kind of gymp;
+these fullings reach up to each side of the point of the waist; low
+pointed corsage, the centre of which is trimmed to match the _jupe_; a
+small round cape encircles the top part of the corsage, descending
+halfway down each side of the front, trimmed with fullings of white
+_tulle_ and narrow green cord; the lower part of the short sleeve is
+trimmed to match. The hair is arranged in ringlets, and adorned on the
+right side with a cluster of variegated red roses.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the second, is a dress of rich dark silk, made plain and very full,
+with three-quarter-high body, fitting close to the figure; bonnet of
+deep lilac.
+
+Ball dresses are worn richly ornamented with ribbons, flowers, lace, and
+puffs, in great profusion.
+
+Velvet necklaces, and bracelets, are much in vogue; the shades preferred
+are coral red, garnet, china rose, and, above all, black velvet, which
+sets off the whiteness of the skin. These bracelets and necklaces are
+fastened by a brooch or pin of brilliants or marcasite.
+
+Dresses of heavy stuffs are rare in private drawing-rooms, and much more
+frequently seen at subscription balls, at the Opera, or exhibitions of
+art. Antique watered silk, figured pompadour, drugget, and lampus,
+attract by their wreaths of flowers; light net dresses, or mousselins,
+are rare.
+
+Net dresses, with two skirts, are worn over a taffeta petticoat--the
+under and the upper skirts decked with small flowers, each trimmed with
+a dark ribbon. Wide lace also is worn in profusion, and the body as well
+as the sleeves is almost covered with it--the skirts having two or three
+flounces of English lace (application) or Alen�on point; and these two
+kinds of lace are generally used for the heavy silk stuffs.
+
+We have little to say about walking dresses. The choicest materials for
+morning dresses are dark damask satinated Pekin taffeta, and drugget.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 3,
+No. 1, April, 1851, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, APRIL, 1851 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25325-8.txt or 25325-8.zip *****
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The International Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 1, April, 1851.
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 3, No. 1,
+April, 1851, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly, Volume 3, No. 1, April, 1851
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 4, 2008 [EBook #25325]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, APRIL, 1851 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h4>THE</h4>
+
+<h1>INTERNATIONAL</h1>
+
+<h3>MONTHLY</h3>
+
+<h2>MAGAZINE</h2>
+
+<h3>Of Literature, Science, and Art.</h3>
+
+
+<h3>VOLUME III.</h3>
+
+<h4>APRIL TO JULY, 1851.</h4>
+
+
+<p class="center">NEW-YORK:<br />
+
+STRINGER &amp; TOWNSEND, 222 BROADWAY.<br />
+
+FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.<br />
+
+BY THE NUMBER, 25 Cts.; THE VOLUME, $1; THE YEAR, $3.</p>
+
+
+<p class="notes">Transcriber's note: Contents for entire volume 3 in this text. However
+this text contains only issue Vol. 3, No. 1. Minor typos have been corrected and
+footnotes moved to the end of the article.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_THE_THIRD_VOLUME" id="PREFACE_TO_THE_THIRD_VOLUME"></a>PREFACE TO THE THIRD VOLUME.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">International Magazine</span> has now been published one year, with a
+constantly increasing sale, and, it is believed, with a constantly
+increasing good reputation. The publishers are satisfied with its
+success, and will apply all the means at their disposal to increase its
+value and preserve its position. They have recently made such
+arrangements in London as will insure to the editor the use of advance
+sheets of the most important new English publications, and besides all
+the leading miscellanies of literature printed on the continent, have
+engaged eminent persons as correspondents, in Paris, Berlin, and other
+cities, so that <i>The International</i> will more fully than hitherto
+reflect the literary movement of the world.</p>
+
+<p>In wit and humor and romance, the most legitimate and necessary
+components of the popular magazine, as great a variety will be furnished
+as can be gleaned from the best contemporary foreign publications, and
+at the same time several conspicuous writers will contribute original
+papers. In the last year <i>The International</i> has been enriched with new
+articles by Mr. G. P. R. James, Henry Austen Layard, LL.D., Bishop
+Spencer, Mr. Bayard Taylor, Mr. R. H. Stoddard, Mr. Parke Godwin, Mr.
+John R. Thompson, Mr. Alfred B. Street, Mr. W. C. Richards, Dr. Starbuck
+Mayo, Mr. John E. Warren, Mr. George Ripley, Mr. A. O. Hall, Mr. Richard
+B. Kimball, Mrs. E. Oakes Smith, Mrs. Mary E. Hewitt, Miss Alice Carey,
+Miss Cooper (the author of "Rural Hours"), and many others, constituting
+a list hardly less distinguished than the most celebrated magazines in
+the language have boasted in their best days; this list of contributors
+will be worthily enlarged hereafter, and the Historical Review, the
+Record of Scientific Discovery, the monthly Biographical Notices of
+eminent Persons deceased, will be continued, with a degree of care that
+will render <i>The International</i> of the highest value as a repository of
+contemporary facts.</p>
+
+<p>When it is considered that periodical literature now absorbs the best<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span>
+compositions of the great lights of learning and literary art throughout
+the world,&mdash;that Bulwer, Dickens, James, Thackeray, Macaulay, Talfourd,
+Tennyson, Browning, and persons of corresponding rank in France,
+Germany, and other countries, address the public through reviews,
+magazines, and newspapers&mdash;the value of such an "abstract and brief
+chronicle" as it is endeavored to present in <i>The International</i>, to
+every one who would maintain a reputation for intelligence, or who is
+capable of intellectual enjoyment, will readily be admitted. It is
+trusted that while these pages will commend themselves to the best
+judgments, they will gratify the general tastes, and that they will in
+no instance contain a thought or suggest a feeling inconsistent with the
+highest refinement and virtue.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">New-York</span>, July 1, 1851.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS:</h2>
+
+<h3>VOLUME III. APRIL TO JULY, 1850-51.</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Alfieri, History and Genius of      <span class="linenum">229</span><br />
+<br />
+American female Poets, Opinions of, by a Frenchman,      <span class="linenum">452</span><br />
+<br />
+Anspach, Margravine of      <span class="linenum">303</span><br />
+<br />
+American Missions in Ceylon and Sir E. Tennant,      <span class="linenum">308</span><br />
+<br />
+American Saint, An,      <span class="linenum">163</span><br />
+<br />
+Adventures and Observations in Nicaragua. (Illustrated.)      <span class="linenum">437</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arts, The Fine</i>&mdash;Public Works by the King of Prussia, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.&mdash;Herr Hiltensperger, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.&mdash;Picture by Leonardo
+Da Vinci, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.&mdash;Art-Union of Vienna, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.&mdash;Another Picture by Raffaelle Discovered, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.&mdash;Steinhauser's
+Group for Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.&mdash;The Hillotype, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.&mdash;Baron Hackett, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Statue of Giovanni de Medici,
+<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Lectures before the New-York Artists, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Belgian Exhibition, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Brady's Gallery of Illustrious<br />
+Americans, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Portrait of Cervantes, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Portraits by Mr. Osgood, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Discoveries at Prague, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Exhibition of the British Institution,
+<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Lortzing, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Statue of Wallace, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.&mdash;Engravings of the Art-Unions, 180.&mdash;Exhibition of the National Academy, 181.&mdash;Bulletin of the Art-Union,
+181.&mdash;Girodet, 181.&mdash;Kotzbue, 181.&mdash;Mr. Elliott, 181.&mdash;Schwanthaler, 181.&mdash;Museum of Berlin, 181.&mdash;Munich Art-Union, 181.&mdash;Kaulbach, 181&mdash;French Contribution
+to the Washington Monument, 181&mdash;Widnmann, 181.&mdash;The Exhibitions in New-York, 327.&mdash;Prizes and Prospects of the Art-Union, 329.&mdash;Delaroche,
+329.&mdash;Mr. Kellogg, 329.&mdash;L'Imitation de Jesus Christ, by Depaepes, 330.&mdash;New Members of the National Academy, 330.&mdash;Sculptures Discovered at Athens, 470.&mdash;New
+Works by Nicholas, 471.&mdash;German Criticism of Powers, 471.&mdash;Diorama of Hindostan, 471.&mdash;Unveiling the Statue of Frederick the
+Great, 471.&mdash;Jenny Lind, 471.&mdash;The Opera, 471.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Authors and Books.</i>&mdash;The Russian Archives, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.&mdash;Humboldt on the State, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.&mdash;Russian Geographical Society, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.&mdash;Recollections of Paris, by Hertz, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.&mdash;The
+latest German Novels, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.&mdash;Sch&auml;ffner's History of French Law, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.&mdash;Fate of Bonpland, the Traveller, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.&mdash;Russian Account of the War in Hungary, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;B&uuml;lau's
+Secret History of Mysterious Individuals, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;Italy's Future, by Dr. K&ouml;lle, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;German Translation of Channing, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;Essays by M, Flourens,
+<a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;Jacques Arago, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;New Book on Napoleon, by Colonel H&ouml;pfner, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;Vaublanc's History of Prance in the Time of the Crusades, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;Works on the Statistics
+of Ancient Nations, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;French Version of McCulloch, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.&mdash;MM. Viardot and Circourt on the History of the Moors in Europe, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.&mdash;Breton Poets,
+<a href="#Page_29">29</a>.&mdash;Louis Phillippe's Last Years, as Described by Himself, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.&mdash;M. Audin, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.&mdash;Collection of Spanish Romances, by F. Wolf, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.&mdash;Le Bien-Etre Universel,
+<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.&mdash;Notices of English Literature by the <i>Revue Brittanique</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.&mdash;History of French Protestants by Felice, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.&mdash;Works in Modern Greek Literature, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.&mdash;Dictionary
+of Styles in Poetry by Planche, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.&mdash;Continuation of Louis Blanc's History of Ten Years, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.&mdash;Mr. Hallam, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.&mdash;General Napier and his Wife,
+<a href="#Page_33">33</a>.&mdash;Plagiarism by Charles Mackay, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.&mdash;English Books on the Roman Catholic Question, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.&mdash;New Work by R. H. Horne, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.&mdash;Miss Martineau's Book
+against Religion, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.&mdash;Sir John Cam Hobhouse, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.&mdash;Another Book on "Junius", <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.&mdash;Fourier on the Passions, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.&mdash;Mr. Grattan coming again to America,
+<a href="#Page_34">34</a>.&mdash;Poems by Alaric A. Watts, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.&mdash;The Stowe MSS., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.&mdash;The Scott Copyrights, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.&mdash;Dr. Layard, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.&mdash;Henry Alford, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.&mdash;Letter by Washington Irving,
+<a href="#Page_35">35</a>.&mdash;Speech on Art, by Alison, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.&mdash;Pensions to Poets, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.&mdash;Lavengro, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.&mdash;James T. Fields, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.&mdash;W. G. Simms, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.&mdash;Nile Notes by a Howadji, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.&mdash;Use
+of Documents in the Historical Society's Collections, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.&mdash;Fanny Wright, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.&mdash;Prof. Channing's Resignation, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.&mdash;Mr. Livermore on Public Libraries,
+<a href="#Page_37">37</a>.&mdash;Fenelon never in America, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.&mdash;Mr. Goodrich and Mr. Walsh, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.&mdash;Works of Major Richardson, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.&mdash;Mr. Squier's forthcoming Works on American
+Antiquities, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.&mdash;Letter from Charles Astor Bristed, on his Contributions to <i>Fraser</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>&mdash;The Sillimans in Europe, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.&mdash;Works of John Adams, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.&mdash;The C&aelig;sars,
+by De Quincy, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>&mdash;Jared Sparks, and his Historical Labors, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>&mdash;The Opera, by Isaac C. Pray, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.&mdash;Frederic Saunders, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.&mdash;The Duty of a Biographer,
+<a href="#Page_40">40</a>.&mdash;Dr. Andrews's new Work on America, 663.&mdash;Bodenstedt's Thousand and One Days in the East, 165.&mdash;German Emigrant's Manual, 165.&mdash;Hungarian
+Biographies, 165.&mdash;Caccia's Europe and America, 165.&mdash;Fanny Lewald, 166.&mdash;German Reviewals of George Sand, 166.&mdash;Scherer's German Songs, 166.&mdash;New
+Book by Henry M&uuml;rger, 166.&mdash;Ebeling's Tame Stories of a Wild Time, 167.&mdash;Grillpazer, the Dramatist, 167.&mdash;Rhine Musical Gazette, 167.&mdash;Eddas, by Simrock,
+167.&mdash;Transactions of the Society of Northern Antiquaries, 167.&mdash;Raumer's Historical Pocket Book, 167.&mdash;<i>Bilder aus Oestreich</i>, 167.&mdash;Poems by
+Dinglestedt, 167.&mdash;Autobiography of Jahn, 167.&mdash;The <i>Deutsches Museum</i>, 168.&mdash;The Constitutional Struggle in Electoral Hesse, 168.&mdash;Translations of the
+Scriptures in African Languages, 168.&mdash;History of the Prussian Court and Nobility, 168.&mdash;Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Women, 168.&mdash;Countess
+Hahn Hahn, 168.&mdash;Italia, 168.&mdash;Humboldt, as last described, 169.&mdash;Rewards of Authors, 169.&mdash;New Translations of Northern Literature, by George Stephens,
+169.&mdash;Old Work on Etherization, 169.&mdash;Phillip Augustus, a Tragedy, 169.&mdash;Bianchi's Turkish Dictionary, 169.&mdash;General Daumas, on Western Africa, 170.&mdash;De
+Conches, the Bibliopole, 170.&mdash;Jules Sandeau, 170.&mdash;French Play of Massalina, 170.&mdash;New French Review, 170.&mdash;Victor Hugo's New Works, 170.&mdash;M. de
+St. Beuve, 170.&mdash;The Shoemakers of Paris, 170.&mdash;Recovery of a Comedy by Moli&egrave;re, 171.&mdash;Memoirs of Bishop Flaget, 171.&mdash;Travels in the United States by
+M. Marmier, 171.&mdash;Guizot and Thiers, 171.&mdash;M. Mignet, 171.&mdash;Lamartine, 171.&mdash;Michelet, 171.&mdash;Paris and its Monuments, 171.&mdash;Mullie's Biographical Dictionary,
+171.&mdash;The Chancellor d'Auguesseau, 171.&mdash;Romance and Tales by Napoleon Bonaparte, 172.&mdash;Henry's Life of Calvin, 172.&mdash;Discovery of lost Books
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>by Origen, 173.&mdash;Important Discoveries of Greek MSS. near Constantinople, 173.&mdash;Prose Translation of Homer, 173.&mdash;Gillie's Literary Veteran, 173.&mdash;Lord
+Holland's Reminiscences, 173.&mdash;Meeting of the British Association, 173.&mdash;Miss Martineau and the Westminster Review, 174.&mdash;Fielding and Smollett, 174.&mdash;Mr.
+Bigelow's Book on Jamaica, in England, 174.&mdash;Macready and George Sand, 174.&mdash;The Stones of Venice, 175.&mdash;Bulwer Lytton's New Play, 175.&mdash;The
+Last Scenes of Chivalry, 166.&mdash;Fanny Corbeaux, 176.&mdash;John G. Taylor on Cuba, 176.&mdash;Lady Wortley's Travels in the United States, 176.&mdash;Opinions of Mr.
+Curtis's Nile Notes, 177.&mdash;Rev. Satan Montgomery, 177.&mdash;Documentary History of New-York, 177.&mdash;Albert J. Pickett's History of Alabama, 178.&mdash;Mrs.
+Farnham, 178.&mdash;Mr. Gayarre on Louisiana, 178.&mdash;Lossing's Field Book of the Revolution, 178.&mdash;Rev. J. H. Ingraham, and his Novels, 178.&mdash;Mrs. Judson.&mdash;The
+Lady's Book, 179.&mdash;Mr. J. R. Tyson, 179.&mdash;Dr. Valentine's Manual, 179.&mdash;Episodes of Insect Life, Mr. Willis, 179.&mdash;Robinson's Greek Grammar, 179.&mdash;Kennedy's
+Swallow Barn, 179.&mdash;American Members of the Institute of France, 179.&mdash;Works of Walter Colton, 179.&mdash;Cobbin's Domestic Bible, 179.&mdash;Works
+of Several American Statesmen now in Press, 180.&mdash;Professor Gillespie's Translation of Comte, 180.&mdash;Lincoln's Horace, 180.&mdash;New Novel by the Author
+of Talbot and Vernon, 180.&mdash;Life in Fejee, 180.&mdash;S. G. Goodrich in England, 180.&mdash;Recent American Novels, 180.&mdash;Publications of the Hakluyt Society,
+180.&mdash;Dr. Mayo's Romance Dust, 180.&mdash;Thackeray's Lectures, 180.&mdash;Mr. Alison, 180.&mdash;Dr. Titus Tobler on Professor Robinson, 312.&mdash;New German Novels,
+313.&mdash;Kohl, the Traveller, 313.&mdash;Anastasius Grun and Lenau, 313.&mdash;Sir Charles Lyell's American Travels Reviewed in Germany, 313.&mdash;More of the
+Countess Hahn-Hahn, 313.&mdash;German Translations of <i>David Copperfield, Richard Edney</i>, and Mrs. Hall's <i>Sorrows of woman</i>, 313.&mdash;Books on Affairs at Vienna,
+314.&mdash;Travels of the Prince Valdimar, 314.&mdash;De Montbeillard on Spinosa, 314.&mdash;Joseph Russeger, 314.&mdash;Dr. Strauss, 314.&mdash;German Universities, 314.&mdash;Frau
+Pfieffer, the Traveller, 314.&mdash;Parisians sketched by Ferdinand Hiller, 314.&mdash;The Diplomats of Italy, 315.&mdash;A Parisian Willis, 315.&mdash;De Castro on the Spanish
+Protestants, 316.&mdash;Books on the Hungarian Matters, 316.&mdash;Literature in Bengal, 316.&mdash;Publications on the late Revolutions, at Turin and Florence, 317.&mdash;Pensions
+to Authors in France, 317.&mdash;MSS. by Louis XVI., 317.&mdash;Memoirs of Balzac, 317.&mdash;Quinet on a National Religion, 318.&mdash;New Life of Marie
+Stuart, 318.&mdash;Count Montalembert, 318.&mdash;English Biographies by Guizot, 319.&mdash;Romieu's <i>Spectre Rouge</i> de 1852, 319.&mdash;Novel by Count Jarnac, 319.&mdash;French
+inscriptions in Egypt, 319.&mdash;Saint Beauve and Mirabeau, 319.&mdash;Democratic Martyrs, 319.&mdash;Prosper Merimee on Ticknor's Spanish Literature, 320.&mdash;Innocence
+of M. Libri, 320.&mdash;The <i>Politique Nouvelle</i>, 320.&mdash;New Labors of Lamartine, 320.&mdash;An Assyrian Poet in Paris, 320.&mdash;The Edinburgh Review and The
+Leader on Cousin, 321.&mdash;Walter Savage Landor in Old Age, 321.&mdash;Moses Margoliouth, 321.&mdash;Publications of the Ecclesiastical History Society, 321.&mdash;The
+Life of Wordsworth, 322.&mdash;Blackwood on American Poets, 322.&mdash;Comte's new Calendar, 323.&mdash;Old Tracts against Romanism, 323.&mdash;The Scott Copyrights,
+323.&mdash;Mrs. Browning's new Poems, 323.&mdash;Mrs. Hentz's last Novel Dramatized, 323.&mdash;New Book on the United States, 323.&mdash;The Guild of Literature
+and Art, 324.&mdash;Rev. C. G. Finney's Works in England, 324.&mdash;Talvi, 324.&mdash;Mrs. Southworth's new Novel, 324.&mdash;Dr. Spring's last Work, 324.&mdash;Mrs.
+Sigourney, 324.&mdash;Henry Martyn, 324.&mdash;Algernon Sydney, 324.&mdash;New Volumes of Poems, 324.&mdash;Paria, by John E. Warren, 325.&mdash;Klopstock in Zurich, 458.&mdash;Wackernagel's
+History of German Literature, 458.&mdash;German Dictionary with Americanisms, 458.&mdash;Carl Heideloff's new Book in Architecture, 458.&mdash;Siebeck
+on Beauty in Gardening, 459.&mdash;Schafer's Life of Goethe, 459.&mdash;Franz Liszt, 459.&mdash;History of the Khalifs, by Weil, 459.&mdash;Von Rhaden's Reminiscences of a Military
+Career, 459.&mdash;Life of Baron Stein, 459.&mdash;Adalbert Kellar, 460.&mdash;Heeren and Uckert's Histories of the States of Europe, 460.&mdash;The Countess Spaur on
+Pius IX., 460.&mdash;Illustration of German Idioms, 460.&mdash;Last Book of the Countess Hahn-Hahn, 460.&mdash;"Intercourse with the departed by means of Magnetism,"
+460.&mdash;Languages in Russia, 461.&mdash;Professor Thiersch, 461.&mdash;"The Right of Love," a new German Drama, 461.&mdash;New German Travels in the United States,
+461.&mdash;Dr. Ernst Foster, 461.&mdash;New Work on the use of Stucco, 461.&mdash;Russian Novels and Poems, 461.&mdash;Captain Wilkes's Exploring Expedition and Taylor's
+Eldorado in German, 461.&mdash;Collection of Greek and Latin Physicians, 462.&mdash;Correspondence of Mirabeau, 462.&mdash;Louis Blanc's <i>Pius de Girondins</i>, 462.&mdash;Anecdote
+of Scribe, 462.&mdash;A Siamese Grammar, 462.&mdash;"The Death of Jesus," by Citizen Xavier Sauriac, 463.&mdash;Dufai's Satire on Socialist Women, 463.&mdash;Remains
+of Saint Martin, 463.&mdash;Documents respecting the Trial of Louis XVI., 463.&mdash;Another Book on the French Revolutions, 463.&mdash;Letters on the Turkish
+Empire by M. Ubicini, 463.&mdash;Collection of Sacred Moralists, 463.&mdash;M. Regnault's History, 463.&mdash;New Novel by Mery, 464.&mdash;French Revolutionary Portraits,
+464.&mdash;Swedish Version of "Vala," by Parke Godwin, 464.&mdash;An Epic by Lord Maidstone, 464.&mdash;A Defence of Ignorance, 464.&mdash;New Story by Dickens,
+464.&mdash;Thackeray's Lectures on British Humorists, 464.&mdash;Theodore S. Fay, 465.&mdash;Works Published by Mr. Hart, 465.&mdash;Carlyle's Life of Sterling, 465.&mdash;Historical
+Memoirs of Thomas H. Benton, 465.&mdash;New Life of Jefferson, 466.&mdash;Life of Margaret Fuller, by Emerson and Channing, 466.&mdash;The late Rev. Dr.
+Ogilby's Memoirs, 466.&mdash;Dr. Gilman on Edward Everett, 466.&mdash;W. Gilmore Simms, 466.&mdash;Works on "Women's Rights," 466.&mdash;Illness of Rev. Dr. Smyth,
+466.&mdash;New Novels, 467.&mdash;Miss Bremer, 467.&mdash;Vestiges of Civilization, 467.&mdash;Shocco Jones, 467.&mdash;Works in Press of Mr. Scribner, 467.&mdash;John Neal, 467.&mdash;Poems
+of Fanny Green, 467.&mdash;Ik. Marvel, 467.&mdash;Martin Farquhar Tupper, 467.&mdash;Dr. Holbrook, 467.&mdash;New Edition of "Margaret," 467.&mdash;Mr. Schoolcraft's Memoirs,
+467.&mdash;New Work by Mr. Melville, 467.&mdash;Col. Pickett's History of Alabama, 468.&mdash;Dr. Baird's Christian Retrospect, 469.&mdash;The Parthenon, 469.&mdash;Cardinal
+Wiseman's Lectures, 469.&mdash;Works of Walter Colton, 469.&mdash;History of the French Protestants, 469.&mdash;New Poems of Alice Carey, Boker, &amp;c., 470.<br />
+<br />
+Botello, Astonishing Adventures of James.&mdash;<i>By Dr. Mayo</i>, author of "Kaloolah,"      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Biography of a Bad Shilling,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Borrow, Real Adventures and Achievements of George,      <span class="linenum">183</span><br />
+<br />
+Butchers' Leap at Munich,      <span class="linenum">298</span><br />
+<br />
+Beautiful Streamlet and the Utilitarian, the      <span class="linenum">307</span><br />
+<br />
+Benevolent Institutions of New-York. (Illustrated.)      <span class="linenum">434</span><br />
+<br />
+Cooper, James Fenimore. (With a Portrait.)      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Calhoun, Powers's Statue of John C. (Illustrated.)       <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cocked Hats, A Supply of,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Costume of the Future,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Coleridge, Hartley and his Genius,      <span class="linenum">249</span><br />
+<br />
+Conspiracy of Pontiac,      <span class="linenum">440</span><br />
+<br />
+Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V.      <span class="linenum">376</span><br />
+<br />
+Crystal Palace, the. A Letter from London. (Illustrated.)      <span class="linenum">444</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span><br />
+Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V.,      <span class="linenum">520</span><br />
+<br />
+Doddridge, and some of his Friends,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Donkeys at Smithfield,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Duelling Two Hundred and Fifty Years Ago&mdash;<i>By Thomas Carlyle</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dog Alcibiades, the,&mdash;<i>By C. Astor Bristed</i>,      <span class="linenum">211</span><br />
+<br />
+Dewey, George W., and his Writings. (Portrait.)      <span class="linenum">286</span><br />
+<br />
+Dickens and Thackeray,      <span class="linenum">532</span><br />
+<br />
+Egyptian Antiquities, Preservation of      <span class="linenum">299</span><br />
+<br />
+Fashions. Ladies' (Illustrated.)      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_143">143</a>, 287, 429</span><br />
+<br />
+Fiddlers, Last of the,&mdash;<i>By Berthold Auerbach</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></span><br />
+<br />
+First Ship in the Niger.&mdash;<i>By W. A. Russell</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Faun over his Goblet.&mdash;<i>By R. H. Stoddard</i>,      <span class="linenum">184</span><br />
+<br />
+Festival upon the Neva,      <span class="linenum">357</span><br />
+<br />
+French Feuilletonistes upon London,      <span class="linenum">446</span><br />
+<br />
+Gibbon, an Inedited Letter of Edward,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Genlis, Madame de, and Madame de Stael,      <span class="linenum">392</span><br />
+<br />
+Glimpse of the Great Exhibition,      <span class="linenum">409</span><br />
+<br />
+Great Men's Wives,      <span class="linenum">413</span><br />
+<br />
+Grave of Grace Aguilar.&mdash;<i>By Mrs. S. C. Hall</i>,      <span class="linenum">513</span><br />
+<br />
+Hindostanee Newspapers. <i>The Flying Sheet of Benares</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Herbert Knowles: "The Three Tabernacles,"      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hogarth, William. (Six Engravings.)      <span class="linenum">149</span><br />
+<br />
+Hawthorne, Nathaniel. (Portrait.)      <span class="linenum">156</span><br />
+<br />
+Has there been a great Poet in the Nineteenth Century?      <span class="linenum">182</span><br />
+<br />
+Hat Reform: A Revolution in Head-Gear,      <span class="linenum">187</span><br />
+<br />
+Heart Whispers.&mdash;<i>By Mary E. Hewitt</i>,      <span class="linenum">200</span><br />
+<br />
+Herbert, Henry William. (Portrait, &amp;c.)      <span class="linenum">289</span><br />
+<br />
+Halleck, Fitz Greene. (A Portrait.)      <span class="linenum">433</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Historical Review of the Month</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>, 269, 423, 585</span><br />
+<br />
+Jews and Christians,      <span class="linenum">162</span><br />
+<br />
+Jesuit Relations: New Discoveries of MSS. in Rome,      <span class="linenum">185</span><br />
+<br />
+Jeffrey and Joanna Baillie,      <span class="linenum">312</span><br />
+<br />
+Kendall, George Wilkins. (Portrait.)      <span class="linenum">145</span><br />
+<br />
+Layard, Discoverer of Nineveh, to.&mdash;<i>By Walter Savage Landor</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Life in Persia in the Nineteenth Century,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Littleness of a Great People: Mr. Whitney,      <span class="linenum">161</span><br />
+<br />
+Leading Editors of Paris,      <span class="linenum">239</span><br />
+<br />
+Love.&mdash;<i>By John Critchly Prince</i>,      <span class="linenum">247</span><br />
+<br />
+Lyra, a Lament.&mdash;<i>By Alice Carey</i>,      <span class="linenum">253</span><br />
+<br />
+London Described by a Parisian,      <span class="linenum">306</span><br />
+<br />
+Lion in the Toils, the,&mdash;<i>By C. Astor Bristed</i>,      <span class="linenum">366</span><br />
+<br />
+Legend of St. Mary's,&mdash;<i>By Alice Carey</i>,      <span class="linenum">416</span><br />
+<br />
+Marcy, Dr., and Homoeopathy. (Portrait.)      <span class="linenum">429</span><br />
+<br />
+Mining under the Sea,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br />
+<br />
+My Novel.&mdash;<i>By Sir E. Bulwer Lytton</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>, 253, 399, 541.</span><br />
+<br />
+Marie Antoinette.&mdash;<i>By Lord Holland and Mr. Jefferson</i>,     <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Music.&mdash;<i>By Alfred B. Street</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Monte Leone.&mdash;<i>By H. De St. Georges</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_58">58</a>, 201, 346, 489.</span><br />
+<br />
+Modern Haroun Al Raschid,      <span class="linenum">245</span><br />
+<br />
+Man of Tact, the,      <span class="linenum">372</span><br />
+<br />
+Meeting of the Nations in Hyde Park.&mdash;<i>By W. M. Thackeray</i>,      <span class="linenum">330</span><br />
+<br />
+Mary Kingsford: a Police Sketch,      <span class="linenum">417</span><br />
+<br />
+Mayo, Dr., author of "Kaloolah." (Portrait.)      <span class="linenum">442</span><br />
+<br />
+Marie, Jeanne, and Lyrical Poetry in Germany,      <span class="linenum">457</span><br />
+<br />
+Nell Gwynne.&mdash;<i>By Mrs. S. C. Hall.</i> (Portrait and six other Illustrations.)      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Natural Revelation.&mdash;<i>By Alfred B. Street</i>,      <span class="linenum">200</span><br />
+<br />
+Nicholas Von der Flue.&mdash;<i>By the author of "Rural Hours,"</i>      <span class="linenum">472</span><br />
+<br />
+Old Maids, a Family of,      <span class="linenum">289</span><br />
+<br />
+Otsego Hall&mdash;Residence of J. F. Cooper. (Illustrated,)      <span class="linenum">285</span><br />
+<br />
+Our Phantom Ship among the Ice,      <span class="linenum">386</span><br />
+<br />
+Our Phantom Ship&mdash;Japan,      <span class="linenum">534</span><br />
+<br />
+Policarpa La Salvarietta, the Heroine of Colombia,      <span class="linenum">162</span><br />
+<br />
+Professional Devotion in a Lawyer,      <span class="linenum">188</span><br />
+<br />
+Paganini, Anecdotes of,      <span class="linenum">237</span><br />
+<br />
+Prospects of African Colonization,      <span class="linenum">397</span><br />
+<br />
+Politeness in Paris and London.&mdash;<i>By Sir Henry Bulwer, K.C.B.</i>,      <span class="linenum">363</span><br />
+<br />
+Physiology of Intemperance,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Prophecy.&mdash;<i>By Alice Carey</i>,      <span class="linenum">244</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Recent Deaths</i>:&mdash;(Portrait of Joanna Baillie.)&mdash;Viscount Gardinville, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.&mdash;Rev. Dr. Ogilby, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.&mdash;George Thompson, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.&mdash;The Emir Bechir, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.&mdash;Dr.
+Leuret, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.&mdash;M. Kockkoek, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.&mdash;Joanna Baillie, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.&mdash;Spontini, the Composer, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.&mdash;Charles Coqurel, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.&mdash;Col. George Williams, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.&mdash;Charles Matthew
+Sander, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.&mdash;Lord Bexley, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.&mdash;John Pye Smith, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.&mdash;Samuel Farmer Jarvis, D.D., LL.D., 279.&mdash;Judge Burnside, 279.&mdash;Ex-Governor Isaac Hill, 280.&mdash;Judge
+Daggett, 231.&mdash;Major James Rees, 281.&mdash;M. M. Noah, 282.&mdash;John S. Skinner, 282.&mdash;Major General Brooke, 282.&mdash;F. Gottlieb Hand, 282.&mdash;M. Jacobi,
+282.&mdash;Hans Christian Oersted, 283.&mdash;Henri Delatouche, 283&mdash;Madame de Sermetz, 284.&mdash;Marshal Dode de la Bruniere, 284.&mdash;M. Maillau, 284.&mdash;Dr.
+Henry de Breslau, 284.&mdash;Commissioner Lin, 284.&mdash;John Louis Yanoski, 284.&mdash;Count d'Hozier, 284.&mdash;George Brentano, 284.&mdash;Francis Xavier Fernbach,
+284.&mdash;Jules Martien, 284.&mdash;Captain Cunningham, 428.&mdash;John Henning, 428.&mdash;Padre Rozavan, 428.&mdash;Prince Wittgenstein, 428.&mdash;Lord Langdale, 428.&mdash;E. J. Roberts,
+428,&mdash;Professor Wahlenberg, 428.&mdash;Philip Hone, Archbishop Eccleston, Gen. Brady, 428.&mdash;Dr. Samuel George Morton, 563.&mdash;Richard Lalor Shiel, 563.&mdash;Richard
+Phillips, 565.&mdash;Dowton, the Comedian, 565.&mdash;Admiral Codrington, 565.&mdash;Lord Chancellor Cottenham, 565.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Record of Scientific Discovery</i>&mdash;Photography, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.&mdash;London Society of Arts, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.&mdash;Barry <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.&mdash;Gold, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.&mdash;Light and Heat, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.&mdash;Chinese Coal, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.&mdash;Water
+of the Ocean, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.&mdash;The Asteroids, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.&mdash;Shooting Stars, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.&mdash;Geology of Spain, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.&mdash;Scientific Researches in Abyssinia, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.&mdash;New Motors, 276.&mdash;Water
+Gas, 276.&mdash;Improvements in the Steam Engine, 276,&mdash;New Applications of Zinc, &amp;c., 276.&mdash;New Adaptation of Lithography, 276.&mdash;Annual of Scientific
+Discovery, 276.&mdash;Oxygen from Atmospheric Ari, 277.&mdash;Whitened Camera for Photography, 277.&mdash;M. Laborde on Photography, 277.&mdash;Abich on the Country
+near the Black Sea, 277.&mdash;D'Hericourt on African Discoveries, 277.&mdash;Enormous Fossil Eggs, 277.&mdash;Papers by Leverrier and others before the Paris Academy
+of Sciences, 278.&mdash;Barth and Overweg in Africa, 278.&mdash;General Radowitz on Philology, 278.&mdash;Latour, on Artificial Coal, 278&mdash;Scientific Congress at Paris,
+278.&mdash;Experiments at the Porcelain Factories in Sevres, 279.&mdash;Captain Purnell on Ship Cisterns, 279.&mdash;Electric Sun at Gotha, 279.&mdash;Letter from Professor
+Morse on the Hillotype, 566.&mdash;Professor Blume and the French Academy, 566.<br />
+<br />
+Rotation of the Earth. (Illustrated.)      <span class="linenum">296</span><br />
+<br />
+Shelley, Memoir of the late Mrs. Percy Bysshe,     <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Shakspeare, Mr. Hudson's New Edition of,     <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br />
+<br />
+"Stones of Venice," the,&mdash;<i>By John Ruskin</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Story Without a Name.&mdash;<i>By G. P. R. James</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>, 189, 333, 477.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sweden, Sketches of Life in,      <span class="linenum">450</span><br />
+<br />
+Sorcery and Magic, History of      <span class="linenum">247</span><br />
+<br />
+Snowdrop in the Snow.&mdash;<i>By Sydney Yendys</i>,      <span class="linenum">201</span><br />
+<br />
+Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, and his Works. (Portrait.)      <span class="linenum">300</span><br />
+<br />
+Second Wife, or the Tables Turned,      <span class="linenum">331</span><br />
+<br />
+Smuggler Malgre Lui, the,      <span class="linenum">394</span><br />
+<br />
+Sorel, Agnes, True History of&mdash;<i>By R. H. Horne</i>,      <span class="linenum">396</span><br />
+<br />
+Strauss, Dr. David, in Weimar,      <span class="linenum">410</span><br />
+<br />
+Schalken, the Painter: A Ghost Story,      <span class="linenum">449</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span><br />
+Scenes at Malmaison,      <span class="linenum">504</span><br />
+<br />
+Transformation: A Tale.&mdash;<i>By the late Mrs. Shelley</i>,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Thurlow, Lord, and his Terrible Swearing,      <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Twin Sisters.&mdash;<i>By Wilkie Collins</i>,      <span class="linenum">221</span><br />
+<br />
+Trenton Falls.&mdash;<i>By N. P. Willis.</i> Four Engravings,      <span class="linenum">292</span><br />
+<br />
+Tobacco,      <span class="linenum">311</span><br />
+<br />
+Washington. (Two Engravings.)      <span class="linenum">146</span><br />
+<br />
+Wilfulness of Woman.&mdash;<i>By the late Mrs. Osgood</i>,      <span class="linenum">188</span><br />
+<br />
+Wreck of the Old French Aristocracy,      <span class="linenum">373</span><br />
+<br />
+Walpole's Opinions of his Contemporaries,      <span class="linenum">488</span><br />
+<br />
+"Work Away,"      <span class="linenum">533</span><br />
+<br />
+Yeast: A Problem.&mdash;<i>By the author of "Alton Locke,"</i>      <span class="linenum">160</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h1>THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+<h3><i>Of Literature, Art, and Science.</i></h3>
+
+
+<h2>Vol. III&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NEW-YORK.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;APRIL 1, 1851. No. I</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>JAMES FENIMORE COOPER.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/image1.jpg" width="400" height="336" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The readers of the <i>International</i> have in the above engraving, from a
+Daguerreotype by Brady, the best portrait ever published of an
+illustrious countryman of ours, who, as a novelist, take him all in all,
+is entitled to precedence of every other now living. "With what amazing
+power," exclaims Balzac, in the <i>Revue de Paris</i>, "has he painted
+nature! how all his pages glow with creative fire! Who is there writing
+English among our contemporaries, if not of him, of whom it can be said
+that he has a genius of the first order?" And the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>
+says, "The empire of the sea, has been conceded to him by acclamation;"
+that, "in the lonely desert or untrodden prairie, among the savage
+Indians or scarcely less savage settlers, all equally acknowledge his
+dominion. 'Within this circle none dares walk but he.'" And Christopher
+North, in the <i>Noctes</i>: "He writes like a hero!" And beyond the limits
+of his own country, every where, the great critics assign him a place
+among the foremost of the illustrious authors of the age. In each of the
+departments of romantic, fiction in which he has written, he has had
+troops of imitators, and in not one of them an equal. Writing not from
+books, but from nature, his descriptions, incidents, and characters, are
+as fresh as the fields of his triumphs. His Harvey Birch, Leather
+Stocking, Long Tom Coffin, and other heroes, rise before the mind, each
+in his clearly defined and peculiar lineaments, as striking original
+<i>creations</i>, as actual persons. His infinitely varied descriptions of
+the ocean, ships gliding like beings of the air upon its surface, vast
+solitary wildernesses, and indeed all his delineations of nature, are
+instinct with the breath of poetry; he is both the Horace Vernet and the
+Claude Lorraine of novelists; and through all his works are sentiments
+of genuine courtesy and honor, and an unobtrusive and therefore more
+powerful assertion of natural rights and dignity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Cooper</span>, the emigrant ancestor of <span class="smcap">James Fenimore Cooper</span>, arrived
+in this country in 1679, and settled at Burlington, New Jersey. He
+immediately took an active part in public affairs, and his name appears
+in the list of members of the Colonial Legislature for 1681. In 1687, or
+subsequent to the establishment of Penn at Philadelphia, he obtained a
+grant of land opposite the new city, extending several miles along the
+margin of the Delaware and the tributary stream which has since borne
+the name of Cooper's Creek. The branch of the family to which the
+novelist belongs removed more than a century since into Pennsylvania, in
+which state his father was born. He married early, and while a young man
+established himself at a hamlet in Burlington county, New Jersey, which
+continues to be known by his name, and afterward in the city of
+Burlington. Having become possessed of extensive tracts of land on the
+border of Otsego Lake, in central New-York, he began the settlement of
+his estate there in the autumn of 1785, and in the following spring
+erected the first house in Cooperstown. From this time until 1790 Judge
+Cooper resided alternately at Cooperstown and Burlington, keeping up an
+establishment at both places. James Fenimore Cooper was born at
+Burlington on the fifteenth of September, 1789, and in the succeeding
+year was carried to the new home of his family, of which he is now
+proprietor.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Cooper being a member of the Congress, which then held its
+sessions in Philadelphia, his family remained much of the time at
+Burlington, where our author, when but six years of age, commenced under
+a private tutor of some eminence his classical education. In 1800 he
+became an inmate of the family of Rev. Thomas Ellison, Rector of St
+Peter's, in Albany, who had fitted for the university three of his elder
+brothers, and on the death of that accomplished teacher was sent to New
+Haven, where he completed his preparatory studies. He entered Yale
+College at the beginning of the second term of 1802. Among his
+classmates were John A. Collier, Judge Cushman, and the late Justice
+Sutherland of New-York, Judge Bissel of Connecticut, Colonel James
+Gadsden of Florida, and several others who afterwards became eminent in
+various professions. John C. Calhoun was at the time a resident
+graduate, and Judge William Jay of Bedford, who had been his room-mate
+at Albany, entered the class below him. The late James A. Hillhouse
+originally entered the same class with Mr. Cooper; there was very little
+difference in their ages, both having been born in the same month, and
+both being much too young to be thrown into the arena of college life.
+Hillhouse was judiciously withdrawn for this reason until the succeeding
+year, leaving Cooper the youngest student in the college; he, however,
+maintained a respectable position, and in the ancient languages
+particularly had no superior in his class.</p>
+
+<p>In 1805 he quitted the college, and obtaining a midshipman's warrant,
+entered the navy. His frank, generous, and daring nature made him a
+favorite, and admirably fitted him for the service, in which he would
+unquestionably have obtained the highest honors had he not finally made
+choice of the ease and quiet of the life of a private gentleman. After
+six years afloat&mdash;six years not unprofitably passed, since they gave him
+that knowledge of maritime affairs which enabled him subsequently,
+almost without an effort, to place himself at the head of all the
+writers who in any period have attempted the description of the sea&mdash;he
+resigned his office, and on the first day of January, 1811, was married
+to Miss De Lancey, a sister of the present Bishop of the Diocese of
+Western New-York, and a descendant of one of the oldest and most
+influential families in America.</p>
+
+<p>Before removing to Cooperstown he resided a short time in Westchester,
+near New-York, and here he commenced his career as an author. His first
+book was <i>Precaution</i>. It was undertaken under circumstances purely
+accidental, and published under great disadvantages. Its success was
+moderate, though far from contemptible. It is a ludicrous evidence of
+the value of critical opinion in this country, that <i>Precaution</i> was
+thought to discover so much knowledge of <i>English</i> society, as to raise
+a question whether its alleged author could have written it. More
+reputation for this sort of knowledge accrued to Mr. Cooper from
+<i>Precaution</i> than from his subsequent real work on England. It was
+republished in London, and passed for an English novel.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Spy</i> followed. No one will dispute the success of <i>The Spy</i>. It was
+almost immediately republished in all parts of Europe. The novelty of an
+American book of this character probably contributed to give it
+circulation. It is worthy of remark that all our own leading periodicals
+looked coldly upon it; though the country did not. The <i>North American
+Review</i>&mdash;ever unwilling to do justice to Mr. Cooper&mdash;had a very
+ill-natured notice of it, professing to place the <i>New England Tale</i> far
+above it! In spite of such shallow criticism, however, the book was
+universally popular. It was decidedly the best historical romance then
+written by an American; not without faults, indeed, but with a fair
+plot, clearly and strongly drawn characters, and exhibiting great
+boldness and originality of conception. Its success was perhaps decisive
+of Mr. Cooper's career, and it gave an extraordinary impulse to
+literature in the country. More than any thing that had before occurred,
+it roused the people from their feeling of intellectual dependence. The
+popularity of <i>The Spy</i> has been so universal, that there is scarcely a
+written language into which it is not translated. In 1847 it appeared in
+<i>Persian</i> at Ispahan.</p>
+
+<p>In 1823 appeared <i>The Pioneers</i>. This book has passages of masterly
+description, and is as fresh as a landscape from another world; but it
+seems to me that it has always had a reputation partly factitious. It is
+the poorest of the Leather Stocking tales, nor was its success either
+marked or spontaneous. Still, it was very well received, though it was
+thought to be a proof that the author was written out. With this book
+commenced the absurdity of saying Mr. Cooper introduced family traits
+and family history into his novels. How little of truth there is in this
+supposition Mr. Cooper has explained in his revised edition, published
+the present year.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Pilot</i> succeeded. The success of <i>The Pilot</i> was at first a little
+doubtful in this country; but England gave it a reputation which it
+still maintains. It is due to Boston to say that its popularity in the
+United States was first manifested there. I say <i>due</i> to Boston, not
+from considerations of merit in the book, but because, for some reason,
+praise for Mr. Cooper, from New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> England, has been so rare. The <i>North
+American Review</i> took credit to itself for magnanimity in saying some of
+his works had been rendered into French, when they were a part of every
+literature of Europe. America, it is often said, has no original
+literature. Where can the model of The Pilot be found? I know of nothing
+which could have suggested it but the following fact, which was related
+to me in a conversation with Mr. Cooper. The Pirate had been published a
+short time before. Talking with the late Charles Wilkes, of New-York&mdash;a
+man of taste and judgment&mdash;our author heard extolled the universal
+knowledge of Scott, and the sea portions of The Pirate cited as a proof.
+He laughed at the idea, as most seamen would, and the discussion ended
+by his promising to write a sea story which could be read by landsmen,
+while seamen should feel its truth. The Pilot was the fruit of that
+conversation. It is one of the most remarkable novels of the time, and
+every where obtained instant and high applause.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lionel Lincoln</i> followed. This was a second attempt to embody history
+in an American work of fiction. It failed, and perhaps justly; yet it
+contains one of the nicest delineations of character in Mr. Cooper's
+works. I know of no instance in which the distinction between a maniac
+and an idiot is so admirably drawn; the setting was bad, however, and
+the picture was not examined.</p>
+
+<p>In 1826 came <i>The Last of the Mohicans</i>. This book succeeded from the
+first, and all over Christendom. It has strong parts and weak parts, but
+it was purely original, and originality always occupies the ground. In
+this respect it is like The Pilot.</p>
+
+<p>After the publication of The Last of The Mohicans, Mr. Cooper went to
+Europe, where his reputation was already well established as one of the
+greatest writers of romantic fiction which our age, more prolific in men
+of genius than any other, had produced. The first of his works after he
+left his native country was <i>The Prairie</i>. Its success every where was
+decided and immediate. By the French and English critics it has been
+deemed the best of his stories of Indian life. It has one leading fault,
+however, that of introducing any character superior to the family of the
+squatter. Of this fault Mr. Cooper was himself aware before he finished
+the work; but as he wrote and printed simultaneously, it was not easy to
+correct it. In this book, notwithstanding, Natty Bumpo is quite up to
+his mark, and is surpassed only in The Pathfinder. The reputation of The
+Prairie, like that of The Pioneers, is in a large degree owing to the
+opinions of the reviews; it is always a fault in a book that appeals to
+human sympathies, that it fails with the multitude. In what relates to
+taste, the multitude is of no great authority; but in all that is
+connected with feeling, they are the highest; and for this simple
+reason, that as man becomes sophisticated he deviates from nature, the
+only true source of all our sympathies. Our feelings are doubtless
+improved by refinement, and vice versa; but their roots are struck in
+the human heart, and what fails to touch the heart, in these
+particulars, fails, while that which does touch it, succeeds. The
+perfection of this sort of writing is that which pleases equally the
+head and the heart.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Red Rover</i> followed The Prairie. Its success surpassed that of any
+of its predecessors. It was written and printed in Paris, and all in a
+few months. Its merits and its reception prove the accuracy of those
+gentlemen who allege that "Mr. Cooper never wrote a successful book
+after he left the United States." It is certainly a stronger work than
+The Pilot, though not without considerable faults.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish</i> was the next novel. The author I believe
+regards this and Lionel Lincoln as the poorest of his works. It met with
+no great success.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Water Witch</i> succeeded, but is inferior to any of the other
+nautical tales. It was the first attempt by Mr. Cooper&mdash;the first by any
+author&mdash;to lay the scene of a tale of witchcraft on the coast of
+America. It has more imagination than any other of Mr. Cooper's works,
+but the blending of the real with the ideal was in some parts a little
+incongruous. The Water Witch was written in Italy and first printed in
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Of all Americans who ever visited Europe, Mr. Cooper contributed most to
+our country's good reputation. His high character made him every where
+welcome; there was no circle, however aristocratic or distinguished, in
+which, if he appeared in it, he was not observed of all observers; and
+he had the somewhat singular merit of <i>never forgetting that he was an
+American</i>. Halleck, in his admirable poem of Red Jacket, says well of
+him:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Cooper</span>, whose name is with his country's woven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">First in her fields, her pioneer of mind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>A wanderer now in other lands, has proven</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>His love for the young land he left behind.</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>After having been in Europe about two years he published his <i>Notions of
+the Americans</i>, in which he "endeavored to repel some of the hostile
+opinions of the other hemisphere, and to turn the tables on those who at
+that time most derided and calumniated us." It contained some
+unimportant errors, from having been written at a distance from
+necessary documentary materials, but was altogether as just as it was
+eloquent in vindication of our institutions, manners, and history. It
+shows how warm was his patriotism; how fondly, while receiving from
+strangers an homage withheld from him at home, he remembered the scenes
+of his first trials and triumphs, and how ready he was to sacrifice
+personal popularity and profit in defence of his country.</p>
+
+<p>He was not only the first to defend and to praise America, but the first
+to whom appeals were made for information in regard to her by statesmen
+who felt an interest in our destiny. Following the revolution of the
+Three Days, in Paris, a fierce controversy took place between the
+absolutists, the republicans, and the constitutionalists. Among the
+subjects introduced in the Chambers was the comparative cheapness of our
+system of government; the absolutists asserting that the people of the
+United States paid more direct and indirect taxes than the French. La
+Fayette appealed to Mr. Cooper, who entered the arena, and though, from
+his peculiar position, at a heavy pecuniary loss, and the danger of
+incurring yet greater misfortunes, by a masterly <i>expos&eacute;</i> silenced at
+once the popular falsehoods. So in all places, circumstances, and times,
+he was the "<i>American</i> in Europe," as jealous of his country's
+reputation as his own.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after, he published <i>The Bravo</i>, the success of which was
+very great: probably equal to that of The Red Rover. It is one of the
+best, if not the very best of the works Mr. Cooper had then written.
+Although he selected a foreign scene on this occasion, no one of his
+works is more American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> in its essential character. It was designed not
+only to extend the democratical principle abroad, but to confirm his
+countrymen in the opinion that nations "cannot be governed by an
+irresponsible minority without involving a train of nearly intolerable
+abuses." It gave aristocracy some hits, which aristocracy gave back
+again. The best notice which appeared of it was in the famous Paris
+gazette entitled <i>Figaro</i>, before Figaro was bought out by the French
+government. The change from the biting wit which characterized this
+periodical, to the grave sentiment of such an article, was really
+touching, and added an indescribable grace to the remarks.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Heidenmaur</i> followed. It is impossible for one to understand this
+book who has not some acquaintance with the scenes and habits described.
+It was not very successful.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Headsman of Berne</i> did much better. It is inferior to The Bravo,
+though not so clashing to aristocracy. It met with very respectable
+success. It was the last of Mr. Cooper's novels written in Europe, and
+for some years the last of a political character.</p>
+
+<p>The first work which Mr. Cooper published after his return to the United
+States was <i>A Letter to his Countrymen</i>. They had yielded him but a
+hesitating applause until his praise came back from Europe; and when the
+tone of foreign criticism was changed, by acts and opinions of his which
+should have banded the whole American press for his defence, he was
+assailed here in articles which either echoed the tone, or were actual
+translations of attacks upon him by foreigners. The custom peculiar to
+this country of "quoting the opinions of foreign nations by way of
+helping to make up its own estimate of the degree of merit which belongs
+to its public men," is treated in this letter with caustic and just
+severity, and shown to be "destructive of those sentiments of
+self-respect and of that manliness and independence of thought, that are
+necessary to render a people great or a nation respectable." The
+controlling influence of foreign ideas over our literature, fashions,
+and even politics, are illustrated by the manner in which he was himself
+treated, and by what he considers the English doctrines which have been
+broached in the speeches of many of our statesmen. It is a frank and
+honest book, which was unnecessary as a vindication of Mr. Cooper, but
+was called for by the existence of the abuse against which it was
+chiefly directed, though it seems to have had little effect upon it. Of
+the political opinions it contains I have no more to say than that I do
+not believe in their correctness.</p>
+
+<p>It was followed by <i>The Monikins</i>, a political satire, which was a
+failure.</p>
+
+<p>The next publications of Mr. Cooper were his <i>Gleanings in Europe</i>.
+<i>Sketches in Switzerland</i>, first and second series, each in two volumes,
+appeared in 1836, and none of his works contain more striking and vivid
+descriptions of nature, or more agreeable views of character and
+manners. It was followed by similar works on France, Italy, and England.
+All of these were well received, notwithstanding an independence of tone
+which is rarely popular, and some absurdities, as, for example, the
+imputations upon the American Federalists, in the Sketches of
+Switzerland. The book on England excited most attention, and was
+reviewed in that country with as much asperity as if its own travellers
+were not proverbially the most shameless libellers that ever abused the
+hospitality of nations. Altogether the ten volumes which compose this
+series may be set down as the most intelligent and philosophical books
+of travels which have been written by our countrymen.</p>
+
+<p><i>The American Democrat, or Hints on the Social and Civil Relations of
+the United States of America</i>, was published in 1835. The design is
+stated to be, "to make a commencement toward a more just discrimination
+between truth and prejudice." It is essentially a good book on the
+virtues and vices of American character.</p>
+
+<p>For a considerable time Mr. Cooper had entertained an intention of
+writing <i>The History of the Navy of the United Stated</i>, and his early
+experience, his studies, his associations, and above all the peculiar
+felicity of his style when treating of nautical affairs, warranted the
+expectation that his work would be a solid and brilliant contribution to
+our historical literature. It appeared in two octavo volumes in 1839,
+and reached a second edition in 1840, and a third in 1846.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> The public
+had no reason to be disappointed; great diligence had been used in the
+collection of materials; every subject connected with the origin and
+growth of our national marine had been carefully investigated, and the
+result was presented in the most authentic and attractive form. Yet a
+warm controversy soon arose respecting Mr. Cooper's account of the
+battle of Lake Erie, and in pamphlets, reviews, and newspapers, attempts
+were made to show that he had done injustice to the American commander
+in that action. The multitude rarely undertake particular
+investigations; and the attacks upon Mr. Cooper, conducted with a
+virulence for which it would be difficult to find any cause in the
+History, assuming the form of vindications of a brave and popular
+deceased officer, produced an impression so deep and so general that he
+was compelled to defend the obnoxious passages, which he did
+triumphantly in a small volume entitled <i>The Battle of Lake Erie, or
+Answers to Messrs. Burgess, Duer, and Mackenzie</i>, published in 1843, and
+in the notes to the last edition of his Naval History. Those who read
+the whole controversy will perceive that Mr. Cooper was guided by the
+authorities most entitled to the consideration of an historian, and that
+in his answers he has demonstrated the correctness of his statements and
+opinions; and they will perhaps be astonished that he in the first place
+gave so little cause for dissatisfaction on the part of the friends of
+Commodore Perry. Besides the Naval History and the essays to which it
+gave rise, Mr. Cooper has published, in two volumes, <i>The Lives of
+American Naval Officers</i>, a work of the highest merit in its department,
+every life being written with conciseness yet fulness, and with great
+care in regard to facts; and in the Democratic Review has published an
+unanswerable reply to the attacks upon the American marine by James and
+other British historians.</p>
+
+<p>The first novel published by Mr. Cooper after his return to the United
+States was <i>Homeward Bound</i>. The two generic characters of the book,
+however truly they may represent individuals, have no resemblance to
+classes. There may be Captain Trucks, and there certainly are Steadfast
+Dodges, but the officers of the American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> merchant service are in no
+manner or degree inferior to Europeans of the same pursuits and grade;
+and with all the abuses of the freedom of the press here, our newspapers
+are not worse than those of Great Britain in the qualities for which Mr.
+Cooper arraigns them. The opinions expressed of New-York society in
+<i>Home as Found</i> are identical with those in <i>Notions of the Americans</i>,
+a work almost as much abused for its praise of this country as was <i>Home
+as Found</i> for its censure, and most men of refinement and large
+observation seem disposed to admit their correctness. This is no doubt
+the cause of the feeling it excited, for a <i>nation</i> never gets in a
+passion at misrepresentation. It is a miserable country that cannot look
+down a falsehood, even from a native.</p>
+
+<p>The next novel was <i>The Pathfinder</i>. It is a common opinion that this
+work deserves success; more than any Mr. Cooper has written. I have
+heard Mr. Cooper say that in his own judgment the claim lay between <i>The
+Pathfinder</i> and <i>The Deerslayer</i>, but for myself I confess a preference
+for the sea novels. Leather Stocking appears to more advantage in <i>The
+Pathfinder</i> than in any other book, and in <i>Deerslayer</i> next. In <i>The
+Pathfinder</i> we have him presented in the character of a lover, and
+brought in contact with such characters as he associates with in no
+other stages of his varied history, though they are hardly less
+favorites with the author. The scene of the novel being the great fresh
+water seas of the interior, sailors, Indians, and hunters, are so
+grouped together, that every kind of novel-writing in which he has been
+most successful is combined in one complete fiction, one striking
+exhibition of his best powers. Had it been written by some unknown
+author, probably the country would have hailed him as much superior to
+Mr. Cooper.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mercedes of Castile</i>, a Romance of the Days of Columbus, came next. It
+may be set down as a failure. The necessity of following facts that had
+become familiar, and which had so lately possessed the novelty of
+fiction, was too much for any writer.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Deerslayer</i> was written after Mercedes and The Pathfinder, and was
+very successful. Hetty Hunter is perhaps the best female character Mr.
+Cooper has drawn, though her sister is generally preferred. The
+Deerslayer was the last written of the "Leather Stocking Tales," having
+come out in 1841, nineteen years after the appearance of The Pioneers in
+1822. Arranged according to the order of events, The Deerslayer should
+be the first of this remarkable series, followed by The Last of the
+Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Two Admirals</i> followed The Deerslayer. This book in some respects
+stands at the head of the nautical tales. Its fault is dealing with too
+important events to be thrown so deep into fiction; but this is a fault
+that may be pardoned in a romance. Mr. Cooper has written nothing in
+description, whether of sea or land, that surpasses either of the battle
+scenes of this work; especially that part of the first where the French
+ship is captured. The Two Admirals appeared at an unfortunate time, but
+it was nevertheless successful.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wing-and-Wing, or Le Feu Follet</i>, was published in 1842. The interest
+depends chiefly upon the man&oelig;uvres by which a French privateer
+escapes capture by an English frigate. Some of its scenes are among Mr.
+Cooper's best, but altogether it is inferior to several of his nautical
+novels.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wyandotte, or the Hutted Knoll</i>, in its general features resembles The
+Pathfinder and The Deerslayer. The female characters are admirable, and
+but for the opinion, believed by some, from its frequent repetition,
+that Mr. Cooper is incapable of depicting a woman, Maud Meredith would
+be regarded as among the very first class of such portraitures.</p>
+
+<p>Next came the <i>Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief</i>, in one volume.
+It is a story of fashionable life in New-York, in some respects peculiar
+among Mr. Cooper's works, and was decidedly successful. It appeared
+originally in a monthly magazine, and was the first of his novels
+printed in this manner.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ned Myers</i>, in one volume, which followed in the same year, is a
+genuine biography, though it was commonly regarded as a fiction.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning of 1844 Mr. Cooper published <i>Ashore and Afloat</i>, and a
+few months afterward <i>Miles Wallingford</i>, a sequel to that tale. They
+have the remarkable minuteness yet boldness of description, and dramatic
+skill of narration, which render the impressions he produces so deep and
+lasting. They were as widely read as any of his recent productions.</p>
+
+<p>The extraordinary state of things which for several years has disgraced
+a part of the state of New-York, where, with unblushing effrontery, the
+tenants of several large proprietors have refused to pay rents, and
+claimed, without a shadow of right, to be absolute possessors of the
+soil, gave just occasion of alarm to the intelligent friends of our
+institutions; and this alarm increased, when it was observed that the
+ruffianism of the "anti-renters," as they are styled, was looked upon by
+many persons of respectable social positions with undisguised approval.
+Mr. Cooper addressed himself to the exposure and correction of the evil,
+in a series of novels, purporting to be edited from the manuscripts of a
+family named Littlepage; and in the preface to the first of these,
+entitled <i>Satanstoe, a Tale of the Colony</i>, published in 1845, announces
+his intention of treating it with the utmost freedom, and declares his
+opinion, that the "existence of true liberty among us, the perpetuity of
+our institutions, and the safety of public morals, are all dependent on
+putting down, wholly, absolutely, and unqualifiedly, the false and
+dishonest theories and statements that have been advanced in connection
+with this subject." Satanstoe presents a vivid picture of the early
+condition of colonial New-York. The time is from 1737 to the close of
+the memorable campaign in which the British were so signally defeated at
+Ticonderoga. <i>Chainbearer</i>, the second of the series, tracing the family
+history through the Revolution, also appeared in 1845, and the last,
+<i>The Red Skins</i>, story of the present day, in 1846. "This book," says
+the author, in his preface, "closes the series of the Littlepage
+manuscripts, which have been given to the world as containing a fair
+account of the comparative sacrifices of time, money, and labor, made
+respectively by the landlord and the tenants, on a New-York estate,
+together with the manner in which usages and opinions are changing among
+us, and the causes of these changes." These books, in which the most
+important practical truths are stated, illustrated and enforced, in a
+manner equally familiar and powerful, were received by the educated and
+right-minded with a degree of favor that showed the soundness of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+common mind beyond the crime-infected districts, and their influence
+will add to the evidences of the value of the novel as a means of
+upholding principles in art, literature, morals and politics.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak</i>, followed in 1847. It is a story of the
+Pacific, embracing some of Mr. Cooper's finest sea pictures, but
+altogether is not so interesting as the average of his nautical tales.</p>
+
+<p><i>Oak Openings, or the Bee-Hunter</i>, came next. It has the merits
+characteristic of his Indian novels, masterly scene-painting, and
+decided individuality in the persons introduced.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jack Tier, or the Florida Reef</i>, appeared in 1848, and is one of the
+best of the sea stories. The chief character is a woman, deserted by a
+half smuggler, half buccaneer, whom she joins in the disguise of a
+sailor, and accompanies undiscovered during a cruise. In vividness of
+painting and dramatic interest it has rank with the Red Rover and The
+Pilot.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Sea Lions, or the Lost Sealers</i>, was published in 1849. It deals to
+some extent in metaphysics, and its characters are for the most part of
+humble conditions. It has more of domestic life than any of the other
+nautical pieces.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1850 came out <i>The Ways of the Hour</i>, the last of this
+long series of more than thirty novels, and like the Littlepage MSS. it
+was devoted to the illustration of social and political evils, having
+for its main subject the constitution and office of juries. In other
+works Mr. Cooper appears as a conservative; in this as a destructive.
+The book is ingenious and able, but has not been very successful.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850 Mr. Cooper came out for the first time as a dramatic writer, in
+a comedy performed at Burton's theatre in New-York. A want of practice
+in writing for the stage prevented a perfect adaptation of his piece for
+this purpose, but it was conceded to be remarkable for wit and satirical
+humor. He has now in press a work illustrative of the social history and
+condition of New-York, which will be published during the summer by Mr.
+Putnam, who from time to time is giving to the public the previous works
+of Mr. Cooper, with his final revisions, and such notes and
+introductions as are necessary for the new generation of readers. The
+Leather Stocking Tales, constituting one of the great works to be ranked
+hereafter with the chief masterpieces of prose fiction in the literature
+of the world, are among the volumes now printed.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be denied that Mr. Cooper is personally unpopular, and the
+fact is suggestive of one of the chief evils in our social condition. In
+a previous number of this magazine we have asserted the ability and
+eminently honorable character of a large class of American journals. The
+spirit of another class, also in many instances conducted with ability,
+is altogether bad and base; jealous, detracting, suspicious, "delighting
+to deprave;" betraying a familiarity with low standards in mind and
+morals, and a consciousness habituated to interested views and sordid
+motives; degrading every thing that wears the appearance of greatness,
+sometimes by plain denial and insolent contempt, and sometimes by
+wretched innuendo and mingled lie and sophistry; effectually dissipating
+all the romance of character, and all the enthusiasm of life; hating
+dignity, having no sympathies with goodness, insensible to the very
+existence of honor as a spring of human conduct; treating patriotism and
+disinterestedness with an elaborate sneer, and receiving the suggestions
+of duty with a horse-laugh. There is a difference not easily to be
+mistaken between the lessening of men which is occasioned by the
+loftiness of the platform whence the observation is made, and that which
+is produced by the malignant envy of the observer; between the gloomy
+judicial ferocity of a Pope or a Tacitus, and the villain levity which
+revels in the contemplation of imputed faults, or that fiendishness of
+feeling which gloats and howls over the ruins of reputations which
+itself has stabbed.</p>
+
+<p>For a few years after Mr. Cooper's return from Europe, he was repeatedly
+urged by his friends to put a stop to the libels of newspapers by an
+appeal to the law; but he declined. He perhaps supposed that the common
+sense of the people would sooner or later discover and right the wrong
+that was done to him by those who, without the slightest justification,
+invaded the sacredest privacies of his life for subjects of public
+observation. He finally decided, at the end of five years after his
+return, to appeal to the tribunals, in every case in which any thing not
+by himself submitted to public criticism, in his works, should be
+offensively treated, within the limits of the state of New-York. Some
+twenty suits were brought by him, and his course was amply vindicated by
+unanimous verdicts in his behalf. But the very conduct to which the
+press had compelled him was made a cause of ungenerous prejudices. He
+has never objected to the widest latitude or extremest severity in
+criticisms of his writings, but simply contended that the author should
+be let alone. With him, individually, the public had nothing to do. In
+the case of a public officer, slanders may be lived down, but a literary
+man, in his retirement, has no such means of vindication; his only
+appeal is to the laws, and if they afford no protection in such cases,
+the name of law is contemptible.</p>
+
+<p>I enter here upon no discussion of the character of the late Commander
+Slidell Mackenzie, but observe simply that no one can read Mr. Cooper's
+volume upon the battle of Lake Erie and retain a very profound respect
+for that person's sagacity or sincerity. The proprietors of the
+copyright of Mr. Cooper's abridged Naval History offered it, without his
+knowledge, to John C. Spencer, then Secretary of the State of New-York,
+for the school libraries of which that officer had the selection. Mr.
+Spencer replied with peculiar brevity that he would have nothing to do
+with such a partisan performance, but soon after directed the purchase
+of Commander Mackenzie's Life of Commodore Perry, which was entirely and
+avowedly partisan, while Mr. Cooper's book was rigidly impartial.
+Commander Mackenzie returned the favor by hanging the Secretary's son. A
+circumstance connected with this event illustrates what we have said of
+obtaining justice from the newspapers. A month before Commander
+Mackenzie's return to New-York in the Somers, Mr. Cooper sent to me, for
+publication in a magazine of which I was editor, an examination of
+certain statements in the Life of Perry; but after it was in type,
+hearing of the terrible mistake which Mackenzie had made, he chose to
+suffer a continuation of injustice rather than strike a fallen enemy,
+and so directed the suppression of his criticism. Nevertheless, as the
+statements in the Life of Perry very materially affected his own
+reputation, in the following year,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> when the natural excitement against
+Mackenzie had nearly subsided, he gave his answer to the press, and was
+immediately accused in a "leading journal of the country" of having in
+its preparation devoted himself, from the date of that person's
+misfortune, to his injury. The reader supposes, of course, that the
+slander was contradicted as generally as it had been circulated, and
+that justice was done to the forbearance and delicacy with which Mr.
+Cooper had acted in the matter; but to this day, neither the journal in
+which he was assailed, nor one in a hundred of those which repeated the
+falsehood, has stated these facts. Here is another instance: The late
+William L. Stone agreed with Mr. Cooper to submit a certain matter of
+libel for amicable arbitration, agreeing, in the event of a decision
+against him, to pay Mr. Cooper two hundred dollars toward the expenses
+he must incur in attending to it. The affair attracted much attention.
+Before an ordinary court Mr. Cooper should have received ten thousand
+dollars; but he accepted the verdict agreed upon, the referees deciding
+without hesitation that he had been grossly wronged by the publication
+of which he had complained. After the death of Mr. Stone one of the
+principal papers of the city stated that his widow was poor, and had
+appealed to Mr. Cooper's generosity for the remission of a fine, which
+could be of no importance to a gentleman of his liberal fortune, but had
+been answered with a rude refusal. The statement was entirely and in all
+respects false, and it was indignantly contradicted upon the authority
+of President Wayland, the brother of Mrs. Stone; but the editors who
+gave it currency have never retracted it, and it yet swells the tide of
+miserable defamation which makes up the bad reputations of so many of
+the purest of men. Numerous other instances might be quoted to show not
+only the injustice with which Mr. Cooper has been treated, but the
+addiction of the press to libel, and its unwillingness to atone for
+wrongs it has itself inflicted.</p>
+
+<p>It used to be the custom of the <i>North American Review</i> to speak of Mr.
+Cooper's works as "translated into French," as if thus giving the
+highest existing evidence of their popularity, while there was not a
+language in Europe into which they did not all, after the publication of
+The Red Rover appear almost as soon as they were printed in London. He
+has been the chosen companion of the prince and the peasant, on the
+borders of the Volga, the Danube, and the Guadalquivir; by the Indus and
+the Ganges, the Paraguay and the Amazon; where the name even of
+Washington was never spoken, and our country is known only as the home
+of Cooper. The world has living no other writer whose fame is so
+universal.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cooper has the faculty of giving to his pictures an astonishing
+reality. They are not mere transcripts of nature, though as such they
+would possess extraordinary merit, but actual creations, embodying the
+very spirit of intelligent and genial experience and observation. His
+Indians, notwithstanding all that has been written to the contrary, are
+no more inferior in fidelity than they are in poetical interest to those
+of his most successful imitators or rivals. His hunters and trappers
+have the same vividness and freshness, and in the whole realm of fiction
+there is nothing more actual, harmonious, and sustained. They evince not
+only the first order of inventive power, but a profoundly philosophical
+study of the influences of situation upon human character. He treads the
+deck with the conscious pride of home and dominion: the aspects of the
+sea and sky, the terrors of the tornado, the excitement of the chase,
+the tumult of battle, fire, and wreck, are presented by him with a
+freedom and breadth of outline, a glow and strength of coloring and
+contrast, and a distinctness and truth of general and particular
+conception, that place him far in advance of all the other artists who
+have attempted with pen or pencil to paint the ocean. The same vigorous
+originality is stamped upon his nautical characters. The sailors of
+Smollett are as different in every respect as those of Eugene Sue and
+Marryat are inferior. He goes on board his ship with his own creations,
+disdaining all society and assistance but that with which he is thus
+surrounded. Long Tom Coffin, Tom Tiller, Trysail, Bob Yarn, the
+boisterous Nightingale, the mutinous Nighthead, the fierce but honest
+Boltrope, and others who crowd upon our memories, as familiar as if we
+had ourselves been afloat with them, attest the triumph of this
+self-reliance. And when, as if to rebuke the charge of envy that he owed
+his successes to the novelty of his scenes and persons, he entered upon
+fields which for centuries had been illustrated by the first geniuses of
+Europe, his abounding power and inspiration were vindicated by that
+series of political novels ending with The Bravo, which have the same
+supremacy in their class that is held by The Pilot and The Red Rover
+among stories of the sea. It has been urged that his leading characters
+are essentially alike, having no difference but that which results from
+situation. But this opinion will not bear investigation. It evidently
+arose from the habit of clothing his heroes alike with an intense
+individuality, which under all circumstances sustains the sympathy they
+at first awaken, without the aid of those accessories to which artists
+of less power are compelled to resort. Very few authors have added more
+than one original and striking character to the world of imagination;
+none has added more than Cooper; and his are all as distinct and actual
+as the personages that stalk before us on the stage of history.</p>
+
+<p>To be American, without falling into Americanism, is the true task that
+is set before the native artist in literature, the accomplishment of
+which awaits the reward of the best approval in these times, and the
+promise of an enduring name. Some of our authors, fascinated very
+excusably with the faultless models of another age, have declined this
+condition, and have given us Spectators and Tattlers with false dates,
+and developed a style of composition of which the very merits imply an
+anachronism in the proportion of excellence. Others have understood the
+result to be attained better than the means of arriving at it. They have
+not considered the difference between those peculiarities in our
+society, manners, tempers, and tastes, which are genuine and
+characteristic, and those which are merely defects and errors upon the
+English system; they have acquired the force and gayety of liberty, but
+not the dignity of independence, and are only provincial, when they
+hoped to be national. Mr. Cooper has been more happy than any other
+writer in reconciling these repugnant qualities, and displaying the
+features, character, and tone of a great rational style in letters,
+which, original and unimitative, is yet in harmony with the ancient
+models.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The first and second editions appeared in Philadelphia, and
+the third in Cooperstown. It was reprinted in 1830 in London, Paris, and
+Brussels: and an abridgment of it, by the author, has been largely
+introduced into common schools.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/image2.jpg" width="336" height="347" alt="STATUE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN, BY HIRAM POWERS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATUE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN, BY HIRAM POWERS.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The above engraving of the statue of <span class="smcap">John C. Calhoun</span> is from a
+daguerreotype taken in Florence immediately after the work was
+completed, and therefore presents it as it came from the hand of the
+sculptor, unmutilated by the accidents to which it was subjected in
+consequence of the wreck of the Elizabeth. The statue of Mr. Calhoun was
+contracted for, we believe, in 1845, and completed in 1850. It is the
+first draped or historical full-length by Mr. Powers, and it amply
+justifies the fame he had won in other performances by the harmonious
+blending of such particular excellences as he had exhibited in
+separation. It indeed illustrates his capacities for the highest range
+of historical portraiture and characterization, and will occasion
+regrets wherever similar subjects have in recent years been confided to
+other artists. We have heard that it is in contemplation to place in the
+park of our own city a colossal figure of Mr. Webster, by the same great
+sculptor. It is fit that while Charleston glories in the possession of
+this counterfeit of her dead Aristides (for in the indefectable purity
+of his public and private life Mr. Calhoun was surpassed by no character
+in the temples of Grecian or Roman greatness), New-York should be able
+to point to a statue of the representative of those ideas which are most
+eminently national, and of which she, as the intellectual and commercial
+metropolis of the whole country, is the centre. For plastic art, Mr.
+Webster may be regarded as perhaps the finest subject in modern history,
+and the head which Thorwaldsen thought must be the artist's ideal of the
+head of Jove, when modelled to the size of life, in the fit proportions
+of such a statue as is proposed, would be more imposing than any thing
+that has appeared in marble since the days of Praxitiles.</p>
+
+<p>This figure of Mr. Calhoun is considerably larger than that of the great
+senator. The face is represented with singular fidelity as it appeared
+ten years ago. The incongruous blending of the Roman toga with the
+palmetto must be borne: civilization is not sufficiently advanced for
+the historical to be much regarded in art; and our Washingtons,
+Hamiltons, Websters and Calhouns, must all, like Mr. Booth and Mr.
+Forrest, come before us in the character of Brutus. With this exception
+as to the design, every critic must admit the work to be faultless; and
+Charleston may well be proud of a monument to her legislator, which
+illustrates her taste while it reminds her of his purity, dignity, and
+watchful care of her interests.</p>
+
+<p>By the wreck of the ship Elizabeth, the left arm of the statue was
+broken off, and the fragment has not been recovered.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>NELL GWYNNE.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 383px;">
+<img src="images/image3.jpg" width="383" height="417" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The above picture is from Sir Peter Lely's portrait, copied in the
+Memoirs of Grammont. Nell Gwynne has been the heroine of a dozen books,
+in the last ten years, and a very interesting work respecting her life
+and times is now being published in <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i>. We copy
+the following article, with its illustrations, from the <i>Art Journal</i>,
+in which it appears as one of Mrs. S. C. Hall's "Pilgrimages to English
+Shrines."</p>
+
+<p>There may be some who will object to the application of so honored a
+term to the dwelling of an actress of lost repute; but surely that may
+be a "shrine" where consideration can be taught&mdash;where mercy is to be
+learned&mdash;and&mdash;that which is "greater" than even faith and hope&mdash;charity!</p>
+
+<p>However agreeable may be the present, and we have no reason to complain
+of it in any way, there is inexhaustible delight in reverting to the
+past. We do not mean living over again our own days; for though, if we
+could "pick and choose," there are sundry portions of our lives we might
+desire to repeat, yet, beginning from the beginning, taking the bad and
+the good "straight on," there can be few, men or women, who would
+willingly pass again through the whole of a gone-by career. And this,
+properly considered, is one of our greatest blessings; stifling much of
+vain regret, and teaching us to "look forward" to the future. We have
+always had, if we may so call it, a domestic rambling propensity; a
+desire to see "dwellings," not so much for their pictorial as their, so
+to say, personal celebrity: and sometimes, as on our visit to Barley
+Wood, this longing comes upon us at the wrong season, when a cheerful
+fire at "home" would be a meet companion. It is now six years ago&mdash;six
+years, last month&mdash;that, pacing along Pall Mall, we paused, and turned
+to the left hand corner of St. James's Square, full of painful and
+un-English memories of the Asiatic court of the second Charles; the
+sovereign who had endured adversity without discovering that "sweet are
+its uses;" who had "suffered tribulation" without "learning mercy"&mdash;the
+king who makes us doubt if, as a people, we have any claim to what is
+called "national character"&mdash;for the change that came over England,
+within a few brief years, from gloomy fanaticism to reckless license, is
+one of the marvels that give to history the aspect of romance. We had
+been walking round Whitehall,<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> recalling the change that had swept
+away nearly all relics of the past in that quarter, and strolled so far
+out of our home-ward<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> path to look at the house in Pall Mall (recently
+removed from its place) which tradition says was the dwelling of Nell
+Gwynne, besides her apartment at Whitehall, to which she was entitled by
+virtue of her office as lady of the bed-chamber to a most outraged
+queen. One of our friends remembers supping in the back room on the
+ground-floor of that very house, the said room being called "the Mirror
+Chamber," because the walls were panelled with looking-glass<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a>. There
+are others who affirm that Nelly lodged at the <i>opposite</i> side of Pall
+Mall, because Evelyn gossips of her leaning from her window, "talking to
+the king," who was lounging in St. James's Park, thereby wounding the
+propriety of many, who think vice only vice when it becomes notorious.
+Evelyn was always sadly perplexed by his faithful and high devotion to
+Charles, the king, and his abhorrence of the vices of Charles, the man;
+while Pepys jogged on, sometimes in the royal seraglio, sometimes at
+church, sometimes with my Lady Castlemaine, sometimes with "Knip" at the
+"king's house," seeing, admiring, and repeating&mdash;his morality held in
+abeyance; and yet always, even to the kissing of "Mistress Nelly," "a
+sweet pretty soul," companioned by his wife. If Pepys was a curiosity,
+what must Madame Pepys have been!<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> What must the "court set" of those
+days have been, when we are absolutely refreshed by turning from them to
+the uneducated but frank-hearted and generous woman,&mdash;tainted as she is
+to all history by the worse than imperfections arising out of her
+position, yet redeemed in a degree, by virtues, which, in that
+profligate court, were entirely her own!</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;">
+<img src="images/image4.jpg" width="548" height="384" alt="WHITEHALL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WHITEHALL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The scene in St. James's Park to which Evelyn refers, was an index to
+the age<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+<p>Blessed as we are in the knowledge that nowhere in England are the
+domestic virtues better cultivated or more truly flourishing than in our
+own pure and high-souled court, we are almost inclined to treat as a
+mythological fable, the history of Whitehall during the reign of Charles
+the Second. No one trait of the father's better nature redeems that of
+the son. His life was indeed</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"a sad epicure's dream,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and worse. He was not worthy even of the earnest devotion which the poor
+orange-girl, of all his favorites, alone manifested to the last.</p>
+
+<p>Poor Nell! the sympathy which every right-thinking woman feels it a
+Christian duty to give to her and her class, far from extenuating vice,
+is only a call upon the virtuous to be more virtuous, and to the pure to
+be more pure. No one would plunge into crime, merely for the sake of
+being redeemed therefrom; no one take the sin, who looked first at the
+shame, hideous and enduring as it must be&mdash;however overshadowed by the
+broad wings of mercy; the burn of the brand can never be effaced,
+however skilfully healed. And when the wit, the loveliness, the
+generosity, the fidelity of "Madame Ellen," when the memory of the
+well-spent evening of her checkered life, and the allowance we make for
+the early impressions of a young creature, called upon to sing her first
+songs in a tavern, and sell oranges in the depraved and depraving saloon
+of "the King's House;"&mdash;when all these aids are exerted to excite our
+sympathy, we only accord the sentiment of pity to "poor Nell Gwynne!"</p>
+
+<p>While looking at the house said to have been inhabited by this "<i>femme
+d'esprit par la grace de Dieu</i>!" we vowed a pilgrimage to Sandford Manor
+House, at Sandy End, Fulham,&mdash;to the dwelling where there is no doubt
+she spent many summer months. Near as it is to our own, we were doubtful
+of the way, and determined to inquire of our opposite neighbor, who
+keeps the old Brompton tollbar.</p>
+
+<p>"Sandford Manor House," repeated he, "I never heard tell of such a place
+in these parts. Whereabouts is it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Exactly what we want to know. It is a very old dilapidated house, by
+the side of a little stream that runs into the Thames somewhere by Old
+Chelsea. I think you must have heard of it. It was once inhabited by the
+famous Nell Gwynne." I might almost as well have talked Hebrew to our
+neighbor, who seemed born to lay in wait for market-carts, and pounce
+upon them for toll.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 465px;">
+<img src="images/image5.jpg" width="465" height="378" alt="SANDFORD MANOR HOUSE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">SANDFORD MANOR HOUSE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Old house! Nell Gwynne!" he again repeated, and something like an
+expression of life and interest moved his features while he added&mdash;"It's
+the Nell Gwynne public-house you're after, I'm thinking; that was in
+Chelsea; but whether it's there now or not, is more than I can tell."</p>
+
+<p>"No, no," we answered, perhaps, sharply, "it is the house she lived in
+we want to see&mdash;Sandford Manor House."</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps it's the madhouse," he suggested. We walked on. "Please," said
+a little rosy-faced boy, "if you want to find out any thing about old
+houses, Hill, the rat-catcher, knows them all, as he hunts up the rats
+and sparrows about; and you have only to go down Thistle Grove, into the
+Fulham road&mdash;straight on. His is a low house, ma'am&mdash;his name in the
+window&mdash;you can't pass it, for the birds and white mice."</p>
+
+<p>And is there no one left, we thought, to tell where the witty,
+light-hearted, true-hearted Nelly lived&mdash;she who was the friend of
+Dryden and Lee, the favorite of Lord Buckhurst, the rival of the Duchess
+of Cleveland, the protector of the soldiers of England&mdash;the one
+unselfish friend of the selfish Charles? Is there no one in a district
+that once echoed with the praise of her charities&mdash;no one to tell where
+she resided, but Hill, the old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> rat-catcher? We proceeded through the
+prettily-built, but gangrened-looking, cottages located in Thistle
+Grove, once called Brompton Heath, (or Marsh, we forget which,) until
+the sounds of traffic reminded us that we were in the Fulham road.
+Presently the sharp voice of a starling, just above us, attracted our
+attention.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor Tom!" said the bird&mdash;"Tom!&mdash;poor Tom!"</p>
+
+<p>The old rat-catcher invited us to enter. He is a man of powerful frame,
+with a massive head, fringed round with an abundance of gray hair, with
+deep well-set eyes, and a quiet smile. Two sharp, bitter-looking,
+wiry-haired terriers began smelling, casting their sly eyes upwards, to
+see if we feared them or were friendly to their advances, and, after a
+moment or two, seemed sufficiently satisfied with the scrutiny to
+warrant their wagging their short stumpy tails in rude welcome. The room
+was hung round with cages of the songbirds of England&mdash;some content with
+their captivity, others restless, and passing to and fro in front of the
+wires, eager for escape. Strong inclosures, containing both rats and
+ferrets, were ranged along the sides of the small room; the latter,
+long, yellow, pink-eyed, and pink-nosed creatures, lithe as a willow
+wand, courting notice; while the rats, on the contrary, moved their
+whiskers in defiance, and, with bright, black, determined eyes, sat
+lumped up in the distant corners of their dens, ready 'to die game,' if
+die they must. Gay-colored finches, the gold and the green, graced the
+window in little brown bob cages; while mice of all colors, from the
+burnt sienna-colored dormouse, who was more than half asleep within the
+skin of an apple which it had scooped out, to the matronly white mouse,
+who was sitting composedly amid a progeny of thirteen young ones,
+attracted groups of little gazers, every now and then dispersed by the
+larger terrier, who ran out amongst them, snarling and threatening, but
+doing them no harm. "Come in, old chap; that will do, old fellow," said
+his master, adding, "I would not keep a dog that would hurt any thing
+but a <i>varmint</i>."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, oh! Nell's old house," he replied to our inquiries; "Nell Gwynne's
+house at Sandy End, where runs the little river they deepened into a
+canal&mdash;the stream I mean that divides Chelsea from Fulham&mdash;Sandford
+Manor House! Ay, that I do, and I'd match it against any house in the
+county for rats!&mdash;terrible place&mdash;I lost two ferrets there, this time
+two years, and one of them was found t'other side of the canal; it must
+have been a pleasant place in those days, when the king was making his
+private road through the Chelsea fields, and the stream was as clear as
+a thrush's eye, and birds of all sorts were so tamed by Madame Ellen,
+that they'd come when she'd call them. Ah, a pretty woman might catch a
+king, but it's only a kind one that could tame the wild birds of the
+air; I know that; I'll show you the way with pleasure." "Poor Tom," sung
+out the starling. "Your bird is calling you," we observed, after he had
+told his wife not to let the jay pick "the splints" off his broken leg,
+and we were leaving the door. "It's not me he's calling," answered the
+old man, with a heavy sigh. "Now that's a bit of nature, ma'am. A bird,
+I'm thinking, remembers longer than a Christian does. Poor Tom's wife is
+married again, but the starling still calls for its master. It's hard to
+say, what they do or do not know; the bird often wrings my heart; but
+for all that, I could not part with him." At any other time we would
+have asked him the reason, but just then we were thinking more of Nell
+Gwynne than of our guide. We walked on, until we came to the "World's
+End." "It is nothing but a common public-house now," observed our
+companion, who had not spoken again, except to his dog: "but I remember
+when it was more than that; and, moreover, in Nell's time, it was a
+place of great resort for noblemen and fine ladies&mdash;a royal tea-garden,
+they say&mdash;filled with the best of good company; they liked the country
+and the open air in those days." We continued silent, until at last our
+guide called "Stop!" so suddenly, as to make us start. "Do you see that
+bank just under the arch of the bridge we stand on? The hardest day's
+work I ever had was digging an old rat out of that bank. This is Sandy
+End; and that house opposite is Sandford Manor House<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>There was nothing in the sight of those green, grim walls to excite any
+feeling of romance. Yet positively our heart beat more rapidly than
+usual for a minute or two&mdash;"a way it has" when we are at all interested.
+We turned down a lane seamed with ruts, by the side of a paling black
+with gas tar. We passed two or three exceedingly old houses, and one in
+particular with three windows in front. It was evident that the paling
+had been run across the garden, which must have been very extensive.
+After waiting a few minutes for permission from the master of the
+gas-works, to whom the Manor House belonged, to enter, an elderly man of
+respectable appearance opened the gate, and told us he resided there,
+and that the servant would show us all over the house. The rat-catcher
+commenced poking his stick into the various mounds of earth wherever
+there was the appearance of a hole, and his dogs became at once busy and
+animated. There was but one of the three walnut trees said to have been
+planted by royal hands, remaining, and that stood gnarled, and thick,
+and stunted, close to the present entrance&mdash;bent it was, like a thing
+whose pleasantest days are gone, and which cares not how soon it may be
+gathered into the garner. A circular plot of thick green grass was
+directly opposite the hall door, and in its centre grew a young golden
+holly, some of the turf being cleared away from round its root. This was
+encircled by a fair gravel walk, leading to the house, which was entered
+through a rustic porch, covered with ivy; very old and rampant it was,
+and its deep heavy foliage, so densely green, had a pall-like look, as
+it rustled and sighed in the sharp keen air. It was flanked by two
+cypress trees, well-shaped and well-grown. Dank ivy and deep cypress
+where the living Nell would have twined roses and passion-flowers! You
+see the old door-way when under the porch; it is of no particular order,
+but massive and pointed,&mdash;the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> hall is like the usual entrance to
+old-fashioned country-houses, panelled with oak. The staircase is very
+remarkable, as Mr. Fairholt's sketch will show; broad twisted iron rods,
+of great thickness, springing from the oak square pillars which flank
+the turnings, and assisting to support the flight above. The room on the
+right is large, the ceiling low, the windows deep set in the thick
+walls. A very gentle looking little maid was nursing a pretty white cat
+by the fire; her young fresh face and bright smile were like sunbeams in
+a tomb; what did she there? We could fancy old withered crones in such a
+dwelling, rather than a fair tender child, and yet she looked so happy,
+and so full of joy! The opposite room had been fitted up as a kitchen,
+and was clean and cold. We paced up the stairs so often trodden by
+Nell's small feet, when they descended briskly to meet the lounging
+heavy footfalls of her royal master, whom she loved for himself, and
+careless of her own future, as she was of her own person, cared more for
+the honor of the indolent Charles, than ever he cared for his own! In
+nature, in feeling, in all honors <i>save the one</i>, how superior was the
+poor orange-girl to her rivals; they envied and slandered each other,
+disdaining no article to fix the fancy of the king, who desired nothing
+more than that they should all live peaceably together, and was not able
+to comprehend why they did not agree when he endeavored to please them;
+they copied each other&mdash;but Nell resembled only herself. Instead of
+going like the generality of her sex from bad to worse, the more her
+opportunities of evil increased, the better she became. The ladies of
+the court swore, drank, and gambled; it was the fashion to be coarse and
+vicious, and the more coarse they were, the better they pleased the
+English Sultan; and if the poor orange-girl endeavored to keep her lover
+by what bound him to others,&mdash;where's the wonder? Her manners had their
+full taste of the time; but we look in vain elsewhere for the generous
+bravery, the kind thoughts, the disinterested acts, which have retained
+her in our memories. "Poor Nell!" we said aloud, "poor, poor Nell!"
+"Please, if you will only go on, I will show you her bed-room and
+dressing-room, them's little more than closets; but this was her
+bed-room, and that, the madam's dressing-room," said the servant, a
+little impatient of delay. Both rooms were furnished, but cold and
+gloomy; the floor of what the girl called her dressing-room was chippy
+and worm-eaten. "And there," persisted the servant, "in that corner just
+by, if not in that little cupboard, the money was found." "What money?"
+"The money the madam, or some one about her, forgot, fifteen thousand
+good pounds, I am told; and a gentleman came here once, who told me he
+had some of the coins that were discovered there." "That must be a
+mistake," we said. "Oh, there's no knowing. Why should the gentleman
+tell a story?" We saw the girl was determined we should believe her,
+contrary both to our knowledge and reason, so we made no further
+observation, while she muttered that she would "just go and put her own
+room straight a bit." We were left alone in Nell's dressing-chamber! She
+never bestowed much time upon her toilet; and Burnet, who was
+particularly hard upon her at all times, says that, after her
+"elevation," she continued "to <i>hang</i> on her clothes with the same
+slovenly negligence;" and, truly, Sir Peter Lely, would make it appear
+that all the "ladies" of the court, however rich the materials that
+composed their dresses, and well assorted the colors, "hung" them full
+carelessly over their persons; nay, it would be difficult to imagine how
+they could stand up without their dresses falling off; they certainly
+have a most uncomfortable look<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a>. However she dressed, she certainly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+succeeded in winning, and even keeping, the <i>fancy</i> (for we may doubt if
+he had any <i>affection</i> for the ministers of his vices) of Charles until
+the end. And although Burnet was marvellously angry that at such a time
+the thought of such a "creature" should find its way into the mind when
+it was about to lay aside the draperies of royalty for the realities of
+eternity&mdash;yet the only little passage in the life of the voluptuary that
+ever touched us was, his entreaty to his brother James, "Not to let poor
+Nelly starve!" We closed our eyes in reverie, and endeavored to picture
+the "beauties" upon whom the licentious king conferred a shameful
+immortality. Unfortunately the most powerful female influence in the
+Cabinet has generally been exercised by worthless women; an argument, if
+one were needed, to prove that a woman is little tempted to interfere
+with State affairs if her mind is untainted, and directed to the source
+of woman's legitimate power.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;">
+<img src="images/image6.jpg" width="341" height="363" alt="STAIRCASE, SANDFORD MANOR HOUSE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STAIRCASE, SANDFORD MANOR HOUSE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>How loathsome was the King's subjection to the abandoned vixen, my Lady
+Castlemaine! And yet how powerful must have been her beauty! Can we not,
+in fancy, see her now,&mdash;stepping out of her carriage at Bartholomew
+Fair, whither she had gone to view the rare puppet-show of "Patient
+Grizzle," hissed when recognized by the honest mob; yet upon turning the
+light of her radiant and beautiful face towards them, they exchange
+their jibes and curses for admiration and hurras.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor Nelly" was no proficient in pen-craft, for she could only sign
+with the initials&mdash;E. G.</p>
+
+<p>Until the publication of Mrs. Jameson's "Beauties," there existed a
+popular fallacy, that every one of Sir Peter Lely's portraits,
+represented a woman of tainted reputation; this was any thing but true;
+however poisonous a <i>malaria</i> may be, there are always some who escape
+its influence, and the pure and high-souled Lady Ossory, and the noble
+Countess de Grammont would adorn even a court such as our own; we wish
+that Evelyn or Pepys had recorded how those ladies treated "Nell," for
+they must have met her during their attendance on the outraged Queen,
+and hardly less insulted Duchess of York; they must have encountered her
+at Whitehall, and noted her dimpled cheeks, and small bright laughing
+eyes; and contrasted her unaffected child-like bearing, with the
+boisterous arrogance of the Duchess of Cleveland, and the cat-like
+cunning of the French <i>courtezan</i>, (the Duchess of Portsmouth,) who
+could not with all her arts detach the sovereign from poor Nell, whose
+genuine wit, generosity of mind, as well as purer life, and careless
+buoyant humor, were reliefs to the caprices and eternal French
+cabals,&mdash;which troubled his unenergetic nature, in the gorgeous <i>salon</i>
+of the most extravagant of his favorites. From such women as Madame de
+Grammont and Lady Ossory the untitled actress could have met no offence;
+for women of high virtue are merciful; women who affect it, are not.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 521px;">
+<img src="images/image7.jpg" width="521" height="384" alt="Another View of the Manor House." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Another View of the Manor House.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We could fancy Nell's silver laugh, passing along those damp walls of
+Sandford Manor House; we could imagine her leaning from that window,
+conversing with, and rallying, her royal "lover," who stands beneath,
+amid the flowers, once so bright and abundant, where only weeds and
+stinging thistles were to be seen this winter-time. As for him, wisdom
+came not with years; "consideration" never whipped the offending Adam
+out of him&mdash;in his character there was no "nettle," but there was no
+"strawberry." What does he reply to her merrie rallying as she dallies
+with her looking-glass? He leans his white and jewelled hand upon his
+hip, and, with a faded smile, listens to her mingled love and reproof.
+She talks of the old soldiers, and wonders why the builders pause in the
+erection of the Hospital, for lack of cash,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> when certain ladies sport
+new diamonds, and glitter in fair coaches; and he tells her he will take
+her, if she likes, from where she is, and give her the palace by the
+water-side, in exchange for her sweet words and sweeter smiles. She will
+none of this, but answers she would rather content her in the humblest
+house in his dominions, so that the soldiers who fought his battles
+should be worthily lodged in their old age. He repeats to her the last
+bit of Sedley, and diverts her with news of a new play, for well he
+knows those who once lived by the buskin love the buskin still:<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> and
+she listens, and is pleased, but returns to her first theme; and,
+provoked at last by an indifference she cannot understand, she becomes
+bitter, and then Charles laughs at "little pig-eyed Nelly." "Ah, Nell,
+Nell!" he says, stroking, at the same time, the fair tresses that grace
+the head of a pretty boy, her son, "you are like the fruit that will
+come of yonder trees, a rough and bitter outside, but a sweet and
+pleasant soul within."</p>
+
+<p>We composed our thoughts, or rather we aroused from those waking dreams
+in which all indulge sometimes&mdash;more or less. The house contains
+fourteen rooms&mdash;and must have been pleasant, long ago, as a retreat
+where poor Nell could bring her titled children&mdash;whom she doubtless
+loved with all the enthusiasm of her ardent nature. We crossed the
+garden, but could find no trace of the pond in which tradition reports
+Madam Ellen's mother to have been drowned. Not long ago, a very old
+woman resided in Chelsea, whose grandmother, it was said, was Nell's
+stage-dresser; this was before old Ranelagh was built over, and when the
+site of Eaton Square was intersected by damp pathways and
+nursery-gardens. We entered the meadows at the back, to see how the
+house looked from thence, which greatly delighted the rat-catcher's
+terriers.</p>
+
+<p>Modern "improvement" long spared this locality. When we knew and loved
+it first, we could see the Thames from our windows in one direction, and
+Kensington Gardens in another. But old houses, standing within their own
+park-like inclosures, and old trees and green fields, are nearly all
+gone.<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> We used to have the nightingales in the elm-avenue leading to
+Hereford Lodge, but the only nightingale we had last spring was one who
+came from the <span class="smcap">far north</span>. Many hereafter will do pilgrimage to her shrine
+with a far deeper feeling of respect, than, with all our charity, we can
+bestow upon Sandford Manor House.</p>
+
+<p>If the women of England could forget this period of our history, which,
+as Mrs. Jameson truly and beautifully observes, "saw them degraded from
+objects of adoration to servants of pleasure, and gave the first blow to
+that chivalrous feeling with which their sex had hitherto been regarded,
+by levelling the distinction between the unblemished matron and her 'who
+was the ready spoil of opportunity'"&mdash;if this were possible, it might be
+well, like Claire, when she threw the pall over the perishing features
+of Julie, to exclaim&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Maudite soit l'indigne main qui jamais soulevera ce voile,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>but so it is not; and it becomes our duty to look on Charles, and those
+who were corrupted by his example and his influence, as plague-spots
+upon the fair brow of our beloved country. We should learn to speak of
+him, not as distinguished for "gallantry," but as the monarch who
+reduced those he insulted by his love below the level of the poor
+Georgian slave, who knows no higher destiny than to glitter for a few
+short moons as the star of the harem. But if some of the women of that
+court were deeply degraded&mdash;if the termagant and imperious Castlemaine;
+the lovely and intriguing Denham; the coquettish, cold, and cunning
+Richmond; the innately-dissipated and unrestrainable Southesk; the
+equivocal Middleton; the rapacious, prodigal, and insinuating
+Querouaille,&mdash;are rendered infamous in our national history&mdash;let us not
+confound the innocent with the guilty. We can point out to our
+daughters, for admiration and example, the patient, affectionate, and
+enduring Lady Northumberland, the beloved sister of Lady Rachel Russel;
+the beautiful Miss Hamilton; the peerless Lady Ossory; the matchless
+Jennings;&mdash;women passing through the ordeal of the Whitehall court, at
+such a time, with unstained repute, may be well believed to have
+possessed innate virtue and true feminine dignity.</p>
+
+<p>We have not classed Nell Gwynne among the court profligates; nor can we
+so describe her. She was most unfortunate, but not innately vicious; we
+may say so without danger to others. Neither the circumstances of her
+life or death hold out temptations to follow her example. She endured
+vexation and contumely enough, during the most brilliant period of her
+life, to embitter even a less sensitive spirit than hers. The deep and
+earnest love she bore the worthless king, must have been a sore scourge
+to her own heart. The very piety of her nature, overcome as it was by
+circumstances, and the lack of those virtues which, slow of growth, only
+attained strength during the last seven years of her life, and were not
+deemed unworthy the Christian forbearance and even commendation of
+Doctor Tennison,<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> whose funeral sermon preached in memory of the poor
+orange-girl, proves that she must have suffered much from the reproofs
+of conscience, even when her sin to all appearance most revelled in its
+"glory." The canker eat into the rose&mdash;soiled and marred its
+perfectness&mdash;chipped and wasted its beauty&mdash;but could not destroy its
+perfume!</p>
+
+<p>That there must have been great good, and great fascination, in Nell
+Gwynne, is proved by the kind of memory in which her name is enshrined.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+While we say "Poor Nell!" we shake our heads&mdash;the sigh and the smile
+mingle together&mdash;we regret and pity her. We wonder she was so good&mdash;we
+sorrow at the impurity,&mdash;not so much of the beset actress, as of her
+position. We know that, though fallen, she was not depraved. She was not
+avaricious, nor intriguing, nor ill-tempered, nor unjust. Her regard for
+literature (though she could hardly sign her own name) proved the
+up-looking of her better nature; and her charity was unbounded. Shall
+we&mdash;reared and instructed in all righteous ways&mdash;shall we show less
+charity to the memory of one who in her latter days rose out of the
+slough into which circumstance&mdash;not vice&mdash;had plunged her? Shall we be
+less charitable than the bishop who honored her memory and his own
+character by recording her benevolence, her penitence, her exemplary
+end? The good bishop's testimony renders it needless that we "point a
+moral." There was "joy in heaven" over one sinner that repented. Who but
+One can judge the heart? Let charity hold up her warning finger, often,
+when we "think evil:" and consideration, "like an angel" come, when
+harsh judgment dooms an "erring sister." Above all, let us adopt the
+sentiment of the poet (and our pilgrimage to Sandford Manor House will
+not be in vain):</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"If thy neighbor should sin, old Christoval said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Never, never, unmerciful be!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For remember it is by the mercy of God,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou art not as wicked as he!"<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> The appearance of Whitehall from the Thames in the reign of
+Charles II. may be seen in our woodcut. The beautiful Banqueting-house
+of Inigo Jones was crowded among a heterogeneous mass of ugly buildings
+connected with the exigencies of the court. Beside the houses, to the
+spectator's left, was a large garden extending to the river, with
+fountains and parterres. A small garden also projected into the river in
+front of the buildings; and here Charles used to view the civic
+processions of the Lord Mayor, who on the day of his taking the oaths at
+Westminster, generally gratified the sovereign and other sight-seers
+with a pageant on the Thames, in some degree adulatory of the monarch.
+The king resided here so constantly, that the most striking pictures of
+his private manners are recorded to have happened at Whitehall, and for
+which the graphic pages of Pepys, Evelyn, and De Grammont may be
+consulted. Whitehall, indeed, has obtained its chief interest from its
+connection with the Stuarts. The Banqueting-house, erected by James I.,
+in front of which his unfortunate son was executed; the residence of
+Cromwell here in a quietude, strangely contrasted with the
+voluptuousness of the Restoration; the flight of James II., and his
+queen's escape with her infant son by the water-gate, shown in our cut,
+closes the history of the Stuart family in this country of sovereigns;
+and the history also of the palace; for, on the 10th April, 1691, the
+greater part was burnt by a fire, which was succeeded by another in
+1698, which destroyed nearly every building but the Banqueting-house,
+and Whitehall ceased to be the residence of royalty.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Nell's "town-house" was in Pall Mall. Pennant says, "it was
+the first good one on the left hand of St. James's Square, as we enter
+from Pall Mall. The back room on the second floor was (within memory)
+entirely of looking-glass, as was said to have been the ceiling. Over
+the chimney was her picture, and that of her sister was in a third
+room." At this house she died in 1691, and was pompously interred in the
+parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, leaving that parish a handsome sum
+yearly, that every Thursday evening there should be six men employed for
+the space of one hour in ringing, for which they were to have a roasted
+shoulder of mutton and ten shillings for beer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Pepys was Secretary to the Admiralty, and it was he who
+published, from the king's dictation, the minute and interesting account
+of his escape from the Battle of Worcester, and adventures a Boscobel,
+and in the "Royal Oak." He kept a very minute and amusing diary, in
+which he neglected not to enter the most trivial matters, even the
+purchase of a new wig, or a new riband for his wife. This very
+littleness of detail has made his Memoirs the most extraordinary picture
+we possess of the times. He appears to have been a coarse but shrewd
+man, and fully alive to the faults of his master.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Previous to the restoration of Charles II., the park of St.
+James's appears to have attracted little attention, and to have been
+left to the guidance of nature alone. Charles seems to have had
+Versailles in view when he laid it out from Le Notre's design. A long
+straight canal was formed in its centre from a square pond which existed
+at its foot near the Horse Guards. Rows of elm and lime trees were
+planted on each side of it, an aviary was formed in that place still
+called the "Bird Cage Walk;" and in the large space between this walk
+and the canal, and nearest the Abbey, an extensive decoy for wild fowl
+was constructed, popularly termed "Duck Island," and of which the famous
+St. Evremond was appointed a salaried governor. Charles, who was
+exceedingly fond of walking, and who tired out many a courtier who tried
+to keep up with his quick pace, was continually seen here amusing
+himself with the birds, playing with the dogs, or feeding the ducks. On
+the opposite side of the canal, three broad walks were constructed and
+shaded with trees, one for coaches, the other for walking, and the
+central one for the game of "Pall Mall," an athletic exercise of which
+the king and the gentlemen of the day were fond. The game consisted in
+driving a ball through a ring at the extremity of the walk, which had a
+narrow border of wood on each side of it to keep the ball within bounds.
+The floor of this portion of the park was made of mixed earth, covered
+with sea-sand and powdered shells as at Versailles. The park was much
+secluded, except on this side, which was that only accessible to the
+public in general. There, Spring Gardens, with its bowling-greens and
+gaming-tables, seduced the idle and dissipated, until the Mulberry
+Garden (which stood on the site of Carlton Gardens) put forth its
+attractions; and which, as Evelyn says, became "the only place of
+refreshment about the town for persons of the best quality to be
+exceedingly cheated at." The plays of the period abound with intrigue
+and adventure carried on at both places. The Mall ceased to be the
+resort of royalty at the death of Charles, but it continued to be the
+fashionable promenade until the close of the last century.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> The house at Sandy End has been altered within the last few
+years. The characteristic gables of the roof, which so well marked its
+age, and display the taste of the period when it was constructed, are
+removed, and the house is so much modernized as to lose the greater part
+of its interest, and at first sight induce a doubt of its antiquity. The
+extensive gardens still remain, and some very old houses beside it, with
+a characteristic old wall bounding the King's road, inclosing some
+venerable walnut trees. Three years ago, a pretty view of these old
+houses, with Nell's in the back-ground, might have been obtained from
+the adjacent bridge over the brook: but now a large public house, "the
+Nell Gwynne," obstructs the view, a row of small "Nell Gwynne cottages"
+effectually block the path, and the primitive character of the scene has
+passed away for ever.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> In the History of Costume in England, by the author of
+these notes, it has been remarked that the freedom and looseness, as
+well as ease and elegance of female costume at this period is to be
+attributed to the taste of Sir Peter Lely, rather than to that exhibited
+by the <i>Beauties</i> of Charles's court. "It was to his taste, as it was to
+that of a later artist, Sir Joshua Reynolds, that we are indebted for
+the freedom which characterized their treatment of the rigid and
+somewhat ungraceful costumes before them." Walpole, in his "Anecdotes of
+Painting," says, "Lely supplied the want of taste with <i>clinquant</i>; his
+nymphs trail fringes, and embroidery, through meadows and purling
+streams. Vandyke's habits are those of the times; Lely's, a sort of
+fantastic night-gown fastened with a single pin." Lely's ladies are not
+unfrequently <i>en masque</i>, and are habited in the conventional dresses
+adopted for goddesses in the court of Versailles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Nell appears to have first fixed the attention of the King
+by appearing at the King's Theatre in an Epilogue written for her by
+Dryden; who, taking a <i>pique</i> at the rival theatre, when Nokes, the
+famous comedian, had appeared in a hat of large proportions, which
+mightily delighted the silly and volatile frequenters of the place,
+brought forward Nell in a hat as large as a coach-wheel, which gave her
+short figure so grotesque an air, that the very actors laughed outright
+and the whole theatre was in convulsions of merriment. His Majesty was
+nearly suffocated by the excess of his delight; and the <i>na&iuml;ve</i> manner
+of the actress, her wit, archness, and beauty, received additional zest
+by the extravagance of "the broad-brimmed hat and waist-belt" in which
+Dryden had attired her, and which fixed her permanently in the memory of
+"the merry Monarch."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> "Improvement" has extended far beyond Old Brompton. The
+little wooden house of the old rat-catcher has been swept away, and he
+is obliged to locate himself and his live stock in some back lane, where
+none but his friends can find him; and as he is disastrously poor, their
+number is very limited.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Then vicar of St. Martin's, and afterwards Archbishop of
+Canterbury. In that sermon he enlarged upon her benevolent qualities,
+her sincere penitence, and exemplary end. When, says Mrs. Jameson, this
+was afterwards mentioned to Queen Mary, in the hope that it would injure
+him in her estimation, and be a bar to his preferment, "And what then?"
+answered she, hastily. "I have heard as much; it is a sign that the poor
+unfortunate woman died penitent; for, if I can read a man's heart
+through his looks, had she not made a pious and Christian end, the
+Doctor would never have been induced to speak well of her."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> We have much yet to do for a class whom it is a shame to
+name, and that much <i>must be done by women</i>&mdash;by women, themselves <i>sans
+tache</i>, <i>sans reproche</i>. It is not enough that we repeat our Saviour's
+words, "Go and sin no more:" we must give the sinner a refuge to go to.
+Asylums calculated to receive such ought to be more sufficiently
+provided in England. One lady, as eminent for her rare mental powers as
+for her charity and great wealth, is now trying an experiment that does
+her infinite honor; she has set a noble example to others who are rich
+and ought to be considerate; safe in her high character, her
+self-respect, and her virgin purity, she has provided shelter for many
+"erring sisters,"&mdash;in mercy beguiling
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"by gentle ways the wanderer back."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Of all her numerous charities, this is the truest and best; like the
+fair Sabrina she has heard and answered the prayers of those who seek
+protection from the most terrible of all dangers&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Listen! for dear honor's sake<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Listen&mdash;and save!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>MARY WOLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wolstonecraft, and wife of Percy
+Bysshe Shelley, died at the age of fifty-three, in Chester Square,
+Pimlico, London, on the first day of February. What woman had ever
+before relations so illustrious! Daughter of Godwin and wife of Shelley!
+These few words unfold a remarkable history, unparalleled, and
+unapproached in romantic dignity. In the dedication to her of the noble
+poem of <i>The Revolt of Islam</i>, Shelley says:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"They say that thou wert lovely from thy birth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of glorious parents, thou aspiring Child.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I wonder not&mdash;for One then left this earth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose life was like a setting planet mild,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which clothed thee in the radiance undefiled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of its departing glory; still her fame<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shines on thee, through the tempests dark and wild<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which shake these latter days; and thou canst claim<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The shelter, from thy Sire, of an immortal name."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the introduction to one of her novels, she herself says of her youth:</p>
+
+<p>"It is not singular that, as the daughter of two persons of
+distinguished literary celebrity, I should very early in life have
+thought of writing. As a child I scribbled; and my favorite pastime,
+during the hours given me for recreation, was to 'write stories.' Still
+I had a dearer pleasure than this, which was the formation of castles in
+the air&mdash;the indulging in waking dreams&mdash;the following up trains of
+thought, which had for their subject the formation of a succession of
+imaginary incidents. My dreams were at once more fantastic and agreeable
+than my writings. In the latter I was a close imitator&mdash;rather doing as
+others had done, than putting down the suggestions of my own mind. What
+I wrote was intended at least for one other eye&mdash;my childhood's
+companion and friend; but my dreams were all my own; I accounted for
+them to nobody; they were my refuge when annoyed&mdash;my dearest pleasure
+when free. I lived principally in the country as a girl, and passed a
+considerable time in Scotland. I made occasional visits to the more
+picturesque parts; but my habitual residence was on the blank and dreary
+northern shores of the Tay, near Dundee. Blank and dreary on
+retrospection I call them: they were not so to me then. They were the
+eyry of freedom, and the pleasant region where unheeded I could commune
+with the creatures of my fancy. I wrote then&mdash;but in a most common-place
+style. It was beneath the trees of the grounds belonging to our house,
+or on the bleak sides of the woodless mountains near, that my true
+compositions, the airy flights of my imagination, were born and
+fostered. I did not make myself the heroine of my tales. Life appeared
+to me too common-place an affair as regarded myself. I could not figure
+to myself that romantic woes or wonderful events would ever be my lot;
+but I was not confined to my own identity, and I could people the hours
+with creations far more interesting to me at that age, than my own
+sensations."</p>
+
+<p>Her connection with Shelley commenced in 1815, and she gives this
+account of the following year, in which she wrote her famous novel,
+<i>Frankenstein</i>:</p>
+
+<p>"After this my life became busier, and reality stood in place of
+fiction. My husband, however, was from the first, very anxious that I
+should prove myself worthy of my parentage, and enrol myself on the page
+of fame. He was for ever inciting me to obtain literary reputation,
+which even on my own part I cared for then, though since I have become
+infinitely indifferent to it. At this time he desired that I should
+write, not so much with the idea that I could produce any thing worthy
+of notice, but that he might himself judge how far I possessed the
+promise of better things hereafter. Still I did nothing. Travelling, and
+the cares of a family, occupied my time; and study, the way of reading,
+or improving my ideas in communication with his far more cultivated
+mind, was all of literary employment that engaged my attention. In the
+summer of 1816, we visited Switzerland, and became the neighbors of Lord
+Byron. At first we spent our pleasant hours on the lake, or wandering on
+its shores: and Lord Byron, who was writing the third canto of Childe
+Harold, was the only one among us who put his thoughts upon paper.
+These, as he brought them successively to us, clothed in all the light
+and harmony of poetry, seemed to stamp as divine the glories of heaven
+and earth, whose influences we partook with him. But it proved a wet,
+ungenial summer, and incessant rain often confined us for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> days to the
+house. Some volumes of ghost stories, translated from the German into
+French, fell into our hands. There was the History of the Inconstant
+Lover, who when he thought to clasp the bride to whom he had pledged his
+vows, found himself in the arms of the pale ghost of her whom he had
+deserted. There was the tale of the sinful founder of his race, whose
+miserable doom it was to bestow the kiss of death on all the younger
+sons of his fated house, just when they reached the age of promise. His
+gigantic, shadowy form, clothed like the ghost in Hamlet, in complete
+armor, but with the beaver up, was seen at midnight, by the moon's
+fitful beams, to advance slowly along the gloomy avenue. The shape was
+lost beneath the shadow of the castle walls; but soon a gate swung back,
+a step was heard, the door of the chamber opened, and he advanced to the
+couch of the blooming youths, cradled in healthy sleep. Eternal sorrow
+sat upon his face as he bent down and kissed the forehead of the boys,
+who from that hour withered like flowers snapt upon the stalk. I have
+not seen these stories since then; but their incidents are as fresh in
+my mind as if I had read them yesterday. 'We will each write a ghost
+story,' said Lord Byron; and his proposition was acceded to. There were
+four of us. The noble author began a tale, a fragment of which he
+printed at the end of his poem of Mazeppa. Shelley, more apt to embody
+ideas and sentiments in the radiance of brilliant imagery, and in the
+music of the most melodious verse that adorns our language, than to
+invent the machinery of a story, commenced one founded on the
+experiences of his early life. Poor Polidori had some terrible idea
+about a skull-headed lady, who was so punished for peeping through a
+key-hole&mdash;what to see I forget&mdash;something very shocking and wrong of
+course; but when she was reduced to a worse condition than the renowned
+Tom of Coventry, he did not know what to do with her, and was obliged to
+dispatch her to the tomb of the Capulets, the only place for which she
+was fitted. The illustrious poets also, annoyed by the platitude of
+prose, speedily relinquished their uncongenial task.</p>
+
+<p>"I busied myself <i>to think of a story</i>,&mdash;a story to rival those which
+had excited us to this task. One which would speak to the mysterious
+fears of our nature, and awaken thrilling horror&mdash;one to make the reader
+dread to look around, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of
+the heart. If I did not accomplish these things, my ghost story would be
+unworthy of its name. I thought and pondered&mdash;vainly. I felt that blank
+incapability of invention which is the greatest misery of authorship,
+when dull Nothing replies to our anxious invocations. <i>Have you thought
+of a story?</i> I was asked each morning, and each morning I was forced to
+reply with a mortifying negative. Every thing must have a beginning, to
+speak in Sanchean phrase; and that beginning must be linked to something
+that went before. The Hindoos give the world an elephant to support it,
+but they make the elephant stand upon a tortoise. Invention, it must be
+humbly admitted, does not consist in creating out of void, but out of
+chaos; the materials must, in the first place, be afforded: it can give
+form to dark, shapeless substances, but cannot bring into being the
+substance itself. In all matters of discovery and invention, even of
+those that appertain to the imagination, we are continually reminded of
+the story of Columbus and his egg. Invention consists in the capacity of
+seizing on the capabilities of a subject, and in the power of moulding
+and fashioning ideas suggested to it. Many and long were the
+conversations between Lord Byron and Shelley, to which I was a devout
+but nearly silent listener. During one of these, various philosophical
+doctrines were discussed, and among others the nature of the principle
+of life, and whether there was any probability of its ever being
+discovered and communicated. They talked of the experiments of Dr.
+Darwin (I speak not of what the Doctor really did, or said that he did,
+but, as more to my purpose, of what was then spoken of as having been
+done by him), who preserved a piece of vermicelli in a glass case, till
+by some extraordinary means it began to move with voluntary motion. Not
+thus, after all, would life be given. Perhaps a corpse would be
+re-animated; galvanism had given token of such things: perhaps the
+component parts of a creature might be manufactured, brought together,
+and endued with vital warmth. Night waned upon this talk; and even the
+witching hour had gone by, before we retired to rest. When I placed my
+head upon my pillow, I did not sleep, nor could I be said to think. My
+imagination, unbidden, possessed and guided me, gifting the successive
+images that arose in my mind with a vividness far beyond the usual
+bounds of reverie. I saw&mdash;with shut eyes, but acute mental vision&mdash;I saw
+the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put
+together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then on
+the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with
+an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be; for supremely
+frightful would be the effect of any human endeavor to mock the
+stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world. His success would
+terrify the artist; he would rush away from his odious handywork,
+horror-stricken. He would hope that, left to itself, the slight spark of
+life which he had communicated would fade; that this thing, which had
+received such imperfect animation, would subside into dead matter; and
+he might sleep in the belief that the silence of the grave would quench
+for ever the transient existence of the hideous corpse which he had
+looked upon as the cradle of life. He sleeps; but he is awakened; he
+opens his eyes; behold the horrid thing stands at his bedside, opening
+his curtains, and looking on him with yellow, watery, but speculative
+eyes.</p>
+
+<p>"I opened mine in terror. The idea so possessed my mind, that a thrill
+of fear ran through me, and I wished to exchange the ghastly image of my
+fancy for the realities around. I see them still; the very room, the
+dark <i>parquet</i>, the closed shutters, with the moonlight struggling
+through, and the sense I had that the glassy lake and white high Alps
+were beyond. I could not so easily get rid of my hideous phantom; still
+it haunted me. I must try to think of something else. I recurred to my
+ghost story,&mdash;my tiresome unlucky ghost story! O! if I could only
+contrive one which would frighten my reader as I myself had been
+frightened that night! Swift as light and as cheering was the idea that
+broke in upon me. 'I found it! What terrified me will terrify others;
+and I need only describe the spectre which had haunted my midnight
+pillow.' On the morrow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> I announced that I had <i>thought of a story</i>. I
+began that day with the words, <i>It was on a dreary night of November</i>,
+making only a transcript of the grim terrors of my waking dream."</p>
+
+<p>The next year Shelley and herself were in Buckinghamshire, where the
+great poet wrote <i>The Revolt of Islam</i>. In the spring of 1818, they
+quitted England for Italy, and their eldest child died in Rome. Soon
+after, they took a house near Leghorn&mdash;half way between the city and
+Monte Nero, where they remained during the summer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Our villa," she says, "was situated in the midst of a podere;
+the peasants sang as they worked beneath our windows, during
+the heats of a very hot season, and at night the water-wheel
+creaked as the process of irrigation went on, and the
+fire-flies flashed from among the myrtle hedges:&mdash;nature was
+bright, sunshiny, and cheerful, or diversified by storms of a
+majestic terror, such as we had never before witnessed."</p></div>
+
+<p><i>The Cenci</i> and several other poems were written here. The summer of
+1818 they passed at the Baths of Lucca, and in the autumn went to a
+villa belonging to Lord Byron, near Venice, whence they proceeded to
+Naples, where the winter was spent; after which they visited Florence,
+and in the fall of 1820 took up their residence at Pisa. The next
+year&mdash;in July&mdash;Shelley's death occurred: he was drowned in the gulf of
+Lerici. The details must be familiar to all readers of literary history.
+Mrs. Shelley wrote of the time:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"This morn thy gallant bark<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sailed on a sunny sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis noon, and tempests dark<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Have wrecked it on the lee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Ah woe! Ah woe!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By spirits of the deep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou'rt cradled on the billow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To thy eternal sleep.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Thou sleep'st upon the shore<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Beside the knelling surge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sea-nymphs evermore<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shall sadly chant thy dirge.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">They come! they come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The spirits of the deep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While near thy sea-weed pillow<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My lonely watch I keep.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">From far across the sea<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I hear a loud lament,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By echo's voice for thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From ocean's caverns sent.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">O list! O list,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The spirits of the deep;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They raise a wail of sorrow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While I for ever weep."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mrs. Shelley returned to England, and for nearly twenty years supported
+herself by writing. In the last ten years&mdash;more especially since 1844,
+when her son succeeded to the Shelley estates&mdash;she had no need to write
+for money, and it is understood that she devoted the time to the
+composition of <i>Memoirs of Shelley</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Frankenstein</i>, <i>or Modern Prometheus</i>, of Mrs. Shelley,&mdash;a fearful
+and fantastic dream of genius&mdash;was never very much read; it was one of
+those books made to be talked of; her <i>Lodore</i> was more easily
+apprehended; it is a love story, from every-day life, but written with
+remarkable boldness and directness, and a real appreciation of the
+nature of both woman and man. The hero of this novel is the son of a
+gentleman ennobled for his services in the American war, and some of the
+scenes are in New-York. The <i>Last Man</i> has for its hero her husband,
+whose character is delineated in it with singular delicacy, but the book
+is in the last degree improbable and gloomy, while abounding in scenes
+of beauty and intense interest. She wrote also <i>Perkin Warbeck</i>,
+<i>Falkner</i>, <i>Walpurga</i>, and other novels, <i>Journal in Italy and Germany</i>,
+and <i>Lives of eminent French Writers</i>, besides editing the <i>Poems</i> and
+the <i>Letters</i> of Shelley&mdash;a labor which she performed judiciously, and
+with feeling and accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Shelley's son succeeded to his grandfather's baronetcy on the 24th
+of April, 1844, and is the present Sir Percy Florence Shelley, Bart., of
+Castle Goring, in Sussex.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="REV_H_N_HUDSONS_EDITION_OF_SHAKSPEARE" id="REV_H_N_HUDSONS_EDITION_OF_SHAKSPEARE"></a>REV. H. N. HUDSON'S EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It has been known among his friends for several years that the Rev.
+Henry N. Hudson was preparing for the press an edition of the works of
+Shakspeare. The office of a Shakspeare restorer and commentator at this
+time is one of the most ambitious in the republic of letters. More than
+any collection of works except the Holy Scriptures&mdash;to which only they
+are second in dignity and importance among books&mdash;the Works of
+Shakspeare demand for their fit illustration not only the most varied
+and profound scholarship but the most eminent qualities of mind and
+feeling. Mr. Hudson had vindicated his capacities for the noble service
+upon which he has entered in his Lectures upon Shakspeare, published
+about three years ago. The fame he then acquired will be increased by
+his present performance, of which, we understand, the initial volume
+will in a few days be published by James Munroe &amp; Co., of Boston, who
+will issue at short intervals the other ten, the last of which will
+embrace a Life of the Poet by the editor. Some of the main
+characteristics of this edition may be inferred from these paragraphs,
+which we are enabled to make from an early copy of the preface.</p>
+
+<p>"The celebrated Chiswick edition, of which this is meant to be as near
+an imitation as the present state of Shaksperian literature renders
+desirable, was published in 1826, and has for some time been out of
+print. In size of volume, in type, style of execution, and adaptedness
+to the wants of both the scholar and the general reader, it presented a
+combination of advantages possessed by no other edition at the time of
+its appearance. The text, however, abounds in corruptions introduced by
+preceding editors under the name of corrections. Of the number and
+nature of these corruptions no adequate idea can be formed but by a
+close comparison, line by line, and word by word, with the original
+editions.</p>
+
+<p>"The Chiswick edition, though perhaps the most popular that has yet been
+issued, has never, strange to say, been reprinted in this country. For
+putting forth an American edition retaining the advantages of that,
+without its defects, no apology, it is presumed, will be thought
+needful. How far those advantages are retained in the present edition,
+will appear upon a very slight comparison:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> how far those defects have
+been removed, we may be allowed to say that no little study and
+examination will be required to the forming of a right judgment. In all
+of the plays, the chief, and in many of them the only, basis and
+standard whereby to ascertain the true text, is the folio of 1623. In
+our preparing of copy we have this continually open before us, at the
+same time availing ourselves of whatsoever aid is to be drawn from
+earlier impressions, in case of such plays as were published during the
+author's life. So that, if a thorough revisal of every line, every word,
+every letter, and every point, with a continual reference to the
+original copies, be a reasonable ground of confidence, then we can
+confidently assure the reader that he will here find the genuine text of
+Shakspeare.</p>
+
+<p>"The process of purification has been rendered much more laborious, and
+therefore much more necessary, by the mode in which it was for a long
+time customary to edit the poet's works. This mode is well exemplified
+in the case of Malone and Steevens, who, carrying on their editorial
+labors simultaneously, seem to have vied with each other which should
+most enrich his edition with textual emendations. Both of them had been
+very good editors, but for the unwarrantable liberty which they not only
+took, but gloried in taking, with the text of their author; and, even as
+it was, they undoubtedly rendered much valuable service. And the same
+work, though not always in so great a degree, has been carried on by
+many others: sometimes the alleged corrections of several editors have
+been brought together, that the various advantages of them all might be
+combined and presented in one. Thus corruptions of the text have
+accumulated, each successive editor adding his own to those of his
+predecessors. Many of these so-called improvements were thrown out by
+the editor of the Chiswick edition; but no decisive steps in the way of
+a return to the original text were taken till within a very limited
+period. Knight, Collier, Verplanck, and Halliwell, to all of whom this
+edition is under great obligations, have pretty effectually put a stop
+to the old mode of Shaksperian editing; nor is there much reason to
+apprehend that any one will at present venture upon a revival of it.</p>
+
+<p>"Of the editions hitherto published in America, Mr. Verplanck's is the
+only one, so far as we know, that is at all free from the accumulated
+emendations of preceding editors. Adopting, in the main, the text of Mr.
+Collier, he brought to the work, however, his own excellent taste and
+judgment, wherein he as far surpasses the English editor as he
+necessarily falls short of him in such external advantages as the
+libraries, public and private, of England alone can supply. And Mr.
+Collier's text is indeed remarkably pure: nor, perhaps, can any other
+man of modern times be named, to whom Shaksperian literature is, on the
+whole, so largely indebted. How much he has done, need not be dwelt upon
+here, as the results thereof will be found scattered all through this
+edition. Yet it seems not a little questionable whether both he and
+Knight have not fallen into a serious error; though it must be confessed
+that such error, if it be one, is on the right side, inasmuch as their
+fidelity to the original text extends to the adopting, sometimes of
+probable, sometimes of palpable, or nearly palpable misprints. In these
+Mr. Verplanck has judiciously deviated from his English model, and his
+fine judgment appears to equal advantage in what he adopts and in what
+he rejects. Of his critical remarks it is enough at present to express
+the belief, that in this department he has no rival in this country, and
+will not soon be beaten. Further acknowledgments, both to him and to the
+other three editors named, will be duly and cheerfully made, as the
+occasions for them shall arise....</p>
+
+<p>"In the Introductions our leading purpose is to gather up all the
+historical information that has yet been made accessible, concerning the
+times when the several plays were written and first acted, and the
+sources whence the plots and materials of them were taken. It will be
+seen that in the history of the poet's plays, the indefatigable labors
+of Mr. Collier and others, often resulting in important discoveries,
+have wrought changes amounting almost to a total revolution, since the
+Chiswick edition was published. And we dwell the more upon what
+Shakspeare seems to have taken from preceding writers, because it
+exhibits him, where we like most to consider him, as holding his
+unrivalled inventive powers subordinate to the higher principles of art.
+Besides, if Shakspeare be the most original of writers, he is also one
+of the greatest of borrowers; and as few authors have appropriated so
+freely from others, so none can better afford to have his obligations in
+this kind made known."...</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_STONES_OF_VENICE_RELIGION_GLORY_AND_ART" id="THE_STONES_OF_VENICE_RELIGION_GLORY_AND_ART"></a>THE STONES OF VENICE&mdash;RELIGION, GLORY, AND ART.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Mr. John Ruskin, the "Oxford Student," whose <i>Modern Painters</i> and
+<i>Seven Lamps of Architecture</i> have made for him the best fame in the
+literature of art, has just completed the most remarkable of his works,
+<i>The Stones of Venice</i>, and from advance sheets of it (for which we are
+indebted to Mr. John Wiley, his American publisher), we present some of
+his preliminary and more general observations, indicating his great
+argument that <span class="smcap">the decline of the political prosperity of Venice was
+coincident with that of her domestic and individual religion</span>. Popular as
+the previous works of Mr. Ruskin have been, we cannot doubt that this
+splendid performance will be the most read and most admired of all.</p>
+
+<p>"Since the first dominion of men was asserted over the ocean, three
+thrones, of mark beyond all others, have been set upon its sands: the
+thrones of Tyre, Venice, and England. Of the First of these great powers
+only the memory remains; of the Second, the ruin; the Third, which
+inherits their greatness, if it forget their example, may be led through
+prouder eminence to less pitied destruction. The exaltation, the sin,
+and the punishment of Tyre have been recorded for us, in perhaps the
+most touching words ever uttered by the Prophets of Israel against the
+cities of the stranger. But we read them as a lovely song; and close our
+ears to the sternness of their warning: for the very depth of the Fall
+of Tyre has blinded us to its reality, and we forget, as we watch the
+bleaching of the rocks between the sunshine and the sea, that they were
+once 'as in Eden, the garden of God.' Her successor, like her in
+perfection of beauty, though less in endurance of dominion, is still
+left for our beholding in the final period of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> her decline: a ghost upon
+the sands of the sea, so weak&mdash;so quiet,&mdash;so bereft of all but her
+loveliness, that we might well doubt, as we watched her faint reflection
+in the mirage of the lagoon, which was the City, and which the Shadow. I
+would endeavor to trace the lines of this image before it be for ever
+lost, and to record, as far as I may, the warning which seems to me to
+be uttered by every one of the fast-gaining waves, that beat, like
+passing bells, against the <span class="smcap">Stones of Venice</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"It would be difficult to overrate the value of the lessons which might
+be derived from a faithful study of the history of this strange and
+mighty city: a history which, in spite of the labor of countless
+chroniclers, remains in vague and disputable outline,&mdash;barred with
+brightness and shade, like the far away edge of her own ocean, where the
+surf and the sandbank are mingled with the sky. The inquiries in which
+we have to engage will hardly render this outline clearer, but their
+results will, in some degree, alter its aspect; and, so far as they bear
+upon it at all, they possess an interest of a far higher kind than that
+usually belonging to architectural investigations. I may, perhaps, in
+the outset, and in few words, enable the general reader to form a
+clearer idea of the importance of every existing expression of Venetian
+character through Venetian art and of the breadth of interest which the
+true history of Venice embraces, than he is likely to have gleaned from
+the current fables of her mystery or magnificence.</p>
+
+<p>"Venice is usually conceived as an oligarchy: she was so during a period
+less than the half of her existence, and that including the days of her
+decline; and it is one of the first questions needing severe
+examination, whether that decline was owing in any wise to the change in
+the form of her government, or altogether, as assuredly in great part,
+to changes in the character of the persons of whom it was composed. The
+state of Venice existed Thirteen Hundred and Seventy-six years, from the
+first establishment of a consular government on the island of the
+Rialto, to the moment when the General-in-chief of the French army of
+Italy pronounced the Venetian republic a thing of the past. Of this
+period, Two Hundred and Seventy-six years were passed in a nominal
+subjection to the cities of old Venetia, especially to Padua, and in an
+agitated form of democracy, of which the executive appears to have been
+intrusted to tribunes, chosen, one by the inhabitants of each of the
+principal islands. For six hundred years, during which the power of
+Venice was continually on the increase, her government was an elective
+monarchy, her King or doge possessing, in early times at least, as much
+independent authority as any other European sovereign, but an authority
+gradually subjected to limitation, and shortened almost daily of its
+prerogatives, while it increased in a spectral and incapable
+magnificence. The final government of the nobles, under the image of a
+king, lasted for five hundred years, during which Venice reaped the
+fruits of her former energies, consumed them,&mdash;and expired.</p>
+
+<p>"Let the reader therefore conceive the existence of the Venetian state
+as broadly divided into two periods: the first of nine hundred, the
+second of five hundred years, the separation being marked by what was
+called the 'Serrar del Consiglio; that is to say, the final and absolute
+distinction of the nobles from the commonalty, and the establishment of
+the government in their hands, to the exclusion alike of the influence
+of the people on the one side, and the authority of the doge on the
+other. Then the first period, of nine hundred years, presents us with
+the most interesting spectable of a people struggling out of anarchy
+into order and power; and then governed, for the most part, by the
+worthiest and noblest man whom they could find among them, called their
+Doge or Leader, with an aristocracy gradually and resolutely forming
+itself around him, out of which, and at last by which, he was chosen; an
+aristocracy owing its origin to the accidental numbers, influence, and
+wealth, of some among the families of the fugitives from the older
+Venetia, and gradually organizing itself, by its unity and heroism, into
+a separate body. This first period includes the Rise of Venice, her
+noblest achievements, and the circumstances which determined her
+character and position among European powers; and within its range, as
+might have been anticipated, we find the names of all her hero
+princes,&mdash;of Pietro Urseolo, Ordalafo Falier, Domenico Michieli,
+Sebastiano Ziani, and Enrico Dandolo.</p>
+
+<p>"The second period opens with a hundred and twenty years, the most
+eventful in the career of Venice&mdash;the central struggle of her
+life&mdash;stained with her darkest crime, the murder of Carrara&mdash;disturbed
+by her most dangerous internal sedition, the conspiracy of
+Falier&mdash;oppressed by her most fatal war, the war of Chiozza&mdash;and
+distinguished by the glory of her two noblest citizens (for in this
+period the heroism of her citizens replaces that of her monarchs),
+Vittor Pisani and Carlo Zeno. I date the commencement of the Fall of
+Venice from the death of Carlo Zeno, 8th May, 1418; the <i>visible</i>
+commencement from that of another of her noblest and wisest children,
+the Doge Tomaso Mocenigo, who expired five years later. The reign of
+Foscari followed, gloomy with pestilence and war; a war in which large
+acquisitions of territory were made by subtle or fortunate policy in
+Lombardy, and disgrace, significant as irreparable, sustained in the
+battles on the Po at Cremona, and in the marshes at Caravaggio. In 1454,
+Venice, the first of the states of Christendom, humiliated herself to
+the Turk: in the same year was established the Inquisition of State, and
+from this period her government takes the perfidious and mysterious form
+under which it is usually conceived. In 1477, the great Turkish invasion
+spread terror to the shores of the lagoons; and in 1508, the league of
+Cambrai marks the period usually assigned as the commencement of the
+decline of the Venetian power; the commercial prosperity of Venice in
+the close of the fifteenth century blinding her historians to the
+previous evidence of the diminution of her internal strength.</p>
+
+<p>"Now there is apparently a significative coincidence between the
+establishment of the aristocratic and oligarchical powers, and the
+diminution of the prosperity of the state. But this is the very question
+at issue; and it appears to me quite undetermined by any historian, or
+determined by each in accordance with his own prejudices. It is a triple
+question: first, whether the oligarchy established by the efforts of
+individual ambition was the cause, in its subsequent operation, of the
+Fall of Venice; or (secondly) whether the establishment<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> of the
+oligarchy itself be not the sign and evidence rather than the cause, of
+national enervation; or (lastly) whether, as I rather think, the history
+of Venice might not be written almost without reference to the
+construction of her senate or the prerogatives of her Doge. It is the
+history of a people eminently at unity in itself, descendants of Roman
+race, long disciplined by adversity, and compelled by its position
+either to live nobly or to perish:&mdash;for a thousand years they fought for
+life; for three hundred they invited death; their battle was rewarded,
+and their call was heard.</p>
+
+<p>"Throughout her career, the victories of Venice, and, at many periods of
+it, her safety, were purchased by individual heroism; and the man who
+exalted or saved her was sometimes (oftenest) her king, sometimes a
+noble, sometimes a citizen. To him no matter, nor to her: the real
+question is, not so much what names they bore, or with what powers they
+were intrusted, as how they were trained, how they were made masters of
+themselves, servants of their country, patient of distress, impatient of
+dishonor; and what was the true reason of the change from the time when
+she could find saviours among those whom she had cast into prison, to
+that when the voices of her own children commanded her to sign covenant
+with Death.</p>
+
+<p>"The evidence which I shall be able to deduce from the arts of Venice
+will be both frequent and irrefragable, that the decline of political
+prosperity was exactly coincident with that of domestic and individual
+religion. I say domestic and individual; for&mdash;and this is the second
+point which I wish the reader to keep in mind&mdash;the most curious
+phenomenon in all Venetian history is the vitality of religion in
+private life, and its deadness in public policy. Amidst the enthusiasm,
+chivalry, or fanaticism of the other states of Europe, Venice stands,
+from first to last, like a masked statue; her coldness impenetrable, her
+exertion only aroused by the touch of a secret spring. That spring was
+her commercial interest,&mdash;this the one motive of all her important
+political acts, or enduring national animosities. She could forgive
+insults to her honor, but never rivalship in her commerce; she
+calculated the glory of her conquests by their value, and estimated
+their justice by their faculty. The fame of success remains, when the
+motives of attempt are forgotten; and the casual reader of her history
+may perhaps be surprised to be reminded, that the expedition which was
+commanded by the noblest of her princes, and whose results added most to
+her military glory, was one in which while all Europe around her was
+wasted by the fire of its devotion, she first calculated the highest
+price she could exact from its piety for the armament she furnished, and
+then, for the advancement of her own private interests, at once broke
+her faith and betrayed her religion.</p>
+
+<p>"And yet, in the midst of this national criminality, we shall be struck
+again and again by the evidences of the most noble individual feeling.
+The tears of Dandolo were not shed in hypocrisy, though they could not
+blind him to the importance of the conquest of Zara. The habit of
+assigning to religion a direct influence over all <i>his own</i> actions, and
+all the affairs of <i>his own</i> daily life, is remarkable in every great
+Venetian during the times of the prosperity of the state; nor are
+instances wanting in which the private feeling of the citizens reaches
+the sphere of their policy, and even becomes the guide of its course
+where the scales of expediency are doubtfully balanced. I sincerely
+trust that the inquirer would be disappointed who should endeavor to
+trace any more immediate reasons for their adoption of the cause of
+Alexander III. against Barbarossa, than the piety which was excited by
+the character of their suppliant, and the noble pride which was provoked
+by the insolence of the emperor. But the heart of Venice is shown only
+in her hastiest counsels; her worldly spirit recovers the ascendency
+whenever she has time to calculate the probabilities of advantage, or
+when they are sufficiently distinct to need no calculation; and the
+entire subjection of private piety to national policy is not only
+remarkable throughout the almost endless series of treacheries and
+tyrannies by which her empire was enlarged and maintained, but
+symbolized by a very singular circumstance in the building of the city
+itself. I am aware of no other city of Europe in which its cathedral was
+not the principal feature. But the principal church in Venice was the
+chapel attached to the palace of her prince, and called the "Chiesa
+Ducale." The patriarchal church, inconsiderable in size and mean
+decoration, stands on the outermost islet of the Venetian group, and its
+name, as well as its site, is probably unknown to the greater number of
+travellers passing hastily through the city. Nor is it less worthy of
+remark, that the two most important temples of Venice, next to the ducal
+chapel, owe their size and magnificence, not to national effort, but to
+the energy of the Franciscan and Dominican monks, supported by the vast
+organization of those great societies on the mainland of Italy, and
+countenanced by the most pious, and perhaps also, in his generation, the
+most wise, of all the princes of Venice, who now rests beneath the roof
+of one of those very temples, and whose life is not satirized by the
+images of the Virtues which a Tuscan sculptor has placed around his
+tomb.</p>
+
+<p>"There are, therefore, two strange and solemn lights in which we have to
+regard almost every scene in the fitful history of the Rivo Alto. We
+find, on the one hand, a deep and constant tone of individual religion
+characterizing the lives of the citizens of Venice in her greatness; we
+find this spirit influencing them in all the familiar and immediate
+concerns of life, giving a peculiar dignity to the conduct even of their
+commercial transactions, and confessed by them with a simplicity of
+faith that may well put to shame the hesitation with which a man of the
+world at present admits (even if it be so in reality) that religious
+feeling has any influence over the minor branches of his conduct. And we
+find as the natural consequence of all this, a healthy serenity of mind
+and energy of will expressed in all their actions, and a habit of
+heroism which never fails them, even when the immediate motive of action
+ceases to be praiseworthy. With the fulness of this spirit the
+prosperity of the state is exactly correspondent, and with its failure
+her decline, and that with a closeness and precision which it will be
+one of the collateral objects of the following essay to demonstrate from
+such accidental evidence as the field of its inquiry presents. And, thus
+far, all is natural and simple. But the stopping short of this religious
+faith when it appears likely to influence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> national action,
+correspondent as it is, and that most strikingly, with several
+characteristics of the temper of our present English legislature, is a
+subject, morally and politically, of the most curious interest and
+complicated difficulty; one, however, which the range of my present
+inquiry will not permit me to approach, and for the treatment of which I
+must be content to furnish materials in the light I may be able to throw
+upon the private tendencies of the Venetian character.</p>
+
+<p>"There is, however, another most interesting feature in the policy of
+Venice, which a Romanist would gladly assign as the reason of its
+irreligion; namely, the magnificent and successful struggle which she
+maintained against the temporal authority of the Church of Rome. It is
+true that, in a rapid survey of her career, the eye is at first arrested
+by the strange drama to which I have already alluded, closed by that
+ever memorable scene in the portico of St. Mark's, the central
+expression in most men's thoughts of the unendurable elevation of the
+pontifical power; it is true that the proudest thoughts of Venice, as
+well as the insignia of her prince, and the form of her chief festival,
+recorded the service thus rendered to the Roman Church. But the enduring
+sentiment of years more than balanced the enthusiasm of a moment; and
+the bull of Clement V., which excommunicated the Venetians and their
+doge, likening them to Dathan, Abiram, Absalom, and Lucifer, is a
+stronger evidence of the great tendencies of the Venetian government
+than the umbrella of the doge or the ring of the Adriatic. The
+humiliation of Francesco Dandolo blotted out the shame of Barbarossa,
+and the total exclusion of ecclesiastics from all share in the councils
+of Venice became an enduring mark of her knowledge of the spirit of the
+Church of Rome, and of her defiance of it. To this exclusion of papal
+influence from her councils the Romanist will attribute their
+irreligion, and the Protestant their success. The first may be silenced
+by a reference to the character of the policy of the Vatican itself; and
+the second by his own shame, when he reflects that the English
+Legislature sacrificed their principles to expose themselves to the very
+danger which the Venetian senate sacrificed theirs to avoid.</p>
+
+<p>"One more circumstance remains to be noted respecting the Venetian
+government, the singular unity of the families composing it,&mdash;unity far
+from sincere or perfect, but still admirable when contrasted with the
+fiery feuds, the almost daily revolutions, the restless succession of
+families and parties in power, which fill the annals of the other states
+of Italy. That rivalship should sometimes be ended by the dagger, or
+enmity conducted to its ends under the mask of law, could not but be
+anticipated where the fierce Italian spirit was subjected to so severe a
+restraint: it is much that jealousy appears usually commingled with
+illegitimate ambition, and that, for every instance in which private
+passion sought its gratification through public danger, there are a
+thousand in which it was sacrificed to the public advantage. Venice may
+well call upon us to note with reverence, that of all the towers which
+are still seen rising like a branchless forest from her islands, there
+is but one whose office was other than that of summoning to prayer, and
+that one was a watchtower only: from first to last, while the palaces of
+the other cities of Italy were lifted into sullen fortitudes of rampart,
+and fringed with forked battlements for the javelin and the bow, the
+sands of Venice never sank under the weight of a war tower, and her roof
+terraces were wreathed with Arabian imagery, of golden globes suspended
+on the leaves of lilies.</p>
+
+<p>"These, then, appear to me to be the points of chief general interest in
+the character and fate of the Venetian people. I would next endeavor to
+give the reader some idea of the manner in which the testimony of art
+bears upon these questions, and of the aspect which the arts themselves
+assume when they are regarded in their true connection with the history
+of the state: 1st. Receive the witness of painting. It will be
+remembered that I put the commencement of the Fall of Venice as far back
+as 1418. Now, John Bellini was born in 1423, and Titian in 1480. John
+Bellini, and his brother Gentile, two years older than he, close the
+line of the sacred painters of Venice. But the most solemn spirit of
+religious faith animates their works to the last. There is no religion
+in any work of Titian's: there is not even the smallest evidence of
+religious temper or sympathies either in himself or in those for whom he
+painted. His larger sacred subjects are merely themes for the exhibition
+of pictorial rhetoric,&mdash;composition and color. His minor works are
+generally made subordinate to purposes of portraiture. The Madonna in
+the church of the Frari is a mere lay figure, introduced to form a link
+of connection between the portraits of various members of the Pesaro
+family who surround her. Now this is not merely because John Bellini was
+a religious man and Titian was not. Titian and Bellini are each true
+representatives of the school of painters contemporary with them; and
+the difference in their artistic feeling is a consequence not so much of
+difference in their own natural characters as in their early education:
+Bellini was brought up in faith, Titian in formalism. Between the years
+of their births the vital religion of Venice had expired.</p>
+
+<p>"The <i>vital</i> religion, observe, not the formal. Outward observance was
+as strict as ever; and doge and senator still were painted, in almost
+every important instance, kneeling before the Madonna or St. Mark; a
+confession of faith made universal by the pure gold of the Venetian
+sequin. But observe the great picture of Titian's, in the ducal palace,
+of the Doge Antonio Grimani kneeling before Faith: there is a curious
+lesson in it. The figure of Faith is a coarse portrait of one of
+Titian's least graceful female models: Faith had become carnal. The eye
+is first caught by the flash of the Doge's armor. The heart of Venice
+was in her wars, not in her worship. The mind of Tintoret, incomparably
+more deep and serious than that of Titian, casts the solemnity of its
+own tone over the sacred subjects which it approaches, and sometimes
+forgets itself into devotion; but the principle of treatment is
+altogether the same as Titian's: absolute subordination of the religious
+subject to purposes of decoration or portraiture. The evidence might be
+accumulated a thousand-fold from the works of Veronese, and of every
+succeeding painter,&mdash;that the fifteenth century had taken away the
+religious heart of Venice.</p>
+
+<p>"Such is the evidence of painting. To give a general idea of that of
+architecture: Phillipe de Commynes, writing of his entry into Venice in
+1495, observed instantly the distinction between the elder palaces and
+those built 'within this last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> hundred years; which all have their
+fronts of white marble brought from Istria, a hundred miles away, and
+besides, many a large piece of porphyry and serpentine upon their
+fronts.'...</p>
+
+<p>"There had indeed come a change over Venetian architecture in the
+fifteenth century; and a change of some importance to us moderns: we
+English owe to it our St. Paul's Cathedral, and Europe in general owes
+to it the utter degradation or destruction of her schools of
+architecture, never since revived."...</p>
+
+<p>"The Rationalist kept the arts and cast aside the religion. This
+rationalistic art is the art commonly called Renaissance, marked by a
+return to pagan systems, not to adopt them and hallow them for
+Christianity, but to rank itself under them as an imitator and pupil. In
+Painting it is headed by Giulio Romano and Nicolo Poussin; in
+Architecture, by Sansovino and Palladio.</p>
+
+<p>"Instant degradation followed in every direction,&mdash;a flood of folly and
+hypocrisy. Mythologies ill understood at first, then perverted into
+feeble sensualities, take the place of the representations of Christian
+subjects, which had become blasphemous under the treatment of men like
+the Caracci. Gods without power, satyrs without rusticity, nymphs
+without innocence, men without humanity, gather into idiot groups upon
+the polluted canvas, and scenic affectations encumber the streets with
+preposterous marble. Lower and lower declines the level of abused
+intellect; the base school of landscape gradually usurps the place of
+the historical painting, which had sunk into prurient pedantry,&mdash;the
+Alsatian sublimities of Salvator, the confectionary idealities of
+Claude, the dull manufacture of Gaspar and Canaletto, south of the Alps,
+and on the north the patient devotion of besotted lives to delineation
+of bricks and fogs, fat cattle and ditch-water. And thus Christianity
+and morality, courage, and intellect, and art all crumbling together
+into one wreck, we are hurried on to the fall of Italy, the revolution
+in France, and the condition of art in England (saved by her
+Protestantism from severer penalty) in the time of George II.</p>
+
+<p>"I have not written in vain if I have heretofore done any thing towards
+diminishing the reputation of the Renaissance landscape painting. But
+the harm which has been done by Claude and the Poussins is as nothing
+when compared to the mischief effected by Palladio, Scamozzi, and
+Sansovino. Claude and the Poussins were weak men, and have had no
+serious influence on the general mind. There is little harm in their
+works being purchased at high prices: their real influence is very
+slight, and they may be left without grave indignation to their poor
+mission of furnishing drawing-rooms and assisting stranded conversation.
+Not so the Renaissance architecture. Raised at once into all the
+magnificence of which it was capable by Michael Angelo, then taken up by
+men of real intellect and imagination, such as Scamozzi, Sansovino,
+Inigo Jones, and Wren, it is impossible to estimate the extent of its
+influence on the European mind; and that the more, because few persons
+are concerned with painting, and, of those few, the larger number regard
+it with slight attention; but all men are concerned with architecture,
+and have at some time of their lives serious business with it. It does
+not much matter that an individual loses two or three hundred pounds in
+buying a bad picture, but it is to be regretted that a nation should
+lose two or three hundred thousand in raising a ridiculous building. Nor
+is it merely wasted wealth or distempered conception which we have to
+regret in this Renaissance architecture: but we shall find in it partly
+the root, partly the expression of certain dominant evils of modern
+times&mdash;over-sophistication and ignorant classicalism; the one destroying
+the healthfulness of general society, the other rendering our schools
+and universities useless to a large number of the men who pass through
+them.</p>
+
+<p>"Now Venice, as she was once the most religious, was in her fall the
+most corrupt, of European states; and as she was in her strength the
+centre of the pure currents of Christian architecture, so she is in her
+decline the source of the Renaissance. It was the originality and
+splendor of the palaces of Vicenza and Venice which gave this school its
+eminence in the eyes of Europe; and the dying city, magnificent in her
+dissipation, and graceful in her follies, obtained wider worship in her
+decrepitude than in her youth, and sank from the midst of her admirers
+into the grave.</p>
+
+<p>"It is in Venice, therefore, and in Venice only, that effectual blows
+can be struck at this pestilent art of the Renaissance. Destroy its
+claims to admiration there, and it can assert them nowhere else."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTRASTED PORTRAITS OF MARIE ANTOINETTE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the last number of <i>The International</i> we quoted the remarks of Lord
+Holland upon the character of the wife of Louis XVI. The sketch
+presented by the noble author has been the subject of much and various
+criticism. The London <i>Times</i> says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The virtue of the unfortunate consort of a most unhappy
+monarch is without a flaw. Enmity, hatred, and every evil
+passion, have done their worst to palliate murder and to
+blacken innocence, but the ineradicable spot cannot be fixed to
+the fair fame of this true woman. Faultless she was not. We are
+under no obligation to vindicate her imprudent, wilful, and
+fatal interference with public questions in which she had no
+concern; we say nothing of her ignorance of the high matters of
+state into which her uninformed zeal conducted her, to the
+bitter cost of herself and of those she loved dearest on earth;
+but of her purity, her uprightness, her beneficence, her
+devotion, her sweet, playful, happy disposition, in the midst
+of those home endearments, which were to her the true
+occupation and charm of life, there cannot exist a doubt.
+Misfortune fell upon her house to strengthen her love and to
+confirm her piety. Persecution, imprisonment, calamity that has
+never been surpassed, and a dreadful end, which, in its
+bitterness, has seldom been equalled, found and left her, a
+meek but perfect heroine. One historian has told us, that as
+'an affectionate daughter and a faithful wife, she preserved in
+the two most corrupted courts of Europe the simplicity and
+affections of domestic life.' It is sufficient to add, that she
+ascended the scaffold enjoining her children to a scrupulous
+discharge of duty, to forgive her murderers, to forget her
+wrongs; and that her last words on earth were directed to the
+beloved husband who had preceded her, whose spirit she was
+eager to rejoin, yet whose bed, if we are to believe my Lord
+Holland, she had oftener than once defiled."</p></div>
+
+<p>And <i>The Times</i> intimates elsewhere that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> Lord Holland is alone among
+reputable authors in condemning the Queen. How <i>The Times</i> regards
+<span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>, we cannot tell, but certainly it is claimed by our
+democracy that he was a witness with a character. Jefferson says of
+Marie Antoinette:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The King was now become a passive machine in the hands of the
+National Assembly, and had he been left to himself, he would
+have willingly acquiesced in whatever they should devise as
+best for the nation. A wise constitution would have been
+formed, hereditary in his line, himself placed at its head,
+with powers so large, as to enable him to do all the good of
+his station, and so limited, as to restrain him from its abuse.
+This he would have faithfully administered, and more than this,
+I do not believe, he ever wished. But he had a Queen of
+absolute sway over his weak mind, and timid virtue, and of a
+character, the reverse of his in all points. This angel, as
+gaudily painted in the rhapsodies of Burke, with some smartness
+of fancy, but no sound sense, was proud, disdainful of
+restraint, indignant at all obstacles to her will, eager in the
+pursuit of pleasure, and firm enough to hold to her desires, or
+perish in their wreck. Her inordinate gambling and
+dissipations, with those of the Count d'Artois, and others of
+her <i>clique</i>, had been a sensible item in the exhaustion of the
+treasury, which called into action the reforming hand of the
+nation; and her opposition to it, her inflexible perverseness,
+and dauntless spirit, led herself to the guillotine, drew the
+King on with her, and plunged the world into crimes and
+calamities which will for ever stain the pages of modern
+history. I have ever believed, that had there been no Queen,
+there would have been no revolution. No force would have been
+provoked, nor exercised. The King would have gone hand in hand
+with the wisdom of his sounder counsellors, who, guided by the
+increased lights of the age, wished only, with the same pace,
+to advance the principles of their social constitution. The
+deed which closed the mortal course of these sovereigns, I
+shall neither approve nor condemn. I am not prepared to say,
+that the first magistrate of a nation cannot commit treason
+against his country, or is unamenable to its punishment; nor
+yet, that where there is no written law, no regulated tribunal,
+there is not a law in our hearts, and a power in our hands,
+given for righteous employment in maintaining right, and
+redressing wrong. Of those who judged the King, many thought
+him wilfully criminal; many, that his existence would keep the
+nation in perpetual conflict with the horde of Kings, who would
+war against a regeneration which might come home to themselves,
+and that it were better that one should die than all. I should
+not have voted with this portion of the legislature. I should
+have shut up the Queen in a convent, putting harm out of her
+power, and placed the King in his station, investing him with
+limited powers, which, I verily believe, he would have honestly
+exercised, according to the measure of his understanding. In
+this way, no void would have been created, courting the
+usurpation of a military adventurer, nor occasion given for
+those enormities which demoralized the nations of the world,
+and destroyed, and is yet to destroy, millions and millions of
+its inhabitants."</p></div>
+
+<p>A majority of the French authors of the time agree with Mr. Jefferson.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>HINDOSTANEE NEWSPAPERS: THE FLYING SHEETS OF BENARES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>One of the most successful applications of lithography is in the
+reproduction of the Hindostanee or Persian writing, used in India. It is
+too irregular and complicated to be represented by ordinary types.
+Accordingly lithographic printing establishments have been set up in the
+principal cities of India, where original works, translations of the
+ancient tongues of Asia or the modern ones of Europe, as well as
+newspapers are published. Calcutta, Serampore, Lakhnau, Madras, Bombay,
+Pounah, were the first cities to have these printing offices, but since
+then a great number have been established in the north-west provinces,
+where the Hindostanee is the sole language employed. A year since that
+part of the country contained twenty-eight offices, which in 1849
+produced a hundred and forty-one different works, while the number of
+journals was twenty-six, which, with those printed in other provinces,
+makes about fifty in the native dialect, in all Hindostan. Within the
+last year, new establishments and new periodicals have been commenced.
+At Benares, the ancient seat of Hindoo learning, where the Brahmins used
+to resort to study their language and read the vedas and shasters, a new
+journal is called the <i>S&acirc;&iuml;rin-i Hind</i> (The Flying Sheets of India),
+making the sixth in that city. It is edited by two Hindoo literati,
+Bha&iuml;rav Pra&ccedil;&acirc;d and Harban L&acirc;l, who had before attempted a purely
+scientific publication under the title of <i>Mir&acirc;t Ulalum</i> (Mirror of the
+Sciences), which has been stopped. The new paper, of which only three
+numbers have come to our notice, is published twice a month, each number
+having eight pages of small octavo size. The pages are in double
+columns. The subscription is eight <i>anas</i>, or twenty-five cents a month,
+or six <i>roupies</i>, or three dollars a year. The paper is divided into two
+parts, the first literary and scientific, the second devoted to
+political and miscellaneous intelligence. The first number commences
+with a rhapsody in verse upon eloquence, by the celebrated national poet
+Ha&ccedil;an, of which the following is the <i>International's</i> translation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Give me to taste, O Song, the sweet beverage of eloquence,
+that precious art which opens the gate of diction. I dream
+night and day of the benefits of that noble talent. What other
+can be compared with it? The sage who knows how to appreciate
+it, puts forth all his efforts for its acquisition. It is
+eloquence which gives celebrity to persons of merit. The brave
+ought to esteem eloquence, for it immortalizes the names of
+heroes. It is through the science of speaking well that the
+noble actions of antiquity have come down to us; the language
+of the <i>calam</i> has perpetuated remarkable deeds. What would
+have become of the names of Rustam, Cyrus, and Afraciab, if
+eloquence had not preserved their memory like the recital of a
+remote dream? It is by the pearls of elocution that the sweet
+relations between distant friends are preserved. The study of
+this sublime art is like a market always filled with buyers.
+It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> will remain in the world as long as the ear shall be
+sensible to harmony, or the heart to persuasion."</p></div>
+
+<p>This is followed by a sort of prospectus, elegantly written, of course
+with the oriental ornaments of alliteration and antithesis, in which the
+editors proclaim the usefulness of instruction to the cause of religion
+and morality. These are the ends they have in view in the publication of
+the new journal, and they appeal to those who approve of their purposes
+to encourage rather than criticise their efforts. To prove how much
+easier it is to criticise than to do well the thing criticised, they
+cite the well known fable of the miller, his son, and the ass. In
+publishing a new periodical, they consider that they are merely
+supplying a want of the public, which desires to be informed as to
+passing events, new discoveries in science, the proceedings in lawsuits,
+&amp;c. This journal will interest all classes of readers, not only people
+in easy circumstances who live on their income, but merchants and
+mechanics, who will find in it intelligence of which they stand in need.
+Those who find in it articles not in their line, are advised not to be
+vexed thereat, but to reflect that they may be agreeable and useful to
+others, and that a journal ought to contain the greatest possible
+variety. For the rest, the editors will thankfully receive such
+information and suggestions as their friends may choose to give them.
+Their prospectus concludes with a panegyric on the English government,
+for favoring education among the natives, saying that not only
+speculative, but practical knowledge is necessary, as says the
+poet-philosopher Saadi: "Though thou hast knowledge, if thou dost not
+apply the same, thou art of no more value than the ignorant; thou art
+like an ass laden with books."</p>
+
+<p>Next they give a table of <i>the chain</i> of human knowledge, by way of
+programme of the subjects which will be likely to be discussed in the
+journal. This is followed by political and miscellaneous news from
+Persia, Cabul, Bombay, Aoude, and Calcutta, and other provinces. Under
+the last head is a statement of the present population of the capital of
+British India, as follows:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Europeans,</td><td align='right'>6,433</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Georgians,</td><td align='right'>4,615</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Armenians,</td><td align='right'>892</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chinese,</td><td align='right'>847</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Other Asiatics,</td><td align='right'>15,342</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hindoos,</td><td align='right'>274,335</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mussulmans,</td><td align='right'>110,918</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='right'>413,182</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The second number opens with an article of above five columns, on the
+inconvenience of not knowing what is taking place, or of knowing it
+imperfectly, followed by a second article of two columns on astronomy,
+and the discovery of planets, by way of introduction to an account of
+the discovery of <i>Parthenope</i>, which took place at Naples the 10th of
+May last.</p>
+
+<p>This is followed by news and advertisements of new books, published from
+the printing office of the paper. In the third number there is in the
+news department an article on the <i>marvellous news from Europe</i>, in
+which the editors speak of the scientific progress of the Europeans, and
+the astonishing discoveries which daily occur among them. In this
+connection they mention a singular experiment tried by a geologist of
+Stockholm. This savant having found a frog living after having been six
+or seven years in the ground, without air or food, concluded that men
+might live in that way for hundreds of years. Accordingly he solicited
+and obtained from the government, permission to try it for twenty-five
+years on a woman aged twenty. This piece of information is given with
+satisfaction, and the editors refer to the fact that some years since a
+faquir appeared at the court of Runjeet Singh, asking to be buried for
+several days, which was done. When the time arrived he was disinterred,
+as much alive as ever. The editors add, that although many Englishmen
+saw this, they had not believed it, but that this intelligence from
+Stockholm ought to convince them. The same number contains some remarks
+on the Ambassador of Nepaul, who was then in Europe. The following is
+our translation of this article:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Jung Bah&acirc;dur, has thought best to visit Paris, the capital of
+France, before returning to India. The first Indian who visited
+Paris was R&acirc;m Mohan Roy, who was succeeded by Dwark&aacute;nath Thakur
+and others. But these were not true Hindoos, of the good
+school, for they were of the sect of R&acirc;m Mohan [who established
+a sort of philosophic religion under the name of
+<i>Brahma-Sabh&acirc;</i>, or the "Reunion of Deists"]. General Jung
+Bah&acirc;dur, Kunwar, R&acirc;n&acirc;ji, and his brothers are then in reality,
+the first orthodox Hindoos who have honored Europe with their
+presence. We do not know how these personages can have followed
+the prescriptions of the <i>schastars</i> in their passage across
+the ocean, but we learn by the news from Europe, that they have
+not taken a single meal with the English, and have neither
+eaten nor drank with them, though this does not render it
+certain that they have been free from fault in other respects.
+It is said beside, that in order to repair every thing, when
+the Ambassador returns to Nepaul, the King will cast water upon
+him and thus will purify his <i>pabitra</i> [Brahaminic insignia].
+Should this arrangement take place and be adopted in other
+parts of Hindostan, we can believe that many Hindoos of every
+class will go to feast their eyes with the marvels of Europe."</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Original Poetry.</i></h2>
+
+
+<h3>MUSIC.</h3>
+
+<h4>By Alfred B. Street.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Music, how strange her power! her varied strains<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Thrill with a magic spell the human heart.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">She wakens memory&mdash;brightens hope&mdash;the pains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The joys of being at her bidding start.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Now to her trumpet-call the spirit leaps;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Now to her brooding, tender tones it weeps.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sweet music! is she portion of that breath<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">With which the worlds were born&mdash;on which they wheel?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">One of lost Eden's tones, eluding death,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To make man what is best within him feel!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Keep open his else sealed up depths of heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And wake to active life the better part<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of his mixed nature, being thus the tie<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That links us to our God, and draws us toward the sky!<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Authors and Books.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>In a late number of the <i>Archives for Scientific Information Concerning
+Russia</i>, a Russian publication, are some interesting facts upon the
+colonization of Siberia, and its present population. It seems that that
+country began to be settled in the reign of the Czar Alexis
+Michaelowich, who issued a law requiring murderers, after suffering
+corporeal punishment and three years' imprisonment, to be sent to the
+frontier cities, among which the towns of Siberia were then included.
+Indeed, under the Empress Elizabeth Petrowna (1741&mdash;1761), the whole of
+Southern Siberia was called the Ukraine. The beginning of regular
+transportation to Siberia was made by the Czar Theodore Alexeiwich, who
+ordered in 1679 that malefactors should be sent with their families to
+settle in Siberia. About this time many serfs escaped to Siberia from
+service in Europe, and stringent measures were adopted to reclaim the
+fugitives, and prevent such an offence from being repeated and
+continued. In 1760 a ukase was issued permitting landlords and communes
+to send to Siberia, and have entered as recruits, all persons guilty of
+offences of any kind or degree. In 1822 another ukase allowed the crown
+serfs of the provinces of Great Russia to emigrate to Siberia, where
+they became free, a privilege which they still enjoy. The main part of
+the present inhabitants of the country is composed of the descendants of
+these colonists and exiles, of the banished Strelitzes, and of the
+captured Swedes and Poles. The varied habits, customs, creeds, ideas,
+costumes, and dialects of these motley races have by long contact with
+each other become reduced to something like unity. The former extreme
+rudeness of the people has also of late years undergone a great
+improvement from the influence of new-comers. Still, however, Siberia is
+socially any thing but a tolerable country, even in comparison with
+Russia, and vices which in enlightened lands would be thought monstrous,
+are not occasions of any astonishment or special remark to the mass of
+the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A work by <span class="smcap">William Humboldt</span>, just published at Breslau, excites a good
+deal of attention in Germany. It is called <i>Notions toward an attempt to
+define the Boundaries of the Activity of the State</i>. It was written many
+years ago, at the time when the author was intimate with Schiller, who
+took an interest in its preparation, but other engagements prevented its
+being finished. It is now published exactly from the original
+manuscript, under the editorial care of Dr. Edward Cauer. Its doctrinal
+starting point is found in the nature and destiny of the individual. Its
+philosophy is essentially that of Kant and Fichte, and is of course
+liberal in its tendencies, though by no means satisfactory to the
+democracy of the present day.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <i>Journal of the Russian Ministry for the Enlightenment of the
+People</i>, for December last, reports a statement made by Mr. Kauwelin to
+the Russian Geographical Society in the previous September. The Society
+had received, by way of reply to an appeal it had issued, more than five
+hundred communications, from various parts of the empire, in relation to
+the Sclavonic portion of the people. These documents, as he said,
+contain a mass of valuable information, not only as to ethnography, but
+also as to Russian arch&aelig;ology and history. He showed by several examples
+how ancient local myths and traditions reached back into remote
+antiquity. He proposed the publication of the entire mass of documents,
+because "they enrich history with vivid recollections of the most
+ancient ante-historic life-experience of which the traditions of the
+non-Sclavonic portion of Europe have preserved only obscure intimations
+and vague traces."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Hertz, of Berlin, has just published a book which we think can hardly
+fail of a speedy reproduction in both English and French. Its title is
+<i>Erinnerungen aus Paris</i> (Recollections of Paris) 1817-1848. It is
+written by a German lady, who passed these eventful years, or most of
+them, in the French capital, and here narrates, in a lively and genial
+style, her observations and experiences. She was connected with the
+<i>haute finance</i>, moved among the lords of the exchange and their
+followers, and being endowed by nature with remarkable penetration,
+taste for art, no aversion to politics, and a genial social faculty, she
+knew all the more prominent personages of the time in public affairs,
+society, art, science, and money-making, and brings them before her
+readers with great success. Louis XVIII. and the members of his family,
+Talleyrand, Decazes, Courier, Constant, Humboldt, Cuvier, Madame
+Tallien, De Stael, Delphine Gay, Gerard, Meyerbeer, Mendelssohn, Liszt,
+are among the actors whom she introduces in most real and living
+proportions. Here is a charming specimen of her skill in portraiture.
+She is speaking of Madame Tallien, then Princess of Chimay, whom she saw
+in 1818: "She was then some forty years old. Her age could to some
+extent be arrived at, for it was known that in 1794 she was scarcely
+twenty, and her full person, inclining to stoutness, showed that the
+first bloom of youth was gone, but it would be difficult again to find
+beauty so well preserved, or to meet with a more imposing appearance.
+Tall, commanding, radiant, she recalled the historic beauties of
+antiquity. So one would imagine Ariadne, Dido, Cleopatra; a perfect
+bust, shoulders, and arms; white as an animated statue, regular
+features, flashing eyes, pearly teeth, hair of raven blackness, hers was
+a mien, speech, and movement, which ravished every beholder." Had we
+space we might give some longer translations from this interesting
+volume, for which our readers would thank us, but we must forbear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Latest German Novels</span>.&mdash;Theodore M&uuml;gge, who is somewhat known in this
+country through Dr. Furness's translation of his novel on Toussaint
+L'Ouverture, has published at Ensleben <i>K&ouml;nig Jacob's Letzte Tage</i> (the
+Last Days of King James), a historical romance, with the English James
+II. for its hero. The principal characters, that of the King, of
+Jeffreys, and William of Orange, are drawn successfully. The critics
+complain, however, that it lacks continuous interest, and a continuous
+and connected plot. To understand it, one must have a history of the
+period at hand to refer to. M&uuml;gge is not a great romancer, even for
+Germany. In politics he is one of those democrats who would yet have a
+hereditary chief at the head of the government. Glimpses of this
+tendency appear in this novel. Arnold Ruge has also spent a portion of
+his enforced leisure (he is an exile at London) in writing a romance
+called the <i>Demokrat</i>, which he has published in Germany, along with
+some previous similar productions, under the title of
+<i>Revolutions-Novellen</i>. It is full of Ruge's keen, logical talent, and
+on-rushing energy, but is deficient in esthetic beauty and interest. He
+never forgets the Hegelian dialectics even when he writes novels.
+<i>Clemens Metternich</i>, <i>and Ludwig Kossuth</i>, by Siegmund Kolisch, is a
+skilfully done but not great production. Uffo Horn has a new series of
+tales, which he calls <i>Aus drei Iahrhunderten</i> (From three Centuries.)
+They are stories of 1690, 1756, and 1844, and are worth reading. Horn
+seizes with success upon the features of an epoch, but is not so good in
+depicting individual character. The <i>Freischaren Novellen</i> (Free-corp
+Novels) of W. Hamm, are stories of modern warlike life, and are written
+with point and spirit. Stifter has published the sixth volume of his
+<i>Studien</i>, which, to those who know this charming off-shoot of the
+disappearing romantic school, it is high praise to say, is as good as
+any of the former volumes, if not better. Stifter always keeps himself
+remote from the agitations of the time, and sings his song, and weaves
+his still and lovely enchantments, as if they were not. This new volume
+contains a complete romance, the <i>Zwei Schwestern</i> (Two Sisters), which
+cannot be read without touching the inmost heart, while it delights the
+fancy. Spindler has a humorous novel, whose hero, a travelling clerk or
+bagman, meets with a variety of amusing adventures. Like many other
+books of the comical order, it is tedious when taken in large doses. The
+reader, at first amused, soon lays it down. Caroline von G&ouml;hren appears
+with a series of <i>Novellen</i>, which receive no great commendation. The
+<i>Ostergabe</i> (Easter Gift), by Frederica Bremer, which has just appeared
+in Germany, is spoken of as her best production. It contains pictures of
+northern life, and of those domestic influences which Miss Bremer so
+delights to glorify. The <i>Gesammelte Erz&auml;hlungen</i> (Collected Tales) of
+W. G. von Horn, lately published at Frankfort, are worth the attention
+of those whose novel reading is not confined to our own language. The
+style is clear and pleasing, and the characters full of truth and
+naturalness. The <i>Erz&auml;hlungen aus dem Volksleben der Schwerz</i> (Tales of
+Popular Life in Switzerland) by Ieremias Gotthelf, also deserves a
+respectful mention. Gotthelf is a religious moralist, who sets forth the
+doctrines of virtue, religious trust in God, and the blessed influence
+of domestic life, in a pleasing and effective manner.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Sch&auml;ffner's</span> <i>Geschichte der Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs</i> ("History
+of French Law"), just published, is noticed with high praise by the
+<i>Frankfurt Oberpostamts Zeitung</i>. The work has just been completed by
+the publication of the fourth volume, which only confirms the reputation
+which the earlier portions gained for the author among the jurists of
+all Europe. Dr. Sch&auml;ffner, with equal learning and perspicacity, sets
+forth the relation of French law, and the changes it has undergone, to
+the history of the political institutions of the country. In this
+respect the work interests a much wider public than is ordinarily
+addressed by a juridical treatise. It opens with an account of the
+conflict between the elements of Roman and German law in France. Then it
+exposes the establishment of the feudal aristocracy and its contests
+with the power of the Church; next, the culmination of the royal
+authority, based on a bureaucratic administration, its final fall into
+the hands of the triumphant revolution, and its subjection to the
+various powers that have succeeded each other within the last sixty
+years. The fourth and last volume contains the history of the
+Constitution, of Law, and of the administration from the revolution of
+1789 to the revolution of 1848. Dr. Sch&auml;ffner exhibits in this volume no
+admiration for the various attempts to re-create the State according to
+abstract theories; he goes altogether for moderate progress, gradual
+reform, and keeping up the relation between the present and the past.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The fate of <span class="smcap">Bonpland</span>, the eminent traveller and naturalist, is a topic
+of discussion in Germany. It seems that in a speech made in the Senate
+of Brazil, in August last, Count Abrantes said that Bonpland, after
+being released from his eighteen years' detention in Paraguay, had so
+far lost the habits and tastes of civilization that he had settled in a
+remote corner of Brazil, near Alegrete, in the province of Rio Grande du
+Sol, where he got his living by keeping a small shop and selling
+tobacco, &amp;c., and that he avoided all mention of his former scientific
+labors and reputation. It seems, however, that Bonpland still maintains
+a correspondence on scientific subjects with his old friend Humboldt,
+which exhibits no falling off either in his tendencies or powers. On the
+other hand, some suppose that he does not return to Europe because he
+has taken an Indian wife, and finds himself happier in the wilderness in
+her company.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An <i>official Russian account of operations in Hungary during</i> 1849 has
+been published at Berlin, in two volumes. It is by a colonel of the
+general staff, and gives a detailed narrative of the entire doings of
+the Russian forces in that memorable campaign. It casts a full light
+upon the differences between Paskiewich and Haynau, and accuses the
+latter, apparently not without reason, of the grossest mismanagement.
+Even his famous march to Szegedin, which has passed for as brilliant and
+well-planned as it was a successful man&oelig;uvre, is not spared. Of
+course, as regards matters of detail, this writer varies largely from
+previous statements of the Austrians.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The second volume of B&uuml;lau's <i>Secret History and Mysterious Individuals</i>
+has just been published by Brockhaus at Leipzic. The first volume was
+published at the beginning of last year, and has been made known to
+American readers by an interesting review of it in <i>Blackwood's
+Magazine</i>, accompanied by copious extracts. It is undeniable that
+Professor B&uuml;lau has had access to materials unknown to previous writers,
+which he has used with laudable conscientiousness, to clear up many
+obscure points in history, and to explain the motives of many persons
+whose actions have been wondered at but not understood.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A work of some pretensions has just been published at Stuttgart, with
+the title, <i>Italiens Zukunft</i> (Italy's Future), by <span class="smcap">Fr. K&ouml;lle</span>, who gives
+in it the fruit of seventeen years' residence in the country he treats
+of. He begins with the original elements composing the Romanic Nations,
+and goes on to consider the state of the country at the time of the
+Revolution, the doings of the French, the Restoration, the cities,
+commerce and navigation, the nobles, the peasantry, the Church,
+monastical religious orders, the Jesuits, possibility of Church reform,
+foreign influence, intellectual and scientific activity, Mazzini,
+prospects in case of a future revolution, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A German translation of selections from the works of Dr. <span class="smcap">Channing</span> is
+being published at Berlin. There are to be fifteen small volumes, of
+which six or seven have already appeared. The <i>Grenzboten</i> does not
+think much of the author, but classes him with Schleiremacher and his
+school. It says that Dr. Channing was a special favorite with women,
+which it seems not to intend for a compliment.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. Flourens</span>, one of the perpetual secretaries of the French Academy of
+Science, has published at Paris a collection of elegant and valuable
+essays. They comprise a dissertation on George Cuvier, one on
+Fontenelle, who is said to have best succeeded in casting on the
+sciences the light of philosophy, and an examination of phrenology,
+which M. Flourens discusses in the spirit of a disciple of Descartes and
+Leibnitz.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacques Arago</span>, author of <i>Souvenirs d'un Aveugle</i> (A Voyage Round the
+World), &amp;c., and brother of the astronomer and ex-minister, is one of
+the most remarkable characters of Paris. He is stone <i>blind</i>, and has
+been so for years; and yet he placed himself at the head of a band of
+gold seekers, and conducted them to California. Recently he returned to
+Paris, with little gold&mdash;indeed, with none at all&mdash;but in his voyage he
+met some extraordinary adventures, and is about to communicate them to
+the public in a volume. Jacques Arago is eminent in Paris not more for
+his abilities as a man of letters than for his fastidiousness, devotion,
+and success as a <i>rou&eacute;</i>. If Love is sometimes blind, he is keen-sighted
+for the sightless Arago, who boasts of having loved and been loved by
+the most beautiful women of France.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The military history of the Napoleonic period has received a new
+contribution in the <i>War of 1806 and 1807</i>, just published at Berlin, by
+Col. H&ouml;pfner, in two volumes. It is prepared from documents in the
+Prussian archives, and illustrated with maps and plans of battles. Not
+only does it add to our previous stock of information as to the military
+operations in Germany during these eventful years, but it serves at the
+same time as a history of the dissolution of that state which Frederic
+the Great erected with such labor and perseverance. We have here, in
+short, a picture of the downfall of the old Prussian military-system.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A new work on <span class="smcap">French History</span> during the middle ages is <i>La France au
+temps des Croisades</i>, by M. Vaublanc, which has lately made its
+appearance at Paris, in four handsome octavo volumes. It is the fruit of
+long and conscientious researches, and is written in a style of
+seductive elegance. The author is no dry chronicler, or plodding
+statician, but an artist, fully alive to the picturesqueness of his
+topic. He carries his reader with him into the time and the scenes he
+describes, and makes him a participant in the romantic and adventurous
+life of the period. His book is thus as entertaining as it is
+instructive.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A convenient book of reference for those who deal with the more
+recondite and interesting questions of history is the <i>Statistique des
+Peuples de l'Antiquit&eacute;</i>, by M. Moreau de Jonn&eacute;s, just published at
+Paris. It is a work of great erudition and even originality. All sorts
+of facts as to the social condition of the Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks,
+Romans, and Gauls, may be gathered from it. Another new work of a
+similar character is entitled <i>Du Probleme de la Mis&eacute;re et de sa
+solution chez tous les Peuples Anciens et Modernes</i>, by M. Moreau
+Christophe. Two volumes only have been published; a third is to follow.
+Price $1.50 a volume.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A translation of <span class="smcap">M'Culloch'</span> <i>Principles of Political Economy</i> has
+appeared at Paris, in four vols. 8vo. The translator is M.A. Planche.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louis Viardot</span> has published in Paris a <i>Histoire des Arabes et des Mores
+d'Espagne</i>. The excellent translator of <i>Don Quixote</i> ought to produce a
+striking work on this subject. The Count <span class="smcap">Albert de Circourt</span>, too, has
+published a new edition of his <i>Histoire des Mores Mudejares et des
+Morisques; ou des Arabes d'Espagne sous la domination des Chr&eacute;tiens</i>.
+Few topics in history have been until recently so much neglected as that
+of the Moorish races in Europe, and a good deal of what has appeared on
+the subject has been put together rather with a view to romantic effect
+than with a proper respect for the responsibility of the historian;
+though all Spanish history, Christian or Saracen, so abounds in romantic
+interest that there is less excuse, as less necessity, for outstepping
+the limits of truth, or giving undue prominence to the pathetic and
+marvellous. From this defect of most of his predecessors, the work of
+the Count de Circourt is in a great measure free. He has made a
+dexterous and conscientious use of the materials within his reach, and
+produced a work which unites to an unusual degree popularity of style
+with matter of great novelty and interest. There are few spectacles in
+modern times more attractive, or hitherto more imperfectly understood,
+than the condition of the Spanish Moors, from the time when they became
+a subject race, until their final expulsion from Europe in 1610. The
+reason why more attention has not been given to this subject, must be
+looked for in the fact that the expelled people were Mahometans, and
+that they took refuge in Africa, not in Europe. They had not, as the
+Protestants of France had, an England, Holland, and Germany to
+sympathize with and shelter them;&mdash;though, taking it with all its
+consequences, the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes was not a more
+important event in history, or more pregnant with injury to the power
+that enforced it, than the expulsion of the Moors from Spain. In folly
+and perversity the last transaction has pre-eminence. Louis XIV. revoked
+the Edict of Nantes, when he and his empire were at the summit of their
+power; but Philip III. chose the luckless moment for expatriating the
+most energetic and industrious of the inhabitants of Spain, when the
+virtual acknowledgment of the independence of the Dutch, and the
+concession to them of free trade to India, now assailed the prestige of
+Spanish supremacy in Europe, and the commerce of Portugal, at that time
+subject to Spain. From that hour the Peninsula declined with unexampled
+rapidity; and though, in course of time, the progress of decay became
+less marked, it was not finally arrested until two centuries after, when
+the invasion of Napoleon re-awakened Spanish energies, and freed them
+from the trammels which had impeded their development. Two centuries of
+degradation are a heavy penalty for a nation to pay for pride and
+intolerance; though not heavier than Spanish perfidy and cruelty to the
+Moors most richly deserved. In accordance with his design of treating of
+the Moors as a subject race, the Count de Circourt has given only a
+brief summary of their early history when they were ascendant in Spain.
+With the rise of the Christian and decline of the Mahometan power, the
+subject is more minutely, but still succinctly treated, the four
+centuries from the capture of Toledo to that of Granada being comprised
+in the first volume. The two remaining volumes are occupied exclusively
+with the history of the Moors from the overthrow of Grenada to their
+final expulsion from Spain. The various efforts made to convert and
+control them, and their struggles to regain their independence and
+preserve their faith, are copiously treated, but a subject so peculiar
+and hitherto so unjustly neglected, needed early discussion. We know not
+where the character of that worst species of oppression, where the
+antagonism of race is aggravated by differences of creed, can be so
+advantageously studied as in this portion of Spanish history. Nor is the
+early history when the Moors, still a powerful people, were treated with
+comparative consideration by their antagonists, deficient in traits of
+the highest interest, and lessons which oppressors of the present day
+would do well to lay to heart.</p>
+
+<p>We observe that M. de Circourt agrees very nearly with Madame Anita
+George (whose views upon the subject we recently noticed in <i>The
+International</i>) respecting Queen Isabella. He says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Spaniards speak only with enthusiasm of this Princess.
+They place her in the rank of their best monarchs, and history,
+adopting the popular judgment, has given her the title of
+"Great." If we consider merely the grandeur of the fabric she
+erected, the appellation will appear merited; if its solidity
+had been taken into consideration, her reputation must have
+suffered. Nations in general make more account of talents than
+of the use that has been made of them. They reserve for princes
+favored by fortune the homage which they ought to pay to good
+and honest princes, who have exercised paternal rule. They
+deify him who knows how to subjugate them. Thus it happens in
+all countries that the king who has established absolute
+monarchy is styled the great king. But it happens often that
+such founders have built up the present at the expense of the
+future. In Spain absolute monarchy sent forth for a time a
+formidable lustre, and then came suddenly a protracted period
+of progressive decay, which ended in the revolutions of which
+we have been witnesses. Barren glory, shameful prostration,
+interminable and possibly fruitless revolution, are all the
+work of Isabella."</p></div>
+
+<p>This is very different from the estimate of Mr. Prescott, but perhaps
+more just. In his forthcoming <i>Memoirs of the Reign of Philip the
+Second</i>, Mr. Prescott will have to trace the results of Spanish policy
+toward the Moors. We shall compare his views with those of MM. Circourt
+and Viardot.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>M. <span class="smcap">de Villemerque</span> has translated the <i>Po&egrave;me des Bardes Bretons du VI.
+Si&egrave;cle</i>, and the book is praised by the French critics.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louis Philippe's</span> last apology for his policy as King of the French has
+just made its appearance at Paris, and justly excites attention. It is a
+pamphlet written by M. Edward Lemoine, and bears the title of
+<i>L'abdication du roi Louis Philippe racconte&eacute; par lui m&eacute;me</i>. It is the
+report of a series of conversations which M. Lemoine had with the
+deceased King during the month of October, 1849, and which he was
+authorized to give to the world after his death. The writer gives every
+thing in the words of Louis Philippe, as they were uttered either in
+reply to questions or spontaneously in reference to the topics under
+discussion. The exiled monarch defends his conduct in every particular
+with ingenuity and force, dwelling especially on his abdication, on his
+refusal to yield to the opposition and admit the demanded reform, which
+brought on the revolution, on his abandoning Paris with so little effort
+at resistance, on his peace policy, and on the Spanish marriages. He
+denies emphatically that he or his family had thought of or undertaken
+any conspiracy with a view to recovering the throne. His children, he
+said, had been taught that when their country spoke they must obey, and
+that the duty of a patriot was to be ready, whatever she might command.
+This they had understood, and in all cases practised. Accordingly they
+had always been, and always would be strangers to intrigues.</p>
+
+<p>As for his persistence in keeping the Guizot ministry, that was
+commanded by every constitutional principle. That ministry had a
+majority in the Chambers as large even as that which overthrew Charles
+X.; how then should the King interfere against this majority? Besides,
+had not what happened since February demonstrated that he was right? The
+policy of every government since June, 1848, had resembled, as nearly as
+could be conceived, the very policy of the ministry so much and so
+unjustly complained of.</p>
+
+<p>Guizot had in fact promised reform. He had said that the instant the
+Chambers should vote against him he would retire, and the first measure
+of his successors would be reform. As for himself, said Louis Philippe,
+he had understood that this was only a pretext. Reform would be the
+entrance on power of the opposition, the entrance of the opposition
+would be war, would be the beginning of the end. Accordingly he had
+determined to abdicate as soon as the opposition assumed the reins of
+government; for he no longer would be himself supported by public
+opinion. The want of this support it was which finally caused him to
+abandon the throne without resistance. He could not have kept it without
+civil war. For this he had always felt an insurmountable horror, and he
+had never regretted that in February Marshal Bugeaud had so soon ordered
+the firing to stop. Besides, nobody advised him to defend himself, but
+the contrary. He had then nothing to do but to follow the example of his
+ministers who had abdicated, of his friends who had abdicated, of the
+national guard who had abdicated, of the public conscience which had
+abdicated. He did not take this step till after the universal
+abdication. But if he had fought and lost, and died fighting, who could
+tell the horrors that would have ensued? Or if he had triumphed, all
+France would have exclaimed against him as sanguinary and selfish, a bad
+prince, a scourge to the nation, and ere many months a new insurrection
+would have made an end. Victory would have been more disastrous than
+exile. He had done well to abdicate, and were the crisis to recur, he
+would not act otherwise. He had abandoned power (of which he was accused
+of being so greedy) as soon as he understood that he could no longer
+hold it to the advantage of his country.</p>
+
+<p>As for the charge of avarice, that was abundantly disproved by the
+publication of the manner in which he had employed the civil list, and
+by the fact that he was covered with debts. He had spent like a King
+without counting, and now that he had to pay he was obliged to borrow.
+And it is rather curious, said he, that the furniture employed in the
+festivals of the Republican President of the Assembly is my personal
+property, and that the horses and carriages of which so free use has
+been made, had been paid for from my own purse. This however, was a
+trifle not worth speaking of.</p>
+
+<p>If he had suffered from falsehoods printed in the journals, print had
+however done him justice in giving to the world his private letters.
+These had set right his private character as well as his public policy.
+He only wished that those papers had all been published, and published
+more widely. They did more for the glorification of his policy than the
+speeches of his most eloquent ministers. They proved that his had never
+been a policy of peace at any price. He had besieged Antwerp without the
+consent of England; he had sent an army to Ancona, though Metternich had
+declared that a Frenchman in Italy would be war in Europe. His
+government had always acted boldly and firmly, and had been respected.
+Why, only a few weeks before February, the great powers of Europe had
+asked of France to settle with her alone, and without consulting
+England, some of the questions which might compromise the equilibrium of
+Europe. Such was the consideration in which France was then held.</p>
+
+<p>As to the Spanish marriages, that was all done in the interest of
+France, and not, as had been charged, of his dynasty. If the latter were
+the thing he had aimed at, would he have refused the crown of Belgium,
+or of Greece, or of Portugal, for Nemours? Would he have refused the
+hand of Isabella for Aumale or Montpensier? No; he merely sought to
+render his country independent of England, and not her dupe. The
+<i>entente cordiale</i> in the hands of Lord Palmerston was becoming
+treacherous. He recollected the saying of Metternich, that the alliance
+of France and England was useful, like the alliance of man and horse.
+He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> determined to be the man, and by those marriages accomplished it.
+There was already a Cobourg in Belgium, one in England, and one in
+Portugal; could France allow another to be set up in Spain? So far the
+conversations of Louis Philippe relate to matters of his own history.
+From this he was led to speak briefly of Charles X., and things
+preceding the downfall of that prince. For this we must refer our
+readers to the pamphlet itself, which will doubtless be imported by some
+of our booksellers, if not soon translated into English and published
+entire. It cannot be read without interest. We give its substance above,
+without thinking it necessary to criticise any of the statements of the
+exiled prince.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>M. <span class="smcap">Audin</span>, a French historian, whose histories of Leo X., Luther, Calvin,
+and Henry VIII., are known to those who have sought an acquaintance with
+the Catholic view of those personages and their times, died on the 21st
+February, in his carriage, near Avignon. He was returning to Paris from
+Rome, where he had been to finish a new work, and to recover his health,
+which intense devotion to study had undermined. His expectations were
+not realized, and he returned to his own country to expire before
+reaching his home. At Marseilles, where he landed, the physicians
+dissuaded him from attempting to go further, but he refused to be guided
+by their advice. The works of Audin have been much read in this country.
+They are singularly unscrupulous.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Imperial Academy of Sciences at Vienna has just published an essay
+by the eminent Spanish scholar Ferdinand Wolf, which justly excites
+attention in the learned circles of Europe. It is on a collection of
+Spanish romances which exists in manuscript in the library of the
+University at Prague. Among these are many which are found in no other
+collection, and have hitherto remained unknown. Some of them, relating
+to the Cid, are very remarkable. They make a hundred romances discovered
+by Wolf, whose former collection (<i>Rosa de Romances</i>), published in
+1846, and whose work on the romance-poetry of the Spaniards, are known
+to all students of that kind of literature.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A new weekly journal, under the title of <i>Le Bien-Etre Universel</i> (The
+Universal Well-Being), appeared at Paris on the 24th February. It
+advocates Girardin's idea of the abolition of taxes, and the support of
+the government by the assumption by the latter of the whole business of
+insurance. Among the contributors are Victor Hugo, Eugene Sue, Francois
+Vidal, E. Quinet, Alphonse Esquiros, and Eugene Pelletan. It is
+published in quarto form, of the largest size permitted by the law, at
+$1.20 a year, and furnishes, in addition to its political and economical
+articles, a full summary of news, political, commercial, literary, and
+miscellaneous.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <i>Revue Brittanique</i> has some interesting facts as to the English
+book trade. It says: "The great booksellers, like Longman &amp; Murray, must
+be encouraged by the result of the speculations ventured on by the
+booksellers of Paris." Is it not wonderful that articles from reviews,
+which one would suppose would lose their interest in the course of time,
+and which have been circulated in the Edinburgh or Quarterly to the
+extent of ten thousand or twelve thousand copies, should be sold in
+reprints at a high price, and live through two, three, or even six
+editions? The articles of Macaulay are going through the sixth edition,
+although the book costs a pound sterling. Of Macaulay's History of
+England Longman has sold between 20,000 and 30,000 copies, and
+Thirlwall's and Grote's Histories of Greece, though they have not the
+same immediate, exciting interest, sell well, notwithstanding they are
+so long. Mure's and Talfourd's Histories of Greek literature are put
+forth in new editions. The reviews, instead of injuring the sale of
+solid works, increase it. Occasional books, like travels, biographies,
+&amp;c., naturally have their public interest, but most of them are sold at
+half price within three months of their appearance. At London there are
+circulating libraries which lend out books, not only in the city itself,
+but all over England: the railroads have extended their business very
+greatly. In order to satisfy as many customers as possible, they buy
+some works by hundreds. For instance, such a circulating library has two
+hundred copies of Macaulay's History, a hundred of Layard's Nineveh, a
+hundred of Cumming's hunting adventures, and so on. When the first
+excitement about a book is over, these extra copies are put into
+handsome binding and disposed of for half price. The system of cheap
+publishing has not yet much affected the circulating libraries in
+England, while in this country it has destroyed them. Books can be
+bought here now for the former cost of reading them.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A book worthy of all commendation is the <i>Histoire des Protestants de
+France</i>, from the Reformation to the present time, by M. G. de Felice,
+published at Paris. The author treats his subject with all that peculiar
+talent which renders French historians always interesting and
+instructive. He is clear, forcible, judicious, and profound, without
+pedantry or sectarian zeal. The action of his story is dramatic, the
+delineation of his characters as glowing as it is just, and his
+sympathies so true and generous, and at the same time so tolerant, that
+the reader follows him attentively from the beginning to the end. The
+Huguenots were worthy of such a historian, for though persecuted for
+their opinions, they never ceased to love their country, or to wish to
+live at peace with their enemies and serve her. Rarely has a body of men
+produced nobler characters. This book fills a vacuum in French history.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Modern Greek Literature is by no means so wild and imperfect as might be
+expected from a nation in such a chaotic and uncultivated condition. The
+people of Greece are hardly more civilized than the Servians, the
+Dalmatians, or any other of the half-savage tribes that inhabit the
+south-eastern corner of Europe, but the influence exercised by the
+antique glory of the land still remains to develop among them a degree
+of artistic power and beauty unknown to their neighbors. And little as
+Greece has gained generally from the introduction of German royalty and
+German office-holders, it has no doubt profited by the greater attention
+thus excited toward the works of the mighty poets who stand alone and
+unharmed after all else that their times produced has fallen into ruin.
+Thus, since the incoming of the Bavarians there has been growing up a
+disposition in favor of the early literature, and against the newer and
+less elegant forms of the modern language. The purification of the
+latter, and its restoration to something like the old classical
+perfection, the abandonment of rhyme, which is the universal form of the
+proper new Greek verse, and even the employment of the ancient
+mythological expressions, are the characteristic aims of some of the
+most gifted of living Hellene writers. In this way there are two
+distinct classes of cotemporaneous literature to be found in the
+Peninsula; the one consists of these somewhat reactionary and romantic
+lovers of the past, the other of the fresh, native products of the
+people, independent as far as possible of antiquity, and altogether
+unaffected by learned studies. The latter is mainly lyric in its
+character, and has often a wild beauty, which is none the less
+attractive because it is purely natural. These songs deal more with
+nature than those of the Sclavonic tribes, with which Mrs. Robinson has
+made us so well acquainted. The brooks, the hills, the sky, the birds,
+appear in them, and for human interest, some adventurous <i>Klepht</i>, some
+fighting and dying robber, is brought upon the scene.</p>
+
+<p>The best of the Romaic literature is no doubt the dramatic. This is
+natural, for the Greeks are still a representative and dramatic people.
+Until comparatively lately the poets confined themselves, if not to
+modern subjects, at least to the modern genius of their language. Their
+dramas were written in rhyme, and with a total disregard of the antique
+principles of rhythm. Quantity was supplanted by following the accents,
+and the exterior of the piece was more that of a French play than like
+the drama of any other nation. The specimen of this style most
+accessible to American students is the <i>Aspasia</i> of Rizos, published in
+Boston some twenty years ago, a tragedy, by the way, well worth reading.
+But latterly, the antique tendency prevailing, plays are written in the
+old measures, and with all the old machinery. This is in fact a
+revolutionary proceeding, but we hope may not be without its use, for
+Greece is not now rich enough to make useless experiments. One of these
+plays has been translated into German, and thus made accessible to those
+of the readers of that language whose studies have not reached into the
+musical Romaic. It is called <i>The Wedding of Kutrulis</i>, an Aristophanic
+Comedy, by Alexandros Rhisos Rhangawis. The form used by the great
+Athenian satirist is perfectly reproduced, and an original and hearty
+wit is not wanting. The Aristophanic dress is justified by the poet in
+some lines which we thus render into the rudeness of English:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Though he trimeters boldly arranges together, and anap&aelig;sts weaves with each other,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis not weakness in words that compels him, nor fear at the rhymes' double ringing;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In spans he can syllables harness with skill, as a fledgling should do of the muses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And where thoughts and poetic ideas there are none, words can heap up in &#7985;&#945; and &#7937;&#950;&#949;&#953;,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But mid the verdure of laurels eternally green, and by Castaly's ever pure fountains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There found he all broken and voiceless the pipe that, in rage at these poets profaning,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At these now-a-day sons of Marsyas, the noble old Muse had flung from her.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The subject and story of this comedy are drawn from the actual life of
+the people. Spyros, a tavern-keeper in Athens, has promised his daughter
+Anthusia to Kutrulis, a rich tailor. The young lady's notions are
+however above tailors; her husband must wear epaulettes and orders. If
+Kutrulis wants her hand, he must become minister. He despairs at first,
+but as others have become ministers, there is a chance for him.
+Accordingly, the needful intrigues and solicitations are set on foot.
+The strophe of the chorus by the sovereign public is too characteristic
+and too Attic for us not to try to render it, though perhaps only the
+few who have dipped in the well of the antique drama can appreciate it:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O muse of the billiard room,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou that from mocha's odor-pouring steam,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And from the ringlets, white-curling from pipes on high<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thine inspiration drawest, of venal sort!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here's a new minister must be appointed now.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Up and strike the praising strings!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Up, O muse of the mob's grace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Put forth in the rosy pages of newspapers<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dithyrambic articles!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hero praise aloud!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>To succeed in his ambition, Kutrulis must choose a party with which to
+identify himself. Accordingly the Russian, the British and the French
+parties, the three into which Greek public men are divided, are
+introduced, and each urges the reasons why he should become its
+partisan. This gives the poet an admirable opportunity for the use of
+satire, which he improves excellently. Kutrulis pledges himself to each
+of these candidates for his support, but mean while his friends have
+spread the report that he has actually been appointed minister. Now the
+swarm of office-seekers and speculators of all sorts come to solicit his
+favor and exhibit their own corruption. This part of the drama is
+treated with keen effect. While the report of his appointment is
+believed by himself and others, Kutrulis marries the scheming Anthusia,
+who presently wakes from her illusion to find that she is only a
+tailor's wife after all. She declares that by way of revenge she will
+compel her husband to give her a new dress every week, and the piece
+ends to the amusement of everybody.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. Planche</span>, the oldest Professor and the most learned Grecian at Paris,
+has just issued the first number of a <i>Dictionnaire du Style po&eacute;tique
+dans la Langue Grecque</i>. This dictionary is in fact a concordance of
+Greek, Latin, and French poetry. It offers a complete and curious
+illustration of the origin and growth of figurative words and phrases,
+and of their transfer from one language to another. The word <i>anchor</i>,
+for instance, was one of the earliest among the Greeks, a marine people,
+to take on a metaphorical sense. We see this even in Pindar, who speaks
+of his heroes as <i>casting anchor on the summit of happiness</i>. M. Planche
+follows this typical use of the word in Virgil, in Ovid, and in Racine,
+the last of whom says in the <i>Pleaders</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"Natheless, gentlemen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The anchor of your goodness us assures."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>To the curious student of words and their internal senses this
+Dictionary is evidently a book worth having.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. Elias Regnault</span> has undertaken to continue the <i>Dix Ans</i> of <span class="smcap">Louis
+Blanc</span>, in the shape of <i>L'Histoire de Huit Ans</i> 1840&mdash;48. Few works had
+ever so powerful an influence as Blanc's "Ten Years." The events of the
+eight years of which Regnault proposes a history were in no
+inconsiderable degree fruits of this work.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hallam</span>, on the 13th of February, sent a letter to the Society of
+Antiquaries, in London, announcing in consequence of his recent
+bereavement, he wished at the next anniversary to relinquish the office
+of Vice-President, which he had filled for the last thirty years; having
+been a member of the Society for more than half a century, and having
+during that period contributed many papers to its transactions. A
+resolution was proposed by Mr. Payne Collier, seconded by Mr. Bruce,
+expressive of respect for Mr. Hallam, sincere sympathy with his
+afflictions, and sorrow at his retirement. In a subsequent letter, Mr.
+Hallam stated that he should continue to be a member of the Society.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">General Sir William Napier</span> has published a new edition of his History
+of the War in the Peninsula&mdash;the best military history in the English
+language&mdash;and in his new preface he states that he is indebted to Lady
+Napier, his wife, not only for the arrangement and translation of an
+enormous pile of official correspondence, written in three languages,
+but for that which is far more extraordinary, the elucidation of the
+secret ciphers of Jerome Bonaparte and others.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In a recent number of <i>The International</i> we printed a poem by Charles
+Mackay, entitled <i>Why this Longing?</i> without observing that it was a
+plagiarism from a much finer poem by Harriet Winslow List, of Portland,
+which may be found in The Female Poets of America, page 354.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A descriptive catalogue of the books and pamphlets educed by the
+reinstitution of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy in England, would be a
+very entertaining work. It is astonishing how active the English become
+in pamphleteering when any such engrossing subject comes before the
+people or the parliament. The Duke of Sussex carefully preserved every
+thing in this shape that was printed during the discussion of Catholic
+Emancipation, and after his death we purchased his collection, which
+amounted to about <i>seventy thick volumes</i>, and includes autograph
+certificates of presentation from "Peter Plimley," and perhaps a hundred
+other combatants. The present discussions will be not less voluminous,
+and it promises to be vastly more entertaining. The matter of the holy
+chair of St. Peter, with the Mohammedan inscription, upon which the
+<i>verd antique</i> Lady Morgan has published two or three letters as witty
+and pungent as ever came from the pen of an Irishwoman, will afford
+pleasant material for the last chapter of her ladyship's memoirs.
+Warren, the author of <i>Ten Thousand a Year</i>, Dr. Twiss, the biographer
+of Eldon, Dr. George Croly, the poet, Walter Savage Landor, and Sheridan
+Knowles, the dramatist, are among the more famous of the disputants on
+the Protestant side. The author of "Virginius" professes to review
+Archbishop Wiseman's lectures on <i>Transubstantiation</i>, and the <i>Literary
+Gazette</i> says he thoroughly demolishes that dogma, which, however, "no
+one supposes that any Romanist of education and common sense believes.
+It is understood on all hands that whatever defence or explanation is
+offered, is only for the sake of affording plausible apology to the
+vulgar for a dogma which the infallibility of the church requires to be
+unchangeably retained. The reply of the philosophical churchman,
+<i>populus vult decipi et decipiatur</i>, is that which many a priest would
+give if privately pressed on the subject." The <i>Literary Gazette</i> makes
+a very common but very absurd mistake, for which no Roman Catholic would
+thank him. The church does maintain the doctrine, and the most
+"philosophical" churchman would be dealt with in a very summary manner
+if he should publicly deny it. The <i>Literary Gazette</i> adds that Knowles
+"displays complete mastery of the principles and familiarity with the
+details of the controversy," which we can scarcely believe upon the
+<i>Gazette's</i> testimony until it evinces for itself a little more
+knowledge of the matter.</p>
+
+<p>The only one of these works that has been reprinted in this country is
+Landor's, which we receive from Ticknor, Reed &amp; Fields, of Boston.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">R. H. Horne</span>, the dramatist, and author of <i>Orion</i>,&mdash;upon which his best
+reputation is likely to rest&mdash;has just published in London <i>The Dreamer
+and the Worker</i>, in two volumes.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Roebuck</span>, the radical member of Parliament, is continuing his History
+of the Whigs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It is not be denied that Miss <span class="smcap">Martineau</span> is one of the cleverest women of
+our time; deafness and ugliness have induced her to cultivate to the
+utmost degree her intellectual faculties, and several of her books are
+illustrations of a mind even masculine in its power and activity; but
+the constitutional feebleness, waywardness, and wilfulness of woman is
+nevertheless not unfrequently evinced by her, and as she grows older the
+infirmities of her nature are more and more conspicuous; vexed with
+neglect, without the kindly influences of home or friendship, without
+the consolations or hopes of religion, she seems now ambitious of
+attention only, and willing to sacrifice every thing womanly or
+respectable to attract to herself the eyes of the world&mdash;the last thing,
+in her case, one would think desirable. In the book she has just
+published&mdash;<i>Letters on Man's Nature and Development, by Harriet
+Martineau and H. G. Atkinson</i>&mdash;she avows the most positive and shameless
+atheism: Christians have had little regard for Pagan deities&mdash;she will
+have as little for theirs! The sun rose yesterday; the fishes still swim
+in the sea; all the world goes on as before; but she cares not a fig for
+any deities, Christian or pagan&mdash;and don't believe a word of the
+immortality of the soul! In this new book, of which she is the chief
+author, the interlocutors place implicit credence in all the phenomena
+of mesmerism, and they cannot believe there is any thing in man's being
+or existence or conscience beyond what the senses reach, beyond what the
+scalpel discloses in the brain. They trace acts and motions and even
+inclinations to the brain, and deny that there is or can be any thing in
+contact which can influence it. <i>Cerebrum et pr&aelig;terea nihil</i> is their
+motto. The book is the apotheosis of that lump of marrow and fibre. And
+yet this brain, which is so jealously guarded from any spiritual or
+immaterial influence, is declared to be completely under the direction
+of any man or woman who may pass a hand, with faith, backwards and
+forwards over the skull. The extremities of the body&mdash;the fingers&mdash;send
+forth and radiate certain electric, or galvanic, or invisible
+influences, and thus one has full power over another's organization and
+volition! But as to any influence beyond the sensible world, that Miss
+Martineau stoutly denies. The following passage is not an uninteresting
+specimen of this foolish production:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I observed that under the influence of mesmerism some patients
+would spontaneously place their hand, or rather the ends of
+their fingers, on that part of the brain in action; and these
+were persons wholly ignorant of phrenology. In some cases the
+hand would pass very rapidly from part to part, as the organs
+became excited. If the habit of action was encouraged, they
+would follow every combination with precision: and if one hand
+would not do they would use both to cover distant parts in
+action at the same time. I was delighted with their effects;
+but did not consider them very extraordinary, because I had
+been accustomed to observe the same phenomena, in a lesser
+degree, in the ordinary or normal condition. I know some, who
+on any excitement of their love of approbation, will rub their
+hand over the organ immediately. Others, I have observed, when
+irritated, pass the hand over destructiveness. I have observed
+others hold their hand over the region of the attachments, as
+they gazed on the object of their affections. I have watched
+the poet inspired to write with the fingers pressing on the
+region of ideality, and those listening to music leaning upon
+the elbow, with the fingers pressing on the organ of music; and
+I catch myself performing those actions continually, as if I
+were a puppet moved by strings. You will observe, besides, how
+the head follows the excited organ. The proud man throws his
+head back; the fine man carries his head erect; vanity draws
+the head on one side, with the hat on the opposite side; the
+intellect presses the head forward; the affections throw it
+back on the shoulders; and so with the rest."</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Right Honorable Sir <span class="smcap">John Cam Hobhouse</span> is created a peer with the
+title of Baron Broughton de Gyfford, in the county of Wilts. His fame in
+literature has long been lost, in England, in his reputation as a
+politician; but in this country we know him only as rather a clever man
+of letters. His most noticeable works that we remember, are, <i>A Journey
+through Albania, in 1809, Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of Childe
+Harold, The State of Literature in Italy</i>, and two volumes entitled
+<i>Letters from Paris during the last Reign of Napoleon</i>. His lordship
+must be in the vicinity of seventy-five years of age.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Of "<span class="smcap">Junius</span>" there is still another book&mdash;though many good libraries
+contain not so many volumes as have been written upon the subject&mdash;and
+the journals have almost every month some new contributions to the
+mystery, increasing the accumulation by which the face of the author is
+hidden. The last work is entitled "Fac-simile Autograph Letters of
+Junius, Lord Chesterfield and Mrs. C. Dayrolles, showing that the wife
+of Mr. Solomon Dayrolles was the amanuensis employed in copying the
+letters of Junius for the printer; with a Postscript to the first Essay
+on Junius and his Works: by William Cramp, author of 'The Philosophy of
+Language.'"</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <i>Passions of the Human Soul</i>, by Charles Fourier, translated from
+the French by the Rev. John Reynell Morell, with critical annotations, a
+biography of Fourier, and a general introduction, by Hugh Doherty, has
+been published by Baliere of London (and of Fulton-street, New-York), in
+two octavos. This is one of Fourier's greatest works, and the attention
+given to his principles of society in this country will secure for it
+many readers here.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Colley Grattan</span>, the author of <i>Highways and By-ways, Jacqueline
+of Holland</i>, &amp;c., and a few years ago, British Consul at Boston, is
+coming to this country to give lectures. He will not be very
+successful.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Poems Of Alaric A. Watts</span>, lately published in London, in a very
+sumptuous edition,&mdash;though some of the plates have an oldish look&mdash;are
+much commended in nearly all the reviews, and civilly treated even by
+Fraser, who once described Watts as a fellow "of some talent in writing
+verses on children dying of colic, and a skill in putting together
+fiddle-faddle fooleries, which look pretty in print; in other respects
+of an unwashed appearance; no particular principles, with well-bitten
+nails, and a great genius for back-biting." Watts some twenty years
+since had a controversy with Robert Montgomery who wrote <i>Satan</i>, in
+such a manner as very much to please his hero (a difficult task in
+biography), and one of the subjects of protracted and sharp discussion
+concerned the names of the disputants. Watts maintained that the author
+of "Hell," "Woman," "Satan," &amp;c., was the son of a clown at Bath, named
+Gomery; and in return Montgomery, who, allowing that as Watts was the
+lawfully begotten son of a respectable nightman of the name of Joseph
+Watts, he had a fair title to the patronymic, denied that he had any
+claim to the gothic appellation of Alaric. "The man's name," said
+Montgomery, "is Andrew." This was a great while ago, and the quarrels of
+the time are happily forgotten. Watts is now fifty-seven years old, and
+age has sobered him, and given him increase of taste, both as to scandal
+and to writing verses. There are some extremely pretty things in this
+book (which may be found at Putnam's).</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stowe</span> MSS., including the unpublished diaries and correspondence of
+George Grenville, have been bought by Mr. Murray. The diary reveals, it
+is said, the secret movements of Lord Bute's administration, the private
+histories of Wilkes and Lord Chatham, and the features of the early
+madness of George III.; while the correspondence exhibits Wilkes in a
+new light, and reveals (what the Stowe papers were expected to reveal)
+something of moment about <i>Junius</i>. The whole will form about four
+volumes, and will appear among the next winter's novelties.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The copyrights, steel plates, wood-cuts, stereotype plates, &amp;c. of
+<i>Walter Scott's works, and of his life, by Lockhart</i>, were to be sold in
+London, by auction, on the 26th March. This property belonged to the
+late Mr. Cadell of Edinburgh. The copyright of "Waverly" has five years
+more to run, and that of the works generally does not terminate for
+twenty years. This is the largest copyright property ever sold.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Layard</span>'s fund having been exhausted, a subscription was lately set
+on foot for him in London, and its success we hope will enable him to
+prosecute his investigations with renewed vigor. He has, we hear,
+entirely recovered from his late indisposition, and needs but a supply
+of money to recommence his operations with renewed vigor.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Alford</span>, a very pleasing poet, a profound scholar, and most
+excellent man, is at the present time vicar of Wymeswold, in
+Leicestershire, England. He was born in London in 1810, and in 1832
+graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards
+Fellow. In 1835 he was married to his cousin, to whom are written some
+of his most charming effusions. At Easter in 1844 they lost one of their
+four children, and the bereavement seems to have induced the composition
+of many pieces full of tenderness and of remarkable beauty, which appear
+in the collection of his poems. In 1841 he was elected one of the
+lecturers in the University of Cambridge, and he is now, we believe,
+Examiner in Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and Logic in the
+University of London. He has published, besides his poetical works,
+which appeared in two volumes, some years since, several volumes of
+sermons, a work entitled <i>Chapters on the Poets of Ancient Greece</i>,
+written for the Nottingham mechanics; a volume of <i>University Lectures</i>;
+a work intended as a regular course of exercises in classical
+composition; and the <i>Greek Testament</i>, with a critically revised text,
+digest of various readings, &amp;c., in which he has displayed sound
+learning and judgment. He is also editor of a very complete collection
+of the "Works of Donne", published some years ago at Oxford. The great
+labor of his life, however, centres in his edition of the <i>Greek
+Testament</i>, the first volume of which only, containing the four Gospels,
+has appeared. He is now working hard, eight or ten hours a day, in his
+theological researches, which promise a liberal harvest. We understand
+that he has in contemplation a poem of considerable length, the
+composition of which is to be the pleasant solace of his declining
+years. Mr. Alford's minor poems have within a few years been very
+popular in America, and won for their author the warm friendship and
+sympathy of many who will probably never know him personally. His pure
+domestic feeling, and hearty appreciation of whatever is most genial and
+hopeful in human nature, entitle him to the distinction he enjoys of
+being one of the truest "poets of the heart."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In a sketch of the artist <span class="smcap">Andrew Wilson</span>, who died in Edinburgh two years
+ago, the <i>Art Journal</i> gives the following postscript of a letter from
+Sir David Wilkie to Wilson:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22"><span class="smcap">Madrid</span>, <i>Dec. 24th, 1827.</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>,&mdash;Having been employed by our mutual friend, Mr.
+Wilkie, to copy the above, I cannot let the opportunity pass
+unimproved of speaking a word in my own name, and to call to
+your mind the pleasant hours we occasionally passed together
+many years since. Let me express, my dear sir, my great
+pleasure in thus renewing, after so long an interval, our
+acquaintance. You, of course, if you can recollect any thing of
+me, can only remember me as a raw, inexperienced youngster,
+while you were already a man, valuable for information,
+acquirements, and weight of character. With great regard, my
+dear sir, believe me, truly yours,</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22"><span class="smcap">Washington Irving</span>.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Alison</span>, the historian, at a recent meeting of the Glasgow section of
+the Architectural Institute of Scotland, delivered an address in which
+he reviewed the state and progress of architecture, and its general
+influence on the mind and on the progress of civilization, from the
+period when it first became identified with Art to the present time.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The diet of Denmark has just voted to three poets of that nation a
+yearly pension of 1,000 thalers each. Two of them were H. Herz and
+Puludan M&uuml;ller; the name of the third we do not know.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The book of the month in New-York has been <i>Lavengro</i> (published by
+Putnam and by the Harpers in large editions.) Its success was a
+consequence of the fame won by the author in his "Bible in Spain," &amp;c.,
+and of clever trickery in advertising. Generally, we believe, it has
+disappointed. We agree very nearly about it with the London <i>Leader</i>,
+that&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is worth reading, but not worth re-reading. A certain
+freshness of scene, with real vigor of style, makes you canter
+pleasantly enough through the volumes; but when the journey is
+over you find yourself arrived Nowhere. It is not truth, it is
+not fiction; neither biography nor romance; not even romantic
+biography; but three volumes of sketches without a purpose, of
+narratives without an aim. Mr. Borrow has hit the English taste
+by his union of the clerical and scholarly with what we may
+call <i>manly blackguardism</i>. His sympathies are all with the
+blackguards. Not with the ragged nondescripts of the streets,
+but the poetic vagabonds of the fields&mdash;the Rommany Chals&mdash;the
+Gipsies, who are as great in "horse-taming" as Hector of old,
+and great in the art of "self-defence" as any Greek before the
+walls of Troy&mdash;not to mention other peculiarities in respect of
+property and its conveyance which they share with the
+Greeks&mdash;the Gipsies in short who are vagabonds in the true
+wandering sense of the term."</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James T. Fields</span> has in press a new edition of his Poems, embracing the
+pieces which he has written since the edition of 1849. Mr. Fields has a
+just sense of poetical art; his compositions are happily conceived, and
+uniformly executed with the most careful elaboration. A few days ago we
+saw a letter from Miss Mitford, addressed to a friend in this country,
+in which he is referred to as one of the "living classics of our
+tongue." We perceive that he is to be the next anniversary poet of the
+Phi Beta Kappa at Harvard.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. G. Simms</span> has published at Charleston a fine poem entitled <i>The City
+of the Silent</i>, written for the occasion of the consecration of a
+cemetery near that city. It flows in natural harmony, and in thought as
+well as in manner has an appropriate dignity. We wonder that there has
+appeared no complete collection of the poems of Mr. Simms, which fill at
+least a dozen volumes, nearly all of which are now out of print. Some of
+his pieces have remarkable merit.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Nile Notes by a Howadji</span>," is not a book of travel, but the book of a
+traveller. The traveller is obviously a very charming and veracious one,
+but after all, the landscape and the persons, scenes, and manners he
+describes are so idealized by him as to have lost much of their natural
+identity, and put on the somewhat artificial look of museum specimens.
+However, the <i>Notes</i> are not, therefore, to us the less, but all the
+more, readable, because we have abundance of mere books of travel, and
+scarcely any traveller worth remarking. Mr. Kinglake, the author of
+<i>Eothen</i>, to be sure, was a host in himself. And Mr. Thackeray, in his
+<i>Journey from Cheapside to Cairo</i>, proved himself a fit companion of
+that gentleman. But a certain sneering humor, a certain mephistophelian
+irony, in these persons, prevent one from feeling entirely at ease with
+them, or believing, in fact, in their complete sincerity. It is not so
+with the author of <i>Nile Notes</i>, than whom a June breeze is not more
+bland, and moonlight not less gairish or oppressive. This conviction,
+indeed, strikes us in a very peculiar manner as we read, that no more
+genial nature ever penetrated that dismal and incredible East, to avouch
+the eternal freshness of man against the decay of nature and the
+mutability of institutions. An actually weird effect is produced by the
+sight of this plump and rosy Christian pervading the graves of dead
+empires, and thinking democracy amidst the listening ghosts of the
+Pharaohs. Did these solemn empires, did these absolute and strutting
+monarchs mistake their grandeur, and exist after all only that this
+modern democrat might laugh and live a life devoid of care? Such is the
+lesson of the book. It is sweeter to know the freshness and kindly
+nature that penned it; it is sweeter to feel the graceful and humane
+fancies that baptize every page of it, than to remember whole lineages
+of buried empires, or recognize whole pyramids of absolute and dissolved
+Pharaohs. The book is a mine of beautiful descriptions, and of sentences
+which tickle your inmost midriff with delight. (Harpers.)</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We have been surprised lately at several long discussions in the
+New-York Historical Society of the question whether copies, extracts, or
+abstracts of the MSS. and other historical documents in the Society's
+collections might be published without the Society's special permission.
+We do not know who introduced the prohibitory proposition, but it is in
+the last degree ridiculous; there cannot be said in its support one
+syllable of reason; that it has been entertained so long is
+discreditable to the Society. The prime object of the Society is the
+collection and preservation of the materials of history; the more
+numerous the multiplication of copies, the more certain the
+probabilities of their preservation. A private collector may for obvious
+reasons hoard his treasures, and wish for the destruction of all copies
+of them; but the considerations which govern him are the last that
+should influence a historical society under similar circumstances.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fanny Wright</span>, some dozen years ago, entered into a sort of limited
+partnership with one of Robert Owen's old New-Harmony associates, and
+has since been known as Frances Wright D'Arusmont. They lived together a
+few months, but women grow old, and these infidel philosophers are very
+apt to live according to their liberties; Madame resided in Paris,
+Monsieur in Cincinnati: Madame wanted more money than Monsieur would
+allow, and she returned, and is now before the courts of Ohio with a
+plea (of <i>eighty thousand words</i>) for property held by D'Arusmont, which
+she says is hers. We know little of the merits of the case, but if there
+is to be domestic unhappiness, we are content that she should be a
+sufferer, whose whole career has been a warfare upon the institutions
+which define the true position, and guard the best interests of her sex.
+It is more than thirty years since Fanny Wright wrote her <i>Views of
+Society and Manners in America</i>. The brilliant woman who lectured to
+crowds in the old Park Theatre, against decency, is old now, and an
+atheist old woman, desolate, is rather a pitiable object.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward T. Channing</span>, a brother of the Rev. Dr. William Ellery Channing,
+and for thirty years Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard College, has
+resigned his place, and his resignation is one of the weightiest
+misfortunes that has befallen this school for some time. Professor
+Channing's fitness for the professorship of English literature was shown
+in his admirable article upon the Poetry of Moore, in the <i>North
+American Review</i> for 1817. He has written much and well in criticism,
+and is perhaps equally familiar with both Latin and English literature.
+His lectures, described as eminently rich, suggestive, and practical, we
+hope will be given to the press. It is intimated that Mr. George Hillard
+will be his successor in the college, and we know of no man so young who
+could more nearly fill his place.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Public Libraries</span>," is the title of a very interesting article in the
+February number of <i>The International</i>, erroneously credited to
+Chambers's <i>Papers for the People</i>. The Edinburgh publisher, it seems,
+took two articles from the <i>North American Review</i>, cut them in pieces
+and transposed the sentences, prefixed a few remarks of his own, added a
+few words at the end of his Mosaic, and issued this "Paper for the
+People" as an original contribution to bibliothecal literature, without
+a word as to its real authorship or the sources whence it was derived.
+Such things are often done, and if Messrs. Chambers always evince as
+much sagacity in their appropriations, their readers will have abundant
+cause to be grateful. The articles in the <i>North American Review</i> were
+written by Mr. George Livermore, a Boston merchant, who has the
+accomplishments of a Roscoe, and who as a bibliographer is scarcely
+surpassed in knowledge or judgment by any contemporary.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fenelon</span>, the Archbishop of Cambray, it was proved to the satisfaction of
+somebody, who read a paper upon the subject before the New-York
+Historical Society, a year or two ago, was once a missionary in America.
+But Mr. Poore, while in Paris for the collection of documents
+illustrative of the history of Massachusetts, investigated the matter,
+with his customary sagacity and diligence, and a communication by him to
+<i>The International</i> most satisfactorily shows that the supposition was
+entirely wrong. The Fenelon who was in this country was tried at Quebec,
+in a case of which the famous La Salle was one of the witnesses, and of
+which the <i>process verbal</i> is now in the <i>Archives de l'Am&eacute;rique</i>, in
+Paris; and the Archbishop was at the time of the trial certainly in
+France.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. S. G. Goodrich</span>, of whose works we recently gave a reviewal, will
+sail in a few days for Paris, where he will immediately enter upon the
+duties of the consulship to which he has been appointed by the
+President. This will be pleasant news for American travellers in Europe.
+Mr. Walsh has never been very liberal of attentions to his countrymen
+unless their position was such as to render their society an object of
+his ambition. Mr. Goodrich himself recently passed several months in
+Paris, bearing letters to the consul, who in all the time offered him
+not even a recognition. He will be apt to pay more regard to the letter
+which Mr. Goodrich bears from the Secretary of State.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Richardson</span>'s <i>Wacousta, or the Prophecy</i>, is a powerfully written
+novel, originally printed twenty years ago, and lately republished by
+Dewitt &amp; Davenport. The descriptions are graphic, and the incidents
+dramatic, but the plot is in some respects defective. The prophecies
+which have such influence over the race of De Holdimars should have been
+pronounced in his infancy, and not only a few days before the terrible
+results attributed to it; the introduction of the race at Holdimar's
+execution, is injudicious; and the circumstances under which Wacousta
+finds Valletort and Clara his auditors not well contrived. But
+altogether the book is one of the best we have illustrating Indian life.
+Major Richardson is a British American; his father was an officer in
+Simcoe's famous regiment; other members of his family held places of
+distinction in the civil or military service; and he was himself a
+witness of some of the most remarkable scenes in our frontier military
+history, and was made a prisoner by the United States troops at the
+battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed&mdash;<i>not</i> by Colonel
+Johnson, very certainly. Major Richardson subsequently served in Spain,
+and resided several years in Paris, where he wrote <i>Ecart&eacute;</i>, a very
+brilliant novel, of which we are soon to have a new edition. A later
+work from his hand, which we need not name, is more creditable to his
+abilities than to his taste or discretion; but <i>Wacousta</i> and <i>Ecart&eacute;</i>
+are worthy of the best masters in romantic fiction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The subject of <i>American Antiquities</i> has been very much neglected by
+American writers. Even the remains of an ancient and high civilization
+which are scattered so profusely all through Mexico and Central America
+have hitherto been illustrated almost exclusively by foreigners, and the
+most complete and magnificent publication respecting them that will ever
+have been made is that of Lord Kingsborough. Recently, however, our own
+country has furnished an antiquary of indefatigable industry, great
+perseverance and sagacity, in Mr. E. G. Squier, who was lately <i>Charg&eacute;
+d'Affaires</i> of the United States to the Republic of Central America, and
+is now engaged in printing several works which he has completed, in this
+city. The splendid volume by Mr. Squier which was published two years
+ago by the <i>Smithsonian Institution</i>, upon the Antiquities of the Valley
+of the Mississippi, illustrates his abilities, and is a pledge of the
+value of his new performances. The first of his forthcoming volumes
+will, like that, be issued by the Smithsonian Institution, and it will
+constitute a quarto of some two hundred pages, with more than ninety
+engravings, under the title of <i>Aboriginal Monuments of New-York,
+comprising the results of Original Surveys and Explorations, with an
+Appendix</i>. This is now, we believe, on the eve of publication. A second
+volume is entitled, <i>The Serpent Symbol, and the Worship of the
+Reciprocal Principle, in America</i>. It contains, also, extended
+incidental illustrations of the religious systems of the American
+aborigines, and of the symbolical character of the ancient monuments in
+the United States. It will form a large octavo of two hundred and fifty
+pages, with sixty-three engravings, and will be published by Mr. Putnam.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these works, constituting part of the second volume of the
+"Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," may be regarded as a
+continuation of the author's <i>Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi
+Valley</i>, forming the first volume of those contributions. It gives a
+succinct account of the aboriginal remains of the state of New-York,
+which were thoroughly investigated by the author, under the joint
+auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the New-York Historical
+Society, in 1848. It strips the subject of all the absurd hypotheses and
+conjectures with which it has been involved by speculative and fanciful
+minds, and gives us a new and full statement of facts, from which there
+is no difficulty in getting at correct results. The appendix, which
+forms quite half of the volume, is devoted to the consideration of
+several of the more interesting questions stated in connection with the
+subject of our antiquities generally, and has a closer relation to the
+previously published volume than to the present memoir. The <i>rational&eacute;</i>
+of symbolism is very elaborately deduced from an analysis of the
+primitive religious structures of the Greeks, and applied, as we think,
+with entire success, to the elucidation of the origin and purposes of a
+large part of the monumental remains in the western United States.
+Indeed this whole work is dependent on, and illustrative of, the other,
+which must be imperfectly understood without it.</p>
+
+<p>The same is true of the second work, on the "Serpent Symbol," etc.,
+which, however, is chiefly devoted to inquiries into the philosophy and
+religion of the aboriginal American nations, and the relations which
+they sustained to the primitive systems of the other continent. The
+principal inquiry is, how far the identities which, in these respects,
+confessedly existed between the early nations of both worlds, may be
+regarded as derivative, or the result of like conditions and common
+mental and moral constitutions. These are radical questions, which must
+be decided before we can, with safety, attempt any generalizations on
+the subject of the origin of the American race, which has so long
+occupied speculative minds. Mr. Squier, in this volume, has brought
+together a vast number of new and interesting facts, demonstrating the
+existence of some of the most abstract oriental doctrines in America,
+illustrated by precisely identical or analogous symbols; but he does not
+admit that they were derivative, without first subjecting them to a
+rigid analysis, in order to ascertain if they may not have originated on
+the spot where they were found, by a natural and almost inevitable
+process. The work, therefore, is essentially critical, and may be
+regarded as initiatory to the investigation of these subjects, on a new
+and more philosophical system. It is the first of a series, under the
+general title of "American Arch&aelig;ological Researches," of which, it is
+announced in the advertisement, "The Arch&aelig;ology and Ethnology of Central
+America," and "The Mexican Calendar," will form the second and third
+volumes.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these works, Mr. Squier has now in press, <i>Nicaragua: Its
+Condition, Resources, and Prospects; being a Narrative of a Residence in
+that Country, and containing also chapters illustrative of its
+Geography, Topography, History, Social and Political Condition,
+Antiquities, &amp;c., illustrated by Maps and Engravings</i>. This cannot fail
+of being a book of much interest and value. We are confident that it
+will be worth more than all the hundred other volumes that have been
+printed upon the subjects which it will embrace. Mr. Squier, while
+<i>Charg&eacute; d'Affaires</i> to Central America, and Minister to Nicaragua,
+enjoyed extraordinary opportunities, in his relations with the chief
+persons of those countries and his frequent tours of observation, for
+obtaining full and accurate information, and the general justness of his
+apprehensions respecting affairs may be relied upon.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Rev. Dr. Schroeder</span> has in press a <i>History of Constantine the
+Great</i>, in which we shall have his views of the Church in the fourth
+century.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Charles Astor Bristed</span>, whose clever sketches of American Society we
+have copied into the <i>International</i> as they have appeared in the
+successive numbers of <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, has addressed the following
+letter to Mr. Willis, upon an intimation in the <i>Home Journal</i> that
+under the name of Carl Benson he described himself:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>:&mdash;Several intimations to the above effect have
+already reached me, but now for the first time from a source
+deserving notice. Allow me to deny, <i>in toto</i>, any intention of
+describing myself under the name of Henry Benson. Were I
+disposed to attempt self-glorification, it would be under a
+very different sort of character. Here I should, in strictness,
+stop; but, as you have done me the honor to speak favorably of
+certain papers in <i>Fraser</i>, perhaps you will permit me to
+intrude on your time (and your readers', if you think it worth
+while), so far as to explain <i>what</i> (not <i>whom</i>) Mr. Benson is
+meant for.</p>
+
+<p>"The said papers (ten in all, of which four still remain in the
+editor's hands), were originally headed, 'The Upper Ten
+Thousand,' as representing life and manners in a particular
+set, which title the editor saw fit to alter into 'Sketches of
+American Society'&mdash;not with my approbation, as it was claiming
+for them more than they contained, or professed to contain.
+Harry Benson, the thread employed to hang them together, is a
+sort of fashionable hero&mdash;a <i>quadratus homo</i>, according to the
+'Upper Ten' conception of one; a young man who, starting with a
+handsome person and fair natural abilities, adds to these the
+advantages of inherited wealth, a liberal education, and
+foreign travel. He possesses much general information, and
+practical dexterity in applying it, great world-knowledge and
+<i>aplomb</i>, financial shrewdness, readiness in
+composition&mdash;speaks half-a-dozen languages, dabbles in
+literature, in business, <i>in every thing but politics</i>&mdash;talks
+metaphysics one minute, and dances a polka the next&mdash;in short,
+knows a little of every thing, with a knack of reproducing it
+effectively; moreover, is a man of moral purity, deference to
+women and hospitality to strangers, which I take to be the
+three characteristic virtues of a New-York gentleman. On the
+other hand, he has the faults of his class strongly
+marked&mdash;intense foppery in dress, general Sybaritism of living,
+a great deal of Jack-Brag-ism and show-off, mythological and
+indiscreet habits of conversation, a pernicious custom of
+sneering at every body and every thing, inconsistent blending
+of early Puritan and acquired Continental habits, occasional
+fits of recklessness breaking through the routine of a
+worldly-prudent life. The character is so evidently a
+type&mdash;even if it were not designated as such in so many words,
+more than once&mdash;that it is surprising it should ever have been
+attributed to an individual&mdash;above all, to one who is never at
+home but in two places&mdash;outside of a horse and inside of a
+library. Most of the other characters are similarly types&mdash;that
+is to say, they represent certain styles and varieties of men.
+The fast boy of Young America (from whose diary Pensez-y gave
+you a leaf last summer), whose great idea of life is dancing,
+eating supper after dancing, and gambling after eating supper;
+the older exquisite, without fortune enough to hurry
+brilliantly on, who makes general gallantly his amusement and
+occupation; the silent man, <i>blaz&eacute;</i> before thirty, and not to
+be moved by any thing; (a variety of American much overlooked
+by strangers, but existing in great perfection, both here and
+at the south;) the beau of the 'second set,' dressy, vulgar and
+good natured; these and others I have endeavored to depict.
+Now, as every class is made up of individuals, every character
+representing a class must resemble some of the individuals in
+it, in some particulars; but if you undertook to attach to each
+single character one and the same living representative, you
+would soon find each of them, like Mrs. Malaprop's Cerberus,
+'three gentlemen at once,' if not many more; and should one of
+your 'country readers,' anxious to 'put the right names to
+them,' address&mdash;not <i>one</i>, but <i>five</i> or <i>six</i>&mdash;of his 'town
+correspondents,' he would get answers about as harmonious as if
+he had consulted the same number of German commentators on the
+meaning of a disputed passage in a Greek tragedian. Some of the
+personages are purely fanciful&mdash;for instance, Mr.
+Harrison&mdash;such a man as never did exist, but I imagine might
+very well exist, among us. But, as the development of these
+characters is still in manuscript, it would be premature to say
+more of them.</p>
+
+<p>"Yet one word. The sketches were written entirely for the
+English market, so to speak, without any expectation of their
+being generally read or republished here. This will account for
+their containing many things which must seem very flat and
+common-place to an American reader&mdash;such as descriptions of
+sulkies and trotting-wagons, how people dress, and what they
+eat for dinner, etc.; which are nevertheless not necessarily
+uninteresting to an Englishman who has not seen this country.
+Excuse me for trespassing thus far on your patience, and
+believe me, dear sir, yours very truly</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22"><span class="smcap">C. A. Bristed.</span>"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Silliman, LL.D.</span> and his son Benjamin Silliman, junior, of Yale
+College, sailed a few days ago for Europe, for the purpose chiefly of
+making a geological exploration of the central and southern portion of
+that continent. After visiting the volcanic regions of central France,
+they will make the tour of Italy, visiting Vesuvius and Etna, and will
+return to England in time to attend the meeting of the British Academy
+of Sciences, at Ipswich, in July. They will next visit Switzerland and
+the Alps, and return home in the autumn.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The second volume of <i>The Works of John Adams</i>, we understand, has been
+very well received by the book-buyers. It is frequently observed of it,
+that it vindicates the title of its eminent author and subject to a
+higher distinction than has commonly been awarded to him in our day. It
+certainly is one of the most interesting biographies of the
+revolutionary period that we have read. The third and fourth volumes
+will be published by Little &amp; Brown about the beginning of May.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">The C&aelig;sars</span>," by De Quincy, is the last of the works by that great
+author issued by Ticknor, Reed, &amp; Fields, who promise us in their
+beautiful typography all that the "Opium Eater" has written. "The
+C&aelig;sars" is a very remarkable book.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Of The Edition Of The Writings of Washington</span> by <span class="smcap">Jared Sparks</span>, we
+published some years ago in the Philadelphia <i>North American</i> an opinion
+which was amply vindicated by citations and comparisons, and more
+recently, in the <i>International</i> for last December, we substantially
+repeated our judgment in the following words, in reply to some
+observations on the subject in the Paris <i>Journal des Debats</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"But the omissions by Mr. Sparks&mdash;sometimes from carelessness,
+sometimes from ignorance, and sometimes from an indisposition
+to revive memories of old feuds, or to cover with disgrace
+names which should be dishonored, and his occasional verbal
+alterations of Washington's letters, prevent satisfaction with
+his edition of Washington."</p></div>
+
+<p>Since then an able and ingenious writer in the <i>Evening Post</i> has
+criticised the labors of Mr. Sparks in the same manner, and in a second
+paper conclusively replied to his defenders. We profess thoroughly to
+understand this matter; we have carefully compared the original letters
+of Washington, as they are preserved in the Department of State, in the
+Charleston Library, the New-York Historical Society's Library, and in
+numerous other public and private collections, and we have come to the
+conclusion that instead of having done any service to American History
+by his editions of Morris, Franklin, and Washington, Mr. Sparks has done
+positive and scarcely reparable injury; since by his incomplete,
+inaccurate and injudicious publications, he has prevented the
+preparation of such as are necessary for the illustration of the
+characters of these persons and the general history of their times. We
+shall not at present enter into any particulars for the vindication of
+our dissent from the very common estimation of the character of Mr.
+Sparks as a historian; but we may gratify some students in our history
+by stating that <i>A Complete Collection of the Writings of Washington,
+chronologically arranged, and amply illustrated with Introductions,
+Notes, &amp;c.</i>, is in hand, and will be published with all convenient
+expedition. It will embrace about twice as much matter as the edition by
+Sparks, but will be much more compactly printed. It would have appeared
+before the present time, but for an absurd misapprehension in regard to
+certain assumed copyrights, which one of our most eminent justices, and
+several lawyers of the highest distinction, have declared null and
+impossible.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Isaac C. Pray</span> is the author of a beautiful volume on the eve of
+publication, on the History of the Musical Drama. One hundred and sixty
+pages are devoted to "Parodi and the Opera." Mr. Pray is a capital
+critic in this department; he has been many years familiar with the
+various schools of musical art, and at home behind the scenes in the
+great opera houses of Europe: so that probably no writer in America has
+more ample material for such a work as he has undertaken. He proposes a
+series of some half-dozen volumes on the subject.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Frederic Saunders</span>, an industrious literary antiquary, is publishing
+in the <i>Methodist Quarterly Review</i> and the <i>Christian Recorder</i>, a
+series of pleasant reminiscences of the great lights of the church in
+England, in the last generation. Among his papers that have appeared are
+entertaining sketches of Edward Irving and Dr. Chalmers.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">The Duty of A Biographer</span>," is very justly described by a writer on this
+subject in the last <i>Democratic Review</i>. They certainly managed these
+things better in the days of king Cheops, but biographies would still be
+written truthfully and to some purpose if there were more honesty in
+criticism&mdash;if the mob of people who fancy they may themselves sometimes
+be heroes of such writing, did not for their prospective safety denounce
+every <i>post-mortem</i> exhibition of infirmities; or if to the creatures
+most largely endowed with the means of hearing, slavering were not more
+easy than dissection.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>ASTONISHING ADVENTURE OF JAMES BOTELLO.</h2>
+
+<h3>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h2>BY W. S. MAYO, M.D. AUTHOR OF KALOOLAH, ETC.</h2>
+
+
+<p>To an author who has been accustomed to deal with the startling and the
+marvellous in the way of incident and adventure, nothing can be more
+amusing than the confident opinions of critics and readers as to the
+improbability, and frequently the impossibility, of particular scenes
+which often happen to be faithful descriptions of actual occurrences. In
+this manner several passages from "Kaloolah" and "The Berber" have been
+indicated by some of my many good natured and liberal critics in this
+country and in England, as taxing a little too strongly the credulity of
+readers. Among such passages, the escape, in the first pages of the
+Berber, of the young Englishman, by jumping overboard in the bay of
+Cadiz, and hiding himself in the darkness of the night beneath the
+overhanging stern of his boat, has been particularly pointed out. Now,
+if this was pure invention, it might be safely left to a jury of yankee
+boatmen or Spanish <i>barqu&eacute;ros</i> to decide whether the incident was not in
+the highest degree probable and natural; but being literally founded in
+fact, it is perhaps unnecessary to make any such appeal. There may be,
+however, a few unadventurous souls who will still persist in their
+doubts as to the probability of the incident. For the especial benefit
+of such I will relate the true story of a boat adventure, which in every
+way is a thousand times more strange and incredible than any of the
+wildest inventions of the wildest romance.</p>
+
+<p>The voyage of Vasco di Gama around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian
+Ocean, was the beginning of a complete revolution in the trade of Europe
+and the East. This trade, which, following the expensive route of Egypt
+and the Red Sea, had been for a long time in the hands of the Venetians
+and Genoese, suddenly turned itself into the new and cheap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> channel
+opened by the enterprise of the Portuguese. The merchants of Genoa and
+Venice found themselves unexpectedly cut off from their accustomed
+sources of wealth, while a tide of affluence rolled into the mouth of
+the Tagus, and Lisbon became the commercial mart of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The success of the Portuguese gave a new impulse to the spirit of
+enterprise which had already been excited among the maritime nations of
+Europe by the discoveries of Columbus, and efforts to divert a portion
+of the golden current soon began to be made. The Spaniards, debarred
+from following the direct route of the Portuguese, by their own
+exclusive pretensions in the west, and the consequent decision of the
+Pope, granting to them the sole right of exploration beyond a certain
+line of longitude to the west, and confining the Portuguese to the east,
+had, under the guidance of the adventurous Magellan, found a westerly
+route to the Indies. The English were busy with several schemes for a
+short cut to the north-west. The Dutch were beginning to give signs of a
+determination, despite the Pope's decision, to follow the route by the
+Cape of Good Hope. As may be imagined, these movements aroused the
+jealousy of the court and merchants of Lisbon. They trembled lest their
+commercial monopoly should be encroached upon, and every care was taken
+to keep the rest of Europe in ignorance of the details of the trade, and
+of the discoveries and conquests of their agents in the East.</p>
+
+<p>Of course nothing could be more injurious to a Portuguese of the time
+than to be suspected of a design to aid with advice or information the
+schemes of foreign rivals. Unluckily for James Botello such a suspicion
+lighted upon him. It was rumored that he was disposed to sell his
+services to the French. He was known to be a gentleman of parts, well
+acquainted with the East&mdash;having served with credit under the immediate
+successors of Vasco de Gama&mdash;and as competent as any one to lead the
+Frenchman into the Indian Ocean, and to initiate him into the mysteries
+of the trade. The suspicion, however, could not have been very strong,
+and probably had no real foundation in truth, or else more stringent
+measures than appear to have been used would have been adopted by an
+unscrupulous court to prevent his carrying his designs into execution.
+The rumor, however, had its effect; and Botello soon found that his
+influence at court was gone, and that he had become an object of jealous
+observation.</p>
+
+<p>Anxious to give the lie to this calumny, and to regain the favor of his
+sovereign, John III, Botello embarked as a volunteer in the fleet which
+was taking out to Calicut the new viceroy, De Cunna. Upon the arrival of
+this fleet, the operations of the Portuguese, both military and
+commercial, were carried on with renewed vigor; and in all these Botello
+bore his part, but without being able wholly to remove the suspicions
+with which he was sensible his actions were still watched by his
+superiors. A favorite project of the Portuguese&mdash;one that had been
+pursued with energy and by every means of diplomacy or war&mdash;was the
+establishment of a fort in Diu, a town situated at the mouth of the Gulf
+of Cambaya. Several times the capture of the place had been attempted by
+force, but without success. Even the great Albuquerque had been foiled
+in a furious attack. Failing in this, the Portuguese repeatedly
+endeavored to get permission to erect a fort for the protection of their
+trade, by persuasion or artifice. It had become an object of the most
+ardent desire, as well with the king and court at home, as with the
+viceroys and their officers in the East.</p>
+
+<p>It happened now in the year 1534, that Badur, king of Cambaya, was
+sorely pressed by his enemy the Great Mogul&mdash;so much so, that he was
+compelled to call in the assistance of his other enemy, the Portuguese.
+The price of this assistance was to be permission to erect and garrison
+a fort at Diu. Badur hesitated; he knew that if the Portuguese were
+allowed a fort, they would soon be masters of the whole town; but his
+necessities were urgent, and he finally acceded to the demand. De Cunna
+rushed to Diu; a treaty was speedily concluded with Badur&mdash;the fort was
+planned, and its erection commenced with vigor.</p>
+
+<p>No one better than Botello knew how pleased King John would be with the
+news. He resolved to be the bearer of the good tidings, and thus to
+restore himself to the royal favor. His plan was a bold and daring one;
+in fact, considering the known dangers of the sea, and the then
+imperfect state of navigation, it must have seemed almost hopeless; but
+he suffered no doubts or apprehensions to prevent him from carrying it
+into immediate effect. In order to conceal his design, he gave out that
+he was going on a boat excursion up the Gulf of Cambaya, to visit the
+court of the now friendly Badur. Two young soldiers, of inferior degree,
+named Juan de Sousa and Alfonzo Belem, readily consented to accompany
+him. The boat selected for the voyage was a small affair&mdash;something like
+a modern jolly boat, though of rather greater beam in proportion to its
+other dimensions; its length was sixteen feet, its breadth nine feet.
+Four Moorish slaves from Melenda, on the coast of Africa, were selected
+to work the boat, while two native servants, having Portuguese blood in
+their veins, completed the crew.</p>
+
+<p>Botello's preparations for the voyage were soon made; and waiting only
+to secure a copy of the treaty with Badur, and plans of the fort which
+had been commenced, he ordered the short mast, with its tapering lateen
+yard, to be raised, and the sail trimmed close to the breeze blowing
+into the roadstead of Diu. But instead of turning up along the northern
+coast of the Gulf of Cambaya, he directed the bow of his little bark
+boldly out to sea.</p>
+
+<p>His companions knew but little of navigation; but they knew enough to
+know that a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> south-westerly course was hardly the one on which to reach
+Cambaya. To the remonstrances of Juan and Alfonzo, Botello simply
+replied that he preferred sailing south with the wind, to rowing north
+against it; and they would find the course he had chosen the safest and
+shortest in the end.</p>
+
+<p>In this way they sailed for three days. On the morning of the fourth,
+Botello found that it would be impossible for him longer to turn a deaf
+ear to the mutterings of discontent among his crew. It was high time for
+an explanation of his plans; and trusting to his eloquence and
+influence, he proceeded to unfold his design.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine the astonishment and dismay depicted in the countenances of the
+servants and sailors when he told them that he purposed making the long
+and dangerous voyage to Lisbon in the miserable little boat in which
+they had embarked. But as he went on commenting upon the feasibility of
+the project, discussing the real dangers of such voyage, and ridiculing
+the imaginary, and dilating upon the honors and rewards which they would
+win by being the first bearers of the tidings they carried, a change
+from dismay to hope and confidence took place in the minds of all his
+hearers, excepting the African sailors, who did not much relish the idea
+of so long a voyage to Christian lands. They, however, were slaves and
+infidels, and their opposition was not much heeded.</p>
+
+<p>To every objection Botello had a plausible reply. He confidently
+asserted his knowledge of a safe route, and of his ability to preserve
+their little craft amid all the dangers of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>"But may we not be forestalled in our news, after all," demanded
+Alfonzo, "by the vessels from Calicut?"</p>
+
+<p>"No fear of that," replied Botello. "The news from Diu will not reach
+Calicut for a month, and then it will be too late in the monsoon to
+dispatch a vessel, even if one were ready. Besides, I have certain
+information that the viceroy has determined that no dispatches shall be
+sent home until he can announce the completion of the fort."</p>
+
+<p>"I like not this new route you propose," said Juan. "Why leave the usual
+course to Melenda?"</p>
+
+<p>"Because we should be in danger of exciting the suspicions of our
+brethren who now garrison the forts of Melenda, Zanzabar, and
+Mozambique, and perhaps be detained. No, we will take a more direct
+course&mdash;strike the coast of Africa below Sofalo, and then follow the
+shore around the Cape of Good Hope."</p>
+
+<p>"And what are we to do for provisions and water, in the mean time?"</p>
+
+<p>"Of provisions we have a store that will last until we reach land, when
+we can obtain supplies from the natives; as to water, we must go at once
+upon the shortest possible allowance, and daily pray for rain&mdash;St.
+Francis will aid us. I can show you something that will set your minds
+easy upon that point."</p>
+
+<p>Botello produced a box from beneath the stern sheets, and opening it,
+took out with an air of reverence a leaden image of the saint.</p>
+
+<p>"See this," he exclaimed, in a tone of exultation. "It was modelled from
+the portrait recognized by the aged Moor. Have you not heard of the
+miracle?&mdash;true, you were not at Calicut. Know, then, that a few months
+since, a native of India was presented to the viceroy, whose reputed age
+amounted to three hundred years. His story was, that in early youth he
+encountered an aged man lingering upon the banks of a stream which he
+was anxious to pass. The youth tendered the support of his strong
+shoulders, and bore him across the water. As a reward for the service,
+the old man bade the youth to live until they should meet again. And
+thus had he lived, until a few months since he was presented to De
+Cunna, when he at once recognized in a portrait of St. Francis the holy
+man whom he had carried across the stream. This image was modelled from
+that portrait; it was blessed by the pious convert in whose person was
+performed the miracle. Our voyage must be prosperous with this on
+board."</p>
+
+<p>The sight of an image taken from a portrait acknowledged to be the saint
+himself, removed all doubt. And what Botello's arguments and persuasions
+might have failed to accomplish, was easily effected by the little image
+of lead. A heretic might, perhaps, have questioned the saint's power
+over the physical phenomena of the sea, but he could not have denied his
+moral influence over the minds of the adventurous voyageurs who confided
+in him. No hesitation remained, except in the minds of the four slaves,
+who, having been forcibly converted from the errors of Mohammed, were
+yet somewhat weak in the true faith.</p>
+
+<p>It was this want of faith that led to one of the most lamentable events
+of the voyage. They had been out more than a month without having had
+sight of land, and not even a distant sail had lighted up the dismal
+loneliness of the ocean. It must be recollected what a solitude was the
+vast surface of the Indian and Pacific seas in those days. Beside the
+Portuguese fleets that followed each other at long and regular
+intervals, Christian commerce there was none, while Arabian trade was
+small in amount, and confined to certain narrow channels. The Moorish
+slaves had never before been so long in the open sea, and their fears
+increased as day after day the little boat bore them farther to the
+south. The provisions were also, by this time, nearly exhausted, and the
+daily allowance of water proved barely sufficient to moisten their
+parched lips. The slaves, after taking counsel among themselves,
+demanded that the course of the boat should be arrested.</p>
+
+<p>"And which way would you go?" asked Botello. "Back to Diu? It would take
+three months to reach the port, and long ere that we should starve."</p>
+
+<p>"Let us steer, then, directly for the African coast. Melenda must be our
+nearest port."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Never!" returned the resolute Botello. "I will run no risk of having
+our voyage frustrated by the jealousy of my old enemy, Alfonzo
+Peristrello, who has command at that station. Courage for a few days
+more, and we shall see land. There are isles hereaway that you will deem
+fit residences for the blessed saints&mdash;such fruits! such flowers!"</p>
+
+<p>The promises of Botello had influence with all of his companions
+excepting the Moors, whose muttered discontent suddenly assumed a fierce
+and menacing aspect. Luckily, Botello was as wary as he was brave.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the middle of the night that, stretched upon the midship
+thwart of the boat, he noticed a movement among the Moors, who occupied
+the bow. One of them moved stealthily towards him, and bending over him,
+cautiously sought the hilt of his dagger; but before he could draw it,
+the grasp of Botello was upon his throat, and he was hurled to the
+bottom of the boat. With a shout, the other Moors seized the boat hooks
+and stretchers, and rushed upon Botello; but Juan and Alfonzo were upon
+the alert, and, drawing their long daggers, rushed to his defence. Never
+was there a more desperate conflict than on that starlit night, in that
+frail boat, that floated a feeble, solitary speck of humanity on the
+bosom of the vast Indian sea.</p>
+
+<p>The conflict was desperate, but it was soon over. The Portuguese of
+those days were other men than their degenerate descendants of the
+present age; and, besides, the slaves were overmatched both in arms and
+numbers. Three were slain outright, and the fourth driven overboard. One
+of the Portuguese servants was killed; thus diminishing the number of
+the voyageurs more than one-half&mdash;a lucky circumstance, without which,
+most probably, the whole would have perished.</p>
+
+<p>For a week longer the little bark stood on its course, when a violent
+storm threatened a melancholy termination to the voyage. The wind,
+however, was accompanied by rain, and Botello kept up the spirits of his
+friends by attributing the storm to St. Francis, who had sent it
+expressly to save them from dying by thirst. It would have been perhaps
+more easy to believe in the saint's agency in the matter had there been
+less wind; for in addition to the danger of being ingulfed by the heavy
+sea, their clothing, which they spread to collect the rain, was so
+deluged with salt spray as to make the water exceedingly brackish. Bad
+as it was, however, it served to maintain life until they reached a
+little rocky, uninhabited island in the channel of Mozambique.</p>
+
+<p>It was with some difficulty that a landing place was found. Upon
+ascending the rocks, a few scattered palms exhibited the only appearance
+of vegetation. Their chief necessity&mdash;freshwater&mdash;however, was found in
+abundance, standing in the hollows of the rocky surface, where it had
+been deposited by the recent storm. Several kinds of wild fowl showed
+themselves in abundance, and so tame as to suffer themselves to be
+caught without any trouble; while crowding the little sandy inlets were
+thousands of the finest turtle.</p>
+
+<p>At this spot Botello and his companions rested for a week; which was
+spent in caulking and repairing their boat and sail, drying and salting
+the flesh of fowl and turtle, and in filling every available vessel with
+the precious fluid so liberally furnished by their patron St. Francis.</p>
+
+<p>A succession of storms followed their departure, and tossed them about
+here and there for so many days, that their reckoning became exceedingly
+confused. Botello, however, was an accomplished navigator, and his
+sailor instinct stood him in good stead. Upon returning fair weather he
+conjectured that he was abreast of Cape Corientes, and the bow of the
+boat was directed, due east, for the African coast.</p>
+
+<p>Calms followed storms. The oars were got out, and day after day the
+clumsy boat was pulled through the long rolling swell of the glassy sea.
+Still no sight of land. Their provisions were getting short again&mdash;their
+water was reduced to the lowest possible allowance, and the labor of the
+oar was rapidly exhausting their strength. The image of St. Francis was
+hourly appealed to. Sometimes his aid was implored in most humble
+prayers&mdash;sometimes demanded with the wildest imprecations and threats.
+One day Botello seized the little St. Francis, and whirling him on high,
+threatened to throw him into the sea, unless he instantly granted a
+sight of land; no land showed itself, and the saint was reverentially
+replaced in his box. But he was not to rest there long in quiet. The
+next day the ingenious Botello announced to his sinking companions that
+he had a plan to compel the saint to terms. The image was produced from
+its box, a cord was fastened around its neck, and it was then thrown
+overboard. Down went his leaden saintship into the depths of the ocean.
+"And there he shall remain," exclaimed Botello, "until he sends us land
+or rain." An hour had not expired when a faint bluish haze in the
+eastern horizon attracted all eyes. A favorable breeze springing up, the
+sail was hoisted, and as the boat moved under its influence, the haze
+grew in consistency and size. Land was in sight.</p>
+
+<p>The reader may perhaps smile with contempt at the superstitious faith of
+Botello and companions in the connection between this happy land-fall
+and their ingenious compulsion of the saint's miraculous power; but it
+may be questioned whether there was not good ground for their belief&mdash;at
+least as good ground as there is for faith in any of the facts of animal
+magnetism, clairvoyance, and spiritual rappings.</p>
+
+<p>The land proved to be a point in Lagoa Bay&mdash;a familiar object to
+Botello. Upon going ashore, a party of natives received him, with whom
+friendly relations were soon established, and from whom provisions and
+water were readily obtained. A few days served to recruit the exhausted
+strength of the party, when taking again to their boat, they coasted
+along the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> shore, landing at frequent intervals, until they reached the
+dreaded Cape of Storms, as the southern point of Africa was called by
+its first discoverer, Bartholomew Diaz.</p>
+
+<p>The Cape did not belie its reputation. From the summit of Table
+Mountain, and the surrounding high lands, it sent down a gust that drove
+the unfortunate voyageurs away from the land a long distance to the
+south-west; and many weary and despairing days were passed before they
+were able to make the harbor of Saldahana. Here the chief necessity of
+life&mdash;fresh water&mdash;was found in abundance, and a supply of provisions
+obtained, consisting chiefly of the dried flesh of seals, with which the
+harbor was filled. A few orange and lemon-trees, planted by the early
+Portuguese discoverers, were loaded with fruit, and afforded a grateful
+and effectual means of removing the symptoms of scurvy which were
+beginning to appear.</p>
+
+<p>Saldahana being a resting place for the outward bound Portuguese fleets,
+Botello made his stay as short as possible, lest he should be
+intercepted and turned back by some newly appointed and jealous viceroy.
+For the same reason he avoided several points on the coast of western
+Africa where his countrymen had stations&mdash;keeping well out to sea and
+from the mouth of the Congo, and steering a direct course across the
+Gulf of Guinea. He knew that if a Portuguese admiral had sailed at the
+appointed time, he must be somewhere in that Gulf, and that his tall
+barks would hug the shore, creeping from headland to headland slowly and
+cautiously. The energetic Botello and his companions had encountered too
+many dangers to be frightened at the perils of a run across the Gulf,
+and the resolution was adopted to give the Portuguese fleet, by the aid
+of St. Francis, the go-by in the open sea.</p>
+
+<p>The run was successfully achieved; not, however, without many weary days
+at the oar, and many an appeal to St. Francis for favoring winds, and
+for aid in the sudden tornadoes which frequently threatened to ingulf
+them. Cape de Verd was reached; the barren shore of the great desert was
+passed, with but a single stoppage in the Rio del Ouro&mdash;a slender arm of
+the sea setting up a few miles into the sands of Sahara. Here a few
+dates and some barley cakes were purchased of a family of wandering
+Arabs; and again putting to sea, the shores of Morocco were cautiously
+coasted. Without further adventure, but not without further suffering,
+and labor, and danger, the short remaining distance was passed. The head
+of the Straits of Gibraltar&mdash;the headlands of Spain&mdash;the southern point
+of Algarve, successively came in sight; and then the smiling mouth of
+the golden Tagus greeted their longing eyes.</p>
+
+<p>And thus was happily finished this wonderful voyage&mdash;a voyage which, if
+performed in the present day, with all the means and appliances of
+navigation, would excite the admiration of the world, but which, under
+the circumstances of the age, the prejudices and ignorance of the
+voyageurs, and the imperfect state of maritime science, may truly be
+considered the most astonishing upon record. It must be observed, too,
+that this was no involuntary boat expedition&mdash;no desperate alternative
+of some foundering ship's crew&mdash;but the deliberate, carefully considered
+project of an experienced sailor; and that the hardihood evinced in its
+conception was surpassed by the resolution, perseverance, and skill,
+with which it was conducted to its end.</p>
+
+<p>The presence of Botello was soon known to his friends; and the rumor
+spread through the city that an Indian fleet had arrived off the mouth
+of the Tagus. It reached the court, so that upon his application for an
+audience of the king, he found no detention except from the curiosity of
+the courtiers and ministers; which, however, he resolutely refused to
+satisfy, until he had communicated his news to the royal ear.</p>
+
+<p>Botello exhibited his copy of the convention with Badur, king of
+Cambaya, and the plans of the fort which was being erected at Diu, and
+related the history of his adventurous voyage. King John freely
+expressed his astonishment and delight, and calling around him the
+members of his household, familiarly questioned Botello as to all the
+little details of his voyage.</p>
+
+<p>There was a pause in the conversation. Botello threw himself upon his
+knees. "There is one point," he exclaimed, "upon which your majesty has
+not condescended to question me."</p>
+
+<p>"What is that?" demanded the king.</p>
+
+<p>"My reasons," replied Botello, "for undertaking this long and hazardous
+voyage. Your majesty knows, or at least many of your majesty's enemies
+know, that I am one not over cautious in confronting danger, either by
+sea or land; but I should never have had the courage to make myself the
+bearer of tidings however important, as I have done, without some reason
+other than the desire of astonishing the world by a feat which by many
+will be pronounced simply fool-hardy. Your majesty will believe me&mdash;I
+had another and a better reason."</p>
+
+<p>"And that reason was&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"The favor of my sovereign, and the removal of the undeserved suspicions
+with which my motives and feelings had been visited."</p>
+
+<p>"Rise," replied the king, extending his hand, and smiling graciously.
+"Our suspicions were of the slightest. We will take some fitting
+opportunity of showing that they are gone for ever."</p>
+
+<p>The courtiers overwhelmed Botello and his companions with
+congratulations. The king accompanied him to see the boat, and upon
+dismissing him, renewed his assurances of favor and reward&mdash;assurances
+which Botello found were destined never to be realized. The next day a
+change had come over the royal countenance&mdash;the jealousy of trade had
+been aroused. It would be a terrible blow to the commercial monopoly,
+already threatened from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> so many quarters, to have it known that the
+voyage from the East Indies had been performed in an open boat. Botello
+was informed that, for reasons of state, his boat must be destroyed, but
+that he himself should ever continue to enjoy the favorable opinion of
+his sovereign. As an earnest of the royal favor, which was some day to
+exhibit itself more openly, he was appointed to an office of no great
+consequence, and which had also the disadvantage attached to it of a
+residence in the interior of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Once installed, he found that he was little better than a prisoner for
+life. His movements were closely watched by the officials around him;
+his communications with the capital cut off, and to all his
+remonstrances and petitions the only reply was that the king's service
+required his continual residence in his department. Botello was not a
+man to quietly submit to such unjust restraint; but unluckily his health
+began to fail. His body found itself unable to withstand the chafings
+and struggles of his energetic and adventurous spirit under the
+mortifications and disappointments of his position; the fears and
+suspicions of the court of Lisbon were soon removed by his death. His
+boat had been burned&mdash;his companions had been sent back to India, and it
+was not long before the fact of his extraordinary voyage had passed from
+the public mind.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>A STORY WITHOUT A NAME<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a></h2>
+
+<h4>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE</h4>
+
+<h3>BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Continued from page 494, vol. II.</i></h4>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVIII.</h4>
+
+<p>It was long ere Emily Hastings slept. There was a bright moonlight; but
+she sat not up by the window, looking out at the moon in love-lorn
+guise. No, she laid her down in bed, as soon as the toilet of the night
+was concluded, and having left the window-shutters open, the light of
+the sweet, calm brightener of the night poured in a long, tranquil ray
+across the floor. She watched it, with her head resting on her hand for
+a long time. Her fancy was very busy with it, as by slow degrees it
+moved its place, now lying like a silver carpet by her bedside, now
+crossing the floor far away, and painting the opposite wall. Her
+thoughts then returned to other things, and whether she would or not,
+Marlow took a share in them. She remembered things that he had said, his
+looks came back to her mind, she seemed to converse with him again,
+running over in thought all that had passed in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>She was no castle-builder; there were no schemes, plans, designs, in her
+mind; no airy structures of future happiness employed fancy as their
+architect. She was happy in her own heart; and imagination, like a bee,
+extracted sweetness from the flowers of the present.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Emily, how beautiful she looked, as she lay there, and made a
+night-life for herself in the world of her own thoughts!</p>
+
+<p>She could not sleep, she knew not why. Indeed, she did not wish or try
+to sleep. She never did when sleep did not come naturally; but always
+remained calmly waiting for the soother, till slumber dropped uncalled
+and stilly upon her eyelids.</p>
+
+<p>One hour&mdash;two hours&mdash;the moonbeam had retired far into a corner of the
+room, the household was all still; there was no sound but the barking of
+a distant farm-dog, such a long way off, that it reached the ear more
+like an echo than a sound, and the crowing of a cock, not much more
+near.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly, her door opened, and a figure entered, bearing a small
+night-lamp. Emily started, and gazed. She was not much given to fear,
+and she uttered not a sound; for which command over herself she was very
+thankful, when, in the tall, graceful form before her, she recognized
+Mrs. Hazleton. She was dressed merely as she had risen from her bed: her
+rich black hair bound up under her snowy cap, her long night-gown
+trailing on the ground, and her feet bare. Yet she looked perhaps more
+beautiful than in jewels and ermine. Her eyes were not fixed and
+motionless, though there was a certain sort of deadness in them. Neither
+were her movements stiff and mechanical, as we often see in the
+representations of somnambulism on the stage. On the contrary, they were
+free and graceful. She looked neither like Mrs. Siddons nor any other
+who ever acted what she really was. Those who have seen the state know
+better. She was walking in her sleep, however: that strange act of a
+life apart from waking life&mdash;that mystery of mysteries, when the soul
+seems severed from all things on earth but the body which it
+inhabits&mdash;when the mind sleeps, but the spirit wakes&mdash;when the animal
+and the spiritual live together, yet the intellectual lies dead for the
+time.</p>
+
+<p>Emily comprehended her condition at once, and waited and watched, having
+heard that it is dangerous to wake suddenly a person in such a state.
+Mrs. Hazleton walked on past her bed towards a door at the other side of
+the room, but stopped opposite the toilet-table, took up a ribbon that
+was lying on it, and held it in her hand for a moment.</p>
+
+<p>"I hate him!" she said aloud; "but strangle him&mdash;oh, no! That would not
+do. It would leave a blue mark. I hate him, and her too! They can't help
+it&mdash;they must fall into the trap."</p>
+
+<p>Emily rose quietly from her bed, and advancing with a soft step, took
+Mrs. Hazleton's hand gently. She made no resistance, only gazing at her
+with a look not utterly devoid of meaning. "A strange world!" she said,
+"where people must live with those they hate!" and suffered Emily to
+lead her towards the door. She showed some reluctance to pass it,
+however, and turned slowly towards the other door. Her beautiful young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+guide led her thither, and opened it; then went on through the
+neighboring room, which was vacant, Mrs. Hazleton saying, as they passed
+the large bed canopied with velvet, "My mother died there&mdash;ah, me!" The
+next door opened into the corridor; but Emily knew not where her hostess
+slept, till perceiving a light streaming out upon the floor from a room
+near the end, she guided Mrs. Hazleton's steps thither, rightly judging
+that it must be the chamber she had just left. There she quietly induced
+her to go to bed again, taking the lamp from her hand, and bending down
+her sweet, innocent face, gave her a gentle kiss.</p>
+
+<p>"Asp!" said Mrs. Hazleton, turning away; but Emily remained with her for
+several minutes, till the eyes closed, the breathing became calm and
+regular, and natural sleep succeeded to the strange state into which she
+had fallen.</p>
+
+<p>Then returning to her own room, Emily once more sought her bed; but
+though the moonlight had now departed, she was farther from sleep than
+ever.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton's words still rang in her ears. She thought them very
+strange; but yet she had heard&mdash;it was indeed a common superstition in
+those days&mdash;that people talking in their sleep expressed feelings
+exactly the reverse of those which they really entertained; and her
+good, bright heart was glad to believe. She would not for the world have
+thought that the fair form, and gentle, dignified manners of her friend
+could shroud feelings so fierce and vindictive as those which had
+breathed forth in the utterance of that one word, "hate." It seemed to
+her impossible that Mrs. Hazleton could hate any thing, and she resolved
+to believe so still. But yet the words rang in her ears, as I have said.
+She had been somewhat agitated and alarmed, too, though less than many
+might have been, and more than an hour passed before her sweet eyes
+closed.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the following day, Emily was somewhat late at
+breakfast; and she found Mrs. Hazleton down, and looking bright and
+beautiful as the morning. It was evident that she had not even the
+faintest recollection of what had occurred in the night&mdash;that it was a
+portion of her life apart, between which and waking existence there was
+no communication open. Emily determined to take no notice of her
+sleep-walking; and she was wise, for I have always found, that to be
+informed of their strange peculiarity leaves an awful and painful
+impression on the real somnambulists&mdash;a feeling of being unlike the rest
+of human beings, of having a sort of preternatural existence, over which
+their human reason can hold no control. They fear themselves&mdash;they fear
+their own acts&mdash;perhaps their own words, when the power is gone from
+that familiar mind, which is more or less the servant, if not the slave,
+of will, and when the whole mixed being, flesh, and mind, and spirit, is
+under the sole government of that darkest, least known, most mysterious
+personage of the three&mdash;the soul.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton scolded her jestingly for late rising, and asked if she
+was always such a lie-abed. Emily replied that she was not, but usually
+very matutinal in her habits. "But the truth is, dear Mrs. Hazleton,"
+she added, "I did not sleep well last night."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed," said her fair hostess, with a gay smile; "who were you
+thinking of to keep your young eyes open?"</p>
+
+<p>"Of you," answered Emily, simply; and Mrs. Hazleton asked no more
+questions; for, perhaps, she did not wish Emily to think of her too
+much. Immediately after breakfast the carriage was ordered for a long
+drive.</p>
+
+<p>"I will give you so large a dose of mountain air," said Mrs. Hazleton,
+"that it shall insure you a better night's rest than any narcotic could
+procure, Emily. We will go and visit Ellendon Castle, far in the wilds,
+some sixteen miles hence."</p>
+
+<p>Emily was well pleased with the prospect, and they set out together,
+both apparently equally prepared to enjoy every thing they met with. The
+drive was a long one in point of time, for not only were the carriages
+more cumbrous and heavy in those days, but the road continued ascending
+nearly the whole way. Sometimes, indeed, a short run down into a gentle
+valley released the horses from the continual tug on the collar, but it
+was very brief, and the ascent commenced almost immediately. Beautiful
+views over the scenery round presented themselves at every turn; and
+Emily, who had all the spirit of a painter in her heart, looked forth
+from the window enchanted.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton marked her enjoyment with great satisfaction; for either
+by study or intuition she had a deep knowledge of the springs and
+sources of human emotions, and she knew well that one enthusiasm always
+disposes to another. Nay, more, she knew that whatever is associated in
+the mind with pleasant scenes is usually pleasing, and she had plotted
+the meeting between Emily and him she intended to be her lover with
+considerable pains to produce that effect. Nature seemed to have been a
+sharer in her schemes. The day could not have been better chosen. There
+was the light fresh air, the few floating clouds, the merry dancing
+gleams upon hill and dale, a light, momentary shower of large,
+jewel-like drops, the fragment of a broken rainbow painting the distant
+verge of heaven.</p>
+
+<p>At length the summit of the hills was reached; and Mrs. Hazleton told
+her sweet companion to look out there, ordering the carriage at the same
+time to stop. It was indeed a scene well worthy of the gaze. Far
+spreading out beneath the eye lay a wide basin in the hills, walled in,
+as it were, by those tall summits, here and there broken by a crag. The
+ground sloped gently down from the spot at which the carriage paused, so
+that the whole expanse was open to the eye, and over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> short brown
+herbage, through which a purple gleam from the yet unblossomed heath
+shone out, the lights and shades seemed sporting in mad glee. All was
+indeed solitary, uncultivated, and even barren, except where, in the
+very centre of the wide hollow, appeared a number of trees, not grouped
+together in a wood, but scattered over a considerable space of ground,
+as if the remnants of some old deer-park, and over their tall tops rose
+up the ruined keep of some ancient stronghold of races passed away, with
+here and there another tower or pinnacle appearing, and long lines of
+grassy mounds, greener than the rest of the landscape, glancing between
+the stems of the older trees, or bearing up in picturesque confusion
+their own growth of wild, fantastic, seedling ashes.</p>
+
+<p>By the name of the spot, Ellendon, which means strong-hill, I believe it
+is more than probable that the Anglo-Saxons had here some forts before
+the conquest; but the ruin which now presented itself to the eyes of
+Emily and Mrs. Hazleton was evidently of a later date and of Norman
+construction.</p>
+
+<p>Here, probably, some proud baron of the times of Henry, Stephen, or
+Matilda, had built his nest on high, perchance to overawe the Saxon
+churls around him, perhaps to set at defiance the royal power itself.
+Here the merry chase had swept the hills; here revelry and pageantry had
+checkered a life of fierce strife and haughty oppression. Such scenes,
+at least such thoughts, presented themselves to the imaginative mind of
+Emily, like the dreamy gleams that skimmed in gold and purple before her
+eyes; but the effect of any strong feeling, whether of enjoyment or of
+grief, was always to make her silent; and she gazed without uttering a
+word.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton, however, understood some points in her character, and by
+the long fixed look from beneath the dark sweeping lashes of her eye, by
+the faint sweet smile that gently curled her young, beautiful lip, and
+by the sort of gasping sigh after she had gazed breathless for some
+moments, she knew how intense was that gentle creature's delight in a
+scene, which to many an eye would have offered no peculiar charm.</p>
+
+<p>She would not suffer it to lose any of its first effect, and after a
+brief pause ordered the carriage to drive on. Still Emily continued to
+look onwards out of the carriage-window, and as the road turned in the
+descent, the castle and the ancient trees grouped themselves differently
+every minute. At length, as they came nearer, she said, turning to Mrs.
+Hazleton, "There seems to be a man standing at the very highest point of
+the old keep."</p>
+
+<p>"He must be bold indeed," replied her companion, looking out also. "When
+you come close to it, dear Emily, you will see that it requires the foot
+of a goat and the heart of a lion to climb up there over the rough,
+disjointed, tottering stones. Good Heaven, I hope he will not fall!"</p>
+
+<p>Emily closed her eyes. "It is very foolish," she said.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, men have pleasure in such feats of daring," answered Mrs. Hazleton,
+"which we women cannot understand. He is coming down again as steadily
+as if he were treading a ball-room. I wish that tree were out of the
+way."</p>
+
+<p>In two or three minutes the carriage passed between two rows of old and
+somewhat decayed oaks, and stopped between the fine gate of the castle,
+covered with ivy, and rugged with the work of Time's too artistic hand,
+and a building which, if it did not detract from the picturesque beauty
+of the scene, certainly deprived it of all romance. There, just opposite
+the entrance, stood a small house, built apparently of stones stolen
+from the ruins, and bearing on a pole projecting from the front a large
+blue sign-board, on which was rudely painted in yellow, the figure of
+what we now call a French horn, while underneath appeared a long
+inscription to the following effect:</p>
+
+<p>"John Buttercross, at the sign of the Bugle Horn, sells wine and aqua
+vit&aelig;, and good lodgings to man and horse. N.B. Donkeys to be found
+within."</p>
+
+<p>Emily laughed, and in an instant came down to common earth.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton wished both John Buttercross and his sign in one fire or
+another; though she could not help owning that such a house in so remote
+a place might be a great convenience to visitors like herself. She took
+the matter quietly, however, returning Emily's gay look with one
+somewhat rueful, and saying, "Ah, dear girl, all very mundane and
+unromantic, but depend upon it the house has proved a blessing often to
+poor wanderers in bleak weather over these wild hills; and we ourselves
+may find it not so unpleasant by and by when Paul has spread our
+luncheon in the parlor, and we look out of its little casement at the
+old ruin there."</p>
+
+<p>Thus saying, she alighted from the carriage, gave some orders to her
+servants, and to an hostler who was walking up and down a remarkably
+beautiful horse, which seemed to have been ridden hard, and then leaning
+on Emily's arm, walked up the slope towards the gate.</p>
+
+<p>Barbican and outer walls were gone&mdash;fallen long ago into the ditch, and
+covered with the all-receiving earth and a green coat of turf. You could
+but tell were they lay, by the undulations of the ground, and the grassy
+hillock here and there. The great gate still stood firm, however, with
+its two tall towers, standing like giant wardens to guard the entrance.
+There were the machicolated parapets, the long loopholes mantled with
+ivy, the outsloping basement, against which the battering ram might have
+long played in vain, the family escutcheon with the arms crumbled from
+it, the portcullis itself showing its iron teeth above the traveller's
+head. It was the most perfect part of the building; and when the two
+ladies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> entered the great court the scene of ruin was more complete.
+Many a tower had fallen, leaving large gaps in the inner wall; the
+chapel with only one beautiful window left, and the fragments of two
+others, showing where the fine line had run, lay mouldering on the
+right, and at some distance in front appeared the tall majestic keep,
+the lower rooms of which were in tolerable preservation, though the roof
+had fallen in to the second story, and the airy summit had lost its
+symmetry by the destruction of two entire sides. Short green turf
+covered the whole court, except where some mass of stone, more recently
+fallen than others, still stood out bare and gray; but a crop of
+brambles and nettles bristled up near the chapel, and here and there a
+tree had planted itself on the tottering ruins of the walls.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton walked straight towards the entrance of the keep along a
+little path sufficiently well worn to show that the castle had frequent
+visitors, and was within a few steps of the door-way, when a figure
+issued forth which to say sooth did not at all surprise her to behold.
+She gave a little start, however, saying in a low tone to Emily, "That
+must be our climbing friend whose neck we thought in such peril a short
+time since."</p>
+
+<p>The gentleman&mdash;for such estate was indicated by his dress, which was
+dark and sober, but well made and costly&mdash;took a step or two slowly
+forward, verging a little to the side as if to let two ladies pass whom
+he did not know; but then suddenly he stopped, gazed for an instant with
+a well assumed look of surprise and inquiry, and then hurried rapidly
+towards them, raising his hat not ungracefully, while Mrs. Hazleton
+exclaimed, "Ah, how fortunate! Here is a friend who doubtless can tell
+us all about the ruins."</p>
+
+<p>At the same moment Emily recognized the young man whom she had found
+accidentally wounded in her father's park.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIX.</h4>
+
+<p>"Let me introduce Mr. Ayliffe to you, Emily," said Mrs. Hazleton; "but
+you seem to know each other already. Is it so?"</p>
+
+<p>"I have seen this gentleman before," replied her young companion, "but
+did not know his name. I hope you have quite recovered from your wound?"</p>
+
+<p>"Quite, I thank you, Miss Hastings," replied John Ayliffe, in a quiet
+and respectful tone; but then he added, "the interest you kindly showed
+on the occasion, I believe did much to cure me."</p>
+
+<p>"Too much, and too soon!" thought Mrs. Hazleton, as she remarked a
+slight flush pass over Emily's cheek, to which her reply gave
+interpretation.</p>
+
+<p>"Every one, I suppose, would feel the same interest," answered the
+beautiful girl, "in suffering such as you seemed to endure when I
+accidentally met you in the park. Shall we go on into the Castle?"</p>
+
+<p>The last words were addressed to Mrs. Hazleton, who immediately
+assented, but asked Mr. Ayliffe to act as their guide, and, at the very
+first opportunity, whispered to him, "not too quick."</p>
+
+<p>He seemed to comprehend in a moment what she meant; and during the rest
+of the ramble round the ruins behaved himself with a good deal of
+discretion. His conversation could not be said to be agreeable to Emily;
+for there was little in it either to amuse or interest. His stores of
+information were very limited&mdash;at least upon subjects which she herself
+was conversant; and although he endeavored to give it, every now and
+then, a poetical turn, the attempt was not very successful. On the
+whole, however, he did tolerably well till after the luncheon at the
+inn, to which Mrs. Hazleton invited him, when he began to entertain his
+two fair companions with an account of a rat hunt, which surprised Emily
+not a little, and drew, almost instantly, from Mrs. Hazleton a monitory
+gesture.</p>
+
+<p>The young man looked confused, and broke off, suddenly, with an
+embarrassed laugh, saying, "Oh! I forgot, such exploits are not very fit
+for ladies' ears; and, to say the truth, I do not much like them myself
+when there is any thing better to do."</p>
+
+<p>"I should think that something better might always be found," replied
+Mrs. Hazleton, gravely, taking to her own lips the reproof which she
+knew was in Emily's heart; "but, I dare say, you were a boy when this
+happened?"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, quite a boy," he said, "quite a boy. I have other things to think
+of now."</p>
+
+<p>But the impression was made, and it was not favorable. With keen
+acuteness Mrs. Hazleton watched every look, and every turn of the
+conversation; and seeing that the course of things had begun ill for her
+purposes, she very soon proposed to order the carriage and return;
+resolving to take, as it were, a fresh start on the following day. She
+did not then ask young Ayliffe to dine at her house, as she had, at
+first, intended; but was well pleased, notwithstanding, to see him mount
+his horse in order to accompany them on the way back; for she had
+remarked that his horsemanship was excellent, and well knew that skill
+in manly exercises is always a strong recommendation in a woman's eyes.
+Nor was this all: decidedly handsome in person, John Ayliffe had,
+nevertheless, a certain common&mdash;not exactly vulgar&mdash;air, when on his
+feet, which was lost as soon as he was in the saddle. There, with a
+perfect seat, and upright, dashing carriage, managing a fierce, wild
+horse with complete mastery, he appeared to the greatest advantage. All
+his horsemanship was thrown away upon Emily. If she had been asked by
+any one, she would have admitted, at once, that he was a very handsome
+man, and a good and graceful rider; but she never asked herself whether
+he was or not; and, indeed, did not think about it at all.</p>
+
+<p>One thing, however, she did think, and that was not what Mrs. Hazleton
+desired. She thought him a coarse and vulgar-minded young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> man; and she
+wondered how a woman of such refinement as Mrs. Hazleton could be
+pleased with his society. There was at the end of that day only one
+impression in his favor, which was produced by an undefinable
+resemblance to her father, evanescent, but ever returning. There was no
+one feature like: the coloring was different: the hair, eyes, beard, all
+dissimilar. He was much handsomer than Sir Philip Hastings ever had
+been; but ever and anon there came a glance of the eye, or a curl of the
+lip; a family expression which was familiar and pleasant to her. John
+Ayliffe accompanied the carriage to the gate of Mrs. Hazleton's park;
+and there the lady beckoned him up, and in a kind, half jesting tone,
+bade him keep himself disengaged the next day, as she might want him.</p>
+
+<p>He promised to obey, and rode away; but Mrs. Hazleton never mentioned
+his name again during the evening, which passed over in quiet
+conversation, with little reference to the events of the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Before she went to bed, however, Mrs. Hazleton wrote a somewhat long
+epistle to John Ayliffe, full of very important hints for his conduct
+the next day, and ending with an injunction to burn the letter as soon
+as he had read it. This done, she retired to rest; and that night, what
+with free mountain air and exercise, she and Emily both slept soundly.
+The next morning, however, she felt, or affected to feel, fatigue; and
+put off another expedition which had been proposed.</p>
+
+<p>Noon had hardly arrived, when Mr. Ayliffe presented himself, to receive
+her commands he said, and there he remained, invited to stay to dinner,
+not much to Emily's satisfaction; but, at length, she remembered that
+she had letters to write, and, seated at a table in the window, went on
+covering sheets of paper, with a rapid hand, for more than an hour;
+while John Ayliffe seated himself by Emily's embroidery frame, and
+labored to efface the bad impression of the day before, by a very
+different strain of conversation. He spoke of many things more suited to
+her tastes and habits than those which he had previously noticed, and
+spoke not altogether amiss. But yet, there was something forced in it
+all. It was as if he were reading sentences out of a book, and, in
+truth, it is probable he was repeating a lesson.</p>
+
+<p>Emily did not know what to do. She would have given the world to be
+freed from his society; to have gone out and enjoyed her own thoughts
+amongst woods and flowers; or even to have sat quietly in her own room
+alone, feeling the summer air, and looking at the glorious sky. To seek
+that refuge, however, she thought would be rude; and to go out to walk
+in the park would, she doubted not, induce him to follow. She sat still,
+therefore, with marvellous patience, answering briefly when an answer
+was required; but never speaking in reply with any of that free pouring
+forth of heart and mind which can only take place where sympathy is
+strong.</p>
+
+<p>She was rewarded for her endurance, for when it had lasted well nigh as
+long as she could bear it, the drawing-room door opened, and Mr. Marlow
+appeared. His eyes instantly fixed upon Emily with that young man
+sitting by her side; and a feeling, strange and painful, came upon him.
+But the next instant the bright, glad, natural, unchecked look of
+satisfaction, with which she rose to greet him, swept every doubt-making
+jealousy away.</p>
+
+<p>Very different was the look of Mrs. Hazleton. For an instant&mdash;a single
+instant&mdash;the same black shadow, which I have mentioned once before, came
+across her brow, the same lightning flashed from her eye. But both
+passed away in a moment; and the feelings which produced them were again
+hidden in her heart. They were bitter enough; for she had read, with the
+clear eyesight of jealousy, all that Marlow's look of surprise and
+annoyance&mdash;all that Emily's look of joy and relief&mdash;betrayed.</p>
+
+<p>They might not yet call themselves lovers&mdash;they might not even be
+conscious that they were so; but that they were and would be, from that
+moment, Mrs. Hazleton had no doubt. The conviction had come upon her,
+not exactly gradually, but by fits, as it were&mdash;first a doubt, and then
+a fear, and then a certainty that one, and then that both loved.</p>
+
+<p>If it were so, she knew that her present plans must fail; but yet she
+pursued them with an eagerness very different than before&mdash;a wild, rash,
+almost frantic eagerness. There was a chance, she thought, of driving
+Emily into the arms of John Ayliffe, with no love for him, and love for
+another; and there was a bitter sort of satisfaction in the very idea.
+Fears for her father she always hoped might operate, where no other
+inducement could have power, and such means she resolved to bring into
+play at once, without waiting for the dull, long process of drilling
+Ayliffe into gentlemanly carriage, or winning for him some way in
+Emily's regard. To force her to marry him, hating rather than loving
+him, would be a mighty gratification, and for it Mrs. Hazleton resolved
+at once to strike; but she knew that hypocrisy was needed more than
+ever; and therefore it was that the brow was smoothed, the eye calmed in
+a moment.</p>
+
+<p>To Marlow, during his visit, she was courteous and civil enough, but
+still so far cold as to give him no encouragement to stay long. She kept
+watch too upon all that passed, not only between him and Emily, but
+between him and John Ayliffe; for a quarrel between them, which she
+thought likely, was not what she desired. But there was no danger of
+such a result. Marlow treated the young man with a cold and distant
+politeness&mdash;a proud civility, which left him no pretence for offence,
+and yet silenced and abashed him completely. During the whole visit,
+till towards its close, the contrast between the two men was so marked
+and strong, so disadvantageous to him whom Mrs. Hazleton sought to
+favor, that she would have given much to have had Ayliffe away from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+such a damaging companion. At length she could endure it no longer, and
+contrived to send him to seek for some flowers which she pretended to
+want, and which she knew he would not readily find in her gardens.</p>
+
+<p>Before he returned, Marlow was gone; and Emily, soon after, retired to
+her own room, leaving the youth and Mrs. Hazleton together.</p>
+
+<p>The three met again at dinner, and, for once, a subject was brought up,
+by accident, or design&mdash;which, I know not&mdash;that gave John Ayliffe an
+opportunity of setting himself in a somewhat better light. Every one has
+some amenity&mdash;some sweeter, gentler spot in the character. He had a
+great love for flowers&mdash;a passion for them; and it brought forth the
+small, very small portion of the poetry of the heart which had been
+assigned to him by nature. It was flowers then that Mrs. Hazleton talked
+of, and he soon joined in discussing their beauties, with a thorough
+knowledge of, and feeling for his subject. Emily was somewhat surprised,
+and, with natural kindness, felt glad to find some topic where she could
+converse with him at ease. The change of her manner encouraged him, and
+he went on, for once, wisely keeping to a subject on which he was at
+home, and which seemed so well to please. Mrs. Hazleton helped him
+greatly with a skill and rapidity which few could have displayed, always
+guiding the conversation back to the well chosen theme, whenever it was
+lost for an instant.</p>
+
+<p>At length, when the impression was most favorable, John Ayliffe rose to
+go&mdash;I know not whether he did so at a sign from Mrs. Hazleton; but I
+think he did. Few men quit a room gracefully&mdash;it is a difficult
+evolution&mdash;and he, certainly, did not. But Emily's eyes were in a
+different direction, and to say the truth, although he had seemed to her
+more agreeable that evening than he had been before, she thought too
+little of him at all to remark how he quitted the room, even if her eyes
+had been upon him.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time, indeed, some of the strange vague words which he had
+used when she had seen him in the park, had recurred to her mind with an
+unpleasant impression and she had puzzled herself with the question of
+what could be their meaning; but she soon dismissed the subject,
+resolving to seek some information from Mrs. Hazleton, who seemed to
+know the young man so well.</p>
+
+<p>On the preceding night, that lady had avoided all mention of him; but
+that was not the case now. She spoke of him, almost as soon as he was
+gone, in a tone of some compassion, alluding vaguely and mysteriously to
+misfortunes and disadvantages under which he had labored, and saying,
+that it was marvellous to see how much strength of mind, and natural
+high qualities, could effect against adverse circumstances. This called
+forth from Emily the inquiry which she had meditated, and although she
+could not recollect exactly the words John Ayliffe had used, she
+detailed, with sufficient accuracy, all that had taken place between
+herself and him; and the strange allusion he had made to Sir Philip
+Hastings.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton gazed at her for a moment or two after she had done
+speaking, with a look expressive of anxious concern.</p>
+
+<p>"I trust, my dear Emily," she said, at length, "that you did not repel
+him at all harshly. I have had much sad experience of the world, and I
+know that in youth we are too apt to touch hardly and rashly, things
+that for our own best interests, as well as for good feeling's sake, we
+ought to deal with tenderly."</p>
+
+<p>"I do not think that I spoke harshly," replied Emily, thoughtfully; "I
+told him that any thing he had to say must be said to my father; but I
+do not believe I spoke even that unkindly."</p>
+
+<p>"I am glad to hear it&mdash;very glad;" replied Mrs. Hazleton, with much
+emphasis; and then, after a short pause, she added, "Yet I do not know
+that your father&mdash;excellent, noble-minded, just and generous as he
+is&mdash;was the person best fitted to judge and act in the matter which John
+Ayliffe might have to speak of."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed!" exclaimed Emily, becoming more and more surprised, and in some
+degree alarmed, "this is very strange, dear Mrs. Hazleton. You seem to
+know more of this matter; pray explain it all to me. I may well hear
+from you, what would be improper for me to listen to from him."</p>
+
+<p>"He has a kindly heart," said Mrs. Hazleton, thoughtfully, "and more
+forbearance than I ever knew in one so young; but it cannot last for
+ever; and when he is of age, which will be in a few days, he must act;
+and I trust will act kindly and gently&mdash;I am sure he will, if nothing
+occurs to irritate a bold and decided character."</p>
+
+<p>"But act how?" inquired Emily, eagerly; "you forget, dear Mrs. Hazleton,
+that I am quite in the dark in this matter. I dare say that he is all
+that you say; but I will own that neither his manners generally, nor his
+demeanor on that occasion, led me to think very well of him, or to
+believe that he was of a forbearing or gentle nature."</p>
+
+<p>"He has faults," said Mrs. Hazleton, dryly; "oh yes, he has faults, but
+they are those of manner, more than heart or character&mdash;faults produced
+by circumstances which may be changed by circumstances&mdash;which would
+never have existed, had he had, earlier, one judicious, kind, and
+experienced friend to counsel and direct him. They are disappearing
+rapidly, and, if ever he should fall under the influences of a generous
+and noble spirit, will vanish altogether."</p>
+
+<p>She was preparing the way, skilfully exciting, as she saw, some interest
+in Emily, and yet producing some alarm.</p>
+
+<p>"But still you do not explain," said the beautiful girl, anxiously; "do
+not, dear Mrs. Hazleton, keep me longer in suspense."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I cannot&mdash;I ought not, Emily, to explain all to you," replied the lady,
+"it would be a long and painful story; but this I may tell you, and
+after that, ask me no more. That young man has your father's fortunes
+and his fate entirely in his hands. He has forborne long. Heaven grant
+that his forbearance may still endure."</p>
+
+<p>She ceased, and after one glance at Emily's face, she cast down her
+eyes, and seemed to fall into thought.</p>
+
+<p>Emily gazed up towards the sky, as if seeking counsel there, and then,
+bursting into tears, hurriedly quitted the room.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XX.</h4>
+
+<p>Emily's night was not peaceful. The very idea that her father's fate was
+in the power of any other man, was, in itself, trouble enough; but in
+the present case there was more. Why, or wherefore, she knew not; but
+there was something told her that, in spite of all Mrs. Hazleton's
+commendations, and the fair portrait she had so elaborately drawn, John
+Ayliffe was not a man to use power mercifully. She tried eagerly to
+discover what had created this impression: she thought of every look and
+every word which she had seen upon the young man's countenance, or heard
+from his lips; and she fixed at length more upon the menacing scowl
+which she had marked upon his brow in the cottage, than even upon the
+menacing language which he had held when her father's name was
+mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Sleep visited not her eyes for many an hour, and when at length her eyes
+closed through fatigue, it was restless and dreamful. She fancied she
+saw John Ayliffe holding Sir Philip on the ground, trying to strangle
+him. She strove to scream for help, but her lips seemed paralyzed, and
+there was no sound. That strange anguish of sleep&mdash;the anguish of
+impotent strong will&mdash;of powerless passion&mdash;of effort without effect,
+was upon her, and soon burst the bonds of slumber. It would have been
+impossible to endure it long. All must have felt that it is greater than
+any mortal agony; and that if he could endure more than a moment, like a
+treacherous enemy it would slay us in our sleep.</p>
+
+<p>She awoke unrefreshed, and rose pale and sad. I cannot say that Mrs.
+Hazleton, when she beheld Emily's changed look, felt any great
+compunction. If she had no great desire to torture, which I will not
+pretend to say, she did not at all object to see her victim suffer; but
+Emily's pale cheek and distressed look afforded indications still more
+satisfactory; which Mrs. Hazleton remarked with the satisfaction of a
+philosopher watching a successful experiment. They showed that the
+preparation she had made for what was coming, was even more effectual
+than she had expected, and so the abstract pleasure of inflicting pain
+on one she hated, was increased by the certainty of success.</p>
+
+<p>Emily said little&mdash;referred not at all to the subject of her thoughts,
+but dwelt upon it&mdash;pondered in silence. To one who knew her she might
+have seemed sullen, sulky; but it was merely that one of those fits of
+deep intense communion with the inner things of the heart&mdash;those
+abstracted rambles through the mazy wilderness of thought, which
+sometimes fell upon her, was upon her now. At these times it was very
+difficult to draw her spirit forth into the waking world again&mdash;to rouse
+her to the things about her life. It seemed as if her soul was absent
+far away, and that the mere animal life of the body remained. Great
+events might have passed before her eyes, without her knowing aught of
+them.</p>
+
+<p>On all former occasions but one, these reveries&mdash;for so I must call
+them&mdash;had been of a lighter and more pleasant nature. In them it had
+seemed as if her young spirit had been tempted away from the household
+paths of thought, far into tangled wilds where it had lost
+itself&mdash;tempted, like other children, by the mere pleasure of the
+ramble&mdash;led on to catch a butterfly, or chase the rainbow.
+Feeling&mdash;passion, had not mingled with the dream at all, and
+consequently there had been no suffering. I am not sure that on other
+occasions, when such absent fits fell upon her, Emily Hastings was not
+more joyous, more full of pure delight, than when, in a gay and
+sparkling mood, she moved her father's wonder at what he thought light
+frivolity. But now it was all bitter: the labyrinth was dark as well as
+intricate, and the thorns tore her as she groped for some path across
+the wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>Before it had lasted very long&mdash;before it had at all reached its
+conclusion&mdash;and as she had sat at the window of the drawing-room, gazing
+out upon the sky without seeing either white cloud or blue, Sir Philip
+Hastings himself, on a short journey for some magisterial purpose,
+entered the room, spoke a few words to Mrs. Hazleton, and then turned to
+his daughter. Had he been half an hour later, Emily would have cast her
+arms round his neck and told him all; but as it was, she remained
+self-involved, even in his presence&mdash;answered indeed mechanically&mdash;spoke
+words of affection with an absent air, and let the mind still run on
+upon the path which it had chosen.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip had no time to stay till this fit was past, and Mrs. Hazleton
+was glad to get rid of him civilly before any other act of the drama
+began.</p>
+
+<p>But his daughter's mood did not escape Sir Philip's eyes. I have said
+that for her he was full of observation, though he often read the
+results wrongly; and now he marked Emily's mood with doubt, and not with
+pleasure. "What can this mean?" he asked himself, "can any thing have
+gone wrong? It is strange, very strange. Perhaps her mother was right
+after all, and it might have been better to take her to the capital."</p>
+
+<p>Thus thinking, Sir Philip himself fell into a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> reverie, not at all
+unlike that in which he had found his daughter. Yet he understood not
+hers, and pondered upon it as something strange and inextricable.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Emily thought on, till at length Mrs. Hazleton
+reminded her that they were to go that day to the Waterfall. She rose
+mechanically, sought her room, dressed, and gazed from the window.</p>
+
+<p>It is wonderful, however, how small a thing will sometimes take the
+mind, as it were, by the hand, and lead it back out of shadow into
+sunshine. From the lawn below the window a light bird sprang up into the
+air, quivered upon its twinkling wings, uttered a note or two, and then
+soared higher, and each moment as it rose up, up, into the sky, the
+song, like a spirit heavenward bound, grew stronger and more strong, and
+flooded the air with melody.</p>
+
+<p>Emily watched it as it rose, listened to it as it sang. Its upward
+flight seemed to carry her spirit above the dark things on which it
+brooded; its thrilling voice to waken her to cheerful life again. There
+is a high holiness in a lark's song; and hard must be the heart, and
+strong and corrupt, that does not raise the voice and join with it in
+its praise to God.</p>
+
+<p>When she went down again into the drawing-room, she was quite a
+different being, and Mrs. Hazleton marvelled what could have happened so
+to change her. Had she been told that it was a lark's song, she would
+have laughed the speaker to scorn. She was not one to feel it.</p>
+
+<p>I will not pause upon the journey of the morning, nor describe the
+beautiful fall of the river that they visited, or tell how it fell
+rushing over the precipice, or how the rocks dashed it into diamond
+sparkles, or how rainbows bannered the conflict of the waters, and
+boughs waved over the struggling stream like plumes. It was a sweet and
+pleasant sight, and full of meditation; and Mrs. Hazleton, judging
+perhaps of others by herself, imagined that it would produce in the mind
+of Emily those softening influences which teach the heart to yield
+readily to the harder things of life.</p>
+
+<p>There is, perhaps, not a more beautiful, nor a more frequently
+applicable allegory than that of the famous Amreeta Cup&mdash;I know not
+whether devised by Southey, or borrowed by him from the rich store of
+instructive fable hidden in oriental tradition. It is long, long, since
+I read it; but yet every word is remembered whenever I see the different
+effect which scenes, circumstances, and events produce upon different
+characters. It is shown by the poet that the cup of divine wine gave
+life and immortality, and excellence superhuman, and bliss beyond
+belief, to the pure heart; but to the dark, earthly, and evil, brought
+death, destruction, and despair. We may extend the lesson a little, and
+see in the Amreeta wine, the spirit of God pervading all his works, but
+producing in those who see and taste an effect, for good or evil,
+according to the nature of the recipient. The strong, powerful,
+self-willed, passionate character of Mrs. Hazleton, found, in the calm
+meditative fall of the cataract, in the ever shifting play of the wild
+waters, and in the watchful stillness of the air around, a softening,
+enfeebling influence. The gentle character of Emily turned from the
+scene with a heart raised rather than depressed, a spirit better
+prepared to combat with evil and with sorrow, full of love and trust in
+God, and a confidence strong beyond the strength of this world. There is
+a voice of prophecy in waterfalls, and mountains, and lakes, and
+streams, and sunny lands, and clouds, and storms, and bright sunsets,
+and the face of nature every where, which tells the destiny, not of one,
+but of many, and at all events, foreshows the unutterable mercy reserved
+for those who trust. It is a prophecy&mdash;and an exhortation too. The words
+are, "Be holy, and be happy!" The God who speaks is true and glorious.
+Be true and inherit glory.</p>
+
+<p>Emily had been cheerful as they went. As they returned she was calm and
+firm. Readily she joined in any conversation. Seldom did she fall into
+any absent fit of thought, and the effect of that day's drive was any
+thing but what Mrs. Hazleton expected or wished.</p>
+
+<p>When they returned to the house, a letter was delivered to Emily
+Hastings, with which, the seal unbroken, she retired to her own room.
+The hand was unknown to her, but with a sort of prescience something
+more than natural, she divined at once from whom it came, and saw that
+the difficult struggle had commenced. An hour or two before, the very
+thought would have dismayed her. Now the effect was but small.</p>
+
+<p>She had no suspicion of the plans against her; no idea whatever that
+people might be using her as a tool&mdash;that there was any interest
+contrary to her own, in the conduct or management of others. But yet she
+turned the key in the door before she commenced the perusal of the
+letter, which was to the following effect:</p>
+
+<p>"I know not," said the writer, in a happier style than perhaps might
+have been expected, "how to prevail upon your goodness to pardon all I
+am going to say, knowing that nothing short of the circumstances in
+which I am placed, could excuse my approaching you even in thought. I
+have long known you, though you have known me only for a few short
+hours. I have watched you often from childhood up to womanhood, and
+there has been growing upon me from very early years a strong
+attachment, a deep affection, a powerful&mdash;overpowering&mdash;ardent love,
+which nothing can ever extinguish. Need I tell you that the last few
+days would have increased that love had increase been possible.</p>
+
+<p>"All this, however, I know is no justification of my venturing to raise
+my thoughts to you&mdash;still less of my venturing to express these feelings
+boldly; but it has been an excuse to myself, and in some degree to
+others, for abstaining hitherto from that which my best interests,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> a
+mother's fame, and my own rights, required. The time has now come when I
+can no longer remain silent; when I must throw upon you the
+responsibility of an important choice; when I am forced to tell you how
+deeply, how devotedly, I love you, in order that you may say whether you
+will take the only means of saving me from the most painful task I ever
+undertook, by conferring on me the greatest blessing that woman ever
+gave to man; or, on the other hand, will drive me to a task repugnant to
+all my feelings, but just, necessary, inevitable, in case of your
+refusal. Let me explain, however, that I am your cousin&mdash;the son of your
+father's elder brother by a private marriage with a peasant girl of this
+county. The whole case is perfectly clear, and I have proof positive of
+the marriage in my hands. From fear of a lawsuit, and from the pressure
+of great poverty, my mother was induced to sacrifice her rights after
+her husband's early death, still to conceal her marriage, to bear even
+sneers and shame, and to live upon a pittance allowed to her by her
+husband's father, and secured to her by him after his own death, when
+she was entitled to honor, and birth, and distinction by the law of the
+land.</p>
+
+<p>"One of her objects, doubtless, was to secure to herself and her son a
+moderate competence, as the late Sir John Hastings, my grandfather and
+yours, had the power of leaving all his estates to any one he pleased,
+the entail having ended with himself. For this she sacrificed her
+rights, her name, her fame, and you will find, if you look into your
+grandfather's will, that he took especial care that no infraction of the
+contract between him and her father should give cause for the assertion
+of her rights. Two or three mysterious clauses in that will will show
+you at once, if you read them, that the whole tale I tell you is
+correct, and that Sir John Hastings, on the one hand, paid largely, and
+on the other threatened sternly, in order to conceal the marriage of his
+eldest son, and transmit the title to the second. But my mother could
+not bar me of my rights: she could endure unmerited shame for pecuniary
+advantages, if she pleased; but she could not entail shame upon me; and
+were it in the power of any one to deprive me of that which Sir John
+Hastings left me, or to shut me out from the succession to his whole
+estates, to which&mdash;from the fear of disclosing his great secret&mdash;he did
+not put any bar in his will that would have been at once an
+acknowledgment of my legitimacy, I would still sacrifice all, and stand
+alone, friendless and portionless in the world, rather than leave my
+mother's fame and my own birth unvindicated. This is one of the
+strongest desires, the most overpowering impulses of my heart; and
+neither you nor any one could expect me to resist it. But there is yet a
+stronger still&mdash;not an impulse, but a passion, and to that every thing
+must yield. It is love; and whatever may be the difference which you see
+between yourself and me, however inferior I may feel myself to you in
+all those qualities which I myself the most admire, still, I feel myself
+justified in placing the case clearly before you&mdash;in telling you how
+truly, how sincerely, how ardently I love you, and in asking you whether
+you will deign to favor my suit even now as I stand, to save me the pain
+and grief of contending with the father of her I love, the anguish of
+stripping him of the property he so well uses, and of the rank which he
+adorns; or will leave me to establish my rights, to take my just name
+and station, and then, when no longer appearing humble and unknown, to
+plead my cause with no less humility than I do at present.</p>
+
+<p>"That I shall do so then, as now, rest assured&mdash;that I would do so if
+the rank and station to which I have a right were a principality, do not
+doubt; but I would fain, if it were possible, avoid inflicting any pain
+upon your father. I know not how he may bear the loss of station and of
+fortune&mdash;I know not what effect the struggles of a court of law, and
+inevitable defeat may produce. Only acquainted with him by general
+repute, I cannot tell what may be the effect of mortification and the
+loss of all he has hitherto enjoyed. He has the reputation of a good, a
+just, and a wise man, somewhat vehement in feeling, somewhat proud of
+his position. You must judge him, rather than I; but, I beseech you,
+consider him in this matter.</p>
+
+<p>"At any time, and at all times, my love will be the same&mdash;nothing can
+change me&mdash;nothing can alter or affect the deep love I bear you. When
+casting from me the cloud which had hung upon my birth, when assuming
+the rank and taking possession of the property that is my own, I shall
+still love you as devotedly as ever&mdash;still as earnestly seek your hand.
+But oh! how I long to avoid all the pangs, the mischances, the anxieties
+to every one, the ill feeling, the contention, the animosity, which must
+ever follow such a struggle as that between your father and myself&mdash;oh,
+how I long to owe every thing to you, even the station, even the
+property, even the fair name that is my own by right! Nay, more, far
+more, to owe you guidance and direction&mdash;to owe you support and
+instruction&mdash;to owe you all that may improve, and purify, and elevate
+me.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, Emily, dear cousin, let me be your debtor in all things. You who
+first gave me the thought of rising above fate, and making myself worthy
+of the high fortunes which I have long known awaited me, perfect your
+work, redeem me for ever from all that is unworthy, save me from bitter
+regrets, and your father from disappointment, sorrow, and poverty, and
+render me all that I long to be.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22">"Yours, and forever,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22">"<span class="smcap">John Hastings</span>."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Very well done, Mrs. Hazleton!&mdash;but somewhat too well done. There was a
+difference, a difference so striking, so unaccountable, between the
+style of this letter, both in thought and composition, and the ordinary
+style and manners<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> of John Ayliffe, that it could not fail to strike the
+eyes of Emily. For a moment she felt a little confused&mdash;not undecided.
+There was no hesitation, no doubt, as to her own conduct. For an instant
+it crossed her mind that this young man had deeper, finer feelings in
+his nature than appeared upon the surface&mdash;that his manner might be more
+in fault than his nature. But there were things in the letter itself
+which she did not like&mdash;that, without any labored analysis or
+deep-searching criticism, brought to her mind the conviction that the
+words, the arguments, the inducements employed were those of art rather
+than of feeling&mdash;that the mingling of threats towards her father,
+however veiled, with professions of love towards herself, was in itself
+ungenerous&mdash;that the objects and the means were not so high-toned as the
+professions&mdash;that there was something sordid, base, ignoble in the whole
+proceeding. It required no careful thought to arrive at such a
+conclusion&mdash;no second reading&mdash;and her mind was made up at once.</p>
+
+<p>The deep reverie into which she had fallen in the morning had done her
+good&mdash;it had disentangled thought, and left the heart and judgment
+clear. The fair, natural scene she had passed through since, the
+intercourse with God's works, had done her still more good&mdash;refreshed,
+and strengthened, and elevated the spirit; and after a very brief pause
+she drew the table towards her, sat down, and wrote. As she did write,
+she thought of her father, and she believed from her heart that the
+words she used were those which he would wish her to employ. They were
+to the following effect:</p>
+
+<p>"Sir: Your letter, as you may suppose, has occasioned me great pain, and
+the more so, as I am compelled to say, not only that I cannot return
+your affection now, but can hold out no hope to you of ever returning
+it. I am obliged to speak decidedly, as I should consider myself most
+base if I could for one moment trifle with feelings such as those which
+you express.</p>
+
+<p>"In regard to your claims upon my father's estates, and to the rank
+which he believes himself to hold by just right, I can form no judgment;
+and could have wished that they had never been mentioned to me before
+they had been made known to him.</p>
+
+<p>"I never in my life knew my father do an unjust or ungenerous thing, and
+I am quite sure that if convinced another had a just title to all that
+he possesses on earth, he would strip himself of it as readily as he
+would of a soiled garment. My father would disdain to hold for an hour
+the rightful property of another. You have therefore only to lay your
+reasons before him, and you may be sure that they will have just
+consideration and yourself full justice. I trust that you will do so
+soon, as to give the first intelligence of such claims would be too
+painful a task for</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22">"Your faithful servant,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22">"<span class="smcap">Emily Hastings</span>."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>She read her letter over twice, and was satisfied with it. Sealing it
+carefully, she gave it to her own maid for despatch, and then paused for
+a moment, giving way to some temporary curiosity as to who could have
+aided in the composition of the letter she had received, for John
+Ayliffe's alone she could not and would not believe it to be. She cast
+such thoughts from her very speedily, however, and, strange to say, her
+heart seemed lightened now that the moment of trial had come and gone,
+now that a turning-point in her fate seemed to have passed.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton was surprised to see her re-enter the drawing-room with a
+look of relief. She saw that the matter was decided, but she was too
+wise to conclude that it was decided according to her wishes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXI.</h4>
+
+<p>Marlow reasoned with his own heart. For the first time in his life it
+had proved rebellious. It would have its own way. It would give no
+account of its conduct,&mdash;why it had beat so, why it had thrilled so, why
+it had experienced so many changes of feeling when he saw John Ayliffe
+sitting beside Emily Hastings, and when Emily Hastings had risen with so
+joyous a smile to greet him&mdash;it would not explain at all. And now he
+argued the point with it systematically, with a determination to get to
+the bottom of the matter one way or another. He asked it, as if it had
+been a separate individual, if it was in love with Emily Hastings. The
+question was too direct, and the heart said it "rather thought not."</p>
+
+<p>Was it quite sure? he asked again. The heart was silent, and seemed to
+be considering. Was it jealous? he inquired. "Oh dear no, not in the
+least."</p>
+
+<p>Then why did it go on in such a strange, capricious, unaccountable way,
+when a good-looking, vulgar young man was seen sitting beside Emily?</p>
+
+<p>The heart said it "could not tell; that it was its nature to do so."</p>
+
+<p>Marlow was not to be put off. He was determined to know more, and he
+argued, "If it be your nature to do so, you of course do the same when
+you see other young men sitting by other young women." The heart was
+puzzled, and did not reply; and then Marlow begged a definite answer to
+this question. "If you were to hear to-morrow that Emily Hastings is
+going to be married to this youth, or to any other man, young or old,
+what would you do then?"</p>
+
+<p>"Break!" said the heart, and Marlow asked no more questions. Knowing how
+dangerous it is to enter into such interrogations on horseback, when the
+pulse is accelerated and the nervous system all in a flutter, he had
+waited till he got into his own dwelling, and seated himself in his
+chair, that he might deal with the rebellious spirit in his breast
+stately, and calmly likewise; but as he came to the end<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> of the
+conversation, he rose up, resolving to order a fresh horse, and ride
+instantly away, to confer with Sir Philip Hastings. In so doing he
+looked round the room. It was not very well or very fully furnished. The
+last proprietor before Mrs. Hazleton had not been very fond of books,
+and had never thought of a library. When Marlow brought his own books
+down he had ordered some cases to be made by a country carpenter, which
+fitted but did not much ornament the room. They gave it a raw, desolate
+aspect, and made him, by a natural projection of thought, think ill of
+the accommodation of the whole house, as soon as he began to entertain
+the idea of Emily Hastings ever becoming its mistress. Then he went on
+to ask himself, "What have I to offer for the treasure of her hand? What
+have I to offer but the hand of a very simple, undistinguished country
+gentleman&mdash;quite, quite unworthy of her? What have I to offer Sir Philip
+Hastings as an alliance worthy of even his consideration?&mdash;A good,
+unstained name; but no rank, and a fortune not above mediocrity. Marry!
+a fitting match for the heiress of the Hastings and Marshall families."</p>
+
+<p>He gazed around him, and his heart fell.</p>
+
+<p>A little boy, with a pair of wings on his shoulders, and the end of a
+bow peeping up near his neck, stood close behind Marlow, and whispered
+in his ear, "Never mind all that&mdash;only try."</p>
+
+<p>And Marlow resolved he would try; but yet he hesitated how to do so.
+Should he go himself to Sir Philip? But he feared a rebuff. Should he
+write? No, that was cowardly. Should he tell his love to Emily first,
+and strive to win her affections, ere he breathed to her father? No,
+that would be dishonest, if he had a doubt of her father's consent. At
+length he made up his mind to go in person to Sir Philip, but the
+discussion and the consideration had been so long that it was too late
+to ride over that night, and the journey was put off till the following
+day. That day, as early as possible, he set out. He called it as early
+as possible, and it was early for a visit; but the moment one fears a
+rebuff from any lady one grows marvellously punctilious. When his horse
+was brought round he began to fancy that he should be too soon for Sir
+Philip, and he had the horse walked up and down for half an hour.</p>
+
+<p>What would he have given for that half hour, when, on reaching Sir
+Philip's door, he found that Emily's father had gone out, and was not
+expected back till late in the day. Angry with himself, and a good deal
+disappointed, he returned to his home, which, somehow, looked far less
+cheerful than usual. He could take no pleasure in his books, or in his
+pictures, and even thought was unpleasant to him, for under the
+influence of expectation it became but a calculation of chances, for
+which he had but scanty data. One thing, indeed, he learned from the
+passing of that evening, which was, that home and home happiness was
+lost to him henceforth without Emily Hastings.</p>
+
+<p>The following day saw him early in the saddle, and riding away as if
+some beast of the chase were before him. Indeed, man's love, when it is
+worth any thing, has always smack of the hunter in it. He cared not for
+highlands or bypaths&mdash;hedges and ditches offered small impediments.
+Straight across the country he went, till he approached the end of his
+journey; but then he suddenly pulled in his rein, and began to ask
+himself if he was a madman. He was passing over the Marshall property at
+the time, the inheritance of Emily's mother, and the thought of all that
+she was heir to cooled his ardor with doubt and apprehension. He would
+have given one half of all that he possessed that she had been a
+peasant-girl, that he might have lived with her upon the other.</p>
+
+<p>Then he began to think of all that he should say to Sir Philip Hastings,
+and how he should say it; and he felt very uneasy in his mind. Then he
+was angry with himself for his own sensations, and tried philosophy and
+scolded his own heart. But philosophy and scolding had no effect; and
+then cantering easily through the park, he stopped at the gate of the
+house and dismounted.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip was in this time; and Marlow was ushered into the little room
+where he sat in the morning, with the library hard by, that he might
+have his books at hand. But Sir Philip was not reading now; on the
+contrary, he was in a fit of thought; and, if one might judge by the
+contraction of his brow, and the drawing down of the corners of his
+lips, it was not a very pleasant one.</p>
+
+<p>Marlow fancied that he had come at an inauspicious moment, and the first
+words of Sir Philip, though kind and friendly, were not at all
+harmonious with the feeling of love in his young visitor's heart.</p>
+
+<p>"Welcome, my young friend," he said, looking up. "I have been thinking
+this morning over the laws and habits of different nations, ancient and
+modern; and would fain satisfy myself if I am right in the conclusion
+that we, in this land, leave too little free action to individual
+judgment. No man, we say, must take law in his own hands; yet how often
+do we break this rule&mdash;how often are we compelled to break it. If you,
+with a gun in your hand, saw a man at fifty or sixty paces about to
+murder a child or a woman, without any means of stopping the blow except
+by using your weapon, what would you do?"</p>
+
+<p>"Shoot him on the spot," replied Marlow at once, and then added, "if I
+were quite certain of his intention."</p>
+
+<p>"Of course&mdash;of course," replied Sir Philip. "And yet, my good friend, if
+you did so without witnesses&mdash;supposing the child too young to testify,
+or the woman sleeping at whom the blow was aimed&mdash;you would be hung for
+your just, wise, charitable act."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps so," said Marlow, abruptly; "but I would do it, nevertheless."</p>
+
+<p>"Right, right," replied Sir Philip, rising and shaking his hand; "right,
+and like yourself! There are cases when, with a clear consciousness of
+the rectitude of our purpose, and a strong confidence in the justice of
+our judgment, we must step over all human laws, be the result to
+ourselves what it may. Do you remember a man&mdash;one Cutter&mdash;to whom you
+taught a severe lesson on the very first day I had the pleasure of
+knowing you? I should have been undoubtedly justified, morally, and
+perhaps even legally also, in sending my sword through his body, when he
+attacked me that day. Had I done so I should have saved a valuable human
+life, spared the world the spectacle of a great crime, and preserved an
+excellent husband and father to his wife and children. That very man has
+murdered the game-keeper of the Earl of Selby; and being called to the
+spot yesterday, I had to commit him for that crime, upon evidence which
+left not a doubt of his guilt. I spared him when he assaulted me from a
+weak and unworthy feeling of compassion, although I knew the man's
+character, and dimly foresaw his career. I have regretted it since; but
+never so much as yesterday. This, of course, is no parallel case to that
+which I just now proposed; but the one led my mind to the other."</p>
+
+<p>"Did the wretched man admit his guilt?" asked Marlow.</p>
+
+<p>"He did not, and could not deny it," answered Sir Philip; "during the
+examination he maintained a hard, sullen silence; and only said, when I
+ordered his committal, that I ought not to be so hard upon him for that
+offence, as it was the best service he could have done me; for that he
+had silenced a man whose word could strip me of all I possessed."</p>
+
+<p>"What could he mean?" asked Marlow, eagerly.</p>
+
+<p>"Nay, I know not," replied Sir Philip, in an indifferent tone; "crushed
+vipers often turn to bite. The man he killed was the son of the former
+sexton here&mdash;an honest, good creature too, for whom I obtained his
+place; his murderer a reckless villain, on whose word there is no
+dependence. Let us give no thought to it. He has held some such language
+before; but it never produced a fear that my property would be lost, or
+even diminished. We do not hold our fee simples on the tenure of a
+rogue's good pleasure&mdash;why do you smile?"</p>
+
+<p>"For what will seem at first sight a strange, unnatural reason for a
+friend to give, Sir Philip," replied Marlow, determined not to lose the
+opportunity; "for your own sake and for your country's, I am bound to
+hope that your property may never be lost or diminished; but every
+selfish feeling would induce me to wish it were less than it is."</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip Hastings was no reader of riddles, and he looked puzzled; but
+Marlow walked frankly round and took him by the hand, saying, "I have
+not judged it right, Sir Philip, to remain one day after I discovered
+what are my feelings towards your daughter, without informing you fully
+of their nature, that you may at once decide upon your future demeanor
+towards one to whom you have hitherto shown much kindness, and who would
+on no account abuse it. I was not at all aware of how this passion had
+grown upon me, till the day before yesterday, when I saw your daughter
+at Mrs. Hazleton's, and some accidental circumstance revealed to me the
+state of my own heart."</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip looked as if surprised; but after a moment's thought, he
+inquired, "And what says Emily, my young friend?"</p>
+
+<p>"She says nothing, Sir Philip," replied Marlow; "for neither by word nor
+look, as far as I know, have I betrayed my own feelings towards her. I
+would not, between us, do so, till I had given you an opportunity of
+deciding, unfettered by any consideration for her, whether you would
+permit me to pursue my suit or not."</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip was in a reasoning mood that day, and he tortured Marlow by
+asking, "And would you always think it necessary, Marlow, to obtain a
+parent's consent, before you endeavored to gain the affection of a girl
+you loved?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not always," replied the young man; "but I should think it always
+necessary to violate no confidence, Sir Philip. You have been kind to
+me&mdash;trusted me&mdash;had no doubt of me; and to say one word to Emily which
+might thwart your plans or meet your disapproval, would be to show
+myself unworthy of your esteem or her affection."</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip mused, and then said, as if speaking to himself, "I had some
+idea this might turn out so, but not so soon. I fancy, however," he
+continued, addressing Marlow, "that you must have betrayed your feelings
+more than you thought, my young friend; for yesterday I found Emily in a
+strange, thoughtful, abstracted mood, showing that some strong feelings
+were busy at her heart."</p>
+
+<p>"Some other cause," said Marlow quickly; "I cannot even flatter myself
+that she was thinking of me. When I saw her the day before, there was a
+young man sitting with her and Mrs. Hazleton&mdash;John Ayliffe, I think, is
+his name&mdash;and I will own I thought his presence seemed to annoy her."</p>
+
+<p>"John Ayliffe at Mrs. Hazleton's!" exclaimed Sir Philip, his brow
+growing very dark; "John Ayliffe in my daughter's society! Well might
+the poor child look thoughtful&mdash;and yet why should she? She knows
+nothing of his history. What is he like, Marlow&mdash;how does he bear
+himself?"</p>
+
+<p>"He is certainly handsome, with fine features and a good figure,"
+replied Marlow; "indeed, it struck me that there was some resemblance
+between him and yourself; but there is a want I cannot well define in
+his appearance, Sir Philip&mdash;in his air&mdash;in his carriage, whether still
+or in motion, which fixes upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> him what I am accustomed to call a
+class-mark, and that not of the best. Depend upon it, however, that it
+was annoyance at being brought into society which she disliked that
+affected your daughter as you have mentioned. My love for her she is,
+and must be, ignorant of; for I stayed there but a few minutes; and
+before that day, I saw it not myself. And now, Sir Philip, what say you
+to my suit? May I&mdash;as some of your words lead me to hope&mdash;may I pursue
+that suit and strive to win your dear daughter's love?"</p>
+
+<p>"Of course," replied Sir Philip, "of course. A vague fancy has long been
+floating in my brain, that it might be so some day. She is too young to
+marry yet; and it will be sad to part with her when the time does come;
+but you have my consent to seek her affection if she can give it you.
+She must herself decide."</p>
+
+<p>"Have you considered fully," asked Marlow, "that I have neither fortune
+nor rank to offer her, that I am by no means&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip waved his hand almost impatiently. "What skills it talking of
+rank or wealth?" he said. "You are a gentleman by birth, education,
+manners. You have easy competence. My Emily will desire no more for
+herself, and I can desire no more for her. You will endeavor, I know, to
+make her happy, and will succeed, because you love her. As for myself,
+were I to choose out of all the men I know, you would be the man.
+Fortune is a good adjunct; but it is no essential. I do not promise her
+to you. That she must do; but if she says she will give you her hand, it
+shall be yours."</p>
+
+<p>Marlow thanked him, with joy such as may be conceived; but Sir Philip's
+thoughts reverted at once to his daughter's situation at Mrs.
+Hazleton's. "She must stay there no longer, Marlow," he said; "I will
+send for her home without delay. Then you will have plenty of
+opportunity for the telling of your own tale to her ear, and seeing how
+you may speed with her; but, at all events, she must stay no longer in a
+house where she can meet with John Ayliffe. Mrs. Hazleton makes me
+marvel&mdash;a woman so proud&mdash;so refined!"</p>
+
+<p>"It is but justice to say," replied Marlow, thoughtfully, "that I have
+some vague recollection of Mrs. Hazleton having intimated that they met
+that young gentleman by chance upon some expedition of pleasure. But had
+I not better communicate my hopes and wishes to Lady Hastings, my dear
+sir?"</p>
+
+<p>"That is not needful," replied Emily's father, somewhat sternly; "I
+promise her to you, if she herself consents. My good wife will not
+oppose my wishes or my daughter's happiness; nor do I suffer opposition
+upon occasions of importance. I will tell Lady Hastings my determination
+myself."</p>
+
+<p>Marlow was too wise to say another word, but agreed to come on the
+following day to dine and sleep at the hall, and took his leave for the
+time. It was not, indeed, without some satisfaction that he heard Sir
+Philip order a horse to be saddled and a man to prepare to carry a
+letter to Mrs. Hazleton; for doubts were rapidly possessing themselves
+of his mind&mdash;not in regard to Emily&mdash;but in reference to Mrs. Hazleton
+herself.</p>
+
+<p>The letter was dispatched immediately after his departure, recalling
+Emily to her father's house, and announcing that the carriage would be
+sent for her early on the following morning. That done, Sir Philip
+repaired to his wife's drawing-room, and informed her that he had given
+his consent to his young friend Marlow's suit to their daughter. His
+tone was one that admitted no reply, and Lady Hastings made none; but
+she entered her protest quite as well, by falling into a violent fit of
+hysterics.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by
+G. P. R. James, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the
+United States for the Southern District of New-York.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>HERBERT KNOWLES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We recently printed in the <i>International</i> an interesting account of the
+"marvellous boy" Chatterton, who "perished in his pride," and the
+memoirs of Southey recall to us the almost as unfortunate Herbert
+Knowles, who died in 1817. Knowles was a poor boy of the humblest
+origin, without father or mother, yet with abilities sufficient to
+excite the attention of strangers, who subscribed 20<i>l.</i> a year towards
+his education, upon condition that his friends should furnish 30l. more.
+The boy was sent to Richmond School, Yorkshire, preparatory to his
+proceeding as a sizer to St. John's, but when he quitted school the
+friends were unable to advance another sixpence on his account. To help
+himself, Herbert Knowles wrote a poem, sent it to Southey with a history
+of his case, and asked permission to dedicate it to the Laureate.
+Southey, finding the poem "brimful of power and of promise," made
+inquiries of the schoolmaster, and received the highest character of the
+youth. He then answered the application of Knowles, entreated him to
+avoid present publication, and promised to do something better than
+receive his dedication. He subscribed at once 10<i>l.</i> per annum towards
+the failing 30<i>l.</i>, and procured similar subscriptions from Mr. Rogers
+and the late Lord Spencer. Herbert Knowles, receiving the news of his
+good fortune, wrote to his protector a letter remarkable for much more
+than the gratitude which pervaded every line. He remembered that Kirke
+White had gone to the university countenanced and supported by patrons,
+and that to pay back the debt he owed them he wrought day and night
+until his delicate frame gave way, and his life became the penalty of
+his devotion. Herbert Knowles felt that he could not make the same
+desperate efforts, and deemed it his first duty to say so. "I will not
+deceive," he writes in his touching anxiety.</p>
+
+<p>"Far be it from me to foster expectations which I feel I cannot gratify.
+Two years ago I came to Richmond totally ignorant of classical and
+mathematical literature. Out of that time, during three months and two
+long vacations I have made but a retrograde course. If I enter into
+competition for university honors<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> I shall kill myself. Could I twine,
+to gratify my friends, a laurel with the cypress I would not repine; but
+to sacrifice the little inward peace which the wreck of passion has left
+behind, and relinquish every hope of future excellence and future
+usefulness in one wild and unavailing pursuit, were indeed a madman's
+act, and worthy of a madman's fate."</p>
+
+<p>The poor fellow promised to do what he could, assured his friends that
+he would not be idle, and that if he could not reflect upon them any
+extraordinary credit, he would certainly do them no disgrace. Herbert
+Knowles had taken an accurate measure of his strength and capabilities,
+and soon gave proof that he spoke at the bidding of no uncertain monitor
+within him. Two months after his letter to Southey he was laid in his
+grave. The fire consumed the lamp even faster than the trembling lad
+suspected.</p>
+
+<p>A poem by him, <i>The Three Tabernacles</i>, though perhaps familiar to most
+of our readers, is so beautiful that we reprint it here:</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE THREE TABERNACLES.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Methinks it is good to be here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">If thou wilt let us build,&mdash;but for whom?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor Elias nor Moses appear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">But the shadows of eve that encompass the gloom,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">The abode of the dead, and the place of the tomb.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Shall we build to Ambition? Ah! no:<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Affrighted, he shrinketh away;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For see, they would pin him below<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">To a small narrow cave; and, begirt with cold clay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">To the meanest of reptiles a peer and a prey.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To Beauty? Ah! no: she forgets<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">The charms that she wielded before;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor knows the foul worm that he frets<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">The skin which but yesterday fools could adore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">For the smoothness it held, or the tint which it wore.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Shall we build to the purple of Pride,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">The trappings which dizen the proud?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Alas! they are all laid aside;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">And here's neither dress nor adornment allowed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">But the long winding-sheet, and the fringe of the shroud.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To Riches? Alas! 'tis in vain:<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Who hid, in their turns have been hid;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The treasures are squandered again;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">And here, in the grave, are all metals forbid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">But the tinsel that shone on the dark coffin-lid.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To the pleasures which Mirth can afford,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">The revel, the laugh and the jeer?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ah! here is a plentiful board,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">But the guests are all mute as their pitiful cheer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">And none but the worm is a reveller here.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Shall we build to Affection and Love?<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Ah! no: they have withered and died,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or fled with the spirit above.<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Friends, brothers, and sisters, are laid side by side,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Yet none have saluted, and none have replied.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Unto Sorrow? The dead cannot grieve;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Nor a sob, nor a sigh meets mine ear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which compassion itself could relieve:<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Ah! sweetly they slumber, nor hope, love, or fear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Peace, peace, is the watchword, the only one here.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Unto Death, to whom monarchs must bow?<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Ah! no: for his empire is known,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And here there are trophies enow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Beneath the cold dead, and around the dark stone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Are the signs of a sceptre that none may disown.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The first tabernacle to Hope we will build,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">And look for the sleepers around us to rise;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The second to Faith, which insures it fulfilled;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">And the third to the Lamb of the Great Sacrifice,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Who bequeathed us them both when he rose to the skies.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There are in his works several other pieces not less remarkable for the
+best qualities of poetry; and they all appear to be the echoes of
+genuine feeling.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>THE COUNT MONTE-LEONE: OR, THE SPY IN SOCIETY.<a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></h2>
+
+<h4>TRANSLATED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE FROM THE FRENCH OF H.
+DE ST. GEORGES.</h4>
+
+<h5><i>Continued from page 511, vol. II.</i></h5>
+
+
+<h3>PART SECOND&mdash;BOOK FIRST.</h3>
+
+<h4>THE DUCHESS.</h4>
+
+<p>On the very day on which the marriage had been celebrated at the town of
+Sorrento, a man descended from a carriage that, from the dust on its
+wheels, seemed to have travelled far, at the town of Ceprano, situated
+on the frontier of the Roman States and the kingdom of Naples. People
+call Ceprano a city; it is, however, in fact, only a large town of the
+Abruzzi, very ugly and very dirty, to which leads one of the worst and
+most romantic roads in Italy. Ceprano would scarcely merit the
+traveller's notice, but for many curiosities which it contains, worthy
+of particular attention. These curiosities are neither the charms of
+nature, for the scenery is without interest, nor palaces, nor monuments.
+They are neither archeologic nor artistic, but the greatest of earthly
+rarities&mdash;curiosities of humanity. The women of Ceprano are, perhaps,
+the most beautiful in Italy. Their stature, their regular and noble
+features, their magnificent black hair, twined around their charming
+faces, a graceful carriage, truly antique, their picturesque costume,
+partaking of the characters of both modern Greece and Italy, form the
+most admirable and pleasant combination. The women of Ceprano display,
+also, a peculiar coquetry, by their graceful and bold air; they carry on
+their heads etruscan amphor&aelig;, in which, like Rachel, they bring water
+from the spring. At the fountain, therefore, strangers assemble to
+admire these nymphs. The traveller of whom we speak had gone thither,
+according to the well established custom, while his horses were being
+changed. He had, however, been preceded by another man, whose strange
+appearance soon attracted attention. The latter was about sixty years of
+age, of middle height, and well made. He had been handsome, if one could
+judge from the purity of the lines of his features, which time had not
+entirely effaced. His <i>coiffure</i> alone would have made him appear
+whimsical and ridiculous, had not his head been noble and distinguished.
+He wore powder; and locks such as once were known as <i>a l'aille de
+pigeon</i>, were on each side of his face. A cloak of light silk was
+buttoned over his breast, so as to conceal a blue coat on which a cross
+of Saint Louis rested, being suspended to a broad blue ribbon. Sitting
+between two of the prettiest girls of Ceprano, he talked to them in an
+Italian, very little of which they understood; for his <i>patois</i> called
+forth from the volatile creatures bursts of laughter.</p>
+
+<p>"Bah!" said he in French; "this is the consequence of not studying
+foreign tongues. I cannot turn the <i>indigenes</i> to profit. Pity, too,
+when they are beautiful as these are."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Signor, may I be your interpreter?" said the last comer, who had heard
+only the latter portion of the old man's words.</p>
+
+<p>"Thanks, Signor," said he; "heaven has sent you to the aid of a
+barbarian who was pitilessly murdering the mother tongue of Tasso.
+Formerly," continued he, "pantomime answered to talk with women as well
+as language; now, however, I must explain myself in another manner. I
+cannot, therefore, ask you to be the interpreter of my request of these
+girls!"</p>
+
+<p>"What, Signor, did you ask them?" said he.</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing, but permission to write two signs on my tablets. A habit I
+imported from London, a peculiar kind of statistics to introduce some
+variety into the tedious stories travellers spin. I indicate the region
+through which I pass by a single phrase or word which recalls to me what
+they have most agreeable to the heart, mind, or senses. See," said he,
+taking a rich pocket-book on which was a prince's coronet in gold, "all
+Italy will occupy but two pages. Florence? <i>Flowers and museums.</i>
+Bologna? <i>Hams.</i> Milan? <i>La scala.</i> Leghorn? <i>Nothing.</i> Rome? <i>Every
+thing. Et c&aelig;tera.</i> I wished to write Ceprano? <i>kisses</i>: to prove that
+here I touched the lips of the two prettiest women of Italy."</p>
+
+<p>"If that is all," said the person to whom the old man spoke, "and for
+the purpose of advocating so useful a cause," said she, with a laugh, "I
+will procure you the pleasure you desire."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, Signor, I do not know how I can recompense you for such a
+service."</p>
+
+<p>"Signor, I deserve no recompense from you, as I merely advance the art
+of travelling, which through your exertions is about to become so
+attractive&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Signorine</i>," said he to the beautiful girls of Ceprano, in the pure
+Roman dialect; "an old man's kiss always brings prosperity to the
+youthful; and this, Signor," he pointed to the old man with powdered
+hair, "wishes you to be happy."</p>
+
+<p>The two young girls, with the most natural grace possible, offered their
+brows to the old man, who kissed them paternally as possible.</p>
+
+<p>"I thank you, sir," said he to his interpreter. "I am indebted solely
+for this chapter to your politeness, and can express my pleasure only by
+dedicating it to you. To do so, however, it is necessary that I should
+know your name&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Write then, Ceprano, dedicated to Count Monte-Leone. But, Signor, shall
+not I know the name of the author of a work so interesting as that to
+which I have contributed?"</p>
+
+<p>"The name of the writer who is indebted to you for the best chapter of
+his book, is the Prince de Maulear."</p>
+
+<p>The Count made a brusque movement of surprise, and saluting the Prince
+coldly, left him. A quarter of an hour after, two carriages in different
+directions left Ceprano. Monte-Leone's took the road to Rome, the Prince
+de Maulear's that to Naples. The former, however, did not go to Rome;
+for, when he had come to the foot of a wooded mountain, he left the
+carriage, and accompanied by a man in a long cloak, who had hitherto sat
+in the carriage, Monte-Leone went into a thick underwood, and proceeding
+up a rocky path almost to the top of the mountain, went to the little
+town of Frenona, which is on the very brow. The night was near at hand,
+and the trees with their leaves, too early for the season, increased the
+darkness of the mountain path. Suddenly, at a distance of two hundred
+feet from them, a bright and sparkling light was seen approaching
+Monte-Leone and his companion. The Count uttered a sharp whistle, and
+the light went to the middle of the wood, and hurried like a
+will-o'-the-wisp towards the travellers. The light was a torch, borne by
+a man, dressed as a peasant and wrapped in a large cloak, which suffered
+nothing but his two sparkling eyes to be seen, which were scarcely less
+brilliant than the torch.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Buon Giorno, Signor Pignana</i>," said the Count to the new comer; "you
+see I have kept the appointment at San Paolo."</p>
+
+<p>"The brothers await your excellency," said Pignana, bowing to the
+ground; "be pleased to follow me."</p>
+
+<p>"I have come hither to do so," said the Count.</p>
+
+<p>The three men continued to ascend the mountain, and after a while turned
+to the right and stopped in front of an old building partially in ruins.
+Following a path around the ruin, they came to the place where the wall
+was highest, and stopped in front of a door. Pignana pulled a rope. A
+bell sounded, and the door was opened by a man in the costume Pignana
+wore. The three then crossed a long paved court, and through a vestibule
+entered a corridor leading into a vast hall, which had been the
+refectory of the monastery of San Paolo. A few torches lit up the room;
+around a table in the centre of which were thirty men all dressed like
+those we have described. They arose when Monte-Leone entered, and bowed
+with respect. The Count took his seat and spoke thus:</p>
+
+<p>"You desired, Signori, to see me once more among you, and to accede to
+your wish I have braved every danger; for you know that Rome and Naples
+make common cause against us. For a long time I have wished to see you,
+and been anxious to ascertain your views, by putting, as your supreme
+chief, two questions to you."</p>
+
+<p>"Speak, Monsignore," said the <i>Carbonari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"Have the <i>Vente</i> of all Italy," said the Count, "those of Rome, Venice,
+Milan, Parma, Verona, Turin, and the other principal cities of Italy,
+the chiefs of which I see here, ever doubted me?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, Monsignore; but they have feared lest being a victim to the unhappy
+fate which has befallen you, it might be your intention to leave us."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"And betray you, Signori," said the Count, with bitterness; "sell you
+like a spy and informer?"</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Never!</i>" said all the company; "Monte-Leone can be no spy."</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you, Signori, for the good opinion you have of me," said the
+Count in an ironical tone; "why then did you demand that foolish
+manifestation in the theatre of San Carlo? Do you not see that I have
+given you sufficient pledges by risking my life at the <i>Venta</i> of
+Pompeia, where I, who had every gratification that fortune could bestow
+on me, risked every thing by declaring myself your chief? Let me tell
+you, Signori, two powerful motives led me&mdash;my convictions and my
+father's blood, which yet calls to me for vengeance. The following is my
+second question:&mdash;Do the <i>Vente</i> of Italy promise to obey my orders
+without giving any to me?"</p>
+
+<p>"Monsignore, you in this demand perfect submission!"</p>
+
+<p>"Perfect, Signori; I will make my demand more explicit. I demand
+obedience, to act by my orders, and never without them; to think as I
+do, and to be the body of an association of which I am the soul."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Carbonari</i> were silent.</p>
+
+<p>"Decide!" said the Count, taking out his watch. "I had but two hours to
+devote to you, to settle all, and only a few minutes remain."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Carbonari</i> consulted together. Their conversation was animated as
+possible. The Count looked again at his watch, and all turned towards
+him.</p>
+
+<p>"Your excellency," said the one who seemed to be the most important,
+"may rely on our faith, conscience, and trust in you. We would, though,
+think we exceeded our powers, and implicate the brothers who have
+confided in us too deeply, if we were to consent to be passive, as you
+wish us and the Italian <i>Vente</i> to become.</p>
+
+<p>"Then there is nothing more to be said, Signori," and Monte-Leone arose.
+"Perhaps I have confided too implicitly in my audacity, resolution, and
+the power over myself, which never has deserted me. I deceived myself,
+perhaps, when too proudly I fancied I could inspire you with confidence
+equal to my own. I thought by risking life, fortune, and all, I won the
+right to hold the dice myself. But you do not think thus, and I submit.
+Faithful to my oaths, and to our principles, I am always ready to keep
+and to defend them. Acting, henceforth, alone, I shall do as I please,
+and be accountable to myself alone. Now, Signori, adieu! I shall leave
+Italy, and perhaps Europe, in search of a country, the institutions of
+which recognize the true principles of national happiness. Wherever,
+though, I may be, I will be <i>mute as to your secrets, and devoted to
+your principles</i>. You had just now a chief in Count Monte-Leone. He is
+so no more, but is still your brother."</p>
+
+<p>Bowing to them with that noble dignity which he never laid aside, he
+bade the man who had accompanied him to take a torch and lead the way.
+Monte-Leone descended the mountain at Frepinond, and regained the
+carriage that waited for him, in which he proceeded to the Eternal City.
+Wounded at what, when he remembered how much he had done, seemed
+ingratitude, he said to himself, "Henceforth Monte-Leone commands&mdash;he
+cannot obey."</p>
+
+<p>About evening, on the night after the <i>Venta</i> at San Paola, the Count
+got out of his carriage, and, as his sadness increased as he left
+Naples, sought to revive himself by walking. He walked through
+Ferentino, a little town of the Roman States, and as he passed by the
+church he heard the sound of the organ. Monte-Leone had a heart piously
+inclined, and the sentiment of religion was always aroused by the sight
+of the church. He went into the church, which was brilliantly lighted. A
+few of the faithful here and there prayed; the half tints of the light
+on the walls giving them the appearance of statues on tombs. Before the
+principal altar two persons knelt. A priest was about to unite their
+fate. Monte-Leone approached the altar, but the seclusion of the
+position of the couple as they bent to the ground before the priest, who
+was blessing them, made it impossible for him to distinguish their
+features. A strange curiosity took possession of him, for this was
+evidently no ordinary village marriage. The rich dress of the young
+woman, the noble air of the young man to whom she was about to be
+married, all announced one of those secret unions not contracted beneath
+the vaulted arches of a cathedral, but in the oratory of some palace, or
+the chapel of some secluded hamlet. The ceremony was over, and the newly
+married couple left the altar and walked down the nave to the door of
+the church of Ferentino, where a magnificent carriage was waiting. Just
+as they were about leaving the church, the bride lifted up her veil and
+saw a man standing near the vase of holy water. The light of the lamp
+fell directly on his face. The young woman, astonished, trembling and
+confused, felt her strength give way, and could scarcely suppress an
+exclamation of agony. She saw Count Monte-Leone. He also had recognized
+in the bridegroom the Duke of Palma, minister of police of Naples. In
+the new duchess he had also recognized the primadonna of San Carlo da
+Felina. Thus the two angels, which in his ecstatic vision at his
+father's tomb the Count had seen, and who appeared to contend for
+him&mdash;Aminta and La Felina&mdash;the two women, one of whom he adored, while
+he was himself adored by the other, were no longer free. Aminta had
+married from duty, La Felina from reason.</p>
+
+
+<h4>II.&mdash;THE FATHER.</h4>
+
+<p>Eight days after the meeting of the Prince de Maulear and Count
+Monte-Leone at Ceprano, a post-chaise, accompanied by a kind of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+travelling forge, entered Naples by the Roman road, and after having
+crossed the city at a rapid rate, the postillions cracking their whips
+the while, stopped at the French embassy. The powdered head of the old
+man appeared at the window of the chaise, and the Swiss of the embassy
+replied, in execrable French, to a question put to him thus:</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur, the Marquis de Maulear does not stop in the embassy. His
+apartments were too small for two."</p>
+
+<p>The Swiss, enchanted by this reply, which he thought eminently witty,
+bowed to the traveller, and was about to return to his chair, when the
+old man again called him:</p>
+
+<p>"But, my fine fellow," said he to the Helvetian, "you have not yet told
+me where the Marquis does live."</p>
+
+<p>"The Marquis de Maulear," said the Swiss, "is in the palace of
+Cellamare, where he rented a pavilion near the gardens of the
+Villa-Reale."</p>
+
+<p>"To the palace Cellamare," said the traveller to the postillion; and the
+latter drove off at a gallop.</p>
+
+<p>After about five minutes the same powdered head appeared at the door,
+and the traveller said, "Hollo! postillion, stop; do you hear, rascal;
+pull up."</p>
+
+<p>"What does your excellency, sir?" asked the postillion.</p>
+
+<p>"Take my excellency to the best Hotel in Naples."</p>
+
+<p>"The best is <i>la Vittoria</i>, between the bay and Villa Reale."</p>
+
+<p>The postillion lied, for <i>le Crocelle</i> was better; but at <i>la Vittoria</i>
+they received two piastres a piece for travellers, and at <i>le Crocelle</i>
+got nothing. The <i>Vittoria</i>, then, was the best hotel in Naples for
+postillions, but not for travellers. The apartments of the Marquis de
+Maulear, the witty Swiss had told him, were too small for two; and this
+information had induced him thus suddenly to change his plan. The
+traveller thought the Marquis might have yielded to some tender
+influence, and contracted a <i>quasi morganatique</i> marriage as a prelude
+to more serious ties. "If that be so," said the stranger, "it would be
+wrong to go to the Marquis's house. I do not wish to surprise him by a
+simple visit which would not have the effect of a solemn interview."</p>
+
+<p>The chaise stopped at <i>la Vittoria</i>. Two servants and an intendant came
+to the carriage, and the postillion received eight piastres for his
+human freight. The Marquis de Maulear had really taken his young wife to
+the palace of Cellamare, a portion of which was rented to wealthy
+strangers a few days after his marriage. The Marquis had acted decidedly
+in writing to his father that he had married without consulting him.
+Henceforth it was of no importance whether the world knew it or not;
+besides, the Signora Rovero and Aminta, having thought that the Prince
+had authorized his son to marry whomsoever he pleased, secrecy would not
+have seemed proper or justifiable. The Marquis, who grew every day more
+in love, and whose ardor continually increased as he discovered new
+qualities to adore in the young heart confided to him, sought to expel
+the terrors which he apprehended would result from his father's
+surprise, but was unable to satisfy himself that the latter would not be
+completely enraged. The Marquis possessed an honorable fortune from his
+deceased mother. He therefore was not at all disturbed, in a pecuniary
+point of view, in relation to Aminta's fate. The distress, the
+humiliation to which his young wife would be exposed, should she be
+repelled by his father and family, made him tremble whenever that idea
+presented itself to his mind. Aminta had perceived these clouds
+occasionally on the brow of her husband, but had attributed it to his
+apprehensions that she did not love him as much as he adored her. She
+had striven to restore his confidence; and with that gentle voice, never
+heard by any one without emotion, said, "Henri, I was frank with you,
+when before marriage my heart asked time to return all the passion you
+felt. I know I love you now, and was wrong to be so timid; for," added
+she, "I deprived myself of happiness by delay." Maulear clasped her in
+his arms and forgot his troubles, as all do who love and are loved.</p>
+
+<p>One morning, about ten o'clock, he had left her to go to the French
+embassy, whither he was called by important business. The young Marquise
+had gone into the garden of Cellamare, and sat beneath an arbor of
+jasmin, reading her favorite poet Tasso. Love of Maulear now interpreted
+these passionate mysteries, which hitherto she had not understood. Her
+soul, illumined by the flame enkindled in it, did not admire, as it
+formerly did, the form and gentle harmony of the poem alone. The meaning
+of the verses touched her heart, and she seemed for the first time to
+open this book, which is so filled with burning inspirations. The
+tenderness of Maulear had begun to dissipate the sad presentiments which
+had so long agitated her: she felt arising in her a gentle return of
+that deep affection she had inspired; and though she had been alone but
+two hours, it seemed to her that the Marquis had been absent a much
+longer time. Looking in the direction she expected Henri to come, she
+examined the burning horizon beyond the avenue of plane-trees beneath
+which she sat, until she saw a human form coming down it. The person who
+advanced walked slowly, and looked around him carefully, as if he was in
+search of something. For a while he examined curiously the hedge on the
+principal alley; nor, until he stood within a few paces of Aminta, did
+he see that this white figure was a woman; its graceful immobility
+having made him fancy it a statue. The stranger bowed to her politely as
+possible, and spoke to her with an air half way between respect and
+familiarity, impertinence and consideration. Aminta arose and recognized
+him,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> and as she did so, exhibiting a constraint and embarrassment she
+could not account for. The person who had spoken to Aminta was dressed
+so strangely, that the young woman was struck by it. Having been
+accustomed to all the fashions of the epoch, to the elegance of the
+young men who visited her mother's house, to the good taste of the
+Marquis de Maulear, she had never seen such a costume as that of the
+stranger. A coat of Prussian blue, with a straight collar and large wide
+skirts, enveloped a thin, delicate frame. A waistcoat of white silk, cut
+square in front, with two immense pockets, from one of which hung a
+watch, with an immense chain and multitude of seals, beating against
+breeches of buff cassimer, the legs of which were inserted in vast
+boots. A rich frill of English point lace, with ruffles to match, gave
+an air of magnificence to this toilet; the whole being surmounted with a
+powdered head-dress with open wings, like those of a sea-gull in a
+desperate storm. The result of all this toilette was such, that no one
+felt inclined to laugh, or even if the inclination arose, the noble air
+of which we have spoken soon repressed it. Aminta felt as Count
+Monte-Leone had at Ceprano, when the latter made the acquaintance of the
+Prince de Maulear, whom our readers have beyond doubt recognized.</p>
+
+<p>"Excuse me, beautiful lady, for thus disturbing your reveries," said the
+Prince, bowing again to Aminta, "but I am come to visit the Marquis de
+Maulear, who must return ere long, as one of his servants told me. I
+however learned, that in addition to the pleasure of roaming through
+this paradise, I would find <i>Madame</i>. I could not resist the pleasure of
+presenting you my homage."</p>
+
+<p>In the manner the Prince pronounced the word <i>Madame</i>, there was a
+shadow of fine irony, which Aminta could not but observe. She blushed
+slightly, for she thought the stranger alluded to her recent marriage;
+and though shocked at his familiarity, Aminta was satisfied with
+replying politely, that she would be happy if the visitor would remain
+until the Marquis de Maulear should return with her.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince sat on a rustic chair, which Aminta offered him, and said, as
+he looked at her with admiration, "The Marquis may stay away as long as
+he pleases; and while with you I will not complain."</p>
+
+<p>"But, Signor," said Aminta, "something of importance has brought you
+hither."</p>
+
+<p>"No," said the visitor, "I come merely to see the Marquis; and to do so
+have travelled the four hundred leagues between Paris and Naples.
+Nothing more!"</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, Signor," said Aminta, delighted, "then you love him?"</p>
+
+<p>"Devotedly," continued the Prince, "though I suspect him rather of
+ingratitude. Do not be afraid," added he; "I believe him to be an
+ingrate in friendship, but not in love. <i>Madame</i> (and he looked
+anxiously at her) has every charm to prevent his being so."</p>
+
+<p>Any person less delicately organized than Aminta, and less
+impressionable, would have had no suspicion of the elegant <i>abandon</i>
+which was the foundation of this compliment. By means of her instinct,
+however, she had guessed that there was a kind of contempt of <i>bon ton</i>
+in what was said to her, altogether unbecoming in a conversation with a
+person of her rank and station. She replied, then, that she thought she
+had sufficient claims on the Marquis's love for him never to forget them
+... that if such a misfortune should befall her, she would find in her
+heart and conscience no reason for reproaching herself, and would be
+able to support indifference, and be bold enough to pardon it.</p>
+
+<p>"Very well, very well," said the Prince gayly. "Pretty women are always
+generous; they, however, are least worthy of commendation on that
+account, when they resemble you."</p>
+
+<p>"Signor," said Aminta to the Prince, "I know not to whom I have the
+honor to speak. You have, however, told me you come from France, and I
+will thank you to tell me if men are volatile there, as I have heard."</p>
+
+<p>"Signora, I do not think I slander my countrymen, when I say their
+hearts are not easily fixed for a long time. Were they more faithful,
+they would not, perhaps, be so amiable. In my time, for instance,
+marriage was an affair of business. One married to be married, to have
+an heir, to regulate one's household. That was all. If a man loved his
+wife three or six months it was superb. A year of constancy became
+ridiculous and vulgar. Then the lady would fall in love, and the husband
+conceived a friendship for the courtier, mousquetaire, or abbe, whom the
+lady patronized. The husband did not fall in love; he only looked for
+amusements. Sometimes chance afforded him what he needed, or he went to
+the opera, where the nymphs of music and dancing took charge of his
+superfluous funds. People talked of him for two days, and then he was
+forgotten. Thus gently and pleasantly the husband and wife floated down
+the stream of time; each keeping close to a bank, and shaking hands
+whenever the currents brought them together. In the business of life
+they were always as considerate as possible of each other, and shed some
+honest tears when death separated them. Sometimes in old age, when both
+were wearied by passion, and satiated with love, they recounted to each
+other their wild adventures, as sailors tell their stories of shipwrecks
+and the perils of their voyages. But," continued the Prince, "as there
+are exceptions to all rules, the exceptions were the kindly-disposed and
+well-regulated households, which were spoken of and laughed at.
+Happiness, however, avenged them. Thus, beautiful lady, people lived in
+other times. They do not live thus now&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"All this I own," said Aminta, "interests me deeply."</p>
+
+<p>"The devil!" said the Prince, aside, and under the impression that he
+was in the presence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> of the irregular passion of his son, "Does not
+morganaticism suffice?" Under this hypothesis, which made him smile with
+pity, he resolved to cut the foolish hope short at the roots.</p>
+
+<p>"In our days all is changed&mdash;women are saints and husbands are
+angels&mdash;and the two are riveted together for all time. The wife is
+constant, the husband faithful; or, if the contrary be the case, the
+matter is hushed up and concealed. If public morality is satisfied, the
+lovers are not the losers. It is also said that unhappy marriages now
+are the exceptions. The chief difference is, though, that now men do
+before marriage what they used to do afterwards. If one finds a pleasant
+woman," said he, approaching Aminta, "like you, beautiful, intelligent,
+and I venture to say also full of talent, as you are&mdash;we swear we love
+her, and are really sincere. Reason, however, in the guise of matrimony,
+hurries to sound the knell of love. At the first peal, it escapes, and
+whither? The beauty we adore first weeps, and then finds consolation, or
+rather suffers herself to be consoled. Then, opening her wings like the
+butterfly, she hurries to find the pleasure she calls and expects."</p>
+
+<p>The tone, rather than the language, of this conversation terrified and
+amazed Aminta.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince observed this. "Did she love him really?" he said; and
+touched with this idea, he added&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"All that I say, madame, is a general remark, the application of which I
+make to no one, least of all to yourself."</p>
+
+<p>"Signor," said Aminta, rising, "I do not understand you."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly," said the Prince, "you do not understand that one who loves
+you should cease to do so. That is what I had the honor to tell you just
+now. The Marquis, though, is very young and inexperienced. He believes
+in love, as men of twenty-five usually do. This explains to me the
+apparent rigidness of his words, and unveils the mystery of his
+pretended wisdom. I do not, however, wish to make a person so charming
+as you are desperate; and perhaps I do you a great favor in warning you
+against future dangers and mischances."</p>
+
+<p>"Signor," said Aminta, trembling with emotion, "I cannot guess why you
+speak to me thus; but I perceive that you do not know me."</p>
+
+<p>The Prince said, with a smile, "I speak to a charming woman, to one of
+earth's angels, whom some lucky mortals meet with, and who by their
+tenderness reveal all the pleasures and joys promised to the faithful by
+the houris of divine Providence."</p>
+
+<p>"Signor," said Aminta, looking at the Prince with an expression in which
+both indignation and contempt were visible, "unused as I am to such
+language, though I scarcely understand it, my reason and good sense tell
+me you would speak thus only to the mistress of the Marquis de Maulear."</p>
+
+<p>"True," said the Prince, "and I speak now to the most charming mistress
+imaginable."</p>
+
+<p>"Me! do you speak thus to me, Signor?" said the young woman, with a
+painful accent. "And you thought&mdash;&mdash;?"</p>
+
+<p>"Who then are you, madame!" asked the old man, with surprise and terror
+at Aminta's tone.</p>
+
+<p>"Who is she, monsieur?" said the Marquis, coming from a neighboring
+alley, where, pale and terrified, he had for some time been listening to
+this conversation, "she is my wife, the <i>Marquise de Maulear</i>!"</p>
+
+<p>Had a thunderbolt fallen at the feet of the Prince he could not have
+been more surprised. The blood left his face, and he supported himself
+against the back of his chair.</p>
+
+<p>"Henri," said Aminta, "tell this man again that he has dared to insult
+your wife! Tell him I am yours in God's eyes, and that he has doubly
+outraged me in the fact that his words fell from the lips of age. Say to
+him, that a gentleman, if such he is, should not utter such things until
+assured they were neither an insult nor an outrage to her who heard
+them."</p>
+
+<p>"Aminta," said the Marquis, "the person of whom you speak thus is&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Be silent, monsieur,"<a name="FNanchor_N_14" id="FNanchor_N_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_14" class="fnanchor">[N]</a> interrupted the Prince, looking sternly at his
+son, "madame has not offended me, though I have her. Madame," said he,
+"accept my apology for a fault caused by the Marquis alone. The name you
+bear is entitled to the respect of all, especially to mine. I will be
+the last to forget it. Be pleased to leave the Marquis de Maulear and
+myself together for a few moments. What I have to say none must listen
+to. Do not be afraid," added he, when he saw the hesitation with which
+Aminta left; "I am no foe of the Marquis, and besides, the only weapon
+of old men is the tongue. Our conversation will not be long, and I will
+then leave the Marquis to you for ever."</p>
+
+<p>Henri made a motion, the purport of which was to beseech Aminta to go.
+Taking a lateral alley, she disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur," said the Prince, "you should know that my name should not be
+pronounced in the presence of that young woman, especially after the
+error which your silence has led me into in relation to her." The Prince
+continued, "So you are married?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, monsieur," said Maulear, trembling like a criminal in the presence
+of the judge.</p>
+
+<p>"Contrary to my orders, and without my consent," continued the Prince.</p>
+
+<p>"Father, if any excuse be possible, you will find it in the person I
+have selected."</p>
+
+<p>"I do not ask for justification, monsieur, but for excuse. How long did
+you reflect on this union before you contracted it?"</p>
+
+<p>"A month," said the Marquis.</p>
+
+<p>"A month is a short time to reflect on a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> life of remorse and regret.
+You know I never will forgive you."</p>
+
+<p>"Never, monsieur?" asked Maulear, bowing respectfully before his father.
+"God himself pardons."</p>
+
+<p>"I am not God, monsieur, and have neither his goodness nor his mercy.
+Hearken to me, and let none of my words be lost, as they are the last I
+shall ever speak to you. I have not concealed my principles, which were
+probably not firm enough in relation to morals and virtue. In these
+principles the people of the century in which I was born lived. I was,
+perhaps, badly educated, but so were all nobles then; and if they
+preserved their loyalty and honor, were faithful to their kings, and
+died for them,&mdash;if they did honor to their family, and fought well, they
+were forgiven for other faults. Philosophy and the progress of the age
+have rectified all this: whether they have improved the state of things
+the future must decide. I am too old to retrace my steps, and have the
+faults, and perhaps the virtues, of my century. There is one thing true,
+certain ideas I never will abandon, among which are my opinions about
+marriage. All this you think behind the spirit of the age, and perhaps
+ridiculous; but I intend to express myself fully, that you may not
+expect me ever to alter my opinion about your conduct. For four
+centuries, monsieur, there has not been a single <i>mesalliance</i> in my
+family. The Dukes of Salluce, the Princes of Maulear, from whom we are
+sprung, were never married but with the noblest families of the
+world&mdash;those of France&mdash;that is the only safety for me, that was the
+only marriage for you. I was willing to receive as a daughter-in-law
+only a French woman, of noble blood&mdash;noble as our own. This you say is a
+prejudice&mdash;so it may be, monsieur, but it is a prejudice I will not lay
+aside. I was never a rigorous father to you, and I contemplated using
+only one of my paternal rights, that of bringing about a marriage for
+you to suit myself. You acted for yourself, monsieur, and must continue
+to do so. Adieu! Henceforth the Marquis de Maulear has no father, and
+the Prince no son."</p>
+
+<p>The old man arose with cold and haughty dignity, preparing to leave.</p>
+
+<p>"Father, do not leave me thus&mdash;for the sake of my mother, whom you
+loved, pause."</p>
+
+<p>The Prince walked away.</p>
+
+<p>"For the sake of your father, whom you adored!"</p>
+
+<p>The Prince did not pause.</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said the Marquis, in despair, and just then he saw Aminta at the
+end of the alley, "I prefer to abandon the nobility of the Maulears,
+which produces such obduracy, for the virtues and talent of a Rovero."</p>
+
+<p>The old man had scarcely heard the last word, than he turned around and
+said to his son:</p>
+
+<p>"Rovero! did you say Rovero? the minister of Murat?"</p>
+
+<p>"There is his daughter," said Henri, pointing to Aminta.</p>
+
+<p>The countenance of the Prince lost its icy coldness, and assumed an
+expression of deep tenderness. Drawing near to Aminta, with tears in his
+eyes, he said, "The daughter of Rovero?" and with increasing agitation,
+"Are you the daughter of Rovero?"</p>
+
+<p>Looking at her for a few moments in silence, his countenance assumed an
+indefinable expression, and seemed to read in the countenance of the
+young girl an infinitude of memories and dreams. Finally, completely
+carried away by a feeling he could not control, he folded Aminta in his
+arms and clasped her to his bosom.</p>
+
+
+<h4>III.&mdash;THE MAN WITH THE MASK.</h4>
+
+<p>Paris, that great theatre on which, for fifty years, so much sublime and
+common-place republicanism, so many monarchic, imperial, constitutional,
+and other dramas had been represented&mdash;Paris, about the end of 1818, two
+years after the occurrence of the events described in the last chapter,
+presented a strange aspect, over which we will cast a retrospective
+glance for the purpose of making our story intelligible.</p>
+
+<p>Louis XVIII. reigned perhaps a little more absolutely than the charter
+permitted. By the aggregation of power, kings and kingdoms almost always
+fall; and this king, who wished to govern with the restrictions on power
+which he had himself yielded to France, found himself in endless
+controversy, from the errors of his friends, his family, and his
+minister. Monsieur<a name="FNanchor_O_15" id="FNanchor_O_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_15" class="fnanchor">[O]</a> was in the opposition, and with him were all the
+malcontents of the realm. <i>Monsieur</i> had his creatures, and his
+ministers in cas&ucirc;, all ready to consecrate their services to the good of
+the country. These were the only men, said the Prince, who could rescue
+the restoration from the factions in arms against it. At the head of
+this ministry was the Count Jules de Polignac, the favorite of the
+ex-comte d'Artois. Next to Polignac came M. de Vitrolles, famous for his
+intellect and his devotion to the royal family, M. de Grosbois, and
+others, who had made progress in the graces and confidence of the
+Prince. The King at that time exhibited a decided favoritism to a
+certain statesman of merit and worth, the rapid fortune of whom,
+however, had made many persons jealous and had excited much hatred. The
+star of M. de Blacus, which till then had been so brilliant, began to
+grow pale. From these palace intrigues, from these divisions of
+families, arose in public affairs a species of perpetual controversy
+which impeded the progress of the ship of state. In the mean time,
+parties taking advantage of this discontent, excited every bad passion,
+and silently undermined the soil preparing the explosion which
+ultimately destroyed this feeble and disunited monarchy. The great
+parties were divided and subdivided into many factions opposed to each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+other, but, as will be seen hereafter, all striving to overturn the
+existing order of things&mdash;though in the end each purposed the triumph of
+his own cause when a general chase should have ensued. The French
+nation, though strong, great and powerful when its parts are united, was
+then composed of royalists frankly devoted to the government of the
+restoration of ultra royalists, more so even than the King himself&mdash;and
+who wished the country to retrace its steps to principles, which good
+sense, time, healthy reason, and especially the revolutionary tempest,
+had most painfully refuted. Next came the Bonapartists, who seeing
+themselves disinherited by a peaceful government, and deprived of the
+prospects of glory they had deemed their own, regretted sincerely the
+man of victory and his triumphs. Next came the liberals, a portion of
+whom were sincerely devoted to political progress, for which the country
+was not yet prepared&mdash;and, finally, the Jacobins, old relics of 1793,
+who sought to precipitate France into that abyss of horror, the very
+trace of which the wonderful genius of Napoleon had effaced. All these
+opinions, advocated by intelligent and capable men, of gifted minds, but
+also of turbulent and dangerous spirits, to whom agitation is the
+natural element&mdash;all these were secretly busy, watching their
+opportunity to burst upon the public attention. Paris, the head of the
+great French body, was all the time happy as possible, and seemed calm
+and flourishing. It was like those men with a smiling face, a calm and
+cold icy exterior, but who nurse violent passions and bitter
+animosities. The police at that time was under the control of a minister
+who was young and active, but who was often led astray; just as
+greyhounds, who, when almost overrunning their quarry, catch a glimpse
+of other prey. The multiplied and contradictory devices of the factions,
+therefore, led the police and its agents into difficulties of which the
+criminals always contrived to take advantage. For two years, plot
+followed plot, almost uninterruptedly; Bonapartist, liberal,
+ultra-royalist plots followed each other; that of Didier was the first.
+His object was to confide the Kingly office to a Lieutenant-General, to
+the Duke of Orleans. Didier sought for his confederates among the men,
+whom a kind of fanaticism yet attached to the exile of Saint-Helena;
+among the old soldiers of the valley of the Loire, and that crowd of
+imperial agents whom the restoration had stripped of honor and
+employment. He promised good titles, orders, to all, and seduced many.
+The plot failed from its own impotence, for the police had little to do
+with it. Another affair, the consequences of which to those concerned in
+it were great, gave increased activity to the police, and diverted it
+from the only circumstances which could unfold to it the true enemies of
+the government of Louis XVIII. This affair was known as the <i>Society of
+Patriots</i> of 1816, and had as its chiefs <i>Pleigner</i>, <i>Carbonneau</i>, and
+<i>Tolleron</i>. They intended to ask the Emperor of Russia to grant them a
+constitutional King, chosen elsewhere than from the elder branch of the
+Bourbons. A man named Schellstein, who had been a kind of enlisting
+agent to the conspirators, informed M. Angles, chief of police, of their
+plan, and intentions, and by a sentence given July 7, 1816, <i>Pleigner</i>,
+<i>Carbonneau</i>, and <i>Tolleron</i>, were sentenced to have their hands cut off
+and to be beheaded. Three days after the sentence was executed. Finally,
+in 1818, a third conspiracy was pointed out to the notice of the police.
+This conspiracy had a more exalted character than the preceding ones,
+for it included the ultra-royalists, that is to say the nobles,
+generals, peers, and high functionaries of France.</p>
+
+<p>The Morning Chronicle, June 27, 1818, published at London the
+following:&mdash;"There was a report at Paris, that a conspiracy had been
+discovered at Saint Cloud, embracing many of the ultra-royalist party.
+The King would abdicate, and be replaced by Monsieur."</p>
+
+<p>The Times, on the 2d July, said&mdash;"The plan of the conspiracy is known.
+Should the King abdicate, the conspirators have resolved to treat him
+like Paul I. The following is the list of ministers:&mdash;General Canuel, of
+war; M. de Chateaubriand, of foreign affairs; M. Bruges, of the navy; M.
+Villele, of the interior; M. de Labourdonnaie, of the police; General
+Donadieu, commandant of Paris." All this was announced with an
+appearance of truth; for all the persons named belonged to the
+opposition to the King and his favorite. When, however, facts were
+sought for, and the proof was pointed out, all the edifice crumbled
+away, and there remained only a few malcontents, but no rebels were to
+be found. The sentence of the Royal Court of Paris, given November 3d
+following, declared&mdash;"Generals Canuel and Donadieu, MM. de Rieux, de
+Songis, de Chapdelaine, de Romilly, and Joannis, are released and
+declared innocent." They had been imprisoned forty days. This affair
+produced a most painful sensation in France, and the minister of police
+was reproached with great imprudence, which made many new enemies to the
+government, and did not add to its security. The fact was, the true
+criminals had been overlooked; and, like the worms which eat away the
+interior of a beautiful fruit without changing its form and color, they
+more skilfully and adroitly attacked the very heart of society when it
+seemed most secure and safe. The perfidious worm which was eating away
+at the heart of France, as it had long done those of the other European
+monarchies, was Carbonarism. As we said in our first chapters, the
+existence of this power was scarcely suspected, while in secret, by its
+ramifications, it ruled Europe.</p>
+
+<p>A man of mind and energy, but whose mild and almost effeminate manners
+concealed vigor and perseverance, M. H&mdash;&mdash;, at that time under the
+direction of M. Angles, supervised the political police of the kingdom.
+M. H&mdash;&mdash; was always aware of the extent of the operations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> of the
+various factions, and probably was the only man in France really alarmed
+at the influence which Carbonarism exerted in France and the neighboring
+states. Often he had made communications to the prefect, another
+minister, who paid attention to known parties and attached but little
+importance to this new foe, which was, however, the most terrible of
+all, and proposed to itself the object of destroying, at any risk, and
+received into its bosom all the operatives of this work, whatsoever
+might be their opinions. M. H&mdash;&mdash; had no evidence in relation to this
+terrible organization, nor did he know where it met. Towards the end of
+February, 1819, M. H&mdash;&mdash; received a letter sealed in black, and with the
+impression on the wax of an auger piercing the globe. The strange seal
+did not escape his notice. The direction was, "M. H&mdash;&mdash;, for himself
+alone, <i>confidential</i>." The superior of the political police read the
+letter, which was as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur,&mdash;A man who can do the state great service wishes to have an
+interview with you, and requests that you will grant him a moment's
+conversation to-morrow evening at nine-oclock, in your cabinet. He will
+be masked. He begs you to permit him to keep his mask until he shall be
+satisfied that he is seen by no one else. Should the strangeness of this
+request not permit you to accept it, place a lighted taper in your
+window opening on the <i>quai des Orfevres</i> and no one will come. The
+writer knows that he addresses a man of courage and honor, who never is
+terrified by mere forms when he looks for important results. It is also
+known that this man, though protected by wise precautions, made
+necessary by the grave circumstances in which he is often placed, would
+be incapable of taking an advantage of those who come to him frankly and
+truly."</p>
+
+<p>M. H&mdash;&mdash; reflected long on this letter. He hesitated not, because he was
+used to confidences made in terms and in manner as strange. But the
+conditions of the mask, so contrary to French habit, almost, in spite of
+himself, annoyed and troubled him. He, however, began to be inspired
+with the confidence which the man evidently felt himself. He therefore
+decided to receive him, and gave orders, that should the masked man
+present himself he should be admitted into his cabinet. M. H&mdash;&mdash;only
+took a few measures of prudence, and after having examined the locks and
+charges of his pistols, which he always wore, and assured himself that
+the sound of a bell on his table would be heard at once by the
+attendants, waited attentively for the hour of the interview. The clock
+of the Palais Royal struck nine, when he was told that a masked man
+wished to speak to him. A few minutes after the visitor was introduced.
+He was tall and wrapped in a brown cloak, which he threw off when he had
+reached the room. He wore a costume half way between a tradesman's and
+prosperous workman's.</p>
+
+<p>"What do you wish, Monsieur?" asked M. H&mdash;&mdash;, who was sitting in his
+chair.</p>
+
+<p>Without replying, the stranger, who was standing, pointed to two glass
+doors on each side of one through which he had entered, behind which
+were full silk curtains. M. H&mdash;&mdash;understood him, and after a moment's
+hesitation, decided, and clapped his hands thrice. This was probably a
+signal well understood, for soon after a slight noise was heard in each
+of the rooms, and the silk curtains were slightly agitated. Then rising,
+M. H&mdash;&mdash; opened the two doors and shut two external ones, which
+doubtless communicated with two other rooms.</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you, sir," said the mask, "you will not regret your confidence."</p>
+
+<p>These words were pronounced with a decidedly foreign air. The man took
+off his mask, and M. H&mdash;&mdash; examined his features. His physiognomy was
+that of the south; his expression dark, and his long black hair hung
+over his face, and rested on his shoulders. The eyes of this man were
+sad and deep; and glittering beneath his dark brows, added to the
+ferocity of his expression. He was silent for some time, and then said,
+in a calm voice, to the chief of police: "I come, Monsieur, to propose a
+contract to you, which, when you have heard it, you can either accept or
+reject. An immense volcano undermines Paris; a conspiracy, or rather an
+immense association is about to be formed. They are not isolated
+enemies, scattered in small numbers, but a vast family of men, here and
+every where, in every man's house, and perhaps in the very bureau of the
+police. Among them are millions of iron-hearted and iron-nerved men,
+among whom are the mechanic, the day laborer, soldiers of every arm, the
+financier, the advocate, artist, the scholar, and the priest&mdash;every rank
+and condition is represented. At their head are nobles, lords, and
+princes; and they wish to accomplish in France what they have already
+done in the rest of Europe. First, they seek to abolish royalty, and to
+bestow on the people free and unlimited liberty. Their secret assemblies
+are called <i>Vente</i>. The association is called <i>Carbonarism</i>, and its
+members <i>Carbonari</i>."</p>
+
+<p>M. H&mdash;&mdash; sprang up from his chair. Of the plot which he had been so
+anxious to discover, and of which he had but a vague knowledge, he was
+now at last to obtain a clue. In a tone exhibiting the most lively
+curiosity, he bade the man go on. The mask took a seat; he felt that
+henceforth he might treat with M. H&mdash;&mdash; as an equal.</p>
+
+<p>"I am," said he, with a smile full of venom, "but an unworthy member of
+this important society, and come to treat with you, therefore, not in my
+own name&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"In the name of whom, then, do you come?"</p>
+
+<p>"There is," said the mask, "a man in Paris of high rank, of noble birth,
+and of great fortune, who, by means of his position and connections,
+which I cannot reveal, knows, and henceforth will know, all the secrets,
+all the plans of the Carbonari, from the obscure acts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> of the humblest
+of the brothers, to the orders given to the <i>Vente</i> by the supreme
+chiefs&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"And this man is willing to surrender his infamous associates to us?"
+said M. H&mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p>"He will; but in consideration of this immense sacrifice, he demands
+certain things which I am charged to communicate to you."</p>
+
+<p>"Tell me," said M. H&mdash;&mdash;, "what he asks."</p>
+
+<p>"We will talk of that hereafter. I, however, propose to you an honest
+bargain, and you will not be called on to pay the price until the
+service shall have been performed. I therefore come to ask you not for a
+reward, but for one word."</p>
+
+<p>"A word?"</p>
+
+<p>"A word, a promise, and an oath."</p>
+
+<p>"If it be compatible with my duties."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly!" said the stranger. "We conspirators are honest people
+enough, but we are prudent, and used to secrecy. We never make
+revelations without exacting a double security."</p>
+
+<p>"That of honor!"</p>
+
+<p>"And displaying the dagger as the certain reward of treachery."</p>
+
+<p>"Stop, sir!" said M. H&mdash;&mdash;, rising, and evidently enraged at the daring
+of the stranger. "You forget where you are; no one but myself makes
+threats here; assume, therefore, another tone; for sorry as I should be
+not to avail myself of your offers, I must, if you persist, terminate
+our interview at once. But," continued he, "what is required of me?"</p>
+
+<p>"I have told you&mdash;an oath. Here it is. You will swear on this," and he
+took a crucifix from his bosom, "that neither in person, nor otherwise,
+will you ever attempt to discover the person in behalf of whom I treat.
+You will swear that when you have been informed of the facts which I
+shall point out to you, when you shall have received proof of the
+culpability of certain men, you will cause them to be arrested and give
+them no clue to, and make no revelation of, the means by which you
+acquired your information."</p>
+
+<p>"But how will the man who is to furnish this information treat with us?"</p>
+
+<p>"Through me alone," said the stranger, "and I will allow you to be
+ignorant of nothing. In a few words&mdash;I will be his interpreter&mdash;the soul
+of his body, the action of his thought. Here," continued he, again
+presenting the crucifix to M. H&mdash;&mdash;," an oath for such services is not
+too much to ask. You do not often get information at so cheap a rate.
+The form of the oath will doubtless appear strange to you, but I am a
+native of a land where oaths are taken on the cross alone."</p>
+
+<p>"So be it," said M. H&mdash;&mdash;, who, as he listened to the man, reflected on
+the small importance of the conditions imposed on him, which did not
+demand that he should act against the <i>Vente</i> or associations, until
+there was no doubt of their guilt. "So be it; I accept. I swear that I
+will never seek to ascertain of whom you are the agent, whether in
+person or through others." He placed his hand on the crucifix.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Rely then on him&mdash;rely on me</i>," said the stranger.</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you not speak now?" said M. H&mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Because it is necessary to give the fruit time to ripen before we
+gather it</i>," said the mysterious stranger; and bowing to M. H&mdash;&mdash;, he
+left.</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said the chief of the political police, when he was alone, "the
+bargain I have made is not a rare one. Informers always have scruples at
+first, especially when they are men of rank;&mdash;when those of the man of
+whom the agent speaks are dissipated, or when by his wants and vices he
+is forced to draw directly on our chest, his shame will pass away, and
+his name will be enrolled on the list of our spies like those of M. X.,
+the Baron de W&mdash;&mdash;, the Advocate V&mdash;&mdash;, the Ex-consul R&mdash;&mdash;, and the
+Countess of Fu. This man is, then, taken in three words, what we call a
+<span class="smcap">Spy In Society</span>."</p>
+
+
+<h4>IV.&mdash;THE AMBASSADRESS.</h4>
+
+<p>On the twentieth of June, 1818, six months before the occurrence of the
+scene we have described in the preceding chapter, the greatest
+excitement was exhibited in a magnificent hotel in the Faubourg
+Saint-Honor&eacute;. The principal entrance of this hotel, or the Faubourg, was
+occupied by a crowd of workmen, who were busy in arranging a multitude
+of flower vases, from the court-gate to the door of the hotel.
+Upholsterers and florists crowded the vestibule, the stairway, and the
+antechambers with their flowers and carpets. The interior of the rooms
+on the ground floor presented a scene of a different kind of disorder. A
+pell-mell&mdash;a crowd of men and women were tacking down and sowing rich
+and sumptuous stuffs on the floors. The rooms of the lower floor of the
+hotel opened on one of the gardens surrounding the <i>Champs-Elys&eacute;es</i>
+towards the Faubourg St. Honor&eacute;. An immense ball-room was constructed in
+the garden. This ball-room was united to the house by richly dressed
+doors, cut into the windows, and, with the ground floor, formed one
+immense suite. The garden at this period of the year contributed in no
+small degree to the pleasures of the festival. The curtains at the doors
+of this hall could at any time be lifted up so as to permit access to
+this oasis of verdure. One might have thought a magic ring had
+transported to this corner of Paris, all the riches of the vegetation of
+southern climes, and might have, in imagination, strayed beneath the
+jasmin bowers, amid the roses and orange-groves of Italy, so delicious
+was the perfume which filled this garden. Its peculiar physiognomy and
+design, its form, manner, and even the statues, the majority of which
+were <i>chef-d'-&oelig;uvres</i> of Italian art, all proved some foreign taste
+had presided over its construction, and that this taste had been the
+passion of some elegant and distinguished man.</p>
+
+<p>But now this paradise had passed into the possession of a charming woman
+and admirable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> artiste. This hotel belonged to the beautiful <i>Felina</i>,
+the Italian queen of song, who had deigned to descend from a throne to
+be the Duchess of Palma. The lofty brow which had borne so proudly the
+diadem of Semiramis and Junia, wore now a duchess's coronet. This was a
+great self-deprecation; for Europe contained a thousand duchesses, and
+but one <i>Felina</i>. Worse still, many duchesses would not recognize La
+Felina as one of the number. She was a duchess by chance; a duchess not
+by the grace of God, but by the grace of talent and beauty. Observe,
+too, that this version was the most favorable, the most amiable and
+polite. It was the one adopted by the intelligent, philosophic and
+sensible duchesses of the empire. The true duchesses, those of other
+days, who could not understand how any one could wear a ducal coronet
+without having at least three centuries of nobility, made use of all the
+grape of their artillery to annihilate the <i>singing woman</i>. It was
+whispered, but loudly enough to be heard by half a dozen persons, that
+La Felina, arming herself with that rigidity she kept for the Duke of
+Palma alone, displaying all her charms, and envying the title and
+fortune of the noble Neapolitan, had refused to surrender her heart
+without her hand;&mdash;that the poor Duke, entwined in the nets of this
+modern Circe, wearied of the many love-scrapes which he had undergone,
+made up his mind, as he could not become a lover, to become a husband.
+This delightful theme was so decorated by the rich imaginations of the
+ladies of the Faubourg Saint-Germain, that it could scarcely be
+recognized beneath the inlaying of the rich anecdotes to which it gave
+occasion; but which lacked only three essentials of merit&mdash;good sense,
+justice, and truth. As far as relates to good sense, we will say that
+the Duchess of Palma was far richer than her husband. Her talent had
+long procured her a brilliant income; and to renounce the stage, at the
+height of her reputation and glory, when every note she uttered was
+worth a doubloon, was to reject vast wealth, the source of which was her
+voice and talent. Good sense would not justify the reproach of cupidity;
+truth and justice would equally have rejected the charge.</p>
+
+<p><i>La Felina</i>, far from wishing to lead the Duke astray&mdash;far from wishing,
+as was said, to make her fortune by marrying him, had long rejected the
+hand of the Neapolitan minister of police when the most powerful reasons
+would have induced her to accept it. She married the Duke only because
+of the deep and irrepressible passion which animated her heart for the
+Count Monte-Leone. She knew the Count loved Aminta; she knew that, when
+at liberty, he would marry the sister of Taddeo. Anxious to contend with
+herself by creating new weapons to oppose the passion which devoured
+her, anxious to build up a new barrier between the Count and herself,
+and to prepare a defence for her own heart, she accepted the hand of the
+Duke of Palma as a rampart of duty, and, as it were, forcibly to leave a
+profession, the triumphs of which disgusted and offended her because she
+regretted having ever experienced them. These were the reasons or
+reasonings which led La Felina to act as she did. We shall see, at a
+later period, that she achieved her purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Palma having secretly married <i>La Felina</i> in the town of
+Ferentino, the day Monte-Leone recognized him, took his beautiful wife
+to a villa he possessed on the <i>lago di Como</i>, and after sojourning
+there a few days, went to Naples and forced the King to accept his
+resignation as minister of police. The Duke was dissatisfied with
+Naples, for no one would forgive him for marrying the Prima-Donna. The
+two then came to Paris after a brief mission, during which the Duke had
+been obliged to leave her alone at the <i>lago di Como</i>. There they
+purchased the hotel of which we have spoken, and prepared to receive the
+court, and exhibit all the aristocratic luxury with which the Duke of
+Palma was so familiar. One circumstance, however, which had been
+entirely unforeseen, wrecked all their hopes. The best society of Paris,
+which is so lenient to some eccentricities, yet so rigid in its exaction
+of obedience to certain prejudices&mdash;the society to which, from rank and
+position, the Duke of Palma belonged, was rebellious. Among the nobles
+of the restoration there were a few exceptions, and though the persons
+who ventured to the Duke's were perfectly well received&mdash;though they
+praised in the highest degree the graces and exquisite <i>haut-ton</i> of the
+Duchess, their example was not followed, and the hotel remained silent
+and empty. The Duke and Duchess lived alone, buried in a magnificent
+tomb. The cause of this neglect of the invitations of the ex-minister
+may be easily divined. The Duke had married La Felina, the singer, about
+whom there had been, and yet were, so many reports. The beautiful
+artiste was much wounded by this general neglect, not because she
+regretted the world and its pleasures, but on account of other
+impressions which had haunted her since she had lived alone at Como. The
+affront, however, recoiled on her husband, and her deep, resolute soul
+bitterly resented it. La Felina was an Italian, and those of that nation
+who receive affronts avenge them. She was not long at a loss. Her
+vengeance, however, could not easily be attained, for she had to do with
+a rich and powerful society, which had, as it were, formed a coalition
+to insult a woman, by rejecting her with disdain and contempt.</p>
+
+<p>The renown of <i>La Felina</i> as a singer had long excited the curiosity of
+Paris. Her admirable voice, her dramatic talent, her wonderful beauty,
+made the great artiste to be envied in every theatre in Europe. By a
+strange caprice, or an exaggerated distrust of her powers, the great
+artiste had always refused to sing in the capital, though well aware
+that there alone great artistic talent is baptized. Amazed at the
+national glory, she had never asked this sacrifice of French
+<i>cognoscenti</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> Great, therefore, was the emotion of the various
+drawing-rooms, when it was said that a great concert would be given by
+the Duke of Palma, and that his Duchess La Felina would sing. The
+concert was for the benefit of some interesting charity; and humanity
+was a pretext to the high Parisian society not to visit La Felina, but
+to perform a great duty. How though could invitations be had? There was
+great difficulty, for the invitations were most limited in number. It is
+always the case in Paris, that as obstacles increase, the desire to
+overcome them also is multiplied. This was exemplified in the case of
+the concert. It was, however, strange that the very hotels where the
+ducal <i>artiste</i> had been worst treated, where her advances had been
+worst received, were those to which the invitations came first. Here and
+there some affronts given by the noble Italians who were the intimate
+friends of the Duke of Palma, but they were all submitted to, so anxious
+was the world to enjoy the long-desired but unexpected pleasure of
+hearing La Felina.</p>
+
+<p>This took place many months before the entertainments, the preparations
+for which we described at the commencement of this chapter. On the day
+appointed for the concert, a long file of carriages filled up the whole
+Faubourg St. Honor&eacute;, and stopped at the door of the hotel of the Duke of
+Palma. The Duchess sat in her most remote drawing-room, dressed with
+extreme simplicity, beautiful without adornment, and waited for the
+guests, whom an usher at the door of the first drawing-room announced.
+As each one saluted her, she arose, and thanked them for their visit.
+This reception, far from gratifying the majority of her guests, seemed
+to offend them. They fancied they had met on neutral ground, in a room
+appropriated to charity, and not to wait on a lady who did the honors of
+her own house. The latter, however, was the case. Multiplying her cares
+for and attention to her guests, appearing to notice neither the cold
+politeness of the one nor the rudeness of the other, the Duchess
+increased her amiability and politeness to all who approached her. The
+ice was broken. The men could not resist her charms, and many women
+followed their example. The dazzling luxury of the hotel, the admirable
+pictures, the majestic beauty of the Duchess, produced such an effect on
+this society, composed of the most illustrious persons of Paris, and of
+all who were famous at the epoch, that the success of La Felina was
+complete. The great feature of the entertainment was impatiently waited
+for. The concert which the Duchess had announced did not begin, and it
+was growing late. The artistes, it was said, had not yet come, and all
+were as impatient as possible, when an excellent orchestra was heard. A
+few young people, forgetting why they had come, and utterly reckless of
+the opposition they would give rise to, hurried to the great ball-room,
+and whiled away the time <i>before the concert</i> in dancing.</p>
+
+<p>About midnight a report was circulated among the guests that the Duchess
+was fatigued at the reception of so many persons, and the <i>habitues</i>
+said that her efforts to make her guests happy had been so great that
+she would not sing, and the entertainment would conclude with a ball.
+Nothing could equal the vexation and anger which appeared on certain
+faces, and which were augmented by the fact that La Felina made no
+apology, but in the kindest terms thanked them for the pleasure she had
+received from them, and which she feared she could not enjoy again for a
+long time, her health demanding the most complete solitude. Thus Felina
+turned a concert into a ball, and forced all Paris to visit her.</p>
+
+<p>The next day the journals said: "Yesterday the Duke and Duchess of Palma
+gave the most magnificent entertainment of the year. The <i>&eacute;lite</i> of the
+<i>faubourg</i> Saint-Germain and the capital were assembled, and all retired
+delighted with the reception extended to them by the illustrious
+strangers. The Duke sent ten thousand francs to the poor of his
+arrondissement, to make up a subscription which could not otherwise be
+completed."</p>
+
+<p>A few months after, the Duke was appointed ambassador of Naples to the
+court of France, and in honor of his sovereign's birthday prepared the
+magnificent entertainment which created such disorder in the <i>faubourg</i>
+St. Honor&eacute;. The new position of the Duke of Palma, his diplomatic
+character, and the rumor of the beauty and elegance of the Duchess had
+silenced all complaints, and all now were anxious to be received at the
+Neapolitan Embassy.</p>
+
+<p>A circumstance, however, of which the world was entirely ignorant, had
+within a few months made an altogether different woman of the Duchess,
+who had previously been gay and happy. An air of sadness reigned over
+her features, and her eyes assumed not unfrequently a wild glare, which
+could be removed only by tears. Some unknown sorrow had made great
+inroads even upon her beauty. Always kind and considerate to the Duke
+and those who surrounded her, she yet seemed to fulfil her requisitions
+of duty alone in complying with the observances of her rank. She seemed
+anxious to seclude herself from the world, and to seek to drown her
+grief in the solitude she had formerly avoided. Whether sorrow had
+assumed too deep an empire over her heart, or from some other cause, all
+were struck at the change so suddenly worked in her moral organization
+and in her beauty. Far, however, from making any opposition to this
+splendid entertainment, or exhibiting any indifference to its
+preparations, all were surprised to see the Duchess devote herself to it
+so fully. Nothing escaped her care; her refined taste neglected nothing
+which could contribute to the brilliancy of the entertainment. The Duke,
+delighted at the apparent revival of the Duchess's taste for the
+pleasures of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> world, which she had long disdained, aided her with
+all his power, and spared no expense to gratify her. The invitations
+were numerous, and on this occasion there were no refusals; for the most
+noble persons were anxious to be entertained by the Neapolitan minister.
+The Duke hesitated only in relation to one of the many persons who were
+to be invited. This person was the Count Monte-Leone. The secretary who
+had been directed to prepare the list of persons to be invited had
+according to custom put down his name among the noble and distinguished
+Neapolitans who had called at the embassy of their country in Paris. The
+Duchess saw the list, and said nothing. The Duke hesitated for a long
+time&mdash;not that he had the least suspicion of the Duchess's sentiments
+towards Monte-Leone: he had attributed the presence of La Felina at the
+etruscan house to the consequence of an abortive masked-ball pleasantry.
+Besides, at the time of the arrest there were three other men in the
+house, and the ex-minister had almost forgotten the affair. The Count,
+in spite of his acquittal, was known to be an enemy of the government,
+and he doubted if it was proper to receive him at the embassy. One
+consideration alone prevented the Duke from erasing his name from the
+list&mdash;it was that the Count would not wish to appear at the embassy, and
+the Duke would thus be spared the necessity of showing any rudeness to
+him. The day came at last. The interior of the hotel was really
+fairy-like, and the rooms on the ground floor joined with the garden
+ball-room presented one of those magical pictures of which poets dream,
+but which men rarely see. The arts, luxury, comfort, opulence, and
+taste, all were united to produce a spectacle, which, lighted by a
+thousand lamps, spoke both to the mind and senses, and recalled one of
+those splendid palaces of <i>The Thousand and One Nights</i>, of which we
+have read, but which none will see.</p>
+
+<p>On that day the Duchess seemed to have regained all her dazzling beauty.
+An observer might however have asked if the animation of this lady was
+not derived from a kind of feverish agitation, evident in the brilliancy
+of her eyes and deep red of her lips, rather than from expectation of
+pleasure or joy at the realization of the plans she had marked out for
+herself. Nine o'clock struck when the first guests were introduced. A
+crowd soon followed them, and the most distinguished names were heard in
+the saloons. The Duke d'Harcourt! the Vicompte and Mlle. Marie
+d'Harcourt! the Prince de Maulear! the Marquis and Marquise de Maulear!
+Signor Taddeo Rovero! <i>Il Conte</i> <span class="smcap">Monte-Leone</span>!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Corregio</span>, the illustrious painter, is said to have been born and bred,
+and to have lived and died in extreme poverty. It is stated that he came
+to his death at the early age of forty, from the fatigue of carrying
+home a load of halfpence paid for one of his immortal works.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by
+Stringer &amp; Townsend, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the
+United States for the Southern District of New-York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_N_14" id="Footnote_N_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_14"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> As the conversations in the rest of this book are supposed
+to be sometimes in French and sometimes in English, the translator will
+render the terms of courtesy now by <i>signor, signora</i>, and <i>signorina</i>,
+and again by <i>monsieur</i>, <i>madame</i>, and <i>mademoiselle</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_O_15" id="Footnote_O_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_15"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> The Comte d'Artois, afterwards Charles X.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>TRANSFORMATION.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY THE LATE MRS. SHELLEY.</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Forthwith this frame of mine was wrench'd<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With a woful agony,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which forced me to begin my tale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And then it set me free.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Since then, at an uncertain hour,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That agony returns;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And till my ghastly tale is told<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">This heart within me burns.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22"><span class="smcap">Coleridge's Ancient Mariner</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>I have heard it said, that, when any strange, supernatural, and
+necromantic adventure has occurred to a human being, that being, however
+desirous he may be to conceal the same, feels at certain periods torn
+up, as it were, by an intellectual earthquake, and is forced to bare the
+inner depths of his spirit to another. I am a witness of the truth of
+this. I have dearly sworn to myself never to reveal to human ears the
+horrors to which I once, in excess of fiendly pride, delivered myself
+over. The holy man who heard my confession, and reconciled me to the
+church, is dead. None knows that once&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Why should it not be thus? Why tell a tale of impious tempting of
+Providence, and soul-subduing humiliation? Why? answer me, ye who are
+wise in the secrets of human nature! I only know that so it is; and in
+spite of strong resolves&mdash;of a pride that too much masters me&mdash;of shame,
+and even of fear, so to render myself odious to my species&mdash;I must
+speak.</p>
+
+<p>Genoa! my birthplace&mdash;proud city! looking upon the blue waves of the
+Mediterranean sea&mdash;dost thou remember me in my boyhood, when thy cliffs
+and promontories, thy bright sky and gay vineyards, were my world? Happy
+time! when to the young heart the narrow-bounded universe, which leaves,
+by its very limitation, free scope to the imagination, enchains our
+physical energies, and, sole period in our lives, innocence and
+enjoyment are united. Yet, who can look back to childhood, and not
+remember its sorrows and its harrowing fears? I was born with the most
+imperious, haughty, tameless spirit, with which ever mortal was gifted.
+I quailed before my father only; and he, generous and noble, but
+capricious and tyrannical, at once fostered and checked the wild
+impetuosity of my character, making obedience necessary, but inspiring
+no respect for the motives which guided his commands. To be a man, free,
+independent; or, in better words, insolent and domineering, was the hope
+and prayer of my rebel heart.</p>
+
+<p>My father had one friend, a wealthy Genoese noble, who, in a political
+tumult, was suddenly sentenced to banishment, and his property
+confiscated. The Marchese Torella went into exile alone. Like my father,
+he was a widower: he had one child, the almost infant Juliet, who was
+left under my father's guardianship. I should certainly have been an
+unkind master to the lovely girl, but that I was forced by my position
+to become her protector. A variety of childish incidents all tended to
+one point,&mdash;to make Juliet see in me a rock of refuge; I in her, one,
+who must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> perish through the soft sensibility of her nature too rudely
+visited, but for my guardian care. We grew up together. The opening rose
+in May was not more sweet than this dear girl. An irradiation of beauty
+was spread over her face. Her form, her step, her voice&mdash;my heart weeps
+even now, to think of all of relying, gentle, loving, and pure, that was
+enshrined in that celestial tenement. When I was eleven and Juliet eight
+years of age, a cousin of mine, much older than either&mdash;he seemed to us
+a man&mdash;took great notice of my playmate; he called her his bride, and
+asked her to marry him. She refused, and he insisted, drawing her
+unwillingly towards him. With the countenance and emotions of a maniac I
+threw myself on him&mdash;I strove to draw his sword&mdash;I clung to his neck
+with the ferocious resolve to strangle him: he was obliged to call for
+assistance to disengage himself from me. On that night I led Juliet to
+the chapel of our house: I made her touch the sacred relics&mdash;I harrowed
+her child's heart, and profaned her child's lips with an oath, that she
+would be mine, and mine only.</p>
+
+<p>Well, those days passed away. Torella returned in a few years, and
+became wealthier and more prosperous than ever. When I was seventeen, my
+father died; he had been magnificent to prodigality; Torella rejoiced
+that my minority would afford an opportunity for repairing my fortunes.
+Juliet and I had been affianced beside my father's deathbed&mdash;Torella was
+to be a second parent to me.</p>
+
+<p>I desired to see the world, and I was indulged. I went to Florence, to
+Rome, to Naples; thence I passed to Toulon, and at length reached what
+had long been the bourne of my wishes, Paris. There was wild work in
+Paris then. The poor king, Charles the Sixth, now sane, now mad, now a
+monarch, now an abject slave, was the very mockery of humanity. The
+queen, the dauphin, the Duke of Burgundy, alternately friends and
+foes&mdash;now meeting in prodigal feasts, now shedding blood in
+rivalry&mdash;were blind to the miserable state of their country, and the
+dangers that impended over it, and gave themselves wholly up to
+dissolute enjoyment or savage strife. My character still followed me. I
+was arrogant and self-willed; I loved display, and above all, I threw
+all control far from me. Who could control me in Paris? My young friends
+were eager to foster passions which furnished them with pleasures. I was
+deemed handsome&mdash;I was master of every knightly accomplishment. I was
+disconnected with any political party. I grew a favorite with all: my
+presumption and arrogance was pardoned in one so young; I became a
+spoiled child. Who could control me? not letters and advice of
+Torella&mdash;only strong necessity visiting me in the abhorred shape of an
+empty purse. But there were means to refill this void. Acre after acre,
+estate after estate, I sold. My dress, my jewels, my horses and their
+caparisons, were almost unrivalled in gorgeous Paris, while the lands of
+my inheritance passed into possession of others.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Orleans was waylaid and murdered by the Duke of Burgundy.
+Fear and terror possessed all Paris. The dauphin and the queen shut
+themselves up; every pleasure was suspended. I grew weary of this state
+of things, and my heart yearned for my boyhood's haunts. I was nearly a
+beggar, yet still I would go there, claim my bride, and rebuild my
+fortunes. A few happy ventures as a merchant would make me rich again.
+Nevertheless, I would not return in humble guise. My last act was to
+dispose of my remaining estate near Albaro for half its worth, for ready
+money. Then I despatched all kinds of artificers, arras, furniture of
+regal splendor, to fit up the last relic of my inheritance, my palace in
+Genoa. I lingered a little longer yet, ashamed at the part of the
+prodigal returned, which I feared I should play. I sent my horses. One
+matchless Spanish jennet I despatched to my promised bride; its
+caparisons flamed with jewels and cloth of gold. In every part I caused
+to be entwined the initials of Juliet and her Guido. My present found
+favor in hers and in her father's eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Still, to return a proclaimed spendthrift, the mark of impertinent
+wonder, perhaps of scorn, and to encounter singly the reproaches or
+taunts of my fellow-citizens, was no alluring prospect. As a shield
+between me and censure, I invited some few of the most reckless of my
+comrades to accompany me; thus I went armed against the world, hiding a
+rankling feeling, half fear and half penitence, by bravado and an
+insolent display of satisfied vanity.</p>
+
+<p>I arrived in Genoa. I trod the pavement of my ancestral palace. My proud
+step was no interpreter of my heart, for I deeply felt that, though
+surrounded by every luxury, I was a beggar. The first step I took in
+claiming Juliet must widely declare me such. I read contempt or pity in
+the looks of all. I fancied, so apt is conscience to imagine what it
+deserves, that rich and poor, young and old, all regarded me with
+derision. Torella came not near me. No wonder that my second father
+should expect a son's deference from me in waiting first on him. But,
+galled and stung by a sense of my follies and demerit, I strove to throw
+the blame on others. We kept nightly orgies in Palazzo Carega. To
+sleepless, riotous nights, followed listless, supine mornings. At the
+Ave Maria we showed our dainty persons in the streets, scoffing at the
+sober citizens, casting insolent glances on the shrinking women. Juliet
+was not among them&mdash;no, no; if she had been there, shame would have
+driven me away, if love had not brought me to her feet.</p>
+
+<p>I grew tired of this. Suddenly I paid the Marchese a visit. He was at
+his villa, one among the many which deck the suburb of San Pietro
+d'Arena. It was the month of May&mdash;a month of May in that garden of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+world&mdash;the blossoms of the fruit-trees were fading among thick, green
+foliage; the vines were shooting forth; the ground strewed with the
+fallen olive blooms; the firefly was in the myrtle hedge; heaven and
+earth wore a mantle of surpassing beauty. Torella welcomed me kindly,
+though seriously; and even his shade of displeasure soon wore away. Some
+resemblance to my father&mdash;some look and tone of youthful ingenuousness,
+lurking still in spite of my misdeeds, softened the good old man's
+heart. He sent for his daughter, he presented me to her as her
+betrothed. The chamber became hallowed by a holy light as she entered.
+Hers was that cherub look, those large, soft eyes, full dimpled cheeks,
+and mouth of infantine sweetness, that expresses the rare union of
+happiness and love. Admiration first possessed me; she is mine! was the
+second proud emotion, and my lips curled with haughty triumph. I had not
+been the <i>enfant g&acirc;t&eacute;</i> of the beauties of France not to have learnt the
+art of pleasing the soft heart of woman. If towards men I was
+overbearing, the deference I paid to them was the more in contrast. I
+commenced my courtship by the display of a thousand gallantries to
+Juliet, who, vowed to me from infancy, had never admitted the devotion
+of others; and who, though accustomed to expressions of admiration, was
+uninitiated in the language of lovers.</p>
+
+<p>For a few days all went well. Torella never alluded to my extravagance;
+he treated me as a favorite son. But the time came, as we discussed the
+preliminaries to my union with his daughter, when this fair face of
+things should be overcast. A contract had been drawn up in my father's
+lifetime. I had rendered this, in fact, void, by having squandered the
+whole of the wealth which was to have been shared by Juliet and myself.
+Torella, in consequence, chose to consider this bond as cancelled, and
+proposed another, in which, though the wealth he bestowed was
+immeasurably increased, there were so many restrictions as to the mode
+of spending it, that I, who saw independence only in free career being
+given to my own imperious will, taunted him as taking advantage of my
+situation, and refused utterly to subscribe to his conditions. The old
+man mildly strove to recall me to reason. Roused pride became the tyrant
+of my thought: I listened with indignation&mdash;I repelled him with disdain.</p>
+
+<p>"Juliet, thou art mine! Did we not interchange vows in our innocent
+childhood? are we not one in the sight of God? and shall thy
+cold-hearted, cold-blooded father divide us? Be generous, my love, be
+just; take not away a gift, last treasure of thy Guido&mdash;retract not thy
+vows&mdash;let us defy the world, and setting at naught the calculations of
+age, find in our mutual affection a refuge from every ill!"</p>
+
+<p>Fiend I must have been, with such sophistry to endeavor to poison that
+sanctuary of holy thought and tender love. Juliet shrank from me
+affrighted. Her father was the best and kindest of men, and she strove
+to show me how, in obeying him, every good would follow. He would
+receive my tardy submission with warm affection, and generous pardon
+would follow my repentance. Profitless words for a young and gentle
+daughter to use to a man accustomed to make his will law, and to feel in
+his own heart a despot so terrible and stern, that he could yield
+obedience to nought save his own imperious desires! My resentment grew
+with resistance; my wild companions were ready to add fuel to the flame.
+We laid a plan to carry off Juliet. At first it appeared to be crowned
+with success. Midway, on our return, we were overtaken by the agonized
+father and his attendants. A conflict ensued. Before the city guard came
+to decide the victory in favor of our antagonists, two of Torella's
+servitors were dangerously wounded.</p>
+
+<p>This portion of my history weighs most heavily with me. Changed man as I
+am, I abhor myself in the recollection. May none who hear this tale ever
+have felt as I. A horse driven to fury by a rider armed with barbed
+spurs, was not more a slave than I to the violent tyranny of my temper.
+A fiend possessed my soul, irritating it to madness. I felt the voice of
+conscience within me; but if I yielded to it for a brief interval, it
+was only to be a moment after torn, as by a whirlwind, away&mdash;borne along
+on the stream of desperate rage&mdash;the plaything of the storms engendered
+by pride. I was imprisoned, and, at the instance of Torella, set free.
+Again I returned to carry off both him and his child to France; which
+hapless country, then preyed on by freebooters and gangs of lawless
+soldiery, offered a grateful refuge to a criminal like me. Our plots
+were discovered. I was sentenced to banishment; and as my debts were
+already enormous, my remaining property was put in the hands of
+commissioners for their payment. Torella again offered his mediation,
+requiring only my promise not to renew my abortive attempts on himself
+and his daughter. I spurned his offers, and fancied that I triumphed
+when I was thrust out from Genoa, a solitary and penniless exile. My
+companions were gone: they had been dismissed the city some weeks
+before, and were already in France. I was alone&mdash;friendless; with nor
+sword at my side, nor ducat in my purse.</p>
+
+<p>I wandered along the sea-shore, a whirlwind of passion possessing and
+tearing my soul. It was as if a live coal had been set burning in my
+breast. At first I meditated on what <i>I should do</i>. I would join a band
+of freebooters. Revenge!&mdash;the word seemed balm to me:&mdash;I hugged
+it&mdash;caressed it&mdash;till, like a serpent, it stung me. Then again I would
+abjure and despise Genoa, that little corner of the world. I would
+return to Paris, where so many of my friends swarmed; where my services
+would be eagerly accepted; where I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> would carve out fortune with my
+sword, and might, through success, make my paltry birthplace, and the
+false Torella, rue the day when they drove me, a new Coriolanus, from
+her walls. I would return to Paris&mdash;thus, on foot&mdash;a beggar&mdash;and present
+myself in my poverty to those I had formerly entertained sumptuously.
+There was gall in the mere thought of it.</p>
+
+<p>The reality of things began to dawn upon my mind, bringing despair in
+its train. For several months I had been a prisoner: the evils of my
+dungeon had whipped my soul to madness, but they had subdued my
+corporeal frame. I was weak and wan. Torella had used a thousand
+artifices to administer to my comfort; I had detected and scorned them
+all&mdash;and I reaped the harvest of my obduracy. What was to be
+done?&mdash;Should I crouch before my foe, and sue for forgiveness?&mdash;Die
+rather ten thousand deaths!&mdash;Never should they obtain that victory!
+Hate&mdash;I swore eternal hate! Hate from whom?&mdash;to whom?&mdash;From a wandering
+outcast&mdash;to a mighty noble. I and my feelings were nothing to them:
+already had they forgotten one so unworthy. And Juliet!&mdash;her angel-face
+and sylph-like form gleamed among the clouds of my despair with vain
+beauty; for I had lost her&mdash;the glory and flower of the world! Another
+will call her his!&mdash;that smile of paradise will bless another!</p>
+
+<p>Even now my heart fails within me when I recur to this rout of
+grim-visaged ideas. Now subdued almost to tears, now raving in my agony,
+still I wandered along the rocky shore, which grew at each step wilder
+and more desolate. Hanging rocks and hoar precipices overlooked the
+tideless ocean; black caverns yawned; and for ever, among the sea-worn
+recesses, murmured and dashed the unfruitful waters. Now my way was
+almost barred by an abrupt promontory, now rendered nearly impracticable
+by fragments fallen from the cliff. Evening was at hand, when, seaward,
+arose, as if on the waving of a wizard's wand, a murky web of clouds,
+blotting the late azure sky, and darkening and disturbing the till now
+placid deep. The clouds had strange fantastic shapes; and they changed,
+and mingled, and seemed to be driven about by a mighty spell. The waves
+raised their white crests; the thunder first muttered, then roared from
+across the waste of waters, which took a deep purple dye, flecked with
+foam. The spot where I stood, looked, on one side, to the wide-spread
+ocean; on the other, it was barred by a rugged promontory. Round this
+cape suddenly came, driven by the wind, a vessel. In vain the mariners
+tried to force a path for her to the open sea&mdash;the gale drove her on the
+rocks. It will perish!&mdash;all on board will perish!&mdash;would I were among
+them! And to my young heart the idea of death came for the first time
+blended with that of joy. It was an awful sight to behold that vessel
+struggling with her fate. Hardly could I discern the sailors, but I
+heard them. It was soon all over!&mdash;A rock, just covered by the tossing
+waves, and so unperceived, lay in wait for its prey. A crash of thunder
+broke over my head at the moment that, with a frightful shock, the skiff
+dashed upon her unseen enemy. In a brief space of time she went to
+pieces. There I stood in safety; and there were my fellow-creatures,
+battling, now hopelessly, with annihilation. Methought I saw them
+struggling&mdash;too truly did I hear their shrieks, conquering the barking
+surges in their shrill agony. The dark breakers threw hither and thither
+the fragments of the wreck; soon it disappeared. I had been fascinated
+to gaze till the end: at last I sank on my knees&mdash;I covered my face with
+my hands: I again looked up; something was floating on the billows
+towards the shore. It neared and neared. Was that a human form?&mdash;it grew
+more distinct; and at last a mighty wave, lifting the whole freight,
+lodged it upon a rock. A human being bestriding a sea-chest!&mdash;A human
+being!&mdash;Yet was it one? Surely never such had existed before&mdash;a
+misshapen dwarf, with squinting eyes, distorted features, and body
+deformed, till it became a horror to behold. My blood, lately warming
+towards a fellow-being so snatched from a watery tomb, froze in my
+heart. The dwarf got off his chest; he tossed his straight, straggling
+hair from his odious visage.</p>
+
+<p>"By St. Beelzebub!" he exclaimed, "I have been well bested." He looked
+round, and saw me, "Oh, by the fiend! here is another ally of the mighty
+one. To what saint did you offer prayers, friend&mdash;if not to mine? Yet I
+remember you not on board."</p>
+
+<p>I shrank from the monster and his blasphemy. Again he questioned me, and
+I muttered some inaudible reply. He continued:&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Your voice is drowned by this dissonant roar. What a noise the big
+ocean makes! Schoolboys bursting from their prison are not louder than
+these waves set free to play. They disturb me. I will no more of their
+ill-timed brawling.&mdash;Silence, hoary One!&mdash;Winds, avaunt!&mdash;to your
+homes!&mdash;Clouds, fly to the antipodes, and leave our heaven clear!"</p>
+
+<p>As he spoke, he stretched out his two long lank arms, that looked like
+spiders' claws, and seemed to embrace with them the expanse before him.
+Was it a miracle? The clouds became broken, and fled; the azure sky
+first peeped out, and then was spread a calm field of blue above us; the
+stormy gale was exchanged to the softly breathing west; the sea grew
+calm; the waves dwindled to riplets.</p>
+
+<p>"I like obedience even in these stupid elements," said the dwarf, "How
+much more in the tameless mind of man! It was a well got up storm, you
+must allow&mdash;and all of my own making."</p>
+
+<p>It was tempting Providence to interchange talk with this magician. But
+<i>Power</i>, in all its shapes, is venerable to man. Awe, curiosity, a
+clinging fascination, drew me towards him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Come, don't be frightened, friend," said the wretch: "I am good-humored
+when pleased; and something does please me in your well-proportioned
+body and handsome face, though you look a little woe-begone. You have
+suffered a land&mdash;I, a sea wreck. Perhaps I can allay the tempest of your
+fortunes as I did my own. Shall we be friends?"&mdash;And he held out his
+hand; I could not touch it. "Well, then, companions&mdash;that will do as
+well. And now, while I rest after the buffeting I underwent just now,
+tell me why, young and gallant as you seem, you wander thus alone and
+downcast on this wild sea-shore."</p>
+
+<p>The voice of the wretch was screeching and horrid, and his contortions
+as he spoke were frightful to behold. Yet he did gain a kind of
+influence over me, which I could not master, and I told him my tale.
+When it was ended, he laughed long and loud; the rocks echoed back the
+sound; hell seemed yelling around me.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, thou cousin of Lucifer!" said he; "so thou too hast fallen through
+thy pride; and, though bright as the son of Morning, thou art ready to
+give up thy good looks, thy bride, and thy well-being, rather than
+submit thee to the tyranny of good. I honor thy choice, by my soul! So
+thou hast fled, and yield the day; and mean to starve on these rocks,
+and to let the birds peck out thy dead eyes, while thy enemy and thy
+betrothed rejoice in thy ruin. Thy pride is strangely akin to humility,
+methinks."</p>
+
+<p>As he spoke, a thousand fanged thoughts stung me to the heart.</p>
+
+<p>"What would you that I should do?" I cried.</p>
+
+<p>"I!&mdash;Oh, nothing, but lie down and say your prayers before you die. But,
+were I you, I know the deed that should be done."</p>
+
+<p>I drew near him. His supernatural powers made him an oracle in my eyes;
+yet a strange unearthly thrill quivered through my frame as I
+said&mdash;"Speak!&mdash;teach me&mdash;what act do you advise?"</p>
+
+<p>"Revenge thyself, man!&mdash;humble thy enemies!&mdash;set thy foot on the old
+man's neck, and possess thyself of his daughter!"</p>
+
+<p>"To the east and west I turn," cried I, "and see no means! Had I gold,
+much could I achieve; but, poor and single, I am powerless."</p>
+
+<p>The dwarf had been seated on his chest as he listened to my story. Now
+he got off; he touched a spring; it flew open!&mdash;What a mine of
+wealth&mdash;of blazing jewels, beaming gold, and pale silver&mdash;was displayed
+therein. A mad desire to possess this treasure was born within me.</p>
+
+<p>"Doubtless," I said, "one so powerful as you could do all things."</p>
+
+<p>"Nay," said the monster, humbly, "I am less omnipotent than I seem. Some
+things I possess which you may covet; but I would give them all for a
+small share, or even for a loan of what is yours."</p>
+
+<p>"My possessions are at your service," I replied, bitterly&mdash;"my poverty,
+my exile, my disgrace&mdash;I make a free gift of them all."</p>
+
+<p>"Good! I thank you. Add one other thing to your gift, and my treasure is
+yours."</p>
+
+<p>"As nothing is my sole inheritance, what besides nothing would you
+have?"</p>
+
+<p>"Your comely face and well-made limbs."</p>
+
+<p>I shivered. Would this all-powerful monster murder me? I had no dagger.
+I forgot to pray&mdash;but I grew pale.</p>
+
+<p>"I ask for a loan, not a gift," said the frightful thing: "lend me your
+body for three days&mdash;you shall have mine to cage your soul the while,
+and, in payment, my chest. What say you to the bargain?&mdash;Three short
+days."</p>
+
+<p>We are told that it is dangerous to hold unlawful talk; and well do I
+prove the same. Tamely written down, it may seem incredible that I
+should lend any ear to this proposition; but, in spite of his unnatural
+ugliness, there was something fascinating in a being whose voice could
+govern earth, air, and sea. I felt a keen desire to comply; for with
+that chest I could command the world. My only hesitation resulted from a
+fear that he would not be true to his bargain. Then, I thought, I shall
+soon die here on these lonely sands, and the limbs he covets will be
+mine no more:&mdash;it is worth the chance. And, besides, I knew that, by all
+the rules of art-magic, there were formula and oaths which none of its
+practisers dared break. I hesitated to reply; and he went on, now
+displaying his wealth, now speaking of the petty price he demanded, till
+it seemed madness to refuse. Thus is it; place our bark in the current
+of the stream, and down, over fall and cataract it is hurried; give up
+our conduct to the wild torrent of passion, and we are away, we know not
+whither.</p>
+
+<p>He swore many an oath, and I adjured him by many a sacred name; till I
+saw this wonder of power, this ruler of the elements, shiver like an
+autumn leaf before my words; and as if the spirit spake unwillingly and
+per force within him, at last, he, with broken voice, revealed the spell
+whereby he might be obliged, did he wish to play me false, to render up
+the unlawful spoil. Our warm life-blood must mingle to make and to mar
+the charm.</p>
+
+<p>Enough of this unholy theme. I was persuaded&mdash;the thing was done. The
+morrow dawned upon me as I lay upon the shingles, and I knew not my own
+shadow as it fell from me. I felt myself changed to a shape of horror,
+and cursed my easy faith and blind credulity. The chest was there&mdash;there
+the gold and precious stones for which I had sold the frame of flesh
+which nature had given me. The sight a little stilled my emotions; three
+days would soon be gone.</p>
+
+<p>They did pass. The dwarf had supplied me with a plenteous store of food.
+At first I could hardly walk, so strange and out of joint were all my
+limbs; and my voice&mdash;it was that of the fiend. But I kept silent, and
+turned my face to the sun, that I might not see my shadow, and counted
+the hours, and ruminated on my future conduct. To bring Torella to my
+feet&mdash;to possess my Juliet in spite of him&mdash;all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> this my wealth could
+easily achieve. During dark night I slept, and dreamt of the
+accomplishment of my desires. Two suns had set&mdash;the third dawned. I was
+agitated, fearful. Oh, expectation, what a frightful thing art thou,
+when kindled more by fear than hope! How dost thou twist thyself round
+the heart, torturing its pulsations! How dost thou dart unknown pangs
+all through our feeble mechanism, now seeming to shiver us like broken
+glass, to nothingness&mdash;now giving us a fresh strength, which can <i>do</i>
+nothing, and so torments us by a sensation, such as the strong man must
+feel who cannot break his fetters, though they bend in his grasp. Slowly
+paced the bright, bright orb up the eastern sky; long it lingered in the
+zenith, and still more slowly wandered down the west; it touched the
+horizon's verge&mdash;it was lost! Its glories were on the summits of the
+cliff&mdash;they grew dun and gray. The evening star shone bright. He will
+soon be here.</p>
+
+<p>He came not!&mdash;By the living heavens, he came not!&mdash;and night dragged out
+its weary length, and, in its decaying age, "day began to grizzle its
+dark hair;" and the sun rose again on the most miserable wretch that
+ever upbraided its light. Three days thus I passed. The jewels and the
+gold&mdash;oh, how I abhorred them!</p>
+
+<p>Well, well&mdash;I will not blacken these pages with demoniac ravings. All
+too terrible were the thoughts, the raging tumult of ideas that filled
+my soul. At the end of that time I slept; I had not before since the
+third sunset; and I dreamt that I was at Juliet's feet, and she smiled,
+and then she shrieked&mdash;for she saw my transformation&mdash;and again she
+smiled, for still her beautiful lover knelt before her. But it was not
+I&mdash;it was he, the fiend, arrayed in my limbs, speaking with my voice,
+winning her with my looks of love. I strove to warn her, but my tongue
+refused its office; I strove to tear him from her, but I was rooted to
+the ground&mdash;I awoke with the agony. There were the solitary hoar
+precipices&mdash;there the plashing sea, the quiet strand, and the blue sky
+over all. What did it mean? was my dream but a mirror of the truth? was
+he wooing and winning my betrothed? I would on the instant back to
+Genoa&mdash;but I was banished. I laughed&mdash;the dwarfs yell burst from my
+lips&mdash;<i>I</i> banished! Oh, no! they had not exiled the foul limbs I wore; I
+might with these enter, without fear of incurring the threatened penalty
+of death, my own, my native city.</p>
+
+<p>I began to walk towards Genoa. I was somewhat accustomed to my distorted
+limbs; none were ever so ill-adapted for a straightforward movement; it
+was with infinite difficulty that I proceeded. Then, too, I desired to
+avoid all the hamlets strewed here and there on the sea-beach, for I was
+unwilling to make a display of my hideousness. I was not quite sure
+that, if seen, the mere boys would not stone me to death as I passed,
+for a monster: some ungentle salutations I did receive from the few
+peasants or fishermen I chanced to meet. But it was dark night before I
+approached Genoa. The weather was so balmy and sweet that it struck me
+that the Marchese and his daughter would very probably have quitted the
+city for their country retreat. It was from Villa Torella that I had
+attempted to carry off Juliet; I had spent many an hour reconnoitring
+the spot, and knew each inch of ground in its vicinity. It was
+beautifully situated, embosomed in trees, on the margin of a stream. As
+I drew near, it became evident that my conjecture was right; nay,
+moreover, that the hours were being then devoted to feasting and
+merriment. For the house was lighted up; strains of soft and gay music
+were wafted towards me by the breeze. My heart sank within me. Such was
+the generous kindness of Torella's heart that I felt sure that he would
+not have indulged in public manifestations of rejoicing just after my
+unfortunate banishment, but for a cause I dared not dwell upon.</p>
+
+<p>The country people were all alive and flocking about; it became
+necessary that I should study to conceal myself; and yet I longed to
+address some one, or to hear others discourse, or in any way to gain
+intelligence of what was really going on. At length, entering the walks
+that were in immediate vicinity to the mansion, I found one dark enough
+to veil my excessive frightfulness; and yet others as well as I were
+loitering in its shade. I soon gathered all I wanted to know&mdash;all that
+first made my very heart die with horror, and then boil with
+indignation. To-morrow Juliet was to be given to the penitent, reformed,
+beloved Guido&mdash;to-morrow my bride was to pledge her vows to a fiend from
+hell! And I did this!&mdash;my accursed pride&mdash;my demoniac violence and
+wicked self-idolatry had caused this act. For if I had acted as the
+wretch who had stolen my form had acted&mdash;if, with a mien at once
+yielding and dignified, I had presented myself to Torella, saying, I
+have done wrong, forgive me; I am unworthy of your angel-child, but
+permit me to claim her hereafter, when my altered conduct shall manifest
+that I abjure my vices, and endeavor to become in some sort worthy of
+her; I go to serve against the infidels; and when my zeal for religion
+and my true penitence for the past shall appear to you to cancel my
+crimes, permit me again to call myself your son. Thus had he spoken; and
+the penitent was welcomed even as the prodigal son of scripture: the
+fatted calf was killed for him; and he, still pursuing the same path,
+displayed such open-hearted regret for his follies, so humble a
+concession of all his rights, and so ardent a resolve to reacquire them
+by a life of contrition and virtue, that he quickly conquered the kind
+old man; and full pardon, and the gift of his lovely child, followed in
+swift succession.</p>
+
+<p>Oh! had an angel from paradise whispered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> to me to act thus! But now,
+what would be the innocent Juliet's fate? Would God permit the foul
+union&mdash;or, some prodigy destroying it, link the dishonored name of
+Carega with the worst of crimes? To-morrow, at dawn, they were to be
+married: there was but one way to prevent this&mdash;to meet mine enemy, and
+to enforce the ratification of our agreement. I felt that this could
+only be done by a mortal struggle. I had no sword&mdash;if indeed my
+distorted arms could wield a soldier's weapon&mdash;but I had a dagger, and
+in that lay my every hope. There was no time for pondering or balancing
+nicely the question: I might die in the attempt; but besides the burning
+jealousy and despair of my own heart, honor, mere humanity, demanded
+that I should fall rather than not destroy the machinations of the
+fiend.</p>
+
+<p>The guests departed&mdash;the lights began to disappear; it was evident that
+the inhabitants of the villa were seeking repose. I hid myself among the
+trees&mdash;the garden grew desert&mdash;the gates were closed&mdash;I wandered round
+and came under a window&mdash;ah! well did I know the same!&mdash;a soft twilight
+glimmered in the room&mdash;the curtains were half withdrawn. It was the
+temple of innocence and beauty. Its magnificence was tempered, as it
+were, by the slight disarrangements occasioned by its being dwelt in,
+and all the objects scattered around displayed the taste of her who
+hallowed it by her presence. I saw her enter with a quick light step&mdash;I
+saw her approach the window&mdash;she drew back the curtain yet further, and
+looked out into the night. Its breezy freshness played among her
+ringlets, and wafted them from the transparent marble of her brow. She
+clasped her hands, she raised her eyes to heaven. I heard her voice.
+Guido! she softly murmured, Mine own Guido! and then, as if overcome by
+the fulness of her own heart, she sank on her knees:&mdash;her upraised
+eyes&mdash;her negligent but graceful attitude&mdash;the beaming thankfulness that
+lighted up her face&mdash;oh, these are tame words! Heart of mine, thou
+imagest ever, though thou canst not portray, the celestial beauty of
+that child of light and love.</p>
+
+<p>I heard a step&mdash;a quick firm step along the shady avenue. Soon I saw a
+cavalier, richly dressed, young, and, methought, graceful to look on,
+advance. I hid myself yet closer. The youth approached; he paused
+beneath the window. She arose, and again looking out she saw him, and
+said&mdash;I cannot, no, at this distant time I cannot record her terms of
+soft silver tenderness; to me they were spoken, but they were replied to
+by him.</p>
+
+<p>"I will not go," he cried: "here where you have been, where your memory
+glides like some heaven-visiting ghost, I will pass the long hours till
+we meet, never, my Juliet, again, day or night, to part. But do thou, my
+love, retire; the cold morn and fitful breeze will make thy cheek pale,
+and fill with languor thy love-lighted eyes. Ah, sweetest! could I press
+one kiss upon them, I could, methinks, repose."</p>
+
+<p>And then he approached still nearer, and methought he was about to
+clamber into her chamber. I had hesitated, not to terrify her; now I was
+no longer master of myself. I rushed forward&mdash;I threw myself on him&mdash;I
+tore him away&mdash;I cried, "O loathsome and foul-shaped wretch!"</p>
+
+<p>I need not repeat epithets, all tending, as it appeared, to rail at a
+person I at present feel some partiality for. A shriek rose from
+Juliet's lips. I neither heard nor saw&mdash;I <i>felt</i> only mine enemy, whose
+throat I grasped, and my dagger's hilt; he struggled, but could not
+escape; at length hoarsely he breathed these words: "Do!&mdash;strike home!
+destroy this body&mdash;you will still live; may your life be long and
+merry!"</p>
+
+<p>The descending dagger was arrested at the word, and he, feeling my hold
+relax, extricated himself and drew his sword, while the uproar in the
+house, and flying of torches from one room to the other, showed that
+soon we should be separated&mdash;and I&mdash;oh! far better die; so that he did
+not survive, I cared not. In the midst of my frenzy there was much
+calculation:&mdash;fall I might, and so that he did not survive, I cared not
+for the death-blow I might deal against myself. While still, therefore,
+he thought I paused, and while I saw the villanous resolve to take
+advantage of my hesitation, in the sudden thrust he made at me, I threw
+myself on his sword, and at the same moment plunged my dagger, with a
+true desperate aim, in his side. We fell together, rolling over each
+other, and the tide of blood that flowed from the gaping wound of each
+mingled on the grass. More I know not&mdash;I fainted.</p>
+
+<p>Again I returned to life: weak almost to death, I found myself stretched
+upon a bed&mdash;Juliet was kneeling beside it. Strange! my first broken
+request was for a mirror. I was so wan and ghastly, that my poor girl
+hesitated, as she told me afterwards; but, by the mass! I thought myself
+a right proper youth when I saw the dear reflection of my own well-known
+features. I confess it is a weakness, but I avow it, I do entertain a
+considerable affection for the countenance and limbs I behold, whenever
+I look at a glass; and have more mirrors in my house, and consult them
+oftener than any beauty in Venice. Before you too much condemn me,
+permit me to say that no one better knows than I the value of his own
+body; no one, probably, except myself, ever having had it stolen from
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Incoherently I at first talked of the dwarf and his crimes, and
+reproached Juliet for her too easy admission of his love. She thought me
+raving, as well she might, and yet it was some time before I could
+prevail on myself to admit that the Guido whose penitence had won her
+back for me was myself; and while I cursed bitterly the monstrous dwarf,
+and blest the well-directed blow that had deprived him of life, I
+suddenly checked myself when I heard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> her say&mdash;Amen! knowing that him
+whom she reviled was my very self. A little reflection taught me
+silence&mdash;a little practice enabled me to speak of that frightful night
+without any very excessive blunder. The wound I had given myself was no
+mockery of one&mdash;it was long before I recovered&mdash;and as the benevolent
+and generous Torella sat beside me talking such wisdom as might win
+friends to repentance, and mine own dear Juliet hovered near me,
+administering to my wants, and cheering me by her smiles, the work of my
+bodily cure and mental reform went on together. I have never, indeed,
+wholly, recovered my strength&mdash;my cheek is paler since&mdash;my person a
+little bent. Juliet sometimes ventures to allude bitterly to the malice
+that caused this change, but I kiss her on the moment, and tell her all
+is for the best. I am a fonder and more faithful husband&mdash;and true is
+this&mdash;but for that wound, never had I called her mine.</p>
+
+<p>I did not revisit the sea-shore, nor seek for the fiend's treasure; yet,
+while I ponder on the past, I often think, and my confessor was not
+backward in favoring the idea, that it might be a good rather than an
+evil spirit, sent by my guardian angel, to show me the folly and misery
+of pride. So well at least did I learn this lesson, roughly taught as I
+was, that I am known now by all my friends and fellow-citizens by the
+name of Guido il Cortese.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From the North British Review</h4>
+
+<h2>PHILIP DODDRIDGE, AND SOME OF HIS FRIENDS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the ornithological gallery of the British Museum is suspended the
+portrait of an extinct lawyer, Sir John Doddridge, the first of the name
+who procured any distinction to his old Devonian family. Persons skilful
+in physiognomy have detected a resemblance betwixt King James's
+solicitor-general and his only famous namesake. But although it is
+difficult to identify the sphery figure of the judge with the slim
+consumptive preacher, and still more difficult to light up with pensive
+benevolence the convivial countenance in which official gravity and
+constitutional gruffiness have only yielded to good cheer; yet, it would
+appear, that for some of his mental features the divine was indebted to
+his learned ancestor. Sir John was a bookworm and a scholar; and for a
+great period of his life a man of mighty industry. His ruling passion
+went with him to the grave; for he chose to be buried in Exeter
+Cathedral, at the threshold of its library. His nephew was the rector of
+Shepperton in Middlesex; but at the Restoration, as he kept a
+conscience, he lost his living. In the troubles of the Civil War, the
+judge's estate of two thousand a year had also been lost out of the
+family, and the ejected minister was glad to rear his son as a London
+apprentice, who became, on the twenty-sixth of June, 1702, the father of
+Philip Doddridge.</p>
+
+<p>The child's first lessons were out of a pictorial Bible, occasionally
+found in the old houses of England and Holland. The chimney of the room
+where he and his mother usually sat, was adorned with a series of Dutch
+tiles, representing the chief events of scriptural story. In bright
+blue, on a ground of glistering white, were represented the serpent in
+the tree, Adam delving outside the gate of Paradise, Noah building his
+great ship, Elisha'a bears devouring the naughty children, and all the
+outstanding incidents of holy writ. And when the frost made the fire
+burn clear, and little Philip was snug in the arm-chair beside his
+mother, it was endless joy to hear the stories that lurked in the
+painted porcelain. That mother could not foresee the outgoings of her
+early lesson; but when the tiny boy had become a famous divine, and was
+publishing his Family Expositor, he could not forget the nursery Bible
+in the chimney tiles. At ten years of age he was sent to the school at
+Kingston, which his grandfather Baumann had taught long ago; and here
+his sweet disposition, and alacrity for learning drew much love around
+him&mdash;a love which he soon inspired in the school at St. Albans, whither
+his father subsequently removed him. But whilst busy there with his
+Greek and Latin, his heart was sorely wrung by the successive tidings of
+the death of either parent. His father was willing to indulge a wish he
+had now begun to cherish, and had left money enough to enable the young
+student to complete his preparations for the Christian ministry. Of this
+provision a self-constituted guardian got hold, and embarked it in his
+own sinking business. His failure soon followed, and ingulfed the little
+fortune of his ward; and, as the hereditary plate of the thrifty
+householders was sold along with the bankrupt's effects, if he had ever
+felt the pride of being born with a silver spoon in his mouth, the poor
+scholar must have felt some pathos in seeing both spoon and tankard in
+the broker's inventory.</p>
+
+<p>A securer heritage, however, than parental savings, is parental faith
+and piety. Daniel Doddridge and his wife had sought for their child
+first of all the kingdom of heaven, and God gave it now. Under the
+ministry of Rev. Samuel Clarke of St. Alban's, his mind had become more
+and more impressed with the beauty of holiness, and the blessedness of a
+religious life; and, on the other hand, that kind-hearted pastor took a
+deepening interest in his amiable and intelligent orphan hearer. Finding
+that he had declined the generous offer of the Duchess of Bedford, to
+maintain him at either University, provided he would enter the
+established church, Dr. Clarke applied to his own and his father's
+friends, and procured a sufficient sum to send him to a dissenting
+academy at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, then conducted by an able tutor,
+whose work on Jewish antiquities still retains considerable value&mdash;the
+Rev. David Jennings.</p>
+
+<p>To trace Philip Doddridge's early career would be a labor of some
+amusement and much instruction. And we are not without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> abundant
+materials. No man is responsible for his remote descendants. Sir John
+Doddridge, judge of the Court of King's Bench, would have blushed to
+think that his great-grandnephew was to be a Puritan preacher. With more
+reason might Dr. Doddridge have blushed to think that his great-grandson
+was to be a coxcomb. But so it has proved. Twenty years ago Mr. John
+Doddridge Humphreys gave to the world five octavos of his ancestor's
+correspondence, which, on the whole, we deem the most eminent instance,
+in modern times, of editorial incompetency. But the book contains many
+curiosities to reward the dust-sifting historian. And were it not our
+object to hasten on and sketch the ministerial model to which our last
+number alluded, we could cheerfully halt for half an hour, and entertain
+our readers and ourselves with the sweepings of Dr. Doddridge's Kibworth
+study.</p>
+
+<p>Suffice it to say that the prot&eacute;g&eacute; of the good Dr. Clarke rewarded his
+patron's kindness. His classical attainments were far above the usual
+University standard, and he read with avidity the English philosophers
+from Bacon down to Shaftesbury. He early exhibited that hopeful
+propensity&mdash;the noble avarice of books. In his first half-yearly account
+of nine pounds are entries for "King's Inquiry," and an interleaved New
+Testament; and a guinea presented by a rich fellow-student, is invested
+in "Scott's Christian Life." Nor was he less diligent in perusing the
+stores of the Academy Library. In six months we find him reading sixty
+volumes; and some of them as solid as Patrick's Exposition and
+Tillotson's Sermons. With such avidity for information, professional and
+miscellaneous, and with a style which was always elastic and easy, and
+with brilliant talent constantly gleaming over the surface of unruffled
+temper and warm affections, it is not wonderful that his friends hoped
+and desired for him high distinction; but it evinces unusual and
+precocious attainments, that, when he had scarcely reached majority, he
+should have been invited to succeed Mr. Jennings as pastor at Kibworth,
+and that whilst still a young man he should have been urged by his
+ministerial brethren to combine with his pastorate the responsible
+duties of a college tutor....</p>
+
+<p>From such a catastrophe the hand of God saved Philip Doddridge. In 1729
+he was removed to Northampton, and from that period may be dated the
+consolidation of his character, and the commencement of a new and noble
+career. The anguish of spirit occasioned by parting with a much-loved
+people, and the solemn consciousness of entering on a more arduous
+sphere, both tended to make him thoughtful, and that thoughtfulness was
+deepened by a dangerous sickness. Nor in this sobering discipline must
+we leave out of view one painful but salutary element&mdash;a mortified
+affection. Mr. Doddridge had been living as a boarder in the house of
+his predecessor's widow, and her only child&mdash;the little girl whom he had
+found amusement in teaching an occasional lesson, was now nearly grown
+up, and had grown up so brilliant and engaging, that the soft heart of
+the tutor was terribly smitten. The charms of Clio and Sabrina, and
+every former flame, were merged in the rising glories of Clarinda&mdash;as by
+a classical apotheosis Miss Kitty was now known to his entranced
+imagination; and in every vision of future enjoyment Clarinda was the
+beatific angel. But when he decided in favor of Northampton, Miss
+Jennings showed a will of her own, and absolutely refused to go with
+him. To the romantic lover the disappointment was all the more severe,
+because he had made so sure of the young lady's affection; nor was it
+mitigated by the mode in which Miss Jennings conveyed her declinature.
+However, her scorn, if not an excellent oil, was a very good eyesalve.
+It disenchanted her admirer, and made him wonder how a reverend divine
+could ever fancy a spoiled child, who had scarcely matured into a
+petulant girl. And as the mirage melted, and Clarinda again resolved
+into Kitty, other realities began to show themselves in a sedater and
+truer light to the awakened dreamer. As an excuse for an attachment at
+which Doddridge himself soon learned to smile, it is fair to add that
+love was in this instance prophetic. Clarinda turned out a remarkable
+woman. She married an eminent dissenting minister, and became the mother
+of Dr. John Aiken and Mrs. Barbauld, and in her granddaughter, Lucy
+Aiken, her matrimonial name still survives; so that the curious in such
+matters may speculate how far the instructions of Doddridge contributed
+to produce the "Universal Biography," "Evenings at Home," and "Memoirs
+of the Courts of the Stuarts."</p>
+
+<p>His biographers do not mark it, but his arrival at Northampton is the
+real date of Doddridge's memorable ministry. He then woke up to the full
+import of his high calling, and never went to sleep again. The sickness,
+the wounded spirit, the altered scene, and we may add seclusion from the
+society of formal religionists, had each its wholesome influence; and,
+finding how much was required of him as a pastor and a tutor, he set to
+work with the concentration and energy of a startled man, and the first
+true rest he took was twenty years after, when he turned aside to die.</p>
+
+<p>Glorying in such names as Goodwin, and Charnock, and Owen, it was the
+ambition of the early Nonconformists of England to perpetuate among
+themselves a learned ministry. But the stern exclusiveness of the
+English Universities rendered the attainment of this object very
+difficult. It may be questioned whether it is right in any established
+church to inflict ignorance as a punishment on those dissenting from it.
+If intended as a vindictive visitation, it is a very fearful one, and
+reminds us painfully of those tyrants who used to extinguish the eyes of
+rebellious subjects. And if designed as a reformatory process, we
+question<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> its efficiency. The zero of ignorance is unbelief, and its
+<i>minus</i> scale marks errors. You cannot make dissenters so ignorant
+thereby to make them Christians; and, even though you made them savages,
+they might still remain seceders. However, this was the policy of the
+English establishment in the days of Doddridge. By withholding education
+from dissenters, they sought either to reclaim them, or to be revenged
+upon them; and had this policy succeeded, the dissenting pulpits would
+soon have been filled with fanatics, and the pews with superstitious
+sectaries. But, much to their honor, the Nonconformists taxed themselves
+heavily in order to procure elsewhere the light which Oxford and
+Cambridge refused. Academies were opened in various places, and, among
+others selected for the office of tutor, his talents recommended Mr.
+Doddridge. A large house was taken in the town of Northampton, and the
+business of instruction had begun, when Dr. Reynolds, the diocesan
+chancellor, instituted a prosecution, in the ecclesiastical courts, on
+the ground that the Academy was not licensed by the bishop. The affair
+gave Dr. Doddridge much trouble, but he had a powerful friend in the
+Earl of Halifax. That nobleman represented the matter to King George the
+Second, and conformably to his own declaration, "That in his reign there
+should be no persecution for conscience' sake," his majesty sent a
+message to Dr. Reynolds, which put an end to the process.</p>
+
+<p>Freed from this peril, the institution advanced in a career of
+uninterrupted prosperity. Not only was it the resort of aspirants to the
+dissenting ministry, but wealthy dissenters were glad to secure its
+advantages for sons whom they were training to business or to the
+learned professions. And latterly, attracted by the reputation of its
+head, pupils came from Scotland and from Holland; and, in one case at
+least, we find a clergyman of the Church of England selecting it as the
+best seminary for a son whom he designed for the established ministry.
+Among our own compatriots educated there, we find the names of the Earl
+of Dunmore, Ferguson of Kilkerran, Professor Gilbert Robinson, and
+another Edinburgh professor, James Robertson, famous in the annals of
+his Hebrew-loving family.</p>
+
+<p>With an average attendance of forty young men, mostly residing under his
+own roof, this Academy would have furnished abundant occupation to any
+ordinary teacher; and although usually relieved of elementary drudgery
+by his assistant, the main burden of instruction fell on Doddridge
+himself. He taught algebra, geometry, natural philosophy, geography,
+logic, and metaphysics. He prelected on the Greek and Latin classics,
+and at morning worship the Bible was read in Hebrew. Such of his pupils
+as desired it were initiated in French; and besides an extensive course
+of Jewish Antiquities and Church History, they were carried through a
+history of philosophy on the basis of Budd&aelig;us. To all of which must be
+added the main staple of the curriculum, a series of two hundred and
+fifty theological lectures, arranged, like Stapfer's, on the
+demonstrative principle, and each proposition following its predecessor
+with a sort of mathematical precision. Enormous as was the labor of
+preparing so many systems, and arranging anew materials so multifarious,
+it was still a labor of love. A clear and easy apprehension enabled him
+to amass knowledge with a rapidity which few have ever rivalled, and a
+constitutional orderliness of mind rendered him perpetual master of all
+his acquisitions; and, like most <i>millionaires</i> in the world of
+knowledge, his avidity of acquirement was accompanied by an equal
+delight in imparting his treasures. When the essential ingredients of
+his course were completed, he relieved his memory of its redundant
+stores, by giving lectures on rhetoric and belles-lettres, on the
+microscope, and on the anatomy of the human frame; and there is one
+feature of his method which we would especially commemorate, as we fear
+that it still remains an original without a copy. Sometimes he conducted
+the students into the library, and gave a lecture on its contents. Going
+over it case by case, and row by row, he pointed out the most important
+authors, and indicated their characteristic excellences, and fixed the
+mental association by striking or amusing anecdotes. Would not such
+bibliographical lectures be a boon to all our students? To them a large
+library is often a labyrinth without a clue&mdash;a mighty maze&mdash;a dusty
+chaos. And might not the learned keepers of our great collections give
+lectures which would at once be entertaining and edifying on those
+rarities, printed and manuscript, of which they are the favored
+guardians, but of which their shelves are in the fair way to become not
+the dormitory alone, but the sepulchre? Nor was it to the mere
+intellectual culture of his pupils that Dr. Doddridge directed his
+labors. His academy was a church within a church; and not content with
+the ministrations which its members shared in common with his stated
+congregation, this indefatigable man took the pains to prepare and
+preach many occasional sermons to the students. These, and his formal
+addresses, as well as his personal interviews, had such an effect, that
+out of the two hundred young men who came under his instructions,
+seventy made their first public profession of Christianity during their
+sojourn at Northampton....</p>
+
+<p>Whilst in labors for his students and his people thus abundant,
+Doddridge was secretly engaged on a task which he intended for the
+Church at large. Ever since his first initiation into the Bible story,
+as he studied the Dutch tiles on his mother's knee, that book had been
+the nucleus round which all his vast reading and information revolved
+and arranged itself; and he early formed the purpose of doing something
+effectual for its illustration. Element<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> by element the plan of the
+"Family Expositor" evolved, and he set to work on a New Testament
+Commentary, which should at once instruct the uninformed, edify the
+devout, and facilitate the studies of the learned. Happy is the man who
+has a "magnum opus" on hand! Be it an "Excursion" poem, or a Southey's
+"Portugal," or a Neandrine "Church History,"&mdash;to the fond projector
+there is no end of congenial occupation, and, provided he never
+completes it, there will be no break in the blissful illusion. Whenever
+he walks abroad, he picks up some dainty herb for his growthful Pegasus;
+or, we should rather say, some new bricks for his posthumous pyramid.
+And wherever he goes he is flattered by perceiving that his book is the
+very desideratum for which the world is unwittingly waiting; and in his
+sleeve he smiles benevolently to think how happy mankind will be as soon
+as he vouchsafes his epic or his story. It is delightful to us to think
+of all the joys with which, for twenty years, that Expositor filled the
+dear mind of Dr. Doddridge; how one felicitous rendering was suggested
+after another; how a bright solution of a textual difficulty would rouse
+him an hour before his usual, and set the study fire a blazing at four
+o'clock of a winter's morning; and then how beautiful the first quarto
+looked as it arrived with its laid sheets and snowy margins! We see him
+setting out to spend a week's holiday at St. Albans, or with the
+Honorable Mrs. Scawen at Maidwell, and packing the "apparatus criticus"
+into the spacious saddle-bags; and we enjoy the prelibation with which
+Dr. Clarke and a few cherished friends are favored. We sympathize in his
+dismay when word arrives that Dr. Guyse has forestalled his design, and
+we are comforted when the doctor's chariot lumbers on, and no longer
+stops the way. We are even glad at the appalling accident which set on
+fire the manuscript of the concluding volume, charring its edges, and
+bathing it all in molten wax: for we know how exulting would be the
+thanks for its deliverance. We can even fancy the pious hope dawning in
+the writer's mind, that it might prove a blessing to the princess to
+whom it was inscribed; and we can excuse him if, with bashful
+disallowance, he still believed the fervid praises of Fordyce and
+Warburton, or tried to extract an atom of intelligent commendation from
+the stately compliments of bishops. But far be it from us to insinuate
+that the chief value of the Expositor was the pleasure with which it
+supplied the author. If not so minutely erudite as some later works
+which have profited by German research, its learning is still sufficient
+to shed honor on the writer, and, on a community debarred from colleges;
+and there must be original thinking in a book which is by some regarded
+as the source of Paley's "Hor&aelig; Paulin&aelig;." But, next to its Practical
+Observations, its chief excellence is its Paraphrase. There the sense of
+the sacred writers is rescued from the haze of too familiar words, and
+is transfused into language not only fresh and expressive, but congenial
+and devout; and whilst difficulties are fairly and earnestly dealt with,
+instead of a dry grammarian or a one-sided polemic, the reader
+constantly feels that he is in the company of a saint and a scholar. And
+although we could name interpreters more profound, and analysts more
+subtle, we know not any who has proceeded through the whole New
+Testament with so much candor, or who has brought to its elucidation
+truer taste and holier feeling. He lived to complete the manuscript, and
+to see three volumes published. He was cheered to witness its acceptance
+with all the churches; and to those who love his memory, it is a welcome
+thought to think in how many myriads of closets and family circles its
+author when dead has spoken. And as his death in a foreign land
+forfeited the insurance by which he had somewhat provided for his
+family, we confess to a certain comfort in knowing that the loss was
+replaced by this literary legacy. But the great source of complacency
+is, that He to whom the work was consecrated had a favor for it, and has
+given it the greatest honor that a human book can have&mdash;making it
+extensively the means of explaining and endearing the book of God.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst this great undertaking was slowly advancing, the author was from
+time to time induced to give to the world a sermon or a practical
+treatise. Several of these maintain a considerable circulation down to
+the present day; but of them all the most permanent and precious is "The
+Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul." The publication of this work
+was urged upon him by Dr. Isaac Watts, with whom it had long been a
+cherished project to prepare a manual which should contain within itself
+a complete course of practical piety, from the first dawn of earnest
+thought to the full development of Christian character, But when
+exhaustion and decay admonished Dr. Watts that his work was done, he
+transferred to his like-minded friend his favorite scheme; and, sorely
+begrudging the interruption of his Commentary, Doddridge compiled this
+volume. It is not faultless. A more predominant exhibition of the Gospel
+remedy would have been more apostolic; and it would have prevented an
+evil which some have experienced in reading it, who have entangled
+themselves in its technical details, and who, in their anxiety to keep
+the track of the Rise and Progress, have forgotten that after all the
+grand object is to reach the Cross. But, with every reasonable
+abatement, it is the best book of the eighteenth century; and, tried by
+the test of usefulness, we doubt if its equal has since appeared.
+Rendered into the leading languages of Europe, it has been read by few
+without impression, and in the case of vast numbers that impression has
+been enduring. What adds greatly to its importance, and to the reward of
+its glorified writer&mdash;many of those whom it has impressed were master
+minds, and destined in their turn to be the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> means of impressing others.
+As in the instance of Wilberforce, this little book was to be in their
+minds the germ of other influential books, or of sermons; and, like the
+lamp at which many torches and tapers are lighted, none can tell how far
+its rays have travelled in the persons and labors of those whose
+Christianity it first enkindled.</p>
+
+<p>But what was the secret of Dr. Doddridge's great success? He had not the
+rhetoric of Bates, the imagination of Bunyan, nor the massive theology
+of Owen; and yet his preaching and his publications were as useful as
+theirs. So far as we can find it out, let us briefly indicate where his
+great strength lay.</p>
+
+<p>As already hinted, we attach considerable importance to his clear and
+orderly mind. He was an excellent teacher. At a glance he saw every
+thing which could simplify his subject, and he had self-denial
+sufficient to forego those good things which would only encumber it.
+Hence, like his college lectures, his sermons were continuous and
+straightforward, and his hearers had the comfort of accompanying him to
+a goal which they and he constantly kept in view. It was his plan not
+only to divide his discourses, but to enunciate the divisions again and
+again, till they were fully imprinted on the memory; and although such a
+method would impart a fatal stiffness to many compositions, in his
+manipulation it only added clearness to his meaning, and precision to
+his proofs. Dr. Doddridge's was not the simplicity of happy
+illustration. In his writings you meet few of those apt allusions which
+play over every line of Bunyan, like the slant beams of evening on the
+winking lids of the ocean; nor can you gather out of his writings such
+anecdotes as, like garnet in some Highland mountain, sparkle in every
+page of Brooks and Flavel. Nor was it the simplicity of homely language.
+It was not the terse and self-commending Saxon, of which Latimer in one
+age, and Swift in another, and Cobbett in our own, have been the mighty
+masters, and through it the masters of their English fellows. But it was
+the simplicity of clear conception and orderly arrangement. A text or
+topic may be compared to a goodly apartment still empty; and which will
+be very differently garnished according as you move into it piece by
+piece the furniture from a similar chamber, or pour in pell-mell the
+contents of a lumber attic. Most minds can appreciate order, and to the
+majority of hearers it is a greater treat than ministers always imagine,
+to get some obscure matter made plain, or some confused subject cleared
+up. With this treat Doddridge's readers and hearers were constantly
+indulged. Whether they were things new or old, from the orderly
+compartments of his memory he fetched the argument or the quotation
+which the moment wanted. He knew his own mind, and told it in his own
+way, and was always natural, arresting, instructive. And even if, in
+giving them forth, they should cancel the ticket-marks&mdash;the numerals by
+which they identify and arrange their own materials, authors and orators
+who wish to convince and to edify must strive in the first place to be
+orderly. To this must be added a certain pathetic affectionateness, by
+which all his productions are pervaded.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the tutor, the pastor, the author, it is time that we return to
+the man; and might we draw a full-length portrait, our readers would
+share our affection. That may not be, and therefore we shall only
+indicate a few features. His industry, as has been inferred, was
+enormous; in the end it became an excess, and crushed a feeble
+constitution into an early grave. His letters alone were an extensive
+authorship. With such friends as Bishop Warburton and Archbishop Secker,
+with Isaac Watts and Nathaniel Lardner, with his spiritual father, the
+venerable Clarke, and with his fervent and tender-hearted brother,
+Barker, it was worth while to maintain a frequent correspondence; but
+many of his epistolizers had little right to tax a man like Doddridge.
+Those were the cruel days of dear posts and "private opportunities;" and
+a letter needed to contain matter enough to fill a little pamphlet; and
+when some cosy country clergyman, who could sleep twelve hours in the
+twenty-four, or some self-contained dowager, who had no charge but her
+maid and her lap-dog, insisted on long missives from the busiest and
+greatest of their friends, they forgot that a sermon had to be laid
+aside, or a chapter of the Exposition suspended in their favor; or that
+a man, who had seldom leisure to talk to his children, must sit up an
+extra hour to talk to them. And yet, amidst the pressure of overwhelming
+toil, his vivacity seldom flagged, and his politeness never. Perhaps the
+severest thing he ever said was an impromptu on a shallow-pated student
+who was unfolding a scheme for flying to the moon:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And will Volatio leave this world so soon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To fly to his own native seat, the moon?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Twill stand, however, in some little stead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That he sets out with such an empty head.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But his wit was usually as mild as his dispositions; and it was seldom
+that he answered a fool according to his folly. His very essence was his
+kindness and charity; and one of the worst faults laid to his charge is
+a perilous sort of catholicity. The dissenters never liked his dealings
+with the Church of England; and both Episcopalians and Presbyterians
+have regretted his intimacy with avowed or suspected Arians. Bishop
+Warburton reproached him for editing Hervey's Meditations, and Nathaniel
+Neal warned him of the contempt he was incurring amongst many by
+associating with "honest crazy Whitefield;" whilst the "rational
+dissenters," represented by Dr. Kippis, have regretted that his superior
+intelligence was never cast into the Socinian scale. Judging from his
+early letters, this latter consummation was at one time far from
+unlikely; but the older and more earnest he grew, the more definite
+became his creed, and the more intense his affinity for spiritual
+Christianity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> In ecclesiastical polity he never was a partisan, and for
+piety his attraction was always more powerful than for mere theology.
+But in that essential element of vital Christianity, a profound and
+adoring attachment to the Saviour of men, the orthodoxy of Doddridge was
+never gainsaid. Had any one intercepted a packet of his letters, and
+found one addressed to Whitefield and another to Wesley; one to the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and another to Dr. Webster of Edinburgh; one to
+Henry Baker, F.R.S., describing a five-legged limb and similar
+prodigies; and another to the Countess of Huntingdon or Joseph Williams,
+the Kidderminster manufacturer, on some rare phasis of spiritual
+experience; he might have been at a loss to devise a sufficient theory
+for such a miscellaneous man. And yet he had a theory. As he writes to
+his wife, "I do not merely talk of it, but I feel it at my heart, that
+the only important end of life, and the greatest happiness to be
+expected in it, consists in seeking in all things to please God,
+attempting all the good we can." And from the post-office could the
+querist have returned to the great house at the top of the town, and
+spent a day in the study, the parlor, and the lecture-room, he would
+have found that after all there was a true unity amidst these several
+forthgoings. Like Northampton itself, which marches with more counties
+than any other shire in England, his tastes were various and his heart
+was large, and consequently his borderline was long. And yet Northampton
+has a surface and a solid content, as well as a circumference; and
+amidst all his complaisance and all his versatility, Doddridge had a
+mind and a calling of his own.</p>
+
+<p>The heart of Doddridge was just recovering from the wound which the
+faithless Kitty had inflicted, when he formed the acquaintance of Mercy
+Maris. Come of gentle blood, her dark eyes and raven hair and brunette
+complexion were true to their Norman pedigree; and her refined and
+vivacious mind was only too well betokened in the mantling cheek, and
+the brilliant expression, and the light movements of a delicate and
+sensitive frame. When one so fascinating was good and gifted besides,
+what wonder that Doddridge fell in love? and what wonder that he deemed
+the twenty-second of December (1730) the brightest of days, when it gave
+him such a help-meet? Neither of them had ever cause to rue it; and it
+is fine to read the correspondence which passed between them, showing
+them youthful lovers to the last. When away from home the good doctor
+had to write constantly to apprise Mercy that he was still "pure well;"
+and in these epistles he records with Pepysian minuteness every incident
+which was likely to be important at home; how Mr. Scawen had taken him
+to see the House of Commons, and how Lady Abney carried him out in her
+coach to Newington; how soon his wrist-bands got soiled in the smoke of
+London, and how his horse had fallen into Mr. Coward's well at
+Walthamstow; and how he had gone a fishing "with extraordinary success,
+for he had pulled a minnow out of the water, though it made shift to get
+away." They also contain sundry consultations and references on the
+subject of fans and damasks, white and blue. And from one of them we are
+comforted to find that the Northampton carrier was conveying a
+"harlequin dog" as a present from Kitty's husband to the wife of Kitty's
+old admirer&mdash;showing, as is abundantly evinced in other ways, how good
+an after-crop of friendship may grow on the stubble fields where love
+was long since shorn. But our pages are not worthy that we should
+transfer into them the better things with which these letters abound.
+Nor must we stop to sketch the domestic group which soon gathered round
+the paternal table&mdash;the son and three daughters who were destined, along
+with their mother, to survive for nearly half a century their bright
+Northampton home, and, along with the fond father's image, to recall his
+first and darling child&mdash;the little Tetsy whom "every body loved,
+because Tetsy loved every body."</p>
+
+
+<h4>SIR JAMES STONEHOUSE.</h4>
+
+<p>The family physician was Dr. Stonehouse. He had come to Northampton an
+infidel, and had written an attack on the Christian evidence, which was
+sufficiently clever to run through three editions, when the perusal of
+Dr. Doddridge's "Christianity Founded on Argument" revolutionized all
+his opinions. He not only retracted his skeptical publication, but
+became an ornament to the faith which once he destroyed. To the liberal
+mind of Doddridge it was no mortification, at least he never showed it,
+that his son in the faith preferred the Church of England, and waited on
+another ministry. The pious and accomplished physician became more and
+more the bosom friend of the magnanimous and unselfish divine, and, in
+conjunction, they planned and executed many works of usefulness, of
+which the greatest was the Northampton Infirmary. At last Dr. Stonehouse
+exchanged his profession for the Christian ministry, and became the
+rector of Great and Little Cheverell, in Wiltshire. Belonging to a good
+family, and possessing superior powers, his preaching attracted many
+hearers in his own domain of Bath and Bristol, and, like his once
+popular publications, was productive of much good. He used to tell two
+lessons of elocution which he had one day received from Garrick, at the
+close of the service. "What particular business had you to do to-day
+when the duty was over?" asked the actor. "None." "Why," said Garrick,
+"I thought you must from the hurry in which you entered the desk.
+Nothing can be more indecent than to see a clergyman set about sacred
+service as if he were a tradesman, and wanted to get through it as soon
+as possible. But what books might those be which you had in the desk
+before you?" "Only the Bible and Prayer-Book," replied the preacher.
+"<i>Only</i> the Bible and Prayer-Book," rejoined the player.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> "Why, you
+tossed them about, and turned the leaves as carelessly as if they were a
+day-book and ledger." And by the reproof of the British Roscius the
+doctor greatly profited; for, even among the pump-room exquisites, he
+was admired for the perfect grace and propriety of his pulpit manner.
+Perhaps he studied it too carefully, at least he studied it till he
+became aware of it, and talked too much about it. His old age was rather
+egotistical. He had become rich and a baronet, and, as the friend of
+Hannah More, a star in the constellation "Virgo." And he loved to
+transcribe the laudatory notes in which dignitaries acknowledged
+presentation copies of his three-penny tracts. And he gave forth oracles
+which would have been more impressive had they been less querulous. But
+with all these foibles, Sir James was a man of undoubted piety, and it
+may well excuse a little communicativeness when we remember that of the
+generation he had served so well, few survived to speak his praise. At
+all events, there was one benefactor whom he never forgot; and the
+chirrup of the old Cicada softened into something very soft and tender
+every time he mentioned the name of Doddridge.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLONEL GARDINER.</h4>
+
+<p>Amongst the visitors at their father's house, at first to the children
+more formidable than the doctor, and by and by the most revered all, was
+a Scotch cavalry officer. With his Hessian boots, and their tremendous
+spurs, sustaining the grandeur of his scarlet coat and powdered queue,
+there was something to youthful imaginations very awful in the tall and
+stately hussar; and that awe was nowise abated when they got courage to
+look on his high forehead which overhung gray eyes and weather-beaten
+cheeks, and when they marked his firm and dauntless air. And then it was
+terrible to think how many battles he had fought, and how in one of them
+a bullet had gone quite through his neck, and he had lain a whole night
+among the slain. But there was a deeper mystery still. He had been a
+very bad man once, it would appear, and now he was very good; and he had
+seen a vision; and altogether, with his strong Scotch voice, and his
+sword, and his wonderful story, the most solemn visitant was this grave
+and lofty soldier. But they saw how their father loved him, and they saw
+how he loved their father. As he sat so erect in the square corner-seat
+of the chapel, they could notice how his stern look would soften, and
+how his firm lip would quiver, and how a happy tear would roll down his
+deep-lined face; and they heard him as he sang so joyfully the closing
+hymn, and they came to feel that the colonel must indeed be very good.
+At last, after a long absence, he came to see their father, and staid
+three days, and he was looking very sick and very old. And the last
+night, before he went away their father preached a sermon in the house,
+and his text was, "I will be with him in trouble; I will deliver him and
+honour him." And the colonel went away, and their father went with him,
+and gave him a long convoy; and many letters went and came. But at last
+there was war in Scotland. There was a rebellion, and there were
+battles; and then the gloomy news arrived. There had been a battle close
+to the very house of Bankton, and the king's soldiers had run away, and
+the brave Colonel Gardiner would not run, but fought to the very last,
+and alas for the Lady Frances!&mdash;he was stricken down and slain, scarce a
+mile from his own mansion door.</p>
+
+
+<h4>JAMES HERVEY.</h4>
+
+<p>Near Northampton stands the little parish church of Weston Favel. Its
+young minister was one of Doddridge's dearest friends. He was a tall and
+spectral-looking man, dying daily; and, like so many in that district,
+was a debtor to his distinguished neighbor. After he became minister of
+his hereditary parish, and when he was preaching with more earnestness
+than light, he was one day acting on a favorite medical prescription of
+that period, and accompanying a ploughman along the furrow in order to
+smell the fresh earth. The ploughman was a pious man, and attended the
+Castle-Hill Meeting; and the young parish minister asked him, "What do
+you think the hardest thing in religion?" The ploughman respectfully
+returned the question, excusing himself, as an ignorant man; and the
+minister said, "I think the hardest thing in religion is to deny sinful
+self;" and, expatiating some time on its difficulties, asked if any
+thing could be harder? "No, sir, except it be to deny righteous self."
+At the moment the minister thought his parishioner a strange fellow, or
+a fool; but he never forgot the answer, and was soon a convert to the
+ploughman's creed. James Hervey had a mind of uncommon gorgeousness. His
+thoughts all marched to a stately music, and were arrayed in the richest
+superlatives. Nor was it affectation. It was the necessity of his ideal
+nature, and was a merciful compensation for his scanty powers of outward
+enjoyment. As he sat in his little parlor watching the saucepan, in
+which his dinner of gruel was simmering, and filled up the moments with
+his microscope, or a page of the Astro-Theology, in his tour of the
+universe he soon forgot the pains and miseries of his corporeal
+residence. To him "Nature was Christian;" and after his own soul had
+drunk in all the joy of the Gospel, it became his favorite employment to
+read in the fields and the firmament. One product of these researches
+was his famous "Meditations." They were in fact a sort of Astro and
+Physico-Evangelism, and, as their popularity was amazing, they must have
+contributed extensively to the cause of Christianity. They were followed
+by "Theron and Aspasio"&mdash;a series of Dialogues and Letters on the most
+important points of personal religion, in which, after the example of
+Cicero, solid instruction is conveyed amidst the charms of landscape,
+and the amenities of friendly intercourse. This latter work is
+memorable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> as one of the first attempts to popularize systematic
+divinity; and it should undeceive those who deem dulness the test of
+truth, when they find the theology of Vitringa and Witsius enshrined in
+one of our finest prose poems. It was hailed with especial rapture by
+the Seceders of Scotland, who recognized "the Marrow" in this lordly
+dish, and were justly proud of their unexpected apostle. Many of them,
+that is, many of the few who achieved the feat of a London journey,
+arranged to take Weston on their way, and eschewing the Ram Inn and the
+adjacent Academy, they turned in to Aspasio's lowly parsonage. Here they
+found a "reed shaking in the wind:"&mdash;a panting invalid nursed by his
+tender mother and sister; and when the Sabbath came, James Erskine, or
+Dr. Pattison, or whoever the pilgrim might be, saw a great contrast to
+his own teeming meeting-house in the little flock that assembled in the
+little church of Weston Favel. But that flock hung with up-looking
+affection on the moveless attitude and faint accents of their emaciated
+pastor, and with Scotch-like alacrity turned up and marked in their
+Bibles every text which he quoted; and though they could not report the
+usual accessories of clerical fame&mdash;the melodious voice, and graceful
+elocution, and gazing throng&mdash;the visitors carried away "a thread of the
+mantle," and long cherished as a sacred remembrance, the hours spent
+with this Elijah before he went over Jordan. Others paid him the
+compliment of copying his style; and both among the Evangelical
+preachers of the Scotch Establishment and its Secession, the
+"Meditations" became a frequent model. A few imitators were very
+successful; for their spirit and genius were kindred; but the tendency
+of most of them was to make the world despise themselves, and weary of
+their unoffending idol. Little children prefer red sugar-plums to white,
+and always think it the best "content" which is drunk from a painted
+cup; but when the dispensation of content and sugar-plums has yielded to
+maturer age, the man takes his coffee and his cracknel without observing
+the pattern of the pottery. And, unfortunately, it was to this that the
+Herveyites directed their chief attention, and hungry people have long
+since tired of their flowery truisms and mellifluous inanities; and,
+partly from impatience of the copyists, the reading republic has nearly
+ostracized the glowing and gifted original.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OTHER FRIENDS.</h4>
+
+<p>Gladly would we introduce the reader to a few others of Dr. Doddridge's
+friends; such as Dr. Clarke, his constant adviser and considerate
+friend, whose work on "The Promises" still holds its place in our
+religious literature; Gilbert West, whose catholic piety and elegant
+taste found in Doddridge a congenial friend; Dr. Watts, who so shortly
+preceded him to that better country, of which on earth they were among
+the brightest citizens; Bishop Warburton, who in a life-long
+correspondence with so mild a friend, carefully cushioned his formidable
+claws, and became the lion playing with the lamb; and William Coward,
+Esq., with cramps in his legs, and crotchets in his head&mdash;the rich
+London merchant who was constantly changing his will, but who at last,
+by what Robert Baillie would have termed the "canny conveyance" of Watts
+and Doddridge, did bequeath twenty thousand pounds towards founding a
+dissenting college. At each of these and several others we would have
+wished to glance; for we hold that biography is only like a cabinet
+specimen when it merely presents the man himself, and that to know him
+truly he must be seen <i>in situ</i> and surrounded with his friends;
+especially a man like Doddridge, whose affectionate and absorptive
+nature imbibed so much from those around him. But perhaps enough has
+been already said to aid the reader's fancy.</p>
+
+<p>The sole survivor of twenty children, and with such a weakly frame, the
+wonder is that, amidst incessant toil, Doddridge held out so long.
+Temperance, elasticity of spirits, and the hand of God upheld him. At
+last, in December, 1750, preaching the funeral sermon of Dr. Clarke, at
+St. Albans, he caught a cold which he could never cure. Visits to London
+and the waters of Bristol had no beneficial effect; and, in the fall of
+the following year, he was advised to try a voyage to Lisbon. His kind
+friend, Bishop Warburton, here interfered, and procured for his
+dissenting brother a favor which deserves to be held in lasting
+memorial. He applied at the London Post-office, and, through his
+influence, it was arranged that the captain's room in the packet should
+be put at the invalid's disposal. Accordingly, on the thirtieth of
+September, accompanied by his anxious wife and a servant, he sailed from
+Falmouth; and, revived by the soft breezes and the ship's stormless
+progress, he sat in his easy-chair in the cabin, enjoying the brightest
+thoughts of all his life. "Such transporting views of the heavenly world
+is my Father now indulging me with, as no words can express," was his
+frequent exclamation to the tender partner of his voyage. And when the
+ship was gliding up the Tagus, and Lisbon with its groves and gardens
+and sunny towers stood before them, so animating was the spectacle, that
+affection hoped he might yet recover. The hope was an illusion. Bad
+symptoms soon came on; and the chief advantage of the change was, that
+it perhaps rendered dissolution more easy. On the twenty-sixth of
+October, 1751, he ceased from his labors, and soon after was laid in the
+burying-ground of the English factory. The Lisbon earthquake soon
+followed; but his grave remains to this day, and, like Henry Martyn's at
+Tocat, is to the Christian traveller a little spot of holy ground.</p>
+
+<p>A hundred years have passed away since then; but there is much of
+Doddridge still on earth. The "Life of Colonel Gardiner" is still one of
+the best-known biographies; and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> with Dr. Brown, we incline to think
+that, as a manual for ministers, there has yet appeared no memoir
+superior to his own. The Family Expositor has undergone that
+disintegrating process to which all bulky books are liable, and many of
+its happiest illustrations now circulate as things of course in the
+current popular criticism; and though his memory does not receive the
+due acknowledgment, the church derives the benefit. The singers of the
+Scotch Paraphrases and of other hymn collections are often unwitting
+singers of the words of Doddridge; and the thousands who quote the
+lines&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Live while you live, the epicure would say, &amp;c.,<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>are repeating the epigram which Philip Doddridge wrote, and which Samuel
+Johnson pronounced the happiest in our language. And if the "Rise and
+Progress" shall ever be superseded by a modern work, we can only wish
+its successor equal usefulness; however great its merits we can scarcely
+promise that it will keep as far ahead of all competitors for a hundred
+years as the original work has done. Had Doddridge lived a little
+longer, missionary movements would have been sooner originated by the
+British churches; but he lived long enough to be the father of the Book
+Society. And though Coward College is now absorbed in a more extensive
+erection, the founders of St. John's Wood College should rear a statue
+to Doddridge, as the man who gave the mightiest impulse to the work of
+rearing an educated Nonconformist ministry in England.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Leigh Hunt's Journal.</h4>
+
+<h2>LORD THURLOW, AND HIS TERRIBLE SWEARING.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Lord Thurlow, once Lord High Chancellor of England, Keeper of the
+Conscience of George the Third, &amp;c., was a tall, dark, harsh-featured,
+deep-voiced, beetle-browed man, of strong natural abilities, little
+conscience, and no delicacy. Having discovered, in the outset of life,
+that the generality of the world were more affected by manner than
+matter, he indulged a natural inclination to huffing and arrogance, by
+acting systematically upon it to that end; and, in a worldly point of
+view, he succeeded to perfection; with this drawback&mdash;which always
+accompanies false pretensions of the kind&mdash;that, knowing to what extent
+they were false, his mind was kept in a proportionate state of
+irritability and dissatisfaction; so that his success, after all, was
+only that of a man who prospers by parading an infirmity. With good
+intention as a judge in ordinary cases, he had sufficient patience
+neither to study nor to listen. As a statesman, he was actuated wholly
+by personal feelings of ambition and rivalry; and as keeper of the Royal
+Conscience, he presented an aspect of ludicrous inconsistency,
+discreditable to both parties; for he openly kept a mistress, while his
+master professed to be a pattern of chastity and decorum. But he had
+face for any thing. Seeing that airs of independence would turn to good
+account, even in the royal closet, provided he was servile at heart, he
+sometimes, with great cunning, huffed the King himself; and he did as
+much with the Prince of Wales, and with the like success. What he really
+could have done best, had his industry equalled his acuteness, and his
+ambition been less towards the side of pomp and power, would have been
+something in literary and metaphysical criticism, as may be seen in his
+letters to Cowper and others. What he became most famous for doing, was
+swearing.</p>
+
+<p>We must here advertise our fair readers (in case any of them should be
+doing us the honor of reading this article aloud), that we are going to
+give some specimens of the swearing of this solemn and illustrious
+person; so that, if they do not regard the words in the same childish,
+meaningless, and nonsensical light that we do ourselves (for reasons
+that we shall give presently), and therefore cannot comfortably frame
+their lovely and innocent lips to utter them (which, indeed, custom will
+hardly allow us to expect), they had better hand over the passages to
+the nearest male friend that happens to be with them, and get him to
+read or to <i>initialize</i> them instead. As to ourselves (for reasons also
+to be presently given), we shall write the words at full length, out of
+sheer sense of their nothingness; only premising, that such was not the
+opinion entertained of them by this tremendous Lord Chancellor, or by
+the age in which he lived; otherwise he would not have resorted to them
+as clenches for his thunderbolts, neither would his contemporaries have
+given them to the reading world under those mitigated and whispering
+forms of initials and hyphens, which have come down to our own times,
+and which are intended to impress their audacity by intimating their
+guilt.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Damns</i> have had their day," says the man in the "Rivals." So they
+have; and so we would have the reader think, and treat them accordingly;
+that is to say, as things of no account, one way or the other. But such
+was not the case when the dramatist wrote; and therefore Lord Thurlow
+was renowned as a swearer, even in a swearing age. It was his ambition
+to be considered a swearer. He took to it, as a lad does, who wishes to
+show that he has arrived at man's estate. Every thing with the judge was
+"damned bad" or "damned good," damned hot or cold, damned stupid, &amp;c. It
+was his epithet, his adjective, his participle, his sign of positive and
+superlative, his argument, his judgment. He could not have got on
+without it. To deprive Thurlow of his "damn" would have been to shave
+his eyebrows, or to turn his growl to a whisper.</p>
+
+<p>"Lamenting," says Lord Campbell, "the great difficulty he had in
+disposing of a high legal situation, he described himself as long
+hesitating between the intemperance of A. and the corruption of B., but
+finally preferring the man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> of bad temper. Afraid lest he should have
+been supposed to have admitted the existence of pure moral worth, he
+added, 'Not but that there was a d&mdash;&mdash;d deal of corruption in A.'s
+intemperance.' Happening to be at the British Museum, viewing the
+Townley Marbles, when a person came in and announced the death of Mr.
+Pitt, Thurlow was heard to say, 'a d&mdash;&mdash;d good hand at turning a
+period!' and no more.</p>
+
+<p>"The following anecdote (continues his lordship) was related by Lord
+Eldon:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"After dinner, one day, when nobody was present but Lord Kenyon and
+myself, Lord Thurlow said, 'Taffy,<a name="FNanchor_P_16" id="FNanchor_P_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_16" class="fnanchor">[P]</a> I decided a cause this morning,
+and I saw from Scott's face he doubted whether I was right.' Thurlow
+then stated his view of the case, and Kenyon instantly said, 'Your
+decision was quite right.' 'What say you to that?' asked the Chancellor.
+I said, 'I did not presume to form a judgment upon a case in which they
+both agreed. But I think a fact has not been mentioned, which may be
+material.' I was about to state the fact, and my reasons. Kenyon,
+however, broke in upon me, and, with some warmth, stated that I was
+always so obstinate, there was no dealing with me. 'Nay,' interposed
+Thurlow, 'that's not fair. You, Taffy, are obstinate, and give no
+reasons; you, Jack Scott, are obstinate, too; but then you give your
+reasons, and d&mdash;&mdash;d bad ones they are!'"</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"In Thurlow's time, the habit of profane swearing was unhappily so
+common, that Bishop Horsley, and other right reverend prelates, are said
+not to have been entirely exempt from it; but Thurlow indulged in it to
+a degree that admits of no excuse. I have been told by an old gentleman,
+who was standing behind the woolsack at the time that Sir Ilay Campbell,
+then Lord Advocate, arguing a Scotch appeal to the bar in a very tedious
+manner, said, 'I will noo, my lords, proceed to my seevent pownt.' 'I'll
+be d&mdash;&mdash;d if you do,' cried Lord Thurlow, so as to be heard by all
+present; 'this house is adjourned till Monday next,' and off he
+scampered. Sir James Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas,
+used to relate that, while he and several other legal characters were
+dining with Lord Chancellor Thurlow, his lordship happening to swear at
+his Swiss valet, when retiring from the room, the man returned, just put
+his head in, and exclaimed, 'I von't be d&mdash;&mdash;d for you, Milor;' which
+caused the noble host and all his guests to burst out into a roar of
+laughter. From another valet he received a still more cutting retort.
+Having scolded this meek man for some time without receiving any answer,
+he concluded by saying, 'I wish you were in hell.' The terrified valet
+at last exclaimed, 'I wish I was, my lord! I wish I was!'</p>
+
+<p>"Sir Thomas Davenport, a great <i>nisi prius</i> leader, had been intimate
+with Thurlow, and long flattered himself with the hopes of succeeding to
+some valuable appointment in the law; but, several good things passing
+by, he lost his patience and temper along with them. At last he
+addressed this laconic application to his patron: 'The Chief Justiceship
+of Chester is vacant; am I to have it?' and received the following
+laconic answer&mdash;'No! by God! Kenyon shall have it.'</p>
+
+<p>"Having once got into a dispute with a bishop respecting a living, of
+which the Great Seal had the alternate presentation, the bishop's
+secretary called upon him, and said, 'My lord of &mdash;&mdash; sends his
+compliments to your lordship, and believes that the next turn to present
+to &mdash;&mdash; belongs to his lordship.' <i>Chancellor.</i>&mdash;'Give my compliments to
+his lordship, and tell him that I will see him d&mdash;&mdash;d first before he
+shall present.' <i>Secretary.</i>&mdash;'This, my lord, is a very unpleasant
+message to deliver to a bishop.' 'You are right, it is so, therefore
+tell the bishop that <i>I</i> will be damned first before he shall
+present.'"<a name="FNanchor_Q_17" id="FNanchor_Q_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_17" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lord Campbell concludes his records of the Chancellor's <i>jusjuration</i>
+(if we may coin a word for a precedent so extraordinary), by frankly
+extracting into his pages the whole of a long damnatory ode, which was
+put into the judge's mouth by the authors of the once-famous collection
+of libels called <i>Criticisms on the Rolliad</i>, and <i>Probationary Odes for
+the Laureateship</i>,&mdash;the precursor, and very witty precursor, though
+flagrantly coarse and personal, of the <i>Anti-Jacobin Magazine</i> and the
+<i>Rejected Addresses</i>. They were on the Whig side of politics, and are
+understood to have been the production of Dr. Lawrence, a civilian, and
+George Ellis, the author of several elegant works connected with poetry
+and romance. We shall notice the book further when we come to speak of
+Mr. Ellis himself. Lord Thurlow is made to contribute one of the
+Probationary Odes; and he does it in so abundant and complete a style,
+that bold as our "innocence" makes us in this particular, yet not having
+the legal warrant of the biographer, we really have not the courage to
+bring it in as evidence. The reader, however, may guess of what sort of
+stuff it is composed, when he hears that it begins with the
+comprehensive line,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Damnation seize ye all;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and ends with the following pleasing and particular couplet:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Damn them beyond what mortal tongue can tell;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Confound, sink, plunge them all, to deepest, blackest hell."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>After this, it will hardly be a climax to add, that Peter Pindar said of
+this Keeper of the King's Conscience, with great felicity, that he
+"swore his prayers."</p>
+
+<p>We have been thus particular on the subject of Lord Thurlow's swearing,
+partly because it is the main point of his lordship's character with
+posterity, but chiefly that we might show what has already been
+intimated;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> namely, what a nothing such talk has become, and what high
+time it is to treat it as it deserves, and give it no longer in
+typography those implied awful significances, those under-breaths and
+intensifications of initials and hyphens, which make it pretend to have
+a meaning, and are the main cause why it survives. The word <i>damned</i> in
+Lord Thurlow's mouth, for all its emphasis and effect, had as little
+meaning as the word <i>blest</i>, or the word <i>conscience</i>. It has equally
+little meaning in any body's. It no more signifies what it was
+originally intended to signify, than the word "cursed" means
+<i>anathematized</i>, or the word "pontificate" means <i>bridge-making</i>. This
+is the natural death of oaths in any tremendous sense of the words, or
+in any sense at all. They become things of "sound and fury, signifying
+nothing." Who that utters the word "zounds," imagines that he is
+speaking of such awful and inconceivable things as "God's wounds,"
+though literally he is doing so? Or what honest farmer, who ejaculates
+"Please the pigs" (such extraordinary things do reform and vicissitude
+bring together!) supposes that his Protestant soul is propitiating the
+<i>Pyx</i>, or Holy Sacrament box, of the Roman Catholic Church? Yet time
+was, when the innocent word "zounds" was written with the same culpatory
+dashes and hyphens as the "damns that have had their day;" and "pigs,"
+we suppose, were exenterated in like manner: suggested only by their
+heads and tails,&mdash;the first letter and the last. We happen to be no
+swearers ourselves, so that we are speaking a good word for no custom of
+our own; though, we confess, that when we come to an oath as a trait of
+character, in biography or in fiction, we are no more in the habit of
+balking it, than we are of ignoring any other harmless ejaculation; and
+therefore, by reason of its very nonsense and nothingness, we like to
+see it written plainly out as if it <i>were</i> nothing, instead of being
+mystified into a more nonsensical importance. We have known better men
+than ourselves who have sworn; and we have known worse; but with none of
+them had the word any meaning, nor has it any, ever, except in the
+pulpit; where it is a pity (as many an excellent clergyman has thought)
+that it is heard at all. Treat it lightly elsewhere, as an expletive and
+a mere way of speaking, and it will come to nothing as it deserves, and
+follow the obsolete "plagues" and "murrains" of our ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>The only persons who profess to swear to any purpose, are the Roman
+Catholics; and they, indeed, may well be said to swear "terribly"&mdash;or
+rather they would do so, if any poor set of human creatures, fallible by
+the necessity of their natures, could of a surety know what is
+infallible, and be commissioned by a writing on the sun or moon to let
+us hear it. Lord Thurlow, with all his damns, and his big voice, and his
+power of imprisonment to boot, was a babe of grace compared with the
+Roman Catholic Bishop of Rochester who thundered forth the famous
+excommunication which the Protestant chapter-clerk of that city gave to
+the author of <i>Tristram Shandy</i> to put in his book; to the immortal
+honor of said Protestant, and disgrace of the unalterable and infallible
+Roman Catholic Churchmen; who, when delivered from their bonds, and
+complimented on partaking of the progress and civilization common to the
+rest of the world, take the first opportunity for showing us we are
+mistaken, and crying damnation to their deliverers.</p>
+
+<p>We shall not repeat the document alluded to, lest we should be thought
+to give the light matter of which we have been treating, a tone of too
+much importance. Suffice it to say, that when all the powers, and
+angels, and very virgins of heaven are called upon by the
+excommunication to "curse" and "damn" the object of it limb by limb
+(literally so), his eyes, his brains, and his heart (how unlike fair
+human readers, who doubt whether the very word "damn" should be
+uttered), good Uncle Toby interposes one of those world-famous
+pleasantries which have shaken the old Vatican beyond recovery.</p>
+
+<p>"'Our armies swore terribly in Flanders,' cried my Uncle Toby; 'but
+nothing to this. For my own part, I could not have the heart to curse my
+dog so.'"</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_P_16" id="Footnote_P_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_16"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> Thurlow politely calls Kenyon <i>Taffy</i>, because the latter
+was a Welshman. <i>Scott</i> is Lord Eldon himself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Q_17" id="Footnote_Q_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_17"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> <i>Lives of the Chancellors.</i> Second Series. Vol. v. pp. 644,
+664.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Chambers' Edinbourgh Journal.</h4>
+
+<h2>THE LAST OF THE FIDDLERS.</h2>
+
+<h4>A VILLAGE TALE.</h4>
+
+<h3>BY BERTHOLD AUERBACH.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The midnight silence of the village is broken by unusual clattering
+sounds&mdash;a horse comes galloping along at the top of his speed, his rider
+crying aloud, "Fire&mdash;fire! Help, ho! Fire!" Away he rides straight to
+the church, and presently the alarm-bell is heard pealing from the
+steeple.</p>
+
+<p>It is no easy matter to arouse the harvest folks, after a hard day's
+work, from their first sound sleep: there they lie, stretched as
+unconsciously as the corn in the fields which they have reaped in the
+sweat of their brow. But wake they must&mdash;there is no help for it. The
+stable-boys are the first on the alert&mdash;every one anxious to win the
+reward which, time out of mind, has been given to the person, who, on
+the occasion of a fire, is the first to reach the engine-house with
+harnessed horses. Here and there a light is seen at a cottage lattice&mdash;a
+window is opened&mdash;the men come running out of doors with their coats
+half drawn on, or in their shirt sleeves. The villagers all collect
+about the market-house, and the cry is heard on all sides, "Where is it?
+Where is the fire?"</p>
+
+<p>"In Eibingen."</p>
+
+<p>Question and answer were alike unneeded, for in the distance, behind the
+dark pine-forest, the whole sky was illumined with a bright-red glow, in
+the stillness of the night, like the glow of the setting sun; while
+every now and then a shower of sparks rose into the air, as if shot out
+from a blast-furnace.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The night was still and calm, and the stars shone peacefully on the
+silent earth.</p>
+
+<p>The horses are speedily put to the fire-engine, the buckets placed in a
+row, a couple of torches lighted, and the torch-bearers stand ready on
+either side holding on to the engine, which is instantly covered with
+men.</p>
+
+<p>"Quick! out with another pair of horses! two can't draw such a
+load!"&mdash;"Down with the torches!"&mdash;"No, no; they're all right&mdash;'tis the
+old way!"&mdash;"Drive off, for Heaven's sake&mdash;quick!"</p>
+
+<p>Such-like exclamations resounded on all sides. Let us follow the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>The engine, with its heavy load, now rolls out of the village, and
+through the peaceful fields and meadows: the fruit-trees by the roadside
+seem to dance past in the flickering light; and soon the crowd hurry,
+helter-skelter, through the forest. The birds are awakened from sleep,
+and fly about in affright, and can scarcely find their way back to their
+warm nests. The forest is at length passed, and down below, in the
+valley, lies the hamlet, brightly illumined as at noon-day, while
+shrieks and the alarm-bell are heard, as if the flames had found a
+voice.</p>
+
+<p>See! what is yonder white, ghost-like form, in a fluttering dress, on
+the skirts of the forest? The wheels creak, and rattle along the stony
+road&mdash;no sounds can be distinguished in the confusion. Away! help! away!</p>
+
+<p>The folks are now seen flying from the village with their goods and
+chattels&mdash;children in their bare shirts and with naked feet&mdash;carrying
+off beds and chairs, pots and pans. Has the fire spread so fearfully, or
+is this all the effect of fright?</p>
+
+<p>"Where's the fire?"</p>
+
+<p>"At Hans the Fiddler's."</p>
+
+<p>And the driver lashed his horses, and every man seemed to press forward
+with increased ardor to fly to the succor.</p>
+
+<p>As they approached the spot, it was clearly impossible to save the
+burning cottage; and all efforts were therefore directed to prevent the
+flames extending to the adjoining houses. Just then every body was
+busied in trying to save a horse and two cows from the shed; but the
+animals, terrified by the fire, would not quit the spot, until their
+eyes were bandaged, and they were driven out by force.</p>
+
+<p>"Where's old Hans?" was the cry on all sides.</p>
+
+<p>"Burnt in his bed to a certainty," said some. Others declared that he
+had escaped. Nobody knew the truth.</p>
+
+<p>The old fiddler had neither child nor kinsfolk, and yet all the people
+grieved for him; and those who had come from the villages round about
+reproached the inhabitants for not having looked after the fate of the
+poor fellow. Presently it was reported that he had been seen in Urban
+the smith's barn; another said that he was sitting up in the church
+crying and moaning&mdash;the first time he had been there without his fiddle.
+But neither in the barn nor in the church was old Hans to be found, and
+again it was declared that he had been burnt to death in his house, and
+that his groans had actually been heard; but, it was added, all too late
+to save him, for the flames had already burst through the roof, and the
+glass of the windows was sent flying across the road.</p>
+
+<p>The day was just beginning to dawn when all danger of the fire spreading
+was past; and leaving the smouldering ruins, the folks from a distance
+set out on their return.</p>
+
+<p>A strange apparition was now seen coming down the mountain-side, as if
+out of the gray mists of morning. In a cart drawn by two oxen sat a
+haggard figure, dressed in his bare shirt, and his shoulders wrapped in
+a horse-cloth. The morning breeze played in the long white locks of the
+old man, whose wan features were framed, as it were, by a short,
+bristly, snow-white beard. In his hands he clutched a fiddle and
+fiddlestick. It was old Hans, the village fiddler. Some of the lads had
+found him at the edge of the forest, on the spot where we had caught a
+glimpse of him, looking like a ghostly apparition, as we rattled past
+with the engine. There he was found standing in his shirt, and holding
+his fiddle in both his hands pressed tightly to his breast.</p>
+
+<p>As they drew near the village, he took his fiddle and played his
+favorite waltz. Every eye was turned on the strange-looking man, and all
+welcomed his return, as if he had risen from the grave.</p>
+
+<p>"Give me a drink!" he exclaimed to the first person who held out a hand
+to him. "I'm burnt up with thirst!"</p>
+
+<p>A glass of water was brought him.</p>
+
+<p>"Bah!" cried the old man; "'twere a sin to quench such a thirst as mine
+with water; bring me some wine! Or has the horrid red cock drunk up all
+my wine too?"</p>
+
+<p>And again he fell to fiddling lustily, until they arrived at the spot of
+the fire. He got down from the cart, and entered a neighbor's cottage.
+All the folks pressed up to the old fiddler, tendering words of comfort,
+and promising that they would all help him to rebuild his cottage.</p>
+
+<p>"No, no!" replied Hans; "'tis all well. I have no home&mdash;I'm one of the
+cuckoo tribe that has no resting-place of its own, and only now and then
+slips into the swallow's nest. For the short time I have to live, I
+shall have no trouble in finding quarters wherever I go. I can now climb
+up into a tree again, and look down upon the world in which I have no
+longer any thing to call my own. Ay, ay, 'twas wrong in me ever to have
+had any thing of my own except my precious little fiddle here!"</p>
+
+<p>No objection was raised to the reasoning of the strange old man, and the
+country-folks from a distance went their ways home with the satisfaction
+of knowing that the old fiddler was still alive and well. Hans properly
+belonged to the whole country round about: his loss would have been a
+public one: much as if the old linden-tree on the Landeck Hill close by
+had been thrown down unexpectedly in the night<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> Hans was as merry as a
+grig when Caspar the smith gave him an old shirt, the carpenter Joseph a
+pair of breeches&mdash;and so on. "Well, to be sure, folks may now say that I
+carry the whole village on my back!" said he; and he gave to each
+article of dress the name of the donor. "A coat indeed like this, which
+a friend has worn nicely smooth for one, fits to a T. I was never at my
+ease in a new coat; and you know I used always to go to the church, and
+rub the sleeves in the wax that dropped from the holy tapers, to make
+them comfortable and fit for wear. But this time I'm saved the trouble,
+and I'm for all the world like a new-born babe who is fitted with
+clothes without measuring. Ay, ay, you may laugh; but 'tis a fact&mdash;I'm
+new-born."</p>
+
+<p>And in truth it quite seemed so with the old man: the wild merriment of
+former years, which had slumbered for a while, all burst out anew.</p>
+
+<p>A fellow just now entered who had been active in extinguishing the fire,
+and having his hand in the work, had been at the same time no less
+actively engaged in quenching a certain internal fire&mdash;and in truth, as
+was plain to be seen, more than was needed. On seeing him, the old
+fiddler cried out, "By Jove, how I envy the fellow's jollity!" All the
+folks laughed; but presently the merriment was interrupted by the
+entrance of the magistrate with his notary, come to investigate the
+cause of the fire, and take an inventory of the damage.</p>
+
+<p>Old Hans openly confessed his fault. He had the odd peculiarity of
+carrying about him, in all his pockets, a little box of lucifer matches,
+in order never to be at a loss when he wanted to light his pipe.
+Whenever any one called on him, and wherever he went, his fingers were
+almost unconsciously playing with the matches. Often and often he was
+heard to exclaim, "Provoking enough! that these matches should come into
+fashion just as I am going off the stage. Look! a light in the twinkling
+of an eye! Only think of all the time I've lost in the course of my life
+in striking a light with the old flint and steel,&mdash;days, weeks, ay,
+years!"</p>
+
+<p>The fire had, to all appearances, originated with this child's play of
+the old man, and the magistrate said with regret that he must inflict
+the legal penalty for his carelessness. "However, at all events 'tis
+well 'tis no worse," he added; "you are in truth the last of the
+fiddlers; in our dull, plodding times, you are a relic of the past&mdash;of a
+merry, careless age. 'Twould have been a grievous thing if you had come
+to such a miserable end."</p>
+
+<p>"Look ye, your worship, I ought to have been a parson," said Hans; "and
+I should have preached to the folks after this fashion:&mdash;'Don't set too
+much store on life, and it can't hurt you; look on every thing as
+foolery, and then you'll be cleverer than all the rest. If the world was
+always merry&mdash;if folks did nothing but work and dance, there would be no
+need of schoolmasters&mdash;no need of learning to write and read&mdash;no
+parsons&mdash;and (by your worship's pardon) no magistrates. The whole world
+is a big fiddle&mdash;the strings are tuned&mdash;Fortune plays upon them; but
+some one is wanted to be constantly screwing up the strings; and this is
+a job for the parson and magistrate. There's nothing but turning and
+screwing, and turning and scraping, and the dance never begins.'"</p>
+
+<p>The fiddler's tongue went running on in this way, until his worship at
+length took a friendly leave of him. We shall, however, remain, and tell
+the reader something of the history of this strange character.</p>
+
+<p>It is now nearly thirty years since the old man first made his
+appearance in the village, just at the time when the new church was
+consecrated. When he first came among the villagers, he played for three
+days and three nights almost incessantly the maddest tunes.
+Superstitious folks muttered one to another that it must be Old Nick
+himself who could draw such spirit and life from the instrument, as
+never to let any one have rest or quiet any more than he seemed to
+require it himself. During the whole of this time he scarcely ate a
+morsel, and only drank&mdash;but in potent draughts&mdash;during the pauses. Often
+it seemed as if he did not stir a finger, but merely laid the
+fiddlestick on the strings, and magic sounds instantly came out of them,
+while the fiddle-bow hopped up and down of itself.</p>
+
+<p>Hey-day! there was a merrymaking and piece of work in the large
+dancing-room of the "Sun." Once, during a pause, the hostess, a buxom
+portly widow, cried out, "Hold hard, fiddler; do stop&mdash;the cattle are
+all quarrelling with you, and will starve if you don't let the lads and
+girls go home and feed them. If you've no pity on us folks, do for
+goodness' sake stop your fiddling for the sake of the poor dumb
+creatures."</p>
+
+<p>"Just so!" cried the fiddler; "here you can see how man is the noblest
+animal on the face of the earth; man alone can dance&mdash;ay, dance in
+couples. Hark ye, hostess, if you'll dance a turn with me, I'll stop my
+fiddlestick for a whole hour."</p>
+
+<p>The musician jumped off the table. All the by-standers pressed the
+hostess, till at length she consented to dance. She clasped her partner
+tight round the waist, whilst he kept hold of his fiddle, drawing from
+it sounds never before heard; and in this comical manner, playing and
+dancing, they performed their evolutions in the circle of spectators;
+and at length, with a brilliant scrape of his bow, he concluded,
+embraced the hostess, and gave her a bouncing kiss, receiving in return
+a no less hearty box on the ear. Both were given and taken in fun and
+good temper.</p>
+
+<p>From that time forward the fiddler was domiciled under the shade of the
+"Sun." There he nestled himself quietly, and whenever any merrymaking
+was going on in the country round-about, Hans was sure to be there with
+his fiddle; but he always returned home regularly;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> and there was not a
+village nor a house far and wide around, in which there was more
+dancing, than in the hostelry of the portly landlady of the "Sun."</p>
+
+<p>The fiddler comported himself in the house as if he belonged to it; he
+served the guests (never taking any part in out-of-doors work),
+entertained the customers as they dropped in, played a hand at cards
+occasionally, and was never at a loss in praising a fresh tap. "We've
+just opened a new cask of wine&mdash;only taste, and say if there's not music
+in wine, and something divine!" Touching every thing that concerned the
+household, he invariably used the authoritative and familiar <i>we</i>:-"<i>We</i>
+have a cellar fit for a king;" "<i>Our</i> house lies in every one's way;"
+and so forth.</p>
+
+<p>Hans and his little fiddle, as a matter of course, were at every
+village-gathering and festivity; and the people of the country
+round-about could never dissociate in their thoughts the "Sun" inn and
+Hans the fiddler. But possibly the hostess considered the matter in a
+different light. At the conclusion of the harvest merrymaking she took
+heart and said&mdash;"Hans, you must know I've a liking for you; you pay for
+what you eat; but wouldn't you like for once to try living under another
+roof? What say you?"</p>
+
+<p>Hans protested that he was well enough off in his present quarters, and
+that he felt no disposition to neglect the old proverb of "Let well
+alone." The landlady was silent.</p>
+
+<p>Weeks went over, and at length she began again&mdash;"Hans, you wouldn't do
+any thing to injure me?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not for the world!"</p>
+
+<p>"Look ye&mdash;'tis only on account of the folks hereabouts. I would not
+bother you, but you know there's a talk&mdash;&mdash;You can come back again after
+a month or two, and you'll be sure to find my door open to you."</p>
+
+<p>"Nay, nay, I'll not go away, and then I shall not want to come back."</p>
+
+<p>"No joking, Hans&mdash;I'm in earnest&mdash;you must go."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, there's one way to force me: go up into my room, pack my things
+into a bundle, and throw them into the road; otherwise I promise you
+I'll not budge from the spot."</p>
+
+<p>"You're a downright good-for-nothing fellow, and that's the truth; but
+what am I to do with you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Marry me!"</p>
+
+<p>The answer to this was another box on the ear; but this time it was
+administered much more gently than at the dance. As soon as the
+landlady's back was turned, Hans took his fiddle and struck up a lively
+tune.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time the hostess of the "Sun" recurred to the subject of
+Hans's removal, urging him to go; but his answer was always
+ready&mdash;always the same&mdash;"<i>Marry me!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>One day in conversation she told him that the police would be sure soon
+to interfere and forbid his remaining longer, as he had no proper
+certificate; and so forth. Hans answered not a word, but cocking his hat
+knowingly on the left side, he whistled a merry tune, and set out for
+the castle of the count, distant a few miles. The village at that time
+belonged to the Count von S&mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p>That evening, as the landlady was standing by the kitchen fire, her
+cheeks glowing with the reflection from the hearth, Hans entered, and
+without moving a muscle of his face, handed to her a paper, and said,
+"Look ye, there's our marriage-license; the count dispenses with
+publishing the bans. This is Friday&mdash;Sunday is our wedding-day!'</p>
+
+<p>"What do you say, you saucy fellow? I hope"&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Hollo, Mr. Schoolmaster!" interrupted Hans, as he saw that worthy
+functionary passing the window just at that instant "Do step in here,
+and read this paper."</p>
+
+<p>Hans held the landlady tight by the arm, while the schoolmaster read the
+document, and at the conclusion tendered his congratulations and good
+wishes.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, well&mdash;with all my heart!" said the landlady at length. "Since
+'tis to be so, to tell the truth I've long had a liking for you, Hans;
+but 'twas only on account of the prate and gossip"&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday morning then?"</p>
+
+<p>"Ay, ay&mdash;you rogue."</p>
+
+<p>A merry scene was that, when on the following Sunday morning Hans the
+Fiddler&mdash;or, to give him his proper style, Johann Grubenm&uuml;ller&mdash;paraded
+to church by the side of his betrothed, fiddling the wedding-march,
+partly for his self-gratification, partly to give the ceremony a certain
+solemn hilarity. For a short space he deposited his instrument on the
+baptismal font; but the ceremony being ended, he shouldered it again,
+struck up an unusually brisk tune, and played so marvellously, that the
+folks were fairly dying with laughter.</p>
+
+<p>Ever since that time Hans resided in the village, and that is as much as
+to say that mirth and jollity abode there. For some years past, however,
+Hans was often subject to fits of dejection, for the authorities had
+decreed that there should be no more dancing without the special
+permission of the magistrate. Trumpets and other wind-instruments
+supplanted the fiddle, and our friend Hans could no longer play his
+merry jigs, except to the children under the old oak-tree, until his
+reverence, in the exercise of his clerical powers, forbade even this
+amusement, as prejudicial to sound school discipline.</p>
+
+<p>Hans lost his wife just three years ago, with whom he had lived in
+uninterrupted harmony. Brightly and joyously as he had looked on life at
+the outset of his career, its close seemed often clouded, sad, and
+burthensome, more than he was himself aware. "A man ought not to grow so
+old!" he often repeated&mdash;an expression which escaped from a long train
+of thought that was passing unconsciously in the old man's mind, in
+which he acknowledged to himself that young limbs and the vigor of
+youth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> properly belonged to the careless life of a wandering musician.
+"The hay does not grow as sweet as it did thirty years ago!" he stoutly
+maintained.</p>
+
+<p>The new village magistrate, who had a peculiarly kind feeling towards
+old Hans, set about devising means of securing him from want for the
+rest of his days. The sum (no inconsiderable one) for which the house
+was insured in the fire-office was by law not payable in full until
+another house should be built in its place. It happened that the parish
+had for a long time been looking out for a spot on which to erect a new
+schoolhouse in the village, and at the suggestion of the worthy
+magistrate the authorities now bought from Hans the ground on which his
+cottage had stood, with all that remained upon it. But the old man did
+not wish to be paid any sum down, and an annuity was settled on him
+instead, amply sufficient to provide for all his wants. This plan quite
+took his fancy; he chuckled at the thought (as he expressed it) that he
+was eating himself up, and draining the glass to the last drop.</p>
+
+<p>Hans, moreover, was now permitted again to play to the children under
+the village oak on a summer evening. Thus he lived quite a new life; and
+his former spirit seemed in some measure to return. In the summer, when
+the building of the new schoolhouse was commenced, old Hans was riveted
+to the spot as if by magic; there he sat upon the timbers, or on a pile
+of stones, watching the digging and hammering with fixed attention.
+Early in the morning, when the builders went to their work they always
+found Hans already on the spot. At breakfast and noon, when the men
+stopped work to take their meals, which were brought them by their wives
+and children, old Hans found himself seated in the midst of the circle,
+and played to them as they ate and talked. Many of the villagers came
+and joined the party; and the whole was one continued scene of
+merriment. Hans often said that he never before knew his own importance,
+for he seemed to be wanted everywhere&mdash;whether folks danced or rested,
+his fiddle had its part to play: and music could turn the thinnest
+potato-broth into a savory feast.</p>
+
+<p>But an unforeseen misfortune awaited our friend Hans, of which the
+worthy magistrate, notwithstanding his kindness to the old man, was
+unintentionally the cause. His worship came one day, accompanied by a
+young man, who had all the look of a genius: the latter stood for some
+minutes, with his arms folded, gazing at Hans, who was busy fiddling to
+the workpeople at their dinner.</p>
+
+<p>"There stands the last of the fiddlers, of whom I told you," said the
+magistrate; "I want you to paint him&mdash;he is the only relic of old times
+whom we have left."</p>
+
+<p>The artist complied. At first old Hans resisted the operation stoutly,
+but he was at length won over by the persuasion of his worship, and
+allowed the artist to take his likeness. With trembling impatience he
+sat before the easel, wanting every instant to jump up and see what the
+man was about. But this the artist would not allow, and promised to show
+him the picture when it was finished. Day after day old Hans had to sit
+to the artist, in this state of wonder and suspense, and when at noon he
+played to the workmen at their meals, his tunes were slow and heavy, and
+had lost all their former vivacity and spirit.</p>
+
+<p>At length the picture was finished, and Hans was allowed to see himself
+on canvas. At the first glance he started back in affright, crying out
+like one mad, "Donner and Blitz!&mdash;the rascal has stolen me!"</p>
+
+<p>From that day forward, when the artist had gone away, and taken the
+picture with him, old Hans was quite changed: he went about the village,
+talking to himself, and was often heard to mutter, "Nailed up to the
+wall&mdash;stolen! Hans has his eyes open day and night, looking down from
+the wall&mdash;never sleeps, nor eats, nor drinks. Stolen!&mdash;the thief!"
+Seldom could a sensible word be drawn from him; but he played the
+wildest tunes on his fiddle, and every now and then would stop and
+laugh, exclaiming, as if gazing at something, "Ha, ha! you old fellow
+there, nailed up to the wall, with your fiddle; you can't play&mdash;you are
+the wrong one&mdash;here he sits!"</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion the spirit of the old man burst out again: it was the
+day when the gayly-decked fir bush was stuck upon the finished gable of
+the new schoolhouse.<a name="FNanchor_R_18" id="FNanchor_R_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_R_18" class="fnanchor">[R]</a> The carpenters and masons came, dressed in their
+Sunday clothes, preceded by a band of music, to fetch "the master." The
+old fiddler, Hans, was the whole day long in high spirits&mdash;brisk and gay
+as in his best years. He sang, drank, and played till late into the
+night, and in the morning he was found, with his fiddle-bow in his hand,
+dead in his bed....</p>
+
+<p>Many of the villagers fancy, in the stillness of the night, when the
+clock strikes twelve, that they hear a sound in the schoolhouse, like
+the sweetest tones of a fiddle. Some say that it is old Hans's
+instrument, which he bequeathed to the schoolhouse, and which plays by
+itself. Others declare that the tones which Hans played <i>into</i> the wood
+and stones, when the house was building, come <i>out</i> of them again in the
+night. Be this as it may, the children are taught all the new rational
+methods of instruction, in a building which is still haunted by the
+ghost of the last fiddler.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George</span> III. gave Lord Eldon a seal, containing a figure of Religion
+looking up to Heaven, and of Justice with no bandage over her eyes, his
+Majesty remarking at the same time, that Justice should be bold enough
+to look the world in the face. The motto of the seal was <i>His dirige te.
+Quere.</i> Would not this be a more appropriate inscription for the spout
+of a tea-pot than for the seal of a Lord Chancellor.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_R_18" id="Footnote_R_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_R_18"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> This custom is prettily related in Auerbach's story of
+'Ivo.'</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+<h4>From Dickens' Household Words.</h4>
+
+<h2>A BIOGRAPHY OF A BAD SHILLING.</h2>
+
+
+<p>I believe I may state with confidence that my parents were respectable,
+notwithstanding that one belonged to the law&mdash;being the zinc door-plate
+of a solicitor. The other was a pewter flagon residing at a very
+excellent hotel, and moving in distinguished society; for it assisted
+almost daily at convivial parties in the Temple. It fell a victim at
+last to a person belonging to the lower orders, who seized it, one fine
+morning, while hanging upon some railings to dry, and conveyed it to a
+Jew, who&mdash;I blush to record the insult offered to a respected member of
+my family&mdash;melted it down. My first mentioned parent&mdash;the zinc
+plate&mdash;was not enabled to move much in society, owing to its very close
+connection with the street door. It occupied, however, a very
+conspicuous position in a leading thoroughfare, and was the means of
+diffusing more useful instruction, perhaps, than many a quarto, for it
+informed the running as well as the reading public, that Messrs.
+Snapples and Son resided within, and that their office hours were from
+ten till four. In order to become my progenitor it fell a victim to
+dishonest practices. A "fast" man unscrewed it one night, and bore it
+off in triumph to his chambers. Here it was included by "the boy" among
+his numerous "perquisites," and, by an easy transition, soon found its
+way to the Hebrew gentleman above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The first meeting between my parents took place in the melting-pot of
+this ingenious person, and the result of their subsequent union was
+mutually advantageous. The one gained by the alliance that strength and
+solidity which is not possessed by even the purest pewter; while to the
+solid qualities of the other were added a whiteness and brilliancy that
+unadulterated zinc could never display.</p>
+
+<p>From the Jew, my parents were transferred&mdash;mysteriously and by night&mdash;to
+an obscure individual in an obscure quarter of the metropolis, when, in
+secrecy and silence, I was <i>cast</i>, to use an appropriate metaphor, upon
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>How shall I describe my first impression of existence? how portray my
+agony when I became aware <i>what I was</i>&mdash;when I understood my mission
+upon earth? The reader, who has possibly never felt himself to be what
+Mr. Carlyle calls a "sham," or a "solemnly constituted imposter," can
+have no notion of my sufferings!</p>
+
+<p>These, however, were endured only in my early and unsophisticated youth.
+Since then, habitual intercourse with the best society has relieved me
+from the embarrassing appendage of a conscience. My long career upon
+town&mdash;in the course of which I have been bitten, and rung, and subjected
+to the most humiliating tests&mdash;has blunted my sensibilities, while it
+has taken off the sharpness of my edges; and, like the counterfeits of
+humanity, whose lead may be seen emulating silver at every turn, my only
+desire is&mdash;not to be worthy of passing, but simply&mdash;to pass.</p>
+
+<p>My impression of the world, on first becoming conscious of existence,
+was, that it was about fifteen feet in length, very dirty, and had a
+damp, unwholesome smell; my notions of mankind were, that it shaved only
+once a fortnight; that it had coarse, misshapen features; a hideous
+leer; that it abjured soap, as a habit; and lived habitually in its
+shirt-sleeves. Such, indeed, was the aspect of the apartment in which I
+first saw the light, and such the appearance of the professional
+gentleman who ushered me into existence.</p>
+
+<p>I may add that the room was fortified, as if to sustain a siege. Not
+only was the door itself lined with iron, but it was strengthened by
+ponderous wooden beams, placed upright, and across, and in every
+possible direction. This formidable exhibition of precautions against
+danger was quite alarming.</p>
+
+<p>I had not been long brought into this "narrow world" before a low and
+peculiar tap, from the outside of the door, met my ear. My master
+paused, as if alarmed, and seemed on the point of sweeping me and
+several of my companions (who had been by this time mysteriously ushered
+into existence) into some place of safety. Reassured, however, by a
+second tapping, of more marked peculiarity, he commenced the elaborate
+process of unfastening the door. This having been accomplished, and the
+entrance left to the guardianship only of a massive chain, a mysterious
+watchword was exchanged with some person outside who was presently
+admitted.</p>
+
+<p>"Hollo! there's two on you?" cried my master, as a hard, elderly animal
+entered, followed somewhat timidly by a younger one of mild and modest
+aspect.</p>
+
+<p>"A green 'un as I have took under my arm," said Mr. Blinks (which I
+presently understood to be the name of the elder one), "and werry
+deserving he promises to be. He's just come out of the stone-pitcher,
+without having done nothing to entitle him to have gone in. This was it:
+a fellow out at Highbury Barn collared him, for lifting snow from some
+railings, where it was a hanging to dry. Young Innocence had never
+dreamt of any thing of the kind&mdash;bein' a walking on his way to the
+work'us&mdash;but beaks being proverbially otherwise than fly, he got six
+weeks on it. In the 'Ouse o' Correction, however, he met some knowing
+blades, who put him up to the time of day, and he'll soon be as
+wide-awake as any on 'em. This morning he brought me a pocket-book, and
+in it eigh&mdash;ty pound flimsies. As he is a young hand, I encouraged him
+by giving him three pun' ten for the lot&mdash;it's runnin' a risk, but I
+done it. As it is, I shall have to send 'em all over to 'Amburg.
+Howsomever, he's got to take one pund in home made: bein' out of it
+myself, I have brought him to you."</p>
+
+<p>"You're here at the nick o' time," said my master, "I've just finished a
+new batch&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>And he pointed to the glittering heap in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> which I felt myself&mdash;with the
+diffidence of youth&mdash;to be unpleasantly conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p>"I've been explaining to young Youthful that it's the reg'lar thing,
+when he sells his swag to gents in my way of business, to take part of
+it in this here coin." Here he took <i>me</i> up from the heap, and as he did
+so I felt as if I were growing black between his fingers, and having my
+prospects in life very much damaged.</p>
+
+<p>"And is all this bad money?" said the youth, curiously gazing, as I
+thought, at me alone, and not taking the slightest notice of the rest of
+my companions.</p>
+
+<p>"Hush, hush, young Youthful," said Mr. Blinks, "no offence to the home
+coinage. In all human affairs, every thing is as good as it looks."</p>
+
+<p>"I could not tell them from the good&mdash;from those made by government, I
+should say"&mdash;hastily added the boy.</p>
+
+<p>I felt myself leaping up with vanity, and chinking against my companions
+at these words. It was plain I was fast losing the innocence of youth.
+In justice to myself, however, I am bound to say that I have, in the
+course of my subsequent experience, seen many of the lords and masters
+of the creation behave much more absurdly under the influence of
+flattery.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, we must put you up to the means of finding out the real turtle
+from the mock," said my master. "It's difficult to tell by the ring.
+Silver, if it's at all cracked&mdash;as lots of money is&mdash;don't ring no
+better than pewter; besides, people can't try every blessed bit o' tin
+they get in that way; some folks is offended if they do, and some ain't
+got no counter. As for the color, I defy any body to tell the
+difference. And as for the figgers on the side, wot's your dodge? Why,
+wen a piece o' money's give to you, look to the hedges, and feel 'em too
+with your finger. When they ain't quite perfect, ten to one but they're
+bad 'uns. You see, the way it's done is this&mdash;I suppose I may put the
+young 'un up to a thing or two more?" added Mr. Blinks, pausing.</p>
+
+<p>My master, who had during the above conversation lighted a short pipe,
+and devoted himself with considerable assiduity to a pewter pot&mdash;which
+he looked at with a technical eye, as if mentally casting it into crown
+pieces,&mdash;now nodded assent. He was not of an imaginative or philosophic
+turn, like Mr. Blinks. He saw none of the sentiment of his business, but
+pursued it on a system of matter of fact, because he profited by it.
+This difference between the producer and the middle-man may be
+continually observed elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>"You see," continued Mr. Blinks, "that these here '<i>bobs</i>'"&mdash;by which he
+meant shillings&mdash;"is composed of a mixter of two metals&mdash;pewter and
+zinc. In coorse these is first prigged raw, and sold to gents in my line
+of bis'ness, who either manufacters them themselves, or sells 'em to
+gents as does. Now, if the manufacturer is only in a small way of
+bis'ness, and is of a mean natur, he merely casts his money in plaster
+of Paris moulds. But for nobby gents like our friend here (my master
+here nodded approvingly over his pipe), this sort of thing won't
+pay&mdash;too much trouble and not enough profit. All the top-sawyers in the
+manufactur is scientific men. By means of what they calls a galwanic
+battery a cast is made of that partiklar coin selected for himitation.
+From this here cast, which you see, that there die is made, and from
+that there die impressions is struck off on plates of the metal prepared
+for the purpose. Now, unfortunately, we ain't got the whole of the
+masheenery of the Government institootion <i>yet</i> at our disposal, though
+it's our intention for to bribe the Master of the Mint (in imitation
+coin) some of these days to put us up to it all&mdash;so you see we're
+obliged to stamp the two sides of this here shilling, for instance
+(taking <i>me</i> up again as he spoke), upon different plates of metal,
+jining of 'em together afterwards. Then comes the <i>milling</i> round the
+hedges. This we do with a file; and it is the himperfection of that 'ere
+as is continually a preying upon our minds. Any one who's up to the
+bis'ness can tell whether the article's geniwine or not, by a looking at
+the hedge; for it can't be expected that a file will cut as reg'lar as a
+masheen. This is reely the great drawback upon our purfession."</p>
+
+<p>Here Mr. Blinks, overcome by the complicated character of his subject,
+subsided into a fit of abstraction, during which he took a copious pull
+at my master's porter.</p>
+
+<p>Whether suggested by the onslaught upon his beer, or by a general sense
+of impending business, my master now began to show symptoms of
+impatience. Knocking the ashes out of his pipe, he asked "how many bob
+his friend wanted?"</p>
+
+<p>The arrangement was soon concluded. Mr. Blinks filled a bag which he
+carried with the manufacture of my master, and paid over twenty of the
+shillings to his <i>prot&eacute;g&eacute;</i>. Of this twenty, <i>I</i> was one. As I passed
+into the youth's hand I could feel it tremble, as I own mine would have
+done had I been possessed of that appendage.</p>
+
+<p>My new master then quitted the house in company with Mr. Blinks, whom he
+left at the corner of the street&mdash;an obscure thoroughfare in
+Westminster. His rapid steps speedily brought him to the southern bank
+of the "fair and silvery Thames," as a poet who once possessed me (only
+for half an hour) described that uncleanly river, in some verses which I
+met in the pocket of his pantaloons. Diving into a narrow street,
+obviously, from the steepness of its descent, built upon arches, he
+knocked at a house of all the unpromising rest the least promising in
+aspect. A wretched hag opened the door, past whom the youth glided, in
+an absent and agitated manner; and, having ascended several flights of a
+narrow and precipitate staircase, opened the door of an apartment on the
+top story.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The room was low, and ill-ventilated. A fire burnt in the grate, and a
+small candle flickered on the table. Beside the grate, sat an old man
+sleeping on a chair; beside the table, and bending over the flickering
+light, sat a young girl engaged in sewing. My master was welcomed, for
+he had been absent, it seemed, for two months. During that time he had,
+he said, earned some money; and he had come to share it with his father
+and sister.</p>
+
+<p>I led a quiet life with my companions, in my master's pocket, for more
+than a week. At the end of that time, the stock of good money was nearly
+exhausted, although it had on more than one occasion been judiciously
+mixed with a neighbor or two of mine. Want, however, did not leave us
+long at rest. Under pretence of going away again to get "work," my
+master&mdash;leaving several of my friends to take their chance, in
+administering to the necessities of his father and sister&mdash;went away. I
+remained to be "smashed" (passed) by my master.</p>
+
+<p>"Where are you going so fast, that you don't recognize old friends" were
+the words addressed to the youth by a passer-by, as he was crossing, at
+a violent pace, the nearest bridge, in the direction of the Middlesex
+bank.</p>
+
+<p>The speaker was a young gentleman, aged about twenty, not ill-looking,
+but with features exhibiting that peculiar expression of cunning, which
+is popularly described as "knowing." He was arrayed in what the police
+reports in the newspapers call "the height of fashion,"&mdash;that is to say,
+he had travestied the style of the most daring dandies of last year. He
+wore no gloves; but the bloated rubicundity of his hands was relieved by
+a profusion of rings, which&mdash;even without the cigar in his mouth&mdash;were
+quite sufficient to establish his claims to gentility.</p>
+
+<p>Edward, my master, returned the civilities of the stranger, and, turning
+back with him, they agreed to "go somewhere."</p>
+
+<p>"Have a weed," said Mr. Bethnal, producing a well-filled cigar-case.
+There was no resisting. Edward took one.</p>
+
+<p>"Where shall we go?" he said.</p>
+
+<p>"I'll tell you what we'll do," said Mr. Bethnal, who looked as if
+experiencing a novel sensation&mdash;he evidently had an idea. "I tell you
+what&mdash;we'll go and blow a cloud with Joe, the pigeon-fancier. He lives
+only a short distance off, not far from the abbey; I want to see him on
+business, so we shall kill two birds. He's one of us, you know."</p>
+
+<p>I now learned that Mr. Bethnal was a new acquaintance, picked up under
+circumstances (as a member of Parliament, to whom I once belonged, used
+to say in the House) to which it is unnecessary further to allude.</p>
+
+<p>"I was glad to hear of your luck, by-the-by," said the gentleman in
+question, not noticing his companion's wish to avoid the subject. "I
+heard of it from Old Blinks. Smashing's the thing, if one's a
+presentable cove. You'd do deuced well in it. You've only to get nobby
+togs and you'll do."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Joe, it appeared, in addition to his ornithological occupations,
+kept a small shop for the sale of coals and potatoes; he was also, in a
+very small way, a timber merchant; for several bundles of firewood were
+piled in pyramids in his shed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bethnal's business with him was soon dispatched; although not until
+after the latter had been assured by his friend, that Edward was "of the
+right sort," with the qualification that he was "rather green at
+present;" and he was taken into Mr. Joe's confidence, and also into Mr.
+Joe's up-stairs sanctum.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to a request from Mr. Bethnal, in a jargon to me then
+unintelligible, Mr. Joe produced from some mysterious depository at the
+top of the house, a heavy canvas bag, which he emptied on the table,
+discovering a heap of shillings and half-crowns, which, by a sympathetic
+instinct, I immediately detected to be of my own species.</p>
+
+<p>"What do you think of these?" said Mr. Bethnal to his young friend.</p>
+
+<p>Edward expressed some astonishment that Mr. Joe should be in the line.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, bless your eyes," said that gentleman, "you don't suppose I gets
+my livelihood out of the shed down stairs, nor the pigeons neither. You
+see, these things are only dodges. If I lived here like a
+gentleman&mdash;that is to say, without a occupation&mdash;the p'lese would soon
+be down upon me. They'd be obleeged to take notice on me. As it is, I
+comes the respectable tradesman, who's above suspicion&mdash;and the pigeons
+helps on the business wonderful."</p>
+
+<p>"How is that?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, I keeps my materials&mdash;the pewter, and all that&mdash;on the roof, in
+order to be out o' the way, in case of a surprise. If I was often seed
+upon the roof, a-looking after such-like matters, inquisitive eyes would
+be on the look out. The pigeons is a capital blind. I'm believed to be
+devoted to my pigeons, out o' which I takes care it should be thought I
+makes a little fortun&mdash;and that makes a man respected. As for the pigeon
+and coal and 'tatur business, them's dodges. Gives a opportoonity of
+bringing in queer-looking sackfuls o' things, which otherwise would
+compel the <i>'spots'</i>&mdash;as we calls the p'lese&mdash;to come down on us."</p>
+
+<p>"Compel them!&mdash;but surely they come down whenever they've a suspicion?"</p>
+
+<p>"You needn't a' told me he was green," said Mr. Joe to his elder
+acquaintance, as he glanced at the youth with an air of pity. "In the
+first place, we takes care to keep the vork-shop almost impregnable; so
+that, if they attempts a surprise, we has lots o' time to get the things
+out o' the way. In the next, if it comes to the scratch&mdash;which is a
+matter of almost life and death to us&mdash;we stands no nonsense."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Joe pointed to an iron crowbar, which stood in the chimney-corner.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I ses nothing to criminate friends, you know," he added significantly
+to Mr. Bethnal, "but <i>you</i> remember wot Sergeant Higsley got?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bethnal nodded assent, and Mr. Joe volunteered for the benefit and
+instruction of Edward an account of the demise and funeral of the late
+Mr. Sergeant Higsley. That official having been promoted, was ambitious
+of being designated, in the newspapers, "active and intelligent," and
+gave information against a gang of coiners; "Wot wos the consequence?"
+continued the narrator. "Somehow or another, that p'leseman was never
+more heered on. One fine night he went on his beat; he didn't show at
+the next muster; and it was s'posed he'd bolted. Every inquiry was made,
+and the 'mysterious disappearance of a p'leseman,' got into the
+noospapers. Howsomnever, <i>he</i> never got any wheres."</p>
+
+<p>"And what became of him?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Joe then proceeded to take a long puff at his pipe, and winking at
+his initiated friend, proceeded to narrate how that the injured gang
+dealt in eggs.</p>
+
+<p>"What has that to do with it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why you see eggs is not always eggs." Mr. Pouter then went on to state
+that one night a long deal chest left the premises of the coiners,
+marked outside, 'eggs,' for exportation. "They were duly shipped, a
+member of the firm being on board. The passage was rough, the box was on
+deck, and somehow or other, somebody tumbled it overboard."</p>
+
+<p>"But what has this to do with the missing policeman?"</p>
+
+<p>"The chest was six feet long, and&mdash;&mdash;,"</p>
+
+<p>Here Mr. Bethnal became uneasy.</p>
+
+<p>"Vell," said the host, "the firm's broke up, and is past peaching up,
+only it shows you, my green 'un, what we <i>can</i> do."</p>
+
+<p>I was shaken in my master's pocket by the violence of the dread which
+Mr. Joe's story had occasioned him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bethnal, with the philosophy which was habitual to him, puffed away
+at his pipe.</p>
+
+<p>"The fact o' the matter is," said Mr. Joe, who was growing garrulous on
+an obviously pet subject, "that we aint afeerd o' the p'lese in this
+neighborhood, not a hap'orth; <i>we</i> know how to manage them." He then
+related an anecdote of another policeman, who had been formerly in his
+own line of business. This gentleman being, as he observed, "fly" to all
+the secret signs of the craft, obtained an interview with a friend of
+his for the purpose of purchasing a hundred shillings. A package was
+produced and exchanged for their proper price in currency, but on the
+policeman taking his prize to the station house to lay the information,
+he discovered that he had been outwitted. The rouleau contained a
+hundred good farthings, for each of which he had paid two pence
+half-penny.</p>
+
+<p>"Then, what is the bad money generally worth?" asked Edward,
+interrupting the speaker.</p>
+
+<p>"As a general rule," was the answer, "our sort is worth about one-fifth
+part o' the wallie it represents. So, a sovereign&mdash;(though we aint got
+much to do with gold here&mdash;that's made for the most part in
+Brummagem)&mdash;a 'Brum' sovereign may be bought for about four-and-six; a
+bad crown piece for a good bob; a half-crown for about fippence; a bob
+for two pence half-penny, and so on. As for the sixpennys and
+fourpennys, we don't make many on 'em, their wallie bein' too
+insignificant." Mr. Joe then proceeded with some further remarks for the
+benefit of his prot&eacute;g&eacute;:&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You see you need have no fear o' passing this here money if you're a
+respectable-looking cove. If a gentleman is discovered at any think o'
+the kind, it's always laid to a mistake; the shopman knocks under, and
+the gentleman gives a good piece o' money with a grin. And that's how it
+is that so much o' our mannyfactur gets smashed all over the country."</p>
+
+<p>The visitors having been somewhat bored, apparently, during the latter
+portion of their host's remarks, soon after took their departure. The
+rum-and-water which Mr. Joe's liberality had supplied, effectually
+removed Edward's scruples; and on his way back he expressed himself in
+high terms in favor of "smashing," considered as a profession.</p>
+
+<p>"O' course," was the reply of his experienced companion. "It aint once
+in a thousand times that a fellow's nailed. You shall make your first
+trial to-night. You've the needful in your pocket, hav'n't you? Come,
+here's a shop&mdash;I want a cigar."</p>
+
+<p>Edward appeared to hesitate; but Mr. Joe's rum-and-water asserted
+itself, and into the shop they both marched.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bethnal, with an air of most imposing nonchalance, took up a cigar
+from one of the covered cases on the counter, put it in his mouth, and
+helped himself to a light. Edward, not so composedly, followed his
+example.</p>
+
+<p>"How much."</p>
+
+<p>"Sixpence."</p>
+
+<p>The next instant the youth had drawn me from his pocket, received
+sixpence in change, and walked out of the shop, leaving me under the
+guardianship of a new master.</p>
+
+<p>I did not remain long with the tobacconist: he passed me next day to a
+gentleman, who was as innocent as himself as to my real character. It
+happened that I slipped into a corner of this gentleman's pocket, and
+remained there for several weeks&mdash;he, apparently, unaware of my
+existence. At length he discovered me, and one day I found myself, in
+company with a <i>good</i> half-crown, exchanged for a pair of gloves, at a
+respectable-looking shop. After the purchaser had left, the assistant
+looked at me suspiciously, and was going to call back my late owner, but
+it was too late. Taking me then to his master, he asked if I was not
+bad.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"It don't look very good," was the answer. "Give it to me, and take care
+to be more careful for the future."</p>
+
+<p>I was slipped into the waistcoat pocket of the proprietor, who
+immediately seemed to forget all about the occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>That same night, immediately on the shop being closed, the shopkeeper
+walked out, having changed his elegant costume for garments of a coarser
+and less conspicuous description, and hailing a cab, requested to be
+driven to the same street in Westminster in which I first saw the light.
+To my astonishment, he entered the shop of my first master: how well I
+remembered the place, and the coarse countenance of its proprietor!
+Ascending to the top of the house, we entered the room, to which the
+reader has been already introduced,&mdash;the scene of so much secret toil.</p>
+
+<p>A long conversation, in a very low tone, now took place between the
+pair, from which I gleaned some interesting particulars. I discovered
+that the respectable gentleman who now possessed me was the coiner's
+partner,&mdash;his being the "issue" department, which his trade
+transactions, and unimpeachable character, enabled him to undertake very
+effectively.</p>
+
+<p>"Let your next batch be made as perfectly as possible,"&mdash;I heard him say
+to his partner. "The last seems to have gone very well: I have heard of
+only a few detections, and one of those was at my own shop to-day. One
+of my fellows made the discovery, but not until after the purchaser left
+the shop."</p>
+
+<p>"That, you see, will 'appen now and then," was the answer; "but think o'
+the number on 'em as is about, and how sharp some people is
+getting&mdash;thanks to them noospapers, as is always a interfering with wot
+don't concern 'em. There's now so much of our metal about, that it's
+almost impossible to get change for a suff'rin nowhere without getting
+some on it. Every body's a-taking of it every day; and as for them
+that's detected, they're made only by the common chaps as aint got our
+masheenery,"&mdash;and he glanced proudly at his well-mounted galvanic
+battery. "All I wish is, that we could find some dodge for milling the
+edges better&mdash;it takes as much time now as all the rest of the work put
+together. Howsomever, I've sold no end on 'em in Whitechapel and other
+places, since I saw you. And as for this here neighborhood, there's
+scarcely a shop where they don't deal in the article more or less."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said Mr. Niggle's (which, I learned from his emblazoned
+door-posts was the name of my respectable master), "be as careful about
+these as you can. I am afraid it's through some of our money that that
+young girl has been found out."</p>
+
+<p>"Wot, the young 'ooman as has been remanded so often at the p'lese
+court?"</p>
+
+<p>"The same. I shall know all about it to-morrow. She is to be tried at
+the Old Bailey, and I am on the jury, as it happens."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Niggles then departed to his suburban villa, and passed the
+remainder of the evening as became so respectable a man.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning he was early at business; and, in his capacity of
+citizen, did not neglect his duties in the court, where he arrived
+exactly two minutes before any of the other jurymen.</p>
+
+<p>When the prisoner was placed in the dock, I saw at once that she was the
+sister of my first possessor. She had attempted to pass two bad
+shillings at a grocer's shop. She had denied all knowledge that the
+money was bad, but was notwithstanding arrested, examined, and was
+committed for trial. Here, at the Old Bailey, the case was soon
+dispatched. The evidence was given in breathless haste; the judge summed
+up in about six words, and the jury found the girl guilty. Her sentence
+was, however, a very short imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>It was my fortune to pass subsequently into the possession of many
+persons, from whom I learnt some particulars of the afterlife of this
+family. The father survived his daughter's conviction only a few days.
+The son was detained in custody; and as soon as his identity became
+established, charges were brought against him which led to his being
+transported. As for his sister&mdash;I was once, for a few hours, in a family
+where there was a governess of her name. I had no opportunity of knowing
+more; but&mdash;as her own nature would probably save her from the influences
+to which she must have been subjected in jail&mdash;it is but just to
+suppose, that some person might have been found to brave the opinion of
+society, and to yield to one so gentle, what the law calls "the benefit
+of a doubt."</p>
+
+<p>The changes which I underwent in the course of a few months were many
+and various&mdash;now rattling carelessly in a cash-box; now loose in the
+pocket of some careless young fellow, who passed me at a theatre; then,
+perhaps, tied up carefully in the corner of a handkerchief, having
+become the sole stock-in-hand of some timid young girl. Once I was given
+by a father as a "tip" or present to his little boy; when, I need
+scarcely add, I found myself ignominiously spent in hard-bake ten
+minutes afterwards. On another occasion, I was (in company with a
+sixpence) handed to a poor woman, in payment for the making of a dozen
+shirts. In this case I was so fortunate as to sustain an entire family,
+who were on the verge of starvation. Soon afterwards, I formed one of
+seven, the sole stock of a poor artist, who contrived to live upon my
+six companions for many days. He had reserved me until the last&mdash;I
+believe because I was the brightest and best-looking of the whole; and
+when he was at last induced to change me, for some coarse description of
+food, to his and my own horror, I was discovered!</p>
+
+<p>The poor fellow was driven from the shop; but the tradesman, I am bound
+to say, did not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> treat me with the indignity that I expected. On the
+contrary, he thought my appearance so deceitful, that he did not scruple
+to pass me next day, as part of change for a sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this, somebody dropped me on the pavement, where, however, I
+remained but a short time. I was picked up by a child, who ran
+instinctively into a shop for the purpose of making an investment in
+figs. But, coins of my class had been plentiful in that neighborhood,
+and the grocer was a sagacious man. The result was, that the child went
+figless away, and that I&mdash;my edges curl as I record the humiliating
+fact&mdash;was nailed to the counter as an example to others. Here my career
+ended, and my biography closes.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>A SUPPLY OF COCKED HATS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In new work entitled <i>A Voyage to the Mauritius and Back</i>, just
+published in London, we find the following capital story, from which it
+is apparent that the Chatham-street auction system, even if indigenous,
+is not peculiar to New-York. The subject of the joke was an Indian
+officer at the Cape, on leave of absence, and an inmate of the
+boarding-house where the writer was living.</p>
+
+<p>"The most singular character which Cape Town presented was a Major
+Holder, of the Bombay Army. In dress he was entirely unique. He wore
+invariably a short red shell jacket, thrown open, with a white
+waistcoat, and short but large white trousers, cotton stockings, and
+shoes; on his head a cocked-hat, with an upright red and white feather,
+the whole surmounted by a green silk umbrella, held painfully aloft to
+clear the feather: to this may be added a shirt-collar which acted
+almost as a pair of blinders on either side. In person he was ample, but
+somewhat shapeless; and he had a vast oblong face, which neither laughed
+nor showed any sign of animation whatever. The history of the Major's
+cocked-hat was as follows. Strolling into an auction at Bombay, he was
+rather taken with the reasonable price of a cocked-hat, which the
+flippant auctioneer was recommending with all his ingenuity. 'Going for
+six rupees&mdash;must be sold to pay the creditors. No advance upon six?
+Shall we say siccas?' In an evil hour the Major bid for the hat, left
+his address, and returned to his quarters, the happy possessor of a
+'bargain.' Seated at breakfast the next morning, a procession is
+observed approaching the house; four men carrying a large packing-case
+slung to a pole, and headed by a half-caste, with a small paper in his
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>"'Major Holder, sar, brought you the cocked-hats, sir; all sound and
+good, sar; wish live long to wear out, sar. Here leel' bill, which feel
+obleege you pay, sar.' Whereupon he puts into the hands of the astounded
+commander a document, headed 'Major Thomas Holder, of H.E.I.C.'s &mdash;&mdash;
+Regt., Dr. to estate of &mdash;&mdash; and Co., bankrupts, for seventy-two
+cocked-hats, purchased at auction,' &amp;c., &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"It was in vain that the Major remonstrated after he understood the
+predicament in which he was placed; in vain he appealed to the
+auctioneer&mdash;to the company present; it was too good a joke, and they
+would have given it against him under almost any circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>"Major Holder was a rigid economist; he had almost a mind which admitted
+but one idea at a time, and, indeed, not very often that. He was
+possessed of six dozen of cocked-hats, and they must be worn out. Being
+mostly in command of his own regiment, he had unlimited choice as to his
+own head-dress; so he commenced the task at once. From thenceforth all
+other hats or caps were to him matters of history. At the economical
+rate of two hats a year, he might safely calculate upon being much
+advanced in life before the case was exhausted. True, there were
+drawbacks: he was much consulted about auctions by his friends; many
+inquiries made of him on that point; bills of auction, and especially
+any thing relating to cocked-hats, forwarded to him by the kind
+attention of acquaintance; and a question very currently put to him by
+the ensigns was 'Tom, how are you off for hats?'</p>
+
+<p>"The interest taken in the Major's hats was far from dying, even after
+the lapse of years: the less likely to do so, indeed, from the
+circumstance of their forming epochs in history; as, 'Such a one got
+leave in Tom's fourth hat;' or, 'I hope to be off before Tom changes his
+hat;' or, 'I'll make you a bet that Jack's married before another hat's
+gone.' When this individual arrived at the Cape he was understood to be
+in his fifteenth hat: but there occurred some confusion in the Major's
+chronology; for it was understood that, owing to the practical jokes
+played there, no less than three hats were expended during the short
+month of his stay. To correct this, he adopted the plan of sitting upon
+his hat at dinner; but as he wore no tails to his jacket, and left the
+feather protruding behind, it had to a stranger the appearance of being
+a natural appendage to his person."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>BUYING DONKEYS AT SMITHFIELD.</h2>
+
+
+<p>One of the brothers Mayhew is publishing in London, (and the Harpers are
+reprinting it in New-York) a serial work under the title of <i>London
+Labor and London Poor</i>, similar in design to the sketches of trades and
+occupations a year or two ago printed in the <i>Tribune</i>. It is in as
+lively a vein as may be, but such an anatomy is unavoidably sometimes
+repulsive. The authors perhaps endanger the designed effect of their
+performance by attempting to invest it with the attractions of
+quaintness and humor. We quote from the second part the following
+description of coster-mongers in the Smithfield market:</p>
+
+<p>"The donkeys standing for sale are ranged in a long line on both sides
+of the race course, their white velvety noses resting on the wooden rail
+they are tied to. Many of them wear their blinkers and head-harness, and
+others are ornamented with ribands fastened in their halters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> The
+lookers-on lean against this railing, and chat with the boys at the
+donkeys' heads, or with the men who stand behind them, and keep
+continually hitting and shouting at the poor still beasts, to make them
+prance. Sometimes a party of two or three will be seen closely examining
+one of these 'Jerusalem ponies,' passing their hands down his legs or
+quietly looking on, while the proprietor's ash stick descends on the
+patient brute's back, making a dull hollow sound. As you walk in front
+of a long line of donkeys, the lads seize the animals by their nostrils
+and show their large teeth, asking if you 'want a hass, sir,' and all
+warranting the creature to be 'five years old next buff-day.' Dealers
+are quarrelling among themselves, down-crying each other's goods. 'A
+hearty man,' shouted one proprietor, pointing to his rival's stock,
+'could eat three sich donkeys as yourn at a meal!' One fellow, standing
+behind his steed, shouts as he strikes, 'Here's the real Britannia
+metal;' whilst another asks, 'Who's for the pride of the market?' and
+then proceeds to flip 'the pride' with the whip till she clears away the
+mob with her kickings. Here, standing by its mother, will be a shaggy
+little colt, with a group of ragged boys fondling it and lifting it in
+their arms from the ground.</p>
+
+<p>"During all this the shouts of the drivers and runners fill the air, as
+they rush past each other on the race course. Now a tall fellow,
+dragging a donkey after him, runs by, crying, as he charges in amongst
+the mob, 'Hulloa! hulloa! Hi! hi!' his mate, with his long coat-tails
+flying in the wind, hurrying after him and roaring, between his blows,
+'Keem up!'"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From the Leader.</h4>
+
+<h2>TO LAYARD, DISCOVERER OF BABYLON AND NINEVEH.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No harps, no choral voices, may enforce,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The words I utter. Thebes and Elis heard<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Those harps, those voices, whence high men rose higher;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And nations crowned the singer who crowned <i>them</i>.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His days are over. Better men than his<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Live among <i>us</i>: and must they live unsung<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Because deaf ears flap round them? or because<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gold lies along the shallows of the world,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And vile hands gather it? My song shall rise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Although none heed or hear it: rise it shall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And swell along the wastes of Nineveh<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Babylon, until it reach to thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Layard! who raisest cities from the dust,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who driest Lethe up amid her shades,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And pourest a fresh stream on arid sands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And rescuest thrones and nations, fanes and gods,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From conquering Time: he sees thee, and turns back.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The weak and slow Power pushes past the wise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And lifts them up in triumph to her ear:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They, to keep firm the seat, sit with flat palms<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon the cushion, nor look once beyond<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To cheer thee on thy road. In vain are won<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The spoils; another carries them away;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The stranger seeks them in another land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Torn piecemeal from thee. But no stealthy step<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Can intercept thy glory.<br /></span>
+<span class="i22">Cyrus raised<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His head on ruins: he of Macedon<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crumbled them, with their dreamer, into dust:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">God gave thee power above them, far above;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Power to raise up those whom they overthrew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Power to show mortals that the kings they serve<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Swallow each other, like the shapeless forms,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And unsubstantial, which pursue pursued<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In every drop of water, and devour<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Devoured, perpetual round the crystal globe.<a name="FNanchor_S_19" id="FNanchor_S_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_19" class="fnanchor">[S]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Walter Savage Landor</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_S_19" id="Footnote_S_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_S_19"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> Seen through a solar microscope.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Household Words.</h4>
+
+<h2>PHYSIOLOGY OF INTEMPERANCE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>"One glass more," exclaimed mine host of the Garter. "A bumper at
+parting! No true knight ever went away without 'the stirrup-cup.'"</p>
+
+<p>"Good," cried a merry-faced guest; "but the Age of Chivalry is gone, and
+that of water-drinkers and teetotallers has succeeded. Temperance
+societies have been imported from America, and grog nearly thrown
+overboard by the British Navy."</p>
+
+<p>"Very properly so," observed a Clergyman who sat at the table. "The
+accidents which occur from drunkenness on board ship may be so
+disastrous on the high seas, and the punishment necessary to suppress
+this vice is so revolting, that the most experienced naval officers have
+recommended the allowance of grog, served both to officers and men in
+our Navy, to be reduced one-half. In America, as well as in our own
+Merchant Service, vessels sail out of harbor on the Temperance
+principle; not a particle of spirits is allowed on board; and the men
+throughout the voyage are reported to continue healthy and able-bodied.
+Tea is an excellent substitute; many of our old seamen prefer it to
+grog."</p>
+
+<p>"That may be," exclaimed the merry-faced guest. "Horses have been
+brought to eat oysters; and on the Coromandel coast, Bishop Heber says,
+they get fat when fed on fish. Sheep have been trained up, during a
+voyage, to eat animal food, and refused, when put ashore, to crop the
+dewy greensward. When honest Jack renounces his grog, and, after reefing
+topsails in a gale of wind, goes below deck to swill down a domestic
+dish of tea, after the fashion of Dr. Samuel Johnson at Mrs. Thrale's, I
+greatly fear the character of our British seamen will degenerate. In the
+glorious days of Lord Nelson, the observation almost passed into a
+proverb, that the man who loved his grog always made the best sailor.
+Besides, in rough and stormy weather, when men have perhaps been
+splicing the mainbrace, and exposed to the midnight cold and damp, the
+stimulus of grog is surely necessary to support, if not restore, the
+vital energy?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not in the least," rejoined the clergyman. "Severe labor, even at sea,
+is better sustained without alcoholic liquors; and the depressing
+effects of exposure to cold and wet weather best counteracted by a hot
+mess of cocoa or coffee served with biscuit or the usual allowance of
+meat. In fact, I have lately read, with considerable satisfaction, a
+prize essay by an accomplished physician, in which he proves that
+alcohol acts as a poison on the nervous system, and that we can dispense
+entirely with the use of stimulants."</p>
+
+<p>"Not exactly so," observed a physician, who was of the party. "Life
+itself exists only by stimulation; the air we breathe, the food we eat,
+the desires and emotions which excite the mind to activity, are all so
+many forms of physical and mental stimuli. If the atmosphere<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> were
+deprived of its oxygen, the blood would cease to acquire those
+stimulating properties which excite the action of the heart, and sustain
+the circulation; and if the daily food of men were deprived of certain
+necessary stimulating adjuncts, the digestive organs would no longer
+recruit the strength, and the wear and tear of the body. Nay, strange as
+it may appear, that common article in domestic cookery, salt, is a
+natural and universal stimulant to the digestive organs of all
+warm-blooded animals. This is strikingly exemplified by the fact, that
+animals, in their wild state, will traverse, instinctively, immense
+tracts of country in pursuit of it; for example, to the salt-pans of
+Africa and America; and it is a curious circumstance that one of the ill
+effects produced by withholding this stimulant from the human body is
+the generation of worms. The ancient laws of Holland condemned men, as a
+severe punishment, to be fed on bread unmixed with salt; and the effect
+was horrible; for these wretched criminals are reported to have been
+devoured by worms, engendered in their own stomach. Now, I look upon
+alcohol to be, under certain circumstances, as healthful and proper a
+stimulant to the digestive organs as salt, when taken in moderation,
+whether in the form of malt liquor, wine, or spirits and water. When
+taken to excess, it may act upon the nervous system as a poison; but the
+most harmless solids or fluids may, by being taken to excess, be
+rendered poisonous. Indeed, it has been truly observed, that 'medicines
+differ from poisons, only in their doses.' Alcoholic stimulants,
+artificially and excessively imbibed, are, doubtless, deleterious."</p>
+
+<p>"The subject," observed the host, filling his glass, and passing the
+bottle, "is a curious one. The port before us, at all events, is not
+poison, and I confess, that so ignorant am I of these matters, that I
+would like to know something about this alcohol which is so much spoken
+of."</p>
+
+<p>"The explanation is not difficult," answered the Doctor. "Alcohol is
+simply derived by fermentation, or distillation, from substances or
+fluids containing sugar; in other words, the matter of sugar, when
+subjected to a certain temperature, undergoes a change, and the elements
+of which the sugar was previously composed enter into a new combination,
+which constitutes the fluid named Alcohol, or Spirits of Wine. Raymand
+Lully, the alchemist, (thirteenth century,) is said to have given it the
+name of Alcohol; but the art of obtaining it was, in that age of
+darkness and superstition, kept a profound mystery. When it became more
+known, physicians prescribed it only as a medicine, and imagined that it
+had the important property of prolonging life, upon which account they
+designated it 'Aqua Vit&aelig;,' or the 'Water of life,' and the French, to
+this day, call their Cognac <i>'Eau de Vie</i>.'"</p>
+
+<p>"It is a remarkable circumstance," observed the Clergyman, filling his
+glass, "that there is hardly any nation, however rude and destitute of
+invention, that has not succeeded in discovering some composition of an
+intoxicating nature; and it would appear, that nearly all the herbs, and
+roots, and fruits on the face of the earth have been, in some way or
+other, sacrificed on the shrine of Bacchus. All the different grains
+destined for the support of man; corn of every description; esculent
+roots, potatoes, carrots, turnips; grass itself, as in Kamtschatka;
+apples, pears, cherries, and even the delicious juice of the peach, have
+been pressed into this service; nay, so inexhaustible appear to be the
+resources of art, that a vinous spirit has been obtained by distillation
+from milk itself."</p>
+
+<p>"Milk!" cried the merry-faced guest. "Can alcohol be obtained from
+mother's milk?"</p>
+
+<p>"Very probably," continued the Clergyman. "The Tartars and Calmucks
+obtain a vinous spirit from the distillation of mares' and cows' milk;
+and, as far as I can recollect, the process consists in allowing the
+milk first to remain in untanned skins, sewed together, until it sours
+and thickens. This they agitate until a thick cream appears on the
+surface, which they give to their guests, and then, from the skimmed
+milk that remains, they draw off the spirits."</p>
+
+<p>"Exactly so," observed the Doctor, "but it is worthy of notice, that a
+Russian chemist discovered that if this milk were deprived of its butter
+and cheese, the whey, although it contains the whole of the sugar of
+milk, will not undergo vinous fermentation."</p>
+
+<p>"These facts," observed the host, "are interesting, but they are more
+curious than useful. The alcohol, I presume, from whatever source it be
+derived, is chemically the same thing; how, then, does it happen that
+some wines, containing precisely the same quantity of alcohol,
+intoxicate more speedily than others?"</p>
+
+<p>"The reason," explained the Doctor, "is simply this. We must regard all
+wines, even the very wine we are drinking, not as a simple mixture, but
+as a compound holding the matter of sugar, mucilaginous, and extractive
+principles contained in the grape juice, in intimate combination with
+the alcohol. Accordingly, the more quickly the real spirit is set free
+from this combination, the more rapidly are intoxicating effects
+produced; and this is the reason why wines containing the same quantity
+of alcohol have different intoxicating powers. Thus, champagne
+intoxicates very quickly. Now this wine contains comparatively only a
+small quantity of alcohol; but this escapes from the froth, or bubbles
+of carbonic acid gas, as it reaches the surface, carrying along with it
+all the aroma which is so agreeable to the taste. The liquor in the
+glass then becomes vapid. This has been clearly proved. The froth of
+champagne has been collected under a glass bell, and condensed by
+surrounding the vessel with ice; the alcohol has then been found
+condensed within the glass. The object, therefore, of icing
+champagne&mdash;or rather, the effect produced by this operation&mdash;is to
+repress its tendency to effervesce, whereby a smaller quantity of
+alcohol is taken with each glass. Wines containing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> same quantity of
+alcohol accordingly differ in their effects; nay, it is not to the
+alcohol only they contain that certain obnoxious effects are to be
+attributed, for, as Dr. Paris clearly shows, when they contain an excess
+of certain acids, a suppressed fermentation takes place in the stomach
+itself, which will cause flatulency and a great variety of unpleasant
+symptoms. In fact, a fluid load remains in the stomach, to undergo a
+slow and painful form of digestion."</p>
+
+<p>"But, in whatever shape you introduce it," remarked the host, "whether
+disguised as wine, or in the form of brandy, whiskey, or gin-and-water,
+it matters not&mdash;I wish to have a clear idea of the immediate effects of
+alcohol upon the living system."</p>
+
+<p>"Well!" said the Doctor, "it can very easily be described. When you
+swallow a glass&mdash;let us say of brandy-and-water&mdash;the stimulating liquid,
+upon entering into the stomach, excites the blood-vessels and nerves of
+its internal lining coat, which causes an increased flow of blood and
+nervous energy to this part. The consequence is, that the internal
+membrane of the stomach becomes highly reddened and injected, just as if
+inflammation had already been produced by the presence of the stimulant.
+Thus far you probably follow me:&mdash;but this is not all&mdash;the vessels thus
+excited have an absorbing power; they suck up (as it were) and carry
+directly into the stream of the circulation a portion (at all events) of
+the alcohol which thus irritates them. The result is, that alcohol is
+thus mixed with the blood and brought into immediate contact with the
+minute structure of all the different organs of the body."</p>
+
+<p>"But how," asked the merry-faced guest, "can this be known? Who ever saw
+into the stomach of a living man?"</p>
+
+<p>"Strange as it may appear to you, that has been done, and all the
+circumstances connected with the digestion of solids and fluids in the
+stomach have been very accurately observed. It happened, in the year
+1822, that a young Canadian, named Alexis St. Martin, was accidentally
+wounded by the discharge of a musket, which carried away a portion of
+his ribs, perforating and exposing the interior of the stomach. After
+the poor fellow had undergone much suffering, all the injured parts
+became sound, excepting the perforation into the stomach, which remained
+some two and a half inches in circumference; and upon this unfortunate
+individual his physician, Dr. Beaumont, when he was sufficiently well,
+made a series of very careful observations, which have determined a
+great variety of important points connected with the physiology of
+digestion. Fluids introduced into the stomach rapidly disappeared, being
+taken up by these vessels and carried into the system. We cannot,
+therefore, be surprised to hear that so subtile and penetrating a fluid
+as alcohol should very speedily find its way into all the tissues of the
+body. Its presence may be smelt in the breath of persons addicted to
+spirituous liquors, as well as in their secretions generally."</p>
+
+<p>"But to what do you attribute the noxious effects of alcohol, allowing
+it to be thus carried by direct absorption into the circulation?" asked
+the host.</p>
+
+<p>"To the excess of carbon," answered the Doctor, "which is thus
+introduced into the system; and explains why the liver, in hard
+drinkers, is generally found diseased."</p>
+
+<p>"How so?" inquired the host. "I have heard of the 'gin liver.'"</p>
+
+<p>"It is well known that a long residence in India," interposed the
+Clergyman, "will give rise to enlargement and induration of this organ."</p>
+
+<p>"And for the same reason," answered the Doctor, "the liver acts as a
+substitute for the lungs&mdash;just as the skin acts vicariously for the
+kidneys."</p>
+
+<p>"Not a word of this do I understand," said the merry-faced guest.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then," continued the Doctor, "I will endeavor to explain it. By a
+wonderful provision of nature, which appears to come under the law of
+compensation, when one organ, by reason of decay, is unable to perform
+its functions, another undertakes its functions, and, to a certain
+extent, supplies its place. You all know that blind people acquire a
+preternatural delicacy in the sense of touch, which did not escape the
+philosophical observation of Wordsworth, who speaks of</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"A watchful heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still couchant&mdash;an inevitable ear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And an eye practised like the blind man's touch."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Now, it is the office of the vessels of the skin to throw off by
+perspiration the watery parts of the blood; the kidneys do the same; and
+under a great variety of circumstances which must be familiar to all,
+these organs frequently act vicariously for one another. The office of
+the liver, and the lungs also, is in like manner to throw off carbon
+from the system, and when during a residence in a tropical climate the
+lungs are unable, from the state of the atmosphere, to perform their
+functions, the liver acting vicariously for this organ is stimulated to
+undue activity, and becomes consequently diseased. Applying these
+remarks to the spirit drinker, it is obvious that the excess of carbon
+introduced into the system by alcohol is thrown upon the liver, and by
+stimulating it to undue activity produces a state of inflammation."</p>
+
+<p>"This I understand," observed the Clergyman, "but how does it act upon
+the brain? Does the alcohol itself actually become absorbed, and enter
+into the substance of the brain?"</p>
+
+<p>"The effect of an excess of carbon, in the blood-vessels of the brain,
+is to produce sleep and stupor; hence the drunkard breathes thick, and
+snores spasmodically, and after this state, ends in confirmed apoplexy
+and death&mdash;just as dogs become insensible when held over the Grotto del
+Cane, in Italy, where they inhale this deleterious gas. But in addition
+to this it has been clearly proved, that alcohol does enter into the
+substance of the brain, for it has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> been detected by the smell, upon
+examining the brain of persons who have died drunk; besides which,
+alcohol, after having been introduced by way of experiment, into the
+body of a living dog, has afterwards been procured absolutely as alcohol
+by distillation from the substance of the brain. It is so subtile a
+fluid that Liebig says it permeates every tissue of the body."</p>
+
+<p>"But how do you explain the circumstance that death sometimes happens
+suddenly after drinking spirits," asked the host, "before there can be
+time for absorption to take place?"</p>
+
+<p>"I remember, not many years ago," interrupted the merry-faced guest, "a
+water-man, in attendance at the cab-stand at the top of the Haymarket,
+for a bribe of five shillings, tossed off a bottle of gin, upon which he
+dropped down insensible, and soon died."</p>
+
+<p>"This may clearly be accounted for," observed the Doctor. "The stomach,
+as I premised, is plentifully supplied with nerves, and is connected
+with one of the great nervous centres in the body, so that a sudden
+impression produced upon these nerves, by the introduction of a quantity
+of such stimulus, gives a shock to the whole nervous system, which
+completely overpowers it. From the centre to the circumference it acts
+like a stroke of lightning, and the death is often instantaneous. A
+draught of iced water taken when the system has been overheated by
+exertion, by dancing or otherwise, has been known to be immediately
+fatal. The physiological action&mdash;or rather the 'shock' upon the nervous
+system, is in both cases the same&mdash;violent mental emotion will in like
+manner suspend the action of the heart and produce instant death. These
+are the terrors of alcohol, when drank to excess; but the health of the
+habitual tippler is sure to be undermined; his hands become tremulous,
+he is unsteady in his gait, his complexion becomes sallow, and all his
+mental faculties gradually impaired."</p>
+
+<p>"To what, may I ask," inquired the merry-faced guest, "do you attribute
+the circumstance of the trembling hand recovering its steadiness, after
+taking a glass of spirits in the morning after a debauch; 'hair of the
+dog,' as it is called, 'that bit overnight?'"</p>
+
+<p>"Action and reaction is the great law of the animal economy," replied
+the Doctor; "over stimulation will always produce a corresponding degree
+of depression; when, therefore, the nervous system has been over-excited
+by alcoholic liquors, the usual amount of nervous energy which is
+necessary to give tone to the muscular system is wanting, and then a
+stimulus gives a fillip to the nervous centres, which restores the
+nervous powers to the extremities. When this state of things, however,
+has been permitted to go on, and the brain has been frequently brought
+under alcoholic influence, its structure becomes affected, and a slow
+and very insidious inflammation takes place, which terminates in a
+softening of its substance. This mischief may proceed for a considerable
+period without being suspected, but on a sudden <i>delirium tremens</i> may
+supervene, which will terminate, perhaps, in paralysis&mdash;perhaps death!"</p>
+
+<p>"To what, Doctor," inquired the Clergyman, "do you attribute the mental
+pleasures of intoxication? Can this be explained upon physiological
+principles?"</p>
+
+<p>"Easily, I think," answered the Doctor. "All inebriating agents have a
+two-fold action&mdash;as I have already pointed out&mdash;first, on the
+circulation; and secondly, on the nervous system. There can be no doubt
+that the mind becomes endowed with increased energy when the circulation
+through the brain is moderately quickened. This has been proved by
+observation. The case has been reported of a person who having lost by
+disease a part of the skull and its investments, a corresponding portion
+of brain was open to inspection. In a state of dreamless sleep the brain
+lay motionless within the skull; but when dreams occurred, as reported
+by the patient, then the quantity of blood was observed to flow with
+increased rapidity, causing the brain to move and protrude out of the
+skull. When perfectly awake, and engaged in active thought, then the
+blood again was sent with increased force to the brain, and the
+protrusion was still greater. Under all circumstances, increased
+circulation through the brain gives rise to mental excitement, and
+sometimes to an unusual lucidity of ideas. It is observed in the early
+stages of fever, and even in the dying&mdash;and this accounts for the
+clearing up of the mind which sometimes occurs in the last moments of
+life&mdash;what is called familiarly 'the lightening before death.'"</p>
+
+<p>"That," observed the Clergyman, "is a very curious circumstance, which I
+firmly believe; and you account for this, if I understand your meaning,
+by explaining that the blood which no longer circulates in the
+extremities, which may have become cold, flows with increased impetus
+through the brain."</p>
+
+<p>"Exactly so," replied the Doctor; "and upon this very principle, the
+rapidity of ideas, and the pleasurable mental excitement attending that
+temporary state of intellectual exaltation, depends on the increased
+rapidity of the flow of blood through the brain; but when this becomes
+carried to too great an extent, and the rapidity of the current disturbs
+the healthy condition of the brain, then the manifestations of the mind
+necessarily become impaired, the ideas are no longer under the control
+of the reasoning faculty, and the bodily organs, usually under the
+dominion of the will, no longer obey its mandates. This I believe to be
+the true theory of mental intoxication."</p>
+
+<p>"But there are many circumstances," observed the host, "which may
+accelerate or retard this excitement."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly," continued the Doctor; "persons who join the social board
+already elated with some good news, or cause of unusual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> happiness;
+persons who talk much, and excite themselves in argument, are apt to
+become affected more speedily than those who hold themselves in the
+midst of the convivial scene sedate and taciturn. The mind, in fact, may
+exercise a considerable power of resistance against inebriation; for
+which reason, persons in the society of their superiors, under
+circumstances which render it necessary they should maintain the
+appearance of being always well conducted, drink with impunity more than
+they otherwise could, if they did not impose upon themselves this
+consciousness of self-government. We also observe the influence of the
+mind, in controlling, and, indeed, putting an end to a fit of
+intoxication, by making, doubtless, an impression on the heart and
+causation, when a sense of danger, or a piece of good or bad news,
+suddenly communicated, sobers a person on a sudden."</p>
+
+<p>"I have heard," observed the merry-faced guest, "that moving
+about&mdash;changing from one seat into another&mdash;will check the effects of
+liquor; and I have known persons who have left a social party perfectly
+sober, become suddenly tipsy in the open air. How is this to be
+explained?"</p>
+
+<p>"Precisely on the same principle," answered the Doctor, "upon leaving an
+overheated room, on your returning homewards, you expose yourself to an
+atmosphere many degrees below that you have just left. The cold checks
+the circulation on the surface of the body; the blood is driven inwards;
+it accumulates, consequently, in the internal organs; and sometimes its
+pressure is such on the brain, as to produce on a sudden the very last
+stage of intoxication. The limbs refuse to support their burthen, and
+the person falls down in a state of profound insensibility."</p>
+
+<p>"I have recently," said the host, "read in the Police Reports several
+cases of this description; and imagined that some narcotic drug must
+have been mixed with the liquor drank by such persons. Adulterations of
+some sort must go on to a frightful extent in gin-palaces."</p>
+
+<p>"Not by any means," answered the Doctor, "to the extent you suppose. It
+is said that the spirit dealer makes his whisky or gin bead by adding a
+little turpentine to it. Well! what then? Turpentine is a very healthy
+diuretic. It is given to infants to kill worms in very large doses.
+Then, again, vitriol is spoken of; but so strong is sulphuric acid, that
+it would clearly render these spirits quite unpalatable. I do not affirm
+that the art of adulteration may not occasionally be had recourse to,
+even with criminal intentions, for such cases have been brought under
+the notice of the authorities; but I do not believe the practice is so
+general as some persons suppose. I apprehend dilution is a more general
+means of fraud."</p>
+
+<p>"It has often occurred to me," said the Clergyman, "that our municipal
+regulations ought, on this subject, be much improved. Our Excise
+officers enter the cellars of the wholesale and retail spirit-dealers,
+only to gauge the strength of the spirit, and to ascertain how much it
+may be overproof, which alone regulates the Government duty; but for the
+sake of the public health I would go further than this. If a butcher be
+found selling unhealthy meat; a fishmonger, bad fish; or a baker cheat
+in the weight of bread, they severally have their goods confiscated, and
+are fined; and so far the public is protected. But the authorities seem
+not to care what description of poison is sold across the counter of
+gin-palaces&mdash;an evil which may easily be remedied. I would put the
+licensed victualler on the same level with the butcher and fishmonger:
+and if he were found selling adulterated spirits, and the charge were
+proved against him by the same having been fairly analyzed, he, too,
+should be liable to be fined, or even lose his license. The public
+health is, upon this point, at present, utterly unprotected."</p>
+
+<p>"Some such measure," observed the host, "might be advantageously
+adopted; but I confess that I do not advocate the prohibition principle;
+instead of preaching a Crusade against the use of any particular
+article, whether of necessity or comfort, let us educate the people, and
+improve their social condition by inculcating sound moral principles;
+they will soon learn that habits of industry and temperance can alone
+insure them and their children happiness and prosperity; and in so doing
+you will teach a sound, practical permanent lesson."</p>
+
+<p>"But," interrupted the Clergyman, "if we continue the conversation
+longer, we shall ourselves become transgressors; the 'stirrup-cup' is
+drained; much remains doubtless to be said respecting the evils,
+physical and moral, which arise from intemperance; but let us now
+adjourn."</p>
+
+<p>"With all my heart!" exclaimed the host, "and now, 'to all and each, a
+fair good night.'"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From "Rambles beyond Railways;" by W. Wilkie Collins, author of
+"Antonina."</h4>
+
+<h2>MINING UNDER THE SEA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In complete mining equipment, with candles stuck by lumps of clay to
+their felt hats, the travellers have painfully descended by
+perpendicular ladders and along dripping-wet rock passages, fathoms down
+into pitchy darkness; the miner who guides them calls a halt.</p>
+
+<p>We are now four hundred yards out under the bottom of the sea, and
+twenty fathoms or a hundred and twenty feet below the sea level.
+Coast-trade vessels are sailing over our heads. Two hundred and forty
+feet beneath us men are at work; and there are galleries deeper yet even
+below that. The extraordinary position down the face of the cliff, of
+the engines and other works on the surface at Botallack, is now
+explained. The mine is not excavated like other mines under the land,
+but under the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Having communicated these particulars, the miner next tells us to keep
+strict silence and listen. We obey him, sitting speechless and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+motionless. If the reader could only have beheld us now, dressed in our
+copper-colored garments, huddled close together in a mere cleft of
+subterranean rock, with flame burning on our heads and darkness
+enveloping our limbs, he must certainly have imagined, without any
+violent stretch of fancy, that he was looking down upon a conclave of
+gnomes.</p>
+
+<p>After listening for a few moments, a distant unearthly noise becomes
+faintly audible,&mdash;a long, low, mysterious moaning, that never changes,
+that is felt on the ear as well as heard by it; a sound that might
+proceed from some incalculable distance, from some far invisible height;
+a sound unlike any thing that is heard on the upper ground in the free
+air of heaven; a sound so sublimely mournful and still, so ghostly and
+impressive when listened to in the subterranean recesses of the earth,
+that we continue instinctively to hold our peace, as if enchanted by it,
+and think not of communicating to each other the strange awe and
+astonishment which it has inspired in us both from the very first.</p>
+
+<p>At last the miner speaks again, and tells us that what we hear is the
+sound of the surf lashing the rocks a hundred and twenty feet above us,
+and of the waves that are breaking on the beach beyond. The tide is now
+at the flow, and the sea is in no extraordinary state of agitation: so
+the sound is low and distant just at this period. But when storms are at
+their height, when the ocean hurls mountain after mountain of water on
+the cliffs, then the noise is terrific; the roaring heard down here in
+the mine is so inexpressibly fierce and awful that the boldest men at
+work are afraid to continue their labor; all ascend to the surface to
+breathe the upper air and stand on the firm earth; dreading, though no
+such catastrophe has ever happened yet, that the sea will break in on
+them if they remain in the caverns below.</p>
+
+<p>Hearing this, we get up to look at the rock above us. We are able to
+stand upright in the position we now occupy; and, flaring our candles
+hither and thither in the darkness, can see the bright pure copper
+streaking the dark ceiling of the gallery in every direction. Lumps of
+ooze, of the most lustrous green color, traversed by a natural network
+of thin red veins of iron, appear here and there in large irregular
+patches, over which water is dripping slowly and incessantly in certain
+places. This is the salt water percolating through invisible crannies in
+the rock. On stormy days it spirts out furiously in thin continuous
+streams. Just over our heads we observe a wooden plug of the thickness
+of a man's leg; there is a hole here, and the plug is all that we have
+to keep out the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Immense wealth of metal is contained in the roof of this gallery,
+throughout its whole length; but it remains, and will always remain,
+untouched: the miners dare not take it, for it is part, and a great
+part, of the rock which forms their only protection against the sea, and
+which has been so far worked away here that its thickness is limited to
+an average of three feet only between the water and the gallery in which
+we now stand. No one knows what might be the consequence of another
+day's labor with the pick-axe on any part of it. This information is
+rather startling when communicated at the depth of four hundred and
+twenty feet under ground. We should decidedly have preferred to receive
+it in the counting-house. It makes us pause for an instant, to the
+miner's infinite amusement, in the very act of knocking away about an
+inch of ore from the rock, as a memento of Botallack. Having, however,
+ventured, on reflection, to assume the responsibility of weakening our
+defence against the sea by the length and breadth of an inch, we secure
+our piece of copper, and next proceed to discuss the propriety of
+descending two hundred and forty feet more of ladders, for the sake of
+visiting that part of the mine where the men are at work.</p>
+
+<p>Two or three causes concur to make us doubt the wisdom of going lower.
+There is a hot, moist, sickly vapor, floating about as, which becomes
+more oppressive every moment; we are already perspiring at every pore,
+as we were told we should, and our hands, faces, jackets, and trousers,
+are all more or less covered with a mixture of mud, tallow, and
+iron-drippings, which we can feel and smell much more acutely than is
+exactly desirable. We ask the miner what there is to see lower down. He
+replies, nothing but men breaking ore with pickaxes: the galleries of
+the mine are alike, however deep they may go; when you have seen one,
+you have seen all.</p>
+
+<p>The answer decides us: we determine to get back to the surface.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Tait's Magazine.</h4>
+
+<h2>THE COSTUME OF THE FUTURE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Our business is with male attire, and it would be ungallant to
+introduce, merely in a parenthesis, the subject of ladies' dress, or we
+might pause to congratulate them and ourselves upon the very reasonable
+and natural costume which they have enjoyed for some time. The portraits
+of the present day are not disfigured by the towering head-gear, the
+long waists and hoops against which Reynolds had to contend, nor by the
+greater variety of hideous fashions, including the no-waist, the tight
+clinging skirt, the enormous bows of hair, and the balloon or
+leg-of-mutton sleeves, which at various periods interfered with the
+highest efforts of Lawrence. The present dress differs slightly from
+that of the best ages; and Vandyke or Lely, if summoned to paint the
+fair ladies of the Court of Queen Victoria, would find little they could
+wish to alter in the arrangement of their costume. But what would they
+say to the gentlemen?</p>
+
+<p>They would miss the rich materials, the variety of color and of make,
+and the flowing outlines to which they were accustomed, and would find,
+instead of them every body going about in a plain, uniform,
+close-fitting garb,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> admitting of no variety of color or make, and not
+presenting a single line or contour upon which they could look with
+pleasure. They might not be much gratified by learning the superior
+economy of modern fashions: they might say that, putting rich materials
+and delicate hues aside, it is possible to contrive a picturesque dress
+out of the most simple fabrics. Beauty and expense are by no means of
+necessity associated in dress. When Oliver Goldsmith, after spending
+more than would pay a modern gentleman's tailor's bill for a couple of
+years, upon a single coat of cherry-colored velvet, had the misfortune
+to stain it in a conspicuous place, he was obliged to go on wearing it,
+and always to hold his hat (in this instance of some use) before the
+fatal grease-spot. He could not afford to have another new coat, and yet
+this expensive and unfortunate piece of finery was every bit as ugly, if
+not more so, than the plain black or invisible-green cloth coat of this
+age. The long shoes, pointed toes, and other grotesque fashions of the
+middle ages, must all of them have been expensive; and it was by
+inefficient sumptuary laws that it was attempted to put them down. The
+draperies which we admire on an Etruscan vase were of the coarsest
+woollen: and the possession of silken stuffs in abundance has not tended
+to make the Chinese national dress better than what we know it to be.</p>
+
+<p>Of coats, the frock is better than the evening or dress-coat. It fulfils
+the purpose of a garment more completely, and when buttoned up is
+capable of protecting the chest. The triangular opening in front of the
+coat and waistcoat is, however, an absurdity. It leaves unprotected from
+cold and wet the very part which most requires protection. Pictorially,
+the regularly-defined patch of white seen through it is always
+offensive; but its whiteness has one merit, if it really be white. The
+exposure of part of the linen worn under the tailor's portion of the
+man's dress makes attention to its condition necessary; and perhaps has
+contributed to the greater personal cleanliness which obtains among a
+coat-wearing than among a blouse-wearing population. Cleanliness is very
+truly reputed to be next to godliness, and it may be worth while making
+some sacrifice of convenience and taste for the sake of it: it belongs
+to morals rather than to &aelig;sthetics, and should accordingly take
+precedence of any thing appertaining only to the latter.</p>
+
+<p>The tail or dress coat is evidently derived from the frock, or from
+something like the frock, by turning back the skirts. Remains of this
+process may be seen in the buttons which, without serving any useful
+purpose, still continue to decorate the coat-tails in many military
+uniforms, and in servants' liveries, and in those which, without being
+so remarkable, still adhere to the tails of an ordinary dress-coat. This
+arrangement may be noticed very distinctly in the well-known portraits
+of Charles XII. of Sweden, in which the white livery is seen buttoned
+back upon the blue cloth which forms the outer side of the coat skirts.</p>
+
+<p>The tail-coat is certainly the worst of the two, whether for utility or
+for appearance; and so thought George IV., whose opinion, however, in
+matters of taste, was not in general good for much. This king, in his
+latter days, carried his aversion to it so far as to banish it entirely
+from his back, and from his presence for a time, during which he, and
+the persons immediately about him, wore a kind of frock coat in evening
+dress. But the public did not follow the royal lead, and the
+swallow-tails still flutter behind the wearer of an evening coat.</p>
+
+<p>Waistcoats do not call for much reprobation, except in the matter of the
+already-mentioned white triangle, in which they err in company with the
+coats. But a good long waistcoat, buttoned up to the throat, is a very
+useful and unexceptionable piece of attire. A few years ago, people wore
+them of all kinds of color, and of all kinds of stuffs, silks, and
+velvet; now, however, black is your only wear, with perhaps an
+occasional license to assume the white waistcoat, which was once
+associated with that exceedingly frivolous and now evanescent party who
+were called 'Young England.'</p>
+
+<p>Trousers are so sensible and convenient a portion of attire that little
+can be said against them. It is a form of covering for the legs well
+fitted for the inhabitants of a cold and variable climate, and hardly
+differs from what may be seen on the figures of the Gauls on Trajan's
+Column, and other monuments of antiquity. In practical convenience, they
+far surpass their shorter rivals, which also require continuation by
+stockings to complete the purpose of clothing the leg. Buttons at the
+knee are a great nuisance, and probably were what chiefly contributed to
+the melancholy determination of a certain gentleman in the last century,
+who found his existence insupportable, and put an end to it with his own
+hand. Life, he said, was made up of nothing but buttoning and
+unbuttoning; and so he shot himself one morning in his dressing-gown and
+slippers, before the intolerable burden of the day commenced.</p>
+
+<p>Trousers are great levellers. The legs of Achilles and of Thersites
+would share the same fate in them, and both would in modern London be as
+well entitled to the epithet of "well-trousered," as the former alone
+was to that of 'well-greaved' before Troy. Probably the majority of
+mankind are but too well content with this result, as there are few who
+could emulate Mr. Cruikshanks in James Smith's song of names, who</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"&mdash;&mdash;stepped into ten thousand a year<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By showing his leg to an heiress;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and the trouser is therefore likely to be a permanent article in the
+wardrobe, so that its continued existence must be taken as a datum or
+postulate in any discussion upon vestimentary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> reform. This, it must be
+allowed, makes any reform to a very picturesque costume out of the
+question; for not only is the loose trouser itself hostile to the fit
+display of the lower limbs, but it interferes with the use of any such
+dress as the military habit of the Romans, or the Highland kilt, or the
+short tunic with which we are familiar on the stage in costumed plays,
+where no particular accuracy as to place or time is affected. The effect
+of the combination may often be noticed in the dress of little boys, who
+may be seen wearing trousers under such a tunic, reaching to the knee or
+a little above it. The horizontal line which terminates the lower part
+of the kilt is seen in immediate contrast with, and at right angles to
+the almost perpendicular lines of the trousers, which produces a most
+disagreeable appearance; although it is well adapted, by the contrast of
+a straight line with the graceful curves of the legs, to set them off to
+advantage when uncovered.</p>
+
+<p>Flowing robes after the classical or eastern fashion are of course not
+to be thought of. They would be mightily out of place in railroad
+carriages, or in omnibuses, or in walking the streets on muddy days.
+Modern habits of activity and personal independence require the dress to
+be tolerably succinct and unvoluminous; but some change in the right
+direction has been lately made by the introduction of what are called
+paletots, and other coats of various transitional forms between them and
+the shooting-jacket proper. In these a good deal of the stiffness and
+angularity of the regulation frock coat is got rid of, and they admit of
+adaptation to different statures and sizes. They have much comfort and
+convenience to recommend them, and it would be a great point gained if
+they were altogether adopted, and the frock-coat, which still asserts a
+claim to be considered more correct, were quietly given up.</p>
+
+<p>It may be matter only of custom and association, or it may also depend
+upon some deeper considerations, but the result of much observation is,
+that with the ordinary out-of-door costume of the present day, as worn
+in cities, nothing goes so well as the black hat. There is an ugliness
+and a stiffness about it which is congruous with the ugliness and
+stiffness of every thing else. Its very height and straight sides tend
+to carry the eye upwards, in conformity with the indication of the
+principal lines in the lower part of the dress. It is like a steeple
+upon a Gothic tower, and repeats the perpendicular tendencies of what is
+below it, instead of contradicting them by the introduction of a
+horizontal element. Certainly, no kind of cap goes well with it: the
+traveller who has not unpacked his hat, and continues to wear in the
+streets what served him on the road, or the Turk, European in all but
+his red fez, cut but a sorry and mongrel figure among the shining
+beavers around them, which retain their place as necessary evils under
+the existing order of things.</p>
+
+<p>Once, however, escape from the town, and see how every one gets rid of
+his regular coat, and of his chimney-pot. The man of business in his
+rural retreat, the lawyer in vacation, the lounger at the sea-side, have
+all discarded them. Emancipation from the coat and hat is synonymous
+with leisure, enjoyment, and freedom from the formal trammels of public
+and civic life. The most staid and reverend personages may now be seen
+disporting themselves in divers jackets, and in that Wide-awake which a
+few years since was confined to the sportsman or his slang imitator.
+Surely this universal consent of mankind must be accepted as an omen of
+the future; and when the looser and more sensible garments now worn in
+the country, shall be established as the usual dress of the towns also,
+they will be accompanied by the soft and wide-leaved hat of felt, which
+already goes along with them wherever they are tolerated.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From the Athen&aelig;um.</h4>
+
+<h2>LIFE IN PERSIA, IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Prince Alexis Soltykoff, a Russian, who published in Paris last year his
+<i>Travels in India</i>, has just given to the world from the same city a
+volume of <i>Novels in Persia</i>. In both works we find the same charm of
+simplicity in the narrative, the same truth and spirit in the drawings,
+and, we may add, what some people would call the same deficiencies&mdash;that
+is to say, the same absence of got-up learning and bookmaking art. There
+are no historical, geological, or philological treatises pressed into
+their pages, no statistical calculations, not one quotation from other
+people's books, not a single word about Darius, Sapor, or Khosroes!</p>
+
+<p>Prince Soltykoff has not followed the too commonly adopted recipe for
+writing a book of travels. He has not on his return home read every body
+else's book on the same subject,&mdash;and then condensed his readings into
+one volume, bristling with erudition and stuck full of learned notes
+which, ten to one, are either not read at all or read in the wrong
+place. As to notes&mdash;there are not two to each volume. Satisfied with
+having said nothing that is not true, and with having related nothing
+that he has not seen, he feels no misgivings or regret at leaving much
+unsaid. Of all the information which can be acquired without leaving
+one's fireside in London or St. Petersburg he gives not a word, but the
+valuable testimony of the eyewitness he records in a series of drawings
+in which Eastern life is 'taken in the fact' with a truth and liveliness
+of touch rarely found in an amateur pencil. The letter-press is a
+secondary part of the work,&mdash;merely to render the drawings intelligible;
+and we are convinced that if the author could have imagined a more
+unpretending title for his book than the one given, he would have
+selected it. Indeed, the word <i>book</i> is scarcely an appropriate one to
+use on this occasion; and we may compare the pleasure which we have
+derived in perusing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> Prince Soltykoff's travels both in Persia and in
+India to that afforded by the inspection of the album of an intelligent
+traveller who should enliven the exhibition by his agreeable and
+instructive conversation.</p>
+
+<p>The travels in India took place between the years 1841 and 1846, while
+those in Persia were accomplished as far back as 1838. We are not told
+why the publication has been so long delayed, and can account for it
+only by supposing that the fashion which has lately brought before the
+public in the capacity of authors so many subjects of the Czar, was not
+in 1838 so prevalent at St. Petersburg. Be that as it may, a picture of
+the Eastern world in its immobility can brave a lapse of time which
+would prove fatal to the likeness of any portraiture of European
+society. The following sketch, for instance, is likely to be as true
+now, as when it was written:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"After three months' stay at Teheran, I was heartily tired of it and of
+Persia altogether. The manner of living is fearfully monotonous. A
+stranger, debarred from female society, and deprived of all the
+diversions of European cities, can scarcely find employment for his day.
+I had hired for six <i>toumans</i> a month (the touman is worth about ten
+shillings) one of the prettiest houses of the town in the quarter named
+Gazbine-Dervaz&eacute;. The air, it is true, circulated as freely through it as
+in the open street, but the climate is so mild and the weather was so
+fine that this could scarcely be considered an objection. The house
+consisted of two stories of several rooms with two terraces to each.
+Those of the upper story overlooked the town, which, in spite of its
+dulness, had a certain air of activity. Two rows of windows&mdash;the lower
+closed with wooden shutters and the upper one formed of colored
+glass,&mdash;gave light to the principal room, of which the walls were white
+as snow. I took advantage of two niches to place therein two complete
+Persian armors which I had procured with inconceivable trouble, for no
+one can imagine the numberless and tedious difficulties which impede
+every kind of transaction. For the most trifling purchase one hundred
+toumans are spoken of as a hundred roubles in Russia. Besides,
+punctuality is a virtue unknown in Persia, and this alone would suffice
+to make the country odious to foreigners. If you charge a tradesman with
+want of faith, he replies gravely that 'his nose has burned with
+regret'&mdash;a strange expression of repentance certainly! Indeed, the habit
+of falsehood is so inveterate among Persians of this class&mdash;and I may
+even say of all classes&mdash;that when they happen by chance to keep their
+word they never fail to claim a reward as though they had performed a
+most rare and meritorious act. Having examined all the rare but rather
+heterogeneous articles which compose the royal treasury, we went to see
+the king's second son (the eldest was at Tauris), to whom Count
+Simonitsch had to pay a farewell visit. We found the little prince in
+the audience chamber, seated on the floor on a cachmere, and propped by
+several large bolsters covered with pink muslin. He was a delicate
+sickly child of four or five years old, with an unmeaning countenance, a
+pale face, insignificant and rather flattened features, and red hair, or
+rather, I should say, with his hair dyed of a deep red. He was dressed
+in a shawl caftan lined with fur, and wore on his little black cap a
+diamond aigrette. We sat down in front of him on the
+carpet;&mdash;Mirza-Massoud, the minister for foreign affairs, and two or
+three other dignitaries who were present at the interview, remained
+standing. <i>D&eacute;m&agrave;hi schoum&agrave; tschogh est?</i> that is to say, 'Is your nose
+very fat?' inquired Count Simonitsch. This extraordinary form of speech
+universally used by well-bred persons in Persia, seems to indicate that
+they ascribe considerable hygienic importance to that feature. All my
+researches to discover the origin and symbolical meaning of this
+courtesy have proved in vain; I have never obtained a satisfactory
+explanation to my questions on this head: all I can say is, that the
+hackneyed forms of salutation in use among European nations have since
+seemed to me far less absurd than they formerly did."</p>
+
+<p>We have no doubt that even should Prince Keikhobade-Mirza have departed
+this life, another original might be found for the following picture of
+a Persian prince in reduced circumstances:</p>
+
+<p>"On my return home I found an Armenian merchant waiting for me who
+seemed somewhat less of a rogue than his brethren. He had brought me a
+<i>Sipehr</i> (shield) in delicately wrought steel, ornamented with
+inscriptions and arabesques, inlaid in gold; it belonged, he said, to
+Prince Mohammed-Veli-Mirza, and he demanded a sum of thirty-six toumans
+(about eighteen pounds), which I gave without hesitation. It was not
+dear at that price. This Mohammed-Veli-Mirza, one of the numerous sons
+of the late Fet-Ali-Schah, had been, if I mistake not, governor of
+Schiraz. His reputation, as well as that of his brother
+Keikhobade-Mirza, (indeed, I might say of all his brothers), was so well
+established in the country, that the Armenian begged I would not
+consider the bargain as concluded until he had paid the money into the
+prince's hands, lest he should wish to recede from his word. You know,
+he said, that these <i>Schahzad&egrave;s</i> have no scruples in these
+matters,&mdash;that they are all <i>tamamkharab</i>, that is to say, bad
+characters&mdash;<i>kharab</i>, meaning a thing that is bad&mdash;decayed, dilapidated.
+Fortunately the fears of the prudent Armenian were not realized; for a
+wonder, Mohammed-Veli-Mirza was contented with the sum he had first
+asked, and the <i>Sipehr</i> was added to my collection. A few days later I
+received a deputation from Prince Keikhobade-Mirza, offering me a
+similar shield as a present. In the first impulse of my gratitude I
+hastened to present my thanks to the generous donor. His house was the
+abode of poverty; his appearance was noble and dignified, and his
+countenance very handsome, although he squinted. The portrait of his
+royal father,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> the late Fet-Ali-Schah, hung in the room, and I was
+struck with the resemblance between father and son. The full-length
+portrait of my gracious host was there also&mdash;in the full dress of a
+prince of the blood holding a shield. Keikhobade-Mirza, whose gracious
+and cordial reception touched me the more on account of the evident
+poverty of his household, pointed to this latter portrait,&mdash;saying that
+in his father's lifetime he was, as I could see, his <i>selictar</i>, or
+royal shield-bearer, and enjoyed a brilliant station, but that now he
+was fallen; adding that he had sent me the shield which he had
+inherited&mdash;the same which I saw represented in the picture&mdash;knowing that
+I had been looking out for curious arms at the bazaar. I was profuse in
+my expressions of gratitude, although thanks in Persia denote a man of
+mean station, and though my Persian servant, who had accompanied me, was
+making signs to me to stop. 'It is a mere trifle,' said the Prince, 'and
+I hope to find some other articles more worthy your acceptance, for my
+only desire is to be agreeable to you.' The morrow brought me his
+<i>Nazir</i>, or steward, to ask for three hundred <i>toumans</i> (150<i>l.</i>); and
+as I seemed in no hurry to give them, he sent for his shield back again.
+Some time afterwards, he came to see me, and asked why I had returned
+it. 'You sent for it by your nazir,' I said. 'My nazir,' he replied,
+(although the man was present and looking on with an ambiguous smile,)
+'is a rogue and a storyteller; give me a hundred toumans and I will let
+you have the shield, which indeed is yours. I begged you to accept it as
+well as every thing else I may possess.' And so the matter ended."</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing picture of Oriental munificence can scarcely be more
+disenchanting than the sight of the sketch of Mohammed-Schah which
+Prince Soltykoff had the honor to take. The large head, the heavy
+inexpressive features, the clumsy frame, are sad dream dispellers; and
+were it not for the redeeming Persian cap, the "Centre of the World"
+might be mistaken for a grocer of the Rue St. Denis in a shawl
+dressing-gown. On grand occasions the appearance of the Schah must be
+still more incongruous, if we are to believe the description which the
+author gives of the state dress preserved in the royal treasury. One can
+scarcely fancy a gouty Centre of the World attired in a European uniform
+of <i>blue cloth</i>, with the facings embroidered in diamonds, ruby buttons,
+and epaulets formed of immense emeralds, to which are attached fringes
+of large pearls. We translate a description of a last sitting, and of
+the exchange of courtesies between the royal model and the amateur
+artist; it may serve to reconcile some of our readers to the rather
+monotonous form in which royal munificence is usually displayed in
+European courts. When compared to a lame horse, a gold snuff-box
+appears&mdash;if not an ingenious&mdash;at least a convenient present:</p>
+
+<p>"On the 31st of January I went for the last time to the Palace to take
+leave of the Schah, and make another portrait of him.... He proposed at
+first to sit for his profile, but as I objected on the score of its
+being less interesting:&mdash;'Well, well, he said, 'as you wish; you
+understand the thing better than I do.' He then resumed his conversation
+with the courtiers, who were ranged in a row at the other end of the
+room,&mdash;sounding my praises in Turkish in the most exaggerated terms,
+according to the rules of Persian politeness, and remarking among other
+things how difficult it was to catch an exact likeness so
+quickly&mdash;doubtless to set me at my ease, for he saw I was hurrying in my
+task. To all these remarks the courtiers merely replied: '<i>B&ecirc;li</i>,
+<i>b&ecirc;li</i>, yes, yes,' in a monotonous and inexpressive tone. The Schah
+seemed much surprised to learn that I was to leave Teheran the following
+day. He inquired what motive induced me to leave Persia so soon. I
+replied, that I was eager to join my family and friends, to inform them
+of the favors I had received at the hands of His Majesty. For these
+latter words the interpreter substituted the words 'Centre of the
+World.' I added, that I intended returning to Teheran with my brother in
+the course of the following year, at which the Prince of course appeared
+delighted&mdash;'Return soon,' he said, 'you will always be welcome at my
+court.' Then turning to Mirza-Massoud, his Minister for Foreign Affairs,
+who had accompanied me:&mdash;I have known many Franks,' he remarked, 'but
+none who pleased me as much as this one.' This phrase, it must be said,
+loses somewhat of its effect when it is known that the good Prince never
+failed to address it to every stranger who presented himself. He next
+inquired of the Minister for Foreign Affairs if the presents he intended
+for me were ready, and particularly recommended that they should not be
+worth less than three hundred toumans. I then took leave of His Majesty,
+backing out of the room as well as I could, while he continued to bestow
+on me his smiles and gracious words. The next day, on my way to the
+Russian Embassy, I met four of the King's servants, slowly leading in
+great ceremony a tall, lame, bay horse. Before they accosted me to tell
+me so, I had guessed that it was intended for me. I had not had time to
+take on a fitting air for the occasion before my groom, who was walking
+beside my horse, began to abuse the Schah's people in most lively terms,
+refusing to admit such a sorry jade into my stables. In spite of my
+opposition to so rude an action, and my exclamations in bad Turkish, the
+Persians returned to the Palace stables, where they chose another horse,
+which they brought me direct to the Embassy. My groom was not more
+inclined to receive it than the first, nor to listen to my
+remonstrances, and those of a dragoman of the Embassy, whose aid I had
+invoked in order to declare that I accepted the royal gift with due
+respect. All was useless; the quarrel proceeded,&mdash;my squire insisting on
+performing his duty in spite of myself, and only interrupting himself to
+make me understand that he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> was acting in my interest. The Schah's
+servants at last, reduced to silence by the observations of so zealous a
+follower, departed once more with their horse to submit the affair to
+the Prime Minister, who was to decide in his wisdom whether the animal
+was or was not worthy of being offered to me. A mixture of cleverness
+and cunning, with an almost childish na&iuml;vet&eacute;, seemed to me a striking
+feature in the Persian character. Hadji-Mirza-Agassi pronounced the
+steed to be to a certain degree valuable, and requested me to excuse
+it,&mdash;for the present a better could not be offered,&mdash;adding, that on my
+return I should receive a magnificent one."</p>
+
+<p>Prince Soltykoff's remarks generally relate more to the habits and
+indications of character observable among those whom he visits than to
+any material objects or physical sensations. The notions entertained of
+politeness in Persia seem especially to have struck him, as our readers
+may have seen by the extracts which we have given. We will give one more
+illustrating the same subject. It has often been said that a knowledge
+of foreign countries is apt to make us better satisfied with our own,
+and we have shown how an experience of Oriental gifts may restore the
+oft-derided snuff-box to honor. Who knows whether even saucy children
+may not in future be more patiently endured by our readers after the
+following anecdote. For our own part, we know of no "dear little pickle"
+whom we would not prefer to this very well-behaved Persian boy:</p>
+
+<p>"Three days afterwards I was at Gazbine, installed in the house of a
+certain Scherif-Khan, and received in his absence by his four sons, who
+were all dressed alike, and the eldest of whom was barely eleven. In the
+midst of the ruins of the town&mdash;all Persian towns indeed are mere
+abominable ruins of mud walls&mdash;I considered myself fortunate in
+obtaining a room and a fire-place. One of the walls of the apartment to
+which I was conducted consisted of small bits of colored glass,
+checkered at regular intervals with small squares of wood, for glass is
+both rare and expensive in Persia. As, however, the greater part of the
+colored glass was broken, and the wind came rushing through the holes
+and crevices, I was half frozen and nearly stifled with smoke, until an
+end was put to my sufferings by stopping the holes and nailing some felt
+on the doors. The children of the house came, under the guidance of a
+sort of servant who filled the office of tutor, to pay me a visit, and
+seated themselves on the floor. The second, who was about ten, and who
+by right of his mother's superior rank was to inherit all the paternal
+titles and wealth, inquired after my health; and on my asking him in my
+turn how he felt, replied with a very stiff little air, 'that in my
+presence every body must feel satisfied.' I then offered him some cakes,
+requesting to know if they were to his liking.&mdash;'All you offer is very
+good,' he said, 'and all you eat must be excellent.' I had a cap on my
+head, and another lay on the table; I questioned him on the value which
+he attached to the two articles, and asked which he preferred. 'Both are
+superb,' he replied, 'but the one you prefer is undoubtedly the best.'
+After this piquant specimen of the civility of the country, it may be
+supposed that I was not sorry to end the conference, and to get rid of
+such an excessively well bred child. I took care, however, to send a cup
+of tea to his mother, who, the tutor informed me, was young and pretty,
+and lived in the house with three other wives of Scherif-Khan. She found
+it so much to her liking that she sent to beg for a pound of it."</p>
+
+<p>One word more: &#338;hlenschl&auml;ger used to complain that when he wrote in
+Danish he wrote for two hundred readers; Russians are very much in the
+same case, and Prince Soltykoff, like all his countrymen who desire to
+have a public, has been obliged to have recourse to a foreign language.
+But the misfortune is so easily and gracefully borne, that we can
+scarcely find pity for it. The drawings are well lithographed by French
+artists. Our neighbors are much fonder of lithographic illustrations
+than we are, and, it must be admitted, excel us in that branch of art.
+We have noticed especially the lithographs executed by M. Trayer, a
+young artist, who is also a painter of promise.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Leigh Hunt's Journal.</h4>
+
+<h2>DUELLING TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS AGO.</h2>
+
+<h3>SIR THOMAS DUTTON AND SIR HATTON CHEEK.</h3>
+
+<h3>BY THOMAS CARLYLE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Peace here, if possible; skins were not made for mere slitting and
+slashing! You that are for war, cannot you go abroad, and fight the
+Papist Spaniards? Over in the Netherlands there is always fighting
+enough. You that are of ruffling humor, gather your truculent ruffians
+together; make yourselves colonels over them; go to the Netherlands, and
+fight your bellyful!</p>
+
+<p>Which accordingly many do, earning deathless war-laurels for the moment;
+and have done, and will continue doing, in those generations. Our
+gallant Veres, Earl of Oxford and the others, it has long been their
+way; gallant Cecil, to be called Earl of Wimbledon; gallant Sir John
+Burroughs, gallant Sir Hatton Cheek,&mdash;it is still their way. Deathless
+military renowns are gathered there in this manner; deathless for the
+moment. Did not Ben Jonson, in his young hard days, bear arms very
+manfully as a private soldado there? Ben, who now writes learned plays
+and court-masks as Poet Laureate, served manfully with pike and sword
+there, for his groat a day with rations. And once when a Spanish soldier
+came strutting forward between the lines, flourishing his weapon, and
+defying all persons in general&mdash;Ben stept forth, as I hear; fenced that
+braggart Spaniard, since no other would do it; and ended by soon
+slitting him in two, and so silencing him! Ben's war-tuck, to judge by
+the flourish of his pen, must have had a very dangerous stroke in it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Swashbuckler age," we said; but the expression was incorrect, except as
+a figure. Bucklers went out fifty years ago, "about the twentieth of
+Queen Elizabeth"; men do not now swash with them, or fight in that way.
+Iron armor has mostly gone out, except in mere pictures of soldiers;
+King James said, It was an excellent invention; you could get no harm,
+and neither could you do any in it. Bucklers, either for horse or foot,
+are quite gone. Yet old Mr. Stowe, good chronicler, can recollect when
+every gentleman had his buckler; and at length every serving man and
+city dandy. Smithfield&mdash;still a waste field, full of puddles in wet
+weather,&mdash;was in those days full of buckler duels, every Sunday and
+holiday in the dry season; and was called Ruffian's Rig, or some such
+name.</p>
+
+<p>A man, in those days, bought his buckler, of gilt leather and wood, at
+the haberdasher's; "hung it over his back, by a strap fastened to the
+pommel of his sword in front." Elegant men showed what taste, or sense
+of poetic beauty, was in them by the fashion of their buckler. With
+Spanish beaver, with starched ruff, and elegant Spanish cloak, with
+elegant buckler hanging at his back, a man, if his moustachios and boots
+were in good order, stepped forth with some satisfaction. Full of
+strange oaths, and bearded like the pard; a decidedly truculent-looking
+figure. Jostle him in the street thoroughfares, accidentally splash his
+boots as you pass&mdash;by heaven the buckler gets upon his arm, the sword
+flashes in his fist, with oaths enough; and you too being ready, there
+is a noise! Clink, clank, death and fury; all persons gathering round,
+and new quarrels springing from this one! And Dogberry comes up with the
+town guard? And the shopkeepers hastily close their shops? Nay, it is
+hardly necessary, says Mr. Howe; these buckler fights amount only to
+noise, for most part; the jingle of iron against tin and painted
+leather. Ruffling swashers strutting along with big oaths and whiskers,
+delight to pick a quarrel; but the rule is you do not thrust, you do not
+strike below the waist; and it was oftenest a dry duel&mdash;mere noise, as
+of working tinsmiths, with profane swearing! Empty vaporing bullyrooks
+and braggarts, they encumber the thoroughfares mainly. Dogberry and
+Verges ought to apprehend them. I have seen, in Smithfield, on a dry
+holiday, "thirty of them on a side," fighting and hammering as if for
+life; and was not at the pains to look at them, the blockheads; their
+noise as the mere beating of old kettles to me!</p>
+
+<p>The truth is, serving-men themselves, and city apprentices had got
+reckless, and the duels, no death following, ceased to be sublime. About
+fifty years ago, serious men took to fighting with rapiers, and the
+buckler fell away. Holles, in Sherwood, as we saw, fought with rapier,
+and he soon spoiled Markham. Rapier and dagger especially; that is a
+more silent duel, but a terribly serious one! Perhaps the reader will
+like to take a view of one such serious duel in those days, and
+therewith close this desultory chapter.</p>
+
+<p>It was at the siege of Juliers, in the Netherlands wars, of the year
+1609; we give the date, for wars are perpetual, or nearly so, in the
+Netherlands. At one of the storm parties of the siege of Juliers, the
+gallant Sir Hatton Cheek, above alluded to, a superior officer of the
+English force which fights there under my Lord Cecil, that shall be
+Wimbledon; the gallant Sir Hatton, I say, being of hot temper, superior
+officer, and the service a storm-party on some bastion or demilune,
+speaks sharp word of command to Sir Thomas Dutton, who also is probably
+of hot temper in this hot moment. Sharp word of command to Dutton; and
+the movement not proceeding rightly, sharp word of rebuke. To which
+Dutton, with kindled voice, answers something sharp; is answered still
+more sharply with voice high flaming;&mdash;whereat Dutton suddenly holds in;
+says merely, "He is under military duty here, but perhaps will not
+always be so;" and rushing forward, does his order silently, the best he
+can. His order done, Dutton straightway lays down his commission; packs
+up, that night, and returns to England.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Hatton Cheek prosecutes his work at the siege of Juliers; gallantly
+assists at the taking of Juliers, triumphant over all the bastions, and
+half-moons there; but hears withal that Dutton is at home in England,
+defaming him as a choleric tyrant and so forth. Dreadful news, which
+brings some biliary attack on the gallant man, and reduces him to a bed
+of sickness. Hardly recovered, he dispatches message to Dutton, That he
+shall request to have the pleasure of his company, with arms and seconds
+ready, on some neutral ground,&mdash;Calais sands for instance,&mdash;at an early
+day, if convenient. Convenient; yes, as dinner to the hungry! answers
+Dutton; and time, place, and circumstances are rapidly enough agreed
+upon.</p>
+
+<p>And so, on Calais sands, on a winter morning of the year 1609, this is
+what we see most authentically, through the lapse of dim Time. Two
+gentlemen stript to the shirt and waistband; in two hands of each a
+rapier and dagger clutched; their looks sufficiently serious! The
+seconds, having stript, equipt, and fairly overhauled and certified
+them, are just about retiring from the measured fate-circle, not without
+indignation that <i>they</i> are forbidden to fight. Two gentlemen in this
+alarming posture; of whom the Universe knows, has known, and will know
+nothing, except that they were of choleric humor, and assisted in the
+Netherlands wars! They are evidently English human creatures, in the
+height of silent fury and measured circuit of fate; whom we here audibly
+name once more, Sir Hatton Cheek, Sir Thomas Dutton, knights both,
+soldadoes both. Ill-fated English human creatures, what horrible
+confusion of the pit is this?</p>
+
+<p>Dutton, though in suppressed rage, the seconds about to withdraw, will
+explain some things if a word were granted, "No words,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> says the other;
+"stand on your guard!" brandishing his rapier, grasping harder his
+dagger. Dutton, now silent too, is on his guard. Good heavens! after
+some brief flourishing and flashing,&mdash;the gleam of the swift clear steel
+playing madly in one's eyes,&mdash;they, at the first pass, plunge home on
+one another; home, with beak and claws; home to the very heart! Cheek's
+rapier is through Dutton's throat from before, and his dagger is through
+it from behind,&mdash;the windpipe miraculously missed; and, in the same
+instant, Dutton's rapier is through Cheek's body from before, his dagger
+through his back from behind,&mdash;lungs and life <i>not</i> missed; and the
+seconds have to advance, "pull out the four bloody weapons," disengage
+that hell-embrace of theirs. This is serious enough! Cheek reels, his
+life fast-flowing; but still rushes rabid on Dutton, who merely parries,
+skips, till Cheek reels down, dead in his rage. "He had a bloody burial
+there that morning," says my ancient friend. He will assist no more in
+the Netherlands or other wars.</p>
+
+<p>Such scene does history disclose, as in sunbeams, as in blazing
+hell-fire, on Calais sands, in the raw winter morning; then drops the
+blanket of centuries, of everlasting night, over it, and passes on
+elsewhither. Gallant Sir Hatton Cheek lies buried there, and Cecil of
+Wimbledon, son of Burleigh, will have to seek another superior officer.
+What became of the living Dutton afterwards, I have never to this moment
+had the least hint.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Blackwood's Magazine</h4>
+
+<h2>MY NOVEL:</h2>
+
+<h4>OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.</h4>
+
+<h3>BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Continued from page 550, Vol. II.</i></h4>
+
+
+<h4>BOOK IV.&mdash;INITIAL CHAPTER:</h4>
+
+<h5>COMPRISING MR. CAXTON'S OPINIONS ON THE MATRIMONIAL STATE, SUPPORTED BY
+LEARNED AUTHORITIES.</h5>
+
+<p>"It was no bad idea of yours, Pisistratus," said my father graciously,
+"to depict the heightened affections and the serious intentions of
+Signior Riccabocca by a single stroke&mdash;<i>He left off his spectacles!</i>
+Good."</p>
+
+<p>"Yet," quoth my uncle, "I think Shakspeare represents a lover as falling
+into slovenly habits, neglecting his person, and suffering his hose to
+be ungartered, rather than paying that attention to his outer man which
+induces Signior Riccabocca to leave off his spectacles, and look as
+handsome as nature will permit him."</p>
+
+<p>"There are different degrees and many phases of the passion," replied my
+father. "Shakspeare is speaking of an ill-treated, pining, wobegone
+lover, much aggrieved by the cruelty of his mistress&mdash;a lover who has
+found it of no avail to smarten himself up, and has fallen despondingly
+into the opposite extreme. Whereas Signior Riccabocca has nothing to
+complain of in the barbarity of Miss Jemima."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed he has not!" cried Blanche, tossing her head&mdash;"forward
+creature!"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, my dear," said my mother, trying her best to look stately, "I am
+decidedly of opinion that, in that respect, Pisistratus has lowered the
+dignity of the sex. Not intentionally," added my mother mildly, and
+afraid she had said something too bitter; "but it is very hard for a man
+to describe us women."</p>
+
+<p>The Captain nodded approvingly; Mr. Squills smiled; my father quietly
+resumed the thread of his discourse.</p>
+
+<p>"To continue," quoth he, "Riccabocca has no reason to despair of success
+in his suit, nor any object in moving his mistress to compassion. He
+may, therefore, very properly tie up his garters and leave off his
+spectacles. What do you say, Mr. Squills?&mdash;for, after all, since
+love-making cannot fail to be a great constitutional derangement, the
+experience of a medical man must be the best to consult."</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Caxton," replied Squills, obviously flattered, "you are quite
+right: when a man makes love, the organs of self-esteem and desire of
+applause are greatly stimulated, and therefore, of course, he sets
+himself off to the best advantage. It is only, as you observe, when,
+like Shakspeare's lover, he has given up making love as a bad job, and
+has received that severe hit on the ganglions which the cruelty of a
+mistress inflicts, that he neglects his personal appearance: he neglects
+it, not because he is in love, but because his nervous system is
+depressed. That was the cause, if you remember, with poor Major Prim. He
+wore his wig all awry when Susan Smart jilted him; but I set it all
+right for him."</p>
+
+<p>"By shaming Miss Smart into repentance, or getting him a new
+sweetheart?" asked my uncle.</p>
+
+<p>"Pooh!" answered Squills, "by quinine and cold bathing."</p>
+
+<p>"We may therefore grant," renewed my father, "that, as a general rule,
+the process of courtship tends to the spruceness, and even foppery, of
+the individual engaged in the experiment, as Voltaire has very prettily
+proved somewhere. Nay, the Mexicans, indeed, were of opinion that the
+lady at least ought to continue those cares of her person even after
+marriage. There is extant, in Sahagun's <i>History of New Spain</i>, the
+advice of an Aztec or Mexican mother to her daughter, in which she
+says&mdash;'That your husband may not take you in dislike, adorn yourself,
+wash yourself, and let your garments be clean.' It is true that the good
+lady adds,&mdash;'Do it in moderation; since, if every day you are washing
+yourself and your clothes, the world will say you are over-delicate; and
+particular people will call you&mdash;<span class="smcap">tapetzon tinemaxoch</span>!' What those words
+precisely mean," added my father modestly, "I cannot say, since I never
+had the opportunity to acquire the ancient Aztec language&mdash;but something
+very opprobrious and horrible, no doubt."</p>
+
+<p>"I dare say a philosopher like Signior Riccabocca," said my uncle, "was
+not himself very <i>tapetzon tine</i>&mdash;what d'ye call it?&mdash;and a good healthy
+English wife, like that poor affectionate Jemima, was thrown away upon
+him."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Roland," said my father, "you don't like foreigners: a respectable
+prejudice, and quite natural in a man who has been trying his best to
+hew them in pieces, and blow them up into splinters. But you don't like
+philosophers either&mdash;and for that dislike you have no equally good
+reason."</p>
+
+<p>"I only implied that they were not much addicted to soap and water,"
+said my uncle.</p>
+
+<p>"A notable mistake. Many great philosophers have been very great beaux.
+Aristotle was a notorious fop. Buffon put on his best laced ruffles when
+he sat down to write, which implies that he washed his hands first.
+Pythagoras insists greatly on the holiness of frequent ablutions; and
+Horace&mdash;who, in his own way, was as good a philosopher as any the Romans
+produced&mdash;takes care to let us know what a neat, well-dressed, dapper
+little gentleman he was. But I don't think you ever read the 'Apology of
+Apuleius?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not I&mdash;what is it about?" asked the Captain.</p>
+
+<p>"About a great many things. It is that sage's vindication from several
+malignant charges&mdash;amongst others, and principally indeed, that of being
+much too refined and effeminate for a philosopher. Nothing can exceed
+the rhetorical skill with which he excuses himself for
+using&mdash;tooth-powder. 'Ought a philosopher,' he exclaims, 'to allow any
+thing unclean about him, especially in the mouth&mdash;the mouth, which is
+the vestibule of the soul, the gate of discourse, the portico of
+thought! Ah, but &AElig;millianus [the accuser of Apuleius] never opens <i>his</i>
+mouth but for slander and calumny&mdash;tooth-powder would indeed be
+unbecoming to <i>him</i>! Or, if he use any, it will not be my good Arabian
+tooth-powder, but charcoal and cinders. Ay, his teeth should be as foul
+as his language! And yet even the crocodile likes to have his teeth
+cleaned; insects get into them, and, horrible reptile though he be, he
+opens his jaws inoffensively to a faithful dentistical bird, who
+volunteers his beak for a toothpick.'"</p>
+
+<p>My father was now warm in the subject he had started, and soared miles
+away from Riccabocca and "My Novel." "And observe," he
+exclaimed&mdash;"observe with what gravity this eminent Platonist pleads
+guilty to the charge of having a mirror. 'Why, what,' he exclaims, 'more
+worthy of the regards of a human creature than his own image,' (<i>nihil
+respectabilius homini quam formam suam!</i>) Is not that one of our
+children the most dear to us who is called 'the picture of his father?'
+But take what pains you will with a picture, it can never be so like you
+as the face in your mirror! Think it discreditable to look with proper
+attention on one's self in the glass! Did not Socrates recommend such
+attention to his disciples&mdash;did he not make a great moral agent of the
+speculum? The handsome, in admiring their beauty therein, were
+admonished that handsome is who handsome does; and the more the ugly
+stared at themselves, the more they became naturally anxious to hide the
+disgrace of their features in the loveliness of their merits. Was not
+Demosthenes always at his speculum? Did he not rehearse his causes
+before it as before a master in the art? He learned his eloquence from
+Plato, his dialectics from Eubulides; but as for his delivery&mdash;there, he
+came to the mirror!'</p>
+
+<p>"Therefore," concluded Mr. Caxton, returning unexpectedly to the
+subject&mdash;"therefore it is no reason to suppose that Dr. Riccabocca is
+averse to cleanliness and decent care of the person, because he is a
+philosopher; and, all things considered, he never showed himself more a
+philosopher than when he left off his spectacles and looked his best."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said my mother kindly, "I only hope it may turn out happily. But
+I should have been better pleased if Pisistratus had had not made Dr.
+Riccabocca so reluctant a wooer."</p>
+
+<p>"Very true," said the Captain; "the Italian does not shine as a lover.
+Throw a little more fire into him, Pisistratus&mdash;something gallant and
+chivalrous."</p>
+
+<p>"Fire&mdash;gallantry&mdash;chivalry!" cried my father, who had taken Riccabocca
+under his special protection&mdash;"why, don't you see that the man is
+described as a philosopher?&mdash;and I should like to know when a
+philosopher ever plunged into matrimony without considerable misgivings
+and cold shivers. Indeed, it seems that&mdash;perhaps before he was a
+philosopher&mdash;Riccabocca <i>had</i> tried the experiment, and knew what it
+was. Why, even that plain-speaking, sensible, practical man, Metellus
+Numidicus, who was not even a philosopher, but only a Roman censor, thus
+expressed himself in an exhortation to the people to perpetrate
+matrimony&mdash;'If, O Quirites, we could do without wives, we should all
+dispense with that subject of care (<i>e&acirc; molesti&acirc; careremus</i>); but since
+nature has so managed it, that we cannot live with women comfortably,
+nor without them at all, let us rather provide for the human race than
+our own temporary felicity.'"</p>
+
+<p>Here the ladies set up a cry of such indignation, that both Roland and
+myself endeavored to appease their wrath by hasty assurances that we
+utterly repudiated that damnable doctrine of Metellus Numidicus.</p>
+
+<p>My father, wholly unmoved, as soon as a sullen silence was established,
+re-commenced&mdash;"Do not think, ladies," said he, "that you were without
+advocates at that day; there were many Romans gallant enough to blame
+the censor for a mode of expressing himself which they held to be
+equally impolite and injudicious. 'Surely,' said they, with some
+plausibility, 'if Numidicus wished men to marry, he need not have
+referred so peremptorily to the disquietudes of the connection, and thus
+have made them more inclined to turn away from matrimony than given them
+a relish for it.' But against these critics one honest man (whose name
+of Titus Castricus should not be forgotten by posterity), maintained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+that Metellus Numidicus could not have spoken more properly; 'For
+remark,' said he, 'that Metellus was a censor, not a rhetorician. It
+becomes rhetoricians to adorn, and disguise, and make the best of
+things; but Metellus, <i>sanctus vir</i>&mdash;a holy and blameless man, grave and
+sincere to whit, and addressing the Roman people in the solemn capacity
+of censor&mdash;was bound to speak the plain truth, especially as he was
+treating of a subject on which the observation of every day, and the
+experience of every life, could not leave the least doubt upon the mind
+of his audience. 'Still Riccabocca, having decided to marry, has no
+doubt prepared himself to bear all the concomitant evils&mdash;as becomes a
+professed sage; and I own I admire the art with which Pisistratus has
+drawn the precise woman likely to suit a philosopher."</p>
+
+<p>Pisistratus bows, and looks round complacently; but recoils from two
+very peevish and discontented faces feminine.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Caxton</i> (completing his sentence),&mdash;"Not only as regards mildness
+of temper and other household qualifications, but as regards the very
+person of the object of his choice. For you evidently remembered,
+Pisistratus, the reply of Bias, when asked his opinion on marriage: "&#919;&#964;&#959;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#7969;&#957; &#949;&#958;&#949;&#953;&#962;, &#951; &#945;&#953;&#963;&#967;&#961;&#945;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#949;&#953; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#951;&#957;, &#949;&#958;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#954;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#951;&#957; &#949;&#953; &#948;&#949; &#945;&#953;&#963;&#967;&#961;&#945;&#957;, &#949;&#958;&#949;&#953;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#951;&#957;."</p>
+
+<p>Pisistratus tries to look as if he had the opinion of Bias by heart, and
+nods acquiescingly.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Caxton.</i>&mdash;"That is, my dears, 'the woman you would marry is either
+handsome or ugly: if handsome, she is koin&eacute;, viz: you don't have her to
+yourself; if ugly, she is poin&eacute;&mdash;that is, a fury.' But, as it is
+observed in Aulus Gellius, (whence I borrow this citation,) there is a
+wide interval between handsome and ugly. And thus Ennius, in his tragedy
+of <i>Menalippus</i>, uses an admirable expression to designate women of the
+proper degree of matrimonial comeliness, such as a philosopher would
+select. He calls this degree <i>stata forma</i>&mdash;a rational, mediocre sort of
+beauty, which is not liable to be either koin&eacute; or poin&eacute;. And Favorinus,
+who was a remarkably sensible man, and came from Provence&mdash;the male
+inhabitants of which district have always valued themselves on their
+knowledge of love and ladies&mdash;calls this said <i>stata forma</i> the beauty
+of wives&mdash;the uxorial beauty. Ennius says, that women of a <i>stata forma</i>
+are almost always safe and modest. Now Jemima, you observe, is described
+as possessing this <i>stata forma</i>; and it is the nicety of your
+observation in this respect, which I like the most in the whole of your
+description of a philosopher's matrimonial courtship, Pisistratus,
+(excepting only the stroke of the spectacles,) for it shows that you had
+properly considered the opinion of Bias, and mastered all the counter
+logic suggested in Book v. chapter xi., of Aulus Gellius."</p>
+
+<p>"For all that," said Blanche, half-archly, half-demurely, with a smile
+in the eye, and a pout of the lip, "I don't remember that Pisistratus,
+in the days when he wished to be most complimentary, ever assured me
+that I had a <i>stata forma</i>&mdash;a rational, mediocre sort of beauty."</p>
+
+<p>"And I think," observed my uncle, "that when he comes to his real
+heroine, whoever that may be, he will not trouble his head much about
+either Bias or Aulus Gellius."</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER II.</h4>
+
+<p>Matrimony is certainly a great change in life. One is astonished not to
+find a notable alteration in one's friend, even if he or she have been
+only wedded a week. In the instance of Dr. and Mrs. Riccabocca the
+change was peculiarly visible. To speak first of the lady, as in
+chivalry bound, Mrs. Riccabocca had entirely renounced that melancholy
+which had characterised Miss Jemima: she became even sprightly and gay,
+and looked all the better and prettier for the alteration. She did not
+scruple to confess honestly to Mrs. Dale, that she was now of opinion
+that the world was very far from approaching its end. But, in the
+meanwhile, she did not neglect the duty which the belief she had
+abandoned serves to inculcate&mdash;"She set her house in order." The cold
+and penurious elegance that had characterised the Casino disappeared
+like enchantment&mdash;that is, the elegance remained, but the cold and
+penury fled before the smile of woman. Like Puss-in-Boots after the
+nuptials of his master, Jackeymo only now caught minnows and
+sticklebacks for his own amusement. Jackeymo looked much plumper, and so
+did Riccabocca. In a word, the fair Jemima became an excellent wife.
+Riccabocca secretly thought her extravagant, but, like a wise man,
+declined to look at the house bills, and ate his joint in unreproachful
+silence.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, there was so much unaffected kindness in the nature of Mrs.
+Riccabocca&mdash;beneath the quiet of her manner there beat so genially the
+heart of the Hazeldeans&mdash;that she fairly justified the favorable
+anticipations of Mrs. Dale. And though the Doctor did not noisily boast
+of his felicity, nor, as some new married folks do, thrust it
+insultingly under the <i>nimis unctis naribus</i>&mdash;the turned-up noses of
+your surly old married folks, nor force it gaudily and glaringly on the
+envious eyes of the single, you might still see that he was a more
+cheerful and light-hearted man than before. His smile was less ironical,
+his politeness less distant. He did not study Machiavelli so
+intensely,&mdash;and he did not return to the spectacles; which last was an
+excellent sign. Moreover, the humanising influence of the tidy English
+wife might be seen in the improvement of his outward or artificial man.
+His clothes seemed to fit him better; indeed, the clothes were new. Mrs.
+Dale no longer remarked that the buttons were off the wrist-bands, which
+was a great satisfaction to her. But the sage still remained faithful to
+the pipe, the cloak, and the red silk umbrella.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> Mrs. Riccabocca had (to
+her credit be it spoken) used all becoming and wifelike arts against
+these three remnants of the old bachelor Adam, but in vain. "<i>Anima
+mia</i>&mdash;soul of mine," said the Doctor tenderly, "I hold the cloak, the
+umbrella, and the pipe, as the sole relics that remain to me of my
+native country. Respect and spare them."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Riccabocca was touched, and had the good sense to perceive that
+man, let him be ever so much married, retains certain signs of his
+ancient independence&mdash;certain tokens of his old identity, which a wife,
+the most despotic, will do well to concede. She conceded the cloak, she
+submitted to the umbrella, she concealed her abhorrence of the pipe.
+After all, considering the natural villany of our sex, she confessed to
+herself that she might have been worse off. But, through all the calm
+and cheerfulness of Riccabocca, a nervous perturbation was sufficiently
+perceptible;&mdash;it commenced after the second week of marriage&mdash;it went on
+increasing, till one bright sunny afternoon, as he was standing on his
+terrace gazing down upon the road, at which Jackeymo was placed,&mdash;lo, a
+stage-coach stopped! The Doctor made a bound, and put both hands to his
+heart as if he had been shot; he then leapt over the balustrade, and his
+wife from her window beheld him flying down the hill, with his long hair
+streaming in the wind, till the trees hid him from her sight.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah," thought she with a natural pang of conjugal jealousy, "henceforth
+I am only second in his home. He has gone to welcome his child!" And at
+that reflection Mrs. Riccabocca shed tears.</p>
+
+<p>But so naturally amiable was she, that she hastened to curb her emotion,
+and efface as well as she could the trace of a stepmother's grief. When
+this was done, and a silent self-rebuking prayer murmured over, the good
+woman descended the stairs with alacrity, and, summoning up her best
+smiles, emerged on the terrace.</p>
+
+<p>She was repaid; for scarcely had she come into the open air, when two
+little arms were thrown round her, and the sweetest voice that ever came
+from a child's lips, sighed out in broken English, "Good mamma, love me
+a little."</p>
+
+<p>"Love you? with my whole heart!" cried the stepmother, with all a
+mother's honest passion. And she clasped the child to her breast.</p>
+
+<p>"God bless you, my wife!" said Riccabocca, in a husky tone.</p>
+
+<p>"Please take this too," added Jackeymo in Italian, as well as his sobs
+would let him&mdash;and he broke off a great bough full of blossoms from his
+favorite orange-tree, and thrust it into his mistress's hand. She had
+not the slightest notion what he meant by it!</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER III.</h4>
+
+<p>Violante was indeed a bewitching child&mdash;a child to whom I defy Mrs.
+Caudle herself (immortal Mrs. Caudle!) to have been a harsh stepmother.</p>
+
+<p>Look at her now, as, released from those kindly arms, she stands, still
+clinging with one hand to her new mamma, and holding out the other to
+Riccabocca&mdash;with those large dark eyes swimming in happy tears. What a
+lovely smile!&mdash;what an ingenuous candid brow! She looks delicate&mdash;she
+evidently requires care&mdash;she wants the mother. And rare is the woman who
+would not love her the better for that! Still, what an innocent
+infantine bloom in those clear smooth cheeks!&mdash;and in that slight frame,
+what exquisite natural grace!</p>
+
+<p>"And this, I suppose, is your nurse, darling?' said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+observing a dark foreign-looking woman, dressed very strangely&mdash;without
+cap or bonnet, but a great silver arrow stuck in her hair, and a
+filagree chain or necklace resting upon her kerchief.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, good Annetta," said Violante in Italian. "Papa, she says she is to
+go back; but she is not to go back&mdash;is she?"</p>
+
+<p>Riccabocca, who had scarcely before noticed the woman, started at that
+question&mdash;exchanged a rapid glance with Jackeymo&mdash;and then, muttering
+some inaudible excuse, approached the Nurse, and beckoning her to follow
+him, went away into the grounds. He did not return for more than an
+hour, nor did the woman then accompany him home. He said briefly to his
+wife that the Nurse was obliged to return at once to Italy, and that she
+would stay in the village to catch the mail; that indeed she would be of
+no use in their establishment, as she could not speak a word of English;
+but that he was sadly afraid Violante would pine for her. And Violante
+did pine at first. But still, to a child it is so great a thing to find
+a parent&mdash;to be at home&mdash;that, tender and grateful as Violante was, she
+could not be inconsolable while her father was there to comfort.</p>
+
+<p>For the first few days, Riccabocca scarcely permitted any one to be with
+his daughter but himself. He would not even leave her alone with his
+Jemima. They walked out together&mdash;sat together for hours in the
+Belvidere. Then by degrees he began to resign her more and more to
+Jemima's care and tuition, especially in English, of which language at
+present she spoke only a few sentences, (previously perhaps, learned by
+heart,) so as to be clearly intelligible.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER IV.</h4>
+
+<p>There was one person in the establishment of Dr. Riccabocca, who was
+satisfied neither with the marriage of his master nor the arrival of
+Violante&mdash;and that was our friend Lenny Fairfield. Previous to the
+all-absorbing duties of courtship, the young peasant had secured a very
+large share of Riccabocca's attention. The sage had felt interest in the
+growth of this rude intelligence struggling up to light. But what with
+the wooing, and what with the wedding, Lenny Fairfield had sunk very
+much out of his artificial position as pupil, into his natural station
+of under-gardener. And on the arrival of Violante, he saw, with natural
+bitterness,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> that he was clean forgotten, not only by Riccabocca, but
+almost by Jackeymo. It was true that the master still lent him books,
+and the servant still gave him lectures on horticulture. But Riccabocca
+had no time nor inclination now to amuse himself with enlightening that
+tumult of conjecture which the books created. And if Jackeymo had been
+covetous of those mines of gold buried beneath the acres now fairly
+taken from the Squire, (and good-naturedly added rent-free, as an aid to
+Jemima's dower,) before the advent of the young lady whose future dowry
+the produce was to swell&mdash;now that she was actually under the eyes of
+the faithful servant, such a stimulus was given to his industry, that he
+could think of nothing else but the land, and the revolution he designed
+to effect in its natural English crops. The garden, save only the
+orange-trees, was abandoned entirely to Lenny, and additional laborers
+were called in for the field-work. Jackeymo had discovered that one part
+of the soil was suited to lavender, that another would grow camomile. He
+had in his heart apportioned a beautiful field of rich loam to flax; but
+against the growth of flax the Squire set his face obstinately. That
+most lucrative, perhaps, of all crops, when soil and skill suit, had, it
+would appear, been formerly attempted in England much more commonly than
+it is now, since you will find few old leases which do not contain a
+clause prohibitory of flax, as an impoverishment of the land. And though
+Jackeymo learnedly endeavored to prove to the Squire that the flax
+itself contained particles which, if returned to the soil, repaid all
+that the crop took away, Mr. Hazeldean had his old-fashioned prejudices
+on the matter, which were insuperable. "My forefathers," quoth he, "did
+not put that clause in their leases without good cause; and as the
+Casino lands are entailed on Frank, I have no right to gratify your
+foreign whims at his expense."</p>
+
+<p>To make up for the loss of the flax, Jackeymo resolved to convert a very
+nice bit of pasture into orchard ground, which he calculated would bring
+in &pound;10 net per acre by the time Miss Violante was marriageable. At this,
+Squire pished a little; but as it was quite clear the land would be all
+the more valuable hereafter for the fruit-trees, he consented to permit
+the 'grass land' to be thus partially broken up.</p>
+
+<p>All these changes left poor Lenny Fairfield very much to himself&mdash;at a
+time when the new and strange devices which the initiation into book
+knowledge creates, made it most desirable that he should have the
+constant guidance of a superior mind.</p>
+
+<p>One evening after his work, as Lenny was returning to his mother's
+cottage very sullen and very moody, he suddenly came in contact with
+Sprott the tinker.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER V.</h4>
+
+<p>The tinker was seated under a hedge, hammering away at an old
+kettle&mdash;with a little fire burning in front of him&mdash;and the donkey hard
+by, indulging in a placid doze. Mr. Sprott looked up as Lenny
+passed&mdash;nodded kindly, and said&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Good evenin', Lenny: glad to hear you be so 'spectably sitivated with
+Mounseer."</p>
+
+<p>"Ay," answered Lenny, with a leaven of rancor in his recollections,
+"You're not ashamed to speak to me now, that I am not in disgrace. But
+it was in disgrace, when it wasn't my fault, that the real gentleman was
+most kind to me."</p>
+
+<p>"Ar&mdash;r, Lenny," said the Tinker, with a prolonged rattle in that said
+Ar&mdash;r, which was not without great significance. "But you sees the real
+gentleman who han't got his bread to get, can hafford to 'spise his
+cracter in the world. A poor tinker must be timbersome and nice in his
+'sociations. But sit down here a bit, Lenny; I've summat to say to ye!"</p>
+
+<p>"To me&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"To ye. Give the neddy a shove out i' the vay, and sit down, I say."</p>
+
+<p>Lenny rather reluctantly, and somewhat superciliously, accepted this
+invitation.</p>
+
+<p>"I hears," said the Tinker in a voice made rather indistinct by a couple
+of nails which he had inserted between his teeth; "I hears as how you be
+unkimmon fond of reading. I ha' sum nice cheap books in my bag
+yonder&mdash;sum low as a penny."</p>
+
+<p>"I should like to see them," said Lenny, his eyes sparkling.</p>
+
+<p>The Tinker rose, opened one of the paniers on the ass's back, took out a
+bag which he placed before Lenny, and told him to suit himself. The
+young peasant desired no better. He spread all the contents of the bag
+on the sward, and a motley collection of food for the mind was
+there&mdash;food and poison&mdash;<i>serpentes avibus</i>&mdash;good and evil. Here,
+Milton's Paradise Lost, and there The Age of Reason&mdash;here Methodist
+Tracts, and there True Principles of Socialism&mdash;Treatises on Useful
+Knowledge by sound learning actuated by pure benevolence&mdash;Appeals to
+Operatives by the shallowest reasoners, instigated by the same ambition
+that had moved Eratosthenes to the conflagration of a temple; works of
+fiction admirable as Robinson Crusoe, or innocent as the old English
+Baron, besides coarse translations of such garbage as had rotted away
+the youth of France under Louis Quinze. This miscellany was an epitome,
+in short, of the mixed World of Books, of that vast City of the Press,
+with its palaces and hovels, its aqueducts and sewers&mdash;which opens all
+alike to the naked eye and the curious mind of him to whom you say, in
+the Tinker's careless phrase, "suit yourself."</p>
+
+<p>But it is not the first impulse of a nature, healthful and still pure,
+to settle in the hovel and lose itself amidst the sewers; and Lenny
+Fairfield turned innocently over the bad books, and selecting two of
+three of the best, brought them to the tinker and asked the price.</p>
+
+<p>"Why," said Mr. Sprott, putting on his spectacles, "you has taken the
+werry dearest: them 'ere be much cheaper, and more hinterestin'."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"But I don't fancy them," answered Lenny; "I don't understand what they
+are about, and this seems to tell one how the steam-engine is made, and
+has nice plates; and this is Robinson Crusoe, which Parson Dale once
+said he would give me&mdash;I'd rather buy it out of my own money."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, please yourself," quoth the Tinker; "you shall have the books for
+four bob, and you can pay me next month."</p>
+
+<p>"Four bobs&mdash;four shillings? it is a great sum," said Lenny, "but I will
+lay it by, as you are kind enough to trust me; good evening, Mr.
+Sprott."</p>
+
+<p>"Stay a bit," said the Tinker; "I'll just throw you these two little
+tracts into the barging; they be only a shilling a dozen, so 'tis but
+tuppence&mdash;and ven you has read <i>those</i>, vy, you'll be a reglar
+customer."</p>
+
+<p>The Tinker tossed to Lenny Nos. 1 and 2 of Appeals to Operatives, and
+the peasant took them up gratefully.</p>
+
+<p>The young knowledge-seeker went his way across the green fields, and
+under the still autumn foliage of the hedgerows. He looked first at one
+book, then at another; he did not know on which to settle.</p>
+
+<p>The Tinker rose and made a fire with leaves and furze and sticks, some
+dry and some green.</p>
+
+<p>Lenny has now opened No. 1 of the tracts: they are the shortest to read,
+and don't require so much effort of the mind as the explanation of the
+steam-engine.</p>
+
+<p>The Tinker has now set on his grimy gluepot, and the glue simmers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VI.</h4>
+
+<p>As Violante became more familiar with her new home, and those around her
+became more familiar with Violante, she was remarked for a certain
+stateliness of manner and bearing, which, had it been less evidently
+natural and inborn, would have seemed misplaced in the daughter of a
+forlorn exile, and would have been rare at so early an age among
+children of the loftiest pretensions. It was with the air of a little
+princess that she presented her tiny hand to a friendly pressure, or
+submitted her calm clear cheek to a presuming kiss. Yet withal she was
+so graceful, and her very stateliness was so pretty and captivating,
+that she was not the less loved for all her grand airs. And, indeed, she
+deserved to be loved; for though she was certainly prouder than Mr. Dale
+could approve of, her pride was devoid of egotism; and that is a pride
+by no means common. She had an intuitive forethought for others; you
+could see that she was capable of that grand woman-heroism, abnegation
+of self; and though she was an original child, and often grave and
+musing, with a tinge of melancholy, sweet, but deep in her character,
+still she was not above the happy genial merriment of childhood,&mdash;only
+her silver laugh was more attuned, and her gestures more composed, than
+those of children habituated to many play-fellows usually are. Mrs.
+Hazeldean liked her best when she was grave, and said "she would become
+a very sensible woman." Mrs. Dale liked her best when she was gay, and
+said "she was born to make many a heart ache;" for which Mrs. Dale was
+properly reproved by the Parson. Mrs. Hazeldean gave her a little set of
+garden tools; Mrs. Dale a picture-book and a beautiful doll. For a long
+time the book and the doll had the preference. But Mrs. Hazeldean having
+observed to Riccabocca that the poor child looked pale, and ought to be
+a good deal in the open air, the wise father ingeniously pretended to
+Violante that Mrs. Riccabocca had taken a great fancy to the
+picture-book, and that he should be very glad to have the doll, upon
+which Violante hastened to give them both away, and was never so happy
+as when mamma (as she called Mrs. Riccabocca) was admiring the
+picture-book, and Riccabocca with austere gravity dandled the doll. Then
+Riccabocca assured her that she could be of great use to him in the
+garden; and Violante instantly put into movement her spade, hoe, and
+wheelbarrow.</p>
+
+<p>This last occupation brought her into immediate contact with Mr. Leonard
+Fairfield; and that personage one morning, to his great horror, found
+Miss Violante had nearly exterminated a whole celery-bed, which she had
+ignorantly conceived to be a crop of weeds.</p>
+
+<p>Lenny was extremely angry. He snatched away the hoe, and said angrily,
+"You must not do that, Miss. I'll tell your papa if you&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>Violante drew herself up, and never having been so spoken to before, at
+least since her arrival in England, there was something comic in the
+surprise of her large eyes, as well as something tragic in the dignity
+of her offended mien. "It is very naughty of you, Miss," continued
+Leonard in a milder tone, for he was both softened by the eyes and awed
+by the mien, "and I trust you will not do it again."</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Non capisco,</i>" (I don't understand,) murmured Violante, and the dark
+eyes filled with tears. At that moment up came Jackeymo; and Violante,
+pointing to Leonard, said, with an effort not to betray her emotion,
+"<i>Il fanciullo e molto grossolano</i>," (he is a very rude boy.)</p>
+
+<p>Jackeymo turned to Leonard with the look of an enraged tiger. "How you
+dare, scum of de earth that you are," cried he,<a name="FNanchor_T_20" id="FNanchor_T_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_T_20" class="fnanchor">[T]</a> "how you dare make
+cry the signorina?" And his English not supplying familiar vituperatives
+sufficiently, he poured out upon Lenny such a profusion of Italian
+abuse, that the boy turned red and white in a breath with rage and
+perplexity.</p>
+
+<p>Violante took instant compassion upon the victim she had made, and, with
+true feminine caprice, now began to scold Jackeymo for his anger, and,
+finally approaching Leonard, laid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> her hand on his arm, and said with a
+kindness at once child-like and queenly, and in the prettiest imaginable
+mixture of imperfect English and soft Italian, to which I cannot pretend
+to do justice, and shall therefore translate: "Don't mind him. I dare
+say it was all my fault, only I did not understand you: are not these
+things weeds?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, my darling signorina," said Jackeymo in Italian, looking ruefully
+at the celery-bed, "they are not weeds, and they sell very well at this
+time of the year. But still, if it amuses you to pluck them up, I should
+like to see who's to prevent it."</p>
+
+<p>Lenny walked away. He had been called "the scum of the earth," by a
+foreigner too! He had again been ill-treated for doing what he conceived
+his duty. He was again feeling the distinction between rich and poor,
+and he now fancied that that distinction involved deadly warfare, for he
+had read from beginning to end those two damnable tracts which the
+Tinker had presented to him. But in the midst of all the angry
+disturbance of his mind, he felt the soft touch of the infant's hand,
+the soothing influence of her conciliating words, and he was half
+ashamed that he had spoken so roughly to a child.</p>
+
+<p>Still, not trusting himself to speak, he walked away and sat down at a
+distance. "I don't see," thought he, "why there should be rich and poor,
+master and servant." Lenny, be it remembered, had not heard the Parson's
+Political Sermon.</p>
+
+<p>An hour after, having composed himself, Lenny returned to his work.
+Jackeymo was no longer in the garden; he had gone to the fields; but
+Riccabocca was standing by the celery-bed, and holding the red silk
+umbrella over Violante as she sat on the ground looking up at her father
+with those eyes already so full of intelligence, and love, and soul.</p>
+
+<p>"Lenny," said Riccabocca, "my young lady has been telling me that she
+has been very naughty, and Giacomo very unjust to you. Forgive them
+both."</p>
+
+<p>Lenny's sullenness melted in an instant: the reminiscence of tracts Nos.
+1 and 2,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Like the baseless fabric of a vision,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Left not a wreck behind."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He raised his eyes, swimming with all his native goodness, towards the
+wise man, and dropped them gratefully on the face of the infant
+peacemaker. Then he turned away his head and fairly wept. The Parson was
+right: "O ye poor, have charity for the rich; O ye rich, respect the
+poor."</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VII.</h4>
+
+<p>Now from that day the humble Lenny and the regal Violante became great
+friends. With what pride he taught her to distinguish between celery and
+weeds&mdash;and how proud too was she when she learned that she was <i>useful</i>!
+There is not a greater pleasure you can give to children, especially
+female children, than to make them feel they are already of value in the
+world, and serviceable as well as protected. Weeks and months rolled
+away, and Lenny still read, not only the books lent him by the Doctor,
+but those he bought of Mr. Sprott. As for the bombs and shells against
+religion which the Tinker carried in his bag, Lenny was not induced to
+blow himself up with them. He had been reared from his cradle in simple
+love and reverence for the Divine Father, and the tender Saviour, whose
+life, beyond all records of human goodness, whose death, beyond all
+epics of mortal heroism, no being whose infancy has been taught to
+supplicate the Merciful and adore the Holy, yea, even though his later
+life may be entangled amidst the thorns of some desolate pyrrhonism, can
+ever hear reviled and scoffed without a shock to the conscience and a
+revolt of the heart. As the deer recoils by instinct from the tiger, as
+the very look of the scorpion deters you from handling it, though you
+never saw a scorpion before, so the very first line in some ribald
+profanity on which the Tinker put his black finger, made Lenny's blood
+run cold. Safe, too, was the peasant boy from any temptation in works of
+a gross and licentious nature, not only because of the happy ignorance
+of his rural life, but because of a more enduring safeguard&mdash;genius!
+Genius, that, manly, robust, healthful as it be, is long before it loses
+its instinctive Dorian modesty; shamefaced, because so susceptible to
+glory&mdash;genius, that loves indeed to dream, but on the violet bank, not
+the dung-hill. Wherefore, even in the error of the senses, it seeks to
+escape from the sensual into worlds of fancy, subtle and refined. But
+apart from the passions, true genius is the most practical of all human
+gifts. Like the Apollo, whom the Greek worshipped as its type, even
+Arcady is its exile, not its home. Soon weary of the dalliance of Temp&eacute;,
+it ascends to its mission&mdash;the archer of the silver bow, the guide of
+the car of light. Speaking more plainly, genius is the enthusiasm for
+self-improvement; it ceases or sleeps the moment it desists from seeking
+some object which it believes of value, and by that object it insensibly
+connects its self-improvement with the positive advance of the world. At
+present Lenny's genius had no bias that was not to the positive and
+useful. It took the direction natural to his sphere, and the wants
+therein&mdash;viz., to the arts which call mechanical. He wanted to know
+about steam-engines and artesian wells; and to know about them it was
+necessary to know something of mechanics and hydrostatics; so he bought
+popular elementary works on those mystic sciences, and set all the
+powers of his mind at work on experiments.</p>
+
+<p>Noble and generous spirits are ye, who, with small care for fame, and
+little reward from pelf, have opened to the intellects of the poor the
+portals of wisdom! I honor and revere ye; only do not think ye have done
+all that is needful. Consider, I pray ye, whether so good a choice from
+the Tinker's bag would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> have been made by a boy whom religion had not
+scared from the pestilent, and genius had not led to the self-improving.
+And Lenny did not wholly escape from the mephitic portions of the motley
+elements from which his awakening mind drew its nurture. Think not it
+was all pure oxygen that the panting lips drew in. No; there were still
+those inflammatory tracts. Political I do not like to call them, for
+politics mean the art of government, and the tracts I speak of assailed
+all government which mankind has hitherto recognized. Sad rubbish,
+perhaps, were such tracts to you, O sound thinker, in your easy-chair!
+Or to you, practised statesman, at your post on the treasury bench&mdash;to
+you, calm dignitary of a learned church&mdash;or to you, my lord judge, who
+may often have sent from your bar to the dire Orcus of Norfolk's Isle
+the ghosts of men whom that rubbish, falling simultaneously on the bumps
+of acquisitiveness and combativeness, hath untimely slain. Sad rubbish
+to you! But seems it such rubbish to the poor man, to whom it promises a
+paradise on the easy terms of upsetting a world! For ye see, these
+"Appeals to Operatives" represent that same world-upsetting as the
+simplest thing imaginable&mdash;a sort of two-and-two-make-four proposition.
+The poor have only got to set their strong hands to the axle, and
+heave-a-hoy! and hurrah for the topsy-turvy! Then, just to put a little
+wholesome rage into the heave-a-hoy! it is so facile to accompany the
+eloquence of "Appeals" with a kind of stir-the-bile-up
+statistics&mdash;"Abuses of the Aristocracy"&mdash;"Jobs of the
+Priesthood"&mdash;"Expenses of Army kept up for Peers' younger sons"&mdash;"Wars
+contracted for the villainous purpose of raising the rents of the
+land-owners"&mdash;all arithmetically dished up, and seasoned with tales of
+every gentleman who has committed a misdeed, every clergyman who has
+dishonored his cloth; as if such instances were fair specimens of
+average gentlemen and ministers of religion! All this passionately
+advanced, (and observe, never answered, for that literature admits no
+controversialists, and the writer has it all his own way) may be
+rubbish; but it is out of such rubbish that operatives build barricades
+for attack, and legislators prisons for defence.</p>
+
+<p>Our poor friend Lenny drew plenty of this stuff from the Tinker's bag.
+He thought it very clever and very eloquent; and he supposed the
+statistics were as true as mathematical demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p>A famous knowledge-diffuser is looking over my shoulder, and tells me,
+"Increase education, and cheapen good books, and all this rubbish will
+disappear!" Sir, I don't believe a word of it. If you printed Ricardo
+and Adam Smith at a farthing a volume, I still believe that they would
+be as little read by the operatives as they are now-a-days by a very
+large proportion of highly cultivated men. I still believe that, while
+the press works, attacks on the rich, and propositions for heave-a-hoys,
+will always form a popular portion of the Literature of Labor. There's
+Lenny Fairfield reading a treatise on hydraulics, and constructing a
+model for a fountain into the bargain; but that does not prevent his
+acquiescence in any proposition for getting rid of a National Debt,
+which he certainly never agreed to pay, and which he is told makes sugar
+and tea so shamefully dear. No. I tell you what does a little counteract
+those eloquent incentives to break his own head against the strong walls
+of the Social System&mdash;it is, that he has two eyes in that head, which
+are not always employed in reading. And, having been told in print that
+masters are tyrants, parsons hypocrites or drones in the hive, and
+land-owners vampires and bloodsuckers, he looks out into the little
+world around him, and, first, he is compelled to acknowledge that his
+master is not a tyrant, (perhaps because he is a foreigner and a
+philosopher, and, for what I and Lenny know, a republican.) But then
+Parson Dale, though High Church to the marrow, is neither hypocrite nor
+drone. He has a very good living, it is true&mdash;much better than he ought
+to have, according to the "political" opinions of those tracts; but
+Lenny is obliged to confess that, if Parson Dale were a penny the
+poorer, he would do a pennyworth's less good; and, comparing one parish
+with another, such as Roodhall and Hazeldean, he is dimly aware that
+there is no greater <span class="smcap">civilizer</span> than a parson tolerably well off. Then,
+too, Squire Hazeldean, though as arrant a Tory as ever stood upon
+shoe-leather, is certainly not a vampire nor bloodsucker. He does not
+feed on the public; a great many of the public feed upon him; and,
+therefore, his practical experience a little staggers and perplexes
+Lenny Fairfield as to the gospel accuracy of his theoretical dogmas.
+Masters, parsons, and land-owners! having at the risk of all popularity,
+just given a <i>coup de patte</i> to certain sages extremely the fashion at
+present, I am not going to let you off without an admonitory flea in the
+ear. Don't suppose that any mere scribbling and typework will suffice to
+answer the scribbling and typework set at work to demolish you&mdash;<i>write</i>
+down that rubbish you can't&mdash;<i>live</i> it down you may. If you are rich,
+like Squire Hazeldean, do good with your money; if you are poor, like
+Signor Riccabocca, do good with your kindness.</p>
+
+<p>See! there is Lenny now receiving his week's wages; and though Lenny
+knows that he can get higher wages in the very next parish, his blue
+eyes are sparkling with gratitude, not at the chink of the money, but at
+the poor exile's friendly talk on things apart from all service; while
+Violante is descending the steps from the terrace, charged by her
+mother-in-law with a little basket of sago, and such-like delicacies,
+for Mrs. Fairfield, who has been ailing the last few days.</p>
+
+<p>Lenny will see the Tinker as he goes home, and he will buy a most
+Demosthenean "Appeal"&mdash;a tract of tracts, upon the "Propriety of
+Strikes," and the Avarice of Masters. But,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> somehow or other, I think a
+few words from Signor Riccabocca, that did not cost the Signor a
+farthing, and the sight of his mother's smile at the contents of the
+basket, which cost very little, will serve to neutralise the effects of
+that "Appeal," much more efficaciously than the best article a Brougham
+or a Mill could write on the subject.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VIII.</h4>
+
+<p>Spring had come again; and one beautiful May-day, Leonard Fairfield sate
+beside the little fountain which he had now actually constructed in the
+garden. The butterflies were hovering over the belt of flowers which he
+had placed around his fountain, and the birds were singing overhead.
+Leonard Fairfield was resting from his day's work, to enjoy his
+abstemious dinner, beside the cool play of the sparkling waters, and,
+with the yet keener appetite of knowledge, he devoured his book as he
+munched his crusts.</p>
+
+<p>A penny tract is the shoeing-horn of literature; it draws on a great
+many books, and some too tight to be very useful in walking. The penny
+tract quotes a celebrated writer, you long to read him; it props a
+startling assertion by a grave authority, you long to refer to it.
+During the nights of the past winter, Leonard's intelligence had made
+vast progress: he had taught himself more than the elements of
+mechanics, and put to practice the principles he had acquired, not only
+in the hydraulical achievement of the fountain, nor in the still more
+notable application of science, commenced on the stream in which
+Jackeymo had fished for minnows, and which Lenny had diverted to the
+purpose of irrigating two fields, but in various ingenious contrivances
+for the facilitation or abridgment of labor, which had excited great
+wonder and praise in the neighborhood. On the other hand, those rabid
+little tracts, which dealt so summarily with the destinies of the human
+race, even when his growing reason, and the perusal of works more
+classical or more logical, had led him to perceive that they were
+illiterate, and to suspect that they jumped from premises to conclusions
+with a celerity very different from the careful ratiocination of
+mechanical science, had still, in the citations and references wherewith
+they abounded, lured him on to philosophers more specious and more
+perilous. Out of the Tinker's bag he had drawn a translation of
+Condorcet's <i>Progress of Man</i>, and another of Rousseau's <i>Social
+Contract</i>. These had induced him to select from the tracts in the
+Tinker's miscellany those which abounded most in professions of
+philanthropy, and predictions of some coming Golden Age, to which old
+Saturn's was a joke&mdash;tracts so mild and mother-like in their language,
+that it required a much more practical experience than Lenny's to
+perceive that you would have to pass a river of blood before you had the
+slightest chance of setting foot on the flowery banks on which they
+invited you to repose&mdash;tracts which rouged poor Christianity on the
+cheeks, clapped a crown of innocent daffodillies on her head, and set
+her to dancing a <i>pas de zephyr</i> in the pastoral ballet in which St.
+Simon pipes to the flock he shears; or having first laid it down as a
+preliminary axiom, that</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The cloud-capt towers, the gorgeous palaces,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The solemn temples, the great globe itself&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>substituted in place thereof Monsieur Fourier's symmetrical phalanstere,
+or Mr. Owen's architectural parallelogram. It was with some such tract
+that Lenny was seasoning his crusts and his radishes, when Riccabocca,
+bending his long dark face over the student's shoulder, said abruptly&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Diavolo</i>, my friend! What on earth have you got there? Just let me
+look at it, will you?"</p>
+
+<p>Leonard rose respectfully, and colored deeply as he surrendered the
+tract to Riccabocca.</p>
+
+<p>The wise man read the first page attentively, the second more cursorily,
+and only ran his eye over the rest. He had gone through too vast a range
+of problems political, not to have passed over that venerable <i>Pons
+Asinorum</i> of Socialism, on which Fouriers and St. Simons sit straddling
+and cry aloud that they have arrived at the last boundary of knowledge!</p>
+
+<p>"All this is as old as the hills," quoth Riccabocca irreverently; "but
+the hills stand still, and this&mdash;there it goes!" and the sage pointed to
+a cloud emitted from his pipe. "Did you ever read Sir David Brewster on
+Optical Delusions? No! Well, I'll lend it to you. You will find therein
+a story of a lady who always saw a black cat on her hearth-rug. The
+black cat existed only in her fancy, but the hallucination was natural
+and reasonable&mdash;eh&mdash;what do you think?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, sir," said Leonard, not catching the Italian's meaning, "I don't
+exactly see that it was natural and reasonable."</p>
+
+<p>"Foolish boy, yes! because black cats are things possible and known. But
+who ever saw upon earth a community of men such as sit on the
+hearth-rugs of Messrs. Owen and Fourier? If the lady's hallucination was
+not reasonable, what is his, who believes in such visions as these?"</p>
+
+<p>Leonard bit his lip.</p>
+
+<p>"My dear boy," cried Riccabocca kindly, "the only thing sure and
+tangible to which these writers would lead you, lies at the first step,
+and that is what is commonly called a Revolution. Now, I know what that
+is. I have gone, not indeed through a revolution, but an attempt at
+one."</p>
+
+<p>Leonard raised his eyes towards his master with a look of profound
+respect, and great curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," added Riccabocca, and the face on which the boy gazed exchanged
+its usual grotesque and sardonic expression for one animated, noble, and
+heroic. "Yes, not a revolution for chimeras, but for that cause which
+the coldest allow to be good, and which, when successful, all time
+approves as divine&mdash;the redemption<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> of our native soil from the rule of
+the foreigner! I have shared in such an attempt. And," continued the
+Italian mournfully, "recalling now all the evil passions it arouses, all
+the ties it dissolves, all the blood that it commands to flow, all the
+healthful industry it arrests, all the madmen that it arms, all the
+victims that it dupes, I question whether one man really honest, pure,
+and humane, who has once gone through such an ordeal, would ever hazard
+it again, unless he was assured that the victory was certain&mdash;ay, and
+the object for which he fights not to be wrested from his hands amidst
+the uproar of the elements that the battle has released."</p>
+
+<p>The Italian paused, shaded his brow with his hand, and remained long
+silent. Then, gradually resuming his ordinary tone, he continued:</p>
+
+<p>"Revolutions that have no definite objects made clear by the positive
+experience of history; revolutions, in a word, that aim less at
+substituting one law or one dynasty for another, than at changing the
+whole scheme of society, have been little attempted by real statesmen.
+Even Lycurgus is proved to be a myth who never existed. They are the
+suggestions of philosophers who lived apart from the actual world, and
+whose opinions (though generally they were very benevolent, good sort of
+men, and wrote in an elegant poetical style) one would no more take on a
+plain matter of life, than one would look upon Virgil's <i>Eclogues</i> as a
+faithful picture of the ordinary pains and pleasures of the peasants who
+tend our sheep. Read them as you would read poets, and they are
+delightful. But attempt to shape the world according to the poetry&mdash;and
+fit yourself for a madhouse. The farther off the age is from the
+realization of such projects, the more these poor philosophers have
+indulged them. Thus, it was amidst the saddest corruption of court
+manners, that it became the fashion in Paris to sit for one's picture,
+with a crook in one's hand, as Alexis, or Daphne. Just as liberty was
+fast dying out of Greece, and the successors of Alexander were founding
+their monarchies, and Rome was growing up to crush in its iron grasp all
+states save its own, Plato withdraws his eyes from the world, to open
+them in his dreamy Atlantis. Just in the grimmest period of English
+history, with the axe hanging over his head, Sir Thomas More gives you
+his <i>Utopia</i>. Just when the world is to be the theatre of a new
+Sesostris, the dreamers of France tell you that the age is too
+enlightened for war, that man is henceforth to be governed by pure
+reason and live in a Paradise. Very pretty reading all this to a man
+like me, Lenny, who can admire and smile at it. But to you, to the man
+who has to work for his living, to the man who thinks it would be so
+much more pleasant to live at his ease in a phalanstere than to work
+eight or ten hours a day; to the man of talent, and action, and
+industry, whose future is invested in that tranquillity and order of a
+state, in which talent, and action, and industry are a certain
+capital;&mdash;why Messrs. Coutts, the great bankers, had better encourage a
+theory to upset the system of banking! Whatever disturbs society, yea,
+even by a causeless panic, much more by an actual struggle, falls first
+upon the market of labor, and thence affects prejudicially every
+department of intelligence. In such times the arts are arrested;
+literature is neglected; people are too busy to read any thing save
+appeals to their passions. And capital, shaken in its sense of security,
+no longer ventures boldly through the land, calling forth all the
+energies of toil and enterprise, and extending to every workman his
+reward. Now Lenny, take this piece of advice. You are young, clever, and
+aspiring; men rarely succeed in changing the world; but a man seldom
+fails of success if he lets the world alone, and resolves to make the
+best of it. You are in the midst of the great crisis of your life; it is
+the struggle between the new desires knowledge excites, and that sense
+of poverty, which those desires convert either into hope and emulation,
+or into envy and despair. I grant that it is an uphill work that lies
+before you; but don't you think it is always easier to climb a mountain
+than it is to level it? These books call on you to level a mountain; and
+that mountain is the property of other people, subdivided amongst a
+great many proprietors, and protected by law. At the first stroke of the
+pick-axe it is ten to one but what you are taken up for a trespass. But
+the path up the mountain is a right of way uncontested. You may be safe
+at the summit, before (even if the owners are fools enough to let you)
+you could have levelled a yard. '<i>Cospetto!</i>' quoth the doctor, 'it is
+more than two thousand years ago since poor Plato began to level it, and
+the mountain is as high as ever!'"</p>
+
+<p>Thus saying, Riccabocca came to the end of his pipe, and, stalking
+thoughtfully away, he left Leonard Fairfield trying to extract light
+from the smoke.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER IX.</h4>
+
+<p>Shortly after this discourse of Riccabocca's, an incident occurred to
+Leonard that served to carry his mind into new directions. One evening,
+when his mother was out, he was at work on a new mechanical contrivance,
+and had the misfortune to break one of the instruments which he
+employed. Now it will be remembered that his father had been the
+Squire's head-carpenter; the widow had carefully hoarded the tools of
+his craft which had belonged to her poor Mark; and though she
+occasionally lent them to Leonard, she would not give them up to his
+service. Amongst these, Leonard knew that he should find the one that he
+wanted; and being much interested in his contrivance, he could not wait
+till his mother's return. The tools, with other little relics of the
+lost, were kept in a large trunk in Mrs. Fairfield's sleeping room; the
+trunk was not locked, and Leonard went to it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> without ceremony or
+scruple. In rummaging for the instrument, his eye fell on a bundle of
+MSS.; and he suddenly recollected that when he was a mere child, and
+before he much knew the difference between verse and prose, his mother
+had pointed to these MSS. and said "One day or other, when you can read
+nicely I'll let you look at these, Lenny. My poor Mark wrote such
+verses&mdash;ah, he <i>was</i> a scollard!" Leonard, reasonably enough, thought
+that the time had now arrived when he was worthy the privilege of
+reading the paternal effusions, and he took forth the MSS. with a keen
+but melancholy interest. He recognized his father's handwriting, which
+he had often seen before in account-books and memoranda, and read
+eagerly some trifling poems, which did not show much genius, nor much
+mastery of language and rhythm&mdash;such poems, in short, as a self-educated
+man with a poetic taste and feeling, rather than poetic inspiration or
+artistic culture, might compose with credit, but not for fame. But
+suddenly, as he turned over these 'Occasional Pieces,' Leonard came to
+others in a different handwriting&mdash;a woman's handwriting&mdash;small, and
+fine, and exquisitely formed. He had scarcely read six lines of these
+last before his attention was irresistibly chained. They were of a
+different order of merit from poor Mark's; they bore the unmistakable
+stamp of genius. Like the poetry of women in general, they were devoted
+to personal feeling&mdash;they were not the mirror of a world, but
+reflections of a solitary heart. Yet this is the kind of poetry most
+pleasing to the young. And the verses in question had another attraction
+for Leonard; they seemed to express some struggle akin to his own&mdash;some
+complaint against the actual condition of the writer's life, some sweet
+melodious murmurs at fortune. For the rest, they were characterized by a
+vein of sentiment so elevated that, if written by a man, it would have
+run into exaggeration; written by a woman, the romance was carried off
+by so many revelations of sincere, deep, pathetic feeling, that it was
+always natural, though true to a nature from which you would not augur
+happiness.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard was still absorbed in the perusal of these poems, when Mrs.
+Fairfield entered the room.</p>
+
+<p>"What have you been about, Lenny?&mdash;searching in my box?"</p>
+
+<p>"I came to look for my father's bag of tools, mother, and I found these
+papers, which you said I might read some day."</p>
+
+<p>"I doesn't wonder you did not hear me when I came in," said the widow
+sighing. "I used to sit still for the hour together, when my poor Mark
+read his poems to me. There was such a pretty one about the Peasant's
+Fireside, Lenny&mdash;have you got hold of that?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, dear mother; and I remarked the allusion to you; it brought tears
+to my eyes. But these verses are not my father's&mdash;whose are they? They
+seem a woman's hand."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Fairfield looked&mdash;changed color&mdash;grew faint&mdash;and seated herself.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor, poor Nora!" said she falteringly. "I did not know as they were
+there; Mark kep' 'em; they got among his"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard.</i>&mdash;"Who was Nora?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mrs. Fairfield.</i>&mdash;"Who?&mdash;child,&mdash;who? Nora was&mdash;was my own&mdash;own
+sister."</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard</i> (in great amaze, contrasting his ideal of the writer of these
+musical lines in that graceful hand, with his homely, uneducated mother,
+who can neither read nor write.)&mdash;"Your sister&mdash;is it possible? My aunt,
+then. How comes it you never spoke of her before? Oh, you should be so
+proud of her, mother."</p>
+
+<p><i>Mrs. Fairfield</i> (clasping her hands).&mdash;"We were proud of her, all of
+us&mdash;father, mother,&mdash;all! She was so beautiful and so good, and not
+proud she! though she looked like the first lady in the land. Oh! Nora,
+Nora!"</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard</i> (after a pause).&mdash;"But she must have been highly educated?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mrs. Fairfield.</i>&mdash;"'Deed she was!"</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard.</i>&mdash;"How was that?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mrs. Fairfield</i> (rocking herself to and fro in her chair).&mdash;"Oh! my
+Lady was her godmother&mdash;Lady Lansmere I mean&mdash;and took a fancy to her
+when she was that high! and had her to stay at the Park, and wait on her
+ladyship; and then she put her to school, and Nora was so clever that
+nothing would do but she must go to London as a governess. But don't
+talk of it, boy!&mdash;don't talk of it!"</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard.</i>&mdash;"Why not, mother?&mdash;what has become of her?&mdash;where is she?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mrs. Fairfield</i> (bursting into a paroxysm of tears).&mdash;"In her grave&mdash;in
+her cold grave! Dead, dead!"</p>
+
+<p>Leonard was inexpressibly grieved and shocked. It is the attribute of
+the poet to seem always living, always a friend. Leonard felt as if some
+one very dear had been suddenly torn from his heart. He tried to console
+his mother; but her emotion was contagious, and he wept with her.</p>
+
+<p>"And how long has she been dead?" he asked at last, in mournful accents.</p>
+
+<p>"Many's the long year, many; but," added Mrs. Fairfield, rising, and
+putting her tremulous hand on Leonard's shoulder, "you'll just never
+talk to me about her&mdash;I can't bear it&mdash;it breaks my heart. I can bear
+better to talk of Mark&mdash;come down stairs&mdash;come."</p>
+
+<p>"May I not keep these verses, mother? Do let me."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, well, those bits o' paper be all she left behind her&mdash;yes, keep
+them, but put back Mark's. Are <i>they</i> all here?&mdash;sure?" And the widow,
+though she could not read her husband's verses, looked jealously at the
+MSS. written in his irregular large scrawl, and, smoothing them
+carefully, replaced them in the trunk, and resettled over them some
+sprigs of lavender, which Leonard had unwittingly disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>"But," said Leonard, as his eye again rested on the beautiful
+handwriting of his lost aunt"&mdash;but you call her Nora&mdash;I see she signs
+herself L."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Leonora was her name. I said she was my Lady's godchild. We called her
+Nora for short"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Leonora&mdash;and I am Leonard&mdash;is that how I came by the name?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, yes&mdash;do hold your tongue, boy," sobbed poor Mrs. Fairfield; and
+she could not be soothed nor coaxed into continuing or renewing a
+subject which was evidently associated with insupportable pain.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER X.</h4>
+
+<p>It is difficult to exaggerate the effect that this discovery produced on
+Leonard's train of thought. Some one belonging to his own humble race
+had, then, preceded him in his struggling flight towards the lofter
+regions of Intelligence and Desire. It was like the mariner amidst
+unknown seas, who finds carved upon some desert isle a familiar
+household name. And this creature of genius and of sorrow&mdash;whose
+existence he had only learned by her song, and whose death created, in
+the simple heart of her sister, so passionate a grief after the lapse of
+so many years&mdash;supplied to the romance awaking in his young heart the
+ideal which it unconsciously sought. He was pleased to hear that she had
+been beautiful and good. He paused from his books to muse on her, and
+picture her image to his fancy. That there was some mystery in her fate
+was evident to him; and while that conviction deepened his interest, the
+mystery itself, by degrees, took a charm which he was not anxious to
+dispel. He resigned himself to Mrs. Fairfield's obstinate silence. He
+was contented to rank the dead amongst those holy and ineffable images
+which we do not seek to unveil. Youth and Fancy have many secret hoards
+of idea which they do not desire to impart, even to those most in their
+confidence. I doubt the depth of feeling in any man who has not certain
+recesses in his soul in which none may enter.</p>
+
+<p>Hitherto, as I have said, the talents of Leonard Fairfield had been more
+turned to things positive than to the ideal; to science and
+investigation of fact than to poetry, and that airier truth in which
+poetry has its element. He had read our greater poets, indeed, but
+without thought of imitating; and rather from the general curiosity to
+inspect all celebrated monuments of the human mind, than from that
+especial predilection for verse which is too common in childhood and
+youth to be any sure sign of a poet. But now these melodies, unknown to
+all the world beside, rang in his ear, mingled with his thoughts&mdash;set,
+as it were, his whole life to music. He read poetry with a different
+sentiment&mdash;it seemed to him that he had discovered its secret. And so
+reading, the passion seized him, and "the numbers came."</p>
+
+<p>To many minds, at the commencement of our grave and earnest pilgrimage,
+I am Vandal enough to think that the indulgence of poetic taste and
+reverie does great and lasting harm; that it serves to enervate the
+character, give false ideas of life, impart the semblance of drudgery to
+the noble toils and duties of the active man. All poetry would not do
+this&mdash;not, for instance, the Classical, in its diviner masters&mdash;not the
+poetry of Homer, of Virgil, of Sophocles, not, perhaps, even that of the
+indolent Horace. But the poetry which youth usually loves and
+appreciates the best&mdash;the poetry of mere sentiment&mdash;does so in minds
+already over predisposed to the sentimental, and which require bracing
+to grow into healthful manhood.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, even this latter kind of poetry, which is peculiarly
+modern, does suit many minds of another mould&mdash;minds which our modern
+life, with its hard positive forms, tends to produce. And as in certain
+climates plants and herbs, peculiarly adapted as antidotes to those
+diseases most prevalent in the atmosphere, are profusely sown, as it
+were, by the benignant providence of nature&mdash;so it may be that the
+softer and more romantic species of poetry, which comes forth in harsh,
+money-making, unromantic times, is intended as curatives and
+counter-poisons. The world is so much with us, now-a-days, that we need
+have something that prates to us, albeit even in too fine an euphuism,
+of the moon and stars.</p>
+
+<p>Certes, to Leonard Fairfield, at that period of his intellectual life,
+the softness of our Helicon descended as healing dews. In his turbulent
+and unsettled ambition, in his vague grapple with the giant forms of
+political truths, in his bias towards the application of science to
+immediate practical purposes, this lovely vision of the Muse came in the
+white robe of the Peacemaker; and with upraised hand, pointing to serene
+skies, she opened to him fair glimpses of the Beautiful, which is given
+to Peasant as to Prince&mdash;showed to him that on the surface of earth
+there is something nobler than fortune&mdash;that he who can view the world
+as a poet is always at soul a king; while to practical purpose itself,
+that larger and more profound invention, which poetry stimulates,
+supplied the grand design and the subtle view&mdash;leading him beyond the
+mere ingenuity of the mechanic, and habituating him to regard the inert
+force of the matter at his command with the ambition of the Discoverer.
+But, above all, the discontent that was within him, finding a vent, not
+in deliberate war upon this actual world, but through the purifying
+channels of song&mdash;in the vent itself it evaporated, it was lost. By
+accustoming ourselves to survey all things with the spirit that retains
+and reproduces them only in their lovelier or grander aspects, a vast
+philosophy of toleration for what we before gazed on with scorn or hate
+insensibly grows upon us. Leonard looked into his heart after the
+enchantress had breathed upon it; and through the mists of the fleeting
+and tender melancholy which betrayed where she had been, he beheld a new
+sun of delight and joy dawning over the landscape of human life.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, though she was dead and gone from his actual knowledge, this
+mysterious kinswoman&mdash;"a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> voice, and nothing more"&mdash;had spoken to him,
+soothed, elevated, cheered, attuned each discord into harmony; and if
+now permitted from some serener sphere to behold the life that her soul
+thus strangely influenced, verily, with yet holier joy, the saving and
+lovely spirit might have glided onward in the eternal progress.</p>
+
+<p>We call the large majority of human lives <i>obscure</i>. Presumptuous that
+we are! How know we what lives a single thought retained from the dust
+of nameless graves may have lighted to renown?</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XI.</h4>
+
+<p>It was about a year after Leonard's discovery of the family MSS. that
+Parson Dale borrowed the quietest pad mare in the Squire's stables, and
+set out on an equestrian excursion. He said that he was bound on
+business connected with his old parishioners of Lansmere; for, as it has
+been incidentally implied in a previous chapter, he had been connected
+with that borough town (and I may here add, in the capacity of curate)
+before he had been inducted into the living of Hazeldean.</p>
+
+<p>It was so rarely that the Parson stirred from home, that this journey to
+a town more than twenty miles off was regarded as a most daring
+adventure, both at the Hall and at the Parsonage. Mrs. Dale could not
+sleep the whole previous night with thinking of it; and though she had
+naturally one of her worst nervous headaches on the eventful morn, she
+yet suffered no hands less thoughtful than her own to pack up the
+saddle-bags which the Parson had borrowed along with the pad. Nay, so
+distrustful was she of the possibility of the good man's exerting the
+slightest common sense in her absence, that she kept him close at her
+side while she was engaged in that same operation of packing up&mdash;showing
+him the exact spot in which the clean shirt was put, and how nicely the
+old slippers were packed up in one of his own sermons. She implored him
+not to mistake the sandwiches for his shaving-soap, and made him observe
+how carefully she had provided against such confusion, by placing them
+as far apart from each other as the nature of saddle-bags will admit.
+The poor Parson&mdash;who was really by no means an absent man, but as little
+likely to shave himself with sandwiches and lunch upon soap as the most
+common-place mortal may be&mdash;listened with conjugal patience, and thought
+that man never had such a wife before; nor was it without tears in his
+own eyes that he tore himself from the farewell embrace of his weeping
+Carry.</p>
+
+<p>I confess, however, that it was with some apprehension that he set his
+foot in the stirrup, and trusted his person to the mercies of an
+unfamiliar animal. For whatever might be Mr. Dale's minor
+accomplishments as man and parson, horsemanship was not his forte.
+Indeed, I doubt if he had taken the reins in his hand more than once
+since he had been married.</p>
+
+<p>The Squire's surly old groom, Mat, was in attendance with the pad; and,
+to the Parson's gentle inquiry whether Mat was quite sure that the pad
+was quite safe, replied laconically, "Oi, oi, give her her head."</p>
+
+<p>"Give her her head!" repeated Mr. Dale, rather amazed, for he had not
+the slightest intention of taking away that part of the beast's frame,
+so essential to its vital economy&mdash;"Give her her head!"</p>
+
+<p>"Oi, oi; and don't jerk her up like that, or she'll fall a doincing on
+her hind-legs."</p>
+
+<p>The Parson instantly slackened the reins; and Mrs. Dale&mdash;who had tarried
+behind to control her tears&mdash;now running to the door for 'more last
+words,' he waved his hand with courageous amenity, and ambled forth into
+the lane.</p>
+
+<p>Our equestrian was absorbed at first in studying the idiosyncrasies of
+the pad, and trying thereby to arrive at some notion of her general
+character: guessing, for instance, why she raised one ear and laid down
+the other; why she kept bearing so close to the left that she brushed
+his leg against the hedge; and why, when she arrived at a little
+side-gate in the fields, which led towards the home-farm, she came to a
+full stop, and fell to rubbing her nose against the rail&mdash;an occupation
+from which the Parson, finding all civil remonstrances in vain, at
+length diverted her by a timorous application of the whip.</p>
+
+<p>This crisis on the road fairly passed, the pad seemed to comprehend that
+she had a journey before her, and giving a petulant whisk of her tail,
+quickened her amble into a short trot, which soon brought the Parson
+into the high-road, and nearly opposite the Casino.</p>
+
+<p>Here, sitting on the gate which led to his abode, and shaded by his
+umbrella, he beheld Dr. Riccabocca.</p>
+
+<p>The Italian lifted his eyes from the book he was reading, and stared
+hard at the Parson; and he&mdash;not venturing to withdraw his whole
+attention from the pad, (who, indeed, set up both her ears at the
+apparition of Riccabocca, and evinced symptoms of that surprise and
+superstitious repugnance at unknown objects which goes by the name of
+"shying,")&mdash;looked askance at Riccabocca.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't stir, please," said the Parson, "or I fear you will alarm this
+creature; it seems a nervous, timid thing;&mdash;soho&mdash;gently&mdash;gently."</p>
+
+<p>And he fell to patting the mare with great unction.</p>
+
+<p>The pad, thus encouraged, overcame her first natural astonishment at the
+sight of Riccabocca and the red umbrella; and having before been at the
+Casino on sundry occasions, and sagaciously preferring places within the
+range of her experience to bournes neither cognate nor conjecturable,
+she moved gravely up toward the gate on which the Italian sate; and,
+after eyeing him a moment&mdash;as much as to say "I wish you would get
+off"&mdash;came to a dead lock.</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said Riccabocca, "since your horse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> seems more disposed to be
+polite than yourself, Mr. Dale, I take the opportunity of your present
+involuntary pause to congratulate you on your elevation in life, and to
+breathe a friendly prayer that pride may not have a fall!"</p>
+
+<p>"Tut," said the Parson, affecting an easy air, though still
+contemplating the pad, who appeared to have fallen into a quiet doze,
+"it is true that I have not ridden much of late years, and the Squire's
+horses are very high fed and spirited; but there is no more harm in them
+than their master when one once knows their ways."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Chi v&agrave; piano, v&agrave; sano,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">E chi v&agrave; sano v&agrave; lontano,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>said Riccabocca, pointing to the saddle-bags. "You go slowly, therefore
+safely; and he who goes safely may go far. You seem prepared for a
+journey?"</p>
+
+<p>"I am," said the Parson; "and on a matter that concerns you a little."</p>
+
+<p>"Me!" exclaimed Riccabocca&mdash;"concerns me!"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, so far as the chance of depriving you of a servant whom you like
+and esteem affects you."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh," said Riccabocca, "I understand you: you have hinted to me very
+often that I or Knowledge, or both together, have unfitted Leonard
+Fairfield for service."</p>
+
+<p>"I did not say that exactly; I said that you have fitted him for
+something higher than service. But do not repeat this to him. And I
+cannot yet say more to you, for I am very doubtful as to the success of
+my mission; and it will not do to unsettle poor Leonard until we are
+sure that we can improve his condition."</p>
+
+<p>"Of that you can never be sure," quoth the wise man, shaking his head;
+"and I can't say that I am unselfish enough not to bear you a grudge for
+seeking to decoy away from me an invaluable servant&mdash;faithful, steady,
+intelligent, and (added Riccabocca warming as he approached the
+climacteric adjective)&mdash;exceedingly cheap! Nevertheless go, and Heaven
+speed you. I am not an Alexander, to stand between man and the sun."</p>
+
+<p>"You are a noble great-hearted creature, Signor Riccabocca, in spite of
+your cold-blooded proverbs and villainous books." The Parson, as he said
+this, brought down the whip-hand with so indiscreet an enthusiasm on the
+pad's shoulder, that the poor beast, startled out of her innocent doze,
+made a bolt forward, which nearly precipitated Riccabocca from his seat
+on the stile, and then turning round&mdash;as the Parson tugged desperately
+at the rein&mdash;caught the bit between her teeth, and set off at a canter.
+The Parson lost both his stirrups; and when he regained them, (as the
+pad slackened her pace,) and had time to breathe and look about him,
+Riccabocca and the Casino were both out of sight.</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly," quoth Parson Dale, as he resettled himself with great
+complacency, and a conscious triumph that he was still on the pad's
+back&mdash;"certainly it is true 'that the noblest conquest ever made by man
+was that of the horse:' a fine creature it is&mdash;a very fine creature&mdash;and
+uncommonly difficult to sit on,&mdash;especially without stirrups." Firmly in
+<i>his</i> stirrups the Parson planted his feet; and the heart within him was
+very proud.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XII.</h4>
+
+<p>Lansmere was situated in the county adjoining that which contained the
+village of Hazeldean. Late at noon the Parson crossed the little stream
+which divided the two shires, and came to an inn, which was placed at an
+angle, where the great main road branched off into two directions&mdash;the
+one leading towards Lansmere, the other going more direct to London. At
+this inn the pad stopped, and put down both ears with the air of a pad
+who has made up her mind to bait. And the Parson himself, feeling very
+warm and somewhat sore, said to the pad benignly, "It is just&mdash;thou
+shall have corn and water!"</p>
+
+<p>Dismounting therefore, and finding himself very stiff, as soon as he had
+reached <i>terra firma</i>, the Parson consigned the pad to the ostler, and
+walked into the sanded parlor of the inn, to repose himself on a very
+hard Windsor chair.</p>
+
+<p>He had been alone rather more than half-an-hour, reading a county
+newspaper which smelt much of tobacco, and trying to keep off the flies
+that gathered round him in swarms, as if they had never before seen a
+Parson, and were anxious to ascertain how the flesh of him tasted,&mdash;when
+a stage-coach stopped at the inn. A traveller got out with his
+carpet-bag in his hand, and was shown into the sanded parlor.</p>
+
+<p>The Parson rose politely, and made a bow.</p>
+
+<p>The traveller touched his hat, without taking it off&mdash;looked at Mr. Dale
+from top to toe&mdash;then walked to the window, and whistled a lively
+impatient tune, then strode towards the fire-place and rang the bell;
+then stared again at the Parson; and that gentleman having courteously
+laid down the newspaper, the traveller seized it, threw himself on a
+chair, flung one of his legs over the table, tossed the other up on the
+mantel-piece, and began reading the paper, while he tilted the chair on
+its hind legs with so daring a disregard to the ordinary position of
+chairs and their occupants, that the shuddering Parson expected every
+moment to see him come down on the back of his skull.</p>
+
+<p>Moved, therefore, to compassion, Mr. Dale said mildly&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Those chairs are very treacherous, sir. I'm afraid you'll be down."</p>
+
+<p>"Eh," said the traveller, looking up much astonished. "Eh, down?&mdash;oh,
+you're satirical, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Satirical, sir? upon my word, no!" exclaimed the Parson earnestly.</p>
+
+<p>"I think every free-born man has a right to sit as he pleases in his own
+house," resumed the traveller with warmth; "and an inn is his own house,
+I guess, so long as he pays his score. Betty, my dear."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For the chambermaid had now replied to the bell.</p>
+
+<p>"I han't Betty, sir; do you want she?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, Sally&mdash;cold brandy and water&mdash;and a biscuit."</p>
+
+<p>"I han't Sally either," muttered the chambermaid; but the traveller
+turning round, showed so smart a neckcloth and so comely a face, that
+she smiled, colored, and went her way.</p>
+
+<p>The traveller now rose, and flung down the paper. He took out a
+pen-knife, and began paring his nails. Suddenly desisting from this
+elegant occupation, his eye caught sight of the Parson's shovel-hat,
+which lay on a chair in the corner.</p>
+
+<p>"You're a clergyman, I reckon, sir," said the traveller, with a slight
+sneer.</p>
+
+<p>Again Mr. Dale bowed&mdash;bowed in part deprecatingly&mdash;in part with dignity.
+It was a bow that said, "No offence, sir, but I <i>am</i> a clergyman, and
+I'm not ashamed of it."</p>
+
+<p>"Going far?" asked the traveller.</p>
+
+<p><i>Parson.</i>&mdash;"Not very."</p>
+
+<p><i>Traveller.</i>&mdash;"In a chaise or fly? If so, and we are going the same
+way&mdash;halves."</p>
+
+<p><i>Parson.</i>&mdash;"Halves?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Traveller.</i>&mdash;"Yes, I'll pay half the damage&mdash;pikes inclusive."</p>
+
+<p><i>Parson.</i>&mdash;"You are very good, sir. But," (<i>spoken with pride</i>) "I am on
+horseback."</p>
+
+<p><i>Traveller.</i>&mdash;"On horseback! Well, I should not have guessed that! You
+don't look like it. Where did you say you were going?"</p>
+
+<p>"I did <i>not</i> say where I was going, sir," said the Parson drily, for he
+was much offended at that vague and ungrammatical remark applicable to
+his horsemanship, that "he did not look like it."</p>
+
+<p>"Close!" said the traveller laughing: "an old traveller, I reckon."</p>
+
+<p>The Parson made no reply, but he took up his shovel-hat, and, with a bow
+more majestic than the previous one, walked out to see if his pad had
+finished her corn.</p>
+
+<p>The animal had indeed finished all the corn afforded to her, which was
+not much, and in a few minutes more Mr. Dale resumed his journey. He had
+performed about three miles, when the sound of wheels behind made him
+turn his head, and he perceived a chaise driven very fast, while out of
+the windows thereof dangled strangely a pair of human legs. The pad
+began to curvet as the post horses rattled behind, and the Parson had
+only an indistinct vision of a human face supplanting these human legs.
+The traveller peered out at him as he whirled by&mdash;saw Mr. Dale tossed up
+and down on the saddle, and cried out, "How's the leather?"</p>
+
+<p>"Leather!" soliloquised the Parson, as the pad recomposed herself. "What
+does he mean by that? Leather! a very vulgar man. But I got rid of him
+cleverly."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dale arrived without farther adventure at Lansmere. He put up at the
+principal inn&mdash;refreshed himself by a general ablution&mdash;and sate down
+with a good appetite to his beef-steak and pint of port.</p>
+
+<p>The Parson was a better judge of the physiognomy of man than that of the
+horse; and after a satisfactory glance at the civil smirking landlord,
+who removed the cover and set on the wine, he ventured on an attempt at
+conversation. "Is my lord at the park?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Landlord</i>, still more civilly than before: "No, sir, his lordship and
+my lady have gone to town to meet Lord L'Estrange."</p>
+
+<p>"Lord L'Estrange! He is in England, then?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, so I heard," replied the landlord, "but we never see him here now.
+I remember him a very pretty young man. Every one was fond of him, and
+proud of him. But what pranks he did play when he was a lad! We hoped he
+would come in for our boro' some of these days, but he has taken to
+foren parts&mdash;more's the pity. I am a reg'lar Blue, sir, as I ought to
+be. The Blue candidate always does me the honor to come to the Lansmere
+Arms. 'Tis only the low party puts up with the Boar," added the landlord
+with a look of ineffable disgust. "I hope you like the wine, sir?"</p>
+
+<p>"Very good, and seems old."</p>
+
+<p>"Bottled these eighteen years, sir. I had in the cask for the great
+election of Dashmore and Egerton. I have little left of it, and I never
+give it but to old friends like&mdash;for, I think, sir, though you be grown
+stout, and look more grand, I may say that I've had the pleasure of
+seeing you before."</p>
+
+<p>"That's true, I dare say, though I fear I was never a very good
+customer."</p>
+
+<p><i>Landlord.</i>&mdash;"Ah, it is Mr. Dale, then! I thought so when you came into
+the hall. I hope your lady is quite well, and the Squire too; fine
+pleasant-spoken gentleman; no fault of his if Mr. Egerton went wrong.
+Well, we have never seen him&mdash;I mean Mr. Egerton&mdash;since that time. I
+don't wonder he stays away; but my lord's son, who was brought up
+here,&mdash;it an't nat'ral like that he should turn his back on us!"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dale made no reply, and the landlord was about to retire, when the
+Parson, pouring out another glass of the port, said&mdash;"There must be
+great changes in the parish. Is Mr. Morgan, the medical man, still
+here?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, indeed; he took out his ploma after you left, and became a real
+doctor; and a pretty practice he had too, when he took, all of a sudden,
+to some new-fangled way of physicking&mdash;I think they calls it
+homysomething&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Hom&oelig;opathy!"</p>
+
+<p>"That's it&mdash;something against all reason: and so he lost his practice
+here and went up to Lunnun. I've not heard of him since."</p>
+
+<p>"Do the Avenels keep their old house?"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, yes!&mdash;and are pretty well off, I hear say. John is always poorly;
+though he still goes now and then to the Odd Fellows, and takes his
+glass; but his wife comes and fetches him away before he can do himself
+any harm."</p>
+
+<p>"Mrs. Avenel is the same as ever?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"She holds her head higher, I think," said the landlord, smiling. "She
+was always&mdash;not exactly proud like, but what I calls gumptious."</p>
+
+<p>"I never heard that word before," said the Parson, laying down his knife
+and fork. "Bumptious, indeed, though I believe it is not in the
+dictionary, has crept into familiar parlance, especially amongst young
+folks at school and college."</p>
+
+<p>"Bumptious is bumptious, and gumptious is gumptious," said the landlord,
+delighted to puzzle a Parson. "Now the town beadle is bumptious, and
+Mrs. Avenel is gumptious."</p>
+
+<p>"She is a very respectable woman," said Mr. Dale, somewhat rebukingly.</p>
+
+<p>"In course, sir, all gumptious folks are; they value themselves on their
+respectability, and looks down on their neighbors."</p>
+
+<p><i>Parson</i>, still philologically occupied. "Gumptious&mdash;gumptious. I think
+I remember the substantive at school&mdash;not that my master taught it to
+me. 'Gumption,' it means cleverness."</p>
+
+<p><i>Landlord</i>, (doggedly.)&mdash;"There's gumption and gumptious! Gumption is
+knowing; but when I say that sum un is gumptious, I mean&mdash;though that's
+more vulgar like&mdash;sum un who does not think small beer of hisself. You
+take me, sir!"</p>
+
+<p>"I think I do," said the Parson, half-smiling. "I believe the Avenels
+have only two of their children alive still&mdash;their daughter, who married
+Mark Fairfield, and a son who went off to America?"</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, but he made his fortune there, and has come back."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed! I'm very glad to hear it. He has settled at Lansmere?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir. I hear as he's bought a property a long way off. But he comes
+to see his parents pretty often&mdash;so John tells me&mdash;but I can't say that
+I ever see him, I fancy Dick doesn't like to be seen by folks who
+remember him playing in the kennel."</p>
+
+<p>"Not unnatural," said the Parson indulgently; "but he visits his
+parents: he is a good son, at all events, then?"</p>
+
+<p>"I've nothing to say against him. Dick was a wild chap before he took
+himself off. I never thought he would make his fortune; but the Avenels
+are a clever set. Do you remember poor Nora&mdash;the Rose of Lansmere, as
+they called her? Ah, no, I think she went up to Lunnun afore your time,
+sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Humph!" said the Parson drily. "Well, I think you may take away now. It
+will be dark soon, and I'll just stroll out and look about me."</p>
+
+<p>"There's a nice tart coming, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you, I've dined."</p>
+
+<p>The Parson put on his hat and sallied forth into the streets. He eyed
+the houses on either hand with that melancholy and wistful interest with
+which, in middle life, we revisit scenes familiar to us in
+youth&mdash;surprised to find either so little change or so much, and
+recalling, by fits and snatches, old associations and past emotions. The
+long High Street which he threaded now began to change its bustling
+character, and slide, as it were gradually, into the high road of a
+suburb. On the left, the houses gave way to the moss-grown pales of
+Lansmere Park: to the right, though houses still remained, they were
+separated from each other by gardens, and took the pleasing appearance
+of villas&mdash;such villas as retired tradesmen or their widows, old maids,
+and half-pay officers, select for the evening of their days.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dale looked at these villas with the deliberate attention of a man
+awakening his power of memory, and at last stopped before one, almost
+the last on the road, and which faced the broad patch of sward that lay
+before the lodge of Lansmere Park. An old pollard oak stood near it, and
+from the oak there came a low discordant sound; it was the hungry cry of
+young ravens, awaiting the belated return of the parent bird. Mr. Dale
+put his hand to his brow, paused a moment, and then, with a hurried
+step, passed through the little garden and knocked at the door. A light
+was burning in the parlor, and Mr. Dale's eye caught through the window
+a vague outline of three forms. There was an evident bustle within at
+the sound of the knocks. One of the forms rose and disappeared. A very
+prim, neat, middle-aged maid-servant now appeared at the threshold, and
+austerely inquired the visitor's business.</p>
+
+<p>"I want to see Mr. or Mrs. Avenel. Say that I have come many miles to
+see them; and take in this card."</p>
+
+<p>The maid-servant took the card, and half-closed the door. At least three
+minutes elapsed before she reappeared.</p>
+
+<p>"Missis says it's late, sir; but walk in."</p>
+
+<p>The Parson accepted the not very gracious invitation, stepped across the
+little hall, and entered the parlor.</p>
+
+<p>Old John Avenel, a mild-looking man, who seemed slightly paralytic, rose
+slowly from his arm-chair. Mrs. Avenel, in an awfully stiff, clean, and
+Calvinistical cap, and a gray dress, every fold of which bespoke
+respectability and staid repute&mdash;stood erect on the floor, and, fixing
+on the Parson a cold and cautious eye, said:</p>
+
+<p>"You do the like of us great honor, Mr. Dale&mdash;take a chair! You call
+upon business?"</p>
+
+<p>"Of which I have apprised you by letter, Mr. Avenel."</p>
+
+<p>"My husband is very poorly."</p>
+
+<p>"A poor creature!" said John feebly, and as if in compassion of himself,
+"I can't get about as I used to do. But it ben't near election time, be
+it, sir?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, John," said Mrs. Avenel, placing her husband's arm within her own.
+"You must lie down a bit, while I talk to the gentleman."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm a real good blue," said poor John; "but I an't quite the man I
+was;" and leaning heavily on his wife, he left the room, turning round
+at the threshold, and saying, with great urbanity&mdash;"Any thing to oblige,
+sir?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dale was much touched. He had remembered John Avenel the comeliest,
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> most active, and the most cheerful man in Lansmere; great at glee
+club and cricket, (though then stricken in years,) greater in vestries;
+reputed greatest in elections.</p>
+
+<p>"Last scene of all," murmured the Parson; "and oh well, turning from the
+poet, may we cry with the disbelieving philosopher, 'Poor, poor
+humanity!'"<a name="FNanchor_U_21" id="FNanchor_U_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_U_21" class="fnanchor">[U]</a></p>
+
+<p>In a few minutes Mrs. Avenel returned. She took a chair at some distance
+from the Parson's, and, resting one hand on the elbow of the chair,
+while with the other she stiffly smoothed the stiff gown, she said&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Now, sir."</p>
+
+<p>That "Now, sir," had in its sound something sinister and warlike. This
+the shrewd Parson recognized with his usual tact. He edged his chair
+nearer to Mrs. Avenel, and placing his hand on hers&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, now then, and as friend to friend."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_T_20" id="Footnote_T_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_T_20"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> It need scarcely be observed, that Jackeymo, in his
+conversations with his master or Violante, or his conferences with
+himself, employs his native language, which is therefore translated
+without the blunders that he is driven to commit when compelled to trust
+himself in the tongue of the country in which he is a sojourner.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Fraser's Magazine.</h4>
+
+<h2>AN INEDITED LETTER OF EDWARD GIBBON.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following is an inedited letter of the celebrated author of <i>The
+Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>. It is addressed to his friend M.
+D'Eyverdun (who was at that time at Leipsig), and has lately been found
+among a mass of papers in the house which M. D'Eyverdun possessed at
+Lausanne, and where Mr. Gibbon resided several years.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6"><i>To M. D'Eyverdun, at Leipsig.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22">London, May 7th, 1776.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>My long silence towards you has been occasioned (if I have properly
+analyzed what has lately passed in my mind) by different reasons. During
+the Summer there was indolence and procrastination; since the opening of
+parliament the necessity of finishing my book, and at the same time of
+subduing America. I have been involved in a multitude of public,
+private, and literary business, such as I had never experienced in the
+whole course of my life. The materials of my correspondence I have
+gradually accumulated, and despairing of being able to say any thing, I
+have wisely finished by saying nothing. Meantime, it is not necessary to
+inform my dear reader that I love him just as much as if I had written
+to him every week.</p>
+
+<p>Where, then, shall I begin this letter? Can this question be put to a
+man who has just published his book? I shall speak of myself, and I
+shall enjoy the pleasure which renders the conversation of friends so
+delightful,&mdash;the pleasure of talking of one's self with somebody who
+will take an interest in the subject. It is true I should greatly prefer
+conversing with you, walking backwards and forwards in my library, where
+I could, without blushing, make to you all the confessions which my
+vanity might prompt. But at this lamentable distance from London to
+Leipsig we cannot do without a confidant, and the paper might one day
+disclose the little secrets which I am obliged to confide to you.</p>
+
+<p>You know that the first volume of <i>The History of the Decline and Fall
+of the Roman Empire</i> has had the most complete success, and the most
+flattering to the author. But I must take up the matter a little further
+back. I do not know whether you recollect that I had agreed with my
+bookseller for an edition of 500 copies. This was a very moderate
+number; but I wished to learn the taste of the public, and to reserve to
+myself the opportunity of soon making, in a second edition, all the
+changes which the observations of critics and my own reflections might
+suggest. We had come, perhaps, to the twenty-fifth sheet, when my
+publisher and my printer, men of sense and taste, began to perceive that
+the work in question might be worth something, and that the said 500
+copies would not suffice for the demands of the British readers. They
+stated their reasons to me, and very humbly, but very earnestly, begged
+me to permit 500 more to be printed. I yielded to their entreaties, not,
+however, without fearing that the younger brothers of my numerous family
+might be condemned to an inglorious old age, in the obscurity of some
+warehouse. Meantime the printing went on; and, in spite of paternal
+affection, I sometimes cursed the attention which I was obliged to pay
+to the education of my children, to cure them of the little defects
+which the negligence of their preceptors had suffered to pass without
+correcting them.</p>
+
+<p>At length, in the month of February, I saw the decisive hour arrive, and
+I own to you that it was not without some sort of uneasiness. I knew
+that my book was good, but I would have had it excellent; I could not
+rely on my own judgment, and I feared that of the public,&mdash;that tyrant
+who often destroys in an instant the fruit of ten years' labor. At
+length, on the 16th of February, I gave myself to the universe, and the
+universe&mdash;that is to say, a small number of English readers&mdash;received me
+with open arms. In a fortnight the whole edition was so completely
+exhausted that not a single copy was left. Mr. Cadell (my publisher)
+proposed to me to publish a second edition of 1000 copies, and in a few
+days he saw reason to beg me to allow him to print 1500 copies. It will
+appear at the beginning of next month; and he already ventures to
+promise me that it will be sold before the end of the year, and that he
+shall be obliged to importune me a third time. The volume&mdash;a handsome
+quarto&mdash;costs a guinea in boards; it has sold, as my publisher expresses
+it, like a sixpenny pamphlet on the affairs of the day.</p>
+
+<p>I have hitherto contented myself with stating the fact, which is the
+least equivocal testimony in favor of the <i>History</i>. It is said that a
+horse alone does not flatter kings when they think fit to mount him;
+might we not add, that the bookseller is the only person who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> does not
+flatter authors when they take it into their heads to appear in print?
+But you conceive that from a small number of eager readers one always
+finds means to catch praises, and for my part, I own to you that I am
+very fond of these praises; those of women of rank, especially when they
+are young and handsome, though not of the greatest weight, amuse me
+infinitely. I have had the good fortune to please some of these persons,
+and the ancient <i>History</i> of your learned friend has succeeded with them
+like a fashionable novel. Now hear what Robertson says in a letter which
+was not designed to fall into my hands:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have read (says he) Mr. Gibbon's <i>History</i> with great
+attention, and with singular pleasure. It is a work of great
+merit. We find in it that sagacity of research, without which
+an author does not merit the name of an historian. His
+narrative is clear and interesting; his style is elegant and
+vigorous, sometimes rather too labored, and, perhaps, studied:
+but these defects are amply compensated by the beauty of the
+language, and sometimes by a rare felicity of expression."</p></div>
+
+<p>Now listen attentively to poor David Hume:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"After having read with impatience and avidity the first volume
+of your <i>History</i>, I feel the same impatience to thank you for
+your interesting present; and to express to you the
+satisfaction which this production has afforded me, under the
+several points of view, of the dignity of the style, the extent
+of your researches, the profound manner in which the subject is
+treated. This work is entitled to the highest esteem. You will
+feel pleasure, as I do myself, from hearing that all the men of
+letters in this city (Edinburgh) agree in admiring your work,
+and in desiring the continuation of it."</p></div>
+
+<p>Do you know, too, that the Tacitus and Livy of Scotland have been useful
+to me in more ways than one. Our good English folk had long lamented the
+superiority which these historians had acquired; and as national
+prejudices are kept up at a small expense, they have eagerly raised
+their unworthy countrymen by their acclamations to a level with these
+great men. Besides, I have had the good fortune to avoid the shoal which
+is the most dangerous in this country. A historian is always to a
+certain degree a political character, and every reader according to his
+private opinion seeks in the most remote ages the sentiments of the
+historian upon kings and governments. A minister who is a great friend
+to the prerogatives of the crown has complimented me, on my having
+everywhere professed the soundest doctrines.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Walpole, on the other hand, and my Lord Camden, both partisans of
+liberty, and even of a republic, are persuaded that I am not far from
+their ideas. This is a proof, at least, that I have observed a fair
+neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now look at the reverse of the medal, and inspect the means which
+Heaven has thought fit to employ to humble my pride. Would you think, my
+dear sir, that injustice has been carried so far as to attack the purity
+of my faith? The cry of the bishops and of a great number of ladies,
+equally respectable for their age and understanding, has been raised
+against me. It has been maintained, that the last two chapters of my
+pretended <i>History</i> are only a satire on the Christian religion&mdash;a
+satire the more dangerous as it is concealed under a veil of moderation
+and impartiality: and that the emissary of Satan, after having long
+amused his readers with a very agreeable tale, insensibly leads them
+into the infernal snare. You perceive all the horror of this accusation,
+and will easily understand that I shall oppose only a respectful silence
+to the clamors of my enemies?</p>
+
+<p>And the Translation? Will you soon cause me to be read and burnt in the
+rest of Europe? After a short suspension, the reasons for which it is
+useless to detail, I re-commenced sending the sheets as they issued from
+the press. They went regularly by way of Gottingen, where M. Sprengel
+has, doubtless, taken care to forward them to you; so that the whole of
+the English original must have been long since in your hands. What use
+have you made of it? Is the translation finished? When and where do you
+intend it shall appear? I cannot help fearing accidents that may have
+happened by the way, and still more apprehending your indolence or
+forgetfulness; and the more so, as I have learned from several quarters
+that you are engaged in the translation of some German work.
+Notwithstanding my silence, you might have informed me of the state of
+things; at all events you have not a moment to lose, for the Duke de
+Choiseul, who is quite delighted with my work, has signified to Mr.
+Walpole his intentions to have it translated as soon as possible. I
+believe I have put a stop to this design by assuring him that your
+translation was in the press at Leipsig; but we cannot long answer for
+events, and it would be equally unpleasant to be anticipated by a <i>bel
+esprit</i> of Paris, or by a man&oelig;uvre of an Amsterdam bookseller.</p>
+
+<p>This is a pretty decent letter; I know, however, that you ought not to
+give me credit for it, because it is all about myself. I have a thousand
+other things to tell you, and as many questions to ask you. Depend on
+another letter in a week. Fear nothing, I swear by holy friendship; and
+my oath will not remain without effect.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22">Ever yours,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i22"><span class="smcap">Ed. Gibbon</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_U_21" id="Footnote_U_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_U_21"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> Mr. Dale probably here alludes to Lord Bolingbroke's
+ejaculation as he stood by the dying Pope; but his memory does not serve
+him with the exact words.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<h2>RELICS OF MADISON.</h2>
+
+<p>Among the household effects of Mrs. Madison, sold in Washington lately,
+were an original portrait of Washington by Stuart, and others of
+Jefferson, Madison, and Mrs. M. by the same artist; one of John Adams,
+by Col. Trumbull, and one of Monroe, by Vanderlyn, all originals,
+painted especially for Mr. Madison, and never out of the possession of
+the family. Besides these there were portraits of three discoverers,
+Vespucius, Columbus, and Cabot, and many other very valuable paintings.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Leigh Hunt's Journal.</h4>
+
+<h2>THE FIRST SHIP IN THE NIGER.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY WILLIAM ALLAN RUSSELL.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Tis tropic noon! and not a single sound<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Breathes on the eternal stillness all around;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis tropic noon! and yet the sultry time<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Seems like the twilight of some fairy clime.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spreading in lone luxuriance round is seen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The mangrove's tangled maze of sombre green;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thro' mists that dwell those baneful fens upon<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Large orbed and pale peers out the shrouded Sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And struggling sickly thro' the vaporous day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dull on the windless waters falls the pallid ray.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So slumb'ringly the glassy river goes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The water-lily dips not as it flows;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The swallow, haunter of the charmed spot,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Skims through the silence, and awakes it not;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Perch'd as in sleep, the gray kingfisher broods,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A sentinel among the solitudes;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And faints the breeze beneath the heavy sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor bends the bulrush, as it loiters by<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thro' long green walls of forest trees, that throw<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unwavering shadows in the flood below;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And droops from topmost boughs (like garlands dight<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By elfin hands) the gaudy parasite:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crowning the wave with flow'rs; and high above,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The tall acacia moves, or seems to move<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Its feathery foliage in the enamor'd air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That seems, tho' all unheard, to linger there:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Might'st fancy all, the earth, the air, the stream,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still unawaken'd from Creation's dream.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When, hark! there sounds along the lonely shore<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A voice those wilds had never heard before;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wild bird dipp'd&mdash;the diamond-eye'd gazelle<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Started and paused,&mdash;then fled into the dell;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stirr'd by no breeze, the tree-tops seem'd to sigh&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When, lo! again the still repeated cry;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hark! 'tis the leadsman, chanting loud and clear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The changing fathoms, as a ship draws near,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all at once rings out the Briton's hearty cheer!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>Historical Review of the Month.</i></h2>
+
+<h3>THE UNITED STATES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Thirty-first American Congress, after a session of a little more
+than three months, closed on the 4th of March. The conclusion of the
+session was much more interesting and important than its commencement.
+Our record of the previous month closed with the passage by the Senate,
+on the 13th of February, of the joint resolution authorizing the
+President to confer the brevet rank of Lieutenant-General on General
+Scott. Mr. Benton, on the following day, attempted to revive his bill
+paying to Missouri two per cent. on her sales of public lands, but was
+unsuccessful. The River and Harbor Bill was taken up in the House on the
+13th, and debated for several days; it finally passed on the 18th, by a
+vote of 114 to 75. During the debate an altercation took place between
+Mr. Inge of Alabama and Mr. Stanley of North Carolina, which resulted in
+a duel. The parties met in Maryland, beyond the jurisdiction of the
+District of Columbia, and after an ineffectual exchange of shots, agreed
+to a reconciliation.</p>
+
+<p>Several exciting debates arose in the Senate, in relation to the
+Fugitive Slave Law, growing out of the following circumstances: On
+Saturday, February 21st, an alleged fugitive slave, named Shadrach, was
+arrested in Boston by the U.S. Marshal, and taken before the U.S.
+Commissioner for examination. The counsel for defence asked for a
+postponement of the case for two days, which was granted, Shadrach
+remaining in the U. S. Court Room, in custody of the U. S. Deputy
+Marshal, since, by a law of the state, the use of the jail is forbidden
+for the confinement of a fugitive slave. Soon after the adjournment of
+the Court the doors were suddenly burst open by a mob of negroes, the
+officers overpowered, and the prisoner carried off. After being hurried
+rapidly through the streets, he was secreted in a remote part of the
+city, and in the evening made his escape to Canada. The announcement of
+this case produced much excitement in Washington. A conference of the
+Cabinet was immediately called, and on the following Tuesday the
+President issued a proclamation calling on the commanders of the U. S.
+military and naval forces at Boston to aid the government officers with
+their troops, if need be, in the discharge of their duty. In reply to a
+resolution offered by Mr. Clay, and unanimously adopted by the Senate,
+the President addressed to that body a special message on the subject.
+He regards the rescue of the slave as an act of sudden violence,
+unexpected by the authorities, and not as proceeding from or sanctioned
+by the general feeling of the citizens of Boston. He quotes the laws of
+Congress, of 1789 and 1799, in relation to the safe-keeping of prisoners
+committed under the authority of the United States, and the
+Massachusetts state law of 1843, making it a penal offence for any
+officer of the commonwealth to aid in the arrest or detention of a
+fugitive slave: considering that, though such state legislation may
+create embarrassment, it cannot impair the constitutional provision for
+the delivery of fugitives bound to labor in another state. He recommends
+a modification of the general law, enabling the President to call upon
+the militia, and place them under the control of any civil officer of
+the government, without requiring any previous proclamation, in cases
+where the civil authority is menaced.</p>
+
+<p>The California Duties Bill, giving the new state $300,000 out of the
+duties collected while she was a territory, to defray the expenses of
+the state government up to the time of her admission, passed the Senate
+February 25th. The Cheap Postage Bill, as amended, passed the following
+day, by a vote of 39 to 15. This bill provides a rate of three cents
+when pre-paid, five cents when not pre-paid, on letters less than half
+an ounce, and for any distance exceeding three thousand miles double
+these rates. Instead of a uniform rate of one cent on newspapers, it
+provides a tariff postage from five to twenty-five cents per quarter for
+weekly papers, according to distances; semi-weeklies to pay double,
+tri-weeklies triple, and dailies five times these rates. The House
+afterwards added an amendment providing for the coinage of three-cent
+pieces, which was concurred in by the Senate. The law will take effect
+on the 1st of July next.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, February 22d, Mr. Rantoul, of Massachusetts, appeared and
+took his seat for the remaining ten days of his term. The bill
+abolishing constructive mileage on the part of the Senate passed both
+houses. The River and Harbor Bill, appropriating between two and three
+millions of dollars for the improvement of the harbors of the coast and
+the lakes, and the river navigation of the interior, was taken up in the
+Senate, on Saturday, March 1st, by a vote of 31 to 25. The debate
+continued until past midnight, when the Senate adjourned. The subject
+was resumed on Monday morning, the opponents of the bill, who were in
+the minority, exercising their ingenuity in order to prevent a vote.
+There being now but a few hours of the session remaining, the utmost
+activity and excitement prevailed in both houses. The indispensable
+Appropriation Bills were yet to be passed, the Postage Bill was waiting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+its final vote, and a number of important measures, disposed of by one
+house, were waiting the action of the other. The discussion in the
+Senate was continued through the whole of Monday night, until four
+o'clock on Tuesday morning, when the majority yielded to a motion
+postponing its consideration for four hours, in order to allow the
+necessary Appropriation Bills to be acted on.</p>
+
+<p>In the House, on Monday, the Senate's Joint Resolution requesting the
+President to authorize one of our vessels in the Mediterranean to bring
+Kossuth and his companions to this country, was passed by a large
+majority. The resolution relieving Mr. Ritchie from the terms of his
+printing contract, and giving him one-half the proceeds fixed by the law
+of 1819, passed the House by a majority of five, and was taken up in the
+Senate about half an hour before the close of the session, but was lost
+for want of time. Among the last acts of the house were, the passage of
+the Senate bill paying $40,000 to the American Colonization Society for
+expenses incurred in supporting the Africans recaptured from the bark
+Pons; the defeat of the resolution creating the rank of
+Lieutenant-General; and the act founding a Military Asylum for the
+relief of disabled soldiers. The French Spoliation Bill, the bill making
+Land Warrants Assignable, the bill granting ten million acres of the
+public lands to the states for the relief of the indigent insane, and
+all the proposals for new steamship lines, as well as Mr. Collins's
+application for an additional appropriation to his Liverpool line, were
+lost for want of time. In the Senate, after the River and Harbor Bill
+was dropped, the Army and Navy and Civil and Diplomatic Appropriation
+Bills, the Post Route Bill, and the Light House Bill, were all passed.
+Both houses adjourned at noon, on Tuesday, March 4th.</p>
+
+<p>After an interval of twenty minutes, the Senate was again called to
+order, a Special Session having been ordered by the President to
+consider Executive business. Messrs. Bright, Bayard, Cass, Jefferson
+Davis, Hamilton, Mason, Pratt, Rusk, and Dodge of Wisconsin, Senators
+elect, appeared and were qualified. Mr. Foote, of Vermont, appeared on
+the 8th and was sworn in. Mr. Yulee presented a communication, claiming
+to have been elected by the Legislature of Florida, he having received
+29 votes when the remainder were blank. The Judiciary Committee reported
+against allowing the California Senators mileage by the Panama route,
+but the discussion of the subject was postponed till the next session.</p>
+
+<p>On Friday, the 7th, the Senate ratified the treaties lately negotiated
+with Portugal, with Switzerland, and the treaty with Mexico respecting
+the Tehuantepec route from the Gulf to the Pacific. The treaty of
+extradition with Mexico was rejected. The treaty with Switzerland was
+amended in some particulars.</p>
+
+<p>A message was received in reply to a resolution calling on the State
+Department to furnish copies of the correspondence with Turkey regarding
+Kossuth. In addition to the correspondence which has already appeared,
+Mr. Webster in February, addressed a letter to J. P. Brown, Dragoman of
+the Legation at Constantinople, concerning the probable intentions of
+Turkey; to which Mr. Brown replied that in May, 1851, the year for which
+the Sultan promised Austria to retain the Hungarians will expire. Mr.
+Webster thereupon addressed a letter to Mr. Marsh, U. S. minister to
+Constantinople, in relation to the approaching release of Kossuth and
+his companions, and the offer to be made to them and to the Sublime
+Porte, in accordance with the joint resolution of Congress. Mr. Webster
+requests our minister to state that though the United States has no
+intention to interfere in any manner with the international relations of
+other Governments, yet, in this case, it hopes that suggestions
+proceeding from no other motives than friendship and respect for the
+Porte, and sympathy for the unhappy exiles, may be received as a proof
+of national good-will. He alludes in terms of high commendation to the
+course of the Porte in refusing to deliver the exiles into the hands of
+their pursuers, and while acknowledging the force of the considerations
+through which they have been detained up to the present time, urges that
+their transportation to this country cannot longer be reasonably
+opposed. The tone of Mr. Webster's letter is humane, eloquent and
+dignified; it will be read with earnest satisfaction by the friends of
+Liberty throughout the Globe.</p>
+
+<p>The action of the Executive Session of the Senate was chiefly upon
+nominations made by the President. These having been completed and some
+resolutions adopted, calling for information on various subjects, to be
+communicated to the next session, the Senate adjourned on the 13th of
+March. The following are the principal nominations: Hon. Robert F.
+Schenck, of Ohio, Minister to Brazil; John B. Kerr, of Maryland, Charg&eacute;
+to Nicaragua; John S. Pendleton, of Virginia, Charg&eacute; to the Argentine
+Republic; Mr. Markoe, of the State Department, Charg&eacute; to Denmark; Y. P.
+King, of Georgia, Charg&eacute; to New-Granada; Samuel G. Goodrich, of
+Massachusetts, Consul at Paris; John Howard Payne, Consul to Tunis; Mr.
+Easby, of Washington, Commissioner of Public Buildings; Grafton Baker,
+of Mississippi, Chief Justice of New-Mexico; Ogden Hoffman, Jr., of San
+Francisco, District Judge for California; George G. Baker, of Ohio,
+Consul to Genoa; Henry A. Homer, of Massachusetts, Dragoman to the
+Turkish Legation; H. Jones Brooke, of Penn., Consul at Belfast; and
+Charles Russell, Collector at Santa Barbara, California. Jacob B. Moore,
+of New-York, was confirmed as Post-Master, and T. Butler King, of
+Georgia, as Collector, at San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>M. Marcoleta, Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Nicaragua,
+arrived in this country from Europe, and was officially presented to the
+President on Saturday, Feb. 22. The addresses on both sides were of the
+most cordial character. Commodore Jones, whose trial by Court Martial
+has been going on at Washington for some time past, has been found
+guilty of speculating in gold dust with the public funds, and is
+suspended from his command for five years, half of the time without pay.</p>
+
+<p>The Superintendent of the Census has published a table, compiled from
+the returns of the Marshals, which are complete in all the principal
+States. From this it appears that the entire population of the United
+States will be about 23,200,000, of which 8,070,734 are slaves. The
+entire representative population will be 21,710,000, and the ratio of
+representation 93,170, the law of May, 22, 1850, determining the number
+of representatives at 233. The States which gain, in all, are as
+follows: Arkansas 1, Indiana 1, Illinois 2, Massachusetts 1, Mississippi
+1, Michigan 1, Missouri 2,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> Pennsylvania 1&mdash;10. The following States
+lose, viz; Maine 1, New Hampshire 1, New-York 1, North Carolina 2, South
+Carolina 2, Vermont 1, Virginia 2. The free States gain six members and
+lose four; the slave States gain four and lose six.</p>
+
+<p>No Senator has yet been elected in the State of Massachusetts. On the
+eighteenth ballot, Mr. Sumner lacked nine votes of an election, after
+which the matter was postponed to the 2d of April. In the New-York
+Legislature, a joint resolution providing for the election of a U. S.
+Senator finally passed at 2 <span class="smcap">a. m.</span> on the 19th, and the Hon. Hamilton
+Fish, ex-Governor of the State, was then elected. In the Ohio
+Legislature, an election was finally reached on the 15th of March,
+Benjamin F. Wade, the Whig candidate, receiving a majority of three. The
+New Jersey Legislature has chosen Commodore Robert F. Stockton, on the
+27th ballot, by a majority of one, three of the members being absent.
+Commodore Stockton resigned his place in the Navy last year.</p>
+
+<p>The one hundred and nineteenth anniversary of Washington's birthday was
+celebrated throughout the United States with more than the usual honors.
+In New-York City, a large military and civic procession was arranged,
+under the direction of the Common Council, succeeded by a brilliant
+illumination in the evening. An oration was delivered at the celebration
+instituted by the Union Committee, by the Hon. Mr. Foote, of
+Mississippi. At the dinner which succeeded, the Hon. Edward Everett made
+an eloquent speech on the American Constitution.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable excitement has arisen in different localities of the Free
+States, on account of the seizure of colored persons claimed as fugitive
+slaves. The Boston case has become exceedingly complicated, through a
+series of counter-arrests, on the parts of State and U. S. officers. Mr.
+Elizur Wright, editor of the Boston <i>Commonwealth</i>, and six other
+persons, mostly negroes, are held for trial on a charge of aiding in the
+escape of the slave Shadrach. On the other hand, the U. S. District
+Attorney, Commissioner and Deputy Marshal, were arrested and held to
+bail in the sum of $10,000 each, on charge of arresting the fugitive,
+the suits being brought on the ground that the Fugitive Slave law is
+unconstitutional, and that the officers acted without authority. Several
+arrests of fugitive slaves have been made in various parts of
+Pennsylvania, but there has been no violent resistance to the law. The
+Governor of Pennsylvania lately made a requisition on the Governor of
+Maryland, for the delivery of a man charged with kidnapping a free black
+child five years old, born in Pennsylvania of a fugitive slave, and
+reclaimed with her. The Governor of Maryland refused to surrender the
+accused, and replied in a long letter sustaining his course by the
+authority of the Attorney General.</p>
+
+<p>Few measures of interest have been passed by the several State
+Legislatures, during the past month. The State of New Jersey has
+abolished the freehold qualification. In the Legislature of Wisconsin a
+land limitation bill, fixing the limit at 640 acres, passed the Senate,
+but was defeated in the House. The Maryland Convention for the revision
+of the State Constitution, has adopted a clause abolishing imprisonment
+for debt, by a vote of 60 to 5. The Indiana Convention has completed a
+revised Constitution for that State, which will be submitted to the
+votes of the people. The Legislature of Pennsylvania has passed a joint
+resolution of thanks to the Hon. Daniel Webster, for his letter to
+H&uuml;lsemann, the Austrian Charg&eacute; d'Affaires.</p>
+
+<p>Several severe storms have been experienced in the Western States. The
+town of Fayetteville, Tenn., was nearly destroyed by a tornado, on the
+24th of February. The place was enveloped in impenetrable darkness, and
+many lives were lost in the crash of the falling buildings. Forty-two
+houses were blown down. A terrific gale passed over Pittsburg, tearing
+the steamers from their moorings, and injuring a great number of
+buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The family of Mr. William Cosden, in Kent Co., Md.,&mdash;including himself,
+his wife, sister, sister-in-law, and a black servant, were murdered on
+the 25th of February. A small boy made his escape and gave the alarm.
+The murderers have not yet been taken.</p>
+
+<p>The trials of the Cuban invaders at New Orleans have at last been
+brought to an end. After three unsuccessful attempts to procure a
+verdict in the case of Gen. Henderson, the jury in each instance being
+unable to agree, the prosecution was withdrawn. The trial of Gen.
+Quitman and the other persons who had been arraigned, was also
+relinquished, and the matter will be suffered to drop.</p>
+
+<p>Jenny Lind has reached St. Louis, on her tour of triumph in the West.
+The proceeds of her thirteen concerts in New Orleans amounted to
+$200,000. On the 13th of March, she gave a concert at Natchez which
+produced $6,600, $1,000 of which was devoted to charitable objects.&mdash;A
+great meeting in favor of railroads in the Mississippi Valley, was held
+in New Orleans on the 24th of February.&mdash;The cholera has appeared in a
+mild form on some of the Western rivers. In the town of Franklin, Tenn.,
+there have been already fourteen deaths from it.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Clay sailed from New-York for Havana, on the 11th of March. He
+intends remaining a few weeks in that city to rest from the fatigues of
+the late session. He was received in New-York with great enthusiasm;
+thousands of persons crowded the docks to witness his departure.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer Oregon, while on her passage from Louisville to New Orleans,
+burst her boiler near Vicksburg, killing and wounding about seventy
+persons. The boat afterwards took fire and burned to the water's edge.
+The surviving passengers were taken off by the steamer Iroquois, which
+fortunately happened to be in the vicinity. A steam-ferry boat at St.
+Louis burst her boiler on the 23d of February, killing about twenty
+persons. Several other slight explosions and collisions have occurred on
+the Western rivers.</p>
+
+<p>A notorious person, named Wm. H. Thompson, (better known as "One-Eyed
+Thompson,") who was supposed to have been a confederate of various gangs
+of counterfeiters and burglars, was arrested on the 1st of March, on a
+charge of counterfeiting, and committed suicide the next day in his
+cell. He left a letter addressed to the Coroner and another to his wife,
+written in a style which shows him to have been a man of more than
+ordinary intellect. He stated that, being of no farther use to his
+family, he felt it his duty to die. He had always cherished a
+disposition to commit suicide, as he had no means of solving the mystery
+of life,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> and desired death, either as an explanation or as an eternal
+sleep.</p>
+
+<p>The latest accounts from Texas, represent that State as being in a most
+flourishing condition. Emigrants are continually arriving from all
+quarters, and especially from Germany. The subject of Popular Education
+is beginning to attract attention, and the agricultural interest is
+receiving the support of many gentlemen of wealth and intelligence. The
+Indians still continue their depredations in the neighborhood of Rio
+Grande City, and all along the Mexican frontier. Several engagements
+between them and the U. S. troops, have taken place in the vicinity of
+Laredo. Gen. Brooke is organizing an expedition against the Camanches,
+and as soon as the spring opens, a campaign will be made directly into
+their hunting grounds. A singular being, known as the Wild Woman of
+Navidad, who has baffled the search of the hunters for several years,
+has lately been caught by a party who were out after deer. It appears
+that she was a negress who fled to the wilderness after Fannin's defeat,
+fifteen years ago, since which time she has lived in the woods,
+subsisting on acorns and other wild fruits.</p>
+
+<p>News from El Paso to the 31st of December, state that the Boundary
+Commissioners have fixed the initial point of their survey at the
+parallel of 32&deg; 22' N., on the Rio Grande, a point conjectured to be
+about 20 miles north of El Paso. The line will run thence 3&deg; westward,
+and then due north, to the Gila River. From two to three years will be
+required to complete the survey. The American Commission, numbering more
+than one hundred persons, is divided into three companies, and located
+at El Paso, Socorro, and the Mission of San Elizario.</p>
+
+<p>The last mail from the Salt Lake, Utah Territory, reaches to the
+beginning of December. The settlement was then in a very prosperous
+condition, the weather being remarkably mild. Grain and vegetables of
+all kinds were very abundant, 200,000 bushels of wheat having been
+gathered the past season. Several saw and grist mills were in active
+operation, and a woollen factory and brewery were in course of erection.
+Large supplies of coal and iron have been discovered in the Valley of
+the Little Salt Lake, about 350 miles to the south-west of the Mormon
+settlement, and a colony has been sent there. The snows in the Timpanozu
+and Bear River Mountains have greatly retarded the mails between the
+Salt Lake and Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>We have news from California to the 1st of February. The amount of gold
+dust shipped from San Francisco on that day and the 15th of January, was
+about $3,500,000. The Legislature of California convened on the 6th of
+January. Gov. Burnett's Message, which was transmitted on the following
+day, gives a general review of State affairs. A reduction of fees and
+salaries is recommended, and an increase of the tax on real and personal
+estate, in order to keep up the financial credit of the State, without
+recourse to foreign loans. The Governor also favors the passage of laws
+excluding negroes from the State, and extending the punishment of death
+to the crime of grand larceny. A few days subsequent to the meeting of
+the Legislature, Gov. Burnett tendered his resignation, and Lieut. Gov.
+McDougal was inaugurated as Governor the following day. A bill to remove
+to capital of the State from San Jos&eacute; to Vallejo, has passed the Senate,
+and will probably pass the House. A bill appointing the 3d of February
+for the election of a U. S. Senator, has passed the House. The total
+debt of the State on the 15th of December last, was $485,460. If the
+proposed reductions in the expenses are made, the estimated balance in
+the Treasury at the end of June, will be $220,346, nearly half the total
+debt.</p>
+
+<p>California has again been excited with the rumored discovery of a gold
+placer, far surpassing any previous account. The steamer Chesapeake, it
+appears, sailed from San Francisco for the Klamath River with a company
+of adventurers, and after an absence of two weeks, returned with news of
+the discovery of a beach of golden sand, on the coast, twenty-seven
+miles north of the mouth of Trinity River. From the fact of this beach
+being bounded by a bluff from one to four hundred feet in height, the
+name of "Gold Bluff" was given to the locality. The beach extends for a
+distance of six miles and is from twenty to fifty yards in width. It is
+a mixture of gray and black sand, through which the gold is disseminated
+in particles so fine that it cannot be separated with ordinary washing.
+This sand is constantly shifting, under the action of the waves, and at
+times the ocean covers the entire beach, breaking against the bluffs.
+The amount of gold in the sand is variously represented, at from ten
+cents to ten dollars. A constant surf breaks along the shore, rendering
+the landing in the boats impracticable except in very calm weather,
+while it is almost equally difficult to reach the spot by land.</p>
+
+<p>An Association called the "Pacific Mining Company" was immediately
+formed, with a stock of 12,000 shares at $100 each. One thousand shares
+were sold immediately, and several vessels were put up at once for the
+Gold Bluff, the miners flocking from all parts of the diggings, to join
+in the adventure. The original stockholders, however,&mdash;about thirty in
+number&mdash;lay claim to the best parts of the beach, and have erected log
+cabins and laid in a large store of provisions, preparatory to washing
+the sand on an extensive scale. The reports of the richness of this
+locality are doubtless very greatly exaggerated.</p>
+
+<p>Business in San Francisco and the inland towns and trading communities
+of the mountains, was remarkably dull. Goods had been sold at very low
+rates, in some instances lower than the first cost. The winter has been
+so remarkably clear and fine, that the miners&mdash;who had removed to the
+dry diggings, in anticipation of rain&mdash;have been greatly embarrassed in
+their operations. They have occupied themselves in throwing up dirt, and
+only await a week's rain to wash out sufficient gold to restore the
+trade of the country. New discoveries of gold in quartz rock continue to
+be made, and some of the specimens, which have been assayed, are of
+almost incredible richness. The mining region in the north, on the
+Klamath, Shaste, and Umpqua Rivers, is yielding a rich return. The
+agricultural capacities of this region are also highly commended.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulties between the miners and the Indians continue to
+increase, and a general war with all the tribes of the Sierra Nevada, is
+threatened. The principal depredations have been committed on the
+Mariposa and the American Fork. The Indians are supposed to be leagued
+together, and to have their head-quarters near the source of the Cattee
+river. In consequence of a murder on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> Fresno Creek, a company of
+seventy-five Americans, under the command of Capt. Barney, attacked one
+of their strongholds. It was a fortified village, built on the summit of
+a mountain, and accessible only at one point. The battle lasted three
+hours, the Indians being finally driven off with the loss of sixty men.
+It was reported in San Jos&eacute; that the Indians had surprised a company of
+seventy-two men, on Rattlesnake Creek, and murdered them all. In
+consequence of these occurrences, the Governor dispatched Col. Johnson
+to the scene of disturbance, ordered out 200 men, and applied to Gen.
+Smith for the assistance of the United States troops.</p>
+
+<p>A large business is now done in bringing droves of sheep from New Mexico
+and Sonora into California. The expedition dispatched for the purpose of
+exploring the Colorado River has reached a point thirty miles from its
+mouth. Several meetings have been held in favor of constructing a
+railroad between San Francisco and San Jos&eacute;, and half the stock was
+subscribed at the last accounts.</p>
+
+<p>We have dates from Oregon to Jan. 25th. The papers speak with enthusiasm
+of the climate and agricultural capacities of the country. On the
+coldest day of January, at Portland, Oregon, the thermometer only fell
+to 23&deg;. A large steamer, named the "Lot Whitcomb," has been built at
+Milwaukie, and was launched on Christmas Day with great ceremony, Gov.
+Gaines giving her the christening. She is 160 feet in length, and is to
+run on the Willamette River.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EUROPE.</h3>
+
+<p>England presents a history of more than usual interest for the past
+month. Parliament was opened on the 3d of February. The Queen's speech
+contained no decided feature beyond recommending a reform in the
+administration of the Courts of Equity. An excited address arose on the
+Parliamentary address in reply to the speech. Lord John Russell took
+strong grounds against the acts of the Pope, and proposed that the most
+stringent measures, regulating the conduct of all Catholic
+functionaries, should be adopted. On the 17th of February, the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer laid before the Commons the budget for the
+current year. It appears that the surplus of last year was &pound;2,500,000,
+half of which the Chancellor proposed to apply to the national debt. He
+also proposed to abolish the window-tax, but to introduce a house-tax in
+its stead. Several other modifications were made, but unfavorably
+received; and on the 20th, on the question of a bill giving the
+franchise to every householder paying &pound;10 taxes, the Ministry was left
+in a minority of 48 votes. After this reverse, the Cabinet, which for
+some time previous had been rapidly losing ground, had no alternative
+but to resign. It entered upon office in July, 1846, and consequently
+ruled for nearly five years. The resignation took effect on Saturday,
+Feb. 22d. The Queen at once accepted it, and sent for Lord Stanley, who
+declined undertaking the construction of a new Government. Her Majesty
+then returned to Lord John Russell, who tried unsuccessfully to induce
+Sir James Graham to enter the Ministry. Lord Aberdeen was then summoned
+and Lord Stanley a second time, but no arrangement could be made.
+Finally, a meeting of the resigned Ministry was held on the 28th, and it
+was rumored that a new Cabinet would be formed from the old one,
+substituting Sir James Graham in the place of Lord John Russell. Another
+report is, that the Queen intends to advise with the Duke of Wellington,
+in relation to the crisis.</p>
+
+<p>During this interregnum, very little has been done in Parliament. On a
+motion of D'Israeli, involving the principle of free trade, the
+Government only carried its point by a majority of 14 in a full House.
+The House of Lords has rejected the bill allowing marriage with a
+deceased wife's sister, its principal opponents being the Bishops, who
+resisted it on religious grounds. The anti-papal agitation is still kept
+up, but in a less violent form. The great Crystal Palace in Hyde Park is
+now completed, and the throng of visitors is very great. Contributions
+are continually arriving from all quarters of the world.</p>
+
+<p>In France the President's influence appears to be on the decline. Having
+sent into the National Assembly his demand for a donation of $360,000 in
+addition to the salary provided for him in the Constitution, it was lost
+after a sharp debate, by a majority of 102. A national subscription to
+relieve the President from his pecuniary embarrassments, was proposed,
+but this he declined, preferring to reduce his private expenses. A sale
+of his horses, however, did not bring more than half their cost.</p>
+
+<p>A number of Diplomatic changes have been made. Among the appointments
+are: Gen. Aupick, Ambassador to England; Lavalette, to Constantinople;
+M. de Sartiges, to the United States; M. Bourboulon, to China; M. de
+Saint-Georges, to Brazil, &amp;c. The National Assembly has accomplished
+nothing of importance. The subjects of Labor and Agriculture have been
+discussed, but without reaching any conclusion. The third anniversary of
+the Republic was celebrated throughout all parts of France, with the
+greatest enthusiasm. The manifestations of republican sentiment were so
+sincere and so universal, that the Orleanists and Legitimists were
+struck dumb. At the latest dates, it was rumored that they were about
+forming a union, on the basis of the restoration of Henry V.,
+acknowledging the Count de Paris as his successor. The Ex-Queen is said
+to have joined this movement, though the Duchess of Orleans will not
+consent to postpone the claims of her son.</p>
+
+<p>Germany is still in a fog. The Dresden Conference has not yet been able
+to bring order out of the chaos. The reconstitution of the Central
+German Power was partly agreed on, each Government taking the Presidency
+by turns. Austria, however, claimed the Presidency without alternation.
+Prussia thereupon refused to sanction the installation of a Central
+Power until all the German Governments have stated their views
+concerning the revision of the Constitution of the Diet. A return to the
+old form of the Diet is recommended in many quarters, as the sole means
+of restoring harmony; but the prospect of a settlement which shall be
+generally acceptable, is as far off as ever. The Prussian Assembly was,
+at the last accounts, engaged in discussing a new law for the censorship
+of the Press.</p>
+
+<p>Switzerland is menaced with a war on the part of the German Powers, for
+the purpose of recovering for Prussia the Canton of Neufchatel. It is
+stated that the Confederation will shortly march an army to the Swiss
+frontier: they have been restrained, up to the present time, by the fear
+of exposing themselves to revolution at home. England it is rumored will
+strongly oppose such a movement.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> The Federal Council of Switzerland has
+issued a decree, prohibiting French refugees from residing in the
+cantons on the French frontiers. The number of political refugees in the
+country amounts to about 500, large numbers having been sent to England
+and the United States, at the expense of the Federal Government.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Italy</span> is in a state of great alarm, in relation to Mazzini and his
+revolutionary designs. It is stated that he has raised a loan of more
+than two millions of francs, and is maturing his plan for an outbreak
+which shall sweep the whole Italian peninsula. Garibaldi (who is at
+present on Staten Island, near New-York) is reported to be on the coast
+with a large naval force. These rumors are made the pretext of an
+increase of the Austrian force in Italy. The forces of Piedmont are
+being put upon a war footing, in order to be ready for any emergency. It
+was stated, in Turin, on the 24th of February, that the German Powers
+have demanded of the Piedmontese government, the suppression of the
+liberty of the press, and reconciliation of the Court of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>The bands of robbers which infest the mountains, in the Papal States,
+have been dislodged from some of their strongholds, by the united
+Austrian and Roman forces. A party of thirty of these brigands took
+possession of the town of Forlini-Popoli, and plundered the inhabitants,
+who were at the time congregated in the theatre of the place. In the
+island of Corsica, a robber named Mazoni has, for 18 months past, held
+possession of a fortified town called Ile-Rousse, with a population of
+1,000 inhabitants. He communicates with the agents of the Government,
+his dispatches being drawn up in regular style, and signed "Mazoni,
+Bandit." Archbishop Hughes is still preaching in Rome, and it is said
+that he either has been or shortly will be made Cardinal.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of <span class="smcap">Naples</span> has completed its work of persecution. From
+twenty to thirty men, some of noble rank, some formerly Ministers of
+State, have been condemned to the prison or the galley. Of 140 Deputies,
+eighty-five are in various ways victims: twenty-four have been shut up
+in prison, unheard of for two years; and sixty-one are refugees.</p>
+
+<p>The thirteenth Storthing (National Congress) of <span class="smcap">Norway</span>, was opened on
+the 11th of February by King Oscar in person. Among other things, he
+recommended the construction of a railroad from the City of Christiana
+to Lake Mi&ouml;sen.</p>
+
+<p>From <span class="smcap">Turkey</span> we learn that Gen. Dembinski has reached Constantinople. All
+the refugees have left Shumla, and 240 persons, chiefly Poles, had
+sailed from Constantinople on their way to America. Kossuth, with 300
+Hungarians, still remains at Kutahya, where a very strict guard is
+maintained over all his movements. He is not allowed to communicate with
+his friends. A sale of Gen. Bem's effects was held at Aleppo on the 23d
+of January, and enormous prices were paid for trifles of all kinds, as
+relics. The troubles at Bagdad and Aleppo have been subdued. A
+difficulty arose between the Porte and Abbas Pacha, Viceroy of Egypt, in
+relation to a retrenchment of the expenditures of the latter. At one
+time a war was anticipated, but our latest dates announce that the
+difference has been adjusted.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BRITISH AMERICA.</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Howe, the Commissioner dispatched to England from Nova Scotia,
+writes from London that his mission on behalf of the Portland and
+Halifax Railroad will prove successful. A serious disturbance has taken
+place on the Great Western Railroad, near Hamilton, Canada West, 900
+laborers having made a strike for higher wages. As they menaced the
+peace of the neighborhood, the inhabitants called on the executive for
+the aid of the troops to assist the civil authorities.</p>
+
+<p>A large anti-slavery meeting was held at Toronto, on the 28th of
+February. Its avowed object is to furnish sympathy and aid to the
+American fugitives. A large class of persons, however, including the
+Government officials, are opposed to the movement. The Free School
+system is becoming popular in Canada, and is already partially adopted
+in the District of Toronto.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MEXICO.</h3>
+
+<p>We have news from the Mexican capital to the 15th of February. The
+country was remarkably quiet, the revolts in Chiapas and Guanajuato
+having been completely quelled. Congress has done nothing of importance.
+Se&ntilde;or Lacunza has declined the post of Minister to England, which has
+been given to Se&ntilde;or Payno, who has resigned the office of Minister of
+Justice. Munguia, the refractory Bishop of Michoacan, has given in his
+submission to the Government. President Arista is engaged in arranging
+an active plan of operations with his Cabinet, and favorable predictions
+are made in regard to the effects of his administration.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of February, the City of Chihuahua was thrown into great
+alarm by the rumor that thirty American adventurers, leagued with a
+large body of Indians, armed with two field-pieces, were encamped at a
+short distance. The troops were ordered out, but could not find such a
+force, though the existence of a company of robbers among the mountains,
+headed by an American, was well ascertained. Great depredations are
+committed in the City of Mexico. On the 3d of February, eight armed men
+appeared on the public promenade, and plundered a large number of
+persons. The affairs of Yucatan are in a desperate condition. The
+treasury is exhausted, and the army called out against the Indians is
+without money or means to carry on the war.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CENTRAL AMERICA.</h3>
+
+<p>A war between the Central Government of Guatemala on one side, and the
+allied States of Honduras and San Salvador, has broken out. This rupture
+was occasioned by the British blockade of the Pacific ports of the
+latter States, which they attribute to the instigation of Guatemala. A
+joint army of 6000 men was raised for the protection of the frontier.
+The inhabitants of the mountain provinces of Guatemala, who are nearly
+all in favor of the Federal Union of the Central American States,
+sympathized with this movement, and large bodies of deserters from
+Carrera's forces joined the allied army. A plot of Carrera to excite a
+revolt in San Salvador was completely defeated. At the last accounts,
+the two armies had met near Chiquimula. One statement announces the
+total defeat of the allied forces by Carrera, while another says the
+former obtained possession of Chiquimula; and that the only victory
+gained by Carrera was over a company of deserters from his own ranks,
+near the village of San Geronimo.</p>
+
+<p>In the State of Nicaragua, the chain of communication from the Atlantic
+to the Pacific, is nearly completed. The engineers have nearly finished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+the survey of a road from Rio Lag&aelig;, on the western shore of the Lake, to
+the port of San Juan del Sur on the Pacific, a distance of twelve miles.
+Small boats are now building to run on the San Juan River, and it is
+expected that the transit from sea to sea will be made in twenty-four
+hours, and the journey from New-York to San Francisco in twenty-four
+days.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE WEST INDIES.</h3>
+
+<p>On the 3d of March, Havana was in the midst of the Carnival, and given
+up to gayety of all kinds. The Captain General, Concha, has made himself
+exceedingly popular by his liberal measures, and it was rumored that he
+intended visiting Spain for the purpose of procuring further reforms in
+the government of the Island. Miss Fredrika Bremer was on a visit to
+Matanzas. The cholera has broken out at Cardenas, and there have been
+many fatal cases among the crews in the harbor and the negroes on shore.</p>
+
+<p>This scourge is still prevailing in many parts of Jamaica, having made
+its appearance in some districts a second time with increased malignity.</p>
+
+<p>In Hayti, the threatened war on the Dominicans has not been undertaken.
+The United States Government is interfering actively in the alleged
+imprisonment, without cause, of Captain Mayo, of the American brig
+Leander. The evidence in the case has been transmitted to the Emperor.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of Georgetown, Grand Caymanas, are digging up the beach
+around a certain inlet of the island, in search of a treasure supposed
+to have been buried by the pirate Gibbs. Several flat stones, marked
+with cabalistic letters, have been discovered, but no gold.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SOUTH AMERICA.</h3>
+
+<p>The workmen on the Panama Railroad are now engaged in laying the rails
+from Navy Bay to Gatun, a distance of three and a half miles. The first
+locomotive was landed on the 22d of February. A new steamer has been
+placed on the Chagres River, to run between Chagres and Gorgona, and
+another is building at Navy Bay for the same purpose, to form a daily
+line. The attention of Americans on the Isthmus is at present attracted
+towards the auriferous region of New Grenada, in the provinces of Choco
+and Antioquia, lying between the Pacific and the Magdalena River. About
+three hundred and fifty persons, principally Frenchmen, are engaged in
+working the Buenaventura mines, which yield from two to three ounces per
+day to each man. A severe shock of an earthquake was felt at Carthagena
+on the 7th of February.</p>
+
+<p>In <span class="smcap">Venezuela</span>, the new President, Monagas, has been inaugurated; the
+country is quiet and prosperous.</p>
+
+<p>The Presidential Election in <span class="smcap">Peru</span> has terminated in favor of Echinique.
+Congress was to meet on the 20th of March.</p>
+
+<p>One or two partial insurrections have occurred in <span class="smcap">Bolivia</span>, and a decree
+has been issued for the banishment of all Buenos Ayreans, who were not
+married to Bolivian females. It is believed that the difficulty between
+Brazil and the Argentine Republic will be settled without war.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ASIA.</h3>
+
+<p>Late news from Canton announce the death of Commissioner Lin, who seized
+the English opium in 1839. Murders and piracy are on the increase in the
+Indian seas, notwithstanding the alleged severity of the Chinese
+authorities.</p>
+
+<p>The British surveying ship Herald has arrived at Singapore, from the
+Arctic regions, bringing a rumor of news in relation to Sir John
+Franklin. Near the extreme station of the Russian Fur Company, the
+officers of the Herald learned from the natives that a party of white
+men had been encamped three or four hundred miles inland, that the
+Russians had made an attempt to supply them with provisions and
+necessaries, but had been prevented by the natives. No communication
+could be opened with the spot where they were said to be, as a hostile
+tribe intervened. The Esquimaux confirmed this rumor, with the addition
+that the whites had been murdered in a quarrel with the natives.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MISCELLANEOUS.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. Xavier Raymond</span>, a practised and accredited author, has begun a series
+of essays in the <i>Paris Journal des Debats</i>, on the British and American
+Steam Navigation Companies: historical details, statistics, modes of
+forming, organization&mdash;comparison. He agrees with our Secretary of the
+Navy, that it is better for government to subsidize companies, and
+partly or mainly rely upon them for war-steamers, than to build and
+maintain a steam-fleet for itself, at greater cost, and with no
+superiority of adaptation for belligerent service. He admits that this
+plan would not find grace with the European Ministers of Marine; but,
+for them, circumstances are different. The report of the Secretary has
+been received here as able and satisfactory. M. Raymond observes that,
+notwithstanding the amount of subsidies granted in England and America,
+to various Companies of Steam Navigation, he knows but one among those
+which operate on a line of more than five hundred leagues that is in a
+prosperous condition. This may be a mistake.</p>
+
+<p>The Paris <i>Moniteur</i> contains a very curious and interesting biography,
+by an able hand, Dr. Parise, of Dr. Joseph Ignatius <i>Guillotin</i>, the
+inventor of the famous instrument of decapitation called after him. His
+character was benevolent, and his design humane. This is now realized.
+He proposed his machine (not altogether original, but improved
+laboriously) in 1789: a report was ordered on it, by the Legislative
+Assembly in 1792; and on the 21st August of that year, it was first used
+for a political execution. It gave occasion for numberless effusions of
+verse at his expense. No one experienced more horror at the abuse of it,
+than he uniformly testified. Seventy-six physicians and surgeons
+perished under its slider. He rescued as many intended victims as he
+possibly could. He was finally arrested himself, for execution; by some
+chance he escaped, and then withdrew, in despair, from the political
+theatre.</p>
+
+<p>We noticed lately the death of the Italian Professor <span class="smcap">Sarti</span>, whose
+anatomical museum was exhibited last year in Broadway. The library of
+the deceased professor was being sold at Rome, when the police came in
+and stopped the sale. Among his books were twenty-one volumes of
+manuscript correspondence between the governments of Rome and Venice,
+from the time of Pope Paul Caraffa downwards. Monsignor Molsa, a great
+friend of the late professor, knowing of these volumes, which were in
+cipher, with their interpretations, hastened to tell Cardinal Antonelli,
+who dispatched orders just in time to save the secrets of the state from
+further exposure. Sarti died in Liverpool.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><i>The Fine Arts.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>The present king of Prussia, great and glaring as are his faults as a
+politician, deserves the credit of doing a great deal for the
+advancement of art and the decoration of his capital and residence,
+Berlin. He is building there a new metropolitan church which is expected
+to be a splendid edifice, and will be such as far as the most lavish
+expenditure of money can make it. He has just completed a New Museum to
+contain the large and excellent collections of Egyptian antiquities
+(including those brought home by Prof. Lepsius), of the antiquities of
+the middle ages, of Slavonic and Germanic relics, of plaster casts from
+the antique, the collection known as the "Copper-Plate Cabinet," &amp;c.,
+&amp;c., all of which have heretofore been most inconveniently arranged for
+inspection in the Old Museum and in various royal palaces, or else
+packed away somewhere out of sight. This edifice was designed by the
+architect St&uuml;ler; its foundations were laid in 1843, and its interior
+has just been completed with a luxury, variety, and extent of ornament,
+in the mosaic work of the floors, and the decorations of the walls and
+ceiling, which are not equalled by any other public building. Among the
+artists employed in these decorations are the sculptors Wredow, Gramzow,
+St&uuml;rmer, Schievelbein, and Berges; here, too, is to be seen Kaulbach's
+great series of frescoes, of which the Babel is already finished, and
+the Destruction of Jerusalem nearly so. The landscape painters Gr&aelig;b,
+Pape, Biermann, Schirmer, Max Schmidt, contribute a great number of
+frescoes of Egyptian and oriental subjects. A critic in the <i>Grenzboten</i>
+who eulogizes the beauties both of design and execution in the separate
+parts of the edifice, still says, and we think not without reason, that
+it does not form a united and organic whole. He says, too, that in it
+the old works are rather used as decorations for the architecture than
+the latter as a setting for them; "I cannot avoid the impression that
+here the old monuments of art are not the end, but the means to the
+execution of the great edifice of modern times in which it is sought to
+embody the entire encyclop&aelig;distic, historical experience in art
+belonging to the present epoch."</p>
+
+<p>Another edifice which this prince intends as a monument of his reign, is
+the new Campo Santo, or burial-place for members of the royal family,
+which he is erecting at Berlin. This building, which will surround a
+court where are the tombs, is to be ornamented with frescoes by the
+eminent painter Cornelius. This artist has just completed the third
+great cartoon for these frescoes. Its subject is the Resurrection. Its
+place is on the right of the "Heavenly Jerusalem" and opposite to the
+"Four sides of the Apocalypse," which is on the left of the "Downfall of
+Babylon." Thus on one side of the hall is represented the destruction of
+Evil, on the other the triumph of the Good. The Resurrection, which has
+been changed somewhat from the original design, is described as follows:
+On a rock is seen an angel in a position of repose, with the book of
+life and death unopened on his lap, his right hand grasping the sword of
+justice. His face is thoughtful and sublimely earnest. On the left are
+figures full of terror and despair, on the right all is heavenly joy and
+satisfaction. In the centre is a re-united family animated by the
+delight of meeting again. At the side of this family are two girls and
+above them three youths, noble and beautiful persons. The faces of the
+maidens are turned upward, illuminated by the eternal light of heaven.
+On the same side of the family are three persons advanced in age, one
+woman and two men, waiting in pious hope and submission for the decision
+of the judge; on the other side, a little higher, three figures seek and
+find that salvation is theirs; a youth whose foot reaches back among the
+condemned is drawn mildly forth by an angel, and beside him is a tender
+maiden with her young brother in her arms, whom she holds lovingly, as
+she follows the celestial messenger. The group on which Justice
+sorrowfully fulfils its office, occupies about a quarter of the canvas;
+it consists of two youthful and two more aged figures. On a height a
+woman wrings her hands in the anguish of remorse, while another gazes in
+despair upon the ground. A youth lies backward leaning on his right
+hand, shading his eyes with his left as if not to see the approach of
+destruction. The older pair, a man and woman, have thrown themselves to
+the earth; the woman hides her face in her hands, the man, leaning on
+his elbows, tears his hair with his hands; his face expresses the
+consciousness of a sin which can find no forgiveness. The artist has
+aimed throughout to convey the idea that salvation and damnation are not
+<i>inflicted</i> or <i>conferred</i> upon the persons, but are the result of the
+inward state of each soul and conscience. The angel with the book of
+life and death can announce no sentence which has not already been
+pronounced by the very being to which it refers. The execution of the
+whole is spoken of as sublime and grandiose.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The well-known German painter, Hiltensperger, has received the
+commission to design and partly to execute for the new imperial palace
+at St. Petersburg (an edifice destined to serve as a museum of antique
+art) a series of paintings, representing the history of art among the
+Greeks and Romans. A part of the designs are already completed, and
+receive the warm praise of those to whom they have been exhibited. In
+order to avoid the monotony which seems inherent in the subject, he
+represents the peculiarities of each artist introduced by a symbolic
+picture; for instance, the inventor of battle pictures is designated by
+a picture of that sort; the discoverer of an effect of light, by a boy
+blowing a fire, &amp;c. Historical epochs and their transitions are denoted
+by allegorical figures, like day and night.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An old picture has been discovered in the city of Hanover which seems to
+be proved a genuine <span class="smcap">Leonardo Da Vinci</span>. It is known that Leonardo, as
+well as Zenale and the French artist Bourgogne, was commissioned by
+Ludovico Sforza, on occasion of the birth of his twin sons, to paint a
+picture glorifying the mother (Beatrice D'Este) and the event. Zenale
+and Bourgogne resorted to the Christian narrative, and represented the
+Duchess as the Virgin, and her two sons as the Saviour and John the
+Baptist; Leonardo, on the other hand, took his frame-work from the Greek
+mythology, and painted Leda and the Dioscures. The picture was greatly
+admired at the time, though that the figure of the Duchess of Milan
+should be represented nude was thought rather bad even then. The picture
+soon disappeared, and Vasari says that in his time it was no longer in
+existence, or else was probably at Fontainebleau. Other writers say it
+is in other places, but plainly none of them know any thing about it.
+The present picture was bought about five years since at an auction by a
+gentleman of Hanover. The conception and treatment agree perfectly with
+the original descriptions of Leonardo's work, while the coloring,
+drawing, and expression are pronounced altogether his.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Art-Union At Vienna</span> opened its galleries to the public of that
+pleasure-loving city during December last, and more than two thousand
+persons visited them daily. The best pictures were by the D&uuml;sseldorf
+artists Tidemann and Achenbach. The <i>Religious Service of the Haugians</i>,
+by the first, is said by one critic to overwhelm the spectator by its
+spirit of earnest piety, before it allows him to admire the incomparable
+art of its execution. The members of the sect are represented as
+assembled in a simple room, which is lighted from above. The light is
+modified by the dust which is caused by the crowd. Simple grandeur, adds
+the writer, makes this picture one of the most remarkable productions of
+modern art. It was sold for 2400 florins, or about 1000 dollars.
+Achenbach's landscape <i>Venner Lake in Sweden</i>, was also greatly admired;
+its price was 1800 florins. H&uuml;bner's <i>Emigrants</i> and Hasenclever's
+<i>Pastor's Family</i> were also favorites. Among the Vienna artists F&uuml;hrichs
+carried off the palm in this exhibition. He is a historical painter.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Gazette of Cremona states, that a very splendid picture by Raffaelle
+has been brought to light in that city by a learned connoisseur, who, of
+course, would part with the priceless gem for a fixed sum! The
+composition portrays the Virgin worshipping the Infant Saviour, with St.
+Joseph in the back-ground. The <i>Art Journal</i> altogether discredits the
+story we translated from the German for the last <i>International</i>
+respecting a picture by Michael Angelo, said to have been discovered in
+London.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Letters from Rome speak in high terms of an alto relievo monument just
+modelled there by the German sculptor <span class="smcap">Steinhauser</span> for a family in
+Philadelphia. The monument was designed to commemorate two sisters and a
+brother, and to be erected in a chapel built specially for the purpose.
+The artist has represented the three persons as gently sleeping, in a
+partially sitting posture, at the foot of a cross. The elder sister
+leans against the cross, and clasps the younger sister with one arm and
+the brother with the other. This sister is made the personation of Love,
+the younger of Faith, with one hand on an open book, and the boy of
+Hope, bearing a pomegranate flower in his hand. Above them floats the
+angel of the resurrection. The figures are of the size of life, and are
+said happily to combine the classical antique in form with Christian
+sentiment in expression. The whole is to be executed in marble, and
+surrounded with a frame-work of Gothic architecture. The work was
+awarded to Steinhauser as the result of a public competition, in which
+Crawford was one of the participants.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Adolf Schr&ouml;dter</span>, one of the first painters of the D&uuml;sseldorf School, has
+just produced a series of nine colored sketches by way of illustrations
+to a poem of A. von Marens entitled "The Court of Wine." He represents
+King Wine as leading a triumphal march enthroned on a wine-press,
+wreathed with vine leaves and drawn with grape vines by jolly vintagers
+of every age and sex. Behind follow as chamberlains a band of coopers, a
+jester dancing on a cask, and a troop of gay youths full of all "quips
+and cranks and youthful wiles." Then come, represented by most happily
+conceived figures, the German rivers on whose shores are the
+world-famous vineyards whose names make epicures smack their lips; then
+the German impersonations of <i>Saus</i> and <i>Braus</i>, or Joviality and Good
+Living; after them a troop of cooks, and next a queer company of
+dancers. We see a poet crowned with vine leaves, a tipsy-happy Capuchin
+monk and a jester laughing at him. The series closes with a love-scene,
+broken in upon by a watchman armed with a big spit hung with herrings,
+beer-cans, sausages, and other furniture of a German restaurant. The
+whole are treated with that affluence of national humor for which
+Schr&ouml;dter is unequalled.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hill</span>, a retired clergyman residing near the Cattskill mountains,
+where he has given his leisure to the study of photography, after
+numerous experiments, has succeeded in obtaining colored pictures of
+extraordinary beauty. Portraits and landscapes, by his process, are said
+to be as fresh and vivid in color as those produced by the best <i>camera
+obscura</i>. The subject is an interesting one, and will have an important
+bearing upon the arts. We have noticed it more fully under the head of
+<i>Scientific Miscellany</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hackett</span>, or <i>Baron</i> Hackett, as we believe he is entitled to be
+called, is now in England. We have seen no announcements of his
+appearance in the theatres, but believe that like Macready, he had
+engagements, and was to make a "last appearance" in London during the
+present season. As the originator of the line of Yankee characters, he
+has, like the originators of almost every thing else, seen others step
+in and divide the palm with him. As an artist, he is more finished than
+his competitors, and as a general actor he is above all comparison with
+them. They confine themselves to one range of characters, he shows a
+versatility of talent, and goes through a variety which it requires some
+genius to conceive, as well as mere talent at imitation. His
+Falstaff&mdash;though we cannot concede it to be exactly the character drawn
+by Shakspeare&mdash;is the best delineation in its way given by any actor now
+on the stage, and his Monsieur Mallet is in all respects admirable.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Statue of Giovanni Di Medici</span>, by Baccio Bandinelli, has just been
+placed on its pedestal in the place before the church of San Lorenzo at
+Florence. It is three hundred years since this statue was made, and
+during all this time it has been kept in the great council hall of the
+Palazzo Vecchio, while its proper pedestal has been vacant. It
+represents Giovanni (the famous leader of the <i>bande nere</i>, or black
+bands, the Bayard of Italy, and the father of Cosmo I., the first Grand
+Duke of Florence) in a sitting posture, with the commander's baton in
+his hand. It is of little value as a work of art.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lortzing</span>, the eminent German composer of operas, who died lately, left
+behind him only four Prussian thalers, or $3, on which his family had to
+exist a week. This was his sole property aside from music-books and a
+little furniture. And yet during his life he was a great favorite of the
+German people, and could not justly be called a spendthrift.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A very interesting series of lectures, by Henry James, George W. Curtis,
+Parke Godwin, and Mr. Huntington, was delivered before the artists of
+New-York, at the hall of the Academy of Fine Arts, in January and
+February. The ability displayed in the lectures, and the interest they
+excited, will induce measures for another course of the same kind next
+year.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A suggestion for extending the Triennial Exhibition of the works of
+Belgian artists, which opens at Brussels in August of the present year,
+to the painters and sculptors of all nations, has been discussed in that
+city.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A colossal statue of Wallace has recently been finished by a Mr. Patrick
+Park, at Edinburgh. It was publicly uncovered in the presence of a large
+party, composed in part of a regiment of Highlanders.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Noticing Brady, Lester, and Davignon's <i>Gallery of Illustrious
+Americans</i>, the London <i>Spectator</i> observes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In no people do the chief men appear as more thoroughly
+incarnate of the national traits; each outwardly a several
+Americanism. Here we have the massive potency of Daniel
+Webster,&mdash;on whose ponderous brow and fixed abashing eyes is
+set the despotism of intellect; Silas Wright,&mdash;a well-grown and
+cultivated specimen of the ordinary statesman; Henry Clay and
+Col. Fremont,&mdash;two halves of the perfected go-ahead spirit; the
+first shrewd, not to be evaded, knowing; the second impassable
+to obstacles and alive only to the thing to be done. The heads
+are finely and studiously lithographed from daguerreotypes by
+Brady, and suffice to show how utterly fallacious is the notion
+that <i>character</i> is lost in this process."</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A portrait of the author of <i>Don Quixotte</i>, after a painting by
+Velasquez, has been discovered in Paris, and has created some sensation,
+as none of the portraits of the great Spanish poet hitherto existing
+were considered very authentic. The renown of Cervantes being not fairly
+established till after his death, little pains were taken to preserve
+his features during lifetime. His portrait had been painted by Pacheco;
+but there existed but a poor copy of this, and it was from this copy
+that all engravings have been taken. The hope, therefore, of possessing
+a portrait of the poet by such a man as Velasquez, is cheering; and
+there are some facts which go far enough to prove the thorough
+authenticity of that now discovered.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Exhibition of the British Institution was opened to private view, in
+London, on the 8th of February, and to the public on the Monday
+following. The number of works in painting and sculpture amounts to 548,
+and, as a whole, the Exhibition is considered as scarcely up to the
+average.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Of French Taste we have a new illustration in the fact that M. de
+Triqueti, the sculptor, has completed a statue of Our Saviour, six and a
+half feet high, for one of the decorations of the tomb of Napoleon
+Bonaparte.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The late railway works, undertaken near Prague, in Bohemia, have brought
+to light a great number of objects which may constitute a new species of
+European art, we mean that if the Czecho-Slaves before the introduction
+of Christianity. Some of the ancient sculptures found relate to the
+Slavian goddess Ziwa, most undoubtedly analogous to the Indian Siwa.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">S. S. Osgood</span> has recently completed several very admirable
+portraits, one of which is of himself, and painted with remarkable
+ability. Another is of Mary E. Hewitt, one of our most respected
+literary women, whose fine face is reflected with equal fidelity and
+felicity from Mr. Osgood's canvas.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+<h2><i>Record of Scientific Discovery.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Photography.</span>&mdash;Two alleged improvements in Photography have laid claim to
+public attention: one the product of France, the other of the United
+States. The French discovery was recently communicated to the Academy of
+Sciences in Paris, by M. Blanquart-Evrard, and consists in a mode of
+whitening the sides of the camera, and also the interior of the tube, to
+which opticians have hitherto been accustomed to give a coating of
+black. By the new improvement, it is claimed, a saving of one-half is
+effected in the time required to produce a picture, beside the
+additional advantages of increased uniformity of action, and less
+necessity for a powerful light, together with less resistance from red,
+yellow and green rays. The plan has been experimented upon with success
+both in France and England. The second and latest invention is the
+Hillotype; so-called, in the absence of a better name, from Mr. L. L.
+Hill, of Greene Co., N. Y., who claims the discovery of a process,
+whereby photographic impressions can be produced with the complete
+colors of nature. It is stated that a number of successful experiments
+have established the practicability of the new plan, and that
+landscapes, sunset-scenes, portraits, &amp;c., have been produced with
+marvellous fidelity. We shall presently know more of these
+asseverations. As yet, the entire process is concealed, and, as in
+certain other instances, may never come to light.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The London Society of Arts.</span>&mdash;In a paper by Mr. <span class="smcap">Murchison</span>, read before
+the London Society of Arts, we find an interesting account of the origin
+and early history of that distinguished body. Efforts having been
+perseveringly made for the establishment of an institution for the
+promotion of the arts, sciences, and manufactures of the kingdom, the
+Society of Arts was finally organized in London, in the year 1754, under
+the auspices of Lord Rodney and other prominent persons. The success of
+this organization was encouraging and signal. Subscriptions poured in
+upon it, and a large number of members were soon enrolled. Premiums were
+then established; the first being one of &pound;30 for the discovery of pure
+cobalt, and another of the same amount for the cultivation of madder.
+The progress of the Society from that period to the present has been
+uniformly encouraging, and it now ranks among the foremost scientific
+institutions of the day.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An anecdote of the artist <span class="smcap">Barry</span>, some of whose best works adorn the
+walls of the Society's Rooms, is related in connection with this
+accompt. Barry being in distress, the sum of &pound;1200 was subscribed by the
+members for his relief, and with this amount it was determined to
+procure for him a life annuity. The funds were so applied; the payment
+of the annuity to Barry being confided to the father of the late Sir
+Robert Peel. After the receipt of the first quarter of the first year,
+however, the artist died. The balance of the purchase money was absorbed
+in the coffers of Sir Robert.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gold.&mdash;M. Fremy</span>, successor to Gay-Lussac in the chair of chemistry at
+the Garden of Plants, Paris, has submitted to the French Academy the
+results of his <i>Chemical Researches on Gold</i>. It was considered important
+to these researches to study the combinations of the oxides of gold with
+the alkalis so extensively employed in gilding. The aurates were easily
+produced, but it was impossible to obtain the combination of alkalis and
+the protoxide of gold. Auric acid was produced by boiling the perchlaide
+of gold with excess of potash, precipitating the auric acid by sulphuric
+acid, and purifying the former by solution in concentrated nitric acid;
+afterward precipitating by means of water and washing the auric acid
+until the liquor contained no trace of nitric acid. The auric acid
+combines immediately with potash and soda. Mr. Fremy promises an
+examination of the question whether gold is able, in combining with
+oxygen, to form a salifiable base, as has been asserted. The present
+experiment was undertaken mainly in reference to its use in
+electro-gilding.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Light and Heat.</span>&mdash;Prof. Moigno lately presented to the French Academy a
+memoir on the experiments of Neeft, in Frankfort, on the development of
+<i>Light and Heat in the galvanic circuit</i>. M. Moigno witnessed these
+experiments in person, and considers it proved, first, that light always
+appears at the negative pole, and that this primitive light is
+independent of combustion; second, that the source of the heat is
+properly the positive poles, and that this heat is originally dark heat;
+thirdly, that light and heat do not unite at the instant of evolution,
+but only after the intensity of each has reached a certain point; from
+this union ensue the phenomena of flame and combustion.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chinese Coal.</span>&mdash;A late number of the Chinese Repository contains some
+<i>notices of Coal in China</i>, by Dr. D. J. Macgowan, in which occur a
+number of curious and interesting facts. Coal deposits are found to
+exist throughout the mountain ranges which girt the great plain of
+China; but unskilful mining and the difficulty of transportation enhance
+its cost and limit the consumption, so that it is little used except for
+culinary and manufacturing purposes. The best comes from Pingting-chau
+in Sh&aacute;ns&iacute;; the quality most in demand in central China is called the
+Kwang coal, and is brought from various districts in H&uacute;n&aacute;n. Numerous
+varieties are produced in the province of Kiangs&uacute;&mdash;slaty, cannel,
+bituminous and anthracite. This portion of the mineral wealth of China
+is computed at nearly six millions of dollars. The scarcity of the
+supply is owing not to the poverty of the mines, but chiefly to the want
+of facilities for mining, which can alone be supplied by the
+steam-engine.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Water of the Ocean.</span>&mdash;The results of observations on the different
+<i>Chemical Conditions of Water</i>, at the Surface of the Ocean and at the
+Bottom, on Soundings, have been communicated by Mr. A. A. Hayes, State
+Assayer of Massachusetts; who states, that while pursuing the subject of
+copper corrosion at the surface of the ocean, he was some years since
+led to examine samples of copper, which had remained some time at the
+bottom of the ocean. He found that copper and bronze, and even a brass
+compound, from the bottom, were thickly incrusted with a sulphuret of
+copper, frequently found in crystallized layers, having a constant
+chemical composition, entirely free from chlorine or oxygen, the
+corroding agents of the surface. Specimens of copper and bronze from mud
+and clay at different depths,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> and in one instance from clean sand below
+a powerful rapid, gave thick layers of sulphuret of copper, or copper
+and tin. Instances of the corrosion of silver are also adduced. Mr.
+Hayes concludes that the waters from the land, which are never destitute
+of organic matter in a changing state, exert a very important influence
+in causing the differences of chemical condition in the ocean. Organic
+matter, he argues, dissolved from the surface of the earth, or from
+rocks percolating the strata, assumes a state in which it powerfully
+attracts oxygen; and waters holding this matter in solution readily
+decompose sulphates of lime and soda even when partially exposed to
+atmospheric air.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Asteroids.</span>&mdash;A letter from Prof. <span class="smcap">Lewis R. Gibbs</span>, of the Charleston
+Observatory, given in the <i>Charleston Evening News</i>, enumerates thirteen
+Kuam <i>Asteroids</i>; three having been discovered during the past year. The
+following Table gives their names in order of discovery, date of
+discovery, name and residence of discoverer, and the mean distances of
+the Asteroids from the sun, that of the earth being called 1:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Name.</td><td align='left'>Date.</td><td align='left'>Discov'r.</td><td align='left'>Place.</td><td align='left'>M. Dist.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 1.</td><td align='left'>Ceres</td><td align='left'>1801, Jan. 1</td><td align='left'>Piazzi,</td><td align='left'>Palermo</td><td align='left'>2,766</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 2.</td><td align='left'>Pallas</td><td align='left'>1802, Mar. 28</td><td align='left'>Olbers,</td><td align='left'>Bremen</td><td align='left'>2,772</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 3.</td><td align='left'>Juno</td><td align='left'>1804, Sept. 1</td><td align='left'>Harding,</td><td align='left'>Lilienthal</td><td align='left'>2,671</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 4.</td><td align='left'>Vesta</td><td align='left'>1807, Mar. 29</td><td align='left'>Olbers,</td><td align='left'>Bremen</td><td align='left'>2,361</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 5.</td><td align='left'>Astr&aelig;a</td><td align='left'>1845, Dec. 8</td><td align='left'>Hencke,</td><td align='left'>Driessen</td><td align='left'>2,420</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 6.</td><td align='left'>Hebe</td><td align='left'>1847, July 1</td><td align='left'>Hencke,</td><td align='left'>Driessen</td><td align='left'>2,420</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 7.</td><td align='left'>Iris</td><td align='left'>1847, Aug. 13</td><td align='left'>Hind,</td><td align='left'>London</td><td align='left'>2,385</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 8.</td><td align='left'>Flora</td><td align='left'>1847, Oct. 18</td><td align='left'>Hind,</td><td align='left'>London</td><td align='left'>2,202</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> 9.</td><td align='left'>Metis</td><td align='left'>1848, April 25</td><td align='left'>Graham,</td><td align='left'>Markree</td><td align='left'>2,386</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10.</td><td align='left'>Hygeia</td><td align='left'>1849, April 12</td><td align='left'>Gasparis,</td><td align='left'>Naples</td><td align='left'>3,122</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>11.</td><td align='left'>Parthenope</td><td align='left'>1850, May 11</td><td align='left'>Gasparis,</td><td align='left'>Naples</td><td align='left'>2,440</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>12.</td><td align='left'>Clio</td><td align='left'>1850, Sept. 13</td><td align='left'>Hind,</td><td align='left'>London</td><td align='left'>2,330</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>13.</td><td align='left'>Not named</td><td align='left'>1850, Nov. 2</td><td align='left'>Gasparis,</td><td align='left'>Naples</td><td align='left'>Unk'wn</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>It appears that of these thirteen Asteroids, three have been discovered
+by Hind of London, three by Gasparis of Naples, two by Hencke of
+Driessen, two by Olbers of Bremen, while Piazzi of Palermo, Harding of
+Lilienthal, and Graham of Markree, have each discovered one. Eight out
+of the twelve orbits ascertained have an inclination of less than ten
+degrees. The <i>London Athen&aelig;um</i> states that the Lalande Medal of the
+Paris Academy of Sciences has been awarded to M. de Gasparis for his
+discovery of the planet Hygeia. The prize for 1850 was shared between
+Gasparis for his two discoveries in November, and Mr. Hind for his
+discovery of Clio on the 13th of September.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geology of Spain.</span>&mdash;A late number of the Journal of the British
+Geological Society contains an interesting and valuable paper by Don
+<span class="smcap">Joaquin Ezquerra Del Bayo</span>, on the Geology of Spain. The Geological
+constitution of the country is stated to consist of three principal
+divisions&mdash;the Crystalline, Transition, and Secondary formations. The
+gneiss rocks of the first division occupy about a fifth of the surface
+of the soil, extending longitudinally from north to south. The plutonic
+rocks which penetrate them are generally granite of various degrees of
+firmness. The most important of the granitic ramifications to the east
+passes by the Sierra de Gridos, Sierra d'Avila, and the Guadarrama, to
+Soma Sierra, in a north-east direction. The great granitic outburst of
+Truxillo and of the mountains of Toledo does not extend so far to the
+east. A third, which has probably given its present form to the Sierra
+Morena, terminates at Linares, in the province of Jaen. The rocks are
+not rich in useful metals compared with their great development, but
+lead and copper are found in great quantities in the district of
+Linares, and rich argentiferous veins have been lately discovered at
+Hiendeleucina. Other veins have become exhausted. The successive
+formations of the country present some curious features. "Our soil,"
+says Don Joaquin, "has never been at rest, nor is it so even at present.
+Earthquakes are still often felt at Granada, and along the coast of the
+province of Alicante, where their effects have been disastrous." Among
+the numerous fossils found upon the coast of Spain are some species of
+mollusca of an extraordinary size, and in the vicinity of Cuevas de Vera
+the remains of elephants have been found, isolated and distributed in
+different directions, proving the existence of a more tropical climate
+in former times than now prevails in those districts.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In the Paris <span class="smcap">Academy of Sciences</span> an extended Report was read at a recent
+meeting from a committee on <span class="smcap">M. Rochet d'Hericourt's</span> third journey in
+Abyssinia, in the northern part. He started in 1847, and returned in
+1849. In Geography he determined directly, by observation of the
+meridian heights of the sun, the latitude of a large number of
+geographical points in Egypt, in Arabia Petr&aelig;a, along the coasts of the
+Red Sea, and in the north of Abyssinia. His meteorological observations
+were constant, and are pronounced especially exact. So, those of the
+magnetic inclination. The results are furnished in the Report. He
+attended closely and successfully to the geology of the regions which he
+traversed. The geological constitution of Abyssinia is now made known
+over the greater part of its surface. The herbary which the traveller
+brought to the Museum of Natural History, consists of 150 species, the
+most of them, however, of plants already known. Three new ones are
+described. He succeeded in getting home a sheep of Abyssinia, remarkable
+for the long hairs of its fleece. Some of his specimens of fish are new.
+Much attention is given to his new species of <i>Epeira</i>, or silk-spider.
+At the sight of the silk which forms the web of the insect, he conceived
+the hope that it might be turned to account for the silk-manufacture. It
+is very fine and soft, long and firm enough, and of a beautiful yellow
+color. This spider inhabits the large trees, shrubbery, and hedges, and
+extends its webs to the neighboring habitations; and the webs are nearly
+all more than a yard in diameter. The quantity is prodigious. "M.
+d'Hericourt," says the Report, "like every person who has attempted
+tissues with spiders' webs or cocoons, has not sufficiently regarded the
+difficulty of domesticating them, as is done with the silk-worm, in
+order to multiply them adequately, and provide them with such insects of
+prey, or sufficient nourishment." The Committee proposed the formal
+thanks of the Academy to the traveller, for the scientific harvest of
+his new journey, and an expression of the interest felt in the speedy
+publication of his narrative.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shooting-Stars.</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">M. Quetelet</span> states, in relation to the <i>Shooting-Stars
+of August, 1850</i>, that the number per hour on the evening of the 9th of
+August was about 60 for Brussels; on the evening of the 10th, 111 for
+Brussels, 180 for Markree, Ireland, and 58 for Rome. The direction was
+the same in each place.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+<h2><i>Recent Deaths.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Death of an Officer of Louis XV.'s Mousquetaires.</span>&mdash;The <i>Journal de
+Francfort</i> states that Viscount Frederic Adolphe de Gardinville, of
+Athies, mousquetaire gris in the service of Louis XV., and knight of the
+order of St. Louis, has just died, aged 113, at his country house, near
+Homburg. This officer was born on the twenty-eighth of January, 1738,
+and had retired to Homburg after the dissolution of the army of the
+Cond&eacute;.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Rev. John Ogilby</span>, D.D., of New-York, died in Paris on the second of
+February. He was rector of St. Mark's church, in the Bowery, and had
+been for nine years professor of Ecclesiastical History in the General
+Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church. His health had
+been impaired for several years, and he had visited Europe in the hope
+that change of climate and associations would improve it.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The venerable and accomplished <span class="smcap">George Thomson</span>, the correspondent of
+Burns, died recently in Leith Links, at the advanced age of ninety-two.
+Mr. Thomson's early connection with the poet Burns is universally known,
+and his collection of Scottish Songs, for which many of Burns's finest
+pieces were originally written, has been before the public for more than
+half a century. His letters to the poet are incorporated with all the
+large editions of Burns, and the greater portion of them will be
+included in the new life by Chambers.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Emir Bechir</span>, who, during fifty years, played so important a part in
+Syria, died lately at Kaoi-keni, a village on the Bosphorus. His eldest
+son, Halib, and younger son, Emir, who had both embraced Islamism, died
+a few days before him. Izzet Pasha is appointed Governor of Damascus.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Leuret</span>, the physician of Bic&ecirc;tre, who is well-known to the
+scientific world by his profound works on mental derangement and the
+anatomy of the brain, died on the sixth of January, at Nancy, his
+birthplace, after a long illness.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Dutch papers report the death, at Amsterdam, aged seventy-two, of a
+marine painter of eminence, <span class="smcap">M. Kockkoek</span>, father of the distinguished
+landscape painter of the same name.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joanna Baillie</span>, whose literary life reached back into the last century,
+and whose early recollections were of the days of Burke, Dr. Johnson,
+Goldsmith, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and the great men who figured before the
+French Revolution, died at Hampsted, near London, on the evening of
+Sunday, the twenty-third of February, at the great age of nearly ninety
+years. During the principal part of her life she lived with a maiden
+sister, Agnes&mdash;also a poetess&mdash;to whom she addressed her beautiful
+<i>Birthday</i> poem. They were of a family in which talent and genius were
+hereditary. Their father was a Scottish clergyman, and their mother a
+sister of the celebrated Dr. William Hunter. They were born at Bothwell,
+within a short distance of the rippling of the broad waters of the
+Clyde. Joanna's child-life and associations are beautifully mirrored in
+the poem to which we have alluded. Early in life the sisters removed to
+London, where their brother, the late Sir Matthew Baillie&mdash;the favorite
+medical adviser of George III.&mdash;was settled as a physician, and there
+her earliest poetical works appeared, anonymously. When she began to
+write, she tells us in one of her prefaces, not one of the eminent
+authors of modern times was known, and Mr. Hayley and Miss Seward were
+the poets spoken of in society. The brightest stars in the poetical
+firmament, with very few exceptions, have risen and set since then; the
+greatest revolutions in empire and in opinion have taken place; but she
+lived on as if no echo of the upturnings and overthrows which filled the
+world reached the quiet of her home; the freshness of her inspirations
+untarnished; writing from the fulness of a true heart of themes
+belonging equally to all the ages. Personally she was scarcely known in
+literary society; but from her first appearance as an author, no woman
+commanded more respect and admiration by her works; and the most
+celebrated of her contemporaries vied with each other in doing her
+honor. Scott calls her the Shakspeare of her sex:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;"The wild harp silent hung<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By silver Avon's holy shore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till twice a hundred years roll'd o'er,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When <span class="smcap">she</span>, the bold enchantress, came<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With fearless hand and heart on flame,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the pale willow snatched the treasure,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And swept it with a kindred measure,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till Avon's swans, while rung the grove<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With Montfort's hate and Basil's love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Awakening at the inspiring strain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deem'd their own <span class="smcap">Shakspeare</span> lived again!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Her first volume was published in 1798, under the title, <i>A Series of
+Plays, in which it is attempted to delineate the stronger Passions of
+the Mind, each Passion being the subject of a Tragedy and a Comedy</i>. A
+second volume was published in 1802, and a third in 1812. During the
+interval, she gave the world a volume of miscellaneous dramas, including
+the <i>Family Legend</i>, a tragedy founded upon a story of one of the
+Macleans of Appin, which, principally through the good offices of Sir
+Walter Scott, was brought out at the Edinburgh Theatre. She visited
+Scott, in Edinburgh, in 1808, and in the following year the <i>Family
+Legend</i> was played in that city fourteen nights in succession. Scott
+wrote for it a prologue, and Mackenzie, the author of <i>The Man of
+Feeling</i>, contributed an epilogue. The same piece was performed in
+London in 1814. The only "Play of the Passions" ever represented on a
+stage was <i>De Montfort</i>, first brought out by John Kemble and Mrs.
+Siddons, and played eleven nights. In 1821 it was revived by Edmund
+Kean, but fruitlessly. Miss O'Neil then played the heroine. Kean
+subsequently brought out <i>De Montfort</i> in Philadelphia and New-York. No
+actors of inferior genius have ventured to attempt it, and probably it
+will not again be represented.</p>
+
+<p>The "Plays of the Passions" are Miss Baillie's most remarkable works. In
+this series each passion is made the subject of a tragedy and a comedy.
+In the comedies she failed completely; they are pointless tales in
+dialogue. Her tragedies, however, have great merit, though possessing a
+singular quality for works of such an aim, in being without the
+earnestness and abruptness of actual and powerful feeling. By refinement
+and elaboration she makes the passions sentiments. She fears to distract
+attention by multiplying incidents; her catastrophes are approached by
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> most gentle gradations; her dramas are therefore slow in action and
+deficient in interest. Her characters possess little individuality; they
+are mere generalizations of intellectual attributes, theories
+personified. The very system of her plays has been the subject of
+critical censure. The chief object of every dramatic work is to please
+and interest, and this object may be arrived at as well by situation as
+by character. Character distinguishes one person from another, while by
+passion nearly all men are alike. A controlling passion perverts
+character, rather than develops it; and it is therefore in vain to
+attempt the delineation of a character by unfolding the progress of a
+passion. It has been well observed too, that unity of passion is
+impossible since to give a just relief and energy to any particular
+passion, it should be presented in opposition to one of a different sort
+so as to produce a powerful conflict in the heart.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image7a.jpg" width="450" height="531" alt="J Baillie" title="" />
+<span class="caption">J Baillie</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In dignity and purity of style, Miss Baillie has not been surpassed by
+any of the poets of her sex. Her dialogue is formed on the Shakespearian
+model and she has succeeded perhaps better than any other dramatist in
+imitating the manner of the greatest poet of the world.</p>
+
+<p>In 1823 Miss Baillie published a collection of <i>Poetic Miscellanies</i>, in
+1836 three more volumes of Plays, in 1842 <i>Fugitive Verses</i>, and she was
+the author also of <i>A View of the General Tenor of the New Testament
+Regarding the Nature and Dignity of Jesus Christ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A short time before her death&mdash;not more than six weeks&mdash;a complete
+edition of her Poetical Works was published in London, in a very large
+and compact volume of 850 pages, by the Longmans&mdash;"with many corrections
+and a few additions by herself." The volume opens with the Plays on the
+Passions. We have then the miscellaneous plays; and the last division
+includes her delightful songs and all her poetical compositions not
+dramatic nor connected with the plays; and here appears a poem of some
+length, recently printed for private circulation, as well as some short
+poems not before published. A pleasing and characteristic portrait
+accompanies the volume, and we have had it copied for the
+<i>International</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Though Miss Baillie's fame always tended to draw her into society, her
+life was passed in seclusion, and illustrated by an integrity, kindness,
+and active benevolence, which showed that poetical genius of a high
+order may be found in a mind well regulated, able and willing to execute
+the ordinary duties of life in an exemplary manner. Gentle and
+unassuming to all, with an unchangeable simplicity of character, she
+counted many of the most celebrated persons of the last age among her
+intimate friends, and her quiet home was frequently resorted to by
+people of other nations, as well as by her own countrymen, for the
+purpose of paying homage to a woman so illustrious for genius and
+virtue.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Spontini</span>, the celebrated composer, author of <i>La Vestale</i> and <i>Fernand
+Cortez</i>, died on the 24th ult., at Majolati, near Ancona, where he had
+gone to pass the winter, in the hope of re-establishing his health.
+Being desirous of attending divine service, in spite of the severity of
+the season, he took cold on leaving the church, which in a short time
+led to a fatal result. He expired in the arms of his wife, the sister of
+M. Erard, the celebrated pianist. He was in the seventy-second year of
+his age. The life of this unfortunate <i>Maestro</i>, says the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>,
+would be a curious rather than a pleasing story, were it thoroughly
+written. He was educated at the <i>Conservatorio de la Piet&agrave;</i> of Naples,
+and began his career when seventeen years of age, as the composer of an
+opera, <i>I Puntigli delle Donne</i>. To this succeeded some sixteen operas,
+produced within six years, for the theatres of Italy and Sicily, not a
+note of which has survived. In 1803, Spontini went to Paris, in which
+capital again he produced some half-a-dozen operas and an oratorio,&mdash;all
+of which have perished. It would seem, however, as if there must have
+been something of grace in either <i>Maestro</i> or music, since Spontini was
+appointed music-director to the Empress Josephine; and it was owing to
+court interest that his <i>La Vestale</i>&mdash;on a <i>libretto</i> rejected by both
+Mehal and Cherubini&mdash;was put into rehearsal at the <i>Grand Op&eacute;ra</i>. The
+rehearsals went on for a twelvemonth. Spontini rewrote and re-touched
+the work while it was in preparation to such an excess, that the expense
+of copying the alterations is said to have amounted to <i>ten thousand
+francs</i> ($2,000)! <i>La Vestale</i>, however, was at last produced, in 1809,
+with brilliant and decisive success, so far as France and Germany were
+concerned. In 1809 he produced his <i>Fernand Cortez</i> at the <i>Grand
+Op&eacute;ra</i>. That work, too, was favorably received, and still keeps the
+stage in Germany. In no subsequent essay was the composer so fortunate.
+<i>Olympie</i>, the third grand work written by him for France, proved a
+failure. During the latter part of his residence in Paris, he directed
+the Italian Opera, until it fell to Madame Catalani. It was in 1820 that
+the magnificent appointments offered to the <i>Maestro</i> by the Court of
+Prussia tempted him to leave Paris for Berlin; in which capital his last
+three grand operas were produced with great splendor. These were,
+<i>Nourmahal</i> (founded on 'Lalla Rookh), <i>Alcidor</i>, and <i>Agnes von
+Hohenstauffen</i>. None of them, however, could be called successful. In
+Berlin, Spontini continued to reside as first Chapel-master till the
+death of the late King,&mdash;and there his professional career may be said
+to have ended. A life in some respects more outwardly prosperous cannot
+be conceived. Spontini was rich,&mdash;girt with ribbons and hung with
+orders;&mdash;but it may be doubted whether ever official grew old in the
+midst of such an atmosphere of dislike as surrounded the composer of <i>La
+Vestale</i> at Berlin. He was mercilessly attacked in print,&mdash;in private
+spoken of by rival musicians with an active hatred amounting to
+malignity. There was hardly a baseness of intrigue with which report did
+not credit him. His music, even, was avoided in his own theatre; and it
+was an article in the contract of more than one <i>prima donna</i>, that she
+would not sing in Spontini's operas. Of later years, he rarely was seen
+in the orchestra save to direct his own works. In this capacity he
+showed a vivacity, a precision, and an energy almost incomparable. As a
+man, he had the courtliest of courtly manners; the air, too, of one well
+satisfied with his own personal appearance. He conversed chiefly
+concerning himself and his works, apparently taking little or no
+interest in other transactions of art. This might account for his ill
+odor in a capital where misconstructions and jealous evil-speaking have
+too often been the lot of the simplest, the most learned, and the least
+self-asserting of artists. The limited nature of his sympathies may be
+felt in Spontini's music. With all its spirit, this is generally
+dry&mdash;awkward without the excuse of learned pedantry&mdash;sometimes grand,
+very seldom tender&mdash;the rhythm more decided than the melody, which is
+often frivolous, often flat, rarely vocal. He has been accused of
+shallowness in the orchestral treatment of his operas,&mdash;in which noise
+is often accumulated to conceal want of resource. But allowing all these
+objections to be generally true to the utmost, the <i>finale</i> to the
+second act of <i>La Vestale</i> still remains&mdash;and will remain&mdash;a
+master-piece of declamation, spirit, and stage climax. The rest of <i>La
+Vestale</i> is carefully wrought,&mdash;but in power, and brightness, and
+passion, by many a degree inferior to that temple-scene. For its sake,
+the name of Spontini will not be forgotten, unsatisfactory as was his
+career in Art, and small as was his personal popularity.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Coquerell</span>, a brother of the eminent Protestant minister, and
+himself well known and esteemed in the scientific circles of Paris, died
+in that city, early in February. He long reported the proceedings of the
+Academy of Sciences for the <i>Courrier Fran&ccedil;ais</i>; and is the author,
+besides, of various works in general literature. He wrote a <i>History of
+English Literature&mdash;Carit&eacute;as, an Essay on a complete Spiritualist
+Philosophy</i>&mdash;and <i>The History of the Churches of the Desert, or of the
+Protestant Churches of France from the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+to the Reign of Louis the XVI.</i> In this last performance he introduces
+the substance of a mass of private and official correspondence from
+Louis XIV.'s time down to the revolution, relative to Protestantism in
+France, and the numberless and atrocious persecutions to which it was
+subjected. Many of the papers he obtained are of great literary and
+historical value, and he has taken measures for their preservation.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel George Williams, M. P.</span> for Ashton, died on the nineteenth of
+December. He was born in St. John's Newfoundland, and is said to have
+joined the army of Burgoyne at the age of twelve years, and to have been
+present at the battle of Stillwater. He afterwards accompanied Lady
+Harriet Acland on her memorable expedition to join her husband in
+captivity. He afterwards saw much active service, and died aged
+eighty-seven, supposed to have been the last survivor of the army of
+Saratoga.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Herr Charles Matthew Sander</span>, described as one of the most celebrated
+surgeons of Germany, and author of many works not only in illustration
+of his more immediate profession and of medicine, but also on Greek
+phiology and arch&aelig;ology, died suddenly, at Brunswick, in his
+seventy-second year, while seated at his desk in the act of writing a
+treatise on anatomy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nicholas Vansittart</span>, Lord Bexley, was the second son of Henry
+Vansittart, Governor of Bengal, and was born on the twenty-ninth of
+April, 1776. Four years after, his father perished in the Aurora
+frigate, when that vessel foundered at sea, on her outward passage to
+India. In 1791 he was called to the bar, but, finding little prospect of
+forensic advancement, he deserted Westminster Hall for the more
+ambitious arena of the House of Commons, being elected member for
+Hastings in 1796. In 1801 he proceeded on a special mission to the Court
+of Copenhagen; but the Danish Government, overawed by France and Russia,
+refused to receive an English ambassador. Soon after his return he
+became joint secretary of the treasury, which office he held until 1804,
+when the Addington ministry resigned. In 1805, he was appointed Chief
+Secretary for Ireland; in 1806, he resumed his former duties at the
+treasury; and, in 1812, on the formation of the Liverpool
+administration, he obtained the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+for which he was peculiarly fitted by the bent and information of his
+mind. So far back as 1796, he had addressed a series of pamphlets to Mr.
+Pitt, on the conduct of the bank directors; and in 1796 he had published
+an inquiry into the state of the finances, in answer to a very popular
+production, by a Mr. Morgan, on the national debt. The death of Lord
+Londonderry, in 1822, led to a reconstruction of the ministry; and Mr.
+Vansittart was offered a peerage and the Chancellorship of the Duchy of
+Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet, on condition that he quitted the
+Exchequer. This arrangement was carried out in the month of January
+following. At length, in 1828, he retired from public life, and since
+that period resided in comparative retirement, at Footscray, near
+Bexley, in Kent. Lord Bexley was F.R.S., D.C.L., and F.S.A.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Pye Smith, D.D., F.R.S.</span>, one of the most eminent scholars and
+theological writers of the time, died at Guilford, near Leeds, in
+England, on the fifth of February, at the advanced age of
+seventy-six&mdash;having been born at Sheffield in 1775. His father was a
+bookseller, and it was intended to bring him up to the same business,
+but his early displays of talent, and his love of learning induced his
+father to send him to Rotherham College, where he greatly distinguished
+himself, and upon the completion of his terms of study became a
+classical tutor. In 1801&mdash;at the early age of twenty-five&mdash;he became
+theological tutor and principal of Homerton College, the oldest of the
+institutions for training ministers among the Independents. The duties
+of that responsible post he filled with untiring devotedness and the
+highest efficiency for the long space of fifty years. A theological
+professorship is naturally combined with ministerial duties; and in two
+or three years after his settlement at Homerton he received a call from
+the church at the Gravel Pits chapel, and continued the pastor of that
+church for about forty-seven years. The chief labor of Dr. Pye Smith's
+life, and his most enduring monument, was the work entitled <i>The
+Scripture Testimony to the Messiah: an inquiry with a view to a
+satisfactory determination of the doctrine taught in the Holy Scriptures
+concerning the person of Christ</i>. This work is admitted by the greatest
+scholars to be the first of its kind. It is marked by profound and
+accurate learning, candid criticism, and by that reverential and
+Christian spirit which ought to govern every theological inquiry. He
+published several less important compositions, including one of decided
+value upon the relations of geology and revelation, which led to his
+election into the Royal Society; and he left a voluminous System of
+Christian Doctrine, in MS.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 534px;">
+<img src="images/image8.jpg" width="534" height="384" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><i>Ladies' Fashions for the Spring.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>The advance of the spring appears to have brought increase of gayety in
+London and in Paris, in which cities fashionable society has received
+new impulses from circumstances connected with affairs. Heavy velvets
+have generally given place to silks and satins, and there is a
+prevailing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> airiness in the manner in which they are made up. The first
+of the above full-lengths represents a dress composed of a pale
+sea-green satin; the sides of the front decorated with <i>bouffants</i> or
+fullings of white <i>tulle</i>, formed in rows of three; at the top of each
+third fulling is a narrow border of green cord, forming a kind of gymp;
+these fullings reach up to each side of the point of the waist; low
+pointed corsage, the centre of which is trimmed to match the <i>jupe</i>; a
+small round cape encircles the top part of the corsage, descending
+halfway down each side of the front, trimmed with fullings of white
+<i>tulle</i> and narrow green cord; the lower part of the short sleeve is
+trimmed to match. The hair is arranged in ringlets, and adorned on the
+right side with a cluster of variegated red roses.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/image9.jpg" width="375" height="450" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the second, is a dress of rich dark silk, made plain and very full,
+with three-quarter-high body, fitting close to the figure; bonnet of
+deep lilac.</p>
+
+<p>Ball dresses are worn richly ornamented with ribbons, flowers, lace, and
+puffs, in great profusion.</p>
+
+<p>Velvet necklaces, and bracelets, are much in vogue; the shades preferred
+are coral red, garnet, china rose, and, above all, black velvet, which
+sets off the whiteness of the skin. These bracelets and necklaces are
+fastened by a brooch or pin of brilliants or marcasite.</p>
+
+<p>Dresses of heavy stuffs are rare in private drawing-rooms, and much more
+frequently seen at subscription balls, at the Opera, or exhibitions of
+art. Antique watered silk, figured pompadour, drugget, and lampus,
+attract by their wreaths of flowers; light net dresses, or mousselins,
+are rare.</p>
+
+<p>Net dresses, with two skirts, are worn over a taffeta petticoat&mdash;the
+under and the upper skirts decked with small flowers, each trimmed with
+a dark ribbon. Wide lace also is worn in profusion, and the body as well
+as the sleeves is almost covered with it&mdash;the skirts having two or three
+flounces of English lace (application) or Alen&ccedil;on point; and these two
+kinds of lace are generally used for the heavy silk stuffs.</p>
+
+<p>We have little to say about walking dresses. The choicest materials for
+morning dresses are dark damask satinated Pekin taffeta, and drugget.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 3,
+No. 1, April, 1851, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, APRIL, 1851 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25325-h.htm or 25325-h.zip *****
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@@ -0,0 +1,15611 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 3, No. 1,
+April, 1851, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly, Volume 3, No. 1, April, 1851
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 4, 2008 [EBook #25325]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, APRIL, 1851 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+INTERNATIONAL
+
+MONTHLY
+
+MAGAZINE
+
+Of Literature, Science, and Art.
+
+
+VOLUME III.
+
+APRIL TO JULY, 1851.
+
+
+NEW-YORK:
+
+STRINGER & TOWNSEND, 222 BROADWAY.
+
+FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
+
+BY THE NUMBER, 25 Cts.; THE VOLUME, $1; THE YEAR, $3.
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Contents for entire volume 3 in this text. However
+this text contains only issue Vol. 3, No. 1. Minor typos have been
+corrected and footnotes moved to the end of the article.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE THIRD VOLUME.
+
+
+The INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE has now been published one year, with a
+constantly increasing sale, and, it is believed, with a constantly
+increasing good reputation. The publishers are satisfied with its
+success, and will apply all the means at their disposal to increase its
+value and preserve its position. They have recently made such
+arrangements in London as will insure to the editor the use of advance
+sheets of the most important new English publications, and besides all
+the leading miscellanies of literature printed on the continent, have
+engaged eminent persons as correspondents, in Paris, Berlin, and other
+cities, so that _The International_ will more fully than hitherto
+reflect the literary movement of the world.
+
+In wit and humor and romance, the most legitimate and necessary
+components of the popular magazine, as great a variety will be furnished
+as can be gleaned from the best contemporary foreign publications, and
+at the same time several conspicuous writers will contribute original
+papers. In the last year _The International_ has been enriched with new
+articles by Mr. G. P. R. James, Henry Austen Layard, LL.D., Bishop
+Spencer, Mr. Bayard Taylor, Mr. R. H. Stoddard, Mr. Parke Godwin, Mr.
+John R. Thompson, Mr. Alfred B. Street, Mr. W. C. Richards, Dr. Starbuck
+Mayo, Mr. John E. Warren, Mr. George Ripley, Mr. A. O. Hall, Mr. Richard
+B. Kimball, Mrs. E. Oakes Smith, Mrs. Mary E. Hewitt, Miss Alice Carey,
+Miss Cooper (the author of "Rural Hours"), and many others, constituting
+a list hardly less distinguished than the most celebrated magazines in
+the language have boasted in their best days; this list of contributors
+will be worthily enlarged hereafter, and the Historical Review, the
+Record of Scientific Discovery, the monthly Biographical Notices of
+eminent Persons deceased, will be continued, with a degree of care that
+will render _The International_ of the highest value as a repository of
+contemporary facts.
+
+When it is considered that periodical literature now absorbs the best
+compositions of the great lights of learning and literary art throughout
+the world,--that Bulwer, Dickens, James, Thackeray, Macaulay, Talfourd,
+Tennyson, Browning, and persons of corresponding rank in France,
+Germany, and other countries, address the public through reviews,
+magazines, and newspapers--the value of such an "abstract and brief
+chronicle" as it is endeavored to present in _The International_, to
+every one who would maintain a reputation for intelligence, or who is
+capable of intellectual enjoyment, will readily be admitted. It is
+trusted that while these pages will commend themselves to the best
+judgments, they will gratify the general tastes, and that they will in
+no instance contain a thought or suggest a feeling inconsistent with the
+highest refinement and virtue.
+
+    NEW-YORK, July 1, 1851.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+
+VOLUME III. APRIL TO JULY, 1850-51.
+
+
+Alfieri, History and Genius of                                     229
+
+American female Poets, Opinions of, by a Frenchman,                452
+
+Anspach, Margravine of                                             303
+
+American Missions in Ceylon and Sir E. Tennant,                    308
+
+American Saint, An,                                                163
+
+Adventures and Observations in Nicaragua. (Illustrated.)           437
+
+_Arts, The Fine_--Public Works by the King of Prussia, 136.--Herr
+Hiltensperger, 135.--Picture by Leonardo Da Vinci, 136.--Art-Union
+of Vienna, 136.--Another Picture by Raffaelle Discovered,
+136.--Steinhauser's Group for Philadelphia, 136.--The Hillotype,
+136.--Baron Hackett, 137.--Statue of Giovanni de Medici, 137.--Lectures
+before the New-York Artists, 137.--Belgian Exhibition, 137.--Brady's
+Gallery of Illustrious Americans, 137.--Portrait of Cervantes,
+137.--Portraits by Mr. Osgood, 137.--Discoveries at Prague,
+137.--Exhibition of the British Institution, 137.--Lortzing,
+137.--Statue of Wallace, 137.--Engravings of the Art-Unions,
+180.--Exhibition of the National Academy, 181.--Bulletin of the
+Art-Union, 181.--Girodet, 181.--Kotzbue, 181.--Mr. Elliott,
+181.--Schwanthaler, 181.--Museum of Berlin, 181.--Munich Art-Union,
+181.--Kaulbach, 181--French Contribution to the Washington Monument,
+181--Widnmann, 181.--The Exhibitions in New-York, 327.--Prizes and
+Prospects of the Art-Union, 329.--Delaroche, 329.--Mr. Kellogg,
+329.--L'Imitation de Jesus Christ, by Depaepes, 330.--New Members of the
+National Academy, 330.--Sculptures Discovered at Athens, 470.--New Works
+by Nicholas, 471.--German Criticism of Powers, 471.--Diorama of
+Hindostan, 471.--Unveiling the Statue of Frederick the Great,
+471.--Jenny Lind, 471.--The Opera, 471.
+
+_Authors and Books._--The Russian Archives, 26.--Humboldt on the State,
+26.--Russian Geographical Society, 26.--Recollections of Paris, by
+Hertz, 26.--The latest German Novels, 27.--Schaeffner's History of French
+Law, 27.--Fate of Bonpland, the Traveller, 27.--Russian Account of the
+War in Hungary, 28.--Buelau's Secret History of Mysterious Individuals,
+28.--Italy's Future, by Dr. Koelle, 28.--German Translation of Channing,
+28.--Essays by M, Flourens, 28.--Jacques Arago, 28.--New Book on
+Napoleon, by Colonel Hoepfner, 28.--Vaublanc's History of Prance in the
+Time of the Crusades, 28.--Works on the Statistics of Ancient Nations,
+28.--French Version of McCulloch, 28.--MM. Viardot and Circourt on the
+History of the Moors in Europe, 29.--Breton Poets, 29.--Louis
+Phillippe's Last Years, as Described by Himself, 30.--M. Audin,
+31.--Collection of Spanish Romances, by F. Wolf, 31.--Le Bien-Etre
+Universel, 31.--Notices of English Literature by the _Revue
+Brittanique_, 31.--History of French Protestants by Felice, 31.--Works
+in Modern Greek Literature, 32.--Dictionary of Styles in Poetry by
+Planche, 33.--Continuation of Louis Blanc's History of Ten Years,
+33.--Mr. Hallam, 33.--General Napier and his Wife, 33.--Plagiarism by
+Charles Mackay, 33.--English Books on the Roman Catholic Question,
+33.--New Work by R. H. Horne, 33.--Miss Martineau's Book against
+Religion, 34.--Sir John Cam Hobhouse, 34.--Another Book on "Junius",
+34.--Fourier on the Passions, 34.--Mr. Grattan coming again to America,
+34.--Poems by Alaric A. Watts, 35.--The Stowe MSS., 35.--The Scott
+Copyrights, 35.--Dr. Layard, 35.--Henry Alford, 35.--Letter by
+Washington Irving, 35.--Speech on Art, by Alison, 36.--Pensions to
+Poets, 36.--Lavengro, 36.--James T. Fields, 36.--W. G. Simms, 36.--Nile
+Notes by a Howadji, 36.--Use of Documents in the Historical Society's
+Collections, 36.--Fanny Wright, 37.--Prof. Channing's Resignation,
+37.--Mr. Livermore on Public Libraries, 37.--Fenelon never in America,
+37.--Mr. Goodrich and Mr. Walsh, 37.--Works of Major Richardson,
+37.--Mr. Squier's forthcoming Works on American Antiquities, 38.--Letter
+from Charles Astor Bristed, on his Contributions to _Fraser_, 39--The
+Sillimans in Europe, 39.--Works of John Adams, 39.--The Caesars, by De
+Quincy, 39--Jared Sparks, and his Historical Labors, 40--The Opera, by
+Isaac C. Pray, 40.--Frederic Saunders, 40.--The Duty of a Biographer,
+40.--Dr. Andrews's new Work on America, 663.--Bodenstedt's Thousand and
+One Days in the East, 165.--German Emigrant's Manual, 165.--Hungarian
+Biographies, 165.--Caccia's Europe and America, 165.--Fanny Lewald,
+166.--German Reviewals of George Sand, 166.--Scherer's German Songs,
+166.--New Book by Henry Muerger, 166.--Ebeling's Tame Stories of a Wild
+Time, 167.--Grillpazer, the Dramatist, 167.--Rhine Musical Gazette,
+167.--Eddas, by Simrock, 167.--Transactions of the Society of Northern
+Antiquaries, 167.--Raumer's Historical Pocket Book, 167.--_Bilder aus
+Oestreich_, 167.--Poems by Dinglestedt, 167.--Autobiography of Jahn,
+167.--The _Deutsches Museum_, 168.--The Constitutional Struggle in
+Electoral Hesse, 168.--Translations of the Scriptures in African
+Languages, 168.--History of the Prussian Court and Nobility,
+168.--Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Women, 168.--Countess Hahn
+Hahn, 168.--Italia, 168.--Humboldt, as last described, 169.--Rewards of
+Authors, 169.--New Translations of Northern Literature, by George
+Stephens, 169.--Old Work on Etherization, 169.--Phillip Augustus, a
+Tragedy, 169.--Bianchi's Turkish Dictionary, 169.--General Daumas, on
+Western Africa, 170.--De Conches, the Bibliopole, 170.--Jules Sandeau,
+170.--French Play of Massalina, 170.--New French Review, 170.--Victor
+Hugo's New Works, 170.--M. de St. Beuve, 170.--The Shoemakers of Paris,
+170.--Recovery of a Comedy by Moliere, 171.--Memoirs of Bishop Flaget,
+171.--Travels in the United States by M. Marmier, 171.--Guizot and
+Thiers, 171.--M. Mignet, 171.--Lamartine, 171.--Michelet, 171.--Paris
+and its Monuments, 171.--Mullie's Biographical Dictionary, 171.--The
+Chancellor d'Auguesseau, 171.--Romance and Tales by Napoleon Bonaparte,
+172.--Henry's Life of Calvin, 172.--Discovery of lost Books by Origen,
+173.--Important Discoveries of Greek MSS. near Constantinople,
+173.--Prose Translation of Homer, 173.--Gillie's Literary Veteran,
+173.--Lord Holland's Reminiscences, 173.--Meeting of the British
+Association, 173.--Miss Martineau and the Westminster Review,
+174.--Fielding and Smollett, 174.--Mr. Bigelow's Book on Jamaica, in
+England, 174.--Macready and George Sand, 174.--The Stones of Venice,
+175.--Bulwer Lytton's New Play, 175.--The Last Scenes of Chivalry,
+166.--Fanny Corbeaux, 176.--John G. Taylor on Cuba, 176.--Lady Wortley's
+Travels in the United States, 176.--Opinions of Mr. Curtis's Nile Notes,
+177.--Rev. Satan Montgomery, 177.--Documentary History of New-York,
+177.--Albert J. Pickett's History of Alabama, 178.--Mrs. Farnham,
+178.--Mr. Gayarre on Louisiana, 178.--Lossing's Field Book of the
+Revolution, 178.--Rev. J. H. Ingraham, and his Novels, 178.--Mrs.
+Judson.--The Lady's Book, 179.--Mr. J. R. Tyson, 179.--Dr. Valentine's
+Manual, 179.--Episodes of Insect Life, Mr. Willis, 179.--Robinson's
+Greek Grammar, 179.--Kennedy's Swallow Barn, 179.--American Members of
+the Institute of France, 179.--Works of Walter Colton, 179.--Cobbin's
+Domestic Bible, 179.--Works of Several American Statesmen now in Press,
+180.--Professor Gillespie's Translation of Comte, 180.--Lincoln's
+Horace, 180.--New Novel by the Author of Talbot and Vernon, 180.--Life
+in Fejee, 180.--S. G. Goodrich in England, 180.--Recent American Novels,
+180.--Publications of the Hakluyt Society, 180.--Dr. Mayo's Romance
+Dust, 180.--Thackeray's Lectures, 180.--Mr. Alison, 180.--Dr. Titus
+Tobler on Professor Robinson, 312.--New German Novels, 313.--Kohl, the
+Traveller, 313.--Anastasius Grun and Lenau, 313.--Sir Charles Lyell's
+American Travels Reviewed in Germany, 313.--More of the Countess
+Hahn-Hahn, 313.--German Translations of _David Copperfield, Richard
+Edney_, and Mrs. Hall's _Sorrows of woman_, 313.--Books on Affairs at
+Vienna, 314.--Travels of the Prince Valdimar, 314.--De Montbeillard on
+Spinosa, 314.--Joseph Russeger, 314.--Dr. Strauss, 314.--German
+Universities, 314.--Frau Pfieffer, the Traveller, 314.--Parisians
+sketched by Ferdinand Hiller, 314.--The Diplomats of Italy, 315.--A
+Parisian Willis, 315.--De Castro on the Spanish Protestants, 316.--Books
+on the Hungarian Matters, 316.--Literature in Bengal, 316.--Publications
+on the late Revolutions, at Turin and Florence, 317.--Pensions to
+Authors in France, 317.--MSS. by Louis XVI., 317.--Memoirs of Balzac,
+317.--Quinet on a National Religion, 318.--New Life of Marie Stuart,
+318.--Count Montalembert, 318.--English Biographies by Guizot,
+319.--Romieu's _Spectre Rouge_ de 1852, 319.--Novel by Count Jarnac,
+319.--French inscriptions in Egypt, 319.--Saint Beauve and Mirabeau,
+319.--Democratic Martyrs, 319.--Prosper Merimee on Ticknor's Spanish
+Literature, 320.--Innocence of M. Libri, 320.--The _Politique Nouvelle_,
+320.--New Labors of Lamartine, 320.--An Assyrian Poet in Paris,
+320.--The Edinburgh Review and The Leader on Cousin, 321.--Walter Savage
+Landor in Old Age, 321.--Moses Margoliouth, 321.--Publications of the
+Ecclesiastical History Society, 321.--The Life of Wordsworth,
+322.--Blackwood on American Poets, 322.--Comte's new Calendar, 323.--Old
+Tracts against Romanism, 323.--The Scott Copyrights, 323.--Mrs.
+Browning's new Poems, 323.--Mrs. Hentz's last Novel Dramatized,
+323.--New Book on the United States, 323.--The Guild of Literature and
+Art, 324.--Rev. C. G. Finney's Works in England, 324.--Talvi, 324.--Mrs.
+Southworth's new Novel, 324.--Dr. Spring's last Work, 324.--Mrs.
+Sigourney, 324.--Henry Martyn, 324.--Algernon Sydney, 324.--New Volumes
+of Poems, 324.--Paria, by John E. Warren, 325.--Klopstock in Zurich,
+458.--Wackernagel's History of German Literature, 458.--German
+Dictionary with Americanisms, 458.--Carl Heideloff's new Book in
+Architecture, 458.--Siebeck on Beauty in Gardening, 459.--Schafer's Life
+of Goethe, 459.--Franz Liszt, 459.--History of the Khalifs, by Weil,
+459.--Von Rhaden's Reminiscences of a Military Career, 459.--Life of
+Baron Stein, 459.--Adalbert Kellar, 460.--Heeren and Uckert's Histories
+of the States of Europe, 460.--The Countess Spaur on Pius IX.,
+460.--Illustration of German Idioms, 460.--Last Book of the Countess
+Hahn-Hahn, 460.--"Intercourse with the departed by means of Magnetism,"
+460.--Languages in Russia, 461.--Professor Thiersch, 461.--"The Right of
+Love," a new German Drama, 461.--New German Travels in the United
+States, 461.--Dr. Ernst Foster, 461.--New Work on the use of Stucco,
+461.--Russian Novels and Poems, 461.--Captain Wilkes's Exploring
+Expedition and Taylor's Eldorado in German, 461.--Collection of Greek
+and Latin Physicians, 462.--Correspondence of Mirabeau, 462.--Louis
+Blanc's _Pius de Girondins_, 462.--Anecdote of Scribe, 462.--A Siamese
+Grammar, 462.--"The Death of Jesus," by Citizen Xavier Sauriac,
+463.--Dufai's Satire on Socialist Women, 463.--Remains of Saint Martin,
+463.--Documents respecting the Trial of Louis XVI., 463.--Another Book
+on the French Revolutions, 463.--Letters on the Turkish Empire by M.
+Ubicini, 463.--Collection of Sacred Moralists, 463.--M. Regnault's
+History, 463.--New Novel by Mery, 464.--French Revolutionary Portraits,
+464.--Swedish Version of "Vala," by Parke Godwin, 464.--An Epic by Lord
+Maidstone, 464.--A Defence of Ignorance, 464.--New Story by Dickens,
+464.--Thackeray's Lectures on British Humorists, 464.--Theodore S. Fay,
+465.--Works Published by Mr. Hart, 465.--Carlyle's Life of Sterling,
+465.--Historical Memoirs of Thomas H. Benton, 465.--New Life of
+Jefferson, 466.--Life of Margaret Fuller, by Emerson and Channing,
+466.--The late Rev. Dr. Ogilby's Memoirs, 466.--Dr. Gilman on Edward
+Everett, 466.--W. Gilmore Simms, 466.--Works on "Women's Rights,"
+466.--Illness of Rev. Dr. Smyth, 466.--New Novels, 467.--Miss Bremer,
+467.--Vestiges of Civilization, 467.--Shocco Jones, 467.--Works in Press
+of Mr. Scribner, 467.--John Neal, 467.--Poems of Fanny Green, 467.--Ik.
+Marvel, 467.--Martin Farquhar Tupper, 467.--Dr. Holbrook, 467.--New
+Edition of "Margaret," 467.--Mr. Schoolcraft's Memoirs, 467.--New Work
+by Mr. Melville, 467.--Col. Pickett's History of Alabama, 468.--Dr.
+Baird's Christian Retrospect, 469.--The Parthenon, 469.--Cardinal
+Wiseman's Lectures, 469.--Works of Walter Colton, 469.--History of the
+French Protestants, 469.--New Poems of Alice Carey, Boker, &c., 470.
+
+Botello, Astonishing Adventures of James.--_By Dr. Mayo_,
+  author of "Kaloolah,"                                             40
+
+Biography of a Bad Shilling,                                        92
+
+Borrow, Real Adventures and Achievements of George,                183
+
+Butchers' Leap at Munich,                                          298
+
+Beautiful Streamlet and the Utilitarian, the                       307
+
+Benevolent Institutions of New-York. (Illustrated.)                434
+
+Cooper, James Fenimore. (With a Portrait.)                           1
+
+Calhoun, Powers's Statue of John C. (Illustrated.)                   8
+
+Cocked Hats, A Supply of,                                           97
+
+Costume of the Future,                                             103
+
+Coleridge, Hartley and his Genius,                                 249
+
+Conspiracy of Pontiac,                                             440
+
+Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V.                            376
+
+Crystal Palace, the. A Letter from London. (Illustrated.)          444
+
+Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V.,                           520
+
+Doddridge, and some of his Friends,                                 77
+
+Donkeys at Smithfield,                                              97
+
+Duelling Two Hundred and Fifty Years Ago--_By
+  Thomas Carlyle_,                                                 108
+
+Dog Alcibiades, the,--_By C. Astor Bristed_,                       211
+
+Dewey, George W., and his Writings. (Portrait.)                    286
+
+Dickens and Thackeray,                                             532
+
+Egyptian Antiquities, Preservation of                              299
+
+Fashions. Ladies' (Illustrated.)                         143, 287, 429
+
+Fiddlers, Last of the,--_By Berthold Auerbach_,                     87
+
+First Ship in the Niger.--_By W. A. Russell_,                      127
+
+Faun over his Goblet.--_By R. H. Stoddard_,                        184
+
+Festival upon the Neva,                                            357
+
+French Feuilletonistes upon London,                                446
+
+Gibbon, an Inedited Letter of Edward,                              126
+
+Genlis, Madame de, and Madame de Stael,                            392
+
+Glimpse of the Great Exhibition,                                   409
+
+Great Men's Wives,                                                 413
+
+Grave of Grace Aguilar.--_By Mrs. S. C. Hall_,                     513
+
+Hindostanee Newspapers. _The Flying Sheet of Benares_,              24
+
+Herbert Knowles: "The Three Tabernacles,"                           57
+
+Hogarth, William. (Six Engravings.)                                149
+
+Hawthorne, Nathaniel. (Portrait.)                                  156
+
+Has there been a great Poet in the Nineteenth Century?             182
+
+Hat Reform: A Revolution in Head-Gear,                             187
+
+Heart Whispers.--_By Mary E. Hewitt_,                              200
+
+Herbert, Henry William. (Portrait, &c.)                            289
+
+Halleck, Fitz Greene. (A Portrait.)                                433
+
+_Historical Review of the Month_,                   127, 269, 423, 585
+
+Jews and Christians,                                               162
+
+Jesuit Relations: New Discoveries of MSS. in Rome,                 185
+
+Jeffrey and Joanna Baillie,                                        312
+
+Kendall, George Wilkins. (Portrait.)                               145
+
+Layard, Discoverer of Nineveh, to.--_By Walter Savage
+  Landor_,                                                          98
+
+Life in Persia in the Nineteenth Century,                          105
+
+Littleness of a Great People: Mr. Whitney,                         161
+
+Leading Editors of Paris,                                          239
+
+Love.--_By John Critchly Prince_,                                  247
+
+Lyra, a Lament.--_By Alice Carey_,                                 253
+
+London Described by a Parisian,                                    306
+
+Lion in the Toils, the,--_By C. Astor Bristed_,                    366
+
+Legend of St. Mary's,--_By Alice Carey_,                           416
+
+Marcy, Dr., and Homoeopathy. (Portrait.)                           429
+
+Mining under the Sea,                                              102
+
+My Novel.--_By Sir E. Bulwer Lytton_,               110, 253, 399, 541.
+
+Marie Antoinette.--_By Lord Holland and Mr. Jefferson_,             23
+
+Music.--_By Alfred B. Street_,                                      25
+
+Monte Leone.--_By H. De St. Georges_,                58, 201, 346, 489.
+
+Modern Haroun Al Raschid,                                          245
+
+Man of Tact, the,                                                  372
+
+Meeting of the Nations in Hyde Park.--_By W. M.
+  Thackeray_,                                                      330
+
+Mary Kingsford: a Police Sketch,                                   417
+
+Mayo, Dr., author of "Kaloolah." (Portrait.)                       442
+
+Marie, Jeanne, and Lyrical Poetry in Germany,                      457
+
+Nell Gwynne.--_By Mrs. S. C. Hall._ (Portrait and
+  six other Illustrations.)                                          9
+
+Natural Revelation.--_By Alfred B. Street_,                        200
+
+Nicholas Von der Flue.--_By the author of "Rural
+  Hours,"_                                                         472
+
+Old Maids, a Family of,                                            289
+
+Otsego Hall--Residence of J. F. Cooper. (Illustrated,)             285
+
+Our Phantom Ship among the Ice,                                    386
+
+Our Phantom Ship--Japan,                                           534
+
+Policarpa La Salvarietta, the Heroine of Colombia,                 162
+
+Professional Devotion in a Lawyer,                                 188
+
+Paganini, Anecdotes of,                                            237
+
+Prospects of African Colonization,                                 397
+
+Politeness in Paris and London.--_By Sir Henry Bulwer, K.C.B._,    363
+
+Physiology of Intemperance,                                         98
+
+Prophecy.--_By Alice Carey_,                                       244
+
+_Recent Deaths_:--(Portrait of Joanna Baillie.)--Viscount Gardinville,
+140.--Rev. Dr. Ogilby, 140.--George Thompson, 140.--The Emir Bechir,
+140.--Dr. Leuret, 140.--M. Kockkoek, 140.--Joanna Baillie,
+140.--Spontini, the Composer, 142.--Charles Coqurel, 142.--Col. George
+Williams, 142.--Charles Matthew Sander, 142.--Lord Bexley, 143.--John
+Pye Smith, 143.--Samuel Farmer Jarvis, D.D., LL.D., 279.--Judge
+Burnside, 279.--Ex-Governor Isaac Hill, 280.--Judge Daggett, 231.--Major
+James Rees, 281.--M. M. Noah, 282.--John S. Skinner, 282.--Major General
+Brooke, 282.--F. Gottlieb Hand, 282.--M. Jacobi, 282.--Hans Christian
+Oersted, 283.--Henri Delatouche, 283--Madame de Sermetz, 284.--Marshal
+Dode de la Bruniere, 284.--M. Maillau, 284.--Dr. Henry de Breslau,
+284.--Commissioner Lin, 284.--John Louis Yanoski, 284.--Count d'Hozier,
+284.--George Brentano, 284.--Francis Xavier Fernbach, 284.--Jules
+Martien, 284.--Captain Cunningham, 428.--John Henning, 428.--Padre
+Rozavan, 428.--Prince Wittgenstein, 428.--Lord Langdale, 428.--E. J.
+Roberts, 428,--Professor Wahlenberg, 428.--Philip Hone, Archbishop
+Eccleston, Gen. Brady, 428.--Dr. Samuel George Morton, 563.--Richard
+Lalor Shiel, 563.--Richard Phillips, 565.--Dowton, the Comedian,
+565.--Admiral Codrington, 565.--Lord Chancellor Cottenham, 565.
+
+_Record of Scientific Discovery_--Photography, 138.--London Society of
+Arts, 138.--Barry 138.--Gold, 138.--Light and Heat, 138.--Chinese Coal,
+138.--Water of the Ocean, 138.--The Asteroids, 139.--Shooting Stars,
+139.--Geology of Spain, 139.--Scientific Researches in Abyssinia,
+139.--New Motors, 276.--Water Gas, 276.--Improvements in the Steam
+Engine, 276,--New Applications of Zinc, &c., 276.--New Adaptation of
+Lithography, 276.--Annual of Scientific Discovery, 276.--Oxygen from
+Atmospheric Ari, 277.--Whitened Camera for Photography, 277.--M. Laborde
+on Photography, 277.--Abich on the Country near the Black Sea,
+277.--D'Hericourt on African Discoveries, 277.--Enormous Fossil Eggs,
+277.--Papers by Leverrier and others before the Paris Academy of
+Sciences, 278.--Barth and Overweg in Africa, 278.--General Radowitz on
+Philology, 278.--Latour, on Artificial Coal, 278--Scientific Congress at
+Paris, 278.--Experiments at the Porcelain Factories in Sevres,
+279.--Captain Purnell on Ship Cisterns, 279.--Electric Sun at Gotha,
+279.--Letter from Professor Morse on the Hillotype, 566.--Professor
+Blume and the French Academy, 566.
+
+Rotation of the Earth. (Illustrated.)                              296
+
+Shelley, Memoir of the late Mrs. Percy Bysshe,                      16
+
+Shakspeare, Mr. Hudson's New Edition of,                            18
+
+"Stones of Venice," the,--_By John Ruskin_,                         19
+
+Story Without a Name.--_By G. P. R. James_,          45, 189, 333, 477.
+
+Sweden, Sketches of Life in,                                       450
+
+Sorcery and Magic, History of                                      247
+
+Snowdrop in the Snow.--_By Sydney Yendys_,                         201
+
+Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, and his Works. (Portrait.)                300
+
+Second Wife, or the Tables Turned,                                 331
+
+Smuggler Malgre Lui, the,                                          394
+
+Sorel, Agnes, True History of--_By R. H. Horne_,                   396
+
+Strauss, Dr. David, in Weimar,                                     410
+
+Schalken, the Painter: A Ghost Story,                              449
+
+Scenes at Malmaison,                                               504
+
+Transformation: A Tale.--_By the late Mrs. Shelley_,                70
+
+Thurlow, Lord, and his Terrible Swearing,                           85
+
+Twin Sisters.--_By Wilkie Collins_,                                221
+
+Trenton Falls.--_By N. P. Willis._ Four Engravings,                292
+
+Tobacco,                                                           311
+
+Washington. (Two Engravings.)                                      146
+
+Wilfulness of Woman.--_By the late Mrs. Osgood_,                   188
+
+Wreck of the Old French Aristocracy,                               373
+
+Walpole's Opinions of his Contemporaries,                          488
+
+"Work Away,"                                                       533
+
+Yeast: A Problem.--_By the author of "Alton Locke,"_               160
+
+
+
+
+THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+_Of Literature, Art, and Science._
+
+
+Vol. III NEW-YORK. APRIL 1, 1851. No. I
+
+
+
+
+JAMES FENIMORE COOPER.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The readers of the _International_ have in the above engraving, from a
+Daguerreotype by Brady, the best portrait ever published of an
+illustrious countryman of ours, who, as a novelist, take him all in all,
+is entitled to precedence of every other now living. "With what amazing
+power," exclaims Balzac, in the _Revue de Paris_, "has he painted
+nature! how all his pages glow with creative fire! Who is there writing
+English among our contemporaries, if not of him, of whom it can be said
+that he has a genius of the first order?" And the _Edinburgh Review_
+says, "The empire of the sea, has been conceded to him by acclamation;"
+that, "in the lonely desert or untrodden prairie, among the savage
+Indians or scarcely less savage settlers, all equally acknowledge his
+dominion. 'Within this circle none dares walk but he.'" And Christopher
+North, in the _Noctes_: "He writes like a hero!" And beyond the limits
+of his own country, every where, the great critics assign him a place
+among the foremost of the illustrious authors of the age. In each of the
+departments of romantic, fiction in which he has written, he has had
+troops of imitators, and in not one of them an equal. Writing not from
+books, but from nature, his descriptions, incidents, and characters, are
+as fresh as the fields of his triumphs. His Harvey Birch, Leather
+Stocking, Long Tom Coffin, and other heroes, rise before the mind, each
+in his clearly defined and peculiar lineaments, as striking original
+_creations_, as actual persons. His infinitely varied descriptions of
+the ocean, ships gliding like beings of the air upon its surface, vast
+solitary wildernesses, and indeed all his delineations of nature, are
+instinct with the breath of poetry; he is both the Horace Vernet and the
+Claude Lorraine of novelists; and through all his works are sentiments
+of genuine courtesy and honor, and an unobtrusive and therefore more
+powerful assertion of natural rights and dignity.
+
+WILLIAM COOPER, the emigrant ancestor of JAMES FENIMORE COOPER, arrived
+in this country in 1679, and settled at Burlington, New Jersey. He
+immediately took an active part in public affairs, and his name appears
+in the list of members of the Colonial Legislature for 1681. In 1687, or
+subsequent to the establishment of Penn at Philadelphia, he obtained a
+grant of land opposite the new city, extending several miles along the
+margin of the Delaware and the tributary stream which has since borne
+the name of Cooper's Creek. The branch of the family to which the
+novelist belongs removed more than a century since into Pennsylvania, in
+which state his father was born. He married early, and while a young man
+established himself at a hamlet in Burlington county, New Jersey, which
+continues to be known by his name, and afterward in the city of
+Burlington. Having become possessed of extensive tracts of land on the
+border of Otsego Lake, in central New-York, he began the settlement of
+his estate there in the autumn of 1785, and in the following spring
+erected the first house in Cooperstown. From this time until 1790 Judge
+Cooper resided alternately at Cooperstown and Burlington, keeping up an
+establishment at both places. James Fenimore Cooper was born at
+Burlington on the fifteenth of September, 1789, and in the succeeding
+year was carried to the new home of his family, of which he is now
+proprietor.
+
+Judge Cooper being a member of the Congress, which then held its
+sessions in Philadelphia, his family remained much of the time at
+Burlington, where our author, when but six years of age, commenced under
+a private tutor of some eminence his classical education. In 1800 he
+became an inmate of the family of Rev. Thomas Ellison, Rector of St
+Peter's, in Albany, who had fitted for the university three of his elder
+brothers, and on the death of that accomplished teacher was sent to New
+Haven, where he completed his preparatory studies. He entered Yale
+College at the beginning of the second term of 1802. Among his
+classmates were John A. Collier, Judge Cushman, and the late Justice
+Sutherland of New-York, Judge Bissel of Connecticut, Colonel James
+Gadsden of Florida, and several others who afterwards became eminent in
+various professions. John C. Calhoun was at the time a resident
+graduate, and Judge William Jay of Bedford, who had been his room-mate
+at Albany, entered the class below him. The late James A. Hillhouse
+originally entered the same class with Mr. Cooper; there was very little
+difference in their ages, both having been born in the same month, and
+both being much too young to be thrown into the arena of college life.
+Hillhouse was judiciously withdrawn for this reason until the succeeding
+year, leaving Cooper the youngest student in the college; he, however,
+maintained a respectable position, and in the ancient languages
+particularly had no superior in his class.
+
+In 1805 he quitted the college, and obtaining a midshipman's warrant,
+entered the navy. His frank, generous, and daring nature made him a
+favorite, and admirably fitted him for the service, in which he would
+unquestionably have obtained the highest honors had he not finally made
+choice of the ease and quiet of the life of a private gentleman. After
+six years afloat--six years not unprofitably passed, since they gave him
+that knowledge of maritime affairs which enabled him subsequently,
+almost without an effort, to place himself at the head of all the
+writers who in any period have attempted the description of the sea--he
+resigned his office, and on the first day of January, 1811, was married
+to Miss De Lancey, a sister of the present Bishop of the Diocese of
+Western New-York, and a descendant of one of the oldest and most
+influential families in America.
+
+Before removing to Cooperstown he resided a short time in Westchester,
+near New-York, and here he commenced his career as an author. His first
+book was _Precaution_. It was undertaken under circumstances purely
+accidental, and published under great disadvantages. Its success was
+moderate, though far from contemptible. It is a ludicrous evidence of
+the value of critical opinion in this country, that _Precaution_ was
+thought to discover so much knowledge of _English_ society, as to raise
+a question whether its alleged author could have written it. More
+reputation for this sort of knowledge accrued to Mr. Cooper from
+_Precaution_ than from his subsequent real work on England. It was
+republished in London, and passed for an English novel.
+
+_The Spy_ followed. No one will dispute the success of _The Spy_. It was
+almost immediately republished in all parts of Europe. The novelty of an
+American book of this character probably contributed to give it
+circulation. It is worthy of remark that all our own leading periodicals
+looked coldly upon it; though the country did not. The _North American
+Review_--ever unwilling to do justice to Mr. Cooper--had a very
+ill-natured notice of it, professing to place the _New England Tale_ far
+above it! In spite of such shallow criticism, however, the book was
+universally popular. It was decidedly the best historical romance then
+written by an American; not without faults, indeed, but with a fair
+plot, clearly and strongly drawn characters, and exhibiting great
+boldness and originality of conception. Its success was perhaps decisive
+of Mr. Cooper's career, and it gave an extraordinary impulse to
+literature in the country. More than any thing that had before occurred,
+it roused the people from their feeling of intellectual dependence. The
+popularity of _The Spy_ has been so universal, that there is scarcely a
+written language into which it is not translated. In 1847 it appeared in
+_Persian_ at Ispahan.
+
+In 1823 appeared _The Pioneers_. This book has passages of masterly
+description, and is as fresh as a landscape from another world; but it
+seems to me that it has always had a reputation partly factitious. It is
+the poorest of the Leather Stocking tales, nor was its success either
+marked or spontaneous. Still, it was very well received, though it was
+thought to be a proof that the author was written out. With this book
+commenced the absurdity of saying Mr. Cooper introduced family traits
+and family history into his novels. How little of truth there is in this
+supposition Mr. Cooper has explained in his revised edition, published
+the present year.
+
+_The Pilot_ succeeded. The success of _The Pilot_ was at first a little
+doubtful in this country; but England gave it a reputation which it
+still maintains. It is due to Boston to say that its popularity in the
+United States was first manifested there. I say _due_ to Boston, not
+from considerations of merit in the book, but because, for some reason,
+praise for Mr. Cooper, from New England, has been so rare. The _North
+American Review_ took credit to itself for magnanimity in saying some of
+his works had been rendered into French, when they were a part of every
+literature of Europe. America, it is often said, has no original
+literature. Where can the model of The Pilot be found? I know of nothing
+which could have suggested it but the following fact, which was related
+to me in a conversation with Mr. Cooper. The Pirate had been published a
+short time before. Talking with the late Charles Wilkes, of New-York--a
+man of taste and judgment--our author heard extolled the universal
+knowledge of Scott, and the sea portions of The Pirate cited as a proof.
+He laughed at the idea, as most seamen would, and the discussion ended
+by his promising to write a sea story which could be read by landsmen,
+while seamen should feel its truth. The Pilot was the fruit of that
+conversation. It is one of the most remarkable novels of the time, and
+every where obtained instant and high applause.
+
+_Lionel Lincoln_ followed. This was a second attempt to embody history
+in an American work of fiction. It failed, and perhaps justly; yet it
+contains one of the nicest delineations of character in Mr. Cooper's
+works. I know of no instance in which the distinction between a maniac
+and an idiot is so admirably drawn; the setting was bad, however, and
+the picture was not examined.
+
+In 1826 came _The Last of the Mohicans_. This book succeeded from the
+first, and all over Christendom. It has strong parts and weak parts, but
+it was purely original, and originality always occupies the ground. In
+this respect it is like The Pilot.
+
+After the publication of The Last of The Mohicans, Mr. Cooper went to
+Europe, where his reputation was already well established as one of the
+greatest writers of romantic fiction which our age, more prolific in men
+of genius than any other, had produced. The first of his works after he
+left his native country was _The Prairie_. Its success every where was
+decided and immediate. By the French and English critics it has been
+deemed the best of his stories of Indian life. It has one leading fault,
+however, that of introducing any character superior to the family of the
+squatter. Of this fault Mr. Cooper was himself aware before he finished
+the work; but as he wrote and printed simultaneously, it was not easy to
+correct it. In this book, notwithstanding, Natty Bumpo is quite up to
+his mark, and is surpassed only in The Pathfinder. The reputation of The
+Prairie, like that of The Pioneers, is in a large degree owing to the
+opinions of the reviews; it is always a fault in a book that appeals to
+human sympathies, that it fails with the multitude. In what relates to
+taste, the multitude is of no great authority; but in all that is
+connected with feeling, they are the highest; and for this simple
+reason, that as man becomes sophisticated he deviates from nature, the
+only true source of all our sympathies. Our feelings are doubtless
+improved by refinement, and vice versa; but their roots are struck in
+the human heart, and what fails to touch the heart, in these
+particulars, fails, while that which does touch it, succeeds. The
+perfection of this sort of writing is that which pleases equally the
+head and the heart.
+
+_The Red Rover_ followed The Prairie. Its success surpassed that of any
+of its predecessors. It was written and printed in Paris, and all in a
+few months. Its merits and its reception prove the accuracy of those
+gentlemen who allege that "Mr. Cooper never wrote a successful book
+after he left the United States." It is certainly a stronger work than
+The Pilot, though not without considerable faults.
+
+_The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish_ was the next novel. The author I believe
+regards this and Lionel Lincoln as the poorest of his works. It met with
+no great success.
+
+_The Water Witch_ succeeded, but is inferior to any of the other
+nautical tales. It was the first attempt by Mr. Cooper--the first by any
+author--to lay the scene of a tale of witchcraft on the coast of
+America. It has more imagination than any other of Mr. Cooper's works,
+but the blending of the real with the ideal was in some parts a little
+incongruous. The Water Witch was written in Italy and first printed in
+Germany.
+
+Of all Americans who ever visited Europe, Mr. Cooper contributed most to
+our country's good reputation. His high character made him every where
+welcome; there was no circle, however aristocratic or distinguished, in
+which, if he appeared in it, he was not observed of all observers; and
+he had the somewhat singular merit of _never forgetting that he was an
+American_. Halleck, in his admirable poem of Red Jacket, says well of
+him:
+
+    COOPER, whose name is with his country's woven,
+      First in her fields, her pioneer of mind,
+    _A wanderer now in other lands, has proven_
+      _His love for the young land he left behind._
+
+After having been in Europe about two years he published his _Notions of
+the Americans_, in which he "endeavored to repel some of the hostile
+opinions of the other hemisphere, and to turn the tables on those who at
+that time most derided and calumniated us." It contained some
+unimportant errors, from having been written at a distance from
+necessary documentary materials, but was altogether as just as it was
+eloquent in vindication of our institutions, manners, and history. It
+shows how warm was his patriotism; how fondly, while receiving from
+strangers an homage withheld from him at home, he remembered the scenes
+of his first trials and triumphs, and how ready he was to sacrifice
+personal popularity and profit in defence of his country.
+
+He was not only the first to defend and to praise America, but the first
+to whom appeals were made for information in regard to her by statesmen
+who felt an interest in our destiny. Following the revolution of the
+Three Days, in Paris, a fierce controversy took place between the
+absolutists, the republicans, and the constitutionalists. Among the
+subjects introduced in the Chambers was the comparative cheapness of our
+system of government; the absolutists asserting that the people of the
+United States paid more direct and indirect taxes than the French. La
+Fayette appealed to Mr. Cooper, who entered the arena, and though, from
+his peculiar position, at a heavy pecuniary loss, and the danger of
+incurring yet greater misfortunes, by a masterly _expose_ silenced at
+once the popular falsehoods. So in all places, circumstances, and times,
+he was the "_American_ in Europe," as jealous of his country's
+reputation as his own.
+
+Immediately after, he published _The Bravo_, the success of which was
+very great: probably equal to that of The Red Rover. It is one of the
+best, if not the very best of the works Mr. Cooper had then written.
+Although he selected a foreign scene on this occasion, no one of his
+works is more American in its essential character. It was designed not
+only to extend the democratical principle abroad, but to confirm his
+countrymen in the opinion that nations "cannot be governed by an
+irresponsible minority without involving a train of nearly intolerable
+abuses." It gave aristocracy some hits, which aristocracy gave back
+again. The best notice which appeared of it was in the famous Paris
+gazette entitled _Figaro_, before Figaro was bought out by the French
+government. The change from the biting wit which characterized this
+periodical, to the grave sentiment of such an article, was really
+touching, and added an indescribable grace to the remarks.
+
+_The Heidenmaur_ followed. It is impossible for one to understand this
+book who has not some acquaintance with the scenes and habits described.
+It was not very successful.
+
+_The Headsman of Berne_ did much better. It is inferior to The Bravo,
+though not so clashing to aristocracy. It met with very respectable
+success. It was the last of Mr. Cooper's novels written in Europe, and
+for some years the last of a political character.
+
+The first work which Mr. Cooper published after his return to the United
+States was _A Letter to his Countrymen_. They had yielded him but a
+hesitating applause until his praise came back from Europe; and when the
+tone of foreign criticism was changed, by acts and opinions of his which
+should have banded the whole American press for his defence, he was
+assailed here in articles which either echoed the tone, or were actual
+translations of attacks upon him by foreigners. The custom peculiar to
+this country of "quoting the opinions of foreign nations by way of
+helping to make up its own estimate of the degree of merit which belongs
+to its public men," is treated in this letter with caustic and just
+severity, and shown to be "destructive of those sentiments of
+self-respect and of that manliness and independence of thought, that are
+necessary to render a people great or a nation respectable." The
+controlling influence of foreign ideas over our literature, fashions,
+and even politics, are illustrated by the manner in which he was himself
+treated, and by what he considers the English doctrines which have been
+broached in the speeches of many of our statesmen. It is a frank and
+honest book, which was unnecessary as a vindication of Mr. Cooper, but
+was called for by the existence of the abuse against which it was
+chiefly directed, though it seems to have had little effect upon it. Of
+the political opinions it contains I have no more to say than that I do
+not believe in their correctness.
+
+It was followed by _The Monikins_, a political satire, which was a
+failure.
+
+The next publications of Mr. Cooper were his _Gleanings in Europe_.
+_Sketches in Switzerland_, first and second series, each in two volumes,
+appeared in 1836, and none of his works contain more striking and vivid
+descriptions of nature, or more agreeable views of character and
+manners. It was followed by similar works on France, Italy, and England.
+All of these were well received, notwithstanding an independence of tone
+which is rarely popular, and some absurdities, as, for example, the
+imputations upon the American Federalists, in the Sketches of
+Switzerland. The book on England excited most attention, and was
+reviewed in that country with as much asperity as if its own travellers
+were not proverbially the most shameless libellers that ever abused the
+hospitality of nations. Altogether the ten volumes which compose this
+series may be set down as the most intelligent and philosophical books
+of travels which have been written by our countrymen.
+
+_The American Democrat, or Hints on the Social and Civil Relations of
+the United States of America_, was published in 1835. The design is
+stated to be, "to make a commencement toward a more just discrimination
+between truth and prejudice." It is essentially a good book on the
+virtues and vices of American character.
+
+For a considerable time Mr. Cooper had entertained an intention of
+writing _The History of the Navy of the United Stated_, and his early
+experience, his studies, his associations, and above all the peculiar
+felicity of his style when treating of nautical affairs, warranted the
+expectation that his work would be a solid and brilliant contribution to
+our historical literature. It appeared in two octavo volumes in 1839,
+and reached a second edition in 1840, and a third in 1846.[A] The public
+had no reason to be disappointed; great diligence had been used in the
+collection of materials; every subject connected with the origin and
+growth of our national marine had been carefully investigated, and the
+result was presented in the most authentic and attractive form. Yet a
+warm controversy soon arose respecting Mr. Cooper's account of the
+battle of Lake Erie, and in pamphlets, reviews, and newspapers, attempts
+were made to show that he had done injustice to the American commander
+in that action. The multitude rarely undertake particular
+investigations; and the attacks upon Mr. Cooper, conducted with a
+virulence for which it would be difficult to find any cause in the
+History, assuming the form of vindications of a brave and popular
+deceased officer, produced an impression so deep and so general that he
+was compelled to defend the obnoxious passages, which he did
+triumphantly in a small volume entitled _The Battle of Lake Erie, or
+Answers to Messrs. Burgess, Duer, and Mackenzie_, published in 1843, and
+in the notes to the last edition of his Naval History. Those who read
+the whole controversy will perceive that Mr. Cooper was guided by the
+authorities most entitled to the consideration of an historian, and that
+in his answers he has demonstrated the correctness of his statements and
+opinions; and they will perhaps be astonished that he in the first place
+gave so little cause for dissatisfaction on the part of the friends of
+Commodore Perry. Besides the Naval History and the essays to which it
+gave rise, Mr. Cooper has published, in two volumes, _The Lives of
+American Naval Officers_, a work of the highest merit in its department,
+every life being written with conciseness yet fulness, and with great
+care in regard to facts; and in the Democratic Review has published an
+unanswerable reply to the attacks upon the American marine by James and
+other British historians.
+
+The first novel published by Mr. Cooper after his return to the United
+States was _Homeward Bound_. The two generic characters of the book,
+however truly they may represent individuals, have no resemblance to
+classes. There may be Captain Trucks, and there certainly are Steadfast
+Dodges, but the officers of the American merchant service are in no
+manner or degree inferior to Europeans of the same pursuits and grade;
+and with all the abuses of the freedom of the press here, our newspapers
+are not worse than those of Great Britain in the qualities for which Mr.
+Cooper arraigns them. The opinions expressed of New-York society in
+_Home as Found_ are identical with those in _Notions of the Americans_,
+a work almost as much abused for its praise of this country as was _Home
+as Found_ for its censure, and most men of refinement and large
+observation seem disposed to admit their correctness. This is no doubt
+the cause of the feeling it excited, for a _nation_ never gets in a
+passion at misrepresentation. It is a miserable country that cannot look
+down a falsehood, even from a native.
+
+The next novel was _The Pathfinder_. It is a common opinion that this
+work deserves success; more than any Mr. Cooper has written. I have
+heard Mr. Cooper say that in his own judgment the claim lay between _The
+Pathfinder_ and _The Deerslayer_, but for myself I confess a preference
+for the sea novels. Leather Stocking appears to more advantage in _The
+Pathfinder_ than in any other book, and in _Deerslayer_ next. In _The
+Pathfinder_ we have him presented in the character of a lover, and
+brought in contact with such characters as he associates with in no
+other stages of his varied history, though they are hardly less
+favorites with the author. The scene of the novel being the great fresh
+water seas of the interior, sailors, Indians, and hunters, are so
+grouped together, that every kind of novel-writing in which he has been
+most successful is combined in one complete fiction, one striking
+exhibition of his best powers. Had it been written by some unknown
+author, probably the country would have hailed him as much superior to
+Mr. Cooper.
+
+_Mercedes of Castile_, a Romance of the Days of Columbus, came next. It
+may be set down as a failure. The necessity of following facts that had
+become familiar, and which had so lately possessed the novelty of
+fiction, was too much for any writer.
+
+_The Deerslayer_ was written after Mercedes and The Pathfinder, and was
+very successful. Hetty Hunter is perhaps the best female character Mr.
+Cooper has drawn, though her sister is generally preferred. The
+Deerslayer was the last written of the "Leather Stocking Tales," having
+come out in 1841, nineteen years after the appearance of The Pioneers in
+1822. Arranged according to the order of events, The Deerslayer should
+be the first of this remarkable series, followed by The Last of the
+Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie.
+
+_The Two Admirals_ followed The Deerslayer. This book in some respects
+stands at the head of the nautical tales. Its fault is dealing with too
+important events to be thrown so deep into fiction; but this is a fault
+that may be pardoned in a romance. Mr. Cooper has written nothing in
+description, whether of sea or land, that surpasses either of the battle
+scenes of this work; especially that part of the first where the French
+ship is captured. The Two Admirals appeared at an unfortunate time, but
+it was nevertheless successful.
+
+_Wing-and-Wing, or Le Feu Follet_, was published in 1842. The interest
+depends chiefly upon the manoeuvres by which a French privateer
+escapes capture by an English frigate. Some of its scenes are among Mr.
+Cooper's best, but altogether it is inferior to several of his nautical
+novels.
+
+_Wyandotte, or the Hutted Knoll_, in its general features resembles The
+Pathfinder and The Deerslayer. The female characters are admirable, and
+but for the opinion, believed by some, from its frequent repetition,
+that Mr. Cooper is incapable of depicting a woman, Maud Meredith would
+be regarded as among the very first class of such portraitures.
+
+Next came the _Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief_, in one volume.
+It is a story of fashionable life in New-York, in some respects peculiar
+among Mr. Cooper's works, and was decidedly successful. It appeared
+originally in a monthly magazine, and was the first of his novels
+printed in this manner.
+
+_Ned Myers_, in one volume, which followed in the same year, is a
+genuine biography, though it was commonly regarded as a fiction.
+
+In the beginning of 1844 Mr. Cooper published _Ashore and Afloat_, and a
+few months afterward _Miles Wallingford_, a sequel to that tale. They
+have the remarkable minuteness yet boldness of description, and dramatic
+skill of narration, which render the impressions he produces so deep and
+lasting. They were as widely read as any of his recent productions.
+
+The extraordinary state of things which for several years has disgraced
+a part of the state of New-York, where, with unblushing effrontery, the
+tenants of several large proprietors have refused to pay rents, and
+claimed, without a shadow of right, to be absolute possessors of the
+soil, gave just occasion of alarm to the intelligent friends of our
+institutions; and this alarm increased, when it was observed that the
+ruffianism of the "anti-renters," as they are styled, was looked upon by
+many persons of respectable social positions with undisguised approval.
+Mr. Cooper addressed himself to the exposure and correction of the evil,
+in a series of novels, purporting to be edited from the manuscripts of a
+family named Littlepage; and in the preface to the first of these,
+entitled _Satanstoe, a Tale of the Colony_, published in 1845, announces
+his intention of treating it with the utmost freedom, and declares his
+opinion, that the "existence of true liberty among us, the perpetuity of
+our institutions, and the safety of public morals, are all dependent on
+putting down, wholly, absolutely, and unqualifiedly, the false and
+dishonest theories and statements that have been advanced in connection
+with this subject." Satanstoe presents a vivid picture of the early
+condition of colonial New-York. The time is from 1737 to the close of
+the memorable campaign in which the British were so signally defeated at
+Ticonderoga. _Chainbearer_, the second of the series, tracing the family
+history through the Revolution, also appeared in 1845, and the last,
+_The Red Skins_, story of the present day, in 1846. "This book," says
+the author, in his preface, "closes the series of the Littlepage
+manuscripts, which have been given to the world as containing a fair
+account of the comparative sacrifices of time, money, and labor, made
+respectively by the landlord and the tenants, on a New-York estate,
+together with the manner in which usages and opinions are changing among
+us, and the causes of these changes." These books, in which the most
+important practical truths are stated, illustrated and enforced, in a
+manner equally familiar and powerful, were received by the educated and
+right-minded with a degree of favor that showed the soundness of the
+common mind beyond the crime-infected districts, and their influence
+will add to the evidences of the value of the novel as a means of
+upholding principles in art, literature, morals and politics.
+
+_The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak_, followed in 1847. It is a story of the
+Pacific, embracing some of Mr. Cooper's finest sea pictures, but
+altogether is not so interesting as the average of his nautical tales.
+
+_Oak Openings, or the Bee-Hunter_, came next. It has the merits
+characteristic of his Indian novels, masterly scene-painting, and
+decided individuality in the persons introduced.
+
+_Jack Tier, or the Florida Reef_, appeared in 1848, and is one of the
+best of the sea stories. The chief character is a woman, deserted by a
+half smuggler, half buccaneer, whom she joins in the disguise of a
+sailor, and accompanies undiscovered during a cruise. In vividness of
+painting and dramatic interest it has rank with the Red Rover and The
+Pilot.
+
+_The Sea Lions, or the Lost Sealers_, was published in 1849. It deals to
+some extent in metaphysics, and its characters are for the most part of
+humble conditions. It has more of domestic life than any of the other
+nautical pieces.
+
+In the spring of 1850 came out _The Ways of the Hour_, the last of this
+long series of more than thirty novels, and like the Littlepage MSS. it
+was devoted to the illustration of social and political evils, having
+for its main subject the constitution and office of juries. In other
+works Mr. Cooper appears as a conservative; in this as a destructive.
+The book is ingenious and able, but has not been very successful.
+
+In 1850 Mr. Cooper came out for the first time as a dramatic writer, in
+a comedy performed at Burton's theatre in New-York. A want of practice
+in writing for the stage prevented a perfect adaptation of his piece for
+this purpose, but it was conceded to be remarkable for wit and satirical
+humor. He has now in press a work illustrative of the social history and
+condition of New-York, which will be published during the summer by Mr.
+Putnam, who from time to time is giving to the public the previous works
+of Mr. Cooper, with his final revisions, and such notes and
+introductions as are necessary for the new generation of readers. The
+Leather Stocking Tales, constituting one of the great works to be ranked
+hereafter with the chief masterpieces of prose fiction in the literature
+of the world, are among the volumes now printed.
+
+It cannot be denied that Mr. Cooper is personally unpopular, and the
+fact is suggestive of one of the chief evils in our social condition. In
+a previous number of this magazine we have asserted the ability and
+eminently honorable character of a large class of American journals. The
+spirit of another class, also in many instances conducted with ability,
+is altogether bad and base; jealous, detracting, suspicious, "delighting
+to deprave;" betraying a familiarity with low standards in mind and
+morals, and a consciousness habituated to interested views and sordid
+motives; degrading every thing that wears the appearance of greatness,
+sometimes by plain denial and insolent contempt, and sometimes by
+wretched innuendo and mingled lie and sophistry; effectually dissipating
+all the romance of character, and all the enthusiasm of life; hating
+dignity, having no sympathies with goodness, insensible to the very
+existence of honor as a spring of human conduct; treating patriotism and
+disinterestedness with an elaborate sneer, and receiving the suggestions
+of duty with a horse-laugh. There is a difference not easily to be
+mistaken between the lessening of men which is occasioned by the
+loftiness of the platform whence the observation is made, and that which
+is produced by the malignant envy of the observer; between the gloomy
+judicial ferocity of a Pope or a Tacitus, and the villain levity which
+revels in the contemplation of imputed faults, or that fiendishness of
+feeling which gloats and howls over the ruins of reputations which
+itself has stabbed.
+
+For a few years after Mr. Cooper's return from Europe, he was repeatedly
+urged by his friends to put a stop to the libels of newspapers by an
+appeal to the law; but he declined. He perhaps supposed that the common
+sense of the people would sooner or later discover and right the wrong
+that was done to him by those who, without the slightest justification,
+invaded the sacredest privacies of his life for subjects of public
+observation. He finally decided, at the end of five years after his
+return, to appeal to the tribunals, in every case in which any thing not
+by himself submitted to public criticism, in his works, should be
+offensively treated, within the limits of the state of New-York. Some
+twenty suits were brought by him, and his course was amply vindicated by
+unanimous verdicts in his behalf. But the very conduct to which the
+press had compelled him was made a cause of ungenerous prejudices. He
+has never objected to the widest latitude or extremest severity in
+criticisms of his writings, but simply contended that the author should
+be let alone. With him, individually, the public had nothing to do. In
+the case of a public officer, slanders may be lived down, but a literary
+man, in his retirement, has no such means of vindication; his only
+appeal is to the laws, and if they afford no protection in such cases,
+the name of law is contemptible.
+
+I enter here upon no discussion of the character of the late Commander
+Slidell Mackenzie, but observe simply that no one can read Mr. Cooper's
+volume upon the battle of Lake Erie and retain a very profound respect
+for that person's sagacity or sincerity. The proprietors of the
+copyright of Mr. Cooper's abridged Naval History offered it, without his
+knowledge, to John C. Spencer, then Secretary of the State of New-York,
+for the school libraries of which that officer had the selection. Mr.
+Spencer replied with peculiar brevity that he would have nothing to do
+with such a partisan performance, but soon after directed the purchase
+of Commander Mackenzie's Life of Commodore Perry, which was entirely and
+avowedly partisan, while Mr. Cooper's book was rigidly impartial.
+Commander Mackenzie returned the favor by hanging the Secretary's son. A
+circumstance connected with this event illustrates what we have said of
+obtaining justice from the newspapers. A month before Commander
+Mackenzie's return to New-York in the Somers, Mr. Cooper sent to me, for
+publication in a magazine of which I was editor, an examination of
+certain statements in the Life of Perry; but after it was in type,
+hearing of the terrible mistake which Mackenzie had made, he chose to
+suffer a continuation of injustice rather than strike a fallen enemy,
+and so directed the suppression of his criticism. Nevertheless, as the
+statements in the Life of Perry very materially affected his own
+reputation, in the following year, when the natural excitement against
+Mackenzie had nearly subsided, he gave his answer to the press, and was
+immediately accused in a "leading journal of the country" of having in
+its preparation devoted himself, from the date of that person's
+misfortune, to his injury. The reader supposes, of course, that the
+slander was contradicted as generally as it had been circulated, and
+that justice was done to the forbearance and delicacy with which Mr.
+Cooper had acted in the matter; but to this day, neither the journal in
+which he was assailed, nor one in a hundred of those which repeated the
+falsehood, has stated these facts. Here is another instance: The late
+William L. Stone agreed with Mr. Cooper to submit a certain matter of
+libel for amicable arbitration, agreeing, in the event of a decision
+against him, to pay Mr. Cooper two hundred dollars toward the expenses
+he must incur in attending to it. The affair attracted much attention.
+Before an ordinary court Mr. Cooper should have received ten thousand
+dollars; but he accepted the verdict agreed upon, the referees deciding
+without hesitation that he had been grossly wronged by the publication
+of which he had complained. After the death of Mr. Stone one of the
+principal papers of the city stated that his widow was poor, and had
+appealed to Mr. Cooper's generosity for the remission of a fine, which
+could be of no importance to a gentleman of his liberal fortune, but had
+been answered with a rude refusal. The statement was entirely and in all
+respects false, and it was indignantly contradicted upon the authority
+of President Wayland, the brother of Mrs. Stone; but the editors who
+gave it currency have never retracted it, and it yet swells the tide of
+miserable defamation which makes up the bad reputations of so many of
+the purest of men. Numerous other instances might be quoted to show not
+only the injustice with which Mr. Cooper has been treated, but the
+addiction of the press to libel, and its unwillingness to atone for
+wrongs it has itself inflicted.
+
+It used to be the custom of the _North American Review_ to speak of Mr.
+Cooper's works as "translated into French," as if thus giving the
+highest existing evidence of their popularity, while there was not a
+language in Europe into which they did not all, after the publication of
+The Red Rover appear almost as soon as they were printed in London. He
+has been the chosen companion of the prince and the peasant, on the
+borders of the Volga, the Danube, and the Guadalquivir; by the Indus and
+the Ganges, the Paraguay and the Amazon; where the name even of
+Washington was never spoken, and our country is known only as the home
+of Cooper. The world has living no other writer whose fame is so
+universal.
+
+Mr. Cooper has the faculty of giving to his pictures an astonishing
+reality. They are not mere transcripts of nature, though as such they
+would possess extraordinary merit, but actual creations, embodying the
+very spirit of intelligent and genial experience and observation. His
+Indians, notwithstanding all that has been written to the contrary, are
+no more inferior in fidelity than they are in poetical interest to those
+of his most successful imitators or rivals. His hunters and trappers
+have the same vividness and freshness, and in the whole realm of fiction
+there is nothing more actual, harmonious, and sustained. They evince not
+only the first order of inventive power, but a profoundly philosophical
+study of the influences of situation upon human character. He treads the
+deck with the conscious pride of home and dominion: the aspects of the
+sea and sky, the terrors of the tornado, the excitement of the chase,
+the tumult of battle, fire, and wreck, are presented by him with a
+freedom and breadth of outline, a glow and strength of coloring and
+contrast, and a distinctness and truth of general and particular
+conception, that place him far in advance of all the other artists who
+have attempted with pen or pencil to paint the ocean. The same vigorous
+originality is stamped upon his nautical characters. The sailors of
+Smollett are as different in every respect as those of Eugene Sue and
+Marryat are inferior. He goes on board his ship with his own creations,
+disdaining all society and assistance but that with which he is thus
+surrounded. Long Tom Coffin, Tom Tiller, Trysail, Bob Yarn, the
+boisterous Nightingale, the mutinous Nighthead, the fierce but honest
+Boltrope, and others who crowd upon our memories, as familiar as if we
+had ourselves been afloat with them, attest the triumph of this
+self-reliance. And when, as if to rebuke the charge of envy that he owed
+his successes to the novelty of his scenes and persons, he entered upon
+fields which for centuries had been illustrated by the first geniuses of
+Europe, his abounding power and inspiration were vindicated by that
+series of political novels ending with The Bravo, which have the same
+supremacy in their class that is held by The Pilot and The Red Rover
+among stories of the sea. It has been urged that his leading characters
+are essentially alike, having no difference but that which results from
+situation. But this opinion will not bear investigation. It evidently
+arose from the habit of clothing his heroes alike with an intense
+individuality, which under all circumstances sustains the sympathy they
+at first awaken, without the aid of those accessories to which artists
+of less power are compelled to resort. Very few authors have added more
+than one original and striking character to the world of imagination;
+none has added more than Cooper; and his are all as distinct and actual
+as the personages that stalk before us on the stage of history.
+
+To be American, without falling into Americanism, is the true task that
+is set before the native artist in literature, the accomplishment of
+which awaits the reward of the best approval in these times, and the
+promise of an enduring name. Some of our authors, fascinated very
+excusably with the faultless models of another age, have declined this
+condition, and have given us Spectators and Tattlers with false dates,
+and developed a style of composition of which the very merits imply an
+anachronism in the proportion of excellence. Others have understood the
+result to be attained better than the means of arriving at it. They have
+not considered the difference between those peculiarities in our
+society, manners, tempers, and tastes, which are genuine and
+characteristic, and those which are merely defects and errors upon the
+English system; they have acquired the force and gayety of liberty, but
+not the dignity of independence, and are only provincial, when they
+hoped to be national. Mr. Cooper has been more happy than any other
+writer in reconciling these repugnant qualities, and displaying the
+features, character, and tone of a great rational style in letters,
+which, original and unimitative, is yet in harmony with the ancient
+models.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] The first and second editions appeared in Philadelphia, and the
+third in Cooperstown. It was reprinted in 1830 in London, Paris, and
+Brussels: and an abridgment of it, by the author, has been largely
+introduced into common schools.
+
+
+
+
+STATUE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN, BY HIRAM POWERS.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The above engraving of the statue of JOHN C. CALHOUN is from a
+daguerreotype taken in Florence immediately after the work was
+completed, and therefore presents it as it came from the hand of the
+sculptor, unmutilated by the accidents to which it was subjected in
+consequence of the wreck of the Elizabeth. The statue of Mr. Calhoun was
+contracted for, we believe, in 1845, and completed in 1850. It is the
+first draped or historical full-length by Mr. Powers, and it amply
+justifies the fame he had won in other performances by the harmonious
+blending of such particular excellences as he had exhibited in
+separation. It indeed illustrates his capacities for the highest range
+of historical portraiture and characterization, and will occasion
+regrets wherever similar subjects have in recent years been confided to
+other artists. We have heard that it is in contemplation to place in the
+park of our own city a colossal figure of Mr. Webster, by the same great
+sculptor. It is fit that while Charleston glories in the possession of
+this counterfeit of her dead Aristides (for in the indefectable purity
+of his public and private life Mr. Calhoun was surpassed by no character
+in the temples of Grecian or Roman greatness), New-York should be able
+to point to a statue of the representative of those ideas which are most
+eminently national, and of which she, as the intellectual and commercial
+metropolis of the whole country, is the centre. For plastic art, Mr.
+Webster may be regarded as perhaps the finest subject in modern history,
+and the head which Thorwaldsen thought must be the artist's ideal of the
+head of Jove, when modelled to the size of life, in the fit proportions
+of such a statue as is proposed, would be more imposing than any thing
+that has appeared in marble since the days of Praxitiles.
+
+This figure of Mr. Calhoun is considerably larger than that of the great
+senator. The face is represented with singular fidelity as it appeared
+ten years ago. The incongruous blending of the Roman toga with the
+palmetto must be borne: civilization is not sufficiently advanced for
+the historical to be much regarded in art; and our Washingtons,
+Hamiltons, Websters and Calhouns, must all, like Mr. Booth and Mr.
+Forrest, come before us in the character of Brutus. With this exception
+as to the design, every critic must admit the work to be faultless; and
+Charleston may well be proud of a monument to her legislator, which
+illustrates her taste while it reminds her of his purity, dignity, and
+watchful care of her interests.
+
+By the wreck of the ship Elizabeth, the left arm of the statue was
+broken off, and the fragment has not been recovered.
+
+
+
+
+NELL GWYNNE.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The above picture is from Sir Peter Lely's portrait, copied in the
+Memoirs of Grammont. Nell Gwynne has been the heroine of a dozen books,
+in the last ten years, and a very interesting work respecting her life
+and times is now being published in _The Gentleman's Magazine_. We copy
+the following article, with its illustrations, from the _Art Journal_,
+in which it appears as one of Mrs. S. C. Hall's "Pilgrimages to English
+Shrines."
+
+There may be some who will object to the application of so honored a
+term to the dwelling of an actress of lost repute; but surely that may
+be a "shrine" where consideration can be taught--where mercy is to be
+learned--and--that which is "greater" than even faith and hope--charity!
+
+However agreeable may be the present, and we have no reason to complain
+of it in any way, there is inexhaustible delight in reverting to the
+past. We do not mean living over again our own days; for though, if we
+could "pick and choose," there are sundry portions of our lives we might
+desire to repeat, yet, beginning from the beginning, taking the bad and
+the good "straight on," there can be few, men or women, who would
+willingly pass again through the whole of a gone-by career. And this,
+properly considered, is one of our greatest blessings; stifling much of
+vain regret, and teaching us to "look forward" to the future. We have
+always had, if we may so call it, a domestic rambling propensity; a
+desire to see "dwellings," not so much for their pictorial as their, so
+to say, personal celebrity: and sometimes, as on our visit to Barley
+Wood, this longing comes upon us at the wrong season, when a cheerful
+fire at "home" would be a meet companion. It is now six years ago--six
+years, last month--that, pacing along Pall Mall, we paused, and turned
+to the left hand corner of St. James's Square, full of painful and
+un-English memories of the Asiatic court of the second Charles; the
+sovereign who had endured adversity without discovering that "sweet are
+its uses;" who had "suffered tribulation" without "learning mercy"--the
+king who makes us doubt if, as a people, we have any claim to what is
+called "national character"--for the change that came over England,
+within a few brief years, from gloomy fanaticism to reckless license, is
+one of the marvels that give to history the aspect of romance. We had
+been walking round Whitehall,[B] recalling the change that had swept
+away nearly all relics of the past in that quarter, and strolled so far
+out of our home-ward path to look at the house in Pall Mall (recently
+removed from its place) which tradition says was the dwelling of Nell
+Gwynne, besides her apartment at Whitehall, to which she was entitled by
+virtue of her office as lady of the bed-chamber to a most outraged
+queen. One of our friends remembers supping in the back room on the
+ground-floor of that very house, the said room being called "the Mirror
+Chamber," because the walls were panelled with looking-glass[C]. There
+are others who affirm that Nelly lodged at the _opposite_ side of Pall
+Mall, because Evelyn gossips of her leaning from her window, "talking to
+the king," who was lounging in St. James's Park, thereby wounding the
+propriety of many, who think vice only vice when it becomes notorious.
+Evelyn was always sadly perplexed by his faithful and high devotion to
+Charles, the king, and his abhorrence of the vices of Charles, the man;
+while Pepys jogged on, sometimes in the royal seraglio, sometimes at
+church, sometimes with my Lady Castlemaine, sometimes with "Knip" at the
+"king's house," seeing, admiring, and repeating--his morality held in
+abeyance; and yet always, even to the kissing of "Mistress Nelly," "a
+sweet pretty soul," companioned by his wife. If Pepys was a curiosity,
+what must Madame Pepys have been![D] What must the "court set" of those
+days have been, when we are absolutely refreshed by turning from them to
+the uneducated but frank-hearted and generous woman,--tainted as she is
+to all history by the worse than imperfections arising out of her
+position, yet redeemed in a degree, by virtues, which, in that
+profligate court, were entirely her own!
+
+[Illustration: WHITEHALL.]
+
+The scene in St. James's Park to which Evelyn refers, was an index to
+the age[E].
+
+Blessed as we are in the knowledge that nowhere in England are the
+domestic virtues better cultivated or more truly flourishing than in our
+own pure and high-souled court, we are almost inclined to treat as a
+mythological fable, the history of Whitehall during the reign of Charles
+the Second. No one trait of the father's better nature redeems that of
+the son. His life was indeed
+
+    "a sad epicure's dream,"
+
+and worse. He was not worthy even of the earnest devotion which the poor
+orange-girl, of all his favorites, alone manifested to the last.
+
+Poor Nell! the sympathy which every right-thinking woman feels it a
+Christian duty to give to her and her class, far from extenuating vice,
+is only a call upon the virtuous to be more virtuous, and to the pure to
+be more pure. No one would plunge into crime, merely for the sake of
+being redeemed therefrom; no one take the sin, who looked first at the
+shame, hideous and enduring as it must be--however overshadowed by the
+broad wings of mercy; the burn of the brand can never be effaced,
+however skilfully healed. And when the wit, the loveliness, the
+generosity, the fidelity of "Madame Ellen," when the memory of the
+well-spent evening of her checkered life, and the allowance we make for
+the early impressions of a young creature, called upon to sing her first
+songs in a tavern, and sell oranges in the depraved and depraving saloon
+of "the King's House;"--when all these aids are exerted to excite our
+sympathy, we only accord the sentiment of pity to "poor Nell Gwynne!"
+
+While looking at the house said to have been inhabited by this "_femme
+d'esprit par la grace de Dieu_!" we vowed a pilgrimage to Sandford Manor
+House, at Sandy End, Fulham,--to the dwelling where there is no doubt
+she spent many summer months. Near as it is to our own, we were doubtful
+of the way, and determined to inquire of our opposite neighbor, who
+keeps the old Brompton tollbar.
+
+"Sandford Manor House," repeated he, "I never heard tell of such a place
+in these parts. Whereabouts is it?"
+
+"Exactly what we want to know. It is a very old dilapidated house, by
+the side of a little stream that runs into the Thames somewhere by Old
+Chelsea. I think you must have heard of it. It was once inhabited by the
+famous Nell Gwynne." I might almost as well have talked Hebrew to our
+neighbor, who seemed born to lay in wait for market-carts, and pounce
+upon them for toll.
+
+[Illustration: SANDFORD MANOR HOUSE.]
+
+"Old house! Nell Gwynne!" he again repeated, and something like an
+expression of life and interest moved his features while he added--"It's
+the Nell Gwynne public-house you're after, I'm thinking; that was in
+Chelsea; but whether it's there now or not, is more than I can tell."
+
+"No, no," we answered, perhaps, sharply, "it is the house she lived in
+we want to see--Sandford Manor House."
+
+"Perhaps it's the madhouse," he suggested. We walked on. "Please," said
+a little rosy-faced boy, "if you want to find out any thing about old
+houses, Hill, the rat-catcher, knows them all, as he hunts up the rats
+and sparrows about; and you have only to go down Thistle Grove, into the
+Fulham road--straight on. His is a low house, ma'am--his name in the
+window--you can't pass it, for the birds and white mice."
+
+And is there no one left, we thought, to tell where the witty,
+light-hearted, true-hearted Nelly lived--she who was the friend of
+Dryden and Lee, the favorite of Lord Buckhurst, the rival of the Duchess
+of Cleveland, the protector of the soldiers of England--the one
+unselfish friend of the selfish Charles? Is there no one in a district
+that once echoed with the praise of her charities--no one to tell where
+she resided, but Hill, the old rat-catcher? We proceeded through the
+prettily-built, but gangrened-looking, cottages located in Thistle
+Grove, once called Brompton Heath, (or Marsh, we forget which,) until
+the sounds of traffic reminded us that we were in the Fulham road.
+Presently the sharp voice of a starling, just above us, attracted our
+attention.
+
+"Poor Tom!" said the bird--"Tom!--poor Tom!"
+
+The old rat-catcher invited us to enter. He is a man of powerful frame,
+with a massive head, fringed round with an abundance of gray hair, with
+deep well-set eyes, and a quiet smile. Two sharp, bitter-looking,
+wiry-haired terriers began smelling, casting their sly eyes upwards, to
+see if we feared them or were friendly to their advances, and, after a
+moment or two, seemed sufficiently satisfied with the scrutiny to
+warrant their wagging their short stumpy tails in rude welcome. The room
+was hung round with cages of the songbirds of England--some content with
+their captivity, others restless, and passing to and fro in front of the
+wires, eager for escape. Strong inclosures, containing both rats and
+ferrets, were ranged along the sides of the small room; the latter,
+long, yellow, pink-eyed, and pink-nosed creatures, lithe as a willow
+wand, courting notice; while the rats, on the contrary, moved their
+whiskers in defiance, and, with bright, black, determined eyes, sat
+lumped up in the distant corners of their dens, ready 'to die game,' if
+die they must. Gay-colored finches, the gold and the green, graced the
+window in little brown bob cages; while mice of all colors, from the
+burnt sienna-colored dormouse, who was more than half asleep within the
+skin of an apple which it had scooped out, to the matronly white mouse,
+who was sitting composedly amid a progeny of thirteen young ones,
+attracted groups of little gazers, every now and then dispersed by the
+larger terrier, who ran out amongst them, snarling and threatening, but
+doing them no harm. "Come in, old chap; that will do, old fellow," said
+his master, adding, "I would not keep a dog that would hurt any thing
+but a _varmint_."
+
+"Oh, oh! Nell's old house," he replied to our inquiries; "Nell Gwynne's
+house at Sandy End, where runs the little river they deepened into a
+canal--the stream I mean that divides Chelsea from Fulham--Sandford
+Manor House! Ay, that I do, and I'd match it against any house in the
+county for rats!--terrible place--I lost two ferrets there, this time
+two years, and one of them was found t'other side of the canal; it must
+have been a pleasant place in those days, when the king was making his
+private road through the Chelsea fields, and the stream was as clear as
+a thrush's eye, and birds of all sorts were so tamed by Madame Ellen,
+that they'd come when she'd call them. Ah, a pretty woman might catch a
+king, but it's only a kind one that could tame the wild birds of the
+air; I know that; I'll show you the way with pleasure." "Poor Tom," sung
+out the starling. "Your bird is calling you," we observed, after he had
+told his wife not to let the jay pick "the splints" off his broken leg,
+and we were leaving the door. "It's not me he's calling," answered the
+old man, with a heavy sigh. "Now that's a bit of nature, ma'am. A bird,
+I'm thinking, remembers longer than a Christian does. Poor Tom's wife is
+married again, but the starling still calls for its master. It's hard to
+say, what they do or do not know; the bird often wrings my heart; but
+for all that, I could not part with him." At any other time we would
+have asked him the reason, but just then we were thinking more of Nell
+Gwynne than of our guide. We walked on, until we came to the "World's
+End." "It is nothing but a common public-house now," observed our
+companion, who had not spoken again, except to his dog: "but I remember
+when it was more than that; and, moreover, in Nell's time, it was a
+place of great resort for noblemen and fine ladies--a royal tea-garden,
+they say--filled with the best of good company; they liked the country
+and the open air in those days." We continued silent, until at last our
+guide called "Stop!" so suddenly, as to make us start. "Do you see that
+bank just under the arch of the bridge we stand on? The hardest day's
+work I ever had was digging an old rat out of that bank. This is Sandy
+End; and that house opposite is Sandford Manor House[F]."
+
+There was nothing in the sight of those green, grim walls to excite any
+feeling of romance. Yet positively our heart beat more rapidly than
+usual for a minute or two--"a way it has" when we are at all interested.
+We turned down a lane seamed with ruts, by the side of a paling black
+with gas tar. We passed two or three exceedingly old houses, and one in
+particular with three windows in front. It was evident that the paling
+had been run across the garden, which must have been very extensive.
+After waiting a few minutes for permission from the master of the
+gas-works, to whom the Manor House belonged, to enter, an elderly man of
+respectable appearance opened the gate, and told us he resided there,
+and that the servant would show us all over the house. The rat-catcher
+commenced poking his stick into the various mounds of earth wherever
+there was the appearance of a hole, and his dogs became at once busy and
+animated. There was but one of the three walnut trees said to have been
+planted by royal hands, remaining, and that stood gnarled, and thick,
+and stunted, close to the present entrance--bent it was, like a thing
+whose pleasantest days are gone, and which cares not how soon it may be
+gathered into the garner. A circular plot of thick green grass was
+directly opposite the hall door, and in its centre grew a young golden
+holly, some of the turf being cleared away from round its root. This was
+encircled by a fair gravel walk, leading to the house, which was entered
+through a rustic porch, covered with ivy; very old and rampant it was,
+and its deep heavy foliage, so densely green, had a pall-like look, as
+it rustled and sighed in the sharp keen air. It was flanked by two
+cypress trees, well-shaped and well-grown. Dank ivy and deep cypress
+where the living Nell would have twined roses and passion-flowers! You
+see the old door-way when under the porch; it is of no particular order,
+but massive and pointed,--the hall is like the usual entrance to
+old-fashioned country-houses, panelled with oak. The staircase is very
+remarkable, as Mr. Fairholt's sketch will show; broad twisted iron rods,
+of great thickness, springing from the oak square pillars which flank
+the turnings, and assisting to support the flight above. The room on the
+right is large, the ceiling low, the windows deep set in the thick
+walls. A very gentle looking little maid was nursing a pretty white cat
+by the fire; her young fresh face and bright smile were like sunbeams in
+a tomb; what did she there? We could fancy old withered crones in such a
+dwelling, rather than a fair tender child, and yet she looked so happy,
+and so full of joy! The opposite room had been fitted up as a kitchen,
+and was clean and cold. We paced up the stairs so often trodden by
+Nell's small feet, when they descended briskly to meet the lounging
+heavy footfalls of her royal master, whom she loved for himself, and
+careless of her own future, as she was of her own person, cared more for
+the honor of the indolent Charles, than ever he cared for his own! In
+nature, in feeling, in all honors _save the one_, how superior was the
+poor orange-girl to her rivals; they envied and slandered each other,
+disdaining no article to fix the fancy of the king, who desired nothing
+more than that they should all live peaceably together, and was not able
+to comprehend why they did not agree when he endeavored to please them;
+they copied each other--but Nell resembled only herself. Instead of
+going like the generality of her sex from bad to worse, the more her
+opportunities of evil increased, the better she became. The ladies of
+the court swore, drank, and gambled; it was the fashion to be coarse and
+vicious, and the more coarse they were, the better they pleased the
+English Sultan; and if the poor orange-girl endeavored to keep her lover
+by what bound him to others,--where's the wonder? Her manners had their
+full taste of the time; but we look in vain elsewhere for the generous
+bravery, the kind thoughts, the disinterested acts, which have retained
+her in our memories. "Poor Nell!" we said aloud, "poor, poor Nell!"
+"Please, if you will only go on, I will show you her bed-room and
+dressing-room, them's little more than closets; but this was her
+bed-room, and that, the madam's dressing-room," said the servant, a
+little impatient of delay. Both rooms were furnished, but cold and
+gloomy; the floor of what the girl called her dressing-room was chippy
+and worm-eaten. "And there," persisted the servant, "in that corner just
+by, if not in that little cupboard, the money was found." "What money?"
+"The money the madam, or some one about her, forgot, fifteen thousand
+good pounds, I am told; and a gentleman came here once, who told me he
+had some of the coins that were discovered there." "That must be a
+mistake," we said. "Oh, there's no knowing. Why should the gentleman
+tell a story?" We saw the girl was determined we should believe her,
+contrary both to our knowledge and reason, so we made no further
+observation, while she muttered that she would "just go and put her own
+room straight a bit." We were left alone in Nell's dressing-chamber! She
+never bestowed much time upon her toilet; and Burnet, who was
+particularly hard upon her at all times, says that, after her
+"elevation," she continued "to _hang_ on her clothes with the same
+slovenly negligence;" and, truly, Sir Peter Lely, would make it appear
+that all the "ladies" of the court, however rich the materials that
+composed their dresses, and well assorted the colors, "hung" them full
+carelessly over their persons; nay, it would be difficult to imagine how
+they could stand up without their dresses falling off; they certainly
+have a most uncomfortable look[G]. However she dressed, she certainly
+succeeded in winning, and even keeping, the _fancy_ (for we may doubt if
+he had any _affection_ for the ministers of his vices) of Charles until
+the end. And although Burnet was marvellously angry that at such a time
+the thought of such a "creature" should find its way into the mind when
+it was about to lay aside the draperies of royalty for the realities of
+eternity--yet the only little passage in the life of the voluptuary that
+ever touched us was, his entreaty to his brother James, "Not to let poor
+Nelly starve!" We closed our eyes in reverie, and endeavored to picture
+the "beauties" upon whom the licentious king conferred a shameful
+immortality. Unfortunately the most powerful female influence in the
+Cabinet has generally been exercised by worthless women; an argument, if
+one were needed, to prove that a woman is little tempted to interfere
+with State affairs if her mind is untainted, and directed to the source
+of woman's legitimate power.
+
+[Illustration: STAIRCASE, SANDFORD MANOR HOUSE.]
+
+How loathsome was the King's subjection to the abandoned vixen, my Lady
+Castlemaine! And yet how powerful must have been her beauty! Can we not,
+in fancy, see her now,--stepping out of her carriage at Bartholomew
+Fair, whither she had gone to view the rare puppet-show of "Patient
+Grizzle," hissed when recognized by the honest mob; yet upon turning the
+light of her radiant and beautiful face towards them, they exchange
+their jibes and curses for admiration and hurras.
+
+"Poor Nelly" was no proficient in pen-craft, for she could only sign
+with the initials--E. G.
+
+Until the publication of Mrs. Jameson's "Beauties," there existed a
+popular fallacy, that every one of Sir Peter Lely's portraits,
+represented a woman of tainted reputation; this was any thing but true;
+however poisonous a _malaria_ may be, there are always some who escape
+its influence, and the pure and high-souled Lady Ossory, and the noble
+Countess de Grammont would adorn even a court such as our own; we wish
+that Evelyn or Pepys had recorded how those ladies treated "Nell," for
+they must have met her during their attendance on the outraged Queen,
+and hardly less insulted Duchess of York; they must have encountered her
+at Whitehall, and noted her dimpled cheeks, and small bright laughing
+eyes; and contrasted her unaffected child-like bearing, with the
+boisterous arrogance of the Duchess of Cleveland, and the cat-like
+cunning of the French _courtezan_, (the Duchess of Portsmouth,) who
+could not with all her arts detach the sovereign from poor Nell, whose
+genuine wit, generosity of mind, as well as purer life, and careless
+buoyant humor, were reliefs to the caprices and eternal French
+cabals,--which troubled his unenergetic nature, in the gorgeous _salon_
+of the most extravagant of his favorites. From such women as Madame de
+Grammont and Lady Ossory the untitled actress could have met no offence;
+for women of high virtue are merciful; women who affect it, are not.
+
+[Illustration: Another View of the Manor House.]
+
+We could fancy Nell's silver laugh, passing along those damp walls of
+Sandford Manor House; we could imagine her leaning from that window,
+conversing with, and rallying, her royal "lover," who stands beneath,
+amid the flowers, once so bright and abundant, where only weeds and
+stinging thistles were to be seen this winter-time. As for him, wisdom
+came not with years; "consideration" never whipped the offending Adam
+out of him--in his character there was no "nettle," but there was no
+"strawberry." What does he reply to her merrie rallying as she dallies
+with her looking-glass? He leans his white and jewelled hand upon his
+hip, and, with a faded smile, listens to her mingled love and reproof.
+She talks of the old soldiers, and wonders why the builders pause in the
+erection of the Hospital, for lack of cash, when certain ladies sport
+new diamonds, and glitter in fair coaches; and he tells her he will take
+her, if she likes, from where she is, and give her the palace by the
+water-side, in exchange for her sweet words and sweeter smiles. She will
+none of this, but answers she would rather content her in the humblest
+house in his dominions, so that the soldiers who fought his battles
+should be worthily lodged in their old age. He repeats to her the last
+bit of Sedley, and diverts her with news of a new play, for well he
+knows those who once lived by the buskin love the buskin still:[H] and
+she listens, and is pleased, but returns to her first theme; and,
+provoked at last by an indifference she cannot understand, she becomes
+bitter, and then Charles laughs at "little pig-eyed Nelly." "Ah, Nell,
+Nell!" he says, stroking, at the same time, the fair tresses that grace
+the head of a pretty boy, her son, "you are like the fruit that will
+come of yonder trees, a rough and bitter outside, but a sweet and
+pleasant soul within."
+
+We composed our thoughts, or rather we aroused from those waking dreams
+in which all indulge sometimes--more or less. The house contains
+fourteen rooms--and must have been pleasant, long ago, as a retreat
+where poor Nell could bring her titled children--whom she doubtless
+loved with all the enthusiasm of her ardent nature. We crossed the
+garden, but could find no trace of the pond in which tradition reports
+Madam Ellen's mother to have been drowned. Not long ago, a very old
+woman resided in Chelsea, whose grandmother, it was said, was Nell's
+stage-dresser; this was before old Ranelagh was built over, and when the
+site of Eaton Square was intersected by damp pathways and
+nursery-gardens. We entered the meadows at the back, to see how the
+house looked from thence, which greatly delighted the rat-catcher's
+terriers.
+
+Modern "improvement" long spared this locality. When we knew and loved
+it first, we could see the Thames from our windows in one direction, and
+Kensington Gardens in another. But old houses, standing within their own
+park-like inclosures, and old trees and green fields, are nearly all
+gone.[I] We used to have the nightingales in the elm-avenue leading to
+Hereford Lodge, but the only nightingale we had last spring was one who
+came from the FAR NORTH. Many hereafter will do pilgrimage to her shrine
+with a far deeper feeling of respect, than, with all our charity, we can
+bestow upon Sandford Manor House.
+
+If the women of England could forget this period of our history, which,
+as Mrs. Jameson truly and beautifully observes, "saw them degraded from
+objects of adoration to servants of pleasure, and gave the first blow to
+that chivalrous feeling with which their sex had hitherto been regarded,
+by levelling the distinction between the unblemished matron and her 'who
+was the ready spoil of opportunity'"--if this were possible, it might be
+well, like Claire, when she threw the pall over the perishing features
+of Julie, to exclaim--
+
+    "Maudite soit l'indigne main qui jamais soulevera ce voile,"
+
+but so it is not; and it becomes our duty to look on Charles, and those
+who were corrupted by his example and his influence, as plague-spots
+upon the fair brow of our beloved country. We should learn to speak of
+him, not as distinguished for "gallantry," but as the monarch who
+reduced those he insulted by his love below the level of the poor
+Georgian slave, who knows no higher destiny than to glitter for a few
+short moons as the star of the harem. But if some of the women of that
+court were deeply degraded--if the termagant and imperious Castlemaine;
+the lovely and intriguing Denham; the coquettish, cold, and cunning
+Richmond; the innately-dissipated and unrestrainable Southesk; the
+equivocal Middleton; the rapacious, prodigal, and insinuating
+Querouaille,--are rendered infamous in our national history--let us not
+confound the innocent with the guilty. We can point out to our
+daughters, for admiration and example, the patient, affectionate, and
+enduring Lady Northumberland, the beloved sister of Lady Rachel Russel;
+the beautiful Miss Hamilton; the peerless Lady Ossory; the matchless
+Jennings;--women passing through the ordeal of the Whitehall court, at
+such a time, with unstained repute, may be well believed to have
+possessed innate virtue and true feminine dignity.
+
+We have not classed Nell Gwynne among the court profligates; nor can we
+so describe her. She was most unfortunate, but not innately vicious; we
+may say so without danger to others. Neither the circumstances of her
+life or death hold out temptations to follow her example. She endured
+vexation and contumely enough, during the most brilliant period of her
+life, to embitter even a less sensitive spirit than hers. The deep and
+earnest love she bore the worthless king, must have been a sore scourge
+to her own heart. The very piety of her nature, overcome as it was by
+circumstances, and the lack of those virtues which, slow of growth, only
+attained strength during the last seven years of her life, and were not
+deemed unworthy the Christian forbearance and even commendation of
+Doctor Tennison,[J] whose funeral sermon preached in memory of the poor
+orange-girl, proves that she must have suffered much from the reproofs
+of conscience, even when her sin to all appearance most revelled in its
+"glory." The canker eat into the rose--soiled and marred its
+perfectness--chipped and wasted its beauty--but could not destroy its
+perfume!
+
+That there must have been great good, and great fascination, in Nell
+Gwynne, is proved by the kind of memory in which her name is enshrined.
+While we say "Poor Nell!" we shake our heads--the sigh and the smile
+mingle together--we regret and pity her. We wonder she was so good--we
+sorrow at the impurity,--not so much of the beset actress, as of her
+position. We know that, though fallen, she was not depraved. She was not
+avaricious, nor intriguing, nor ill-tempered, nor unjust. Her regard for
+literature (though she could hardly sign her own name) proved the
+up-looking of her better nature; and her charity was unbounded. Shall
+we--reared and instructed in all righteous ways--shall we show less
+charity to the memory of one who in her latter days rose out of the
+slough into which circumstance--not vice--had plunged her? Shall we be
+less charitable than the bishop who honored her memory and his own
+character by recording her benevolence, her penitence, her exemplary
+end? The good bishop's testimony renders it needless that we "point a
+moral." There was "joy in heaven" over one sinner that repented. Who but
+One can judge the heart? Let charity hold up her warning finger, often,
+when we "think evil:" and consideration, "like an angel" come, when
+harsh judgment dooms an "erring sister." Above all, let us adopt the
+sentiment of the poet (and our pilgrimage to Sandford Manor House will
+not be in vain):
+
+    "If thy neighbor should sin, old Christoval said,
+    Never, never, unmerciful be!
+    For remember it is by the mercy of God,
+    Thou art not as wicked as he!"[K]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] The appearance of Whitehall from the Thames in the reign of Charles
+II. may be seen in our woodcut. The beautiful Banqueting-house of Inigo
+Jones was crowded among a heterogeneous mass of ugly buildings connected
+with the exigencies of the court. Beside the houses, to the spectator's
+left, was a large garden extending to the river, with fountains and
+parterres. A small garden also projected into the river in front of the
+buildings; and here Charles used to view the civic processions of the
+Lord Mayor, who on the day of his taking the oaths at Westminster,
+generally gratified the sovereign and other sight-seers with a pageant
+on the Thames, in some degree adulatory of the monarch. The king resided
+here so constantly, that the most striking pictures of his private
+manners are recorded to have happened at Whitehall, and for which the
+graphic pages of Pepys, Evelyn, and De Grammont may be consulted.
+Whitehall, indeed, has obtained its chief interest from its connection
+with the Stuarts. The Banqueting-house, erected by James I., in front of
+which his unfortunate son was executed; the residence of Cromwell here
+in a quietude, strangely contrasted with the voluptuousness of the
+Restoration; the flight of James II., and his queen's escape with her
+infant son by the water-gate, shown in our cut, closes the history of
+the Stuart family in this country of sovereigns; and the history also of
+the palace; for, on the 10th April, 1691, the greater part was burnt by
+a fire, which was succeeded by another in 1698, which destroyed nearly
+every building but the Banqueting-house, and Whitehall ceased to be the
+residence of royalty.
+
+[C] Nell's "town-house" was in Pall Mall. Pennant says, "it was the
+first good one on the left hand of St. James's Square, as we enter from
+Pall Mall. The back room on the second floor was (within memory)
+entirely of looking-glass, as was said to have been the ceiling. Over
+the chimney was her picture, and that of her sister was in a third
+room." At this house she died in 1691, and was pompously interred in the
+parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, leaving that parish a handsome sum
+yearly, that every Thursday evening there should be six men employed for
+the space of one hour in ringing, for which they were to have a roasted
+shoulder of mutton and ten shillings for beer.
+
+[D] Pepys was Secretary to the Admiralty, and it was he who published,
+from the king's dictation, the minute and interesting account of his
+escape from the Battle of Worcester, and adventures a Boscobel, and in
+the "Royal Oak." He kept a very minute and amusing diary, in which he
+neglected not to enter the most trivial matters, even the purchase of a
+new wig, or a new riband for his wife. This very littleness of detail
+has made his Memoirs the most extraordinary picture we possess of the
+times. He appears to have been a coarse but shrewd man, and fully alive
+to the faults of his master.
+
+[E] Previous to the restoration of Charles II., the park of St. James's
+appears to have attracted little attention, and to have been left to the
+guidance of nature alone. Charles seems to have had Versailles in view
+when he laid it out from Le Notre's design. A long straight canal was
+formed in its centre from a square pond which existed at its foot near
+the Horse Guards. Rows of elm and lime trees were planted on each side
+of it, an aviary was formed in that place still called the "Bird Cage
+Walk;" and in the large space between this walk and the canal, and
+nearest the Abbey, an extensive decoy for wild fowl was constructed,
+popularly termed "Duck Island," and of which the famous St. Evremond was
+appointed a salaried governor. Charles, who was exceedingly fond of
+walking, and who tired out many a courtier who tried to keep up with his
+quick pace, was continually seen here amusing himself with the birds,
+playing with the dogs, or feeding the ducks. On the opposite side of the
+canal, three broad walks were constructed and shaded with trees, one for
+coaches, the other for walking, and the central one for the game of
+"Pall Mall," an athletic exercise of which the king and the gentlemen of
+the day were fond. The game consisted in driving a ball through a ring
+at the extremity of the walk, which had a narrow border of wood on each
+side of it to keep the ball within bounds. The floor of this portion of
+the park was made of mixed earth, covered with sea-sand and powdered
+shells as at Versailles. The park was much secluded, except on this
+side, which was that only accessible to the public in general. There,
+Spring Gardens, with its bowling-greens and gaming-tables, seduced the
+idle and dissipated, until the Mulberry Garden (which stood on the site
+of Carlton Gardens) put forth its attractions; and which, as Evelyn
+says, became "the only place of refreshment about the town for persons
+of the best quality to be exceedingly cheated at." The plays of the
+period abound with intrigue and adventure carried on at both places. The
+Mall ceased to be the resort of royalty at the death of Charles, but it
+continued to be the fashionable promenade until the close of the last
+century.
+
+[F] The house at Sandy End has been altered within the last few years.
+The characteristic gables of the roof, which so well marked its age, and
+display the taste of the period when it was constructed, are removed,
+and the house is so much modernized as to lose the greater part of its
+interest, and at first sight induce a doubt of its antiquity. The
+extensive gardens still remain, and some very old houses beside it, with
+a characteristic old wall bounding the King's road, inclosing some
+venerable walnut trees. Three years ago, a pretty view of these old
+houses, with Nell's in the back-ground, might have been obtained from
+the adjacent bridge over the brook: but now a large public house, "the
+Nell Gwynne," obstructs the view, a row of small "Nell Gwynne cottages"
+effectually block the path, and the primitive character of the scene has
+passed away for ever.
+
+[G] In the History of Costume in England, by the author of these notes,
+it has been remarked that the freedom and looseness, as well as ease and
+elegance of female costume at this period is to be attributed to the
+taste of Sir Peter Lely, rather than to that exhibited by the _Beauties_
+of Charles's court. "It was to his taste, as it was to that of a later
+artist, Sir Joshua Reynolds, that we are indebted for the freedom which
+characterized their treatment of the rigid and somewhat ungraceful
+costumes before them." Walpole, in his "Anecdotes of Painting," says,
+"Lely supplied the want of taste with _clinquant_; his nymphs trail
+fringes, and embroidery, through meadows and purling streams. Vandyke's
+habits are those of the times; Lely's, a sort of fantastic night-gown
+fastened with a single pin." Lely's ladies are not unfrequently _en
+masque_, and are habited in the conventional dresses adopted for
+goddesses in the court of Versailles.
+
+[H] Nell appears to have first fixed the attention of the King by
+appearing at the King's Theatre in an Epilogue written for her by
+Dryden; who, taking a _pique_ at the rival theatre, when Nokes, the
+famous comedian, had appeared in a hat of large proportions, which
+mightily delighted the silly and volatile frequenters of the place,
+brought forward Nell in a hat as large as a coach-wheel, which gave her
+short figure so grotesque an air, that the very actors laughed outright
+and the whole theatre was in convulsions of merriment. His Majesty was
+nearly suffocated by the excess of his delight; and the _naive_ manner
+of the actress, her wit, archness, and beauty, received additional zest
+by the extravagance of "the broad-brimmed hat and waist-belt" in which
+Dryden had attired her, and which fixed her permanently in the memory of
+"the merry Monarch."
+
+[I] "Improvement" has extended far beyond Old Brompton. The little
+wooden house of the old rat-catcher has been swept away, and he is
+obliged to locate himself and his live stock in some back lane, where
+none but his friends can find him; and as he is disastrously poor, their
+number is very limited.
+
+[J] Then vicar of St. Martin's, and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury.
+In that sermon he enlarged upon her benevolent qualities, her sincere
+penitence, and exemplary end. When, says Mrs. Jameson, this was
+afterwards mentioned to Queen Mary, in the hope that it would injure him
+in her estimation, and be a bar to his preferment, "And what then?"
+answered she, hastily. "I have heard as much; it is a sign that the poor
+unfortunate woman died penitent; for, if I can read a man's heart
+through his looks, had she not made a pious and Christian end, the
+Doctor would never have been induced to speak well of her."
+
+[K] We have much yet to do for a class whom it is a shame to name, and
+that much _must be done by women_--by women, themselves _sans tache_,
+_sans reproche_. It is not enough that we repeat our Saviour's words,
+"Go and sin no more:" we must give the sinner a refuge to go to. Asylums
+calculated to receive such ought to be more sufficiently provided in
+England. One lady, as eminent for her rare mental powers as for her
+charity and great wealth, is now trying an experiment that does her
+infinite honor; she has set a noble example to others who are rich and
+ought to be considerate; safe in her high character, her self-respect,
+and her virgin purity, she has provided shelter for many "erring
+sisters,"--in mercy beguiling
+
+    "by gentle ways the wanderer back."
+
+Of all her numerous charities, this is the truest and best; like the
+fair Sabrina she has heard and answered the prayers of those who seek
+protection from the most terrible of all dangers--
+
+    "Listen! for dear honor's sake Listen--and save!"
+
+
+
+
+
+MARY WOLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY.
+
+
+The daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wolstonecraft, and wife of Percy
+Bysshe Shelley, died at the age of fifty-three, in Chester Square,
+Pimlico, London, on the first day of February. What woman had ever
+before relations so illustrious! Daughter of Godwin and wife of Shelley!
+These few words unfold a remarkable history, unparalleled, and
+unapproached in romantic dignity. In the dedication to her of the noble
+poem of _The Revolt of Islam_, Shelley says:
+
+    "They say that thou wert lovely from thy birth,
+    Of glorious parents, thou aspiring Child.
+    I wonder not--for One then left this earth
+    Whose life was like a setting planet mild,
+    Which clothed thee in the radiance undefiled
+    Of its departing glory; still her fame
+    Shines on thee, through the tempests dark and wild
+    Which shake these latter days; and thou canst claim
+    The shelter, from thy Sire, of an immortal name."
+
+In the introduction to one of her novels, she herself says of her youth:
+
+"It is not singular that, as the daughter of two persons of
+distinguished literary celebrity, I should very early in life have
+thought of writing. As a child I scribbled; and my favorite pastime,
+during the hours given me for recreation, was to 'write stories.' Still
+I had a dearer pleasure than this, which was the formation of castles in
+the air--the indulging in waking dreams--the following up trains of
+thought, which had for their subject the formation of a succession of
+imaginary incidents. My dreams were at once more fantastic and agreeable
+than my writings. In the latter I was a close imitator--rather doing as
+others had done, than putting down the suggestions of my own mind. What
+I wrote was intended at least for one other eye--my childhood's
+companion and friend; but my dreams were all my own; I accounted for
+them to nobody; they were my refuge when annoyed--my dearest pleasure
+when free. I lived principally in the country as a girl, and passed a
+considerable time in Scotland. I made occasional visits to the more
+picturesque parts; but my habitual residence was on the blank and dreary
+northern shores of the Tay, near Dundee. Blank and dreary on
+retrospection I call them: they were not so to me then. They were the
+eyry of freedom, and the pleasant region where unheeded I could commune
+with the creatures of my fancy. I wrote then--but in a most common-place
+style. It was beneath the trees of the grounds belonging to our house,
+or on the bleak sides of the woodless mountains near, that my true
+compositions, the airy flights of my imagination, were born and
+fostered. I did not make myself the heroine of my tales. Life appeared
+to me too common-place an affair as regarded myself. I could not figure
+to myself that romantic woes or wonderful events would ever be my lot;
+but I was not confined to my own identity, and I could people the hours
+with creations far more interesting to me at that age, than my own
+sensations."
+
+Her connection with Shelley commenced in 1815, and she gives this
+account of the following year, in which she wrote her famous novel,
+_Frankenstein_:
+
+"After this my life became busier, and reality stood in place of
+fiction. My husband, however, was from the first, very anxious that I
+should prove myself worthy of my parentage, and enrol myself on the page
+of fame. He was for ever inciting me to obtain literary reputation,
+which even on my own part I cared for then, though since I have become
+infinitely indifferent to it. At this time he desired that I should
+write, not so much with the idea that I could produce any thing worthy
+of notice, but that he might himself judge how far I possessed the
+promise of better things hereafter. Still I did nothing. Travelling, and
+the cares of a family, occupied my time; and study, the way of reading,
+or improving my ideas in communication with his far more cultivated
+mind, was all of literary employment that engaged my attention. In the
+summer of 1816, we visited Switzerland, and became the neighbors of Lord
+Byron. At first we spent our pleasant hours on the lake, or wandering on
+its shores: and Lord Byron, who was writing the third canto of Childe
+Harold, was the only one among us who put his thoughts upon paper.
+These, as he brought them successively to us, clothed in all the light
+and harmony of poetry, seemed to stamp as divine the glories of heaven
+and earth, whose influences we partook with him. But it proved a wet,
+ungenial summer, and incessant rain often confined us for days to the
+house. Some volumes of ghost stories, translated from the German into
+French, fell into our hands. There was the History of the Inconstant
+Lover, who when he thought to clasp the bride to whom he had pledged his
+vows, found himself in the arms of the pale ghost of her whom he had
+deserted. There was the tale of the sinful founder of his race, whose
+miserable doom it was to bestow the kiss of death on all the younger
+sons of his fated house, just when they reached the age of promise. His
+gigantic, shadowy form, clothed like the ghost in Hamlet, in complete
+armor, but with the beaver up, was seen at midnight, by the moon's
+fitful beams, to advance slowly along the gloomy avenue. The shape was
+lost beneath the shadow of the castle walls; but soon a gate swung back,
+a step was heard, the door of the chamber opened, and he advanced to the
+couch of the blooming youths, cradled in healthy sleep. Eternal sorrow
+sat upon his face as he bent down and kissed the forehead of the boys,
+who from that hour withered like flowers snapt upon the stalk. I have
+not seen these stories since then; but their incidents are as fresh in
+my mind as if I had read them yesterday. 'We will each write a ghost
+story,' said Lord Byron; and his proposition was acceded to. There were
+four of us. The noble author began a tale, a fragment of which he
+printed at the end of his poem of Mazeppa. Shelley, more apt to embody
+ideas and sentiments in the radiance of brilliant imagery, and in the
+music of the most melodious verse that adorns our language, than to
+invent the machinery of a story, commenced one founded on the
+experiences of his early life. Poor Polidori had some terrible idea
+about a skull-headed lady, who was so punished for peeping through a
+key-hole--what to see I forget--something very shocking and wrong of
+course; but when she was reduced to a worse condition than the renowned
+Tom of Coventry, he did not know what to do with her, and was obliged to
+dispatch her to the tomb of the Capulets, the only place for which she
+was fitted. The illustrious poets also, annoyed by the platitude of
+prose, speedily relinquished their uncongenial task.
+
+"I busied myself _to think of a story_,--a story to rival those which
+had excited us to this task. One which would speak to the mysterious
+fears of our nature, and awaken thrilling horror--one to make the reader
+dread to look around, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of
+the heart. If I did not accomplish these things, my ghost story would be
+unworthy of its name. I thought and pondered--vainly. I felt that blank
+incapability of invention which is the greatest misery of authorship,
+when dull Nothing replies to our anxious invocations. _Have you thought
+of a story?_ I was asked each morning, and each morning I was forced to
+reply with a mortifying negative. Every thing must have a beginning, to
+speak in Sanchean phrase; and that beginning must be linked to something
+that went before. The Hindoos give the world an elephant to support it,
+but they make the elephant stand upon a tortoise. Invention, it must be
+humbly admitted, does not consist in creating out of void, but out of
+chaos; the materials must, in the first place, be afforded: it can give
+form to dark, shapeless substances, but cannot bring into being the
+substance itself. In all matters of discovery and invention, even of
+those that appertain to the imagination, we are continually reminded of
+the story of Columbus and his egg. Invention consists in the capacity of
+seizing on the capabilities of a subject, and in the power of moulding
+and fashioning ideas suggested to it. Many and long were the
+conversations between Lord Byron and Shelley, to which I was a devout
+but nearly silent listener. During one of these, various philosophical
+doctrines were discussed, and among others the nature of the principle
+of life, and whether there was any probability of its ever being
+discovered and communicated. They talked of the experiments of Dr.
+Darwin (I speak not of what the Doctor really did, or said that he did,
+but, as more to my purpose, of what was then spoken of as having been
+done by him), who preserved a piece of vermicelli in a glass case, till
+by some extraordinary means it began to move with voluntary motion. Not
+thus, after all, would life be given. Perhaps a corpse would be
+re-animated; galvanism had given token of such things: perhaps the
+component parts of a creature might be manufactured, brought together,
+and endued with vital warmth. Night waned upon this talk; and even the
+witching hour had gone by, before we retired to rest. When I placed my
+head upon my pillow, I did not sleep, nor could I be said to think. My
+imagination, unbidden, possessed and guided me, gifting the successive
+images that arose in my mind with a vividness far beyond the usual
+bounds of reverie. I saw--with shut eyes, but acute mental vision--I saw
+the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put
+together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then on
+the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with
+an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be; for supremely
+frightful would be the effect of any human endeavor to mock the
+stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world. His success would
+terrify the artist; he would rush away from his odious handywork,
+horror-stricken. He would hope that, left to itself, the slight spark of
+life which he had communicated would fade; that this thing, which had
+received such imperfect animation, would subside into dead matter; and
+he might sleep in the belief that the silence of the grave would quench
+for ever the transient existence of the hideous corpse which he had
+looked upon as the cradle of life. He sleeps; but he is awakened; he
+opens his eyes; behold the horrid thing stands at his bedside, opening
+his curtains, and looking on him with yellow, watery, but speculative
+eyes.
+
+"I opened mine in terror. The idea so possessed my mind, that a thrill
+of fear ran through me, and I wished to exchange the ghastly image of my
+fancy for the realities around. I see them still; the very room, the
+dark _parquet_, the closed shutters, with the moonlight struggling
+through, and the sense I had that the glassy lake and white high Alps
+were beyond. I could not so easily get rid of my hideous phantom; still
+it haunted me. I must try to think of something else. I recurred to my
+ghost story,--my tiresome unlucky ghost story! O! if I could only
+contrive one which would frighten my reader as I myself had been
+frightened that night! Swift as light and as cheering was the idea that
+broke in upon me. 'I found it! What terrified me will terrify others;
+and I need only describe the spectre which had haunted my midnight
+pillow.' On the morrow I announced that I had _thought of a story_. I
+began that day with the words, _It was on a dreary night of November_,
+making only a transcript of the grim terrors of my waking dream."
+
+The next year Shelley and herself were in Buckinghamshire, where the
+great poet wrote _The Revolt of Islam_. In the spring of 1818, they
+quitted England for Italy, and their eldest child died in Rome. Soon
+after, they took a house near Leghorn--half way between the city and
+Monte Nero, where they remained during the summer.
+
+     "Our villa," she says, "was situated in the midst of a podere;
+     the peasants sang as they worked beneath our windows, during
+     the heats of a very hot season, and at night the water-wheel
+     creaked as the process of irrigation went on, and the
+     fire-flies flashed from among the myrtle hedges:--nature was
+     bright, sunshiny, and cheerful, or diversified by storms of a
+     majestic terror, such as we had never before witnessed."
+
+_The Cenci_ and several other poems were written here. The summer of
+1818 they passed at the Baths of Lucca, and in the autumn went to a
+villa belonging to Lord Byron, near Venice, whence they proceeded to
+Naples, where the winter was spent; after which they visited Florence,
+and in the fall of 1820 took up their residence at Pisa. The next
+year--in July--Shelley's death occurred: he was drowned in the gulf of
+Lerici. The details must be familiar to all readers of literary history.
+Mrs. Shelley wrote of the time:
+
+    "This morn thy gallant bark
+      Sailed on a sunny sea,
+    'Tis noon, and tempests dark
+      Have wrecked it on the lee,
+          Ah woe! Ah woe!
+    By spirits of the deep
+    Thou'rt cradled on the billow,
+    To thy eternal sleep.
+
+    Thou sleep'st upon the shore
+      Beside the knelling surge,
+    And sea-nymphs evermore
+      Shall sadly chant thy dirge.
+          They come! they come,
+    The spirits of the deep,
+    While near thy sea-weed pillow
+    My lonely watch I keep.
+
+    From far across the sea
+      I hear a loud lament,
+    By echo's voice for thee,
+      From ocean's caverns sent.
+          O list! O list,
+    The spirits of the deep;
+    They raise a wail of sorrow,
+    While I for ever weep."
+
+Mrs. Shelley returned to England, and for nearly twenty years supported
+herself by writing. In the last ten years--more especially since 1844,
+when her son succeeded to the Shelley estates--she had no need to write
+for money, and it is understood that she devoted the time to the
+composition of _Memoirs of Shelley_.
+
+The _Frankenstein_, _or Modern Prometheus_, of Mrs. Shelley,--a fearful
+and fantastic dream of genius--was never very much read; it was one of
+those books made to be talked of; her _Lodore_ was more easily
+apprehended; it is a love story, from every-day life, but written with
+remarkable boldness and directness, and a real appreciation of the
+nature of both woman and man. The hero of this novel is the son of a
+gentleman ennobled for his services in the American war, and some of the
+scenes are in New-York. The _Last Man_ has for its hero her husband,
+whose character is delineated in it with singular delicacy, but the book
+is in the last degree improbable and gloomy, while abounding in scenes
+of beauty and intense interest. She wrote also _Perkin Warbeck_,
+_Falkner_, _Walpurga_, and other novels, _Journal in Italy and Germany_,
+and _Lives of eminent French Writers_, besides editing the _Poems_ and
+the _Letters_ of Shelley--a labor which she performed judiciously, and
+with feeling and accuracy.
+
+Mrs. Shelley's son succeeded to his grandfather's baronetcy on the 24th
+of April, 1844, and is the present Sir Percy Florence Shelley, Bart., of
+Castle Goring, in Sussex.
+
+
+
+
+REV. H. N. HUDSON'S EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+It has been known among his friends for several years that the Rev.
+Henry N. Hudson was preparing for the press an edition of the works of
+Shakspeare. The office of a Shakspeare restorer and commentator at this
+time is one of the most ambitious in the republic of letters. More than
+any collection of works except the Holy Scriptures--to which only they
+are second in dignity and importance among books--the Works of
+Shakspeare demand for their fit illustration not only the most varied
+and profound scholarship but the most eminent qualities of mind and
+feeling. Mr. Hudson had vindicated his capacities for the noble service
+upon which he has entered in his Lectures upon Shakspeare, published
+about three years ago. The fame he then acquired will be increased by
+his present performance, of which, we understand, the initial volume
+will in a few days be published by James Munroe & Co., of Boston, who
+will issue at short intervals the other ten, the last of which will
+embrace a Life of the Poet by the editor. Some of the main
+characteristics of this edition may be inferred from these paragraphs,
+which we are enabled to make from an early copy of the preface.
+
+"The celebrated Chiswick edition, of which this is meant to be as near
+an imitation as the present state of Shaksperian literature renders
+desirable, was published in 1826, and has for some time been out of
+print. In size of volume, in type, style of execution, and adaptedness
+to the wants of both the scholar and the general reader, it presented a
+combination of advantages possessed by no other edition at the time of
+its appearance. The text, however, abounds in corruptions introduced by
+preceding editors under the name of corrections. Of the number and
+nature of these corruptions no adequate idea can be formed but by a
+close comparison, line by line, and word by word, with the original
+editions.
+
+"The Chiswick edition, though perhaps the most popular that has yet been
+issued, has never, strange to say, been reprinted in this country. For
+putting forth an American edition retaining the advantages of that,
+without its defects, no apology, it is presumed, will be thought
+needful. How far those advantages are retained in the present edition,
+will appear upon a very slight comparison: how far those defects have
+been removed, we may be allowed to say that no little study and
+examination will be required to the forming of a right judgment. In all
+of the plays, the chief, and in many of them the only, basis and
+standard whereby to ascertain the true text, is the folio of 1623. In
+our preparing of copy we have this continually open before us, at the
+same time availing ourselves of whatsoever aid is to be drawn from
+earlier impressions, in case of such plays as were published during the
+author's life. So that, if a thorough revisal of every line, every word,
+every letter, and every point, with a continual reference to the
+original copies, be a reasonable ground of confidence, then we can
+confidently assure the reader that he will here find the genuine text of
+Shakspeare.
+
+"The process of purification has been rendered much more laborious, and
+therefore much more necessary, by the mode in which it was for a long
+time customary to edit the poet's works. This mode is well exemplified
+in the case of Malone and Steevens, who, carrying on their editorial
+labors simultaneously, seem to have vied with each other which should
+most enrich his edition with textual emendations. Both of them had been
+very good editors, but for the unwarrantable liberty which they not only
+took, but gloried in taking, with the text of their author; and, even as
+it was, they undoubtedly rendered much valuable service. And the same
+work, though not always in so great a degree, has been carried on by
+many others: sometimes the alleged corrections of several editors have
+been brought together, that the various advantages of them all might be
+combined and presented in one. Thus corruptions of the text have
+accumulated, each successive editor adding his own to those of his
+predecessors. Many of these so-called improvements were thrown out by
+the editor of the Chiswick edition; but no decisive steps in the way of
+a return to the original text were taken till within a very limited
+period. Knight, Collier, Verplanck, and Halliwell, to all of whom this
+edition is under great obligations, have pretty effectually put a stop
+to the old mode of Shaksperian editing; nor is there much reason to
+apprehend that any one will at present venture upon a revival of it.
+
+"Of the editions hitherto published in America, Mr. Verplanck's is the
+only one, so far as we know, that is at all free from the accumulated
+emendations of preceding editors. Adopting, in the main, the text of Mr.
+Collier, he brought to the work, however, his own excellent taste and
+judgment, wherein he as far surpasses the English editor as he
+necessarily falls short of him in such external advantages as the
+libraries, public and private, of England alone can supply. And Mr.
+Collier's text is indeed remarkably pure: nor, perhaps, can any other
+man of modern times be named, to whom Shaksperian literature is, on the
+whole, so largely indebted. How much he has done, need not be dwelt upon
+here, as the results thereof will be found scattered all through this
+edition. Yet it seems not a little questionable whether both he and
+Knight have not fallen into a serious error; though it must be confessed
+that such error, if it be one, is on the right side, inasmuch as their
+fidelity to the original text extends to the adopting, sometimes of
+probable, sometimes of palpable, or nearly palpable misprints. In these
+Mr. Verplanck has judiciously deviated from his English model, and his
+fine judgment appears to equal advantage in what he adopts and in what
+he rejects. Of his critical remarks it is enough at present to express
+the belief, that in this department he has no rival in this country, and
+will not soon be beaten. Further acknowledgments, both to him and to the
+other three editors named, will be duly and cheerfully made, as the
+occasions for them shall arise....
+
+"In the Introductions our leading purpose is to gather up all the
+historical information that has yet been made accessible, concerning the
+times when the several plays were written and first acted, and the
+sources whence the plots and materials of them were taken. It will be
+seen that in the history of the poet's plays, the indefatigable labors
+of Mr. Collier and others, often resulting in important discoveries,
+have wrought changes amounting almost to a total revolution, since the
+Chiswick edition was published. And we dwell the more upon what
+Shakspeare seems to have taken from preceding writers, because it
+exhibits him, where we like most to consider him, as holding his
+unrivalled inventive powers subordinate to the higher principles of art.
+Besides, if Shakspeare be the most original of writers, he is also one
+of the greatest of borrowers; and as few authors have appropriated so
+freely from others, so none can better afford to have his obligations in
+this kind made known."...
+
+
+
+
+THE STONES OF VENICE--RELIGION, GLORY, AND ART.
+
+
+Mr. John Ruskin, the "Oxford Student," whose _Modern Painters_ and
+_Seven Lamps of Architecture_ have made for him the best fame in the
+literature of art, has just completed the most remarkable of his works,
+_The Stones of Venice_, and from advance sheets of it (for which we are
+indebted to Mr. John Wiley, his American publisher), we present some of
+his preliminary and more general observations, indicating his great
+argument that THE DECLINE OF THE POLITICAL PROSPERITY OF VENICE WAS
+COINCIDENT WITH THAT OF HER DOMESTIC AND INDIVIDUAL RELIGION. Popular as
+the previous works of Mr. Ruskin have been, we cannot doubt that this
+splendid performance will be the most read and most admired of all.
+
+"Since the first dominion of men was asserted over the ocean, three
+thrones, of mark beyond all others, have been set upon its sands: the
+thrones of Tyre, Venice, and England. Of the First of these great powers
+only the memory remains; of the Second, the ruin; the Third, which
+inherits their greatness, if it forget their example, may be led through
+prouder eminence to less pitied destruction. The exaltation, the sin,
+and the punishment of Tyre have been recorded for us, in perhaps the
+most touching words ever uttered by the Prophets of Israel against the
+cities of the stranger. But we read them as a lovely song; and close our
+ears to the sternness of their warning: for the very depth of the Fall
+of Tyre has blinded us to its reality, and we forget, as we watch the
+bleaching of the rocks between the sunshine and the sea, that they were
+once 'as in Eden, the garden of God.' Her successor, like her in
+perfection of beauty, though less in endurance of dominion, is still
+left for our beholding in the final period of her decline: a ghost upon
+the sands of the sea, so weak--so quiet,--so bereft of all but her
+loveliness, that we might well doubt, as we watched her faint reflection
+in the mirage of the lagoon, which was the City, and which the Shadow. I
+would endeavor to trace the lines of this image before it be for ever
+lost, and to record, as far as I may, the warning which seems to me to
+be uttered by every one of the fast-gaining waves, that beat, like
+passing bells, against the STONES OF VENICE.
+
+"It would be difficult to overrate the value of the lessons which might
+be derived from a faithful study of the history of this strange and
+mighty city: a history which, in spite of the labor of countless
+chroniclers, remains in vague and disputable outline,--barred with
+brightness and shade, like the far away edge of her own ocean, where the
+surf and the sandbank are mingled with the sky. The inquiries in which
+we have to engage will hardly render this outline clearer, but their
+results will, in some degree, alter its aspect; and, so far as they bear
+upon it at all, they possess an interest of a far higher kind than that
+usually belonging to architectural investigations. I may, perhaps, in
+the outset, and in few words, enable the general reader to form a
+clearer idea of the importance of every existing expression of Venetian
+character through Venetian art and of the breadth of interest which the
+true history of Venice embraces, than he is likely to have gleaned from
+the current fables of her mystery or magnificence.
+
+"Venice is usually conceived as an oligarchy: she was so during a period
+less than the half of her existence, and that including the days of her
+decline; and it is one of the first questions needing severe
+examination, whether that decline was owing in any wise to the change in
+the form of her government, or altogether, as assuredly in great part,
+to changes in the character of the persons of whom it was composed. The
+state of Venice existed Thirteen Hundred and Seventy-six years, from the
+first establishment of a consular government on the island of the
+Rialto, to the moment when the General-in-chief of the French army of
+Italy pronounced the Venetian republic a thing of the past. Of this
+period, Two Hundred and Seventy-six years were passed in a nominal
+subjection to the cities of old Venetia, especially to Padua, and in an
+agitated form of democracy, of which the executive appears to have been
+intrusted to tribunes, chosen, one by the inhabitants of each of the
+principal islands. For six hundred years, during which the power of
+Venice was continually on the increase, her government was an elective
+monarchy, her King or doge possessing, in early times at least, as much
+independent authority as any other European sovereign, but an authority
+gradually subjected to limitation, and shortened almost daily of its
+prerogatives, while it increased in a spectral and incapable
+magnificence. The final government of the nobles, under the image of a
+king, lasted for five hundred years, during which Venice reaped the
+fruits of her former energies, consumed them,--and expired.
+
+"Let the reader therefore conceive the existence of the Venetian state
+as broadly divided into two periods: the first of nine hundred, the
+second of five hundred years, the separation being marked by what was
+called the 'Serrar del Consiglio; that is to say, the final and absolute
+distinction of the nobles from the commonalty, and the establishment of
+the government in their hands, to the exclusion alike of the influence
+of the people on the one side, and the authority of the doge on the
+other. Then the first period, of nine hundred years, presents us with
+the most interesting spectable of a people struggling out of anarchy
+into order and power; and then governed, for the most part, by the
+worthiest and noblest man whom they could find among them, called their
+Doge or Leader, with an aristocracy gradually and resolutely forming
+itself around him, out of which, and at last by which, he was chosen; an
+aristocracy owing its origin to the accidental numbers, influence, and
+wealth, of some among the families of the fugitives from the older
+Venetia, and gradually organizing itself, by its unity and heroism, into
+a separate body. This first period includes the Rise of Venice, her
+noblest achievements, and the circumstances which determined her
+character and position among European powers; and within its range, as
+might have been anticipated, we find the names of all her hero
+princes,--of Pietro Urseolo, Ordalafo Falier, Domenico Michieli,
+Sebastiano Ziani, and Enrico Dandolo.
+
+"The second period opens with a hundred and twenty years, the most
+eventful in the career of Venice--the central struggle of her
+life--stained with her darkest crime, the murder of Carrara--disturbed
+by her most dangerous internal sedition, the conspiracy of
+Falier--oppressed by her most fatal war, the war of Chiozza--and
+distinguished by the glory of her two noblest citizens (for in this
+period the heroism of her citizens replaces that of her monarchs),
+Vittor Pisani and Carlo Zeno. I date the commencement of the Fall of
+Venice from the death of Carlo Zeno, 8th May, 1418; the _visible_
+commencement from that of another of her noblest and wisest children,
+the Doge Tomaso Mocenigo, who expired five years later. The reign of
+Foscari followed, gloomy with pestilence and war; a war in which large
+acquisitions of territory were made by subtle or fortunate policy in
+Lombardy, and disgrace, significant as irreparable, sustained in the
+battles on the Po at Cremona, and in the marshes at Caravaggio. In 1454,
+Venice, the first of the states of Christendom, humiliated herself to
+the Turk: in the same year was established the Inquisition of State, and
+from this period her government takes the perfidious and mysterious form
+under which it is usually conceived. In 1477, the great Turkish invasion
+spread terror to the shores of the lagoons; and in 1508, the league of
+Cambrai marks the period usually assigned as the commencement of the
+decline of the Venetian power; the commercial prosperity of Venice in
+the close of the fifteenth century blinding her historians to the
+previous evidence of the diminution of her internal strength.
+
+"Now there is apparently a significative coincidence between the
+establishment of the aristocratic and oligarchical powers, and the
+diminution of the prosperity of the state. But this is the very question
+at issue; and it appears to me quite undetermined by any historian, or
+determined by each in accordance with his own prejudices. It is a triple
+question: first, whether the oligarchy established by the efforts of
+individual ambition was the cause, in its subsequent operation, of the
+Fall of Venice; or (secondly) whether the establishment of the
+oligarchy itself be not the sign and evidence rather than the cause, of
+national enervation; or (lastly) whether, as I rather think, the history
+of Venice might not be written almost without reference to the
+construction of her senate or the prerogatives of her Doge. It is the
+history of a people eminently at unity in itself, descendants of Roman
+race, long disciplined by adversity, and compelled by its position
+either to live nobly or to perish:--for a thousand years they fought for
+life; for three hundred they invited death; their battle was rewarded,
+and their call was heard.
+
+"Throughout her career, the victories of Venice, and, at many periods of
+it, her safety, were purchased by individual heroism; and the man who
+exalted or saved her was sometimes (oftenest) her king, sometimes a
+noble, sometimes a citizen. To him no matter, nor to her: the real
+question is, not so much what names they bore, or with what powers they
+were intrusted, as how they were trained, how they were made masters of
+themselves, servants of their country, patient of distress, impatient of
+dishonor; and what was the true reason of the change from the time when
+she could find saviours among those whom she had cast into prison, to
+that when the voices of her own children commanded her to sign covenant
+with Death.
+
+"The evidence which I shall be able to deduce from the arts of Venice
+will be both frequent and irrefragable, that the decline of political
+prosperity was exactly coincident with that of domestic and individual
+religion. I say domestic and individual; for--and this is the second
+point which I wish the reader to keep in mind--the most curious
+phenomenon in all Venetian history is the vitality of religion in
+private life, and its deadness in public policy. Amidst the enthusiasm,
+chivalry, or fanaticism of the other states of Europe, Venice stands,
+from first to last, like a masked statue; her coldness impenetrable, her
+exertion only aroused by the touch of a secret spring. That spring was
+her commercial interest,--this the one motive of all her important
+political acts, or enduring national animosities. She could forgive
+insults to her honor, but never rivalship in her commerce; she
+calculated the glory of her conquests by their value, and estimated
+their justice by their faculty. The fame of success remains, when the
+motives of attempt are forgotten; and the casual reader of her history
+may perhaps be surprised to be reminded, that the expedition which was
+commanded by the noblest of her princes, and whose results added most to
+her military glory, was one in which while all Europe around her was
+wasted by the fire of its devotion, she first calculated the highest
+price she could exact from its piety for the armament she furnished, and
+then, for the advancement of her own private interests, at once broke
+her faith and betrayed her religion.
+
+"And yet, in the midst of this national criminality, we shall be struck
+again and again by the evidences of the most noble individual feeling.
+The tears of Dandolo were not shed in hypocrisy, though they could not
+blind him to the importance of the conquest of Zara. The habit of
+assigning to religion a direct influence over all _his own_ actions, and
+all the affairs of _his own_ daily life, is remarkable in every great
+Venetian during the times of the prosperity of the state; nor are
+instances wanting in which the private feeling of the citizens reaches
+the sphere of their policy, and even becomes the guide of its course
+where the scales of expediency are doubtfully balanced. I sincerely
+trust that the inquirer would be disappointed who should endeavor to
+trace any more immediate reasons for their adoption of the cause of
+Alexander III. against Barbarossa, than the piety which was excited by
+the character of their suppliant, and the noble pride which was provoked
+by the insolence of the emperor. But the heart of Venice is shown only
+in her hastiest counsels; her worldly spirit recovers the ascendency
+whenever she has time to calculate the probabilities of advantage, or
+when they are sufficiently distinct to need no calculation; and the
+entire subjection of private piety to national policy is not only
+remarkable throughout the almost endless series of treacheries and
+tyrannies by which her empire was enlarged and maintained, but
+symbolized by a very singular circumstance in the building of the city
+itself. I am aware of no other city of Europe in which its cathedral was
+not the principal feature. But the principal church in Venice was the
+chapel attached to the palace of her prince, and called the "Chiesa
+Ducale." The patriarchal church, inconsiderable in size and mean
+decoration, stands on the outermost islet of the Venetian group, and its
+name, as well as its site, is probably unknown to the greater number of
+travellers passing hastily through the city. Nor is it less worthy of
+remark, that the two most important temples of Venice, next to the ducal
+chapel, owe their size and magnificence, not to national effort, but to
+the energy of the Franciscan and Dominican monks, supported by the vast
+organization of those great societies on the mainland of Italy, and
+countenanced by the most pious, and perhaps also, in his generation, the
+most wise, of all the princes of Venice, who now rests beneath the roof
+of one of those very temples, and whose life is not satirized by the
+images of the Virtues which a Tuscan sculptor has placed around his
+tomb.
+
+"There are, therefore, two strange and solemn lights in which we have to
+regard almost every scene in the fitful history of the Rivo Alto. We
+find, on the one hand, a deep and constant tone of individual religion
+characterizing the lives of the citizens of Venice in her greatness; we
+find this spirit influencing them in all the familiar and immediate
+concerns of life, giving a peculiar dignity to the conduct even of their
+commercial transactions, and confessed by them with a simplicity of
+faith that may well put to shame the hesitation with which a man of the
+world at present admits (even if it be so in reality) that religious
+feeling has any influence over the minor branches of his conduct. And we
+find as the natural consequence of all this, a healthy serenity of mind
+and energy of will expressed in all their actions, and a habit of
+heroism which never fails them, even when the immediate motive of action
+ceases to be praiseworthy. With the fulness of this spirit the
+prosperity of the state is exactly correspondent, and with its failure
+her decline, and that with a closeness and precision which it will be
+one of the collateral objects of the following essay to demonstrate from
+such accidental evidence as the field of its inquiry presents. And, thus
+far, all is natural and simple. But the stopping short of this religious
+faith when it appears likely to influence national action,
+correspondent as it is, and that most strikingly, with several
+characteristics of the temper of our present English legislature, is a
+subject, morally and politically, of the most curious interest and
+complicated difficulty; one, however, which the range of my present
+inquiry will not permit me to approach, and for the treatment of which I
+must be content to furnish materials in the light I may be able to throw
+upon the private tendencies of the Venetian character.
+
+"There is, however, another most interesting feature in the policy of
+Venice, which a Romanist would gladly assign as the reason of its
+irreligion; namely, the magnificent and successful struggle which she
+maintained against the temporal authority of the Church of Rome. It is
+true that, in a rapid survey of her career, the eye is at first arrested
+by the strange drama to which I have already alluded, closed by that
+ever memorable scene in the portico of St. Mark's, the central
+expression in most men's thoughts of the unendurable elevation of the
+pontifical power; it is true that the proudest thoughts of Venice, as
+well as the insignia of her prince, and the form of her chief festival,
+recorded the service thus rendered to the Roman Church. But the enduring
+sentiment of years more than balanced the enthusiasm of a moment; and
+the bull of Clement V., which excommunicated the Venetians and their
+doge, likening them to Dathan, Abiram, Absalom, and Lucifer, is a
+stronger evidence of the great tendencies of the Venetian government
+than the umbrella of the doge or the ring of the Adriatic. The
+humiliation of Francesco Dandolo blotted out the shame of Barbarossa,
+and the total exclusion of ecclesiastics from all share in the councils
+of Venice became an enduring mark of her knowledge of the spirit of the
+Church of Rome, and of her defiance of it. To this exclusion of papal
+influence from her councils the Romanist will attribute their
+irreligion, and the Protestant their success. The first may be silenced
+by a reference to the character of the policy of the Vatican itself; and
+the second by his own shame, when he reflects that the English
+Legislature sacrificed their principles to expose themselves to the very
+danger which the Venetian senate sacrificed theirs to avoid.
+
+"One more circumstance remains to be noted respecting the Venetian
+government, the singular unity of the families composing it,--unity far
+from sincere or perfect, but still admirable when contrasted with the
+fiery feuds, the almost daily revolutions, the restless succession of
+families and parties in power, which fill the annals of the other states
+of Italy. That rivalship should sometimes be ended by the dagger, or
+enmity conducted to its ends under the mask of law, could not but be
+anticipated where the fierce Italian spirit was subjected to so severe a
+restraint: it is much that jealousy appears usually commingled with
+illegitimate ambition, and that, for every instance in which private
+passion sought its gratification through public danger, there are a
+thousand in which it was sacrificed to the public advantage. Venice may
+well call upon us to note with reverence, that of all the towers which
+are still seen rising like a branchless forest from her islands, there
+is but one whose office was other than that of summoning to prayer, and
+that one was a watchtower only: from first to last, while the palaces of
+the other cities of Italy were lifted into sullen fortitudes of rampart,
+and fringed with forked battlements for the javelin and the bow, the
+sands of Venice never sank under the weight of a war tower, and her roof
+terraces were wreathed with Arabian imagery, of golden globes suspended
+on the leaves of lilies.
+
+"These, then, appear to me to be the points of chief general interest in
+the character and fate of the Venetian people. I would next endeavor to
+give the reader some idea of the manner in which the testimony of art
+bears upon these questions, and of the aspect which the arts themselves
+assume when they are regarded in their true connection with the history
+of the state: 1st. Receive the witness of painting. It will be
+remembered that I put the commencement of the Fall of Venice as far back
+as 1418. Now, John Bellini was born in 1423, and Titian in 1480. John
+Bellini, and his brother Gentile, two years older than he, close the
+line of the sacred painters of Venice. But the most solemn spirit of
+religious faith animates their works to the last. There is no religion
+in any work of Titian's: there is not even the smallest evidence of
+religious temper or sympathies either in himself or in those for whom he
+painted. His larger sacred subjects are merely themes for the exhibition
+of pictorial rhetoric,--composition and color. His minor works are
+generally made subordinate to purposes of portraiture. The Madonna in
+the church of the Frari is a mere lay figure, introduced to form a link
+of connection between the portraits of various members of the Pesaro
+family who surround her. Now this is not merely because John Bellini was
+a religious man and Titian was not. Titian and Bellini are each true
+representatives of the school of painters contemporary with them; and
+the difference in their artistic feeling is a consequence not so much of
+difference in their own natural characters as in their early education:
+Bellini was brought up in faith, Titian in formalism. Between the years
+of their births the vital religion of Venice had expired.
+
+"The _vital_ religion, observe, not the formal. Outward observance was
+as strict as ever; and doge and senator still were painted, in almost
+every important instance, kneeling before the Madonna or St. Mark; a
+confession of faith made universal by the pure gold of the Venetian
+sequin. But observe the great picture of Titian's, in the ducal palace,
+of the Doge Antonio Grimani kneeling before Faith: there is a curious
+lesson in it. The figure of Faith is a coarse portrait of one of
+Titian's least graceful female models: Faith had become carnal. The eye
+is first caught by the flash of the Doge's armor. The heart of Venice
+was in her wars, not in her worship. The mind of Tintoret, incomparably
+more deep and serious than that of Titian, casts the solemnity of its
+own tone over the sacred subjects which it approaches, and sometimes
+forgets itself into devotion; but the principle of treatment is
+altogether the same as Titian's: absolute subordination of the religious
+subject to purposes of decoration or portraiture. The evidence might be
+accumulated a thousand-fold from the works of Veronese, and of every
+succeeding painter,--that the fifteenth century had taken away the
+religious heart of Venice.
+
+"Such is the evidence of painting. To give a general idea of that of
+architecture: Phillipe de Commynes, writing of his entry into Venice in
+1495, observed instantly the distinction between the elder palaces and
+those built 'within this last hundred years; which all have their
+fronts of white marble brought from Istria, a hundred miles away, and
+besides, many a large piece of porphyry and serpentine upon their
+fronts.'...
+
+"There had indeed come a change over Venetian architecture in the
+fifteenth century; and a change of some importance to us moderns: we
+English owe to it our St. Paul's Cathedral, and Europe in general owes
+to it the utter degradation or destruction of her schools of
+architecture, never since revived."...
+
+"The Rationalist kept the arts and cast aside the religion. This
+rationalistic art is the art commonly called Renaissance, marked by a
+return to pagan systems, not to adopt them and hallow them for
+Christianity, but to rank itself under them as an imitator and pupil. In
+Painting it is headed by Giulio Romano and Nicolo Poussin; in
+Architecture, by Sansovino and Palladio.
+
+"Instant degradation followed in every direction,--a flood of folly and
+hypocrisy. Mythologies ill understood at first, then perverted into
+feeble sensualities, take the place of the representations of Christian
+subjects, which had become blasphemous under the treatment of men like
+the Caracci. Gods without power, satyrs without rusticity, nymphs
+without innocence, men without humanity, gather into idiot groups upon
+the polluted canvas, and scenic affectations encumber the streets with
+preposterous marble. Lower and lower declines the level of abused
+intellect; the base school of landscape gradually usurps the place of
+the historical painting, which had sunk into prurient pedantry,--the
+Alsatian sublimities of Salvator, the confectionary idealities of
+Claude, the dull manufacture of Gaspar and Canaletto, south of the Alps,
+and on the north the patient devotion of besotted lives to delineation
+of bricks and fogs, fat cattle and ditch-water. And thus Christianity
+and morality, courage, and intellect, and art all crumbling together
+into one wreck, we are hurried on to the fall of Italy, the revolution
+in France, and the condition of art in England (saved by her
+Protestantism from severer penalty) in the time of George II.
+
+"I have not written in vain if I have heretofore done any thing towards
+diminishing the reputation of the Renaissance landscape painting. But
+the harm which has been done by Claude and the Poussins is as nothing
+when compared to the mischief effected by Palladio, Scamozzi, and
+Sansovino. Claude and the Poussins were weak men, and have had no
+serious influence on the general mind. There is little harm in their
+works being purchased at high prices: their real influence is very
+slight, and they may be left without grave indignation to their poor
+mission of furnishing drawing-rooms and assisting stranded conversation.
+Not so the Renaissance architecture. Raised at once into all the
+magnificence of which it was capable by Michael Angelo, then taken up by
+men of real intellect and imagination, such as Scamozzi, Sansovino,
+Inigo Jones, and Wren, it is impossible to estimate the extent of its
+influence on the European mind; and that the more, because few persons
+are concerned with painting, and, of those few, the larger number regard
+it with slight attention; but all men are concerned with architecture,
+and have at some time of their lives serious business with it. It does
+not much matter that an individual loses two or three hundred pounds in
+buying a bad picture, but it is to be regretted that a nation should
+lose two or three hundred thousand in raising a ridiculous building. Nor
+is it merely wasted wealth or distempered conception which we have to
+regret in this Renaissance architecture: but we shall find in it partly
+the root, partly the expression of certain dominant evils of modern
+times--over-sophistication and ignorant classicalism; the one destroying
+the healthfulness of general society, the other rendering our schools
+and universities useless to a large number of the men who pass through
+them.
+
+"Now Venice, as she was once the most religious, was in her fall the
+most corrupt, of European states; and as she was in her strength the
+centre of the pure currents of Christian architecture, so she is in her
+decline the source of the Renaissance. It was the originality and
+splendor of the palaces of Vicenza and Venice which gave this school its
+eminence in the eyes of Europe; and the dying city, magnificent in her
+dissipation, and graceful in her follies, obtained wider worship in her
+decrepitude than in her youth, and sank from the midst of her admirers
+into the grave.
+
+"It is in Venice, therefore, and in Venice only, that effectual blows
+can be struck at this pestilent art of the Renaissance. Destroy its
+claims to admiration there, and it can assert them nowhere else."
+
+
+
+
+CONTRASTED PORTRAITS OF MARIE ANTOINETTE.
+
+
+In the last number of _The International_ we quoted the remarks of Lord
+Holland upon the character of the wife of Louis XVI. The sketch
+presented by the noble author has been the subject of much and various
+criticism. The London _Times_ says:
+
+     "The virtue of the unfortunate consort of a most unhappy
+     monarch is without a flaw. Enmity, hatred, and every evil
+     passion, have done their worst to palliate murder and to
+     blacken innocence, but the ineradicable spot cannot be fixed to
+     the fair fame of this true woman. Faultless she was not. We are
+     under no obligation to vindicate her imprudent, wilful, and
+     fatal interference with public questions in which she had no
+     concern; we say nothing of her ignorance of the high matters of
+     state into which her uninformed zeal conducted her, to the
+     bitter cost of herself and of those she loved dearest on earth;
+     but of her purity, her uprightness, her beneficence, her
+     devotion, her sweet, playful, happy disposition, in the midst
+     of those home endearments, which were to her the true
+     occupation and charm of life, there cannot exist a doubt.
+     Misfortune fell upon her house to strengthen her love and to
+     confirm her piety. Persecution, imprisonment, calamity that has
+     never been surpassed, and a dreadful end, which, in its
+     bitterness, has seldom been equalled, found and left her, a
+     meek but perfect heroine. One historian has told us, that as
+     'an affectionate daughter and a faithful wife, she preserved in
+     the two most corrupted courts of Europe the simplicity and
+     affections of domestic life.' It is sufficient to add, that she
+     ascended the scaffold enjoining her children to a scrupulous
+     discharge of duty, to forgive her murderers, to forget her
+     wrongs; and that her last words on earth were directed to the
+     beloved husband who had preceded her, whose spirit she was
+     eager to rejoin, yet whose bed, if we are to believe my Lord
+     Holland, she had oftener than once defiled."
+
+And _The Times_ intimates elsewhere that Lord Holland is alone among
+reputable authors in condemning the Queen. How _The Times_ regards
+THOMAS JEFFERSON, we cannot tell, but certainly it is claimed by our
+democracy that he was a witness with a character. Jefferson says of
+Marie Antoinette:
+
+     "The King was now become a passive machine in the hands of the
+     National Assembly, and had he been left to himself, he would
+     have willingly acquiesced in whatever they should devise as
+     best for the nation. A wise constitution would have been
+     formed, hereditary in his line, himself placed at its head,
+     with powers so large, as to enable him to do all the good of
+     his station, and so limited, as to restrain him from its abuse.
+     This he would have faithfully administered, and more than this,
+     I do not believe, he ever wished. But he had a Queen of
+     absolute sway over his weak mind, and timid virtue, and of a
+     character, the reverse of his in all points. This angel, as
+     gaudily painted in the rhapsodies of Burke, with some smartness
+     of fancy, but no sound sense, was proud, disdainful of
+     restraint, indignant at all obstacles to her will, eager in the
+     pursuit of pleasure, and firm enough to hold to her desires, or
+     perish in their wreck. Her inordinate gambling and
+     dissipations, with those of the Count d'Artois, and others of
+     her _clique_, had been a sensible item in the exhaustion of the
+     treasury, which called into action the reforming hand of the
+     nation; and her opposition to it, her inflexible perverseness,
+     and dauntless spirit, led herself to the guillotine, drew the
+     King on with her, and plunged the world into crimes and
+     calamities which will for ever stain the pages of modern
+     history. I have ever believed, that had there been no Queen,
+     there would have been no revolution. No force would have been
+     provoked, nor exercised. The King would have gone hand in hand
+     with the wisdom of his sounder counsellors, who, guided by the
+     increased lights of the age, wished only, with the same pace,
+     to advance the principles of their social constitution. The
+     deed which closed the mortal course of these sovereigns, I
+     shall neither approve nor condemn. I am not prepared to say,
+     that the first magistrate of a nation cannot commit treason
+     against his country, or is unamenable to its punishment; nor
+     yet, that where there is no written law, no regulated tribunal,
+     there is not a law in our hearts, and a power in our hands,
+     given for righteous employment in maintaining right, and
+     redressing wrong. Of those who judged the King, many thought
+     him wilfully criminal; many, that his existence would keep the
+     nation in perpetual conflict with the horde of Kings, who would
+     war against a regeneration which might come home to themselves,
+     and that it were better that one should die than all. I should
+     not have voted with this portion of the legislature. I should
+     have shut up the Queen in a convent, putting harm out of her
+     power, and placed the King in his station, investing him with
+     limited powers, which, I verily believe, he would have honestly
+     exercised, according to the measure of his understanding. In
+     this way, no void would have been created, courting the
+     usurpation of a military adventurer, nor occasion given for
+     those enormities which demoralized the nations of the world,
+     and destroyed, and is yet to destroy, millions and millions of
+     its inhabitants."
+
+A majority of the French authors of the time agree with Mr. Jefferson.
+
+
+
+
+HINDOSTANEE NEWSPAPERS: THE FLYING SHEETS OF BENARES.
+
+
+One of the most successful applications of lithography is in the
+reproduction of the Hindostanee or Persian writing, used in India. It is
+too irregular and complicated to be represented by ordinary types.
+Accordingly lithographic printing establishments have been set up in the
+principal cities of India, where original works, translations of the
+ancient tongues of Asia or the modern ones of Europe, as well as
+newspapers are published. Calcutta, Serampore, Lakhnau, Madras, Bombay,
+Pounah, were the first cities to have these printing offices, but since
+then a great number have been established in the north-west provinces,
+where the Hindostanee is the sole language employed. A year since that
+part of the country contained twenty-eight offices, which in 1849
+produced a hundred and forty-one different works, while the number of
+journals was twenty-six, which, with those printed in other provinces,
+makes about fifty in the native dialect, in all Hindostan. Within the
+last year, new establishments and new periodicals have been commenced.
+At Benares, the ancient seat of Hindoo learning, where the Brahmins used
+to resort to study their language and read the vedas and shasters, a new
+journal is called the _Sairin-i Hind_ (The Flying Sheets of India),
+making the sixth in that city. It is edited by two Hindoo literati,
+Bhairav Pracad and Harban Lal, who had before attempted a purely
+scientific publication under the title of _Mirat Ulalum_ (Mirror of the
+Sciences), which has been stopped. The new paper, of which only three
+numbers have come to our notice, is published twice a month, each number
+having eight pages of small octavo size. The pages are in double
+columns. The subscription is eight _anas_, or twenty-five cents a month,
+or six _roupies_, or three dollars a year. The paper is divided into two
+parts, the first literary and scientific, the second devoted to
+political and miscellaneous intelligence. The first number commences
+with a rhapsody in verse upon eloquence, by the celebrated national poet
+Hacan, of which the following is the _International's_ translation:
+
+     "Give me to taste, O Song, the sweet beverage of eloquence,
+     that precious art which opens the gate of diction. I dream
+     night and day of the benefits of that noble talent. What other
+     can be compared with it? The sage who knows how to appreciate
+     it, puts forth all his efforts for its acquisition. It is
+     eloquence which gives celebrity to persons of merit. The brave
+     ought to esteem eloquence, for it immortalizes the names of
+     heroes. It is through the science of speaking well that the
+     noble actions of antiquity have come down to us; the language
+     of the _calam_ has perpetuated remarkable deeds. What would
+     have become of the names of Rustam, Cyrus, and Afraciab, if
+     eloquence had not preserved their memory like the recital of a
+     remote dream? It is by the pearls of elocution that the sweet
+     relations between distant friends are preserved. The study of
+     this sublime art is like a market always filled with buyers.
+     It will remain in the world as long as the ear shall be
+     sensible to harmony, or the heart to persuasion."
+
+This is followed by a sort of prospectus, elegantly written, of course
+with the oriental ornaments of alliteration and antithesis, in which the
+editors proclaim the usefulness of instruction to the cause of religion
+and morality. These are the ends they have in view in the publication of
+the new journal, and they appeal to those who approve of their purposes
+to encourage rather than criticise their efforts. To prove how much
+easier it is to criticise than to do well the thing criticised, they
+cite the well known fable of the miller, his son, and the ass. In
+publishing a new periodical, they consider that they are merely
+supplying a want of the public, which desires to be informed as to
+passing events, new discoveries in science, the proceedings in lawsuits,
+&c. This journal will interest all classes of readers, not only people
+in easy circumstances who live on their income, but merchants and
+mechanics, who will find in it intelligence of which they stand in need.
+Those who find in it articles not in their line, are advised not to be
+vexed thereat, but to reflect that they may be agreeable and useful to
+others, and that a journal ought to contain the greatest possible
+variety. For the rest, the editors will thankfully receive such
+information and suggestions as their friends may choose to give them.
+Their prospectus concludes with a panegyric on the English government,
+for favoring education among the natives, saying that not only
+speculative, but practical knowledge is necessary, as says the
+poet-philosopher Saadi: "Though thou hast knowledge, if thou dost not
+apply the same, thou art of no more value than the ignorant; thou art
+like an ass laden with books."
+
+Next they give a table of _the chain_ of human knowledge, by way of
+programme of the subjects which will be likely to be discussed in the
+journal. This is followed by political and miscellaneous news from
+Persia, Cabul, Bombay, Aoude, and Calcutta, and other provinces. Under
+the last head is a statement of the present population of the capital of
+British India, as follows:
+
+    Europeans,            6,433
+    Georgians,            4,615
+    Armenians,              892
+    Chinese,                847
+    Other Asiatics,      15,342
+    Hindoos,            274,335
+    Mussulmans,         110,918
+
+    Total               413,182
+
+The second number opens with an article of above five columns, on the
+inconvenience of not knowing what is taking place, or of knowing it
+imperfectly, followed by a second article of two columns on astronomy,
+and the discovery of planets, by way of introduction to an account of
+the discovery of _Parthenope_, which took place at Naples the 10th of
+May last.
+
+This is followed by news and advertisements of new books, published from
+the printing office of the paper. In the third number there is in the
+news department an article on the _marvellous news from Europe_, in
+which the editors speak of the scientific progress of the Europeans, and
+the astonishing discoveries which daily occur among them. In this
+connection they mention a singular experiment tried by a geologist of
+Stockholm. This savant having found a frog living after having been six
+or seven years in the ground, without air or food, concluded that men
+might live in that way for hundreds of years. Accordingly he solicited
+and obtained from the government, permission to try it for twenty-five
+years on a woman aged twenty. This piece of information is given with
+satisfaction, and the editors refer to the fact that some years since a
+faquir appeared at the court of Runjeet Singh, asking to be buried for
+several days, which was done. When the time arrived he was disinterred,
+as much alive as ever. The editors add, that although many Englishmen
+saw this, they had not believed it, but that this intelligence from
+Stockholm ought to convince them. The same number contains some remarks
+on the Ambassador of Nepaul, who was then in Europe. The following is
+our translation of this article:
+
+     "Jung Bahadur, has thought best to visit Paris, the capital of
+     France, before returning to India. The first Indian who visited
+     Paris was Ram Mohan Roy, who was succeeded by Dwarkanath Thakur
+     and others. But these were not true Hindoos, of the good
+     school, for they were of the sect of Ram Mohan [who established
+     a sort of philosophic religion under the name of
+     _Brahma-Sabha_, or the "Reunion of Deists"]. General Jung
+     Bahadur, Kunwar, Ranaji, and his brothers are then in reality,
+     the first orthodox Hindoos who have honored Europe with their
+     presence. We do not know how these personages can have followed
+     the prescriptions of the _schastars_ in their passage across
+     the ocean, but we learn by the news from Europe, that they have
+     not taken a single meal with the English, and have neither
+     eaten nor drank with them, though this does not render it
+     certain that they have been free from fault in other respects.
+     It is said beside, that in order to repair every thing, when
+     the Ambassador returns to Nepaul, the King will cast water upon
+     him and thus will purify his _pabitra_ [Brahaminic insignia].
+     Should this arrangement take place and be adopted in other
+     parts of Hindostan, we can believe that many Hindoos of every
+     class will go to feast their eyes with the marvels of Europe."
+
+
+
+
+_Original Poetry._
+
+
+                    MUSIC.
+
+              By Alfred B. Street.
+
+      Music, how strange her power! her varied strains
+        Thrill with a magic spell the human heart.
+      She wakens memory--brightens hope--the pains,
+        The joys of being at her bidding start.
+      Now to her trumpet-call the spirit leaps;
+      Now to her brooding, tender tones it weeps.
+      Sweet music! is she portion of that breath
+        With which the worlds were born--on which they wheel?
+      One of lost Eden's tones, eluding death,
+        To make man what is best within him feel!
+      Keep open his else sealed up depths of heart,
+      And wake to active life the better part
+      Of his mixed nature, being thus the tie
+    That links us to our God, and draws us toward the sky!
+
+
+
+
+_Authors and Books._
+
+
+In a late number of the _Archives for Scientific Information Concerning
+Russia_, a Russian publication, are some interesting facts upon the
+colonization of Siberia, and its present population. It seems that that
+country began to be settled in the reign of the Czar Alexis
+Michaelowich, who issued a law requiring murderers, after suffering
+corporeal punishment and three years' imprisonment, to be sent to the
+frontier cities, among which the towns of Siberia were then included.
+Indeed, under the Empress Elizabeth Petrowna (1741--1761), the whole of
+Southern Siberia was called the Ukraine. The beginning of regular
+transportation to Siberia was made by the Czar Theodore Alexeiwich, who
+ordered in 1679 that malefactors should be sent with their families to
+settle in Siberia. About this time many serfs escaped to Siberia from
+service in Europe, and stringent measures were adopted to reclaim the
+fugitives, and prevent such an offence from being repeated and
+continued. In 1760 a ukase was issued permitting landlords and communes
+to send to Siberia, and have entered as recruits, all persons guilty of
+offences of any kind or degree. In 1822 another ukase allowed the crown
+serfs of the provinces of Great Russia to emigrate to Siberia, where
+they became free, a privilege which they still enjoy. The main part of
+the present inhabitants of the country is composed of the descendants of
+these colonists and exiles, of the banished Strelitzes, and of the
+captured Swedes and Poles. The varied habits, customs, creeds, ideas,
+costumes, and dialects of these motley races have by long contact with
+each other become reduced to something like unity. The former extreme
+rudeness of the people has also of late years undergone a great
+improvement from the influence of new-comers. Still, however, Siberia is
+socially any thing but a tolerable country, even in comparison with
+Russia, and vices which in enlightened lands would be thought monstrous,
+are not occasions of any astonishment or special remark to the mass of
+the inhabitants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A work by WILLIAM HUMBOLDT, just published at Breslau, excites a good
+deal of attention in Germany. It is called _Notions toward an attempt to
+define the Boundaries of the Activity of the State_. It was written many
+years ago, at the time when the author was intimate with Schiller, who
+took an interest in its preparation, but other engagements prevented its
+being finished. It is now published exactly from the original
+manuscript, under the editorial care of Dr. Edward Cauer. Its doctrinal
+starting point is found in the nature and destiny of the individual. Its
+philosophy is essentially that of Kant and Fichte, and is of course
+liberal in its tendencies, though by no means satisfactory to the
+democracy of the present day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Journal of the Russian Ministry for the Enlightenment of the
+People_, for December last, reports a statement made by Mr. Kauwelin to
+the Russian Geographical Society in the previous September. The Society
+had received, by way of reply to an appeal it had issued, more than five
+hundred communications, from various parts of the empire, in relation to
+the Sclavonic portion of the people. These documents, as he said,
+contain a mass of valuable information, not only as to ethnography, but
+also as to Russian archaeology and history. He showed by several examples
+how ancient local myths and traditions reached back into remote
+antiquity. He proposed the publication of the entire mass of documents,
+because "they enrich history with vivid recollections of the most
+ancient ante-historic life-experience of which the traditions of the
+non-Sclavonic portion of Europe have preserved only obscure intimations
+and vague traces."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hertz, of Berlin, has just published a book which we think can hardly
+fail of a speedy reproduction in both English and French. Its title is
+_Erinnerungen aus Paris_ (Recollections of Paris) 1817-1848. It is
+written by a German lady, who passed these eventful years, or most of
+them, in the French capital, and here narrates, in a lively and genial
+style, her observations and experiences. She was connected with the
+_haute finance_, moved among the lords of the exchange and their
+followers, and being endowed by nature with remarkable penetration,
+taste for art, no aversion to politics, and a genial social faculty, she
+knew all the more prominent personages of the time in public affairs,
+society, art, science, and money-making, and brings them before her
+readers with great success. Louis XVIII. and the members of his family,
+Talleyrand, Decazes, Courier, Constant, Humboldt, Cuvier, Madame
+Tallien, De Stael, Delphine Gay, Gerard, Meyerbeer, Mendelssohn, Liszt,
+are among the actors whom she introduces in most real and living
+proportions. Here is a charming specimen of her skill in portraiture.
+She is speaking of Madame Tallien, then Princess of Chimay, whom she saw
+in 1818: "She was then some forty years old. Her age could to some
+extent be arrived at, for it was known that in 1794 she was scarcely
+twenty, and her full person, inclining to stoutness, showed that the
+first bloom of youth was gone, but it would be difficult again to find
+beauty so well preserved, or to meet with a more imposing appearance.
+Tall, commanding, radiant, she recalled the historic beauties of
+antiquity. So one would imagine Ariadne, Dido, Cleopatra; a perfect
+bust, shoulders, and arms; white as an animated statue, regular
+features, flashing eyes, pearly teeth, hair of raven blackness, hers was
+a mien, speech, and movement, which ravished every beholder." Had we
+space we might give some longer translations from this interesting
+volume, for which our readers would thank us, but we must forbear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE LATEST GERMAN NOVELS.--Theodore Muegge, who is somewhat known in this
+country through Dr. Furness's translation of his novel on Toussaint
+L'Ouverture, has published at Ensleben _Koenig Jacob's Letzte Tage_ (the
+Last Days of King James), a historical romance, with the English James
+II. for its hero. The principal characters, that of the King, of
+Jeffreys, and William of Orange, are drawn successfully. The critics
+complain, however, that it lacks continuous interest, and a continuous
+and connected plot. To understand it, one must have a history of the
+period at hand to refer to. Muegge is not a great romancer, even for
+Germany. In politics he is one of those democrats who would yet have a
+hereditary chief at the head of the government. Glimpses of this
+tendency appear in this novel. Arnold Ruge has also spent a portion of
+his enforced leisure (he is an exile at London) in writing a romance
+called the _Demokrat_, which he has published in Germany, along
+with some previous similar productions, under the title of
+_Revolutions-Novellen_. It is full of Ruge's keen, logical talent, and
+on-rushing energy, but is deficient in esthetic beauty and interest. He
+never forgets the Hegelian dialectics even when he writes novels.
+_Clemens Metternich_, _and Ludwig Kossuth_, by Siegmund Kolisch, is a
+skilfully done but not great production. Uffo Horn has a new series of
+tales, which he calls _Aus drei Iahrhunderten_ (From three Centuries.)
+They are stories of 1690, 1756, and 1844, and are worth reading. Horn
+seizes with success upon the features of an epoch, but is not so good in
+depicting individual character. The _Freischaren Novellen_ (Free-corp
+Novels) of W. Hamm, are stories of modern warlike life, and are written
+with point and spirit. Stifter has published the sixth volume of his
+_Studien_, which, to those who know this charming off-shoot of the
+disappearing romantic school, it is high praise to say, is as good as
+any of the former volumes, if not better. Stifter always keeps himself
+remote from the agitations of the time, and sings his song, and weaves
+his still and lovely enchantments, as if they were not. This new volume
+contains a complete romance, the _Zwei Schwestern_ (Two Sisters), which
+cannot be read without touching the inmost heart, while it delights the
+fancy. Spindler has a humorous novel, whose hero, a travelling clerk or
+bagman, meets with a variety of amusing adventures. Like many other
+books of the comical order, it is tedious when taken in large doses. The
+reader, at first amused, soon lays it down. Caroline von Goehren appears
+with a series of _Novellen_, which receive no great commendation. The
+_Ostergabe_ (Easter Gift), by Frederica Bremer, which has just appeared
+in Germany, is spoken of as her best production. It contains pictures of
+northern life, and of those domestic influences which Miss Bremer so
+delights to glorify. The _Gesammelte Erzaehlungen_ (Collected Tales) of
+W. G. von Horn, lately published at Frankfort, are worth the attention
+of those whose novel reading is not confined to our own language. The
+style is clear and pleasing, and the characters full of truth and
+naturalness. The _Erzaehlungen aus dem Volksleben der Schwerz_ (Tales of
+Popular Life in Switzerland) by Ieremias Gotthelf, also deserves a
+respectful mention. Gotthelf is a religious moralist, who sets forth the
+doctrines of virtue, religious trust in God, and the blessed influence
+of domestic life, in a pleasing and effective manner.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. SCHAeFFNER'S _Geschichte der Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs_ ("History
+of French Law"), just published, is noticed with high praise by the
+_Frankfurt Oberpostamts Zeitung_. The work has just been completed by
+the publication of the fourth volume, which only confirms the reputation
+which the earlier portions gained for the author among the jurists of
+all Europe. Dr. Schaeffner, with equal learning and perspicacity, sets
+forth the relation of French law, and the changes it has undergone, to
+the history of the political institutions of the country. In this
+respect the work interests a much wider public than is ordinarily
+addressed by a juridical treatise. It opens with an account of the
+conflict between the elements of Roman and German law in France. Then it
+exposes the establishment of the feudal aristocracy and its contests
+with the power of the Church; next, the culmination of the royal
+authority, based on a bureaucratic administration, its final fall into
+the hands of the triumphant revolution, and its subjection to the
+various powers that have succeeded each other within the last sixty
+years. The fourth and last volume contains the history of the
+Constitution, of Law, and of the administration from the revolution of
+1789 to the revolution of 1848. Dr. Schaeffner exhibits in this volume no
+admiration for the various attempts to re-create the State according to
+abstract theories; he goes altogether for moderate progress, gradual
+reform, and keeping up the relation between the present and the past.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The fate of BONPLAND, the eminent traveller and naturalist, is a topic
+of discussion in Germany. It seems that in a speech made in the Senate
+of Brazil, in August last, Count Abrantes said that Bonpland, after
+being released from his eighteen years' detention in Paraguay, had so
+far lost the habits and tastes of civilization that he had settled in a
+remote corner of Brazil, near Alegrete, in the province of Rio Grande du
+Sol, where he got his living by keeping a small shop and selling
+tobacco, &c., and that he avoided all mention of his former scientific
+labors and reputation. It seems, however, that Bonpland still maintains
+a correspondence on scientific subjects with his old friend Humboldt,
+which exhibits no falling off either in his tendencies or powers. On the
+other hand, some suppose that he does not return to Europe because he
+has taken an Indian wife, and finds himself happier in the wilderness in
+her company.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An _official Russian account of operations in Hungary during_ 1849 has
+been published at Berlin, in two volumes. It is by a colonel of the
+general staff, and gives a detailed narrative of the entire doings of
+the Russian forces in that memorable campaign. It casts a full light
+upon the differences between Paskiewich and Haynau, and accuses the
+latter, apparently not without reason, of the grossest mismanagement.
+Even his famous march to Szegedin, which has passed for as brilliant and
+well-planned as it was a successful manoeuvre, is not spared. Of
+course, as regards matters of detail, this writer varies largely from
+previous statements of the Austrians.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second volume of Buelau's _Secret History and Mysterious Individuals_
+has just been published by Brockhaus at Leipzic. The first volume was
+published at the beginning of last year, and has been made known to
+American readers by an interesting review of it in _Blackwood's
+Magazine_, accompanied by copious extracts. It is undeniable that
+Professor Buelau has had access to materials unknown to previous writers,
+which he has used with laudable conscientiousness, to clear up many
+obscure points in history, and to explain the motives of many persons
+whose actions have been wondered at but not understood.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A work of some pretensions has just been published at Stuttgart, with
+the title, _Italiens Zukunft_ (Italy's Future), by FR. KOeLLE, who gives
+in it the fruit of seventeen years' residence in the country he treats
+of. He begins with the original elements composing the Romanic Nations,
+and goes on to consider the state of the country at the time of the
+Revolution, the doings of the French, the Restoration, the cities,
+commerce and navigation, the nobles, the peasantry, the Church,
+monastical religious orders, the Jesuits, possibility of Church reform,
+foreign influence, intellectual and scientific activity, Mazzini,
+prospects in case of a future revolution, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A German translation of selections from the works of Dr. CHANNING is
+being published at Berlin. There are to be fifteen small volumes, of
+which six or seven have already appeared. The _Grenzboten_ does not
+think much of the author, but classes him with Schleiremacher and his
+school. It says that Dr. Channing was a special favorite with women,
+which it seems not to intend for a compliment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. FLOURENS, one of the perpetual secretaries of the French Academy of
+Science, has published at Paris a collection of elegant and valuable
+essays. They comprise a dissertation on George Cuvier, one on
+Fontenelle, who is said to have best succeeded in casting on the
+sciences the light of philosophy, and an examination of phrenology,
+which M. Flourens discusses in the spirit of a disciple of Descartes and
+Leibnitz.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JACQUES ARAGO, author of _Souvenirs d'un Aveugle_ (A Voyage Round the
+World), &c., and brother of the astronomer and ex-minister, is one of
+the most remarkable characters of Paris. He is stone _blind_, and has
+been so for years; and yet he placed himself at the head of a band of
+gold seekers, and conducted them to California. Recently he returned to
+Paris, with little gold--indeed, with none at all--but in his voyage he
+met some extraordinary adventures, and is about to communicate them to
+the public in a volume. Jacques Arago is eminent in Paris not more for
+his abilities as a man of letters than for his fastidiousness, devotion,
+and success as a _roue_. If Love is sometimes blind, he is keen-sighted
+for the sightless Arago, who boasts of having loved and been loved by
+the most beautiful women of France.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The military history of the Napoleonic period has received a new
+contribution in the _War of 1806 and 1807_, just published at Berlin, by
+Col. Hoepfner, in two volumes. It is prepared from documents in the
+Prussian archives, and illustrated with maps and plans of battles. Not
+only does it add to our previous stock of information as to the military
+operations in Germany during these eventful years, but it serves at the
+same time as a history of the dissolution of that state which Frederic
+the Great erected with such labor and perseverance. We have here, in
+short, a picture of the downfall of the old Prussian military-system.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new work on FRENCH HISTORY during the middle ages is _La France au
+temps des Croisades_, by M. Vaublanc, which has lately made its
+appearance at Paris, in four handsome octavo volumes. It is the fruit of
+long and conscientious researches, and is written in a style of
+seductive elegance. The author is no dry chronicler, or plodding
+statician, but an artist, fully alive to the picturesqueness of his
+topic. He carries his reader with him into the time and the scenes he
+describes, and makes him a participant in the romantic and adventurous
+life of the period. His book is thus as entertaining as it is
+instructive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A convenient book of reference for those who deal with the more
+recondite and interesting questions of history is the _Statistique des
+Peuples de l'Antiquite_, by M. Moreau de Jonnes, just published at
+Paris. It is a work of great erudition and even originality. All sorts
+of facts as to the social condition of the Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks,
+Romans, and Gauls, may be gathered from it. Another new work of a
+similar character is entitled _Du Probleme de la Misere et de sa
+solution chez tous les Peuples Anciens et Modernes_, by M. Moreau
+Christophe. Two volumes only have been published; a third is to follow.
+Price $1.50 a volume.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A translation of M'CULLOCH' _Principles of Political Economy_ has
+appeared at Paris, in four vols. 8vo. The translator is M.A. Planche.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LOUIS VIARDOT has published in Paris a _Histoire des Arabes et des Mores
+d'Espagne_. The excellent translator of _Don Quixote_ ought to produce a
+striking work on this subject. The Count ALBERT DE CIRCOURT, too, has
+published a new edition of his _Histoire des Mores Mudejares et des
+Morisques; ou des Arabes d'Espagne sous la domination des Chretiens_.
+Few topics in history have been until recently so much neglected as that
+of the Moorish races in Europe, and a good deal of what has appeared on
+the subject has been put together rather with a view to romantic effect
+than with a proper respect for the responsibility of the historian;
+though all Spanish history, Christian or Saracen, so abounds in romantic
+interest that there is less excuse, as less necessity, for outstepping
+the limits of truth, or giving undue prominence to the pathetic and
+marvellous. From this defect of most of his predecessors, the work of
+the Count de Circourt is in a great measure free. He has made a
+dexterous and conscientious use of the materials within his reach, and
+produced a work which unites to an unusual degree popularity of style
+with matter of great novelty and interest. There are few spectacles in
+modern times more attractive, or hitherto more imperfectly understood,
+than the condition of the Spanish Moors, from the time when they became
+a subject race, until their final expulsion from Europe in 1610. The
+reason why more attention has not been given to this subject, must be
+looked for in the fact that the expelled people were Mahometans, and
+that they took refuge in Africa, not in Europe. They had not, as the
+Protestants of France had, an England, Holland, and Germany to
+sympathize with and shelter them;--though, taking it with all its
+consequences, the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes was not a more
+important event in history, or more pregnant with injury to the power
+that enforced it, than the expulsion of the Moors from Spain. In folly
+and perversity the last transaction has pre-eminence. Louis XIV. revoked
+the Edict of Nantes, when he and his empire were at the summit of their
+power; but Philip III. chose the luckless moment for expatriating the
+most energetic and industrious of the inhabitants of Spain, when the
+virtual acknowledgment of the independence of the Dutch, and the
+concession to them of free trade to India, now assailed the prestige of
+Spanish supremacy in Europe, and the commerce of Portugal, at that time
+subject to Spain. From that hour the Peninsula declined with unexampled
+rapidity; and though, in course of time, the progress of decay became
+less marked, it was not finally arrested until two centuries after, when
+the invasion of Napoleon re-awakened Spanish energies, and freed them
+from the trammels which had impeded their development. Two centuries of
+degradation are a heavy penalty for a nation to pay for pride and
+intolerance; though not heavier than Spanish perfidy and cruelty to the
+Moors most richly deserved. In accordance with his design of treating of
+the Moors as a subject race, the Count de Circourt has given only a
+brief summary of their early history when they were ascendant in Spain.
+With the rise of the Christian and decline of the Mahometan power, the
+subject is more minutely, but still succinctly treated, the four
+centuries from the capture of Toledo to that of Granada being comprised
+in the first volume. The two remaining volumes are occupied exclusively
+with the history of the Moors from the overthrow of Grenada to their
+final expulsion from Spain. The various efforts made to convert and
+control them, and their struggles to regain their independence and
+preserve their faith, are copiously treated, but a subject so peculiar
+and hitherto so unjustly neglected, needed early discussion. We know not
+where the character of that worst species of oppression, where the
+antagonism of race is aggravated by differences of creed, can be so
+advantageously studied as in this portion of Spanish history. Nor is the
+early history when the Moors, still a powerful people, were treated with
+comparative consideration by their antagonists, deficient in traits of
+the highest interest, and lessons which oppressors of the present day
+would do well to lay to heart.
+
+We observe that M. de Circourt agrees very nearly with Madame Anita
+George (whose views upon the subject we recently noticed in _The
+International_) respecting Queen Isabella. He says:
+
+     "The Spaniards speak only with enthusiasm of this Princess.
+     They place her in the rank of their best monarchs, and history,
+     adopting the popular judgment, has given her the title of
+     "Great." If we consider merely the grandeur of the fabric she
+     erected, the appellation will appear merited; if its solidity
+     had been taken into consideration, her reputation must have
+     suffered. Nations in general make more account of talents than
+     of the use that has been made of them. They reserve for princes
+     favored by fortune the homage which they ought to pay to good
+     and honest princes, who have exercised paternal rule. They
+     deify him who knows how to subjugate them. Thus it happens in
+     all countries that the king who has established absolute
+     monarchy is styled the great king. But it happens often that
+     such founders have built up the present at the expense of the
+     future. In Spain absolute monarchy sent forth for a time a
+     formidable lustre, and then came suddenly a protracted period
+     of progressive decay, which ended in the revolutions of which
+     we have been witnesses. Barren glory, shameful prostration,
+     interminable and possibly fruitless revolution, are all the
+     work of Isabella."
+
+This is very different from the estimate of Mr. Prescott, but perhaps
+more just. In his forthcoming _Memoirs of the Reign of Philip the
+Second_, Mr. Prescott will have to trace the results of Spanish policy
+toward the Moors. We shall compare his views with those of MM. Circourt
+and Viardot.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. DE VILLEMERQUE has translated the _Poeme des Bardes Bretons du VI.
+Siecle_, and the book is praised by the French critics.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LOUIS PHILIPPE'S last apology for his policy as King of the French has
+just made its appearance at Paris, and justly excites attention. It is a
+pamphlet written by M. Edward Lemoine, and bears the title of
+_L'abdication du roi Louis Philippe raccontee par lui meme_. It is the
+report of a series of conversations which M. Lemoine had with the
+deceased King during the month of October, 1849, and which he was
+authorized to give to the world after his death. The writer gives every
+thing in the words of Louis Philippe, as they were uttered either in
+reply to questions or spontaneously in reference to the topics under
+discussion. The exiled monarch defends his conduct in every particular
+with ingenuity and force, dwelling especially on his abdication, on his
+refusal to yield to the opposition and admit the demanded reform, which
+brought on the revolution, on his abandoning Paris with so little effort
+at resistance, on his peace policy, and on the Spanish marriages. He
+denies emphatically that he or his family had thought of or undertaken
+any conspiracy with a view to recovering the throne. His children, he
+said, had been taught that when their country spoke they must obey, and
+that the duty of a patriot was to be ready, whatever she might command.
+This they had understood, and in all cases practised. Accordingly they
+had always been, and always would be strangers to intrigues.
+
+As for his persistence in keeping the Guizot ministry, that was
+commanded by every constitutional principle. That ministry had a
+majority in the Chambers as large even as that which overthrew Charles
+X.; how then should the King interfere against this majority? Besides,
+had not what happened since February demonstrated that he was right? The
+policy of every government since June, 1848, had resembled, as nearly as
+could be conceived, the very policy of the ministry so much and so
+unjustly complained of.
+
+Guizot had in fact promised reform. He had said that the instant the
+Chambers should vote against him he would retire, and the first measure
+of his successors would be reform. As for himself, said Louis Philippe,
+he had understood that this was only a pretext. Reform would be the
+entrance on power of the opposition, the entrance of the opposition
+would be war, would be the beginning of the end. Accordingly he had
+determined to abdicate as soon as the opposition assumed the reins of
+government; for he no longer would be himself supported by public
+opinion. The want of this support it was which finally caused him to
+abandon the throne without resistance. He could not have kept it without
+civil war. For this he had always felt an insurmountable horror, and he
+had never regretted that in February Marshal Bugeaud had so soon ordered
+the firing to stop. Besides, nobody advised him to defend himself, but
+the contrary. He had then nothing to do but to follow the example of his
+ministers who had abdicated, of his friends who had abdicated, of the
+national guard who had abdicated, of the public conscience which had
+abdicated. He did not take this step till after the universal
+abdication. But if he had fought and lost, and died fighting, who could
+tell the horrors that would have ensued? Or if he had triumphed, all
+France would have exclaimed against him as sanguinary and selfish, a bad
+prince, a scourge to the nation, and ere many months a new insurrection
+would have made an end. Victory would have been more disastrous than
+exile. He had done well to abdicate, and were the crisis to recur, he
+would not act otherwise. He had abandoned power (of which he was accused
+of being so greedy) as soon as he understood that he could no longer
+hold it to the advantage of his country.
+
+As for the charge of avarice, that was abundantly disproved by the
+publication of the manner in which he had employed the civil list, and
+by the fact that he was covered with debts. He had spent like a King
+without counting, and now that he had to pay he was obliged to borrow.
+And it is rather curious, said he, that the furniture employed in the
+festivals of the Republican President of the Assembly is my personal
+property, and that the horses and carriages of which so free use has
+been made, had been paid for from my own purse. This however, was a
+trifle not worth speaking of.
+
+If he had suffered from falsehoods printed in the journals, print had
+however done him justice in giving to the world his private letters.
+These had set right his private character as well as his public policy.
+He only wished that those papers had all been published, and published
+more widely. They did more for the glorification of his policy than the
+speeches of his most eloquent ministers. They proved that his had never
+been a policy of peace at any price. He had besieged Antwerp without the
+consent of England; he had sent an army to Ancona, though Metternich had
+declared that a Frenchman in Italy would be war in Europe. His
+government had always acted boldly and firmly, and had been respected.
+Why, only a few weeks before February, the great powers of Europe had
+asked of France to settle with her alone, and without consulting
+England, some of the questions which might compromise the equilibrium of
+Europe. Such was the consideration in which France was then held.
+
+As to the Spanish marriages, that was all done in the interest of
+France, and not, as had been charged, of his dynasty. If the latter were
+the thing he had aimed at, would he have refused the crown of Belgium,
+or of Greece, or of Portugal, for Nemours? Would he have refused the
+hand of Isabella for Aumale or Montpensier? No; he merely sought to
+render his country independent of England, and not her dupe. The
+_entente cordiale_ in the hands of Lord Palmerston was becoming
+treacherous. He recollected the saying of Metternich, that the alliance
+of France and England was useful, like the alliance of man and horse.
+He determined to be the man, and by those marriages accomplished it.
+There was already a Cobourg in Belgium, one in England, and one in
+Portugal; could France allow another to be set up in Spain? So far the
+conversations of Louis Philippe relate to matters of his own history.
+From this he was led to speak briefly of Charles X., and things
+preceding the downfall of that prince. For this we must refer our
+readers to the pamphlet itself, which will doubtless be imported by some
+of our booksellers, if not soon translated into English and published
+entire. It cannot be read without interest. We give its substance above,
+without thinking it necessary to criticise any of the statements of the
+exiled prince.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. AUDIN, a French historian, whose histories of Leo X., Luther, Calvin,
+and Henry VIII., are known to those who have sought an acquaintance with
+the Catholic view of those personages and their times, died on the 21st
+February, in his carriage, near Avignon. He was returning to Paris from
+Rome, where he had been to finish a new work, and to recover his health,
+which intense devotion to study had undermined. His expectations were
+not realized, and he returned to his own country to expire before
+reaching his home. At Marseilles, where he landed, the physicians
+dissuaded him from attempting to go further, but he refused to be guided
+by their advice. The works of Audin have been much read in this country.
+They are singularly unscrupulous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Imperial Academy of Sciences at Vienna has just published an essay
+by the eminent Spanish scholar Ferdinand Wolf, which justly excites
+attention in the learned circles of Europe. It is on a collection of
+Spanish romances which exists in manuscript in the library of the
+University at Prague. Among these are many which are found in no other
+collection, and have hitherto remained unknown. Some of them, relating
+to the Cid, are very remarkable. They make a hundred romances discovered
+by Wolf, whose former collection (_Rosa de Romances_), published in
+1846, and whose work on the romance-poetry of the Spaniards, are known
+to all students of that kind of literature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new weekly journal, under the title of _Le Bien-Etre Universel_ (The
+Universal Well-Being), appeared at Paris on the 24th February. It
+advocates Girardin's idea of the abolition of taxes, and the support of
+the government by the assumption by the latter of the whole business of
+insurance. Among the contributors are Victor Hugo, Eugene Sue, Francois
+Vidal, E. Quinet, Alphonse Esquiros, and Eugene Pelletan. It is
+published in quarto form, of the largest size permitted by the law, at
+$1.20 a year, and furnishes, in addition to its political and economical
+articles, a full summary of news, political, commercial, literary, and
+miscellaneous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Revue Brittanique_ has some interesting facts as to the English
+book trade. It says: "The great booksellers, like Longman & Murray, must
+be encouraged by the result of the speculations ventured on by the
+booksellers of Paris." Is it not wonderful that articles from reviews,
+which one would suppose would lose their interest in the course of time,
+and which have been circulated in the Edinburgh or Quarterly to the
+extent of ten thousand or twelve thousand copies, should be sold in
+reprints at a high price, and live through two, three, or even six
+editions? The articles of Macaulay are going through the sixth edition,
+although the book costs a pound sterling. Of Macaulay's History of
+England Longman has sold between 20,000 and 30,000 copies, and
+Thirlwall's and Grote's Histories of Greece, though they have not the
+same immediate, exciting interest, sell well, notwithstanding they are
+so long. Mure's and Talfourd's Histories of Greek literature are put
+forth in new editions. The reviews, instead of injuring the sale of
+solid works, increase it. Occasional books, like travels, biographies,
+&c., naturally have their public interest, but most of them are sold at
+half price within three months of their appearance. At London there are
+circulating libraries which lend out books, not only in the city itself,
+but all over England: the railroads have extended their business very
+greatly. In order to satisfy as many customers as possible, they buy
+some works by hundreds. For instance, such a circulating library has two
+hundred copies of Macaulay's History, a hundred of Layard's Nineveh, a
+hundred of Cumming's hunting adventures, and so on. When the first
+excitement about a book is over, these extra copies are put into
+handsome binding and disposed of for half price. The system of cheap
+publishing has not yet much affected the circulating libraries in
+England, while in this country it has destroyed them. Books can be
+bought here now for the former cost of reading them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A book worthy of all commendation is the _Histoire des Protestants de
+France_, from the Reformation to the present time, by M. G. de Felice,
+published at Paris. The author treats his subject with all that peculiar
+talent which renders French historians always interesting and
+instructive. He is clear, forcible, judicious, and profound, without
+pedantry or sectarian zeal. The action of his story is dramatic, the
+delineation of his characters as glowing as it is just, and his
+sympathies so true and generous, and at the same time so tolerant, that
+the reader follows him attentively from the beginning to the end. The
+Huguenots were worthy of such a historian, for though persecuted for
+their opinions, they never ceased to love their country, or to wish to
+live at peace with their enemies and serve her. Rarely has a body of men
+produced nobler characters. This book fills a vacuum in French history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Modern Greek Literature is by no means so wild and imperfect as might be
+expected from a nation in such a chaotic and uncultivated condition. The
+people of Greece are hardly more civilized than the Servians, the
+Dalmatians, or any other of the half-savage tribes that inhabit the
+south-eastern corner of Europe, but the influence exercised by the
+antique glory of the land still remains to develop among them a degree
+of artistic power and beauty unknown to their neighbors. And little as
+Greece has gained generally from the introduction of German royalty and
+German office-holders, it has no doubt profited by the greater attention
+thus excited toward the works of the mighty poets who stand alone and
+unharmed after all else that their times produced has fallen into ruin.
+Thus, since the incoming of the Bavarians there has been growing up a
+disposition in favor of the early literature, and against the newer and
+less elegant forms of the modern language. The purification of the
+latter, and its restoration to something like the old classical
+perfection, the abandonment of rhyme, which is the universal form of the
+proper new Greek verse, and even the employment of the ancient
+mythological expressions, are the characteristic aims of some of the
+most gifted of living Hellene writers. In this way there are two
+distinct classes of cotemporaneous literature to be found in the
+Peninsula; the one consists of these somewhat reactionary and romantic
+lovers of the past, the other of the fresh, native products of the
+people, independent as far as possible of antiquity, and altogether
+unaffected by learned studies. The latter is mainly lyric in its
+character, and has often a wild beauty, which is none the less
+attractive because it is purely natural. These songs deal more with
+nature than those of the Sclavonic tribes, with which Mrs. Robinson has
+made us so well acquainted. The brooks, the hills, the sky, the birds,
+appear in them, and for human interest, some adventurous _Klepht_, some
+fighting and dying robber, is brought upon the scene.
+
+The best of the Romaic literature is no doubt the dramatic. This is
+natural, for the Greeks are still a representative and dramatic people.
+Until comparatively lately the poets confined themselves, if not to
+modern subjects, at least to the modern genius of their language. Their
+dramas were written in rhyme, and with a total disregard of the antique
+principles of rhythm. Quantity was supplanted by following the accents,
+and the exterior of the piece was more that of a French play than like
+the drama of any other nation. The specimen of this style most
+accessible to American students is the _Aspasia_ of Rizos, published in
+Boston some twenty years ago, a tragedy, by the way, well worth reading.
+But latterly, the antique tendency prevailing, plays are written in the
+old measures, and with all the old machinery. This is in fact a
+revolutionary proceeding, but we hope may not be without its use, for
+Greece is not now rich enough to make useless experiments. One of these
+plays has been translated into German, and thus made accessible to those
+of the readers of that language whose studies have not reached into the
+musical Romaic. It is called _The Wedding of Kutrulis_, an Aristophanic
+Comedy, by Alexandros Rhisos Rhangawis. The form used by the great
+Athenian satirist is perfectly reproduced, and an original and hearty
+wit is not wanting. The Aristophanic dress is justified by the poet in
+some lines which we thus render into the rudeness of English:
+
+    Though he trimeters boldly arranges together, and anapaests weaves
+      with each other,
+    'Tis not weakness in words that compels him, nor fear at the rhymes'
+      double ringing;
+    In spans he can syllables harness with skill, as a fledgling should do
+      of the muses,
+    And where thoughts and poetic ideas there are none, words can heap up in
+      [Greek: ia] and [Greek: azei],
+    But mid the verdure of laurels eternally green, and by Castaly's ever pure
+      fountains,
+    There found he all broken and voiceless the pipe that, in rage at these
+      poets profaning,
+    At these now-a-day sons of Marsyas, the noble old Muse had flung from her.
+
+The subject and story of this comedy are drawn from the actual life of
+the people. Spyros, a tavern-keeper in Athens, has promised his daughter
+Anthusia to Kutrulis, a rich tailor. The young lady's notions are
+however above tailors; her husband must wear epaulettes and orders. If
+Kutrulis wants her hand, he must become minister. He despairs at first,
+but as others have become ministers, there is a chance for him.
+Accordingly, the needful intrigues and solicitations are set on foot.
+The strophe of the chorus by the sovereign public is too characteristic
+and too Attic for us not to try to render it, though perhaps only the
+few who have dipped in the well of the antique drama can appreciate it:
+
+    O muse of the billiard room,
+    Thou that from mocha's odor-pouring steam,
+    And from the ringlets, white-curling from pipes on high
+    Thine inspiration drawest, of venal sort!
+    Here's a new minister must be appointed now.
+    Up and strike the praising strings!
+    Up, O muse of the mob's grace,
+    Put forth in the rosy pages of newspapers
+    Dithyrambic articles!
+    The hero praise aloud!
+
+To succeed in his ambition, Kutrulis must choose a party with which to
+identify himself. Accordingly the Russian, the British and the French
+parties, the three into which Greek public men are divided, are
+introduced, and each urges the reasons why he should become its
+partisan. This gives the poet an admirable opportunity for the use of
+satire, which he improves excellently. Kutrulis pledges himself to each
+of these candidates for his support, but mean while his friends have
+spread the report that he has actually been appointed minister. Now the
+swarm of office-seekers and speculators of all sorts come to solicit his
+favor and exhibit their own corruption. This part of the drama is
+treated with keen effect. While the report of his appointment is
+believed by himself and others, Kutrulis marries the scheming Anthusia,
+who presently wakes from her illusion to find that she is only a
+tailor's wife after all. She declares that by way of revenge she will
+compel her husband to give her a new dress every week, and the piece
+ends to the amusement of everybody.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. PLANCHE, the oldest Professor and the most learned Grecian at Paris,
+has just issued the first number of a _Dictionnaire du Style poetique
+dans la Langue Grecque_. This dictionary is in fact a concordance of
+Greek, Latin, and French poetry. It offers a complete and curious
+illustration of the origin and growth of figurative words and phrases,
+and of their transfer from one language to another. The word _anchor_,
+for instance, was one of the earliest among the Greeks, a marine people,
+to take on a metaphorical sense. We see this even in Pindar, who speaks
+of his heroes as _casting anchor on the summit of happiness_. M. Planche
+follows this typical use of the word in Virgil, in Ovid, and in Racine,
+the last of whom says in the _Pleaders_:
+
+        "Natheless, gentlemen,
+    The anchor of your goodness us assures."
+
+To the curious student of words and their internal senses this
+Dictionary is evidently a book worth having.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. ELIAS REGNAULT has undertaken to continue the _Dix Ans_ of LOUIS
+BLANC, in the shape of _L'Histoire de Huit Ans_ 1840--48. Few works had
+ever so powerful an influence as Blanc's "Ten Years." The events of the
+eight years of which Regnault proposes a history were in no
+inconsiderable degree fruits of this work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. HALLAM, on the 13th of February, sent a letter to the Society of
+Antiquaries, in London, announcing in consequence of his recent
+bereavement, he wished at the next anniversary to relinquish the office
+of Vice-President, which he had filled for the last thirty years; having
+been a member of the Society for more than half a century, and having
+during that period contributed many papers to its transactions. A
+resolution was proposed by Mr. Payne Collier, seconded by Mr. Bruce,
+expressive of respect for Mr. Hallam, sincere sympathy with his
+afflictions, and sorrow at his retirement. In a subsequent letter, Mr.
+Hallam stated that he should continue to be a member of the Society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERAL SIR WILLIAM NAPIER has published a new edition of his History
+of the War in the Peninsula--the best military history in the English
+language--and in his new preface he states that he is indebted to Lady
+Napier, his wife, not only for the arrangement and translation of an
+enormous pile of official correspondence, written in three languages,
+but for that which is far more extraordinary, the elucidation of the
+secret ciphers of Jerome Bonaparte and others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a recent number of _The International_ we printed a poem by Charles
+Mackay, entitled _Why this Longing?_ without observing that it was a
+plagiarism from a much finer poem by Harriet Winslow List, of Portland,
+which may be found in The Female Poets of America, page 354.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A descriptive catalogue of the books and pamphlets educed by the
+reinstitution of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy in England, would be a
+very entertaining work. It is astonishing how active the English become
+in pamphleteering when any such engrossing subject comes before the
+people or the parliament. The Duke of Sussex carefully preserved every
+thing in this shape that was printed during the discussion of Catholic
+Emancipation, and after his death we purchased his collection, which
+amounted to about _seventy thick volumes_, and includes autograph
+certificates of presentation from "Peter Plimley," and perhaps a hundred
+other combatants. The present discussions will be not less voluminous,
+and it promises to be vastly more entertaining. The matter of the holy
+chair of St. Peter, with the Mohammedan inscription, upon which the
+_verd antique_ Lady Morgan has published two or three letters as witty
+and pungent as ever came from the pen of an Irishwoman, will afford
+pleasant material for the last chapter of her ladyship's memoirs.
+Warren, the author of _Ten Thousand a Year_, Dr. Twiss, the biographer
+of Eldon, Dr. George Croly, the poet, Walter Savage Landor, and Sheridan
+Knowles, the dramatist, are among the more famous of the disputants on
+the Protestant side. The author of "Virginius" professes to review
+Archbishop Wiseman's lectures on _Transubstantiation_, and the _Literary
+Gazette_ says he thoroughly demolishes that dogma, which, however, "no
+one supposes that any Romanist of education and common sense believes.
+It is understood on all hands that whatever defence or explanation is
+offered, is only for the sake of affording plausible apology to the
+vulgar for a dogma which the infallibility of the church requires to be
+unchangeably retained. The reply of the philosophical churchman,
+_populus vult decipi et decipiatur_, is that which many a priest would
+give if privately pressed on the subject." The _Literary Gazette_ makes
+a very common but very absurd mistake, for which no Roman Catholic would
+thank him. The church does maintain the doctrine, and the most
+"philosophical" churchman would be dealt with in a very summary manner
+if he should publicly deny it. The _Literary Gazette_ adds that Knowles
+"displays complete mastery of the principles and familiarity with the
+details of the controversy," which we can scarcely believe upon the
+_Gazette's_ testimony until it evinces for itself a little more
+knowledge of the matter.
+
+The only one of these works that has been reprinted in this country is
+Landor's, which we receive from Ticknor, Reed & Fields, of Boston.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+R. H. HORNE, the dramatist, and author of _Orion_,--upon which his best
+reputation is likely to rest--has just published in London _The Dreamer
+and the Worker_, in two volumes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. ROEBUCK, the radical member of Parliament, is continuing his History
+of the Whigs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is not be denied that Miss MARTINEAU is one of the cleverest women of
+our time; deafness and ugliness have induced her to cultivate to the
+utmost degree her intellectual faculties, and several of her books are
+illustrations of a mind even masculine in its power and activity; but
+the constitutional feebleness, waywardness, and wilfulness of woman is
+nevertheless not unfrequently evinced by her, and as she grows older the
+infirmities of her nature are more and more conspicuous; vexed with
+neglect, without the kindly influences of home or friendship, without
+the consolations or hopes of religion, she seems now ambitious of
+attention only, and willing to sacrifice every thing womanly or
+respectable to attract to herself the eyes of the world--the last thing,
+in her case, one would think desirable. In the book she has just
+published--_Letters on Man's Nature and Development, by Harriet
+Martineau and H. G. Atkinson_--she avows the most positive and shameless
+atheism: Christians have had little regard for Pagan deities--she will
+have as little for theirs! The sun rose yesterday; the fishes still swim
+in the sea; all the world goes on as before; but she cares not a fig for
+any deities, Christian or pagan--and don't believe a word of the
+immortality of the soul! In this new book, of which she is the chief
+author, the interlocutors place implicit credence in all the phenomena
+of mesmerism, and they cannot believe there is any thing in man's being
+or existence or conscience beyond what the senses reach, beyond what the
+scalpel discloses in the brain. They trace acts and motions and even
+inclinations to the brain, and deny that there is or can be any thing in
+contact which can influence it. _Cerebrum et praeterea nihil_ is their
+motto. The book is the apotheosis of that lump of marrow and fibre. And
+yet this brain, which is so jealously guarded from any spiritual or
+immaterial influence, is declared to be completely under the direction
+of any man or woman who may pass a hand, with faith, backwards and
+forwards over the skull. The extremities of the body--the fingers--send
+forth and radiate certain electric, or galvanic, or invisible
+influences, and thus one has full power over another's organization and
+volition! But as to any influence beyond the sensible world, that Miss
+Martineau stoutly denies. The following passage is not an uninteresting
+specimen of this foolish production:
+
+     "I observed that under the influence of mesmerism some patients
+     would spontaneously place their hand, or rather the ends of
+     their fingers, on that part of the brain in action; and these
+     were persons wholly ignorant of phrenology. In some cases the
+     hand would pass very rapidly from part to part, as the organs
+     became excited. If the habit of action was encouraged, they
+     would follow every combination with precision: and if one hand
+     would not do they would use both to cover distant parts in
+     action at the same time. I was delighted with their effects;
+     but did not consider them very extraordinary, because I had
+     been accustomed to observe the same phenomena, in a lesser
+     degree, in the ordinary or normal condition. I know some, who
+     on any excitement of their love of approbation, will rub their
+     hand over the organ immediately. Others, I have observed, when
+     irritated, pass the hand over destructiveness. I have observed
+     others hold their hand over the region of the attachments, as
+     they gazed on the object of their affections. I have watched
+     the poet inspired to write with the fingers pressing on the
+     region of ideality, and those listening to music leaning upon
+     the elbow, with the fingers pressing on the organ of music; and
+     I catch myself performing those actions continually, as if I
+     were a puppet moved by strings. You will observe, besides, how
+     the head follows the excited organ. The proud man throws his
+     head back; the fine man carries his head erect; vanity draws
+     the head on one side, with the hat on the opposite side; the
+     intellect presses the head forward; the affections throw it
+     back on the shoulders; and so with the rest."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Right Honorable Sir JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE is created a peer with the
+title of Baron Broughton de Gyfford, in the county of Wilts. His fame in
+literature has long been lost, in England, in his reputation as a
+politician; but in this country we know him only as rather a clever man
+of letters. His most noticeable works that we remember, are, _A Journey
+through Albania, in 1809, Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of Childe
+Harold, The State of Literature in Italy_, and two volumes entitled
+_Letters from Paris during the last Reign of Napoleon_. His lordship
+must be in the vicinity of seventy-five years of age.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of "JUNIUS" there is still another book--though many good libraries
+contain not so many volumes as have been written upon the subject--and
+the journals have almost every month some new contributions to the
+mystery, increasing the accumulation by which the face of the author is
+hidden. The last work is entitled "Fac-simile Autograph Letters of
+Junius, Lord Chesterfield and Mrs. C. Dayrolles, showing that the wife
+of Mr. Solomon Dayrolles was the amanuensis employed in copying the
+letters of Junius for the printer; with a Postscript to the first Essay
+on Junius and his Works: by William Cramp, author of 'The Philosophy of
+Language.'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Passions of the Human Soul_, by Charles Fourier, translated from
+the French by the Rev. John Reynell Morell, with critical annotations, a
+biography of Fourier, and a general introduction, by Hugh Doherty, has
+been published by Baliere of London (and of Fulton-street, New-York), in
+two octavos. This is one of Fourier's greatest works, and the attention
+given to his principles of society in this country will secure for it
+many readers here.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THOMAS COLLEY GRATTAN, the author of _Highways and By-ways, Jacqueline
+of Holland_, &c., and a few years ago, British Consul at Boston, is
+coming to this country to give lectures. He will not be very
+successful.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE POEMS OF ALARIC A. WATTS, lately published in London, in a very
+sumptuous edition,--though some of the plates have an oldish look--are
+much commended in nearly all the reviews, and civilly treated even by
+Fraser, who once described Watts as a fellow "of some talent in writing
+verses on children dying of colic, and a skill in putting together
+fiddle-faddle fooleries, which look pretty in print; in other respects
+of an unwashed appearance; no particular principles, with well-bitten
+nails, and a great genius for back-biting." Watts some twenty years
+since had a controversy with Robert Montgomery who wrote _Satan_, in
+such a manner as very much to please his hero (a difficult task in
+biography), and one of the subjects of protracted and sharp discussion
+concerned the names of the disputants. Watts maintained that the author
+of "Hell," "Woman," "Satan," &c., was the son of a clown at Bath, named
+Gomery; and in return Montgomery, who, allowing that as Watts was the
+lawfully begotten son of a respectable nightman of the name of Joseph
+Watts, he had a fair title to the patronymic, denied that he had any
+claim to the gothic appellation of Alaric. "The man's name," said
+Montgomery, "is Andrew." This was a great while ago, and the quarrels of
+the time are happily forgotten. Watts is now fifty-seven years old, and
+age has sobered him, and given him increase of taste, both as to scandal
+and to writing verses. There are some extremely pretty things in this
+book (which may be found at Putnam's).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE STOWE MSS., including the unpublished diaries and correspondence of
+George Grenville, have been bought by Mr. Murray. The diary reveals, it
+is said, the secret movements of Lord Bute's administration, the private
+histories of Wilkes and Lord Chatham, and the features of the early
+madness of George III.; while the correspondence exhibits Wilkes in a
+new light, and reveals (what the Stowe papers were expected to reveal)
+something of moment about _Junius_. The whole will form about four
+volumes, and will appear among the next winter's novelties.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The copyrights, steel plates, wood-cuts, stereotype plates, &c. of
+_Walter Scott's works, and of his life, by Lockhart_, were to be sold in
+London, by auction, on the 26th March. This property belonged to the
+late Mr. Cadell of Edinburgh. The copyright of "Waverly" has five years
+more to run, and that of the works generally does not terminate for
+twenty years. This is the largest copyright property ever sold.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. LAYARD's fund having been exhausted, a subscription was lately set
+on foot for him in London, and its success we hope will enable him to
+prosecute his investigations with renewed vigor. He has, we hear,
+entirely recovered from his late indisposition, and needs but a supply
+of money to recommence his operations with renewed vigor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HENRY ALFORD, a very pleasing poet, a profound scholar, and most
+excellent man, is at the present time vicar of Wymeswold, in
+Leicestershire, England. He was born in London in 1810, and in 1832
+graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards
+Fellow. In 1835 he was married to his cousin, to whom are written some
+of his most charming effusions. At Easter in 1844 they lost one of their
+four children, and the bereavement seems to have induced the composition
+of many pieces full of tenderness and of remarkable beauty, which appear
+in the collection of his poems. In 1841 he was elected one of the
+lecturers in the University of Cambridge, and he is now, we believe,
+Examiner in Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and Logic in the
+University of London. He has published, besides his poetical works,
+which appeared in two volumes, some years since, several volumes of
+sermons, a work entitled _Chapters on the Poets of Ancient Greece_,
+written for the Nottingham mechanics; a volume of _University Lectures_;
+a work intended as a regular course of exercises in classical
+composition; and the _Greek Testament_, with a critically revised text,
+digest of various readings, &c., in which he has displayed sound
+learning and judgment. He is also editor of a very complete collection
+of the "Works of Donne", published some years ago at Oxford. The great
+labor of his life, however, centres in his edition of the _Greek
+Testament_, the first volume of which only, containing the four Gospels,
+has appeared. He is now working hard, eight or ten hours a day, in his
+theological researches, which promise a liberal harvest. We understand
+that he has in contemplation a poem of considerable length, the
+composition of which is to be the pleasant solace of his declining
+years. Mr. Alford's minor poems have within a few years been very
+popular in America, and won for their author the warm friendship and
+sympathy of many who will probably never know him personally. His pure
+domestic feeling, and hearty appreciation of whatever is most genial and
+hopeful in human nature, entitle him to the distinction he enjoys of
+being one of the truest "poets of the heart."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a sketch of the artist ANDREW WILSON, who died in Edinburgh two years
+ago, the _Art Journal_ gives the following postscript of a letter from
+Sir David Wilkie to Wilson:
+
+    MADRID, _Dec. 24th, 1827._
+
+     MY DEAR SIR,--Having been employed by our mutual friend, Mr.
+     Wilkie, to copy the above, I cannot let the opportunity pass
+     unimproved of speaking a word in my own name, and to call to
+     your mind the pleasant hours we occasionally passed together
+     many years since. Let me express, my dear sir, my great
+     pleasure in thus renewing, after so long an interval, our
+     acquaintance. You, of course, if you can recollect any thing of
+     me, can only remember me as a raw, inexperienced youngster,
+     while you were already a man, valuable for information,
+     acquirements, and weight of character. With great regard, my
+     dear sir, believe me, truly yours,
+
+                              WASHINGTON IRVING.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. ALISON, the historian, at a recent meeting of the Glasgow section of
+the Architectural Institute of Scotland, delivered an address in which
+he reviewed the state and progress of architecture, and its general
+influence on the mind and on the progress of civilization, from the
+period when it first became identified with Art to the present time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The diet of Denmark has just voted to three poets of that nation a
+yearly pension of 1,000 thalers each. Two of them were H. Herz and
+Puludan Mueller; the name of the third we do not know.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The book of the month in New-York has been _Lavengro_ (published by
+Putnam and by the Harpers in large editions.) Its success was a
+consequence of the fame won by the author in his "Bible in Spain," &c.,
+and of clever trickery in advertising. Generally, we believe, it has
+disappointed. We agree very nearly about it with the London _Leader_,
+that--
+
+     "It is worth reading, but not worth re-reading. A certain
+     freshness of scene, with real vigor of style, makes you canter
+     pleasantly enough through the volumes; but when the journey is
+     over you find yourself arrived Nowhere. It is not truth, it is
+     not fiction; neither biography nor romance; not even romantic
+     biography; but three volumes of sketches without a purpose, of
+     narratives without an aim. Mr. Borrow has hit the English taste
+     by his union of the clerical and scholarly with what we may
+     call _manly blackguardism_. His sympathies are all with the
+     blackguards. Not with the ragged nondescripts of the streets,
+     but the poetic vagabonds of the fields--the Rommany Chals--the
+     Gipsies, who are as great in "horse-taming" as Hector of old,
+     and great in the art of "self-defence" as any Greek before the
+     walls of Troy--not to mention other peculiarities in respect of
+     property and its conveyance which they share with the
+     Greeks--the Gipsies in short who are vagabonds in the true
+     wandering sense of the term."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JAMES T. FIELDS has in press a new edition of his Poems, embracing the
+pieces which he has written since the edition of 1849. Mr. Fields has a
+just sense of poetical art; his compositions are happily conceived, and
+uniformly executed with the most careful elaboration. A few days ago we
+saw a letter from Miss Mitford, addressed to a friend in this country,
+in which he is referred to as one of the "living classics of our
+tongue." We perceive that he is to be the next anniversary poet of the
+Phi Beta Kappa at Harvard.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+W. G. SIMMS has published at Charleston a fine poem entitled _The City
+of the Silent_, written for the occasion of the consecration of a
+cemetery near that city. It flows in natural harmony, and in thought as
+well as in manner has an appropriate dignity. We wonder that there has
+appeared no complete collection of the poems of Mr. Simms, which fill at
+least a dozen volumes, nearly all of which are now out of print. Some of
+his pieces have remarkable merit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"NILE NOTES BY A HOWADJI," is not a book of travel, but the book of a
+traveller. The traveller is obviously a very charming and veracious one,
+but after all, the landscape and the persons, scenes, and manners he
+describes are so idealized by him as to have lost much of their natural
+identity, and put on the somewhat artificial look of museum specimens.
+However, the _Notes_ are not, therefore, to us the less, but all the
+more, readable, because we have abundance of mere books of travel, and
+scarcely any traveller worth remarking. Mr. Kinglake, the author of
+_Eothen_, to be sure, was a host in himself. And Mr. Thackeray, in his
+_Journey from Cheapside to Cairo_, proved himself a fit companion of
+that gentleman. But a certain sneering humor, a certain mephistophelian
+irony, in these persons, prevent one from feeling entirely at ease with
+them, or believing, in fact, in their complete sincerity. It is not so
+with the author of _Nile Notes_, than whom a June breeze is not more
+bland, and moonlight not less gairish or oppressive. This conviction,
+indeed, strikes us in a very peculiar manner as we read, that no more
+genial nature ever penetrated that dismal and incredible East, to avouch
+the eternal freshness of man against the decay of nature and the
+mutability of institutions. An actually weird effect is produced by the
+sight of this plump and rosy Christian pervading the graves of dead
+empires, and thinking democracy amidst the listening ghosts of the
+Pharaohs. Did these solemn empires, did these absolute and strutting
+monarchs mistake their grandeur, and exist after all only that this
+modern democrat might laugh and live a life devoid of care? Such is the
+lesson of the book. It is sweeter to know the freshness and kindly
+nature that penned it; it is sweeter to feel the graceful and humane
+fancies that baptize every page of it, than to remember whole lineages
+of buried empires, or recognize whole pyramids of absolute and dissolved
+Pharaohs. The book is a mine of beautiful descriptions, and of sentences
+which tickle your inmost midriff with delight. (Harpers.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have been surprised lately at several long discussions in the
+New-York Historical Society of the question whether copies, extracts, or
+abstracts of the MSS. and other historical documents in the Society's
+collections might be published without the Society's special permission.
+We do not know who introduced the prohibitory proposition, but it is in
+the last degree ridiculous; there cannot be said in its support one
+syllable of reason; that it has been entertained so long is
+discreditable to the Society. The prime object of the Society is the
+collection and preservation of the materials of history; the more
+numerous the multiplication of copies, the more certain the
+probabilities of their preservation. A private collector may for obvious
+reasons hoard his treasures, and wish for the destruction of all copies
+of them; but the considerations which govern him are the last that
+should influence a historical society under similar circumstances.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FANNY WRIGHT, some dozen years ago, entered into a sort of limited
+partnership with one of Robert Owen's old New-Harmony associates, and
+has since been known as Frances Wright D'Arusmont. They lived together a
+few months, but women grow old, and these infidel philosophers are very
+apt to live according to their liberties; Madame resided in Paris,
+Monsieur in Cincinnati: Madame wanted more money than Monsieur would
+allow, and she returned, and is now before the courts of Ohio with a
+plea (of _eighty thousand words_) for property held by D'Arusmont, which
+she says is hers. We know little of the merits of the case, but if there
+is to be domestic unhappiness, we are content that she should be a
+sufferer, whose whole career has been a warfare upon the institutions
+which define the true position, and guard the best interests of her sex.
+It is more than thirty years since Fanny Wright wrote her _Views of
+Society and Manners in America_. The brilliant woman who lectured to
+crowds in the old Park Theatre, against decency, is old now, and an
+atheist old woman, desolate, is rather a pitiable object.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EDWARD T. CHANNING, a brother of the Rev. Dr. William Ellery Channing,
+and for thirty years Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard College, has
+resigned his place, and his resignation is one of the weightiest
+misfortunes that has befallen this school for some time. Professor
+Channing's fitness for the professorship of English literature was shown
+in his admirable article upon the Poetry of Moore, in the _North
+American Review_ for 1817. He has written much and well in criticism,
+and is perhaps equally familiar with both Latin and English literature.
+His lectures, described as eminently rich, suggestive, and practical, we
+hope will be given to the press. It is intimated that Mr. George Hillard
+will be his successor in the college, and we know of no man so young who
+could more nearly fill his place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"PUBLIC LIBRARIES," is the title of a very interesting article in the
+February number of _The International_, erroneously credited to
+Chambers's _Papers for the People_. The Edinburgh publisher, it seems,
+took two articles from the _North American Review_, cut them in pieces
+and transposed the sentences, prefixed a few remarks of his own, added a
+few words at the end of his Mosaic, and issued this "Paper for the
+People" as an original contribution to bibliothecal literature, without
+a word as to its real authorship or the sources whence it was derived.
+Such things are often done, and if Messrs. Chambers always evince as
+much sagacity in their appropriations, their readers will have abundant
+cause to be grateful. The articles in the _North American Review_ were
+written by Mr. George Livermore, a Boston merchant, who has the
+accomplishments of a Roscoe, and who as a bibliographer is scarcely
+surpassed in knowledge or judgment by any contemporary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FENELON, the Archbishop of Cambray, it was proved to the satisfaction of
+somebody, who read a paper upon the subject before the New-York
+Historical Society, a year or two ago, was once a missionary in America.
+But Mr. Poore, while in Paris for the collection of documents
+illustrative of the history of Massachusetts, investigated the matter,
+with his customary sagacity and diligence, and a communication by him to
+_The International_ most satisfactorily shows that the supposition was
+entirely wrong. The Fenelon who was in this country was tried at Quebec,
+in a case of which the famous La Salle was one of the witnesses, and of
+which the _process verbal_ is now in the _Archives de l'Amerique_, in
+Paris; and the Archbishop was at the time of the trial certainly in
+France.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. S. G. GOODRICH, of whose works we recently gave a reviewal, will
+sail in a few days for Paris, where he will immediately enter upon the
+duties of the consulship to which he has been appointed by the
+President. This will be pleasant news for American travellers in Europe.
+Mr. Walsh has never been very liberal of attentions to his countrymen
+unless their position was such as to render their society an object of
+his ambition. Mr. Goodrich himself recently passed several months in
+Paris, bearing letters to the consul, who in all the time offered him
+not even a recognition. He will be apt to pay more regard to the letter
+which Mr. Goodrich bears from the Secretary of State.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MAJOR RICHARDSON's _Wacousta, or the Prophecy_, is a powerfully written
+novel, originally printed twenty years ago, and lately republished by
+Dewitt & Davenport. The descriptions are graphic, and the incidents
+dramatic, but the plot is in some respects defective. The prophecies
+which have such influence over the race of De Holdimars should have been
+pronounced in his infancy, and not only a few days before the terrible
+results attributed to it; the introduction of the race at Holdimar's
+execution, is injudicious; and the circumstances under which Wacousta
+finds Valletort and Clara his auditors not well contrived. But
+altogether the book is one of the best we have illustrating Indian life.
+Major Richardson is a British American; his father was an officer in
+Simcoe's famous regiment; other members of his family held places of
+distinction in the civil or military service; and he was himself a
+witness of some of the most remarkable scenes in our frontier military
+history, and was made a prisoner by the United States troops at the
+battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed--_not_ by Colonel
+Johnson, very certainly. Major Richardson subsequently served in Spain,
+and resided several years in Paris, where he wrote _Ecarte_, a very
+brilliant novel, of which we are soon to have a new edition. A later
+work from his hand, which we need not name, is more creditable to his
+abilities than to his taste or discretion; but _Wacousta_ and _Ecarte_
+are worthy of the best masters in romantic fiction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The subject of _American Antiquities_ has been very much neglected by
+American writers. Even the remains of an ancient and high civilization
+which are scattered so profusely all through Mexico and Central America
+have hitherto been illustrated almost exclusively by foreigners, and the
+most complete and magnificent publication respecting them that will ever
+have been made is that of Lord Kingsborough. Recently, however, our own
+country has furnished an antiquary of indefatigable industry, great
+perseverance and sagacity, in Mr. E. G. Squier, who was lately _Charge
+d'Affaires_ of the United States to the Republic of Central America, and
+is now engaged in printing several works which he has completed, in this
+city. The splendid volume by Mr. Squier which was published two years
+ago by the _Smithsonian Institution_, upon the Antiquities of the Valley
+of the Mississippi, illustrates his abilities, and is a pledge of the
+value of his new performances. The first of his forthcoming volumes
+will, like that, be issued by the Smithsonian Institution, and it will
+constitute a quarto of some two hundred pages, with more than ninety
+engravings, under the title of _Aboriginal Monuments of New-York,
+comprising the results of Original Surveys and Explorations, with an
+Appendix_. This is now, we believe, on the eve of publication. A second
+volume is entitled, _The Serpent Symbol, and the Worship of the
+Reciprocal Principle, in America_. It contains, also, extended
+incidental illustrations of the religious systems of the American
+aborigines, and of the symbolical character of the ancient monuments in
+the United States. It will form a large octavo of two hundred and fifty
+pages, with sixty-three engravings, and will be published by Mr. Putnam.
+
+The first of these works, constituting part of the second volume of the
+"Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," may be regarded as a
+continuation of the author's _Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi
+Valley_, forming the first volume of those contributions. It gives a
+succinct account of the aboriginal remains of the state of New-York,
+which were thoroughly investigated by the author, under the joint
+auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the New-York Historical
+Society, in 1848. It strips the subject of all the absurd hypotheses and
+conjectures with which it has been involved by speculative and fanciful
+minds, and gives us a new and full statement of facts, from which there
+is no difficulty in getting at correct results. The appendix, which
+forms quite half of the volume, is devoted to the consideration of
+several of the more interesting questions stated in connection with the
+subject of our antiquities generally, and has a closer relation to the
+previously published volume than to the present memoir. The _rationale_
+of symbolism is very elaborately deduced from an analysis of the
+primitive religious structures of the Greeks, and applied, as we think,
+with entire success, to the elucidation of the origin and purposes of a
+large part of the monumental remains in the western United States.
+Indeed this whole work is dependent on, and illustrative of, the other,
+which must be imperfectly understood without it.
+
+The same is true of the second work, on the "Serpent Symbol," etc.,
+which, however, is chiefly devoted to inquiries into the philosophy and
+religion of the aboriginal American nations, and the relations which
+they sustained to the primitive systems of the other continent. The
+principal inquiry is, how far the identities which, in these respects,
+confessedly existed between the early nations of both worlds, may be
+regarded as derivative, or the result of like conditions and common
+mental and moral constitutions. These are radical questions, which must
+be decided before we can, with safety, attempt any generalizations on
+the subject of the origin of the American race, which has so long
+occupied speculative minds. Mr. Squier, in this volume, has brought
+together a vast number of new and interesting facts, demonstrating the
+existence of some of the most abstract oriental doctrines in America,
+illustrated by precisely identical or analogous symbols; but he does not
+admit that they were derivative, without first subjecting them to a
+rigid analysis, in order to ascertain if they may not have originated on
+the spot where they were found, by a natural and almost inevitable
+process. The work, therefore, is essentially critical, and may be
+regarded as initiatory to the investigation of these subjects, on a new
+and more philosophical system. It is the first of a series, under the
+general title of "American Archaeological Researches," of which, it is
+announced in the advertisement, "The Archaeology and Ethnology of Central
+America," and "The Mexican Calendar," will form the second and third
+volumes.
+
+Besides these works, Mr. Squier has now in press, _Nicaragua: Its
+Condition, Resources, and Prospects; being a Narrative of a Residence in
+that Country, and containing also chapters illustrative of its
+Geography, Topography, History, Social and Political Condition,
+Antiquities, &c., illustrated by Maps and Engravings_. This cannot fail
+of being a book of much interest and value. We are confident that it
+will be worth more than all the hundred other volumes that have been
+printed upon the subjects which it will embrace. Mr. Squier, while
+_Charge d'Affaires_ to Central America, and Minister to Nicaragua,
+enjoyed extraordinary opportunities, in his relations with the chief
+persons of those countries and his frequent tours of observation, for
+obtaining full and accurate information, and the general justness of his
+apprehensions respecting affairs may be relied upon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The REV. DR. SCHROEDER has in press a _History of Constantine the
+Great_, in which we shall have his views of the Church in the fourth
+century.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. CHARLES ASTOR BRISTED, whose clever sketches of American Society we
+have copied into the _International_ as they have appeared in the
+successive numbers of _Fraser's Magazine_, has addressed the following
+letter to Mr. Willis, upon an intimation in the _Home Journal_ that
+under the name of Carl Benson he described himself:
+
+     "MY DEAR SIR:--Several intimations to the above effect have
+     already reached me, but now for the first time from a source
+     deserving notice. Allow me to deny, _in toto_, any intention of
+     describing myself under the name of Henry Benson. Were I
+     disposed to attempt self-glorification, it would be under a
+     very different sort of character. Here I should, in strictness,
+     stop; but, as you have done me the honor to speak favorably of
+     certain papers in _Fraser_, perhaps you will permit me to
+     intrude on your time (and your readers', if you think it worth
+     while), so far as to explain _what_ (not _whom_) Mr. Benson is
+     meant for.
+
+     "The said papers (ten in all, of which four still remain in the
+     editor's hands), were originally headed, 'The Upper Ten
+     Thousand,' as representing life and manners in a particular
+     set, which title the editor saw fit to alter into 'Sketches of
+     American Society'--not with my approbation, as it was claiming
+     for them more than they contained, or professed to contain.
+     Harry Benson, the thread employed to hang them together, is a
+     sort of fashionable hero--a _quadratus homo_, according to the
+     'Upper Ten' conception of one; a young man who, starting with a
+     handsome person and fair natural abilities, adds to these the
+     advantages of inherited wealth, a liberal education, and
+     foreign travel. He possesses much general information, and
+     practical dexterity in applying it, great world-knowledge and
+     _aplomb_, financial shrewdness, readiness in
+     composition--speaks half-a-dozen languages, dabbles in
+     literature, in business, _in every thing but politics_--talks
+     metaphysics one minute, and dances a polka the next--in short,
+     knows a little of every thing, with a knack of reproducing it
+     effectively; moreover, is a man of moral purity, deference to
+     women and hospitality to strangers, which I take to be the
+     three characteristic virtues of a New-York gentleman. On the
+     other hand, he has the faults of his class strongly
+     marked--intense foppery in dress, general Sybaritism of living,
+     a great deal of Jack-Brag-ism and show-off, mythological and
+     indiscreet habits of conversation, a pernicious custom of
+     sneering at every body and every thing, inconsistent blending
+     of early Puritan and acquired Continental habits, occasional
+     fits of recklessness breaking through the routine of a
+     worldly-prudent life. The character is so evidently a
+     type--even if it were not designated as such in so many words,
+     more than once--that it is surprising it should ever have been
+     attributed to an individual--above all, to one who is never at
+     home but in two places--outside of a horse and inside of a
+     library. Most of the other characters are similarly types--that
+     is to say, they represent certain styles and varieties of men.
+     The fast boy of Young America (from whose diary Pensez-y gave
+     you a leaf last summer), whose great idea of life is dancing,
+     eating supper after dancing, and gambling after eating supper;
+     the older exquisite, without fortune enough to hurry
+     brilliantly on, who makes general gallantly his amusement and
+     occupation; the silent man, _blaze_ before thirty, and not to
+     be moved by any thing; (a variety of American much overlooked
+     by strangers, but existing in great perfection, both here and
+     at the south;) the beau of the 'second set,' dressy, vulgar and
+     good natured; these and others I have endeavored to depict.
+     Now, as every class is made up of individuals, every character
+     representing a class must resemble some of the individuals in
+     it, in some particulars; but if you undertook to attach to each
+     single character one and the same living representative, you
+     would soon find each of them, like Mrs. Malaprop's Cerberus,
+     'three gentlemen at once,' if not many more; and should one of
+     your 'country readers,' anxious to 'put the right names to
+     them,' address--not _one_, but _five_ or _six_--of his 'town
+     correspondents,' he would get answers about as harmonious as if
+     he had consulted the same number of German commentators on the
+     meaning of a disputed passage in a Greek tragedian. Some of the
+     personages are purely fanciful--for instance, Mr.
+     Harrison--such a man as never did exist, but I imagine might
+     very well exist, among us. But, as the development of these
+     characters is still in manuscript, it would be premature to say
+     more of them.
+
+     "Yet one word. The sketches were written entirely for the
+     English market, so to speak, without any expectation of their
+     being generally read or republished here. This will account for
+     their containing many things which must seem very flat and
+     common-place to an American reader--such as descriptions of
+     sulkies and trotting-wagons, how people dress, and what they
+     eat for dinner, etc.; which are nevertheless not necessarily
+     uninteresting to an Englishman who has not seen this country.
+     Excuse me for trespassing thus far on your patience, and
+     believe me, dear sir, yours very truly
+
+                              C. A. BRISTED."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, LL.D. and his son Benjamin Silliman, junior, of Yale
+College, sailed a few days ago for Europe, for the purpose chiefly of
+making a geological exploration of the central and southern portion of
+that continent. After visiting the volcanic regions of central France,
+they will make the tour of Italy, visiting Vesuvius and Etna, and will
+return to England in time to attend the meeting of the British Academy
+of Sciences, at Ipswich, in July. They will next visit Switzerland and
+the Alps, and return home in the autumn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second volume of _The Works of John Adams_, we understand, has been
+very well received by the book-buyers. It is frequently observed of it,
+that it vindicates the title of its eminent author and subject to a
+higher distinction than has commonly been awarded to him in our day. It
+certainly is one of the most interesting biographies of the
+revolutionary period that we have read. The third and fourth volumes
+will be published by Little & Brown about the beginning of May.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"THE CAESARS," by De Quincy, is the last of the works by that great
+author issued by Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, who promise us in their
+beautiful typography all that the "Opium Eater" has written. "The
+Caesars" is a very remarkable book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+OF THE EDITION OF THE WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON by JARED SPARKS, we
+published some years ago in the Philadelphia _North American_ an opinion
+which was amply vindicated by citations and comparisons, and more
+recently, in the _International_ for last December, we substantially
+repeated our judgment in the following words, in reply to some
+observations on the subject in the Paris _Journal des Debats_:
+
+     "But the omissions by Mr. Sparks--sometimes from carelessness,
+     sometimes from ignorance, and sometimes from an indisposition
+     to revive memories of old feuds, or to cover with disgrace
+     names which should be dishonored, and his occasional verbal
+     alterations of Washington's letters, prevent satisfaction with
+     his edition of Washington."
+
+Since then an able and ingenious writer in the _Evening Post_ has
+criticised the labors of Mr. Sparks in the same manner, and in a second
+paper conclusively replied to his defenders. We profess thoroughly to
+understand this matter; we have carefully compared the original letters
+of Washington, as they are preserved in the Department of State, in the
+Charleston Library, the New-York Historical Society's Library, and in
+numerous other public and private collections, and we have come to the
+conclusion that instead of having done any service to American History
+by his editions of Morris, Franklin, and Washington, Mr. Sparks has done
+positive and scarcely reparable injury; since by his incomplete,
+inaccurate and injudicious publications, he has prevented the
+preparation of such as are necessary for the illustration of the
+characters of these persons and the general history of their times. We
+shall not at present enter into any particulars for the vindication of
+our dissent from the very common estimation of the character of Mr.
+Sparks as a historian; but we may gratify some students in our history
+by stating that _A Complete Collection of the Writings of Washington,
+chronologically arranged, and amply illustrated with Introductions,
+Notes, &c._, is in hand, and will be published with all convenient
+expedition. It will embrace about twice as much matter as the edition by
+Sparks, but will be much more compactly printed. It would have appeared
+before the present time, but for an absurd misapprehension in regard to
+certain assumed copyrights, which one of our most eminent justices, and
+several lawyers of the highest distinction, have declared null and
+impossible.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. ISAAC C. PRAY is the author of a beautiful volume on the eve of
+publication, on the History of the Musical Drama. One hundred and sixty
+pages are devoted to "Parodi and the Opera." Mr. Pray is a capital
+critic in this department; he has been many years familiar with the
+various schools of musical art, and at home behind the scenes in the
+great opera houses of Europe: so that probably no writer in America has
+more ample material for such a work as he has undertaken. He proposes a
+series of some half-dozen volumes on the subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. FREDERIC SAUNDERS, an industrious literary antiquary, is publishing
+in the _Methodist Quarterly Review_ and the _Christian Recorder_, a
+series of pleasant reminiscences of the great lights of the church in
+England, in the last generation. Among his papers that have appeared are
+entertaining sketches of Edward Irving and Dr. Chalmers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"THE DUTY OF A BIOGRAPHER," is very justly described by a writer on this
+subject in the last _Democratic Review_. They certainly managed these
+things better in the days of king Cheops, but biographies would still be
+written truthfully and to some purpose if there were more honesty in
+criticism--if the mob of people who fancy they may themselves sometimes
+be heroes of such writing, did not for their prospective safety denounce
+every _post-mortem_ exhibition of infirmities; or if to the creatures
+most largely endowed with the means of hearing, slavering were not more
+easy than dissection.
+
+
+
+
+ASTONISHING ADVENTURE OF JAMES BOTELLO.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY W. S. MAYO, M.D. AUTHOR OF KALOOLAH, ETC.
+
+
+To an author who has been accustomed to deal with the startling and the
+marvellous in the way of incident and adventure, nothing can be more
+amusing than the confident opinions of critics and readers as to the
+improbability, and frequently the impossibility, of particular scenes
+which often happen to be faithful descriptions of actual occurrences. In
+this manner several passages from "Kaloolah" and "The Berber" have been
+indicated by some of my many good natured and liberal critics in this
+country and in England, as taxing a little too strongly the credulity of
+readers. Among such passages, the escape, in the first pages of the
+Berber, of the young Englishman, by jumping overboard in the bay of
+Cadiz, and hiding himself in the darkness of the night beneath the
+overhanging stern of his boat, has been particularly pointed out. Now,
+if this was pure invention, it might be safely left to a jury of yankee
+boatmen or Spanish _barqueros_ to decide whether the incident was not in
+the highest degree probable and natural; but being literally founded in
+fact, it is perhaps unnecessary to make any such appeal. There may be,
+however, a few unadventurous souls who will still persist in their
+doubts as to the probability of the incident. For the especial benefit
+of such I will relate the true story of a boat adventure, which in every
+way is a thousand times more strange and incredible than any of the
+wildest inventions of the wildest romance.
+
+The voyage of Vasco di Gama around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian
+Ocean, was the beginning of a complete revolution in the trade of Europe
+and the East. This trade, which, following the expensive route of Egypt
+and the Red Sea, had been for a long time in the hands of the Venetians
+and Genoese, suddenly turned itself into the new and cheap channel
+opened by the enterprise of the Portuguese. The merchants of Genoa and
+Venice found themselves unexpectedly cut off from their accustomed
+sources of wealth, while a tide of affluence rolled into the mouth of
+the Tagus, and Lisbon became the commercial mart of the world.
+
+The success of the Portuguese gave a new impulse to the spirit of
+enterprise which had already been excited among the maritime nations of
+Europe by the discoveries of Columbus, and efforts to divert a portion
+of the golden current soon began to be made. The Spaniards, debarred
+from following the direct route of the Portuguese, by their own
+exclusive pretensions in the west, and the consequent decision of the
+Pope, granting to them the sole right of exploration beyond a certain
+line of longitude to the west, and confining the Portuguese to the east,
+had, under the guidance of the adventurous Magellan, found a westerly
+route to the Indies. The English were busy with several schemes for a
+short cut to the north-west. The Dutch were beginning to give signs of a
+determination, despite the Pope's decision, to follow the route by the
+Cape of Good Hope. As may be imagined, these movements aroused the
+jealousy of the court and merchants of Lisbon. They trembled lest their
+commercial monopoly should be encroached upon, and every care was taken
+to keep the rest of Europe in ignorance of the details of the trade, and
+of the discoveries and conquests of their agents in the East.
+
+Of course nothing could be more injurious to a Portuguese of the time
+than to be suspected of a design to aid with advice or information the
+schemes of foreign rivals. Unluckily for James Botello such a suspicion
+lighted upon him. It was rumored that he was disposed to sell his
+services to the French. He was known to be a gentleman of parts, well
+acquainted with the East--having served with credit under the immediate
+successors of Vasco de Gama--and as competent as any one to lead the
+Frenchman into the Indian Ocean, and to initiate him into the mysteries
+of the trade. The suspicion, however, could not have been very strong,
+and probably had no real foundation in truth, or else more stringent
+measures than appear to have been used would have been adopted by an
+unscrupulous court to prevent his carrying his designs into execution.
+The rumor, however, had its effect; and Botello soon found that his
+influence at court was gone, and that he had become an object of jealous
+observation.
+
+Anxious to give the lie to this calumny, and to regain the favor of his
+sovereign, John III, Botello embarked as a volunteer in the fleet which
+was taking out to Calicut the new viceroy, De Cunna. Upon the arrival of
+this fleet, the operations of the Portuguese, both military and
+commercial, were carried on with renewed vigor; and in all these Botello
+bore his part, but without being able wholly to remove the suspicions
+with which he was sensible his actions were still watched by his
+superiors. A favorite project of the Portuguese--one that had been
+pursued with energy and by every means of diplomacy or war--was the
+establishment of a fort in Diu, a town situated at the mouth of the Gulf
+of Cambaya. Several times the capture of the place had been attempted by
+force, but without success. Even the great Albuquerque had been foiled
+in a furious attack. Failing in this, the Portuguese repeatedly
+endeavored to get permission to erect a fort for the protection of their
+trade, by persuasion or artifice. It had become an object of the most
+ardent desire, as well with the king and court at home, as with the
+viceroys and their officers in the East.
+
+It happened now in the year 1534, that Badur, king of Cambaya, was
+sorely pressed by his enemy the Great Mogul--so much so, that he was
+compelled to call in the assistance of his other enemy, the Portuguese.
+The price of this assistance was to be permission to erect and garrison
+a fort at Diu. Badur hesitated; he knew that if the Portuguese were
+allowed a fort, they would soon be masters of the whole town; but his
+necessities were urgent, and he finally acceded to the demand. De Cunna
+rushed to Diu; a treaty was speedily concluded with Badur--the fort was
+planned, and its erection commenced with vigor.
+
+No one better than Botello knew how pleased King John would be with the
+news. He resolved to be the bearer of the good tidings, and thus to
+restore himself to the royal favor. His plan was a bold and daring one;
+in fact, considering the known dangers of the sea, and the then
+imperfect state of navigation, it must have seemed almost hopeless; but
+he suffered no doubts or apprehensions to prevent him from carrying it
+into immediate effect. In order to conceal his design, he gave out that
+he was going on a boat excursion up the Gulf of Cambaya, to visit the
+court of the now friendly Badur. Two young soldiers, of inferior degree,
+named Juan de Sousa and Alfonzo Belem, readily consented to accompany
+him. The boat selected for the voyage was a small affair--something like
+a modern jolly boat, though of rather greater beam in proportion to its
+other dimensions; its length was sixteen feet, its breadth nine feet.
+Four Moorish slaves from Melenda, on the coast of Africa, were selected
+to work the boat, while two native servants, having Portuguese blood in
+their veins, completed the crew.
+
+Botello's preparations for the voyage were soon made; and waiting only
+to secure a copy of the treaty with Badur, and plans of the fort which
+had been commenced, he ordered the short mast, with its tapering lateen
+yard, to be raised, and the sail trimmed close to the breeze blowing
+into the roadstead of Diu. But instead of turning up along the northern
+coast of the Gulf of Cambaya, he directed the bow of his little bark
+boldly out to sea.
+
+His companions knew but little of navigation; but they knew enough to
+know that a south-westerly course was hardly the one on which to reach
+Cambaya. To the remonstrances of Juan and Alfonzo, Botello simply
+replied that he preferred sailing south with the wind, to rowing north
+against it; and they would find the course he had chosen the safest and
+shortest in the end.
+
+In this way they sailed for three days. On the morning of the fourth,
+Botello found that it would be impossible for him longer to turn a deaf
+ear to the mutterings of discontent among his crew. It was high time for
+an explanation of his plans; and trusting to his eloquence and
+influence, he proceeded to unfold his design.
+
+Imagine the astonishment and dismay depicted in the countenances of the
+servants and sailors when he told them that he purposed making the long
+and dangerous voyage to Lisbon in the miserable little boat in which
+they had embarked. But as he went on commenting upon the feasibility of
+the project, discussing the real dangers of such voyage, and ridiculing
+the imaginary, and dilating upon the honors and rewards which they would
+win by being the first bearers of the tidings they carried, a change
+from dismay to hope and confidence took place in the minds of all his
+hearers, excepting the African sailors, who did not much relish the idea
+of so long a voyage to Christian lands. They, however, were slaves and
+infidels, and their opposition was not much heeded.
+
+To every objection Botello had a plausible reply. He confidently
+asserted his knowledge of a safe route, and of his ability to preserve
+their little craft amid all the dangers of the sea.
+
+"But may we not be forestalled in our news, after all," demanded
+Alfonzo, "by the vessels from Calicut?"
+
+"No fear of that," replied Botello. "The news from Diu will not reach
+Calicut for a month, and then it will be too late in the monsoon to
+dispatch a vessel, even if one were ready. Besides, I have certain
+information that the viceroy has determined that no dispatches shall be
+sent home until he can announce the completion of the fort."
+
+"I like not this new route you propose," said Juan. "Why leave the usual
+course to Melenda?"
+
+"Because we should be in danger of exciting the suspicions of our
+brethren who now garrison the forts of Melenda, Zanzabar, and
+Mozambique, and perhaps be detained. No, we will take a more direct
+course--strike the coast of Africa below Sofalo, and then follow the
+shore around the Cape of Good Hope."
+
+"And what are we to do for provisions and water, in the mean time?"
+
+"Of provisions we have a store that will last until we reach land, when
+we can obtain supplies from the natives; as to water, we must go at once
+upon the shortest possible allowance, and daily pray for rain--St.
+Francis will aid us. I can show you something that will set your minds
+easy upon that point."
+
+Botello produced a box from beneath the stern sheets, and opening it,
+took out with an air of reverence a leaden image of the saint.
+
+"See this," he exclaimed, in a tone of exultation. "It was modelled from
+the portrait recognized by the aged Moor. Have you not heard of the
+miracle?--true, you were not at Calicut. Know, then, that a few months
+since, a native of India was presented to the viceroy, whose reputed age
+amounted to three hundred years. His story was, that in early youth he
+encountered an aged man lingering upon the banks of a stream which he
+was anxious to pass. The youth tendered the support of his strong
+shoulders, and bore him across the water. As a reward for the service,
+the old man bade the youth to live until they should meet again. And
+thus had he lived, until a few months since he was presented to De
+Cunna, when he at once recognized in a portrait of St. Francis the holy
+man whom he had carried across the stream. This image was modelled from
+that portrait; it was blessed by the pious convert in whose person was
+performed the miracle. Our voyage must be prosperous with this on
+board."
+
+The sight of an image taken from a portrait acknowledged to be the saint
+himself, removed all doubt. And what Botello's arguments and persuasions
+might have failed to accomplish, was easily effected by the little image
+of lead. A heretic might, perhaps, have questioned the saint's power
+over the physical phenomena of the sea, but he could not have denied his
+moral influence over the minds of the adventurous voyageurs who confided
+in him. No hesitation remained, except in the minds of the four slaves,
+who, having been forcibly converted from the errors of Mohammed, were
+yet somewhat weak in the true faith.
+
+It was this want of faith that led to one of the most lamentable events
+of the voyage. They had been out more than a month without having had
+sight of land, and not even a distant sail had lighted up the dismal
+loneliness of the ocean. It must be recollected what a solitude was the
+vast surface of the Indian and Pacific seas in those days. Beside the
+Portuguese fleets that followed each other at long and regular
+intervals, Christian commerce there was none, while Arabian trade was
+small in amount, and confined to certain narrow channels. The Moorish
+slaves had never before been so long in the open sea, and their fears
+increased as day after day the little boat bore them farther to the
+south. The provisions were also, by this time, nearly exhausted, and the
+daily allowance of water proved barely sufficient to moisten their
+parched lips. The slaves, after taking counsel among themselves,
+demanded that the course of the boat should be arrested.
+
+"And which way would you go?" asked Botello. "Back to Diu? It would take
+three months to reach the port, and long ere that we should starve."
+
+"Let us steer, then, directly for the African coast. Melenda must be our
+nearest port."
+
+"Never!" returned the resolute Botello. "I will run no risk of having
+our voyage frustrated by the jealousy of my old enemy, Alfonzo
+Peristrello, who has command at that station. Courage for a few days
+more, and we shall see land. There are isles hereaway that you will deem
+fit residences for the blessed saints--such fruits! such flowers!"
+
+The promises of Botello had influence with all of his companions
+excepting the Moors, whose muttered discontent suddenly assumed a fierce
+and menacing aspect. Luckily, Botello was as wary as he was brave.
+
+It was in the middle of the night that, stretched upon the midship
+thwart of the boat, he noticed a movement among the Moors, who occupied
+the bow. One of them moved stealthily towards him, and bending over him,
+cautiously sought the hilt of his dagger; but before he could draw it,
+the grasp of Botello was upon his throat, and he was hurled to the
+bottom of the boat. With a shout, the other Moors seized the boat hooks
+and stretchers, and rushed upon Botello; but Juan and Alfonzo were upon
+the alert, and, drawing their long daggers, rushed to his defence. Never
+was there a more desperate conflict than on that starlit night, in that
+frail boat, that floated a feeble, solitary speck of humanity on the
+bosom of the vast Indian sea.
+
+The conflict was desperate, but it was soon over. The Portuguese of
+those days were other men than their degenerate descendants of the
+present age; and, besides, the slaves were overmatched both in arms and
+numbers. Three were slain outright, and the fourth driven overboard. One
+of the Portuguese servants was killed; thus diminishing the number of
+the voyageurs more than one-half--a lucky circumstance, without which,
+most probably, the whole would have perished.
+
+For a week longer the little bark stood on its course, when a violent
+storm threatened a melancholy termination to the voyage. The wind,
+however, was accompanied by rain, and Botello kept up the spirits of his
+friends by attributing the storm to St. Francis, who had sent it
+expressly to save them from dying by thirst. It would have been perhaps
+more easy to believe in the saint's agency in the matter had there been
+less wind; for in addition to the danger of being ingulfed by the heavy
+sea, their clothing, which they spread to collect the rain, was so
+deluged with salt spray as to make the water exceedingly brackish. Bad
+as it was, however, it served to maintain life until they reached a
+little rocky, uninhabited island in the channel of Mozambique.
+
+It was with some difficulty that a landing place was found. Upon
+ascending the rocks, a few scattered palms exhibited the only appearance
+of vegetation. Their chief necessity--freshwater--however, was found in
+abundance, standing in the hollows of the rocky surface, where it had
+been deposited by the recent storm. Several kinds of wild fowl showed
+themselves in abundance, and so tame as to suffer themselves to be
+caught without any trouble; while crowding the little sandy inlets were
+thousands of the finest turtle.
+
+At this spot Botello and his companions rested for a week; which was
+spent in caulking and repairing their boat and sail, drying and salting
+the flesh of fowl and turtle, and in filling every available vessel with
+the precious fluid so liberally furnished by their patron St. Francis.
+
+A succession of storms followed their departure, and tossed them about
+here and there for so many days, that their reckoning became exceedingly
+confused. Botello, however, was an accomplished navigator, and his
+sailor instinct stood him in good stead. Upon returning fair weather he
+conjectured that he was abreast of Cape Corientes, and the bow of the
+boat was directed, due east, for the African coast.
+
+Calms followed storms. The oars were got out, and day after day the
+clumsy boat was pulled through the long rolling swell of the glassy sea.
+Still no sight of land. Their provisions were getting short again--their
+water was reduced to the lowest possible allowance, and the labor of the
+oar was rapidly exhausting their strength. The image of St. Francis was
+hourly appealed to. Sometimes his aid was implored in most humble
+prayers--sometimes demanded with the wildest imprecations and threats.
+One day Botello seized the little St. Francis, and whirling him on high,
+threatened to throw him into the sea, unless he instantly granted a
+sight of land; no land showed itself, and the saint was reverentially
+replaced in his box. But he was not to rest there long in quiet. The
+next day the ingenious Botello announced to his sinking companions that
+he had a plan to compel the saint to terms. The image was produced from
+its box, a cord was fastened around its neck, and it was then thrown
+overboard. Down went his leaden saintship into the depths of the ocean.
+"And there he shall remain," exclaimed Botello, "until he sends us land
+or rain." An hour had not expired when a faint bluish haze in the
+eastern horizon attracted all eyes. A favorable breeze springing up, the
+sail was hoisted, and as the boat moved under its influence, the haze
+grew in consistency and size. Land was in sight.
+
+The reader may perhaps smile with contempt at the superstitious faith of
+Botello and companions in the connection between this happy land-fall
+and their ingenious compulsion of the saint's miraculous power; but it
+may be questioned whether there was not good ground for their belief--at
+least as good ground as there is for faith in any of the facts of animal
+magnetism, clairvoyance, and spiritual rappings.
+
+The land proved to be a point in Lagoa Bay--a familiar object to
+Botello. Upon going ashore, a party of natives received him, with whom
+friendly relations were soon established, and from whom provisions and
+water were readily obtained. A few days served to recruit the exhausted
+strength of the party, when taking again to their boat, they coasted
+along the shore, landing at frequent intervals, until they reached the
+dreaded Cape of Storms, as the southern point of Africa was called by
+its first discoverer, Bartholomew Diaz.
+
+The Cape did not belie its reputation. From the summit of Table
+Mountain, and the surrounding high lands, it sent down a gust that drove
+the unfortunate voyageurs away from the land a long distance to the
+south-west; and many weary and despairing days were passed before they
+were able to make the harbor of Saldahana. Here the chief necessity of
+life--fresh water--was found in abundance, and a supply of provisions
+obtained, consisting chiefly of the dried flesh of seals, with which the
+harbor was filled. A few orange and lemon-trees, planted by the early
+Portuguese discoverers, were loaded with fruit, and afforded a grateful
+and effectual means of removing the symptoms of scurvy which were
+beginning to appear.
+
+Saldahana being a resting place for the outward bound Portuguese fleets,
+Botello made his stay as short as possible, lest he should be
+intercepted and turned back by some newly appointed and jealous viceroy.
+For the same reason he avoided several points on the coast of western
+Africa where his countrymen had stations--keeping well out to sea and
+from the mouth of the Congo, and steering a direct course across the
+Gulf of Guinea. He knew that if a Portuguese admiral had sailed at the
+appointed time, he must be somewhere in that Gulf, and that his tall
+barks would hug the shore, creeping from headland to headland slowly and
+cautiously. The energetic Botello and his companions had encountered too
+many dangers to be frightened at the perils of a run across the Gulf,
+and the resolution was adopted to give the Portuguese fleet, by the aid
+of St. Francis, the go-by in the open sea.
+
+The run was successfully achieved; not, however, without many weary days
+at the oar, and many an appeal to St. Francis for favoring winds, and
+for aid in the sudden tornadoes which frequently threatened to ingulf
+them. Cape de Verd was reached; the barren shore of the great desert was
+passed, with but a single stoppage in the Rio del Ouro--a slender arm of
+the sea setting up a few miles into the sands of Sahara. Here a few
+dates and some barley cakes were purchased of a family of wandering
+Arabs; and again putting to sea, the shores of Morocco were cautiously
+coasted. Without further adventure, but not without further suffering,
+and labor, and danger, the short remaining distance was passed. The head
+of the Straits of Gibraltar--the headlands of Spain--the southern point
+of Algarve, successively came in sight; and then the smiling mouth of
+the golden Tagus greeted their longing eyes.
+
+And thus was happily finished this wonderful voyage--a voyage which, if
+performed in the present day, with all the means and appliances of
+navigation, would excite the admiration of the world, but which, under
+the circumstances of the age, the prejudices and ignorance of the
+voyageurs, and the imperfect state of maritime science, may truly be
+considered the most astonishing upon record. It must be observed, too,
+that this was no involuntary boat expedition--no desperate alternative
+of some foundering ship's crew--but the deliberate, carefully considered
+project of an experienced sailor; and that the hardihood evinced in its
+conception was surpassed by the resolution, perseverance, and skill,
+with which it was conducted to its end.
+
+The presence of Botello was soon known to his friends; and the rumor
+spread through the city that an Indian fleet had arrived off the mouth
+of the Tagus. It reached the court, so that upon his application for an
+audience of the king, he found no detention except from the curiosity of
+the courtiers and ministers; which, however, he resolutely refused to
+satisfy, until he had communicated his news to the royal ear.
+
+Botello exhibited his copy of the convention with Badur, king of
+Cambaya, and the plans of the fort which was being erected at Diu, and
+related the history of his adventurous voyage. King John freely
+expressed his astonishment and delight, and calling around him the
+members of his household, familiarly questioned Botello as to all the
+little details of his voyage.
+
+There was a pause in the conversation. Botello threw himself upon his
+knees. "There is one point," he exclaimed, "upon which your majesty has
+not condescended to question me."
+
+"What is that?" demanded the king.
+
+"My reasons," replied Botello, "for undertaking this long and hazardous
+voyage. Your majesty knows, or at least many of your majesty's enemies
+know, that I am one not over cautious in confronting danger, either by
+sea or land; but I should never have had the courage to make myself the
+bearer of tidings however important, as I have done, without some reason
+other than the desire of astonishing the world by a feat which by many
+will be pronounced simply fool-hardy. Your majesty will believe me--I
+had another and a better reason."
+
+"And that reason was--"
+
+"The favor of my sovereign, and the removal of the undeserved suspicions
+with which my motives and feelings had been visited."
+
+"Rise," replied the king, extending his hand, and smiling graciously.
+"Our suspicions were of the slightest. We will take some fitting
+opportunity of showing that they are gone for ever."
+
+The courtiers overwhelmed Botello and his companions with
+congratulations. The king accompanied him to see the boat, and upon
+dismissing him, renewed his assurances of favor and reward--assurances
+which Botello found were destined never to be realized. The next day a
+change had come over the royal countenance--the jealousy of trade had
+been aroused. It would be a terrible blow to the commercial monopoly,
+already threatened from so many quarters, to have it known that the
+voyage from the East Indies had been performed in an open boat. Botello
+was informed that, for reasons of state, his boat must be destroyed, but
+that he himself should ever continue to enjoy the favorable opinion of
+his sovereign. As an earnest of the royal favor, which was some day to
+exhibit itself more openly, he was appointed to an office of no great
+consequence, and which had also the disadvantage attached to it of a
+residence in the interior of the country.
+
+Once installed, he found that he was little better than a prisoner for
+life. His movements were closely watched by the officials around him;
+his communications with the capital cut off, and to all his
+remonstrances and petitions the only reply was that the king's service
+required his continual residence in his department. Botello was not a
+man to quietly submit to such unjust restraint; but unluckily his health
+began to fail. His body found itself unable to withstand the chafings
+and struggles of his energetic and adventurous spirit under the
+mortifications and disappointments of his position; the fears and
+suspicions of the court of Lisbon were soon removed by his death. His
+boat had been burned--his companions had been sent back to India, and it
+was not long before the fact of his extraordinary voyage had passed from
+the public mind.
+
+
+
+
+A STORY WITHOUT A NAME[L]
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.
+
+_Continued from page 494, vol. II._
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+It was long ere Emily Hastings slept. There was a bright moonlight; but
+she sat not up by the window, looking out at the moon in love-lorn
+guise. No, she laid her down in bed, as soon as the toilet of the night
+was concluded, and having left the window-shutters open, the light of
+the sweet, calm brightener of the night poured in a long, tranquil ray
+across the floor. She watched it, with her head resting on her hand for
+a long time. Her fancy was very busy with it, as by slow degrees it
+moved its place, now lying like a silver carpet by her bedside, now
+crossing the floor far away, and painting the opposite wall. Her
+thoughts then returned to other things, and whether she would or not,
+Marlow took a share in them. She remembered things that he had said, his
+looks came back to her mind, she seemed to converse with him again,
+running over in thought all that had passed in the morning.
+
+She was no castle-builder; there were no schemes, plans, designs, in her
+mind; no airy structures of future happiness employed fancy as their
+architect. She was happy in her own heart; and imagination, like a bee,
+extracted sweetness from the flowers of the present.
+
+Sweet Emily, how beautiful she looked, as she lay there, and made a
+night-life for herself in the world of her own thoughts!
+
+She could not sleep, she knew not why. Indeed, she did not wish or try
+to sleep. She never did when sleep did not come naturally; but always
+remained calmly waiting for the soother, till slumber dropped uncalled
+and stilly upon her eyelids.
+
+One hour--two hours--the moonbeam had retired far into a corner of the
+room, the household was all still; there was no sound but the barking of
+a distant farm-dog, such a long way off, that it reached the ear more
+like an echo than a sound, and the crowing of a cock, not much more
+near.
+
+Suddenly, her door opened, and a figure entered, bearing a small
+night-lamp. Emily started, and gazed. She was not much given to fear,
+and she uttered not a sound; for which command over herself she was very
+thankful, when, in the tall, graceful form before her, she recognized
+Mrs. Hazleton. She was dressed merely as she had risen from her bed: her
+rich black hair bound up under her snowy cap, her long night-gown
+trailing on the ground, and her feet bare. Yet she looked perhaps more
+beautiful than in jewels and ermine. Her eyes were not fixed and
+motionless, though there was a certain sort of deadness in them. Neither
+were her movements stiff and mechanical, as we often see in the
+representations of somnambulism on the stage. On the contrary, they were
+free and graceful. She looked neither like Mrs. Siddons nor any other
+who ever acted what she really was. Those who have seen the state know
+better. She was walking in her sleep, however: that strange act of a
+life apart from waking life--that mystery of mysteries, when the soul
+seems severed from all things on earth but the body which it
+inhabits--when the mind sleeps, but the spirit wakes--when the animal
+and the spiritual live together, yet the intellectual lies dead for the
+time.
+
+Emily comprehended her condition at once, and waited and watched, having
+heard that it is dangerous to wake suddenly a person in such a state.
+Mrs. Hazleton walked on past her bed towards a door at the other side of
+the room, but stopped opposite the toilet-table, took up a ribbon that
+was lying on it, and held it in her hand for a moment.
+
+"I hate him!" she said aloud; "but strangle him--oh, no! That would not
+do. It would leave a blue mark. I hate him, and her too! They can't help
+it--they must fall into the trap."
+
+Emily rose quietly from her bed, and advancing with a soft step, took
+Mrs. Hazleton's hand gently. She made no resistance, only gazing at her
+with a look not utterly devoid of meaning. "A strange world!" she said,
+"where people must live with those they hate!" and suffered Emily to
+lead her towards the door. She showed some reluctance to pass it,
+however, and turned slowly towards the other door. Her beautiful young
+guide led her thither, and opened it; then went on through the
+neighboring room, which was vacant, Mrs. Hazleton saying, as they passed
+the large bed canopied with velvet, "My mother died there--ah, me!" The
+next door opened into the corridor; but Emily knew not where her hostess
+slept, till perceiving a light streaming out upon the floor from a room
+near the end, she guided Mrs. Hazleton's steps thither, rightly judging
+that it must be the chamber she had just left. There she quietly induced
+her to go to bed again, taking the lamp from her hand, and bending down
+her sweet, innocent face, gave her a gentle kiss.
+
+"Asp!" said Mrs. Hazleton, turning away; but Emily remained with her for
+several minutes, till the eyes closed, the breathing became calm and
+regular, and natural sleep succeeded to the strange state into which she
+had fallen.
+
+Then returning to her own room, Emily once more sought her bed; but
+though the moonlight had now departed, she was farther from sleep than
+ever.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton's words still rang in her ears. She thought them very
+strange; but yet she had heard--it was indeed a common superstition in
+those days--that people talking in their sleep expressed feelings
+exactly the reverse of those which they really entertained; and her
+good, bright heart was glad to believe. She would not for the world have
+thought that the fair form, and gentle, dignified manners of her friend
+could shroud feelings so fierce and vindictive as those which had
+breathed forth in the utterance of that one word, "hate." It seemed to
+her impossible that Mrs. Hazleton could hate any thing, and she resolved
+to believe so still. But yet the words rang in her ears, as I have said.
+She had been somewhat agitated and alarmed, too, though less than many
+might have been, and more than an hour passed before her sweet eyes
+closed.
+
+On the morning of the following day, Emily was somewhat late at
+breakfast; and she found Mrs. Hazleton down, and looking bright and
+beautiful as the morning. It was evident that she had not even the
+faintest recollection of what had occurred in the night--that it was a
+portion of her life apart, between which and waking existence there was
+no communication open. Emily determined to take no notice of her
+sleep-walking; and she was wise, for I have always found, that to be
+informed of their strange peculiarity leaves an awful and painful
+impression on the real somnambulists--a feeling of being unlike the rest
+of human beings, of having a sort of preternatural existence, over which
+their human reason can hold no control. They fear themselves--they fear
+their own acts--perhaps their own words, when the power is gone from
+that familiar mind, which is more or less the servant, if not the slave,
+of will, and when the whole mixed being, flesh, and mind, and spirit, is
+under the sole government of that darkest, least known, most mysterious
+personage of the three--the soul.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton scolded her jestingly for late rising, and asked if she
+was always such a lie-abed. Emily replied that she was not, but usually
+very matutinal in her habits. "But the truth is, dear Mrs. Hazleton,"
+she added, "I did not sleep well last night."
+
+"Indeed," said her fair hostess, with a gay smile; "who were you
+thinking of to keep your young eyes open?"
+
+"Of you," answered Emily, simply; and Mrs. Hazleton asked no more
+questions; for, perhaps, she did not wish Emily to think of her too
+much. Immediately after breakfast the carriage was ordered for a long
+drive.
+
+"I will give you so large a dose of mountain air," said Mrs. Hazleton,
+"that it shall insure you a better night's rest than any narcotic could
+procure, Emily. We will go and visit Ellendon Castle, far in the wilds,
+some sixteen miles hence."
+
+Emily was well pleased with the prospect, and they set out together,
+both apparently equally prepared to enjoy every thing they met with. The
+drive was a long one in point of time, for not only were the carriages
+more cumbrous and heavy in those days, but the road continued ascending
+nearly the whole way. Sometimes, indeed, a short run down into a gentle
+valley released the horses from the continual tug on the collar, but it
+was very brief, and the ascent commenced almost immediately. Beautiful
+views over the scenery round presented themselves at every turn; and
+Emily, who had all the spirit of a painter in her heart, looked forth
+from the window enchanted.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton marked her enjoyment with great satisfaction; for either
+by study or intuition she had a deep knowledge of the springs and
+sources of human emotions, and she knew well that one enthusiasm always
+disposes to another. Nay, more, she knew that whatever is associated in
+the mind with pleasant scenes is usually pleasing, and she had plotted
+the meeting between Emily and him she intended to be her lover with
+considerable pains to produce that effect. Nature seemed to have been a
+sharer in her schemes. The day could not have been better chosen. There
+was the light fresh air, the few floating clouds, the merry dancing
+gleams upon hill and dale, a light, momentary shower of large,
+jewel-like drops, the fragment of a broken rainbow painting the distant
+verge of heaven.
+
+At length the summit of the hills was reached; and Mrs. Hazleton told
+her sweet companion to look out there, ordering the carriage at the same
+time to stop. It was indeed a scene well worthy of the gaze. Far
+spreading out beneath the eye lay a wide basin in the hills, walled in,
+as it were, by those tall summits, here and there broken by a crag. The
+ground sloped gently down from the spot at which the carriage paused, so
+that the whole expanse was open to the eye, and over the short brown
+herbage, through which a purple gleam from the yet unblossomed heath
+shone out, the lights and shades seemed sporting in mad glee. All was
+indeed solitary, uncultivated, and even barren, except where, in the
+very centre of the wide hollow, appeared a number of trees, not grouped
+together in a wood, but scattered over a considerable space of ground,
+as if the remnants of some old deer-park, and over their tall tops rose
+up the ruined keep of some ancient stronghold of races passed away, with
+here and there another tower or pinnacle appearing, and long lines of
+grassy mounds, greener than the rest of the landscape, glancing between
+the stems of the older trees, or bearing up in picturesque confusion
+their own growth of wild, fantastic, seedling ashes.
+
+By the name of the spot, Ellendon, which means strong-hill, I believe it
+is more than probable that the Anglo-Saxons had here some forts before
+the conquest; but the ruin which now presented itself to the eyes of
+Emily and Mrs. Hazleton was evidently of a later date and of Norman
+construction.
+
+Here, probably, some proud baron of the times of Henry, Stephen, or
+Matilda, had built his nest on high, perchance to overawe the Saxon
+churls around him, perhaps to set at defiance the royal power itself.
+Here the merry chase had swept the hills; here revelry and pageantry had
+checkered a life of fierce strife and haughty oppression. Such scenes,
+at least such thoughts, presented themselves to the imaginative mind of
+Emily, like the dreamy gleams that skimmed in gold and purple before her
+eyes; but the effect of any strong feeling, whether of enjoyment or of
+grief, was always to make her silent; and she gazed without uttering a
+word.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton, however, understood some points in her character, and by
+the long fixed look from beneath the dark sweeping lashes of her eye, by
+the faint sweet smile that gently curled her young, beautiful lip, and
+by the sort of gasping sigh after she had gazed breathless for some
+moments, she knew how intense was that gentle creature's delight in a
+scene, which to many an eye would have offered no peculiar charm.
+
+She would not suffer it to lose any of its first effect, and after a
+brief pause ordered the carriage to drive on. Still Emily continued to
+look onwards out of the carriage-window, and as the road turned in the
+descent, the castle and the ancient trees grouped themselves differently
+every minute. At length, as they came nearer, she said, turning to Mrs.
+Hazleton, "There seems to be a man standing at the very highest point of
+the old keep."
+
+"He must be bold indeed," replied her companion, looking out also. "When
+you come close to it, dear Emily, you will see that it requires the foot
+of a goat and the heart of a lion to climb up there over the rough,
+disjointed, tottering stones. Good Heaven, I hope he will not fall!"
+
+Emily closed her eyes. "It is very foolish," she said.
+
+"Oh, men have pleasure in such feats of daring," answered Mrs. Hazleton,
+"which we women cannot understand. He is coming down again as steadily
+as if he were treading a ball-room. I wish that tree were out of the
+way."
+
+In two or three minutes the carriage passed between two rows of old and
+somewhat decayed oaks, and stopped between the fine gate of the castle,
+covered with ivy, and rugged with the work of Time's too artistic hand,
+and a building which, if it did not detract from the picturesque beauty
+of the scene, certainly deprived it of all romance. There, just opposite
+the entrance, stood a small house, built apparently of stones stolen
+from the ruins, and bearing on a pole projecting from the front a large
+blue sign-board, on which was rudely painted in yellow, the figure of
+what we now call a French horn, while underneath appeared a long
+inscription to the following effect:
+
+"John Buttercross, at the sign of the Bugle Horn, sells wine and aqua
+vitae, and good lodgings to man and horse. N.B. Donkeys to be found
+within."
+
+Emily laughed, and in an instant came down to common earth.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton wished both John Buttercross and his sign in one fire or
+another; though she could not help owning that such a house in so remote
+a place might be a great convenience to visitors like herself. She took
+the matter quietly, however, returning Emily's gay look with one
+somewhat rueful, and saying, "Ah, dear girl, all very mundane and
+unromantic, but depend upon it the house has proved a blessing often to
+poor wanderers in bleak weather over these wild hills; and we ourselves
+may find it not so unpleasant by and by when Paul has spread our
+luncheon in the parlor, and we look out of its little casement at the
+old ruin there."
+
+Thus saying, she alighted from the carriage, gave some orders to her
+servants, and to an hostler who was walking up and down a remarkably
+beautiful horse, which seemed to have been ridden hard, and then leaning
+on Emily's arm, walked up the slope towards the gate.
+
+Barbican and outer walls were gone--fallen long ago into the ditch, and
+covered with the all-receiving earth and a green coat of turf. You could
+but tell were they lay, by the undulations of the ground, and the grassy
+hillock here and there. The great gate still stood firm, however, with
+its two tall towers, standing like giant wardens to guard the entrance.
+There were the machicolated parapets, the long loopholes mantled with
+ivy, the outsloping basement, against which the battering ram might have
+long played in vain, the family escutcheon with the arms crumbled from
+it, the portcullis itself showing its iron teeth above the traveller's
+head. It was the most perfect part of the building; and when the two
+ladies entered the great court the scene of ruin was more complete.
+Many a tower had fallen, leaving large gaps in the inner wall; the
+chapel with only one beautiful window left, and the fragments of two
+others, showing where the fine line had run, lay mouldering on the
+right, and at some distance in front appeared the tall majestic keep,
+the lower rooms of which were in tolerable preservation, though the roof
+had fallen in to the second story, and the airy summit had lost its
+symmetry by the destruction of two entire sides. Short green turf
+covered the whole court, except where some mass of stone, more recently
+fallen than others, still stood out bare and gray; but a crop of
+brambles and nettles bristled up near the chapel, and here and there a
+tree had planted itself on the tottering ruins of the walls.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton walked straight towards the entrance of the keep along a
+little path sufficiently well worn to show that the castle had frequent
+visitors, and was within a few steps of the door-way, when a figure
+issued forth which to say sooth did not at all surprise her to behold.
+She gave a little start, however, saying in a low tone to Emily, "That
+must be our climbing friend whose neck we thought in such peril a short
+time since."
+
+The gentleman--for such estate was indicated by his dress, which was
+dark and sober, but well made and costly--took a step or two slowly
+forward, verging a little to the side as if to let two ladies pass whom
+he did not know; but then suddenly he stopped, gazed for an instant with
+a well assumed look of surprise and inquiry, and then hurried rapidly
+towards them, raising his hat not ungracefully, while Mrs. Hazleton
+exclaimed, "Ah, how fortunate! Here is a friend who doubtless can tell
+us all about the ruins."
+
+At the same moment Emily recognized the young man whom she had found
+accidentally wounded in her father's park.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+"Let me introduce Mr. Ayliffe to you, Emily," said Mrs. Hazleton; "but
+you seem to know each other already. Is it so?"
+
+"I have seen this gentleman before," replied her young companion, "but
+did not know his name. I hope you have quite recovered from your wound?"
+
+"Quite, I thank you, Miss Hastings," replied John Ayliffe, in a quiet
+and respectful tone; but then he added, "the interest you kindly showed
+on the occasion, I believe did much to cure me."
+
+"Too much, and too soon!" thought Mrs. Hazleton, as she remarked a
+slight flush pass over Emily's cheek, to which her reply gave
+interpretation.
+
+"Every one, I suppose, would feel the same interest," answered the
+beautiful girl, "in suffering such as you seemed to endure when I
+accidentally met you in the park. Shall we go on into the Castle?"
+
+The last words were addressed to Mrs. Hazleton, who immediately
+assented, but asked Mr. Ayliffe to act as their guide, and, at the very
+first opportunity, whispered to him, "not too quick."
+
+He seemed to comprehend in a moment what she meant; and during the rest
+of the ramble round the ruins behaved himself with a good deal of
+discretion. His conversation could not be said to be agreeable to Emily;
+for there was little in it either to amuse or interest. His stores of
+information were very limited--at least upon subjects which she herself
+was conversant; and although he endeavored to give it, every now and
+then, a poetical turn, the attempt was not very successful. On the
+whole, however, he did tolerably well till after the luncheon at the
+inn, to which Mrs. Hazleton invited him, when he began to entertain his
+two fair companions with an account of a rat hunt, which surprised Emily
+not a little, and drew, almost instantly, from Mrs. Hazleton a monitory
+gesture.
+
+The young man looked confused, and broke off, suddenly, with an
+embarrassed laugh, saying, "Oh! I forgot, such exploits are not very fit
+for ladies' ears; and, to say the truth, I do not much like them myself
+when there is any thing better to do."
+
+"I should think that something better might always be found," replied
+Mrs. Hazleton, gravely, taking to her own lips the reproof which she
+knew was in Emily's heart; "but, I dare say, you were a boy when this
+happened?"
+
+"Oh, quite a boy," he said, "quite a boy. I have other things to think
+of now."
+
+But the impression was made, and it was not favorable. With keen
+acuteness Mrs. Hazleton watched every look, and every turn of the
+conversation; and seeing that the course of things had begun ill for her
+purposes, she very soon proposed to order the carriage and return;
+resolving to take, as it were, a fresh start on the following day. She
+did not then ask young Ayliffe to dine at her house, as she had, at
+first, intended; but was well pleased, notwithstanding, to see him mount
+his horse in order to accompany them on the way back; for she had
+remarked that his horsemanship was excellent, and well knew that skill
+in manly exercises is always a strong recommendation in a woman's eyes.
+Nor was this all: decidedly handsome in person, John Ayliffe had,
+nevertheless, a certain common--not exactly vulgar--air, when on his
+feet, which was lost as soon as he was in the saddle. There, with a
+perfect seat, and upright, dashing carriage, managing a fierce, wild
+horse with complete mastery, he appeared to the greatest advantage. All
+his horsemanship was thrown away upon Emily. If she had been asked by
+any one, she would have admitted, at once, that he was a very handsome
+man, and a good and graceful rider; but she never asked herself whether
+he was or not; and, indeed, did not think about it at all.
+
+One thing, however, she did think, and that was not what Mrs. Hazleton
+desired. She thought him a coarse and vulgar-minded young man; and she
+wondered how a woman of such refinement as Mrs. Hazleton could be
+pleased with his society. There was at the end of that day only one
+impression in his favor, which was produced by an undefinable
+resemblance to her father, evanescent, but ever returning. There was no
+one feature like: the coloring was different: the hair, eyes, beard, all
+dissimilar. He was much handsomer than Sir Philip Hastings ever had
+been; but ever and anon there came a glance of the eye, or a curl of the
+lip; a family expression which was familiar and pleasant to her. John
+Ayliffe accompanied the carriage to the gate of Mrs. Hazleton's park;
+and there the lady beckoned him up, and in a kind, half jesting tone,
+bade him keep himself disengaged the next day, as she might want him.
+
+He promised to obey, and rode away; but Mrs. Hazleton never mentioned
+his name again during the evening, which passed over in quiet
+conversation, with little reference to the events of the morning.
+
+Before she went to bed, however, Mrs. Hazleton wrote a somewhat long
+epistle to John Ayliffe, full of very important hints for his conduct
+the next day, and ending with an injunction to burn the letter as soon
+as he had read it. This done, she retired to rest; and that night, what
+with free mountain air and exercise, she and Emily both slept soundly.
+The next morning, however, she felt, or affected to feel, fatigue; and
+put off another expedition which had been proposed.
+
+Noon had hardly arrived, when Mr. Ayliffe presented himself, to receive
+her commands he said, and there he remained, invited to stay to dinner,
+not much to Emily's satisfaction; but, at length, she remembered that
+she had letters to write, and, seated at a table in the window, went on
+covering sheets of paper, with a rapid hand, for more than an hour;
+while John Ayliffe seated himself by Emily's embroidery frame, and
+labored to efface the bad impression of the day before, by a very
+different strain of conversation. He spoke of many things more suited to
+her tastes and habits than those which he had previously noticed, and
+spoke not altogether amiss. But yet, there was something forced in it
+all. It was as if he were reading sentences out of a book, and, in
+truth, it is probable he was repeating a lesson.
+
+Emily did not know what to do. She would have given the world to be
+freed from his society; to have gone out and enjoyed her own thoughts
+amongst woods and flowers; or even to have sat quietly in her own room
+alone, feeling the summer air, and looking at the glorious sky. To seek
+that refuge, however, she thought would be rude; and to go out to walk
+in the park would, she doubted not, induce him to follow. She sat still,
+therefore, with marvellous patience, answering briefly when an answer
+was required; but never speaking in reply with any of that free pouring
+forth of heart and mind which can only take place where sympathy is
+strong.
+
+She was rewarded for her endurance, for when it had lasted well nigh as
+long as she could bear it, the drawing-room door opened, and Mr. Marlow
+appeared. His eyes instantly fixed upon Emily with that young man
+sitting by her side; and a feeling, strange and painful, came upon him.
+But the next instant the bright, glad, natural, unchecked look of
+satisfaction, with which she rose to greet him, swept every doubt-making
+jealousy away.
+
+Very different was the look of Mrs. Hazleton. For an instant--a single
+instant--the same black shadow, which I have mentioned once before, came
+across her brow, the same lightning flashed from her eye. But both
+passed away in a moment; and the feelings which produced them were again
+hidden in her heart. They were bitter enough; for she had read, with the
+clear eyesight of jealousy, all that Marlow's look of surprise and
+annoyance--all that Emily's look of joy and relief--betrayed.
+
+They might not yet call themselves lovers--they might not even be
+conscious that they were so; but that they were and would be, from that
+moment, Mrs. Hazleton had no doubt. The conviction had come upon her,
+not exactly gradually, but by fits, as it were--first a doubt, and then
+a fear, and then a certainty that one, and then that both loved.
+
+If it were so, she knew that her present plans must fail; but yet she
+pursued them with an eagerness very different than before--a wild, rash,
+almost frantic eagerness. There was a chance, she thought, of driving
+Emily into the arms of John Ayliffe, with no love for him, and love for
+another; and there was a bitter sort of satisfaction in the very idea.
+Fears for her father she always hoped might operate, where no other
+inducement could have power, and such means she resolved to bring into
+play at once, without waiting for the dull, long process of drilling
+Ayliffe into gentlemanly carriage, or winning for him some way in
+Emily's regard. To force her to marry him, hating rather than loving
+him, would be a mighty gratification, and for it Mrs. Hazleton resolved
+at once to strike; but she knew that hypocrisy was needed more than
+ever; and therefore it was that the brow was smoothed, the eye calmed in
+a moment.
+
+To Marlow, during his visit, she was courteous and civil enough, but
+still so far cold as to give him no encouragement to stay long. She kept
+watch too upon all that passed, not only between him and Emily, but
+between him and John Ayliffe; for a quarrel between them, which she
+thought likely, was not what she desired. But there was no danger of
+such a result. Marlow treated the young man with a cold and distant
+politeness--a proud civility, which left him no pretence for offence,
+and yet silenced and abashed him completely. During the whole visit,
+till towards its close, the contrast between the two men was so marked
+and strong, so disadvantageous to him whom Mrs. Hazleton sought to
+favor, that she would have given much to have had Ayliffe away from
+such a damaging companion. At length she could endure it no longer, and
+contrived to send him to seek for some flowers which she pretended to
+want, and which she knew he would not readily find in her gardens.
+
+Before he returned, Marlow was gone; and Emily, soon after, retired to
+her own room, leaving the youth and Mrs. Hazleton together.
+
+The three met again at dinner, and, for once, a subject was brought up,
+by accident, or design--which, I know not--that gave John Ayliffe an
+opportunity of setting himself in a somewhat better light. Every one has
+some amenity--some sweeter, gentler spot in the character. He had a
+great love for flowers--a passion for them; and it brought forth the
+small, very small portion of the poetry of the heart which had been
+assigned to him by nature. It was flowers then that Mrs. Hazleton talked
+of, and he soon joined in discussing their beauties, with a thorough
+knowledge of, and feeling for his subject. Emily was somewhat surprised,
+and, with natural kindness, felt glad to find some topic where she could
+converse with him at ease. The change of her manner encouraged him, and
+he went on, for once, wisely keeping to a subject on which he was at
+home, and which seemed so well to please. Mrs. Hazleton helped him
+greatly with a skill and rapidity which few could have displayed, always
+guiding the conversation back to the well chosen theme, whenever it was
+lost for an instant.
+
+At length, when the impression was most favorable, John Ayliffe rose to
+go--I know not whether he did so at a sign from Mrs. Hazleton; but I
+think he did. Few men quit a room gracefully--it is a difficult
+evolution--and he, certainly, did not. But Emily's eyes were in a
+different direction, and to say the truth, although he had seemed to her
+more agreeable that evening than he had been before, she thought too
+little of him at all to remark how he quitted the room, even if her eyes
+had been upon him.
+
+From time to time, indeed, some of the strange vague words which he had
+used when she had seen him in the park, had recurred to her mind with an
+unpleasant impression and she had puzzled herself with the question of
+what could be their meaning; but she soon dismissed the subject,
+resolving to seek some information from Mrs. Hazleton, who seemed to
+know the young man so well.
+
+On the preceding night, that lady had avoided all mention of him; but
+that was not the case now. She spoke of him, almost as soon as he was
+gone, in a tone of some compassion, alluding vaguely and mysteriously to
+misfortunes and disadvantages under which he had labored, and saying,
+that it was marvellous to see how much strength of mind, and natural
+high qualities, could effect against adverse circumstances. This called
+forth from Emily the inquiry which she had meditated, and although she
+could not recollect exactly the words John Ayliffe had used, she
+detailed, with sufficient accuracy, all that had taken place between
+herself and him; and the strange allusion he had made to Sir Philip
+Hastings.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton gazed at her for a moment or two after she had done
+speaking, with a look expressive of anxious concern.
+
+"I trust, my dear Emily," she said, at length, "that you did not repel
+him at all harshly. I have had much sad experience of the world, and I
+know that in youth we are too apt to touch hardly and rashly, things
+that for our own best interests, as well as for good feeling's sake, we
+ought to deal with tenderly."
+
+"I do not think that I spoke harshly," replied Emily, thoughtfully; "I
+told him that any thing he had to say must be said to my father; but I
+do not believe I spoke even that unkindly."
+
+"I am glad to hear it--very glad;" replied Mrs. Hazleton, with much
+emphasis; and then, after a short pause, she added, "Yet I do not know
+that your father--excellent, noble-minded, just and generous as he
+is--was the person best fitted to judge and act in the matter which John
+Ayliffe might have to speak of."
+
+"Indeed!" exclaimed Emily, becoming more and more surprised, and in some
+degree alarmed, "this is very strange, dear Mrs. Hazleton. You seem to
+know more of this matter; pray explain it all to me. I may well hear
+from you, what would be improper for me to listen to from him."
+
+"He has a kindly heart," said Mrs. Hazleton, thoughtfully, "and more
+forbearance than I ever knew in one so young; but it cannot last for
+ever; and when he is of age, which will be in a few days, he must act;
+and I trust will act kindly and gently--I am sure he will, if nothing
+occurs to irritate a bold and decided character."
+
+"But act how?" inquired Emily, eagerly; "you forget, dear Mrs. Hazleton,
+that I am quite in the dark in this matter. I dare say that he is all
+that you say; but I will own that neither his manners generally, nor his
+demeanor on that occasion, led me to think very well of him, or to
+believe that he was of a forbearing or gentle nature."
+
+"He has faults," said Mrs. Hazleton, dryly; "oh yes, he has faults, but
+they are those of manner, more than heart or character--faults produced
+by circumstances which may be changed by circumstances--which would
+never have existed, had he had, earlier, one judicious, kind, and
+experienced friend to counsel and direct him. They are disappearing
+rapidly, and, if ever he should fall under the influences of a generous
+and noble spirit, will vanish altogether."
+
+She was preparing the way, skilfully exciting, as she saw, some interest
+in Emily, and yet producing some alarm.
+
+"But still you do not explain," said the beautiful girl, anxiously; "do
+not, dear Mrs. Hazleton, keep me longer in suspense."
+
+"I cannot--I ought not, Emily, to explain all to you," replied the lady,
+"it would be a long and painful story; but this I may tell you, and
+after that, ask me no more. That young man has your father's fortunes
+and his fate entirely in his hands. He has forborne long. Heaven grant
+that his forbearance may still endure."
+
+She ceased, and after one glance at Emily's face, she cast down her
+eyes, and seemed to fall into thought.
+
+Emily gazed up towards the sky, as if seeking counsel there, and then,
+bursting into tears, hurriedly quitted the room.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+Emily's night was not peaceful. The very idea that her father's fate was
+in the power of any other man, was, in itself, trouble enough; but in
+the present case there was more. Why, or wherefore, she knew not; but
+there was something told her that, in spite of all Mrs. Hazleton's
+commendations, and the fair portrait she had so elaborately drawn, John
+Ayliffe was not a man to use power mercifully. She tried eagerly to
+discover what had created this impression: she thought of every look and
+every word which she had seen upon the young man's countenance, or heard
+from his lips; and she fixed at length more upon the menacing scowl
+which she had marked upon his brow in the cottage, than even upon the
+menacing language which he had held when her father's name was
+mentioned.
+
+Sleep visited not her eyes for many an hour, and when at length her eyes
+closed through fatigue, it was restless and dreamful. She fancied she
+saw John Ayliffe holding Sir Philip on the ground, trying to strangle
+him. She strove to scream for help, but her lips seemed paralyzed, and
+there was no sound. That strange anguish of sleep--the anguish of
+impotent strong will--of powerless passion--of effort without effect,
+was upon her, and soon burst the bonds of slumber. It would have been
+impossible to endure it long. All must have felt that it is greater than
+any mortal agony; and that if he could endure more than a moment, like a
+treacherous enemy it would slay us in our sleep.
+
+She awoke unrefreshed, and rose pale and sad. I cannot say that Mrs.
+Hazleton, when she beheld Emily's changed look, felt any great
+compunction. If she had no great desire to torture, which I will not
+pretend to say, she did not at all object to see her victim suffer; but
+Emily's pale cheek and distressed look afforded indications still more
+satisfactory; which Mrs. Hazleton remarked with the satisfaction of a
+philosopher watching a successful experiment. They showed that the
+preparation she had made for what was coming, was even more effectual
+than she had expected, and so the abstract pleasure of inflicting pain
+on one she hated, was increased by the certainty of success.
+
+Emily said little--referred not at all to the subject of her thoughts,
+but dwelt upon it--pondered in silence. To one who knew her she might
+have seemed sullen, sulky; but it was merely that one of those fits of
+deep intense communion with the inner things of the heart--those
+abstracted rambles through the mazy wilderness of thought, which
+sometimes fell upon her, was upon her now. At these times it was very
+difficult to draw her spirit forth into the waking world again--to rouse
+her to the things about her life. It seemed as if her soul was absent
+far away, and that the mere animal life of the body remained. Great
+events might have passed before her eyes, without her knowing aught of
+them.
+
+On all former occasions but one, these reveries--for so I must call
+them--had been of a lighter and more pleasant nature. In them it had
+seemed as if her young spirit had been tempted away from the household
+paths of thought, far into tangled wilds where it had lost
+itself--tempted, like other children, by the mere pleasure of the
+ramble--led on to catch a butterfly, or chase the rainbow.
+Feeling--passion, had not mingled with the dream at all, and
+consequently there had been no suffering. I am not sure that on other
+occasions, when such absent fits fell upon her, Emily Hastings was not
+more joyous, more full of pure delight, than when, in a gay and
+sparkling mood, she moved her father's wonder at what he thought light
+frivolity. But now it was all bitter: the labyrinth was dark as well as
+intricate, and the thorns tore her as she groped for some path across
+the wilderness.
+
+Before it had lasted very long--before it had at all reached its
+conclusion--and as she had sat at the window of the drawing-room, gazing
+out upon the sky without seeing either white cloud or blue, Sir Philip
+Hastings himself, on a short journey for some magisterial purpose,
+entered the room, spoke a few words to Mrs. Hazleton, and then turned to
+his daughter. Had he been half an hour later, Emily would have cast her
+arms round his neck and told him all; but as it was, she remained
+self-involved, even in his presence--answered indeed mechanically--spoke
+words of affection with an absent air, and let the mind still run on
+upon the path which it had chosen.
+
+Sir Philip had no time to stay till this fit was past, and Mrs. Hazleton
+was glad to get rid of him civilly before any other act of the drama
+began.
+
+But his daughter's mood did not escape Sir Philip's eyes. I have said
+that for her he was full of observation, though he often read the
+results wrongly; and now he marked Emily's mood with doubt, and not with
+pleasure. "What can this mean?" he asked himself, "can any thing have
+gone wrong? It is strange, very strange. Perhaps her mother was right
+after all, and it might have been better to take her to the capital."
+
+Thus thinking, Sir Philip himself fell into a reverie, not at all
+unlike that in which he had found his daughter. Yet he understood not
+hers, and pondered upon it as something strange and inextricable.
+
+In the mean time, Emily thought on, till at length Mrs. Hazleton
+reminded her that they were to go that day to the Waterfall. She rose
+mechanically, sought her room, dressed, and gazed from the window.
+
+It is wonderful, however, how small a thing will sometimes take the
+mind, as it were, by the hand, and lead it back out of shadow into
+sunshine. From the lawn below the window a light bird sprang up into the
+air, quivered upon its twinkling wings, uttered a note or two, and then
+soared higher, and each moment as it rose up, up, into the sky, the
+song, like a spirit heavenward bound, grew stronger and more strong, and
+flooded the air with melody.
+
+Emily watched it as it rose, listened to it as it sang. Its upward
+flight seemed to carry her spirit above the dark things on which it
+brooded; its thrilling voice to waken her to cheerful life again. There
+is a high holiness in a lark's song; and hard must be the heart, and
+strong and corrupt, that does not raise the voice and join with it in
+its praise to God.
+
+When she went down again into the drawing-room, she was quite a
+different being, and Mrs. Hazleton marvelled what could have happened so
+to change her. Had she been told that it was a lark's song, she would
+have laughed the speaker to scorn. She was not one to feel it.
+
+I will not pause upon the journey of the morning, nor describe the
+beautiful fall of the river that they visited, or tell how it fell
+rushing over the precipice, or how the rocks dashed it into diamond
+sparkles, or how rainbows bannered the conflict of the waters, and
+boughs waved over the struggling stream like plumes. It was a sweet and
+pleasant sight, and full of meditation; and Mrs. Hazleton, judging
+perhaps of others by herself, imagined that it would produce in the mind
+of Emily those softening influences which teach the heart to yield
+readily to the harder things of life.
+
+There is, perhaps, not a more beautiful, nor a more frequently
+applicable allegory than that of the famous Amreeta Cup--I know not
+whether devised by Southey, or borrowed by him from the rich store of
+instructive fable hidden in oriental tradition. It is long, long, since
+I read it; but yet every word is remembered whenever I see the different
+effect which scenes, circumstances, and events produce upon different
+characters. It is shown by the poet that the cup of divine wine gave
+life and immortality, and excellence superhuman, and bliss beyond
+belief, to the pure heart; but to the dark, earthly, and evil, brought
+death, destruction, and despair. We may extend the lesson a little, and
+see in the Amreeta wine, the spirit of God pervading all his works, but
+producing in those who see and taste an effect, for good or evil,
+according to the nature of the recipient. The strong, powerful,
+self-willed, passionate character of Mrs. Hazleton, found, in the calm
+meditative fall of the cataract, in the ever shifting play of the wild
+waters, and in the watchful stillness of the air around, a softening,
+enfeebling influence. The gentle character of Emily turned from the
+scene with a heart raised rather than depressed, a spirit better
+prepared to combat with evil and with sorrow, full of love and trust in
+God, and a confidence strong beyond the strength of this world. There is
+a voice of prophecy in waterfalls, and mountains, and lakes, and
+streams, and sunny lands, and clouds, and storms, and bright sunsets,
+and the face of nature every where, which tells the destiny, not of one,
+but of many, and at all events, foreshows the unutterable mercy reserved
+for those who trust. It is a prophecy--and an exhortation too. The words
+are, "Be holy, and be happy!" The God who speaks is true and glorious.
+Be true and inherit glory.
+
+Emily had been cheerful as they went. As they returned she was calm and
+firm. Readily she joined in any conversation. Seldom did she fall into
+any absent fit of thought, and the effect of that day's drive was any
+thing but what Mrs. Hazleton expected or wished.
+
+When they returned to the house, a letter was delivered to Emily
+Hastings, with which, the seal unbroken, she retired to her own room.
+The hand was unknown to her, but with a sort of prescience something
+more than natural, she divined at once from whom it came, and saw that
+the difficult struggle had commenced. An hour or two before, the very
+thought would have dismayed her. Now the effect was but small.
+
+She had no suspicion of the plans against her; no idea whatever that
+people might be using her as a tool--that there was any interest
+contrary to her own, in the conduct or management of others. But yet she
+turned the key in the door before she commenced the perusal of the
+letter, which was to the following effect:
+
+"I know not," said the writer, in a happier style than perhaps might
+have been expected, "how to prevail upon your goodness to pardon all I
+am going to say, knowing that nothing short of the circumstances in
+which I am placed, could excuse my approaching you even in thought. I
+have long known you, though you have known me only for a few short
+hours. I have watched you often from childhood up to womanhood, and
+there has been growing upon me from very early years a strong
+attachment, a deep affection, a powerful--overpowering--ardent love,
+which nothing can ever extinguish. Need I tell you that the last few
+days would have increased that love had increase been possible.
+
+"All this, however, I know is no justification of my venturing to raise
+my thoughts to you--still less of my venturing to express these feelings
+boldly; but it has been an excuse to myself, and in some degree to
+others, for abstaining hitherto from that which my best interests, a
+mother's fame, and my own rights, required. The time has now come when I
+can no longer remain silent; when I must throw upon you the
+responsibility of an important choice; when I am forced to tell you how
+deeply, how devotedly, I love you, in order that you may say whether you
+will take the only means of saving me from the most painful task I ever
+undertook, by conferring on me the greatest blessing that woman ever
+gave to man; or, on the other hand, will drive me to a task repugnant to
+all my feelings, but just, necessary, inevitable, in case of your
+refusal. Let me explain, however, that I am your cousin--the son of your
+father's elder brother by a private marriage with a peasant girl of this
+county. The whole case is perfectly clear, and I have proof positive of
+the marriage in my hands. From fear of a lawsuit, and from the pressure
+of great poverty, my mother was induced to sacrifice her rights after
+her husband's early death, still to conceal her marriage, to bear even
+sneers and shame, and to live upon a pittance allowed to her by her
+husband's father, and secured to her by him after his own death, when
+she was entitled to honor, and birth, and distinction by the law of the
+land.
+
+"One of her objects, doubtless, was to secure to herself and her son a
+moderate competence, as the late Sir John Hastings, my grandfather and
+yours, had the power of leaving all his estates to any one he pleased,
+the entail having ended with himself. For this she sacrificed her
+rights, her name, her fame, and you will find, if you look into your
+grandfather's will, that he took especial care that no infraction of the
+contract between him and her father should give cause for the assertion
+of her rights. Two or three mysterious clauses in that will will show
+you at once, if you read them, that the whole tale I tell you is
+correct, and that Sir John Hastings, on the one hand, paid largely, and
+on the other threatened sternly, in order to conceal the marriage of his
+eldest son, and transmit the title to the second. But my mother could
+not bar me of my rights: she could endure unmerited shame for pecuniary
+advantages, if she pleased; but she could not entail shame upon me; and
+were it in the power of any one to deprive me of that which Sir John
+Hastings left me, or to shut me out from the succession to his whole
+estates, to which--from the fear of disclosing his great secret--he did
+not put any bar in his will that would have been at once an
+acknowledgment of my legitimacy, I would still sacrifice all, and stand
+alone, friendless and portionless in the world, rather than leave my
+mother's fame and my own birth unvindicated. This is one of the
+strongest desires, the most overpowering impulses of my heart; and
+neither you nor any one could expect me to resist it. But there is yet a
+stronger still--not an impulse, but a passion, and to that every thing
+must yield. It is love; and whatever may be the difference which you see
+between yourself and me, however inferior I may feel myself to you in
+all those qualities which I myself the most admire, still, I feel myself
+justified in placing the case clearly before you--in telling you how
+truly, how sincerely, how ardently I love you, and in asking you whether
+you will deign to favor my suit even now as I stand, to save me the pain
+and grief of contending with the father of her I love, the anguish of
+stripping him of the property he so well uses, and of the rank which he
+adorns; or will leave me to establish my rights, to take my just name
+and station, and then, when no longer appearing humble and unknown, to
+plead my cause with no less humility than I do at present.
+
+"That I shall do so then, as now, rest assured--that I would do so if
+the rank and station to which I have a right were a principality, do not
+doubt; but I would fain, if it were possible, avoid inflicting any pain
+upon your father. I know not how he may bear the loss of station and of
+fortune--I know not what effect the struggles of a court of law, and
+inevitable defeat may produce. Only acquainted with him by general
+repute, I cannot tell what may be the effect of mortification and the
+loss of all he has hitherto enjoyed. He has the reputation of a good, a
+just, and a wise man, somewhat vehement in feeling, somewhat proud of
+his position. You must judge him, rather than I; but, I beseech you,
+consider him in this matter.
+
+"At any time, and at all times, my love will be the same--nothing can
+change me--nothing can alter or affect the deep love I bear you. When
+casting from me the cloud which had hung upon my birth, when assuming
+the rank and taking possession of the property that is my own, I shall
+still love you as devotedly as ever--still as earnestly seek your hand.
+But oh! how I long to avoid all the pangs, the mischances, the anxieties
+to every one, the ill feeling, the contention, the animosity, which must
+ever follow such a struggle as that between your father and myself--oh,
+how I long to owe every thing to you, even the station, even the
+property, even the fair name that is my own by right! Nay, more, far
+more, to owe you guidance and direction--to owe you support and
+instruction--to owe you all that may improve, and purify, and elevate
+me.
+
+"Oh, Emily, dear cousin, let me be your debtor in all things. You who
+first gave me the thought of rising above fate, and making myself worthy
+of the high fortunes which I have long known awaited me, perfect your
+work, redeem me for ever from all that is unworthy, save me from bitter
+regrets, and your father from disappointment, sorrow, and poverty, and
+render me all that I long to be.
+
+    "Yours, and forever,
+
+                              "JOHN HASTINGS."
+
+Very well done, Mrs. Hazleton!--but somewhat too well done. There was a
+difference, a difference so striking, so unaccountable, between the
+style of this letter, both in thought and composition, and the ordinary
+style and manners of John Ayliffe, that it could not fail to strike the
+eyes of Emily. For a moment she felt a little confused--not undecided.
+There was no hesitation, no doubt, as to her own conduct. For an instant
+it crossed her mind that this young man had deeper, finer feelings in
+his nature than appeared upon the surface--that his manner might be more
+in fault than his nature. But there were things in the letter itself
+which she did not like--that, without any labored analysis or
+deep-searching criticism, brought to her mind the conviction that the
+words, the arguments, the inducements employed were those of art rather
+than of feeling--that the mingling of threats towards her father,
+however veiled, with professions of love towards herself, was in itself
+ungenerous--that the objects and the means were not so high-toned as the
+professions--that there was something sordid, base, ignoble in the whole
+proceeding. It required no careful thought to arrive at such a
+conclusion--no second reading--and her mind was made up at once.
+
+The deep reverie into which she had fallen in the morning had done her
+good--it had disentangled thought, and left the heart and judgment
+clear. The fair, natural scene she had passed through since, the
+intercourse with God's works, had done her still more good--refreshed,
+and strengthened, and elevated the spirit; and after a very brief pause
+she drew the table towards her, sat down, and wrote. As she did write,
+she thought of her father, and she believed from her heart that the
+words she used were those which he would wish her to employ. They were
+to the following effect:
+
+"Sir: Your letter, as you may suppose, has occasioned me great pain, and
+the more so, as I am compelled to say, not only that I cannot return
+your affection now, but can hold out no hope to you of ever returning
+it. I am obliged to speak decidedly, as I should consider myself most
+base if I could for one moment trifle with feelings such as those which
+you express.
+
+"In regard to your claims upon my father's estates, and to the rank
+which he believes himself to hold by just right, I can form no judgment;
+and could have wished that they had never been mentioned to me before
+they had been made known to him.
+
+"I never in my life knew my father do an unjust or ungenerous thing, and
+I am quite sure that if convinced another had a just title to all that
+he possesses on earth, he would strip himself of it as readily as he
+would of a soiled garment. My father would disdain to hold for an hour
+the rightful property of another. You have therefore only to lay your
+reasons before him, and you may be sure that they will have just
+consideration and yourself full justice. I trust that you will do so
+soon, as to give the first intelligence of such claims would be too
+painful a task for
+
+    "Your faithful servant,
+
+                              "EMILY HASTINGS."
+
+She read her letter over twice, and was satisfied with it. Sealing it
+carefully, she gave it to her own maid for despatch, and then paused for
+a moment, giving way to some temporary curiosity as to who could have
+aided in the composition of the letter she had received, for John
+Ayliffe's alone she could not and would not believe it to be. She cast
+such thoughts from her very speedily, however, and, strange to say, her
+heart seemed lightened now that the moment of trial had come and gone,
+now that a turning-point in her fate seemed to have passed.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton was surprised to see her re-enter the drawing-room with a
+look of relief. She saw that the matter was decided, but she was too
+wise to conclude that it was decided according to her wishes.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Marlow reasoned with his own heart. For the first time in his life it
+had proved rebellious. It would have its own way. It would give no
+account of its conduct,--why it had beat so, why it had thrilled so, why
+it had experienced so many changes of feeling when he saw John Ayliffe
+sitting beside Emily Hastings, and when Emily Hastings had risen with so
+joyous a smile to greet him--it would not explain at all. And now he
+argued the point with it systematically, with a determination to get to
+the bottom of the matter one way or another. He asked it, as if it had
+been a separate individual, if it was in love with Emily Hastings. The
+question was too direct, and the heart said it "rather thought not."
+
+Was it quite sure? he asked again. The heart was silent, and seemed to
+be considering. Was it jealous? he inquired. "Oh dear no, not in the
+least."
+
+Then why did it go on in such a strange, capricious, unaccountable way,
+when a good-looking, vulgar young man was seen sitting beside Emily?
+
+The heart said it "could not tell; that it was its nature to do so."
+
+Marlow was not to be put off. He was determined to know more, and he
+argued, "If it be your nature to do so, you of course do the same when
+you see other young men sitting by other young women." The heart was
+puzzled, and did not reply; and then Marlow begged a definite answer to
+this question. "If you were to hear to-morrow that Emily Hastings is
+going to be married to this youth, or to any other man, young or old,
+what would you do then?"
+
+"Break!" said the heart, and Marlow asked no more questions. Knowing how
+dangerous it is to enter into such interrogations on horseback, when the
+pulse is accelerated and the nervous system all in a flutter, he had
+waited till he got into his own dwelling, and seated himself in his
+chair, that he might deal with the rebellious spirit in his breast
+stately, and calmly likewise; but as he came to the end of the
+conversation, he rose up, resolving to order a fresh horse, and ride
+instantly away, to confer with Sir Philip Hastings. In so doing he
+looked round the room. It was not very well or very fully furnished. The
+last proprietor before Mrs. Hazleton had not been very fond of books,
+and had never thought of a library. When Marlow brought his own books
+down he had ordered some cases to be made by a country carpenter, which
+fitted but did not much ornament the room. They gave it a raw, desolate
+aspect, and made him, by a natural projection of thought, think ill of
+the accommodation of the whole house, as soon as he began to entertain
+the idea of Emily Hastings ever becoming its mistress. Then he went on
+to ask himself, "What have I to offer for the treasure of her hand? What
+have I to offer but the hand of a very simple, undistinguished country
+gentleman--quite, quite unworthy of her? What have I to offer Sir Philip
+Hastings as an alliance worthy of even his consideration?--A good,
+unstained name; but no rank, and a fortune not above mediocrity. Marry!
+a fitting match for the heiress of the Hastings and Marshall families."
+
+He gazed around him, and his heart fell.
+
+A little boy, with a pair of wings on his shoulders, and the end of a
+bow peeping up near his neck, stood close behind Marlow, and whispered
+in his ear, "Never mind all that--only try."
+
+And Marlow resolved he would try; but yet he hesitated how to do so.
+Should he go himself to Sir Philip? But he feared a rebuff. Should he
+write? No, that was cowardly. Should he tell his love to Emily first,
+and strive to win her affections, ere he breathed to her father? No,
+that would be dishonest, if he had a doubt of her father's consent. At
+length he made up his mind to go in person to Sir Philip, but the
+discussion and the consideration had been so long that it was too late
+to ride over that night, and the journey was put off till the following
+day. That day, as early as possible, he set out. He called it as early
+as possible, and it was early for a visit; but the moment one fears a
+rebuff from any lady one grows marvellously punctilious. When his horse
+was brought round he began to fancy that he should be too soon for Sir
+Philip, and he had the horse walked up and down for half an hour.
+
+What would he have given for that half hour, when, on reaching Sir
+Philip's door, he found that Emily's father had gone out, and was not
+expected back till late in the day. Angry with himself, and a good deal
+disappointed, he returned to his home, which, somehow, looked far less
+cheerful than usual. He could take no pleasure in his books, or in his
+pictures, and even thought was unpleasant to him, for under the
+influence of expectation it became but a calculation of chances, for
+which he had but scanty data. One thing, indeed, he learned from the
+passing of that evening, which was, that home and home happiness was
+lost to him henceforth without Emily Hastings.
+
+The following day saw him early in the saddle, and riding away as if
+some beast of the chase were before him. Indeed, man's love, when it is
+worth any thing, has always smack of the hunter in it. He cared not for
+highlands or bypaths--hedges and ditches offered small impediments.
+Straight across the country he went, till he approached the end of his
+journey; but then he suddenly pulled in his rein, and began to ask
+himself if he was a madman. He was passing over the Marshall property at
+the time, the inheritance of Emily's mother, and the thought of all that
+she was heir to cooled his ardor with doubt and apprehension. He would
+have given one half of all that he possessed that she had been a
+peasant-girl, that he might have lived with her upon the other.
+
+Then he began to think of all that he should say to Sir Philip Hastings,
+and how he should say it; and he felt very uneasy in his mind. Then he
+was angry with himself for his own sensations, and tried philosophy and
+scolded his own heart. But philosophy and scolding had no effect; and
+then cantering easily through the park, he stopped at the gate of the
+house and dismounted.
+
+Sir Philip was in this time; and Marlow was ushered into the little room
+where he sat in the morning, with the library hard by, that he might
+have his books at hand. But Sir Philip was not reading now; on the
+contrary, he was in a fit of thought; and, if one might judge by the
+contraction of his brow, and the drawing down of the corners of his
+lips, it was not a very pleasant one.
+
+Marlow fancied that he had come at an inauspicious moment, and the first
+words of Sir Philip, though kind and friendly, were not at all
+harmonious with the feeling of love in his young visitor's heart.
+
+"Welcome, my young friend," he said, looking up. "I have been thinking
+this morning over the laws and habits of different nations, ancient and
+modern; and would fain satisfy myself if I am right in the conclusion
+that we, in this land, leave too little free action to individual
+judgment. No man, we say, must take law in his own hands; yet how often
+do we break this rule--how often are we compelled to break it. If you,
+with a gun in your hand, saw a man at fifty or sixty paces about to
+murder a child or a woman, without any means of stopping the blow except
+by using your weapon, what would you do?"
+
+"Shoot him on the spot," replied Marlow at once, and then added, "if I
+were quite certain of his intention."
+
+"Of course--of course," replied Sir Philip. "And yet, my good friend, if
+you did so without witnesses--supposing the child too young to testify,
+or the woman sleeping at whom the blow was aimed--you would be hung for
+your just, wise, charitable act."
+
+"Perhaps so," said Marlow, abruptly; "but I would do it, nevertheless."
+
+"Right, right," replied Sir Philip, rising and shaking his hand; "right,
+and like yourself! There are cases when, with a clear consciousness of
+the rectitude of our purpose, and a strong confidence in the justice of
+our judgment, we must step over all human laws, be the result to
+ourselves what it may. Do you remember a man--one Cutter--to whom you
+taught a severe lesson on the very first day I had the pleasure of
+knowing you? I should have been undoubtedly justified, morally, and
+perhaps even legally also, in sending my sword through his body, when he
+attacked me that day. Had I done so I should have saved a valuable human
+life, spared the world the spectacle of a great crime, and preserved an
+excellent husband and father to his wife and children. That very man has
+murdered the game-keeper of the Earl of Selby; and being called to the
+spot yesterday, I had to commit him for that crime, upon evidence which
+left not a doubt of his guilt. I spared him when he assaulted me from a
+weak and unworthy feeling of compassion, although I knew the man's
+character, and dimly foresaw his career. I have regretted it since; but
+never so much as yesterday. This, of course, is no parallel case to that
+which I just now proposed; but the one led my mind to the other."
+
+"Did the wretched man admit his guilt?" asked Marlow.
+
+"He did not, and could not deny it," answered Sir Philip; "during the
+examination he maintained a hard, sullen silence; and only said, when I
+ordered his committal, that I ought not to be so hard upon him for that
+offence, as it was the best service he could have done me; for that he
+had silenced a man whose word could strip me of all I possessed."
+
+"What could he mean?" asked Marlow, eagerly.
+
+"Nay, I know not," replied Sir Philip, in an indifferent tone; "crushed
+vipers often turn to bite. The man he killed was the son of the former
+sexton here--an honest, good creature too, for whom I obtained his
+place; his murderer a reckless villain, on whose word there is no
+dependence. Let us give no thought to it. He has held some such language
+before; but it never produced a fear that my property would be lost, or
+even diminished. We do not hold our fee simples on the tenure of a
+rogue's good pleasure--why do you smile?"
+
+"For what will seem at first sight a strange, unnatural reason for a
+friend to give, Sir Philip," replied Marlow, determined not to lose the
+opportunity; "for your own sake and for your country's, I am bound to
+hope that your property may never be lost or diminished; but every
+selfish feeling would induce me to wish it were less than it is."
+
+Sir Philip Hastings was no reader of riddles, and he looked puzzled; but
+Marlow walked frankly round and took him by the hand, saying, "I have
+not judged it right, Sir Philip, to remain one day after I discovered
+what are my feelings towards your daughter, without informing you fully
+of their nature, that you may at once decide upon your future demeanor
+towards one to whom you have hitherto shown much kindness, and who would
+on no account abuse it. I was not at all aware of how this passion had
+grown upon me, till the day before yesterday, when I saw your daughter
+at Mrs. Hazleton's, and some accidental circumstance revealed to me the
+state of my own heart."
+
+Sir Philip looked as if surprised; but after a moment's thought, he
+inquired, "And what says Emily, my young friend?"
+
+"She says nothing, Sir Philip," replied Marlow; "for neither by word nor
+look, as far as I know, have I betrayed my own feelings towards her. I
+would not, between us, do so, till I had given you an opportunity of
+deciding, unfettered by any consideration for her, whether you would
+permit me to pursue my suit or not."
+
+Sir Philip was in a reasoning mood that day, and he tortured Marlow by
+asking, "And would you always think it necessary, Marlow, to obtain a
+parent's consent, before you endeavored to gain the affection of a girl
+you loved?"
+
+"Not always," replied the young man; "but I should think it always
+necessary to violate no confidence, Sir Philip. You have been kind to
+me--trusted me--had no doubt of me; and to say one word to Emily which
+might thwart your plans or meet your disapproval, would be to show
+myself unworthy of your esteem or her affection."
+
+Sir Philip mused, and then said, as if speaking to himself, "I had some
+idea this might turn out so, but not so soon. I fancy, however," he
+continued, addressing Marlow, "that you must have betrayed your feelings
+more than you thought, my young friend; for yesterday I found Emily in a
+strange, thoughtful, abstracted mood, showing that some strong feelings
+were busy at her heart."
+
+"Some other cause," said Marlow quickly; "I cannot even flatter myself
+that she was thinking of me. When I saw her the day before, there was a
+young man sitting with her and Mrs. Hazleton--John Ayliffe, I think, is
+his name--and I will own I thought his presence seemed to annoy her."
+
+"John Ayliffe at Mrs. Hazleton's!" exclaimed Sir Philip, his brow
+growing very dark; "John Ayliffe in my daughter's society! Well might
+the poor child look thoughtful--and yet why should she? She knows
+nothing of his history. What is he like, Marlow--how does he bear
+himself?"
+
+"He is certainly handsome, with fine features and a good figure,"
+replied Marlow; "indeed, it struck me that there was some resemblance
+between him and yourself; but there is a want I cannot well define in
+his appearance, Sir Philip--in his air--in his carriage, whether still
+or in motion, which fixes upon him what I am accustomed to call a
+class-mark, and that not of the best. Depend upon it, however, that it
+was annoyance at being brought into society which she disliked that
+affected your daughter as you have mentioned. My love for her she is,
+and must be, ignorant of; for I stayed there but a few minutes; and
+before that day, I saw it not myself. And now, Sir Philip, what say you
+to my suit? May I--as some of your words lead me to hope--may I pursue
+that suit and strive to win your dear daughter's love?"
+
+"Of course," replied Sir Philip, "of course. A vague fancy has long been
+floating in my brain, that it might be so some day. She is too young to
+marry yet; and it will be sad to part with her when the time does come;
+but you have my consent to seek her affection if she can give it you.
+She must herself decide."
+
+"Have you considered fully," asked Marlow, "that I have neither fortune
+nor rank to offer her, that I am by no means----"
+
+Sir Philip waved his hand almost impatiently. "What skills it talking of
+rank or wealth?" he said. "You are a gentleman by birth, education,
+manners. You have easy competence. My Emily will desire no more for
+herself, and I can desire no more for her. You will endeavor, I know, to
+make her happy, and will succeed, because you love her. As for myself,
+were I to choose out of all the men I know, you would be the man.
+Fortune is a good adjunct; but it is no essential. I do not promise her
+to you. That she must do; but if she says she will give you her hand, it
+shall be yours."
+
+Marlow thanked him, with joy such as may be conceived; but Sir Philip's
+thoughts reverted at once to his daughter's situation at Mrs.
+Hazleton's. "She must stay there no longer, Marlow," he said; "I will
+send for her home without delay. Then you will have plenty of
+opportunity for the telling of your own tale to her ear, and seeing how
+you may speed with her; but, at all events, she must stay no longer in a
+house where she can meet with John Ayliffe. Mrs. Hazleton makes me
+marvel--a woman so proud--so refined!"
+
+"It is but justice to say," replied Marlow, thoughtfully, "that I have
+some vague recollection of Mrs. Hazleton having intimated that they met
+that young gentleman by chance upon some expedition of pleasure. But had
+I not better communicate my hopes and wishes to Lady Hastings, my dear
+sir?"
+
+"That is not needful," replied Emily's father, somewhat sternly; "I
+promise her to you, if she herself consents. My good wife will not
+oppose my wishes or my daughter's happiness; nor do I suffer opposition
+upon occasions of importance. I will tell Lady Hastings my determination
+myself."
+
+Marlow was too wise to say another word, but agreed to come on the
+following day to dine and sleep at the hall, and took his leave for the
+time. It was not, indeed, without some satisfaction that he heard Sir
+Philip order a horse to be saddled and a man to prepare to carry a
+letter to Mrs. Hazleton; for doubts were rapidly possessing themselves
+of his mind--not in regard to Emily--but in reference to Mrs. Hazleton
+herself.
+
+The letter was dispatched immediately after his departure, recalling
+Emily to her father's house, and announcing that the carriage would be
+sent for her early on the following morning. That done, Sir Philip
+repaired to his wife's drawing-room, and informed her that he had given
+his consent to his young friend Marlow's suit to their daughter. His
+tone was one that admitted no reply, and Lady Hastings made none; but
+she entered her protest quite as well, by falling into a violent fit of
+hysterics.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[L] Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by G. P. R.
+James, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States
+for the Southern District of New-York.
+
+
+
+
+HERBERT KNOWLES.
+
+
+We recently printed in the _International_ an interesting account of the
+"marvellous boy" Chatterton, who "perished in his pride," and the
+memoirs of Southey recall to us the almost as unfortunate Herbert
+Knowles, who died in 1817. Knowles was a poor boy of the humblest
+origin, without father or mother, yet with abilities sufficient to
+excite the attention of strangers, who subscribed 20_l._ a year towards
+his education, upon condition that his friends should furnish 30l. more.
+The boy was sent to Richmond School, Yorkshire, preparatory to his
+proceeding as a sizer to St. John's, but when he quitted school the
+friends were unable to advance another sixpence on his account. To help
+himself, Herbert Knowles wrote a poem, sent it to Southey with a history
+of his case, and asked permission to dedicate it to the Laureate.
+Southey, finding the poem "brimful of power and of promise," made
+inquiries of the schoolmaster, and received the highest character of the
+youth. He then answered the application of Knowles, entreated him to
+avoid present publication, and promised to do something better than
+receive his dedication. He subscribed at once 10_l._ per annum towards
+the failing 30_l._, and procured similar subscriptions from Mr. Rogers
+and the late Lord Spencer. Herbert Knowles, receiving the news of his
+good fortune, wrote to his protector a letter remarkable for much more
+than the gratitude which pervaded every line. He remembered that Kirke
+White had gone to the university countenanced and supported by patrons,
+and that to pay back the debt he owed them he wrought day and night
+until his delicate frame gave way, and his life became the penalty of
+his devotion. Herbert Knowles felt that he could not make the same
+desperate efforts, and deemed it his first duty to say so. "I will not
+deceive," he writes in his touching anxiety.
+
+"Far be it from me to foster expectations which I feel I cannot gratify.
+Two years ago I came to Richmond totally ignorant of classical and
+mathematical literature. Out of that time, during three months and two
+long vacations I have made but a retrograde course. If I enter into
+competition for university honors I shall kill myself. Could I twine,
+to gratify my friends, a laurel with the cypress I would not repine; but
+to sacrifice the little inward peace which the wreck of passion has left
+behind, and relinquish every hope of future excellence and future
+usefulness in one wild and unavailing pursuit, were indeed a madman's
+act, and worthy of a madman's fate."
+
+The poor fellow promised to do what he could, assured his friends that
+he would not be idle, and that if he could not reflect upon them any
+extraordinary credit, he would certainly do them no disgrace. Herbert
+Knowles had taken an accurate measure of his strength and capabilities,
+and soon gave proof that he spoke at the bidding of no uncertain monitor
+within him. Two months after his letter to Southey he was laid in his
+grave. The fire consumed the lamp even faster than the trembling lad
+suspected.
+
+A poem by him, _The Three Tabernacles_, though perhaps familiar to most
+of our readers, is so beautiful that we reprint it here:
+
+
+THE THREE TABERNACLES.
+
+    Methinks it is good to be here,
+       If thou wilt let us build,--but for whom?
+    Nor Elias nor Moses appear;
+       But the shadows of eve that encompass the gloom,
+       The abode of the dead, and the place of the tomb.
+
+    Shall we build to Ambition? Ah! no:
+       Affrighted, he shrinketh away;
+    For see, they would pin him below
+       To a small narrow cave; and, begirt with cold clay,
+       To the meanest of reptiles a peer and a prey.
+
+    To Beauty? Ah! no: she forgets
+       The charms that she wielded before;
+    Nor knows the foul worm that he frets
+       The skin which but yesterday fools could adore,
+       For the smoothness it held, or the tint which it wore.
+
+    Shall we build to the purple of Pride,
+       The trappings which dizen the proud?
+    Alas! they are all laid aside;
+       And here's neither dress nor adornment allowed,
+       But the long winding-sheet, and the fringe of the shroud.
+
+    To Riches? Alas! 'tis in vain:
+       Who hid, in their turns have been hid;
+    The treasures are squandered again;
+       And here, in the grave, are all metals forbid,
+       But the tinsel that shone on the dark coffin-lid.
+
+    To the pleasures which Mirth can afford,
+       The revel, the laugh and the jeer?
+    Ah! here is a plentiful board,
+       But the guests are all mute as their pitiful cheer,
+       And none but the worm is a reveller here.
+
+    Shall we build to Affection and Love?
+       Ah! no: they have withered and died,
+    Or fled with the spirit above.
+       Friends, brothers, and sisters, are laid side by side,
+       Yet none have saluted, and none have replied.
+
+    Unto Sorrow? The dead cannot grieve;
+       Nor a sob, nor a sigh meets mine ear,
+    Which compassion itself could relieve:
+       Ah! sweetly they slumber, nor hope, love, or fear;
+       Peace, peace, is the watchword, the only one here.
+
+    Unto Death, to whom monarchs must bow?
+       Ah! no: for his empire is known,
+    And here there are trophies enow;
+       Beneath the cold dead, and around the dark stone,
+       Are the signs of a sceptre that none may disown.
+
+    The first tabernacle to Hope we will build,
+       And look for the sleepers around us to rise;
+    The second to Faith, which insures it fulfilled;
+       And the third to the Lamb of the Great Sacrifice,
+       Who bequeathed us them both when he rose to the skies.
+
+There are in his works several other pieces not less remarkable for the
+best qualities of poetry; and they all appear to be the echoes of
+genuine feeling.
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNT MONTE-LEONE: OR, THE SPY IN SOCIETY.[M]
+
+TRANSLATED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE FROM THE FRENCH OF H.
+DE ST. GEORGES.
+
+_Continued from page 511, vol. II._
+
+
+PART SECOND--BOOK FIRST.
+
+THE DUCHESS.
+
+On the very day on which the marriage had been celebrated at the town of
+Sorrento, a man descended from a carriage that, from the dust on its
+wheels, seemed to have travelled far, at the town of Ceprano, situated
+on the frontier of the Roman States and the kingdom of Naples. People
+call Ceprano a city; it is, however, in fact, only a large town of the
+Abruzzi, very ugly and very dirty, to which leads one of the worst and
+most romantic roads in Italy. Ceprano would scarcely merit the
+traveller's notice, but for many curiosities which it contains, worthy
+of particular attention. These curiosities are neither the charms of
+nature, for the scenery is without interest, nor palaces, nor monuments.
+They are neither archeologic nor artistic, but the greatest of earthly
+rarities--curiosities of humanity. The women of Ceprano are, perhaps,
+the most beautiful in Italy. Their stature, their regular and noble
+features, their magnificent black hair, twined around their charming
+faces, a graceful carriage, truly antique, their picturesque costume,
+partaking of the characters of both modern Greece and Italy, form the
+most admirable and pleasant combination. The women of Ceprano display,
+also, a peculiar coquetry, by their graceful and bold air; they carry on
+their heads etruscan amphorae, in which, like Rachel, they bring water
+from the spring. At the fountain, therefore, strangers assemble to
+admire these nymphs. The traveller of whom we speak had gone thither,
+according to the well established custom, while his horses were being
+changed. He had, however, been preceded by another man, whose strange
+appearance soon attracted attention. The latter was about sixty years of
+age, of middle height, and well made. He had been handsome, if one could
+judge from the purity of the lines of his features, which time had not
+entirely effaced. His _coiffure_ alone would have made him appear
+whimsical and ridiculous, had not his head been noble and distinguished.
+He wore powder; and locks such as once were known as _a l'aille de
+pigeon_, were on each side of his face. A cloak of light silk was
+buttoned over his breast, so as to conceal a blue coat on which a cross
+of Saint Louis rested, being suspended to a broad blue ribbon. Sitting
+between two of the prettiest girls of Ceprano, he talked to them in an
+Italian, very little of which they understood; for his _patois_ called
+forth from the volatile creatures bursts of laughter.
+
+"Bah!" said he in French; "this is the consequence of not studying
+foreign tongues. I cannot turn the _indigenes_ to profit. Pity, too,
+when they are beautiful as these are."
+
+"Signor, may I be your interpreter?" said the last comer, who had heard
+only the latter portion of the old man's words.
+
+"Thanks, Signor," said he; "heaven has sent you to the aid of a
+barbarian who was pitilessly murdering the mother tongue of Tasso.
+Formerly," continued he, "pantomime answered to talk with women as well
+as language; now, however, I must explain myself in another manner. I
+cannot, therefore, ask you to be the interpreter of my request of these
+girls!"
+
+"What, Signor, did you ask them?" said he.
+
+"Nothing, but permission to write two signs on my tablets. A habit I
+imported from London, a peculiar kind of statistics to introduce some
+variety into the tedious stories travellers spin. I indicate the region
+through which I pass by a single phrase or word which recalls to me what
+they have most agreeable to the heart, mind, or senses. See," said he,
+taking a rich pocket-book on which was a prince's coronet in gold, "all
+Italy will occupy but two pages. Florence? _Flowers and museums._
+Bologna? _Hams._ Milan? _La scala._ Leghorn? _Nothing._ Rome? _Every
+thing. Et caetera._ I wished to write Ceprano? _kisses_: to prove that
+here I touched the lips of the two prettiest women of Italy."
+
+"If that is all," said the person to whom the old man spoke, "and for
+the purpose of advocating so useful a cause," said she, with a laugh, "I
+will procure you the pleasure you desire."
+
+"Indeed, Signor, I do not know how I can recompense you for such a
+service."
+
+"Signor, I deserve no recompense from you, as I merely advance the art
+of travelling, which through your exertions is about to become so
+attractive----"
+
+"_Signorine_," said he to the beautiful girls of Ceprano, in the pure
+Roman dialect; "an old man's kiss always brings prosperity to the
+youthful; and this, Signor," he pointed to the old man with powdered
+hair, "wishes you to be happy."
+
+The two young girls, with the most natural grace possible, offered their
+brows to the old man, who kissed them paternally as possible.
+
+"I thank you, sir," said he to his interpreter. "I am indebted solely
+for this chapter to your politeness, and can express my pleasure only by
+dedicating it to you. To do so, however, it is necessary that I should
+know your name----"
+
+"Write then, Ceprano, dedicated to Count Monte-Leone. But, Signor, shall
+not I know the name of the author of a work so interesting as that to
+which I have contributed?"
+
+"The name of the writer who is indebted to you for the best chapter of
+his book, is the Prince de Maulear."
+
+The Count made a brusque movement of surprise, and saluting the Prince
+coldly, left him. A quarter of an hour after, two carriages in different
+directions left Ceprano. Monte-Leone's took the road to Rome, the Prince
+de Maulear's that to Naples. The former, however, did not go to Rome;
+for, when he had come to the foot of a wooded mountain, he left the
+carriage, and accompanied by a man in a long cloak, who had hitherto sat
+in the carriage, Monte-Leone went into a thick underwood, and proceeding
+up a rocky path almost to the top of the mountain, went to the little
+town of Frenona, which is on the very brow. The night was near at hand,
+and the trees with their leaves, too early for the season, increased the
+darkness of the mountain path. Suddenly, at a distance of two hundred
+feet from them, a bright and sparkling light was seen approaching
+Monte-Leone and his companion. The Count uttered a sharp whistle, and
+the light went to the middle of the wood, and hurried like a
+will-o'-the-wisp towards the travellers. The light was a torch, borne by
+a man, dressed as a peasant and wrapped in a large cloak, which suffered
+nothing but his two sparkling eyes to be seen, which were scarcely less
+brilliant than the torch.
+
+"_Buon Giorno, Signor Pignana_," said the Count to the new comer; "you
+see I have kept the appointment at San Paolo."
+
+"The brothers await your excellency," said Pignana, bowing to the
+ground; "be pleased to follow me."
+
+"I have come hither to do so," said the Count.
+
+The three men continued to ascend the mountain, and after a while turned
+to the right and stopped in front of an old building partially in ruins.
+Following a path around the ruin, they came to the place where the wall
+was highest, and stopped in front of a door. Pignana pulled a rope. A
+bell sounded, and the door was opened by a man in the costume Pignana
+wore. The three then crossed a long paved court, and through a vestibule
+entered a corridor leading into a vast hall, which had been the
+refectory of the monastery of San Paolo. A few torches lit up the room;
+around a table in the centre of which were thirty men all dressed like
+those we have described. They arose when Monte-Leone entered, and bowed
+with respect. The Count took his seat and spoke thus:
+
+"You desired, Signori, to see me once more among you, and to accede to
+your wish I have braved every danger; for you know that Rome and Naples
+make common cause against us. For a long time I have wished to see you,
+and been anxious to ascertain your views, by putting, as your supreme
+chief, two questions to you."
+
+"Speak, Monsignore," said the _Carbonari_.
+
+"Have the _Vente_ of all Italy," said the Count, "those of Rome, Venice,
+Milan, Parma, Verona, Turin, and the other principal cities of Italy,
+the chiefs of which I see here, ever doubted me?"
+
+"No, Monsignore; but they have feared lest being a victim to the unhappy
+fate which has befallen you, it might be your intention to leave us."
+
+"And betray you, Signori," said the Count, with bitterness; "sell you
+like a spy and informer?"
+
+"_Never!_" said all the company; "Monte-Leone can be no spy."
+
+"Thank you, Signori, for the good opinion you have of me," said the
+Count in an ironical tone; "why then did you demand that foolish
+manifestation in the theatre of San Carlo? Do you not see that I have
+given you sufficient pledges by risking my life at the _Venta_ of
+Pompeia, where I, who had every gratification that fortune could bestow
+on me, risked every thing by declaring myself your chief? Let me tell
+you, Signori, two powerful motives led me--my convictions and my
+father's blood, which yet calls to me for vengeance. The following is my
+second question:--Do the _Vente_ of Italy promise to obey my orders
+without giving any to me?"
+
+"Monsignore, you in this demand perfect submission!"
+
+"Perfect, Signori; I will make my demand more explicit. I demand
+obedience, to act by my orders, and never without them; to think as I
+do, and to be the body of an association of which I am the soul."
+
+The _Carbonari_ were silent.
+
+"Decide!" said the Count, taking out his watch. "I had but two hours to
+devote to you, to settle all, and only a few minutes remain."
+
+The _Carbonari_ consulted together. Their conversation was animated as
+possible. The Count looked again at his watch, and all turned towards
+him.
+
+"Your excellency," said the one who seemed to be the most important,
+"may rely on our faith, conscience, and trust in you. We would, though,
+think we exceeded our powers, and implicate the brothers who have
+confided in us too deeply, if we were to consent to be passive, as you
+wish us and the Italian _Vente_ to become.
+
+"Then there is nothing more to be said, Signori," and Monte-Leone arose.
+"Perhaps I have confided too implicitly in my audacity, resolution, and
+the power over myself, which never has deserted me. I deceived myself,
+perhaps, when too proudly I fancied I could inspire you with confidence
+equal to my own. I thought by risking life, fortune, and all, I won the
+right to hold the dice myself. But you do not think thus, and I submit.
+Faithful to my oaths, and to our principles, I am always ready to keep
+and to defend them. Acting, henceforth, alone, I shall do as I please,
+and be accountable to myself alone. Now, Signori, adieu! I shall leave
+Italy, and perhaps Europe, in search of a country, the institutions of
+which recognize the true principles of national happiness. Wherever,
+though, I may be, I will be _mute as to your secrets, and devoted to
+your principles_. You had just now a chief in Count Monte-Leone. He is
+so no more, but is still your brother."
+
+Bowing to them with that noble dignity which he never laid aside, he
+bade the man who had accompanied him to take a torch and lead the way.
+Monte-Leone descended the mountain at Frepinond, and regained the
+carriage that waited for him, in which he proceeded to the Eternal City.
+Wounded at what, when he remembered how much he had done, seemed
+ingratitude, he said to himself, "Henceforth Monte-Leone commands--he
+cannot obey."
+
+About evening, on the night after the _Venta_ at San Paola, the Count
+got out of his carriage, and, as his sadness increased as he left
+Naples, sought to revive himself by walking. He walked through
+Ferentino, a little town of the Roman States, and as he passed by the
+church he heard the sound of the organ. Monte-Leone had a heart piously
+inclined, and the sentiment of religion was always aroused by the sight
+of the church. He went into the church, which was brilliantly lighted. A
+few of the faithful here and there prayed; the half tints of the light
+on the walls giving them the appearance of statues on tombs. Before the
+principal altar two persons knelt. A priest was about to unite their
+fate. Monte-Leone approached the altar, but the seclusion of the
+position of the couple as they bent to the ground before the priest, who
+was blessing them, made it impossible for him to distinguish their
+features. A strange curiosity took possession of him, for this was
+evidently no ordinary village marriage. The rich dress of the young
+woman, the noble air of the young man to whom she was about to be
+married, all announced one of those secret unions not contracted beneath
+the vaulted arches of a cathedral, but in the oratory of some palace, or
+the chapel of some secluded hamlet. The ceremony was over, and the newly
+married couple left the altar and walked down the nave to the door of
+the church of Ferentino, where a magnificent carriage was waiting. Just
+as they were about leaving the church, the bride lifted up her veil and
+saw a man standing near the vase of holy water. The light of the lamp
+fell directly on his face. The young woman, astonished, trembling and
+confused, felt her strength give way, and could scarcely suppress an
+exclamation of agony. She saw Count Monte-Leone. He also had recognized
+in the bridegroom the Duke of Palma, minister of police of Naples. In
+the new duchess he had also recognized the primadonna of San Carlo da
+Felina. Thus the two angels, which in his ecstatic vision at his
+father's tomb the Count had seen, and who appeared to contend for
+him--Aminta and La Felina--the two women, one of whom he adored, while
+he was himself adored by the other, were no longer free. Aminta had
+married from duty, La Felina from reason.
+
+
+II.--THE FATHER.
+
+Eight days after the meeting of the Prince de Maulear and Count
+Monte-Leone at Ceprano, a post-chaise, accompanied by a kind of
+travelling forge, entered Naples by the Roman road, and after having
+crossed the city at a rapid rate, the postillions cracking their whips
+the while, stopped at the French embassy. The powdered head of the old
+man appeared at the window of the chaise, and the Swiss of the embassy
+replied, in execrable French, to a question put to him thus:
+
+"Monsieur, the Marquis de Maulear does not stop in the embassy. His
+apartments were too small for two."
+
+The Swiss, enchanted by this reply, which he thought eminently witty,
+bowed to the traveller, and was about to return to his chair, when the
+old man again called him:
+
+"But, my fine fellow," said he to the Helvetian, "you have not yet told
+me where the Marquis does live."
+
+"The Marquis de Maulear," said the Swiss, "is in the palace of
+Cellamare, where he rented a pavilion near the gardens of the
+Villa-Reale."
+
+"To the palace Cellamare," said the traveller to the postillion; and the
+latter drove off at a gallop.
+
+After about five minutes the same powdered head appeared at the door,
+and the traveller said, "Hollo! postillion, stop; do you hear, rascal;
+pull up."
+
+"What does your excellency, sir?" asked the postillion.
+
+"Take my excellency to the best Hotel in Naples."
+
+"The best is _la Vittoria_, between the bay and Villa Reale."
+
+The postillion lied, for _le Crocelle_ was better; but at _la Vittoria_
+they received two piastres a piece for travellers, and at _le Crocelle_
+got nothing. The _Vittoria_, then, was the best hotel in Naples for
+postillions, but not for travellers. The apartments of the Marquis de
+Maulear, the witty Swiss had told him, were too small for two; and this
+information had induced him thus suddenly to change his plan. The
+traveller thought the Marquis might have yielded to some tender
+influence, and contracted a _quasi morganatique_ marriage as a prelude
+to more serious ties. "If that be so," said the stranger, "it would be
+wrong to go to the Marquis's house. I do not wish to surprise him by a
+simple visit which would not have the effect of a solemn interview."
+
+The chaise stopped at _la Vittoria_. Two servants and an intendant came
+to the carriage, and the postillion received eight piastres for his
+human freight. The Marquis de Maulear had really taken his young wife to
+the palace of Cellamare, a portion of which was rented to wealthy
+strangers a few days after his marriage. The Marquis had acted decidedly
+in writing to his father that he had married without consulting him.
+Henceforth it was of no importance whether the world knew it or not;
+besides, the Signora Rovero and Aminta, having thought that the Prince
+had authorized his son to marry whomsoever he pleased, secrecy would not
+have seemed proper or justifiable. The Marquis, who grew every day more
+in love, and whose ardor continually increased as he discovered new
+qualities to adore in the young heart confided to him, sought to expel
+the terrors which he apprehended would result from his father's
+surprise, but was unable to satisfy himself that the latter would not be
+completely enraged. The Marquis possessed an honorable fortune from his
+deceased mother. He therefore was not at all disturbed, in a pecuniary
+point of view, in relation to Aminta's fate. The distress, the
+humiliation to which his young wife would be exposed, should she be
+repelled by his father and family, made him tremble whenever that idea
+presented itself to his mind. Aminta had perceived these clouds
+occasionally on the brow of her husband, but had attributed it to his
+apprehensions that she did not love him as much as he adored her. She
+had striven to restore his confidence; and with that gentle voice, never
+heard by any one without emotion, said, "Henri, I was frank with you,
+when before marriage my heart asked time to return all the passion you
+felt. I know I love you now, and was wrong to be so timid; for," added
+she, "I deprived myself of happiness by delay." Maulear clasped her in
+his arms and forgot his troubles, as all do who love and are loved.
+
+One morning, about ten o'clock, he had left her to go to the French
+embassy, whither he was called by important business. The young Marquise
+had gone into the garden of Cellamare, and sat beneath an arbor of
+jasmin, reading her favorite poet Tasso. Love of Maulear now interpreted
+these passionate mysteries, which hitherto she had not understood. Her
+soul, illumined by the flame enkindled in it, did not admire, as it
+formerly did, the form and gentle harmony of the poem alone. The meaning
+of the verses touched her heart, and she seemed for the first time to
+open this book, which is so filled with burning inspirations. The
+tenderness of Maulear had begun to dissipate the sad presentiments which
+had so long agitated her: she felt arising in her a gentle return of
+that deep affection she had inspired; and though she had been alone but
+two hours, it seemed to her that the Marquis had been absent a much
+longer time. Looking in the direction she expected Henri to come, she
+examined the burning horizon beyond the avenue of plane-trees beneath
+which she sat, until she saw a human form coming down it. The person who
+advanced walked slowly, and looked around him carefully, as if he was in
+search of something. For a while he examined curiously the hedge on the
+principal alley; nor, until he stood within a few paces of Aminta, did
+he see that this white figure was a woman; its graceful immobility
+having made him fancy it a statue. The stranger bowed to her politely as
+possible, and spoke to her with an air half way between respect and
+familiarity, impertinence and consideration. Aminta arose and recognized
+him, and as she did so, exhibiting a constraint and embarrassment she
+could not account for. The person who had spoken to Aminta was dressed
+so strangely, that the young woman was struck by it. Having been
+accustomed to all the fashions of the epoch, to the elegance of the
+young men who visited her mother's house, to the good taste of the
+Marquis de Maulear, she had never seen such a costume as that of the
+stranger. A coat of Prussian blue, with a straight collar and large wide
+skirts, enveloped a thin, delicate frame. A waistcoat of white silk, cut
+square in front, with two immense pockets, from one of which hung a
+watch, with an immense chain and multitude of seals, beating against
+breeches of buff cassimer, the legs of which were inserted in vast
+boots. A rich frill of English point lace, with ruffles to match, gave
+an air of magnificence to this toilet; the whole being surmounted with a
+powdered head-dress with open wings, like those of a sea-gull in a
+desperate storm. The result of all this toilette was such, that no one
+felt inclined to laugh, or even if the inclination arose, the noble air
+of which we have spoken soon repressed it. Aminta felt as Count
+Monte-Leone had at Ceprano, when the latter made the acquaintance of the
+Prince de Maulear, whom our readers have beyond doubt recognized.
+
+"Excuse me, beautiful lady, for thus disturbing your reveries," said the
+Prince, bowing again to Aminta, "but I am come to visit the Marquis de
+Maulear, who must return ere long, as one of his servants told me. I
+however learned, that in addition to the pleasure of roaming through
+this paradise, I would find _Madame_. I could not resist the pleasure of
+presenting you my homage."
+
+In the manner the Prince pronounced the word _Madame_, there was a
+shadow of fine irony, which Aminta could not but observe. She blushed
+slightly, for she thought the stranger alluded to her recent marriage;
+and though shocked at his familiarity, Aminta was satisfied with
+replying politely, that she would be happy if the visitor would remain
+until the Marquis de Maulear should return with her.
+
+The Prince sat on a rustic chair, which Aminta offered him, and said, as
+he looked at her with admiration, "The Marquis may stay away as long as
+he pleases; and while with you I will not complain."
+
+"But, Signor," said Aminta, "something of importance has brought you
+hither."
+
+"No," said the visitor, "I come merely to see the Marquis; and to do so
+have travelled the four hundred leagues between Paris and Naples.
+Nothing more!"
+
+"Ah, Signor," said Aminta, delighted, "then you love him?"
+
+"Devotedly," continued the Prince, "though I suspect him rather of
+ingratitude. Do not be afraid," added he; "I believe him to be an
+ingrate in friendship, but not in love. _Madame_ (and he looked
+anxiously at her) has every charm to prevent his being so."
+
+Any person less delicately organized than Aminta, and less
+impressionable, would have had no suspicion of the elegant _abandon_
+which was the foundation of this compliment. By means of her instinct,
+however, she had guessed that there was a kind of contempt of _bon ton_
+in what was said to her, altogether unbecoming in a conversation with a
+person of her rank and station. She replied, then, that she thought she
+had sufficient claims on the Marquis's love for him never to forget them
+... that if such a misfortune should befall her, she would find in her
+heart and conscience no reason for reproaching herself, and would be
+able to support indifference, and be bold enough to pardon it.
+
+"Very well, very well," said the Prince gayly. "Pretty women are always
+generous; they, however, are least worthy of commendation on that
+account, when they resemble you."
+
+"Signor," said Aminta to the Prince, "I know not to whom I have the
+honor to speak. You have, however, told me you come from France, and I
+will thank you to tell me if men are volatile there, as I have heard."
+
+"Signora, I do not think I slander my countrymen, when I say their
+hearts are not easily fixed for a long time. Were they more faithful,
+they would not, perhaps, be so amiable. In my time, for instance,
+marriage was an affair of business. One married to be married, to have
+an heir, to regulate one's household. That was all. If a man loved his
+wife three or six months it was superb. A year of constancy became
+ridiculous and vulgar. Then the lady would fall in love, and the husband
+conceived a friendship for the courtier, mousquetaire, or abbe, whom the
+lady patronized. The husband did not fall in love; he only looked for
+amusements. Sometimes chance afforded him what he needed, or he went to
+the opera, where the nymphs of music and dancing took charge of his
+superfluous funds. People talked of him for two days, and then he was
+forgotten. Thus gently and pleasantly the husband and wife floated down
+the stream of time; each keeping close to a bank, and shaking hands
+whenever the currents brought them together. In the business of life
+they were always as considerate as possible of each other, and shed some
+honest tears when death separated them. Sometimes in old age, when both
+were wearied by passion, and satiated with love, they recounted to each
+other their wild adventures, as sailors tell their stories of shipwrecks
+and the perils of their voyages. But," continued the Prince, "as there
+are exceptions to all rules, the exceptions were the kindly-disposed and
+well-regulated households, which were spoken of and laughed at.
+Happiness, however, avenged them. Thus, beautiful lady, people lived in
+other times. They do not live thus now--"
+
+"All this I own," said Aminta, "interests me deeply."
+
+"The devil!" said the Prince, aside, and under the impression that he
+was in the presence of the irregular passion of his son, "Does not
+morganaticism suffice?" Under this hypothesis, which made him smile with
+pity, he resolved to cut the foolish hope short at the roots.
+
+"In our days all is changed--women are saints and husbands are
+angels--and the two are riveted together for all time. The wife is
+constant, the husband faithful; or, if the contrary be the case, the
+matter is hushed up and concealed. If public morality is satisfied, the
+lovers are not the losers. It is also said that unhappy marriages now
+are the exceptions. The chief difference is, though, that now men do
+before marriage what they used to do afterwards. If one finds a pleasant
+woman," said he, approaching Aminta, "like you, beautiful, intelligent,
+and I venture to say also full of talent, as you are--we swear we love
+her, and are really sincere. Reason, however, in the guise of matrimony,
+hurries to sound the knell of love. At the first peal, it escapes, and
+whither? The beauty we adore first weeps, and then finds consolation, or
+rather suffers herself to be consoled. Then, opening her wings like the
+butterfly, she hurries to find the pleasure she calls and expects."
+
+The tone, rather than the language, of this conversation terrified and
+amazed Aminta.
+
+The Prince observed this. "Did she love him really?" he said; and
+touched with this idea, he added--
+
+"All that I say, madame, is a general remark, the application of which I
+make to no one, least of all to yourself."
+
+"Signor," said Aminta, rising, "I do not understand you."
+
+"Certainly," said the Prince, "you do not understand that one who loves
+you should cease to do so. That is what I had the honor to tell you just
+now. The Marquis, though, is very young and inexperienced. He believes
+in love, as men of twenty-five usually do. This explains to me the
+apparent rigidness of his words, and unveils the mystery of his
+pretended wisdom. I do not, however, wish to make a person so charming
+as you are desperate; and perhaps I do you a great favor in warning you
+against future dangers and mischances."
+
+"Signor," said Aminta, trembling with emotion, "I cannot guess why you
+speak to me thus; but I perceive that you do not know me."
+
+The Prince said, with a smile, "I speak to a charming woman, to one of
+earth's angels, whom some lucky mortals meet with, and who by their
+tenderness reveal all the pleasures and joys promised to the faithful by
+the houris of divine Providence."
+
+"Signor," said Aminta, looking at the Prince with an expression in which
+both indignation and contempt were visible, "unused as I am to such
+language, though I scarcely understand it, my reason and good sense tell
+me you would speak thus only to the mistress of the Marquis de Maulear."
+
+"True," said the Prince, "and I speak now to the most charming mistress
+imaginable."
+
+"Me! do you speak thus to me, Signor?" said the young woman, with a
+painful accent. "And you thought----?"
+
+"Who then are you, madame!" asked the old man, with surprise and terror
+at Aminta's tone.
+
+"Who is she, monsieur?" said the Marquis, coming from a neighboring
+alley, where, pale and terrified, he had for some time been listening to
+this conversation, "she is my wife, the _Marquise de Maulear_!"
+
+Had a thunderbolt fallen at the feet of the Prince he could not have
+been more surprised. The blood left his face, and he supported himself
+against the back of his chair.
+
+"Henri," said Aminta, "tell this man again that he has dared to insult
+your wife! Tell him I am yours in God's eyes, and that he has doubly
+outraged me in the fact that his words fell from the lips of age. Say to
+him, that a gentleman, if such he is, should not utter such things until
+assured they were neither an insult nor an outrage to her who heard
+them."
+
+"Aminta," said the Marquis, "the person of whom you speak thus is----"
+
+"Be silent, monsieur,"[N] interrupted the Prince, looking sternly at his
+son, "madame has not offended me, though I have her. Madame," said he,
+"accept my apology for a fault caused by the Marquis alone. The name you
+bear is entitled to the respect of all, especially to mine. I will be
+the last to forget it. Be pleased to leave the Marquis de Maulear and
+myself together for a few moments. What I have to say none must listen
+to. Do not be afraid," added he, when he saw the hesitation with which
+Aminta left; "I am no foe of the Marquis, and besides, the only weapon
+of old men is the tongue. Our conversation will not be long, and I will
+then leave the Marquis to you for ever."
+
+Henri made a motion, the purport of which was to beseech Aminta to go.
+Taking a lateral alley, she disappeared.
+
+"Monsieur," said the Prince, "you should know that my name should not be
+pronounced in the presence of that young woman, especially after the
+error which your silence has led me into in relation to her." The Prince
+continued, "So you are married?"
+
+"Yes, monsieur," said Maulear, trembling like a criminal in the presence
+of the judge.
+
+"Contrary to my orders, and without my consent," continued the Prince.
+
+"Father, if any excuse be possible, you will find it in the person I
+have selected."
+
+"I do not ask for justification, monsieur, but for excuse. How long did
+you reflect on this union before you contracted it?"
+
+"A month," said the Marquis.
+
+"A month is a short time to reflect on a life of remorse and regret.
+You know I never will forgive you."
+
+"Never, monsieur?" asked Maulear, bowing respectfully before his father.
+"God himself pardons."
+
+"I am not God, monsieur, and have neither his goodness nor his mercy.
+Hearken to me, and let none of my words be lost, as they are the last I
+shall ever speak to you. I have not concealed my principles, which were
+probably not firm enough in relation to morals and virtue. In these
+principles the people of the century in which I was born lived. I was,
+perhaps, badly educated, but so were all nobles then; and if they
+preserved their loyalty and honor, were faithful to their kings, and
+died for them,--if they did honor to their family, and fought well, they
+were forgiven for other faults. Philosophy and the progress of the age
+have rectified all this: whether they have improved the state of things
+the future must decide. I am too old to retrace my steps, and have the
+faults, and perhaps the virtues, of my century. There is one thing true,
+certain ideas I never will abandon, among which are my opinions about
+marriage. All this you think behind the spirit of the age, and perhaps
+ridiculous; but I intend to express myself fully, that you may not
+expect me ever to alter my opinion about your conduct. For four
+centuries, monsieur, there has not been a single _mesalliance_ in my
+family. The Dukes of Salluce, the Princes of Maulear, from whom we are
+sprung, were never married but with the noblest families of the
+world--those of France--that is the only safety for me, that was the
+only marriage for you. I was willing to receive as a daughter-in-law
+only a French woman, of noble blood--noble as our own. This you say is a
+prejudice--so it may be, monsieur, but it is a prejudice I will not lay
+aside. I was never a rigorous father to you, and I contemplated using
+only one of my paternal rights, that of bringing about a marriage for
+you to suit myself. You acted for yourself, monsieur, and must continue
+to do so. Adieu! Henceforth the Marquis de Maulear has no father, and
+the Prince no son."
+
+The old man arose with cold and haughty dignity, preparing to leave.
+
+"Father, do not leave me thus--for the sake of my mother, whom you
+loved, pause."
+
+The Prince walked away.
+
+"For the sake of your father, whom you adored!"
+
+The Prince did not pause.
+
+"Well," said the Marquis, in despair, and just then he saw Aminta at the
+end of the alley, "I prefer to abandon the nobility of the Maulears,
+which produces such obduracy, for the virtues and talent of a Rovero."
+
+The old man had scarcely heard the last word, than he turned around and
+said to his son:
+
+"Rovero! did you say Rovero? the minister of Murat?"
+
+"There is his daughter," said Henri, pointing to Aminta.
+
+The countenance of the Prince lost its icy coldness, and assumed an
+expression of deep tenderness. Drawing near to Aminta, with tears in his
+eyes, he said, "The daughter of Rovero?" and with increasing agitation,
+"Are you the daughter of Rovero?"
+
+Looking at her for a few moments in silence, his countenance assumed an
+indefinable expression, and seemed to read in the countenance of the
+young girl an infinitude of memories and dreams. Finally, completely
+carried away by a feeling he could not control, he folded Aminta in his
+arms and clasped her to his bosom.
+
+
+III.--THE MAN WITH THE MASK.
+
+Paris, that great theatre on which, for fifty years, so much sublime and
+common-place republicanism, so many monarchic, imperial, constitutional,
+and other dramas had been represented--Paris, about the end of 1818, two
+years after the occurrence of the events described in the last chapter,
+presented a strange aspect, over which we will cast a retrospective
+glance for the purpose of making our story intelligible.
+
+Louis XVIII. reigned perhaps a little more absolutely than the charter
+permitted. By the aggregation of power, kings and kingdoms almost always
+fall; and this king, who wished to govern with the restrictions on power
+which he had himself yielded to France, found himself in endless
+controversy, from the errors of his friends, his family, and his
+minister. Monsieur[O] was in the opposition, and with him were all the
+malcontents of the realm. _Monsieur_ had his creatures, and his
+ministers in casu, all ready to consecrate their services to the good of
+the country. These were the only men, said the Prince, who could rescue
+the restoration from the factions in arms against it. At the head of
+this ministry was the Count Jules de Polignac, the favorite of the
+ex-comte d'Artois. Next to Polignac came M. de Vitrolles, famous for his
+intellect and his devotion to the royal family, M. de Grosbois, and
+others, who had made progress in the graces and confidence of the
+Prince. The King at that time exhibited a decided favoritism to a
+certain statesman of merit and worth, the rapid fortune of whom,
+however, had made many persons jealous and had excited much hatred. The
+star of M. de Blacus, which till then had been so brilliant, began to
+grow pale. From these palace intrigues, from these divisions of
+families, arose in public affairs a species of perpetual controversy
+which impeded the progress of the ship of state. In the mean time,
+parties taking advantage of this discontent, excited every bad passion,
+and silently undermined the soil preparing the explosion which
+ultimately destroyed this feeble and disunited monarchy. The great
+parties were divided and subdivided into many factions opposed to each
+other, but, as will be seen hereafter, all striving to overturn the
+existing order of things--though in the end each purposed the triumph of
+his own cause when a general chase should have ensued. The French
+nation, though strong, great and powerful when its parts are united, was
+then composed of royalists frankly devoted to the government of the
+restoration of ultra royalists, more so even than the King himself--and
+who wished the country to retrace its steps to principles, which good
+sense, time, healthy reason, and especially the revolutionary tempest,
+had most painfully refuted. Next came the Bonapartists, who seeing
+themselves disinherited by a peaceful government, and deprived of the
+prospects of glory they had deemed their own, regretted sincerely the
+man of victory and his triumphs. Next came the liberals, a portion of
+whom were sincerely devoted to political progress, for which the country
+was not yet prepared--and, finally, the Jacobins, old relics of 1793,
+who sought to precipitate France into that abyss of horror, the very
+trace of which the wonderful genius of Napoleon had effaced. All these
+opinions, advocated by intelligent and capable men, of gifted minds, but
+also of turbulent and dangerous spirits, to whom agitation is the
+natural element--all these were secretly busy, watching their
+opportunity to burst upon the public attention. Paris, the head of the
+great French body, was all the time happy as possible, and seemed calm
+and flourishing. It was like those men with a smiling face, a calm and
+cold icy exterior, but who nurse violent passions and bitter
+animosities. The police at that time was under the control of a minister
+who was young and active, but who was often led astray; just as
+greyhounds, who, when almost overrunning their quarry, catch a glimpse
+of other prey. The multiplied and contradictory devices of the factions,
+therefore, led the police and its agents into difficulties of which the
+criminals always contrived to take advantage. For two years, plot
+followed plot, almost uninterruptedly; Bonapartist, liberal,
+ultra-royalist plots followed each other; that of Didier was the first.
+His object was to confide the Kingly office to a Lieutenant-General, to
+the Duke of Orleans. Didier sought for his confederates among the men,
+whom a kind of fanaticism yet attached to the exile of Saint-Helena;
+among the old soldiers of the valley of the Loire, and that crowd of
+imperial agents whom the restoration had stripped of honor and
+employment. He promised good titles, orders, to all, and seduced many.
+The plot failed from its own impotence, for the police had little to do
+with it. Another affair, the consequences of which to those concerned in
+it were great, gave increased activity to the police, and diverted it
+from the only circumstances which could unfold to it the true enemies of
+the government of Louis XVIII. This affair was known as the _Society of
+Patriots_ of 1816, and had as its chiefs _Pleigner_, _Carbonneau_, and
+_Tolleron_. They intended to ask the Emperor of Russia to grant them a
+constitutional King, chosen elsewhere than from the elder branch of the
+Bourbons. A man named Schellstein, who had been a kind of enlisting
+agent to the conspirators, informed M. Angles, chief of police, of their
+plan, and intentions, and by a sentence given July 7, 1816, _Pleigner_,
+_Carbonneau_, and _Tolleron_, were sentenced to have their hands cut off
+and to be beheaded. Three days after the sentence was executed. Finally,
+in 1818, a third conspiracy was pointed out to the notice of the police.
+This conspiracy had a more exalted character than the preceding ones,
+for it included the ultra-royalists, that is to say the nobles,
+generals, peers, and high functionaries of France.
+
+The Morning Chronicle, June 27, 1818, published at London the
+following:--"There was a report at Paris, that a conspiracy had been
+discovered at Saint Cloud, embracing many of the ultra-royalist party.
+The King would abdicate, and be replaced by Monsieur."
+
+The Times, on the 2d July, said--"The plan of the conspiracy is known.
+Should the King abdicate, the conspirators have resolved to treat him
+like Paul I. The following is the list of ministers:--General Canuel, of
+war; M. de Chateaubriand, of foreign affairs; M. Bruges, of the navy; M.
+Villele, of the interior; M. de Labourdonnaie, of the police; General
+Donadieu, commandant of Paris." All this was announced with an
+appearance of truth; for all the persons named belonged to the
+opposition to the King and his favorite. When, however, facts were
+sought for, and the proof was pointed out, all the edifice crumbled
+away, and there remained only a few malcontents, but no rebels were to
+be found. The sentence of the Royal Court of Paris, given November 3d
+following, declared--"Generals Canuel and Donadieu, MM. de Rieux, de
+Songis, de Chapdelaine, de Romilly, and Joannis, are released and
+declared innocent." They had been imprisoned forty days. This affair
+produced a most painful sensation in France, and the minister of police
+was reproached with great imprudence, which made many new enemies to the
+government, and did not add to its security. The fact was, the true
+criminals had been overlooked; and, like the worms which eat away the
+interior of a beautiful fruit without changing its form and color, they
+more skilfully and adroitly attacked the very heart of society when it
+seemed most secure and safe. The perfidious worm which was eating away
+at the heart of France, as it had long done those of the other European
+monarchies, was Carbonarism. As we said in our first chapters, the
+existence of this power was scarcely suspected, while in secret, by its
+ramifications, it ruled Europe.
+
+A man of mind and energy, but whose mild and almost effeminate manners
+concealed vigor and perseverance, M. H----, at that time under the
+direction of M. Angles, supervised the political police of the kingdom.
+M. H---- was always aware of the extent of the operations of the
+various factions, and probably was the only man in France really alarmed
+at the influence which Carbonarism exerted in France and the neighboring
+states. Often he had made communications to the prefect, another
+minister, who paid attention to known parties and attached but little
+importance to this new foe, which was, however, the most terrible of
+all, and proposed to itself the object of destroying, at any risk, and
+received into its bosom all the operatives of this work, whatsoever
+might be their opinions. M. H---- had no evidence in relation to this
+terrible organization, nor did he know where it met. Towards the end of
+February, 1819, M. H---- received a letter sealed in black, and with the
+impression on the wax of an auger piercing the globe. The strange seal
+did not escape his notice. The direction was, "M. H----, for himself
+alone, _confidential_." The superior of the political police read the
+letter, which was as follows:--
+
+"Monsieur,--A man who can do the state great service wishes to have an
+interview with you, and requests that you will grant him a moment's
+conversation to-morrow evening at nine-oclock, in your cabinet. He will
+be masked. He begs you to permit him to keep his mask until he shall be
+satisfied that he is seen by no one else. Should the strangeness of this
+request not permit you to accept it, place a lighted taper in your
+window opening on the _quai des Orfevres_ and no one will come. The
+writer knows that he addresses a man of courage and honor, who never is
+terrified by mere forms when he looks for important results. It is also
+known that this man, though protected by wise precautions, made
+necessary by the grave circumstances in which he is often placed, would
+be incapable of taking an advantage of those who come to him frankly and
+truly."
+
+M. H---- reflected long on this letter. He hesitated not, because he was
+used to confidences made in terms and in manner as strange. But the
+conditions of the mask, so contrary to French habit, almost, in spite of
+himself, annoyed and troubled him. He, however, began to be inspired
+with the confidence which the man evidently felt himself. He therefore
+decided to receive him, and gave orders, that should the masked man
+present himself he should be admitted into his cabinet. M. H----only
+took a few measures of prudence, and after having examined the locks and
+charges of his pistols, which he always wore, and assured himself that
+the sound of a bell on his table would be heard at once by the
+attendants, waited attentively for the hour of the interview. The clock
+of the Palais Royal struck nine, when he was told that a masked man
+wished to speak to him. A few minutes after the visitor was introduced.
+He was tall and wrapped in a brown cloak, which he threw off when he had
+reached the room. He wore a costume half way between a tradesman's and
+prosperous workman's.
+
+"What do you wish, Monsieur?" asked M. H----, who was sitting in his
+chair.
+
+Without replying, the stranger, who was standing, pointed to two glass
+doors on each side of one through which he had entered, behind which
+were full silk curtains. M. H----understood him, and after a moment's
+hesitation, decided, and clapped his hands thrice. This was probably a
+signal well understood, for soon after a slight noise was heard in each
+of the rooms, and the silk curtains were slightly agitated. Then rising,
+M. H---- opened the two doors and shut two external ones, which
+doubtless communicated with two other rooms.
+
+"Thank you, sir," said the mask, "you will not regret your confidence."
+
+These words were pronounced with a decidedly foreign air. The man took
+off his mask, and M. H---- examined his features. His physiognomy was
+that of the south; his expression dark, and his long black hair hung
+over his face, and rested on his shoulders. The eyes of this man were
+sad and deep; and glittering beneath his dark brows, added to the
+ferocity of his expression. He was silent for some time, and then said,
+in a calm voice, to the chief of police: "I come, Monsieur, to propose a
+contract to you, which, when you have heard it, you can either accept or
+reject. An immense volcano undermines Paris; a conspiracy, or rather an
+immense association is about to be formed. They are not isolated
+enemies, scattered in small numbers, but a vast family of men, here and
+every where, in every man's house, and perhaps in the very bureau of the
+police. Among them are millions of iron-hearted and iron-nerved men,
+among whom are the mechanic, the day laborer, soldiers of every arm, the
+financier, the advocate, artist, the scholar, and the priest--every rank
+and condition is represented. At their head are nobles, lords, and
+princes; and they wish to accomplish in France what they have already
+done in the rest of Europe. First, they seek to abolish royalty, and to
+bestow on the people free and unlimited liberty. Their secret assemblies
+are called _Vente_. The association is called _Carbonarism_, and its
+members _Carbonari_."
+
+M. H---- sprang up from his chair. Of the plot which he had been so
+anxious to discover, and of which he had but a vague knowledge, he was
+now at last to obtain a clue. In a tone exhibiting the most lively
+curiosity, he bade the man go on. The mask took a seat; he felt that
+henceforth he might treat with M. H---- as an equal.
+
+"I am," said he, with a smile full of venom, "but an unworthy member of
+this important society, and come to treat with you, therefore, not in my
+own name--"
+
+"In the name of whom, then, do you come?"
+
+"There is," said the mask, "a man in Paris of high rank, of noble birth,
+and of great fortune, who, by means of his position and connections,
+which I cannot reveal, knows, and henceforth will know, all the secrets,
+all the plans of the Carbonari, from the obscure acts of the humblest
+of the brothers, to the orders given to the _Vente_ by the supreme
+chiefs--"
+
+"And this man is willing to surrender his infamous associates to us?"
+said M. H----.
+
+"He will; but in consideration of this immense sacrifice, he demands
+certain things which I am charged to communicate to you."
+
+"Tell me," said M. H----, "what he asks."
+
+"We will talk of that hereafter. I, however, propose to you an honest
+bargain, and you will not be called on to pay the price until the
+service shall have been performed. I therefore come to ask you not for a
+reward, but for one word."
+
+"A word?"
+
+"A word, a promise, and an oath."
+
+"If it be compatible with my duties."
+
+"Certainly!" said the stranger. "We conspirators are honest people
+enough, but we are prudent, and used to secrecy. We never make
+revelations without exacting a double security."
+
+"That of honor!"
+
+"And displaying the dagger as the certain reward of treachery."
+
+"Stop, sir!" said M. H----, rising, and evidently enraged at the daring
+of the stranger. "You forget where you are; no one but myself makes
+threats here; assume, therefore, another tone; for sorry as I should be
+not to avail myself of your offers, I must, if you persist, terminate
+our interview at once. But," continued he, "what is required of me?"
+
+"I have told you--an oath. Here it is. You will swear on this," and he
+took a crucifix from his bosom, "that neither in person, nor otherwise,
+will you ever attempt to discover the person in behalf of whom I treat.
+You will swear that when you have been informed of the facts which I
+shall point out to you, when you shall have received proof of the
+culpability of certain men, you will cause them to be arrested and give
+them no clue to, and make no revelation of, the means by which you
+acquired your information."
+
+"But how will the man who is to furnish this information treat with us?"
+
+"Through me alone," said the stranger, "and I will allow you to be
+ignorant of nothing. In a few words--I will be his interpreter--the soul
+of his body, the action of his thought. Here," continued he, again
+presenting the crucifix to M. H----," an oath for such services is not
+too much to ask. You do not often get information at so cheap a rate.
+The form of the oath will doubtless appear strange to you, but I am a
+native of a land where oaths are taken on the cross alone."
+
+"So be it," said M. H----, who, as he listened to the man, reflected on
+the small importance of the conditions imposed on him, which did not
+demand that he should act against the _Vente_ or associations, until
+there was no doubt of their guilt. "So be it; I accept. I swear that I
+will never seek to ascertain of whom you are the agent, whether in
+person or through others." He placed his hand on the crucifix.
+
+"_Rely then on him--rely on me_," said the stranger.
+
+"Why do you not speak now?" said M. H----.
+
+"_Because it is necessary to give the fruit time to ripen before we
+gather it_," said the mysterious stranger; and bowing to M. H----, he
+left.
+
+"Well," said the chief of the political police, when he was alone, "the
+bargain I have made is not a rare one. Informers always have scruples at
+first, especially when they are men of rank;--when those of the man of
+whom the agent speaks are dissipated, or when by his wants and vices he
+is forced to draw directly on our chest, his shame will pass away, and
+his name will be enrolled on the list of our spies like those of M. X.,
+the Baron de W----, the Advocate V----, the Ex-consul R----, and the
+Countess of Fu. This man is, then, taken in three words, what we call a
+SPY IN SOCIETY."
+
+
+IV.--THE AMBASSADRESS.
+
+On the twentieth of June, 1818, six months before the occurrence of the
+scene we have described in the preceding chapter, the greatest
+excitement was exhibited in a magnificent hotel in the Faubourg
+Saint-Honore. The principal entrance of this hotel, or the Faubourg, was
+occupied by a crowd of workmen, who were busy in arranging a multitude
+of flower vases, from the court-gate to the door of the hotel.
+Upholsterers and florists crowded the vestibule, the stairway, and the
+antechambers with their flowers and carpets. The interior of the rooms
+on the ground floor presented a scene of a different kind of disorder. A
+pell-mell--a crowd of men and women were tacking down and sowing rich
+and sumptuous stuffs on the floors. The rooms of the lower floor of the
+hotel opened on one of the gardens surrounding the _Champs-Elysees_
+towards the Faubourg St. Honore. An immense ball-room was constructed in
+the garden. This ball-room was united to the house by richly dressed
+doors, cut into the windows, and, with the ground floor, formed one
+immense suite. The garden at this period of the year contributed in no
+small degree to the pleasures of the festival. The curtains at the doors
+of this hall could at any time be lifted up so as to permit access to
+this oasis of verdure. One might have thought a magic ring had
+transported to this corner of Paris, all the riches of the vegetation of
+southern climes, and might have, in imagination, strayed beneath the
+jasmin bowers, amid the roses and orange-groves of Italy, so delicious
+was the perfume which filled this garden. Its peculiar physiognomy and
+design, its form, manner, and even the statues, the majority of which
+were _chef-d'-oeuvres_ of Italian art, all proved some foreign taste
+had presided over its construction, and that this taste had been the
+passion of some elegant and distinguished man.
+
+But now this paradise had passed into the possession of a charming woman
+and admirable artiste. This hotel belonged to the beautiful _Felina_,
+the Italian queen of song, who had deigned to descend from a throne to
+be the Duchess of Palma. The lofty brow which had borne so proudly the
+diadem of Semiramis and Junia, wore now a duchess's coronet. This was a
+great self-deprecation; for Europe contained a thousand duchesses, and
+but one _Felina_. Worse still, many duchesses would not recognize La
+Felina as one of the number. She was a duchess by chance; a duchess not
+by the grace of God, but by the grace of talent and beauty. Observe,
+too, that this version was the most favorable, the most amiable and
+polite. It was the one adopted by the intelligent, philosophic and
+sensible duchesses of the empire. The true duchesses, those of other
+days, who could not understand how any one could wear a ducal coronet
+without having at least three centuries of nobility, made use of all the
+grape of their artillery to annihilate the _singing woman_. It was
+whispered, but loudly enough to be heard by half a dozen persons, that
+La Felina, arming herself with that rigidity she kept for the Duke of
+Palma alone, displaying all her charms, and envying the title and
+fortune of the noble Neapolitan, had refused to surrender her heart
+without her hand;--that the poor Duke, entwined in the nets of this
+modern Circe, wearied of the many love-scrapes which he had undergone,
+made up his mind, as he could not become a lover, to become a husband.
+This delightful theme was so decorated by the rich imaginations of the
+ladies of the Faubourg Saint-Germain, that it could scarcely be
+recognized beneath the inlaying of the rich anecdotes to which it gave
+occasion; but which lacked only three essentials of merit--good sense,
+justice, and truth. As far as relates to good sense, we will say that
+the Duchess of Palma was far richer than her husband. Her talent had
+long procured her a brilliant income; and to renounce the stage, at the
+height of her reputation and glory, when every note she uttered was
+worth a doubloon, was to reject vast wealth, the source of which was her
+voice and talent. Good sense would not justify the reproach of cupidity;
+truth and justice would equally have rejected the charge.
+
+_La Felina_, far from wishing to lead the Duke astray--far from wishing,
+as was said, to make her fortune by marrying him, had long rejected the
+hand of the Neapolitan minister of police when the most powerful reasons
+would have induced her to accept it. She married the Duke only because
+of the deep and irrepressible passion which animated her heart for the
+Count Monte-Leone. She knew the Count loved Aminta; she knew that, when
+at liberty, he would marry the sister of Taddeo. Anxious to contend with
+herself by creating new weapons to oppose the passion which devoured
+her, anxious to build up a new barrier between the Count and herself,
+and to prepare a defence for her own heart, she accepted the hand of the
+Duke of Palma as a rampart of duty, and, as it were, forcibly to leave a
+profession, the triumphs of which disgusted and offended her because she
+regretted having ever experienced them. These were the reasons or
+reasonings which led La Felina to act as she did. We shall see, at a
+later period, that she achieved her purpose.
+
+The Duke of Palma having secretly married _La Felina_ in the town of
+Ferentino, the day Monte-Leone recognized him, took his beautiful wife
+to a villa he possessed on the _lago di Como_, and after sojourning
+there a few days, went to Naples and forced the King to accept his
+resignation as minister of police. The Duke was dissatisfied with
+Naples, for no one would forgive him for marrying the Prima-Donna. The
+two then came to Paris after a brief mission, during which the Duke had
+been obliged to leave her alone at the _lago di Como_. There they
+purchased the hotel of which we have spoken, and prepared to receive the
+court, and exhibit all the aristocratic luxury with which the Duke of
+Palma was so familiar. One circumstance, however, which had been
+entirely unforeseen, wrecked all their hopes. The best society of Paris,
+which is so lenient to some eccentricities, yet so rigid in its exaction
+of obedience to certain prejudices--the society to which, from rank and
+position, the Duke of Palma belonged, was rebellious. Among the nobles
+of the restoration there were a few exceptions, and though the persons
+who ventured to the Duke's were perfectly well received--though they
+praised in the highest degree the graces and exquisite _haut-ton_ of the
+Duchess, their example was not followed, and the hotel remained silent
+and empty. The Duke and Duchess lived alone, buried in a magnificent
+tomb. The cause of this neglect of the invitations of the ex-minister
+may be easily divined. The Duke had married La Felina, the singer, about
+whom there had been, and yet were, so many reports. The beautiful
+artiste was much wounded by this general neglect, not because she
+regretted the world and its pleasures, but on account of other
+impressions which had haunted her since she had lived alone at Como. The
+affront, however, recoiled on her husband, and her deep, resolute soul
+bitterly resented it. La Felina was an Italian, and those of that nation
+who receive affronts avenge them. She was not long at a loss. Her
+vengeance, however, could not easily be attained, for she had to do with
+a rich and powerful society, which had, as it were, formed a coalition
+to insult a woman, by rejecting her with disdain and contempt.
+
+The renown of _La Felina_ as a singer had long excited the curiosity of
+Paris. Her admirable voice, her dramatic talent, her wonderful beauty,
+made the great artiste to be envied in every theatre in Europe. By a
+strange caprice, or an exaggerated distrust of her powers, the great
+artiste had always refused to sing in the capital, though well aware
+that there alone great artistic talent is baptized. Amazed at the
+national glory, she had never asked this sacrifice of French
+_cognoscenti_. Great, therefore, was the emotion of the various
+drawing-rooms, when it was said that a great concert would be given by
+the Duke of Palma, and that his Duchess La Felina would sing. The
+concert was for the benefit of some interesting charity; and humanity
+was a pretext to the high Parisian society not to visit La Felina, but
+to perform a great duty. How though could invitations be had? There was
+great difficulty, for the invitations were most limited in number. It is
+always the case in Paris, that as obstacles increase, the desire to
+overcome them also is multiplied. This was exemplified in the case of
+the concert. It was, however, strange that the very hotels where the
+ducal _artiste_ had been worst treated, where her advances had been
+worst received, were those to which the invitations came first. Here and
+there some affronts given by the noble Italians who were the intimate
+friends of the Duke of Palma, but they were all submitted to, so anxious
+was the world to enjoy the long-desired but unexpected pleasure of
+hearing La Felina.
+
+This took place many months before the entertainments, the preparations
+for which we described at the commencement of this chapter. On the day
+appointed for the concert, a long file of carriages filled up the whole
+Faubourg St. Honore, and stopped at the door of the hotel of the Duke of
+Palma. The Duchess sat in her most remote drawing-room, dressed with
+extreme simplicity, beautiful without adornment, and waited for the
+guests, whom an usher at the door of the first drawing-room announced.
+As each one saluted her, she arose, and thanked them for their visit.
+This reception, far from gratifying the majority of her guests, seemed
+to offend them. They fancied they had met on neutral ground, in a room
+appropriated to charity, and not to wait on a lady who did the honors of
+her own house. The latter, however, was the case. Multiplying her cares
+for and attention to her guests, appearing to notice neither the cold
+politeness of the one nor the rudeness of the other, the Duchess
+increased her amiability and politeness to all who approached her. The
+ice was broken. The men could not resist her charms, and many women
+followed their example. The dazzling luxury of the hotel, the admirable
+pictures, the majestic beauty of the Duchess, produced such an effect on
+this society, composed of the most illustrious persons of Paris, and of
+all who were famous at the epoch, that the success of La Felina was
+complete. The great feature of the entertainment was impatiently waited
+for. The concert which the Duchess had announced did not begin, and it
+was growing late. The artistes, it was said, had not yet come, and all
+were as impatient as possible, when an excellent orchestra was heard. A
+few young people, forgetting why they had come, and utterly reckless of
+the opposition they would give rise to, hurried to the great ball-room,
+and whiled away the time _before the concert_ in dancing.
+
+About midnight a report was circulated among the guests that the Duchess
+was fatigued at the reception of so many persons, and the _habitues_
+said that her efforts to make her guests happy had been so great that
+she would not sing, and the entertainment would conclude with a ball.
+Nothing could equal the vexation and anger which appeared on certain
+faces, and which were augmented by the fact that La Felina made no
+apology, but in the kindest terms thanked them for the pleasure she had
+received from them, and which she feared she could not enjoy again for a
+long time, her health demanding the most complete solitude. Thus Felina
+turned a concert into a ball, and forced all Paris to visit her.
+
+The next day the journals said: "Yesterday the Duke and Duchess of Palma
+gave the most magnificent entertainment of the year. The _elite_ of the
+_faubourg_ Saint-Germain and the capital were assembled, and all retired
+delighted with the reception extended to them by the illustrious
+strangers. The Duke sent ten thousand francs to the poor of his
+arrondissement, to make up a subscription which could not otherwise be
+completed."
+
+A few months after, the Duke was appointed ambassador of Naples to the
+court of France, and in honor of his sovereign's birthday prepared the
+magnificent entertainment which created such disorder in the _faubourg_
+St. Honore. The new position of the Duke of Palma, his diplomatic
+character, and the rumor of the beauty and elegance of the Duchess had
+silenced all complaints, and all now were anxious to be received at the
+Neapolitan Embassy.
+
+A circumstance, however, of which the world was entirely ignorant, had
+within a few months made an altogether different woman of the Duchess,
+who had previously been gay and happy. An air of sadness reigned over
+her features, and her eyes assumed not unfrequently a wild glare, which
+could be removed only by tears. Some unknown sorrow had made great
+inroads even upon her beauty. Always kind and considerate to the Duke
+and those who surrounded her, she yet seemed to fulfil her requisitions
+of duty alone in complying with the observances of her rank. She seemed
+anxious to seclude herself from the world, and to seek to drown her
+grief in the solitude she had formerly avoided. Whether sorrow had
+assumed too deep an empire over her heart, or from some other cause, all
+were struck at the change so suddenly worked in her moral organization
+and in her beauty. Far, however, from making any opposition to this
+splendid entertainment, or exhibiting any indifference to its
+preparations, all were surprised to see the Duchess devote herself to it
+so fully. Nothing escaped her care; her refined taste neglected nothing
+which could contribute to the brilliancy of the entertainment. The Duke,
+delighted at the apparent revival of the Duchess's taste for the
+pleasures of the world, which she had long disdained, aided her with
+all his power, and spared no expense to gratify her. The invitations
+were numerous, and on this occasion there were no refusals; for the most
+noble persons were anxious to be entertained by the Neapolitan minister.
+The Duke hesitated only in relation to one of the many persons who were
+to be invited. This person was the Count Monte-Leone. The secretary who
+had been directed to prepare the list of persons to be invited had
+according to custom put down his name among the noble and distinguished
+Neapolitans who had called at the embassy of their country in Paris. The
+Duchess saw the list, and said nothing. The Duke hesitated for a long
+time--not that he had the least suspicion of the Duchess's sentiments
+towards Monte-Leone: he had attributed the presence of La Felina at the
+etruscan house to the consequence of an abortive masked-ball pleasantry.
+Besides, at the time of the arrest there were three other men in the
+house, and the ex-minister had almost forgotten the affair. The Count,
+in spite of his acquittal, was known to be an enemy of the government,
+and he doubted if it was proper to receive him at the embassy. One
+consideration alone prevented the Duke from erasing his name from the
+list--it was that the Count would not wish to appear at the embassy, and
+the Duke would thus be spared the necessity of showing any rudeness to
+him. The day came at last. The interior of the hotel was really
+fairy-like, and the rooms on the ground floor joined with the garden
+ball-room presented one of those magical pictures of which poets dream,
+but which men rarely see. The arts, luxury, comfort, opulence, and
+taste, all were united to produce a spectacle, which, lighted by a
+thousand lamps, spoke both to the mind and senses, and recalled one of
+those splendid palaces of _The Thousand and One Nights_, of which we
+have read, but which none will see.
+
+On that day the Duchess seemed to have regained all her dazzling beauty.
+An observer might however have asked if the animation of this lady was
+not derived from a kind of feverish agitation, evident in the brilliancy
+of her eyes and deep red of her lips, rather than from expectation of
+pleasure or joy at the realization of the plans she had marked out for
+herself. Nine o'clock struck when the first guests were introduced. A
+crowd soon followed them, and the most distinguished names were heard in
+the saloons. The Duke d'Harcourt! the Vicompte and Mlle. Marie
+d'Harcourt! the Prince de Maulear! the Marquis and Marquise de Maulear!
+Signor Taddeo Rovero! _Il Conte_ MONTE-LEONE!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CORREGIO, the illustrious painter, is said to have been born and bred,
+and to have lived and died in extreme poverty. It is stated that he came
+to his death at the early age of forty, from the fatigue of carrying
+home a load of halfpence paid for one of his immortal works.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[M] Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by Stringer
+& Townsend, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New-York.
+
+[N] As the conversations in the rest of this book are supposed to be
+sometimes in French and sometimes in English, the translator will render
+the terms of courtesy now by _signor, signora_, and _signorina_, and
+again by _monsieur_, _madame_, and _mademoiselle_.
+
+[O] The Comte d'Artois, afterwards Charles X.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSFORMATION.
+
+BY THE LATE MRS. SHELLEY.
+
+    Forthwith this frame of mine was wrench'd
+      With a woful agony,
+    Which forced me to begin my tale,
+      And then it set me free.
+
+    Since then, at an uncertain hour,
+      That agony returns;
+    And till my ghastly tale is told
+      This heart within me burns.
+
+                  COLERIDGE'S ANCIENT MARINER.
+
+
+I have heard it said, that, when any strange, supernatural, and
+necromantic adventure has occurred to a human being, that being, however
+desirous he may be to conceal the same, feels at certain periods torn
+up, as it were, by an intellectual earthquake, and is forced to bare the
+inner depths of his spirit to another. I am a witness of the truth of
+this. I have dearly sworn to myself never to reveal to human ears the
+horrors to which I once, in excess of fiendly pride, delivered myself
+over. The holy man who heard my confession, and reconciled me to the
+church, is dead. None knows that once--
+
+Why should it not be thus? Why tell a tale of impious tempting of
+Providence, and soul-subduing humiliation? Why? answer me, ye who are
+wise in the secrets of human nature! I only know that so it is; and in
+spite of strong resolves--of a pride that too much masters me--of shame,
+and even of fear, so to render myself odious to my species--I must
+speak.
+
+Genoa! my birthplace--proud city! looking upon the blue waves of the
+Mediterranean sea--dost thou remember me in my boyhood, when thy cliffs
+and promontories, thy bright sky and gay vineyards, were my world? Happy
+time! when to the young heart the narrow-bounded universe, which leaves,
+by its very limitation, free scope to the imagination, enchains our
+physical energies, and, sole period in our lives, innocence and
+enjoyment are united. Yet, who can look back to childhood, and not
+remember its sorrows and its harrowing fears? I was born with the most
+imperious, haughty, tameless spirit, with which ever mortal was gifted.
+I quailed before my father only; and he, generous and noble, but
+capricious and tyrannical, at once fostered and checked the wild
+impetuosity of my character, making obedience necessary, but inspiring
+no respect for the motives which guided his commands. To be a man, free,
+independent; or, in better words, insolent and domineering, was the hope
+and prayer of my rebel heart.
+
+My father had one friend, a wealthy Genoese noble, who, in a political
+tumult, was suddenly sentenced to banishment, and his property
+confiscated. The Marchese Torella went into exile alone. Like my father,
+he was a widower: he had one child, the almost infant Juliet, who was
+left under my father's guardianship. I should certainly have been an
+unkind master to the lovely girl, but that I was forced by my position
+to become her protector. A variety of childish incidents all tended to
+one point,--to make Juliet see in me a rock of refuge; I in her, one,
+who must perish through the soft sensibility of her nature too rudely
+visited, but for my guardian care. We grew up together. The opening rose
+in May was not more sweet than this dear girl. An irradiation of beauty
+was spread over her face. Her form, her step, her voice--my heart weeps
+even now, to think of all of relying, gentle, loving, and pure, that was
+enshrined in that celestial tenement. When I was eleven and Juliet eight
+years of age, a cousin of mine, much older than either--he seemed to us
+a man--took great notice of my playmate; he called her his bride, and
+asked her to marry him. She refused, and he insisted, drawing her
+unwillingly towards him. With the countenance and emotions of a maniac I
+threw myself on him--I strove to draw his sword--I clung to his neck
+with the ferocious resolve to strangle him: he was obliged to call for
+assistance to disengage himself from me. On that night I led Juliet to
+the chapel of our house: I made her touch the sacred relics--I harrowed
+her child's heart, and profaned her child's lips with an oath, that she
+would be mine, and mine only.
+
+Well, those days passed away. Torella returned in a few years, and
+became wealthier and more prosperous than ever. When I was seventeen, my
+father died; he had been magnificent to prodigality; Torella rejoiced
+that my minority would afford an opportunity for repairing my fortunes.
+Juliet and I had been affianced beside my father's deathbed--Torella was
+to be a second parent to me.
+
+I desired to see the world, and I was indulged. I went to Florence, to
+Rome, to Naples; thence I passed to Toulon, and at length reached what
+had long been the bourne of my wishes, Paris. There was wild work in
+Paris then. The poor king, Charles the Sixth, now sane, now mad, now a
+monarch, now an abject slave, was the very mockery of humanity. The
+queen, the dauphin, the Duke of Burgundy, alternately friends and
+foes--now meeting in prodigal feasts, now shedding blood in
+rivalry--were blind to the miserable state of their country, and the
+dangers that impended over it, and gave themselves wholly up to
+dissolute enjoyment or savage strife. My character still followed me. I
+was arrogant and self-willed; I loved display, and above all, I threw
+all control far from me. Who could control me in Paris? My young friends
+were eager to foster passions which furnished them with pleasures. I was
+deemed handsome--I was master of every knightly accomplishment. I was
+disconnected with any political party. I grew a favorite with all: my
+presumption and arrogance was pardoned in one so young; I became a
+spoiled child. Who could control me? not letters and advice of
+Torella--only strong necessity visiting me in the abhorred shape of an
+empty purse. But there were means to refill this void. Acre after acre,
+estate after estate, I sold. My dress, my jewels, my horses and their
+caparisons, were almost unrivalled in gorgeous Paris, while the lands of
+my inheritance passed into possession of others.
+
+The Duke of Orleans was waylaid and murdered by the Duke of Burgundy.
+Fear and terror possessed all Paris. The dauphin and the queen shut
+themselves up; every pleasure was suspended. I grew weary of this state
+of things, and my heart yearned for my boyhood's haunts. I was nearly a
+beggar, yet still I would go there, claim my bride, and rebuild my
+fortunes. A few happy ventures as a merchant would make me rich again.
+Nevertheless, I would not return in humble guise. My last act was to
+dispose of my remaining estate near Albaro for half its worth, for ready
+money. Then I despatched all kinds of artificers, arras, furniture of
+regal splendor, to fit up the last relic of my inheritance, my palace in
+Genoa. I lingered a little longer yet, ashamed at the part of the
+prodigal returned, which I feared I should play. I sent my horses. One
+matchless Spanish jennet I despatched to my promised bride; its
+caparisons flamed with jewels and cloth of gold. In every part I caused
+to be entwined the initials of Juliet and her Guido. My present found
+favor in hers and in her father's eyes.
+
+Still, to return a proclaimed spendthrift, the mark of impertinent
+wonder, perhaps of scorn, and to encounter singly the reproaches or
+taunts of my fellow-citizens, was no alluring prospect. As a shield
+between me and censure, I invited some few of the most reckless of my
+comrades to accompany me; thus I went armed against the world, hiding a
+rankling feeling, half fear and half penitence, by bravado and an
+insolent display of satisfied vanity.
+
+I arrived in Genoa. I trod the pavement of my ancestral palace. My proud
+step was no interpreter of my heart, for I deeply felt that, though
+surrounded by every luxury, I was a beggar. The first step I took in
+claiming Juliet must widely declare me such. I read contempt or pity in
+the looks of all. I fancied, so apt is conscience to imagine what it
+deserves, that rich and poor, young and old, all regarded me with
+derision. Torella came not near me. No wonder that my second father
+should expect a son's deference from me in waiting first on him. But,
+galled and stung by a sense of my follies and demerit, I strove to throw
+the blame on others. We kept nightly orgies in Palazzo Carega. To
+sleepless, riotous nights, followed listless, supine mornings. At the
+Ave Maria we showed our dainty persons in the streets, scoffing at the
+sober citizens, casting insolent glances on the shrinking women. Juliet
+was not among them--no, no; if she had been there, shame would have
+driven me away, if love had not brought me to her feet.
+
+I grew tired of this. Suddenly I paid the Marchese a visit. He was at
+his villa, one among the many which deck the suburb of San Pietro
+d'Arena. It was the month of May--a month of May in that garden of the
+world--the blossoms of the fruit-trees were fading among thick, green
+foliage; the vines were shooting forth; the ground strewed with the
+fallen olive blooms; the firefly was in the myrtle hedge; heaven and
+earth wore a mantle of surpassing beauty. Torella welcomed me kindly,
+though seriously; and even his shade of displeasure soon wore away. Some
+resemblance to my father--some look and tone of youthful ingenuousness,
+lurking still in spite of my misdeeds, softened the good old man's
+heart. He sent for his daughter, he presented me to her as her
+betrothed. The chamber became hallowed by a holy light as she entered.
+Hers was that cherub look, those large, soft eyes, full dimpled cheeks,
+and mouth of infantine sweetness, that expresses the rare union of
+happiness and love. Admiration first possessed me; she is mine! was the
+second proud emotion, and my lips curled with haughty triumph. I had not
+been the _enfant gate_ of the beauties of France not to have learnt the
+art of pleasing the soft heart of woman. If towards men I was
+overbearing, the deference I paid to them was the more in contrast. I
+commenced my courtship by the display of a thousand gallantries to
+Juliet, who, vowed to me from infancy, had never admitted the devotion
+of others; and who, though accustomed to expressions of admiration, was
+uninitiated in the language of lovers.
+
+For a few days all went well. Torella never alluded to my extravagance;
+he treated me as a favorite son. But the time came, as we discussed the
+preliminaries to my union with his daughter, when this fair face of
+things should be overcast. A contract had been drawn up in my father's
+lifetime. I had rendered this, in fact, void, by having squandered the
+whole of the wealth which was to have been shared by Juliet and myself.
+Torella, in consequence, chose to consider this bond as cancelled, and
+proposed another, in which, though the wealth he bestowed was
+immeasurably increased, there were so many restrictions as to the mode
+of spending it, that I, who saw independence only in free career being
+given to my own imperious will, taunted him as taking advantage of my
+situation, and refused utterly to subscribe to his conditions. The old
+man mildly strove to recall me to reason. Roused pride became the tyrant
+of my thought: I listened with indignation--I repelled him with disdain.
+
+"Juliet, thou art mine! Did we not interchange vows in our innocent
+childhood? are we not one in the sight of God? and shall thy
+cold-hearted, cold-blooded father divide us? Be generous, my love, be
+just; take not away a gift, last treasure of thy Guido--retract not thy
+vows--let us defy the world, and setting at naught the calculations of
+age, find in our mutual affection a refuge from every ill!"
+
+Fiend I must have been, with such sophistry to endeavor to poison that
+sanctuary of holy thought and tender love. Juliet shrank from me
+affrighted. Her father was the best and kindest of men, and she strove
+to show me how, in obeying him, every good would follow. He would
+receive my tardy submission with warm affection, and generous pardon
+would follow my repentance. Profitless words for a young and gentle
+daughter to use to a man accustomed to make his will law, and to feel in
+his own heart a despot so terrible and stern, that he could yield
+obedience to nought save his own imperious desires! My resentment grew
+with resistance; my wild companions were ready to add fuel to the flame.
+We laid a plan to carry off Juliet. At first it appeared to be crowned
+with success. Midway, on our return, we were overtaken by the agonized
+father and his attendants. A conflict ensued. Before the city guard came
+to decide the victory in favor of our antagonists, two of Torella's
+servitors were dangerously wounded.
+
+This portion of my history weighs most heavily with me. Changed man as I
+am, I abhor myself in the recollection. May none who hear this tale ever
+have felt as I. A horse driven to fury by a rider armed with barbed
+spurs, was not more a slave than I to the violent tyranny of my temper.
+A fiend possessed my soul, irritating it to madness. I felt the voice of
+conscience within me; but if I yielded to it for a brief interval, it
+was only to be a moment after torn, as by a whirlwind, away--borne along
+on the stream of desperate rage--the plaything of the storms engendered
+by pride. I was imprisoned, and, at the instance of Torella, set free.
+Again I returned to carry off both him and his child to France; which
+hapless country, then preyed on by freebooters and gangs of lawless
+soldiery, offered a grateful refuge to a criminal like me. Our plots
+were discovered. I was sentenced to banishment; and as my debts were
+already enormous, my remaining property was put in the hands of
+commissioners for their payment. Torella again offered his mediation,
+requiring only my promise not to renew my abortive attempts on himself
+and his daughter. I spurned his offers, and fancied that I triumphed
+when I was thrust out from Genoa, a solitary and penniless exile. My
+companions were gone: they had been dismissed the city some weeks
+before, and were already in France. I was alone--friendless; with nor
+sword at my side, nor ducat in my purse.
+
+I wandered along the sea-shore, a whirlwind of passion possessing and
+tearing my soul. It was as if a live coal had been set burning in my
+breast. At first I meditated on what _I should do_. I would join a band
+of freebooters. Revenge!--the word seemed balm to me:--I hugged
+it--caressed it--till, like a serpent, it stung me. Then again I would
+abjure and despise Genoa, that little corner of the world. I would
+return to Paris, where so many of my friends swarmed; where my services
+would be eagerly accepted; where I would carve out fortune with my
+sword, and might, through success, make my paltry birthplace, and the
+false Torella, rue the day when they drove me, a new Coriolanus, from
+her walls. I would return to Paris--thus, on foot--a beggar--and present
+myself in my poverty to those I had formerly entertained sumptuously.
+There was gall in the mere thought of it.
+
+The reality of things began to dawn upon my mind, bringing despair in
+its train. For several months I had been a prisoner: the evils of my
+dungeon had whipped my soul to madness, but they had subdued my
+corporeal frame. I was weak and wan. Torella had used a thousand
+artifices to administer to my comfort; I had detected and scorned them
+all--and I reaped the harvest of my obduracy. What was to be
+done?--Should I crouch before my foe, and sue for forgiveness?--Die
+rather ten thousand deaths!--Never should they obtain that victory!
+Hate--I swore eternal hate! Hate from whom?--to whom?--From a wandering
+outcast--to a mighty noble. I and my feelings were nothing to them:
+already had they forgotten one so unworthy. And Juliet!--her angel-face
+and sylph-like form gleamed among the clouds of my despair with vain
+beauty; for I had lost her--the glory and flower of the world! Another
+will call her his!--that smile of paradise will bless another!
+
+Even now my heart fails within me when I recur to this rout of
+grim-visaged ideas. Now subdued almost to tears, now raving in my agony,
+still I wandered along the rocky shore, which grew at each step wilder
+and more desolate. Hanging rocks and hoar precipices overlooked the
+tideless ocean; black caverns yawned; and for ever, among the sea-worn
+recesses, murmured and dashed the unfruitful waters. Now my way was
+almost barred by an abrupt promontory, now rendered nearly impracticable
+by fragments fallen from the cliff. Evening was at hand, when, seaward,
+arose, as if on the waving of a wizard's wand, a murky web of clouds,
+blotting the late azure sky, and darkening and disturbing the till now
+placid deep. The clouds had strange fantastic shapes; and they changed,
+and mingled, and seemed to be driven about by a mighty spell. The waves
+raised their white crests; the thunder first muttered, then roared from
+across the waste of waters, which took a deep purple dye, flecked with
+foam. The spot where I stood, looked, on one side, to the wide-spread
+ocean; on the other, it was barred by a rugged promontory. Round this
+cape suddenly came, driven by the wind, a vessel. In vain the mariners
+tried to force a path for her to the open sea--the gale drove her on the
+rocks. It will perish!--all on board will perish!--would I were among
+them! And to my young heart the idea of death came for the first time
+blended with that of joy. It was an awful sight to behold that vessel
+struggling with her fate. Hardly could I discern the sailors, but I
+heard them. It was soon all over!--A rock, just covered by the tossing
+waves, and so unperceived, lay in wait for its prey. A crash of thunder
+broke over my head at the moment that, with a frightful shock, the skiff
+dashed upon her unseen enemy. In a brief space of time she went to
+pieces. There I stood in safety; and there were my fellow-creatures,
+battling, now hopelessly, with annihilation. Methought I saw them
+struggling--too truly did I hear their shrieks, conquering the barking
+surges in their shrill agony. The dark breakers threw hither and thither
+the fragments of the wreck; soon it disappeared. I had been fascinated
+to gaze till the end: at last I sank on my knees--I covered my face with
+my hands: I again looked up; something was floating on the billows
+towards the shore. It neared and neared. Was that a human form?--it grew
+more distinct; and at last a mighty wave, lifting the whole freight,
+lodged it upon a rock. A human being bestriding a sea-chest!--A human
+being!--Yet was it one? Surely never such had existed before--a
+misshapen dwarf, with squinting eyes, distorted features, and body
+deformed, till it became a horror to behold. My blood, lately warming
+towards a fellow-being so snatched from a watery tomb, froze in my
+heart. The dwarf got off his chest; he tossed his straight, straggling
+hair from his odious visage.
+
+"By St. Beelzebub!" he exclaimed, "I have been well bested." He looked
+round, and saw me, "Oh, by the fiend! here is another ally of the mighty
+one. To what saint did you offer prayers, friend--if not to mine? Yet I
+remember you not on board."
+
+I shrank from the monster and his blasphemy. Again he questioned me, and
+I muttered some inaudible reply. He continued:----
+
+"Your voice is drowned by this dissonant roar. What a noise the big
+ocean makes! Schoolboys bursting from their prison are not louder than
+these waves set free to play. They disturb me. I will no more of their
+ill-timed brawling.--Silence, hoary One!--Winds, avaunt!--to your
+homes!--Clouds, fly to the antipodes, and leave our heaven clear!"
+
+As he spoke, he stretched out his two long lank arms, that looked like
+spiders' claws, and seemed to embrace with them the expanse before him.
+Was it a miracle? The clouds became broken, and fled; the azure sky
+first peeped out, and then was spread a calm field of blue above us; the
+stormy gale was exchanged to the softly breathing west; the sea grew
+calm; the waves dwindled to riplets.
+
+"I like obedience even in these stupid elements," said the dwarf, "How
+much more in the tameless mind of man! It was a well got up storm, you
+must allow--and all of my own making."
+
+It was tempting Providence to interchange talk with this magician. But
+_Power_, in all its shapes, is venerable to man. Awe, curiosity, a
+clinging fascination, drew me towards him.
+
+"Come, don't be frightened, friend," said the wretch: "I am good-humored
+when pleased; and something does please me in your well-proportioned
+body and handsome face, though you look a little woe-begone. You have
+suffered a land--I, a sea wreck. Perhaps I can allay the tempest of your
+fortunes as I did my own. Shall we be friends?"--And he held out his
+hand; I could not touch it. "Well, then, companions--that will do as
+well. And now, while I rest after the buffeting I underwent just now,
+tell me why, young and gallant as you seem, you wander thus alone and
+downcast on this wild sea-shore."
+
+The voice of the wretch was screeching and horrid, and his contortions
+as he spoke were frightful to behold. Yet he did gain a kind of
+influence over me, which I could not master, and I told him my tale.
+When it was ended, he laughed long and loud; the rocks echoed back the
+sound; hell seemed yelling around me.
+
+"Oh, thou cousin of Lucifer!" said he; "so thou too hast fallen through
+thy pride; and, though bright as the son of Morning, thou art ready to
+give up thy good looks, thy bride, and thy well-being, rather than
+submit thee to the tyranny of good. I honor thy choice, by my soul! So
+thou hast fled, and yield the day; and mean to starve on these rocks,
+and to let the birds peck out thy dead eyes, while thy enemy and thy
+betrothed rejoice in thy ruin. Thy pride is strangely akin to humility,
+methinks."
+
+As he spoke, a thousand fanged thoughts stung me to the heart.
+
+"What would you that I should do?" I cried.
+
+"I!--Oh, nothing, but lie down and say your prayers before you die. But,
+were I you, I know the deed that should be done."
+
+I drew near him. His supernatural powers made him an oracle in my eyes;
+yet a strange unearthly thrill quivered through my frame as I
+said--"Speak!--teach me--what act do you advise?"
+
+"Revenge thyself, man!--humble thy enemies!--set thy foot on the old
+man's neck, and possess thyself of his daughter!"
+
+"To the east and west I turn," cried I, "and see no means! Had I gold,
+much could I achieve; but, poor and single, I am powerless."
+
+The dwarf had been seated on his chest as he listened to my story. Now
+he got off; he touched a spring; it flew open!--What a mine of
+wealth--of blazing jewels, beaming gold, and pale silver--was displayed
+therein. A mad desire to possess this treasure was born within me.
+
+"Doubtless," I said, "one so powerful as you could do all things."
+
+"Nay," said the monster, humbly, "I am less omnipotent than I seem. Some
+things I possess which you may covet; but I would give them all for a
+small share, or even for a loan of what is yours."
+
+"My possessions are at your service," I replied, bitterly--"my poverty,
+my exile, my disgrace--I make a free gift of them all."
+
+"Good! I thank you. Add one other thing to your gift, and my treasure is
+yours."
+
+"As nothing is my sole inheritance, what besides nothing would you
+have?"
+
+"Your comely face and well-made limbs."
+
+I shivered. Would this all-powerful monster murder me? I had no dagger.
+I forgot to pray--but I grew pale.
+
+"I ask for a loan, not a gift," said the frightful thing: "lend me your
+body for three days--you shall have mine to cage your soul the while,
+and, in payment, my chest. What say you to the bargain?--Three short
+days."
+
+We are told that it is dangerous to hold unlawful talk; and well do I
+prove the same. Tamely written down, it may seem incredible that I
+should lend any ear to this proposition; but, in spite of his unnatural
+ugliness, there was something fascinating in a being whose voice could
+govern earth, air, and sea. I felt a keen desire to comply; for with
+that chest I could command the world. My only hesitation resulted from a
+fear that he would not be true to his bargain. Then, I thought, I shall
+soon die here on these lonely sands, and the limbs he covets will be
+mine no more:--it is worth the chance. And, besides, I knew that, by all
+the rules of art-magic, there were formula and oaths which none of its
+practisers dared break. I hesitated to reply; and he went on, now
+displaying his wealth, now speaking of the petty price he demanded, till
+it seemed madness to refuse. Thus is it; place our bark in the current
+of the stream, and down, over fall and cataract it is hurried; give up
+our conduct to the wild torrent of passion, and we are away, we know not
+whither.
+
+He swore many an oath, and I adjured him by many a sacred name; till I
+saw this wonder of power, this ruler of the elements, shiver like an
+autumn leaf before my words; and as if the spirit spake unwillingly and
+per force within him, at last, he, with broken voice, revealed the spell
+whereby he might be obliged, did he wish to play me false, to render up
+the unlawful spoil. Our warm life-blood must mingle to make and to mar
+the charm.
+
+Enough of this unholy theme. I was persuaded--the thing was done. The
+morrow dawned upon me as I lay upon the shingles, and I knew not my own
+shadow as it fell from me. I felt myself changed to a shape of horror,
+and cursed my easy faith and blind credulity. The chest was there--there
+the gold and precious stones for which I had sold the frame of flesh
+which nature had given me. The sight a little stilled my emotions; three
+days would soon be gone.
+
+They did pass. The dwarf had supplied me with a plenteous store of food.
+At first I could hardly walk, so strange and out of joint were all my
+limbs; and my voice--it was that of the fiend. But I kept silent, and
+turned my face to the sun, that I might not see my shadow, and counted
+the hours, and ruminated on my future conduct. To bring Torella to my
+feet--to possess my Juliet in spite of him--all this my wealth could
+easily achieve. During dark night I slept, and dreamt of the
+accomplishment of my desires. Two suns had set--the third dawned. I was
+agitated, fearful. Oh, expectation, what a frightful thing art thou,
+when kindled more by fear than hope! How dost thou twist thyself round
+the heart, torturing its pulsations! How dost thou dart unknown pangs
+all through our feeble mechanism, now seeming to shiver us like broken
+glass, to nothingness--now giving us a fresh strength, which can _do_
+nothing, and so torments us by a sensation, such as the strong man must
+feel who cannot break his fetters, though they bend in his grasp. Slowly
+paced the bright, bright orb up the eastern sky; long it lingered in the
+zenith, and still more slowly wandered down the west; it touched the
+horizon's verge--it was lost! Its glories were on the summits of the
+cliff--they grew dun and gray. The evening star shone bright. He will
+soon be here.
+
+He came not!--By the living heavens, he came not!--and night dragged out
+its weary length, and, in its decaying age, "day began to grizzle its
+dark hair;" and the sun rose again on the most miserable wretch that
+ever upbraided its light. Three days thus I passed. The jewels and the
+gold--oh, how I abhorred them!
+
+Well, well--I will not blacken these pages with demoniac ravings. All
+too terrible were the thoughts, the raging tumult of ideas that filled
+my soul. At the end of that time I slept; I had not before since the
+third sunset; and I dreamt that I was at Juliet's feet, and she smiled,
+and then she shrieked--for she saw my transformation--and again she
+smiled, for still her beautiful lover knelt before her. But it was not
+I--it was he, the fiend, arrayed in my limbs, speaking with my voice,
+winning her with my looks of love. I strove to warn her, but my tongue
+refused its office; I strove to tear him from her, but I was rooted to
+the ground--I awoke with the agony. There were the solitary hoar
+precipices--there the plashing sea, the quiet strand, and the blue sky
+over all. What did it mean? was my dream but a mirror of the truth? was
+he wooing and winning my betrothed? I would on the instant back to
+Genoa--but I was banished. I laughed--the dwarfs yell burst from my
+lips--_I_ banished! Oh, no! they had not exiled the foul limbs I wore; I
+might with these enter, without fear of incurring the threatened penalty
+of death, my own, my native city.
+
+I began to walk towards Genoa. I was somewhat accustomed to my distorted
+limbs; none were ever so ill-adapted for a straightforward movement; it
+was with infinite difficulty that I proceeded. Then, too, I desired to
+avoid all the hamlets strewed here and there on the sea-beach, for I was
+unwilling to make a display of my hideousness. I was not quite sure
+that, if seen, the mere boys would not stone me to death as I passed,
+for a monster: some ungentle salutations I did receive from the few
+peasants or fishermen I chanced to meet. But it was dark night before I
+approached Genoa. The weather was so balmy and sweet that it struck me
+that the Marchese and his daughter would very probably have quitted the
+city for their country retreat. It was from Villa Torella that I had
+attempted to carry off Juliet; I had spent many an hour reconnoitring
+the spot, and knew each inch of ground in its vicinity. It was
+beautifully situated, embosomed in trees, on the margin of a stream. As
+I drew near, it became evident that my conjecture was right; nay,
+moreover, that the hours were being then devoted to feasting and
+merriment. For the house was lighted up; strains of soft and gay music
+were wafted towards me by the breeze. My heart sank within me. Such was
+the generous kindness of Torella's heart that I felt sure that he would
+not have indulged in public manifestations of rejoicing just after my
+unfortunate banishment, but for a cause I dared not dwell upon.
+
+The country people were all alive and flocking about; it became
+necessary that I should study to conceal myself; and yet I longed to
+address some one, or to hear others discourse, or in any way to gain
+intelligence of what was really going on. At length, entering the walks
+that were in immediate vicinity to the mansion, I found one dark enough
+to veil my excessive frightfulness; and yet others as well as I were
+loitering in its shade. I soon gathered all I wanted to know--all that
+first made my very heart die with horror, and then boil with
+indignation. To-morrow Juliet was to be given to the penitent, reformed,
+beloved Guido--to-morrow my bride was to pledge her vows to a fiend from
+hell! And I did this!--my accursed pride--my demoniac violence and
+wicked self-idolatry had caused this act. For if I had acted as the
+wretch who had stolen my form had acted--if, with a mien at once
+yielding and dignified, I had presented myself to Torella, saying, I
+have done wrong, forgive me; I am unworthy of your angel-child, but
+permit me to claim her hereafter, when my altered conduct shall manifest
+that I abjure my vices, and endeavor to become in some sort worthy of
+her; I go to serve against the infidels; and when my zeal for religion
+and my true penitence for the past shall appear to you to cancel my
+crimes, permit me again to call myself your son. Thus had he spoken; and
+the penitent was welcomed even as the prodigal son of scripture: the
+fatted calf was killed for him; and he, still pursuing the same path,
+displayed such open-hearted regret for his follies, so humble a
+concession of all his rights, and so ardent a resolve to reacquire them
+by a life of contrition and virtue, that he quickly conquered the kind
+old man; and full pardon, and the gift of his lovely child, followed in
+swift succession.
+
+Oh! had an angel from paradise whispered to me to act thus! But now,
+what would be the innocent Juliet's fate? Would God permit the foul
+union--or, some prodigy destroying it, link the dishonored name of
+Carega with the worst of crimes? To-morrow, at dawn, they were to be
+married: there was but one way to prevent this--to meet mine enemy, and
+to enforce the ratification of our agreement. I felt that this could
+only be done by a mortal struggle. I had no sword--if indeed my
+distorted arms could wield a soldier's weapon--but I had a dagger, and
+in that lay my every hope. There was no time for pondering or balancing
+nicely the question: I might die in the attempt; but besides the burning
+jealousy and despair of my own heart, honor, mere humanity, demanded
+that I should fall rather than not destroy the machinations of the
+fiend.
+
+The guests departed--the lights began to disappear; it was evident that
+the inhabitants of the villa were seeking repose. I hid myself among the
+trees--the garden grew desert--the gates were closed--I wandered round
+and came under a window--ah! well did I know the same!--a soft twilight
+glimmered in the room--the curtains were half withdrawn. It was the
+temple of innocence and beauty. Its magnificence was tempered, as it
+were, by the slight disarrangements occasioned by its being dwelt in,
+and all the objects scattered around displayed the taste of her who
+hallowed it by her presence. I saw her enter with a quick light step--I
+saw her approach the window--she drew back the curtain yet further, and
+looked out into the night. Its breezy freshness played among her
+ringlets, and wafted them from the transparent marble of her brow. She
+clasped her hands, she raised her eyes to heaven. I heard her voice.
+Guido! she softly murmured, Mine own Guido! and then, as if overcome by
+the fulness of her own heart, she sank on her knees:--her upraised
+eyes--her negligent but graceful attitude--the beaming thankfulness that
+lighted up her face--oh, these are tame words! Heart of mine, thou
+imagest ever, though thou canst not portray, the celestial beauty of
+that child of light and love.
+
+I heard a step--a quick firm step along the shady avenue. Soon I saw a
+cavalier, richly dressed, young, and, methought, graceful to look on,
+advance. I hid myself yet closer. The youth approached; he paused
+beneath the window. She arose, and again looking out she saw him, and
+said--I cannot, no, at this distant time I cannot record her terms of
+soft silver tenderness; to me they were spoken, but they were replied to
+by him.
+
+"I will not go," he cried: "here where you have been, where your memory
+glides like some heaven-visiting ghost, I will pass the long hours till
+we meet, never, my Juliet, again, day or night, to part. But do thou, my
+love, retire; the cold morn and fitful breeze will make thy cheek pale,
+and fill with languor thy love-lighted eyes. Ah, sweetest! could I press
+one kiss upon them, I could, methinks, repose."
+
+And then he approached still nearer, and methought he was about to
+clamber into her chamber. I had hesitated, not to terrify her; now I was
+no longer master of myself. I rushed forward--I threw myself on him--I
+tore him away--I cried, "O loathsome and foul-shaped wretch!"
+
+I need not repeat epithets, all tending, as it appeared, to rail at a
+person I at present feel some partiality for. A shriek rose from
+Juliet's lips. I neither heard nor saw--I _felt_ only mine enemy, whose
+throat I grasped, and my dagger's hilt; he struggled, but could not
+escape; at length hoarsely he breathed these words: "Do!--strike home!
+destroy this body--you will still live; may your life be long and
+merry!"
+
+The descending dagger was arrested at the word, and he, feeling my hold
+relax, extricated himself and drew his sword, while the uproar in the
+house, and flying of torches from one room to the other, showed that
+soon we should be separated--and I--oh! far better die; so that he did
+not survive, I cared not. In the midst of my frenzy there was much
+calculation:--fall I might, and so that he did not survive, I cared not
+for the death-blow I might deal against myself. While still, therefore,
+he thought I paused, and while I saw the villanous resolve to take
+advantage of my hesitation, in the sudden thrust he made at me, I threw
+myself on his sword, and at the same moment plunged my dagger, with a
+true desperate aim, in his side. We fell together, rolling over each
+other, and the tide of blood that flowed from the gaping wound of each
+mingled on the grass. More I know not--I fainted.
+
+Again I returned to life: weak almost to death, I found myself stretched
+upon a bed--Juliet was kneeling beside it. Strange! my first broken
+request was for a mirror. I was so wan and ghastly, that my poor girl
+hesitated, as she told me afterwards; but, by the mass! I thought myself
+a right proper youth when I saw the dear reflection of my own well-known
+features. I confess it is a weakness, but I avow it, I do entertain a
+considerable affection for the countenance and limbs I behold, whenever
+I look at a glass; and have more mirrors in my house, and consult them
+oftener than any beauty in Venice. Before you too much condemn me,
+permit me to say that no one better knows than I the value of his own
+body; no one, probably, except myself, ever having had it stolen from
+him.
+
+Incoherently I at first talked of the dwarf and his crimes, and
+reproached Juliet for her too easy admission of his love. She thought me
+raving, as well she might, and yet it was some time before I could
+prevail on myself to admit that the Guido whose penitence had won her
+back for me was myself; and while I cursed bitterly the monstrous dwarf,
+and blest the well-directed blow that had deprived him of life, I
+suddenly checked myself when I heard her say--Amen! knowing that him
+whom she reviled was my very self. A little reflection taught me
+silence--a little practice enabled me to speak of that frightful night
+without any very excessive blunder. The wound I had given myself was no
+mockery of one--it was long before I recovered--and as the benevolent
+and generous Torella sat beside me talking such wisdom as might win
+friends to repentance, and mine own dear Juliet hovered near me,
+administering to my wants, and cheering me by her smiles, the work of my
+bodily cure and mental reform went on together. I have never, indeed,
+wholly, recovered my strength--my cheek is paler since--my person a
+little bent. Juliet sometimes ventures to allude bitterly to the malice
+that caused this change, but I kiss her on the moment, and tell her all
+is for the best. I am a fonder and more faithful husband--and true is
+this--but for that wound, never had I called her mine.
+
+I did not revisit the sea-shore, nor seek for the fiend's treasure; yet,
+while I ponder on the past, I often think, and my confessor was not
+backward in favoring the idea, that it might be a good rather than an
+evil spirit, sent by my guardian angel, to show me the folly and misery
+of pride. So well at least did I learn this lesson, roughly taught as I
+was, that I am known now by all my friends and fellow-citizens by the
+name of Guido il Cortese.
+
+
+
+
+From the North British Review
+
+PHILIP DODDRIDGE, AND SOME OF HIS FRIENDS.
+
+
+In the ornithological gallery of the British Museum is suspended the
+portrait of an extinct lawyer, Sir John Doddridge, the first of the name
+who procured any distinction to his old Devonian family. Persons skilful
+in physiognomy have detected a resemblance betwixt King James's
+solicitor-general and his only famous namesake. But although it is
+difficult to identify the sphery figure of the judge with the slim
+consumptive preacher, and still more difficult to light up with pensive
+benevolence the convivial countenance in which official gravity and
+constitutional gruffiness have only yielded to good cheer; yet, it would
+appear, that for some of his mental features the divine was indebted to
+his learned ancestor. Sir John was a bookworm and a scholar; and for a
+great period of his life a man of mighty industry. His ruling passion
+went with him to the grave; for he chose to be buried in Exeter
+Cathedral, at the threshold of its library. His nephew was the rector of
+Shepperton in Middlesex; but at the Restoration, as he kept a
+conscience, he lost his living. In the troubles of the Civil War, the
+judge's estate of two thousand a year had also been lost out of the
+family, and the ejected minister was glad to rear his son as a London
+apprentice, who became, on the twenty-sixth of June, 1702, the father of
+Philip Doddridge.
+
+The child's first lessons were out of a pictorial Bible, occasionally
+found in the old houses of England and Holland. The chimney of the room
+where he and his mother usually sat, was adorned with a series of Dutch
+tiles, representing the chief events of scriptural story. In bright
+blue, on a ground of glistering white, were represented the serpent in
+the tree, Adam delving outside the gate of Paradise, Noah building his
+great ship, Elisha'a bears devouring the naughty children, and all the
+outstanding incidents of holy writ. And when the frost made the fire
+burn clear, and little Philip was snug in the arm-chair beside his
+mother, it was endless joy to hear the stories that lurked in the
+painted porcelain. That mother could not foresee the outgoings of her
+early lesson; but when the tiny boy had become a famous divine, and was
+publishing his Family Expositor, he could not forget the nursery Bible
+in the chimney tiles. At ten years of age he was sent to the school at
+Kingston, which his grandfather Baumann had taught long ago; and here
+his sweet disposition, and alacrity for learning drew much love around
+him--a love which he soon inspired in the school at St. Albans, whither
+his father subsequently removed him. But whilst busy there with his
+Greek and Latin, his heart was sorely wrung by the successive tidings of
+the death of either parent. His father was willing to indulge a wish he
+had now begun to cherish, and had left money enough to enable the young
+student to complete his preparations for the Christian ministry. Of this
+provision a self-constituted guardian got hold, and embarked it in his
+own sinking business. His failure soon followed, and ingulfed the little
+fortune of his ward; and, as the hereditary plate of the thrifty
+householders was sold along with the bankrupt's effects, if he had ever
+felt the pride of being born with a silver spoon in his mouth, the poor
+scholar must have felt some pathos in seeing both spoon and tankard in
+the broker's inventory.
+
+A securer heritage, however, than parental savings, is parental faith
+and piety. Daniel Doddridge and his wife had sought for their child
+first of all the kingdom of heaven, and God gave it now. Under the
+ministry of Rev. Samuel Clarke of St. Alban's, his mind had become more
+and more impressed with the beauty of holiness, and the blessedness of a
+religious life; and, on the other hand, that kind-hearted pastor took a
+deepening interest in his amiable and intelligent orphan hearer. Finding
+that he had declined the generous offer of the Duchess of Bedford, to
+maintain him at either University, provided he would enter the
+established church, Dr. Clarke applied to his own and his father's
+friends, and procured a sufficient sum to send him to a dissenting
+academy at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, then conducted by an able tutor,
+whose work on Jewish antiquities still retains considerable value--the
+Rev. David Jennings.
+
+To trace Philip Doddridge's early career would be a labor of some
+amusement and much instruction. And we are not without abundant
+materials. No man is responsible for his remote descendants. Sir John
+Doddridge, judge of the Court of King's Bench, would have blushed to
+think that his great-grandnephew was to be a Puritan preacher. With more
+reason might Dr. Doddridge have blushed to think that his great-grandson
+was to be a coxcomb. But so it has proved. Twenty years ago Mr. John
+Doddridge Humphreys gave to the world five octavos of his ancestor's
+correspondence, which, on the whole, we deem the most eminent instance,
+in modern times, of editorial incompetency. But the book contains many
+curiosities to reward the dust-sifting historian. And were it not our
+object to hasten on and sketch the ministerial model to which our last
+number alluded, we could cheerfully halt for half an hour, and entertain
+our readers and ourselves with the sweepings of Dr. Doddridge's Kibworth
+study.
+
+Suffice it to say that the protege of the good Dr. Clarke rewarded his
+patron's kindness. His classical attainments were far above the usual
+University standard, and he read with avidity the English philosophers
+from Bacon down to Shaftesbury. He early exhibited that hopeful
+propensity--the noble avarice of books. In his first half-yearly account
+of nine pounds are entries for "King's Inquiry," and an interleaved New
+Testament; and a guinea presented by a rich fellow-student, is invested
+in "Scott's Christian Life." Nor was he less diligent in perusing the
+stores of the Academy Library. In six months we find him reading sixty
+volumes; and some of them as solid as Patrick's Exposition and
+Tillotson's Sermons. With such avidity for information, professional and
+miscellaneous, and with a style which was always elastic and easy, and
+with brilliant talent constantly gleaming over the surface of unruffled
+temper and warm affections, it is not wonderful that his friends hoped
+and desired for him high distinction; but it evinces unusual and
+precocious attainments, that, when he had scarcely reached majority, he
+should have been invited to succeed Mr. Jennings as pastor at Kibworth,
+and that whilst still a young man he should have been urged by his
+ministerial brethren to combine with his pastorate the responsible
+duties of a college tutor....
+
+From such a catastrophe the hand of God saved Philip Doddridge. In 1729
+he was removed to Northampton, and from that period may be dated the
+consolidation of his character, and the commencement of a new and noble
+career. The anguish of spirit occasioned by parting with a much-loved
+people, and the solemn consciousness of entering on a more arduous
+sphere, both tended to make him thoughtful, and that thoughtfulness was
+deepened by a dangerous sickness. Nor in this sobering discipline must
+we leave out of view one painful but salutary element--a mortified
+affection. Mr. Doddridge had been living as a boarder in the house of
+his predecessor's widow, and her only child--the little girl whom he had
+found amusement in teaching an occasional lesson, was now nearly grown
+up, and had grown up so brilliant and engaging, that the soft heart of
+the tutor was terribly smitten. The charms of Clio and Sabrina, and
+every former flame, were merged in the rising glories of Clarinda--as by
+a classical apotheosis Miss Kitty was now known to his entranced
+imagination; and in every vision of future enjoyment Clarinda was the
+beatific angel. But when he decided in favor of Northampton, Miss
+Jennings showed a will of her own, and absolutely refused to go with
+him. To the romantic lover the disappointment was all the more severe,
+because he had made so sure of the young lady's affection; nor was it
+mitigated by the mode in which Miss Jennings conveyed her declinature.
+However, her scorn, if not an excellent oil, was a very good eyesalve.
+It disenchanted her admirer, and made him wonder how a reverend divine
+could ever fancy a spoiled child, who had scarcely matured into a
+petulant girl. And as the mirage melted, and Clarinda again resolved
+into Kitty, other realities began to show themselves in a sedater and
+truer light to the awakened dreamer. As an excuse for an attachment at
+which Doddridge himself soon learned to smile, it is fair to add that
+love was in this instance prophetic. Clarinda turned out a remarkable
+woman. She married an eminent dissenting minister, and became the mother
+of Dr. John Aiken and Mrs. Barbauld, and in her granddaughter, Lucy
+Aiken, her matrimonial name still survives; so that the curious in such
+matters may speculate how far the instructions of Doddridge contributed
+to produce the "Universal Biography," "Evenings at Home," and "Memoirs
+of the Courts of the Stuarts."
+
+His biographers do not mark it, but his arrival at Northampton is the
+real date of Doddridge's memorable ministry. He then woke up to the full
+import of his high calling, and never went to sleep again. The sickness,
+the wounded spirit, the altered scene, and we may add seclusion from the
+society of formal religionists, had each its wholesome influence; and,
+finding how much was required of him as a pastor and a tutor, he set to
+work with the concentration and energy of a startled man, and the first
+true rest he took was twenty years after, when he turned aside to die.
+
+Glorying in such names as Goodwin, and Charnock, and Owen, it was the
+ambition of the early Nonconformists of England to perpetuate among
+themselves a learned ministry. But the stern exclusiveness of the
+English Universities rendered the attainment of this object very
+difficult. It may be questioned whether it is right in any established
+church to inflict ignorance as a punishment on those dissenting from it.
+If intended as a vindictive visitation, it is a very fearful one, and
+reminds us painfully of those tyrants who used to extinguish the eyes of
+rebellious subjects. And if designed as a reformatory process, we
+question its efficiency. The zero of ignorance is unbelief, and its
+_minus_ scale marks errors. You cannot make dissenters so ignorant
+thereby to make them Christians; and, even though you made them savages,
+they might still remain seceders. However, this was the policy of the
+English establishment in the days of Doddridge. By withholding education
+from dissenters, they sought either to reclaim them, or to be revenged
+upon them; and had this policy succeeded, the dissenting pulpits would
+soon have been filled with fanatics, and the pews with superstitious
+sectaries. But, much to their honor, the Nonconformists taxed themselves
+heavily in order to procure elsewhere the light which Oxford and
+Cambridge refused. Academies were opened in various places, and, among
+others selected for the office of tutor, his talents recommended Mr.
+Doddridge. A large house was taken in the town of Northampton, and the
+business of instruction had begun, when Dr. Reynolds, the diocesan
+chancellor, instituted a prosecution, in the ecclesiastical courts, on
+the ground that the Academy was not licensed by the bishop. The affair
+gave Dr. Doddridge much trouble, but he had a powerful friend in the
+Earl of Halifax. That nobleman represented the matter to King George the
+Second, and conformably to his own declaration, "That in his reign there
+should be no persecution for conscience' sake," his majesty sent a
+message to Dr. Reynolds, which put an end to the process.
+
+Freed from this peril, the institution advanced in a career of
+uninterrupted prosperity. Not only was it the resort of aspirants to the
+dissenting ministry, but wealthy dissenters were glad to secure its
+advantages for sons whom they were training to business or to the
+learned professions. And latterly, attracted by the reputation of its
+head, pupils came from Scotland and from Holland; and, in one case at
+least, we find a clergyman of the Church of England selecting it as the
+best seminary for a son whom he designed for the established ministry.
+Among our own compatriots educated there, we find the names of the Earl
+of Dunmore, Ferguson of Kilkerran, Professor Gilbert Robinson, and
+another Edinburgh professor, James Robertson, famous in the annals of
+his Hebrew-loving family.
+
+With an average attendance of forty young men, mostly residing under his
+own roof, this Academy would have furnished abundant occupation to any
+ordinary teacher; and although usually relieved of elementary drudgery
+by his assistant, the main burden of instruction fell on Doddridge
+himself. He taught algebra, geometry, natural philosophy, geography,
+logic, and metaphysics. He prelected on the Greek and Latin classics,
+and at morning worship the Bible was read in Hebrew. Such of his pupils
+as desired it were initiated in French; and besides an extensive course
+of Jewish Antiquities and Church History, they were carried through a
+history of philosophy on the basis of Buddaeus. To all of which must be
+added the main staple of the curriculum, a series of two hundred and
+fifty theological lectures, arranged, like Stapfer's, on the
+demonstrative principle, and each proposition following its predecessor
+with a sort of mathematical precision. Enormous as was the labor of
+preparing so many systems, and arranging anew materials so multifarious,
+it was still a labor of love. A clear and easy apprehension enabled him
+to amass knowledge with a rapidity which few have ever rivalled, and a
+constitutional orderliness of mind rendered him perpetual master of all
+his acquisitions; and, like most _millionaires_ in the world of
+knowledge, his avidity of acquirement was accompanied by an equal
+delight in imparting his treasures. When the essential ingredients of
+his course were completed, he relieved his memory of its redundant
+stores, by giving lectures on rhetoric and belles-lettres, on the
+microscope, and on the anatomy of the human frame; and there is one
+feature of his method which we would especially commemorate, as we fear
+that it still remains an original without a copy. Sometimes he conducted
+the students into the library, and gave a lecture on its contents. Going
+over it case by case, and row by row, he pointed out the most important
+authors, and indicated their characteristic excellences, and fixed the
+mental association by striking or amusing anecdotes. Would not such
+bibliographical lectures be a boon to all our students? To them a large
+library is often a labyrinth without a clue--a mighty maze--a dusty
+chaos. And might not the learned keepers of our great collections give
+lectures which would at once be entertaining and edifying on those
+rarities, printed and manuscript, of which they are the favored
+guardians, but of which their shelves are in the fair way to become not
+the dormitory alone, but the sepulchre? Nor was it to the mere
+intellectual culture of his pupils that Dr. Doddridge directed his
+labors. His academy was a church within a church; and not content with
+the ministrations which its members shared in common with his stated
+congregation, this indefatigable man took the pains to prepare and
+preach many occasional sermons to the students. These, and his formal
+addresses, as well as his personal interviews, had such an effect, that
+out of the two hundred young men who came under his instructions,
+seventy made their first public profession of Christianity during their
+sojourn at Northampton....
+
+Whilst in labors for his students and his people thus abundant,
+Doddridge was secretly engaged on a task which he intended for the
+Church at large. Ever since his first initiation into the Bible story,
+as he studied the Dutch tiles on his mother's knee, that book had been
+the nucleus round which all his vast reading and information revolved
+and arranged itself; and he early formed the purpose of doing something
+effectual for its illustration. Element by element the plan of the
+"Family Expositor" evolved, and he set to work on a New Testament
+Commentary, which should at once instruct the uninformed, edify the
+devout, and facilitate the studies of the learned. Happy is the man who
+has a "magnum opus" on hand! Be it an "Excursion" poem, or a Southey's
+"Portugal," or a Neandrine "Church History,"--to the fond projector
+there is no end of congenial occupation, and, provided he never
+completes it, there will be no break in the blissful illusion. Whenever
+he walks abroad, he picks up some dainty herb for his growthful Pegasus;
+or, we should rather say, some new bricks for his posthumous pyramid.
+And wherever he goes he is flattered by perceiving that his book is the
+very desideratum for which the world is unwittingly waiting; and in his
+sleeve he smiles benevolently to think how happy mankind will be as soon
+as he vouchsafes his epic or his story. It is delightful to us to think
+of all the joys with which, for twenty years, that Expositor filled the
+dear mind of Dr. Doddridge; how one felicitous rendering was suggested
+after another; how a bright solution of a textual difficulty would rouse
+him an hour before his usual, and set the study fire a blazing at four
+o'clock of a winter's morning; and then how beautiful the first quarto
+looked as it arrived with its laid sheets and snowy margins! We see him
+setting out to spend a week's holiday at St. Albans, or with the
+Honorable Mrs. Scawen at Maidwell, and packing the "apparatus criticus"
+into the spacious saddle-bags; and we enjoy the prelibation with which
+Dr. Clarke and a few cherished friends are favored. We sympathize in his
+dismay when word arrives that Dr. Guyse has forestalled his design, and
+we are comforted when the doctor's chariot lumbers on, and no longer
+stops the way. We are even glad at the appalling accident which set on
+fire the manuscript of the concluding volume, charring its edges, and
+bathing it all in molten wax: for we know how exulting would be the
+thanks for its deliverance. We can even fancy the pious hope dawning in
+the writer's mind, that it might prove a blessing to the princess to
+whom it was inscribed; and we can excuse him if, with bashful
+disallowance, he still believed the fervid praises of Fordyce and
+Warburton, or tried to extract an atom of intelligent commendation from
+the stately compliments of bishops. But far be it from us to insinuate
+that the chief value of the Expositor was the pleasure with which it
+supplied the author. If not so minutely erudite as some later works
+which have profited by German research, its learning is still sufficient
+to shed honor on the writer, and, on a community debarred from colleges;
+and there must be original thinking in a book which is by some regarded
+as the source of Paley's "Horae Paulinae." But, next to its Practical
+Observations, its chief excellence is its Paraphrase. There the sense of
+the sacred writers is rescued from the haze of too familiar words, and
+is transfused into language not only fresh and expressive, but congenial
+and devout; and whilst difficulties are fairly and earnestly dealt with,
+instead of a dry grammarian or a one-sided polemic, the reader
+constantly feels that he is in the company of a saint and a scholar. And
+although we could name interpreters more profound, and analysts more
+subtle, we know not any who has proceeded through the whole New
+Testament with so much candor, or who has brought to its elucidation
+truer taste and holier feeling. He lived to complete the manuscript, and
+to see three volumes published. He was cheered to witness its acceptance
+with all the churches; and to those who love his memory, it is a welcome
+thought to think in how many myriads of closets and family circles its
+author when dead has spoken. And as his death in a foreign land
+forfeited the insurance by which he had somewhat provided for his
+family, we confess to a certain comfort in knowing that the loss was
+replaced by this literary legacy. But the great source of complacency
+is, that He to whom the work was consecrated had a favor for it, and has
+given it the greatest honor that a human book can have--making it
+extensively the means of explaining and endearing the book of God.
+
+Whilst this great undertaking was slowly advancing, the author was from
+time to time induced to give to the world a sermon or a practical
+treatise. Several of these maintain a considerable circulation down to
+the present day; but of them all the most permanent and precious is "The
+Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul." The publication of this work
+was urged upon him by Dr. Isaac Watts, with whom it had long been a
+cherished project to prepare a manual which should contain within itself
+a complete course of practical piety, from the first dawn of earnest
+thought to the full development of Christian character, But when
+exhaustion and decay admonished Dr. Watts that his work was done, he
+transferred to his like-minded friend his favorite scheme; and, sorely
+begrudging the interruption of his Commentary, Doddridge compiled this
+volume. It is not faultless. A more predominant exhibition of the Gospel
+remedy would have been more apostolic; and it would have prevented an
+evil which some have experienced in reading it, who have entangled
+themselves in its technical details, and who, in their anxiety to keep
+the track of the Rise and Progress, have forgotten that after all the
+grand object is to reach the Cross. But, with every reasonable
+abatement, it is the best book of the eighteenth century; and, tried by
+the test of usefulness, we doubt if its equal has since appeared.
+Rendered into the leading languages of Europe, it has been read by few
+without impression, and in the case of vast numbers that impression has
+been enduring. What adds greatly to its importance, and to the reward of
+its glorified writer--many of those whom it has impressed were master
+minds, and destined in their turn to be the means of impressing others.
+As in the instance of Wilberforce, this little book was to be in their
+minds the germ of other influential books, or of sermons; and, like the
+lamp at which many torches and tapers are lighted, none can tell how far
+its rays have travelled in the persons and labors of those whose
+Christianity it first enkindled.
+
+But what was the secret of Dr. Doddridge's great success? He had not the
+rhetoric of Bates, the imagination of Bunyan, nor the massive theology
+of Owen; and yet his preaching and his publications were as useful as
+theirs. So far as we can find it out, let us briefly indicate where his
+great strength lay.
+
+As already hinted, we attach considerable importance to his clear and
+orderly mind. He was an excellent teacher. At a glance he saw every
+thing which could simplify his subject, and he had self-denial
+sufficient to forego those good things which would only encumber it.
+Hence, like his college lectures, his sermons were continuous and
+straightforward, and his hearers had the comfort of accompanying him to
+a goal which they and he constantly kept in view. It was his plan not
+only to divide his discourses, but to enunciate the divisions again and
+again, till they were fully imprinted on the memory; and although such a
+method would impart a fatal stiffness to many compositions, in his
+manipulation it only added clearness to his meaning, and precision to
+his proofs. Dr. Doddridge's was not the simplicity of happy
+illustration. In his writings you meet few of those apt allusions which
+play over every line of Bunyan, like the slant beams of evening on the
+winking lids of the ocean; nor can you gather out of his writings such
+anecdotes as, like garnet in some Highland mountain, sparkle in every
+page of Brooks and Flavel. Nor was it the simplicity of homely language.
+It was not the terse and self-commending Saxon, of which Latimer in one
+age, and Swift in another, and Cobbett in our own, have been the mighty
+masters, and through it the masters of their English fellows. But it was
+the simplicity of clear conception and orderly arrangement. A text or
+topic may be compared to a goodly apartment still empty; and which will
+be very differently garnished according as you move into it piece by
+piece the furniture from a similar chamber, or pour in pell-mell the
+contents of a lumber attic. Most minds can appreciate order, and to the
+majority of hearers it is a greater treat than ministers always imagine,
+to get some obscure matter made plain, or some confused subject cleared
+up. With this treat Doddridge's readers and hearers were constantly
+indulged. Whether they were things new or old, from the orderly
+compartments of his memory he fetched the argument or the quotation
+which the moment wanted. He knew his own mind, and told it in his own
+way, and was always natural, arresting, instructive. And even if, in
+giving them forth, they should cancel the ticket-marks--the numerals by
+which they identify and arrange their own materials, authors and orators
+who wish to convince and to edify must strive in the first place to be
+orderly. To this must be added a certain pathetic affectionateness, by
+which all his productions are pervaded.
+
+Leaving the tutor, the pastor, the author, it is time that we return to
+the man; and might we draw a full-length portrait, our readers would
+share our affection. That may not be, and therefore we shall only
+indicate a few features. His industry, as has been inferred, was
+enormous; in the end it became an excess, and crushed a feeble
+constitution into an early grave. His letters alone were an extensive
+authorship. With such friends as Bishop Warburton and Archbishop Secker,
+with Isaac Watts and Nathaniel Lardner, with his spiritual father, the
+venerable Clarke, and with his fervent and tender-hearted brother,
+Barker, it was worth while to maintain a frequent correspondence; but
+many of his epistolizers had little right to tax a man like Doddridge.
+Those were the cruel days of dear posts and "private opportunities;" and
+a letter needed to contain matter enough to fill a little pamphlet; and
+when some cosy country clergyman, who could sleep twelve hours in the
+twenty-four, or some self-contained dowager, who had no charge but her
+maid and her lap-dog, insisted on long missives from the busiest and
+greatest of their friends, they forgot that a sermon had to be laid
+aside, or a chapter of the Exposition suspended in their favor; or that
+a man, who had seldom leisure to talk to his children, must sit up an
+extra hour to talk to them. And yet, amidst the pressure of overwhelming
+toil, his vivacity seldom flagged, and his politeness never. Perhaps the
+severest thing he ever said was an impromptu on a shallow-pated student
+who was unfolding a scheme for flying to the moon:--
+
+    And will Volatio leave this world so soon,
+    To fly to his own native seat, the moon?
+    'Twill stand, however, in some little stead,
+    That he sets out with such an empty head.
+
+But his wit was usually as mild as his dispositions; and it was seldom
+that he answered a fool according to his folly. His very essence was his
+kindness and charity; and one of the worst faults laid to his charge is
+a perilous sort of catholicity. The dissenters never liked his dealings
+with the Church of England; and both Episcopalians and Presbyterians
+have regretted his intimacy with avowed or suspected Arians. Bishop
+Warburton reproached him for editing Hervey's Meditations, and Nathaniel
+Neal warned him of the contempt he was incurring amongst many by
+associating with "honest crazy Whitefield;" whilst the "rational
+dissenters," represented by Dr. Kippis, have regretted that his superior
+intelligence was never cast into the Socinian scale. Judging from his
+early letters, this latter consummation was at one time far from
+unlikely; but the older and more earnest he grew, the more definite
+became his creed, and the more intense his affinity for spiritual
+Christianity. In ecclesiastical polity he never was a partisan, and for
+piety his attraction was always more powerful than for mere theology.
+But in that essential element of vital Christianity, a profound and
+adoring attachment to the Saviour of men, the orthodoxy of Doddridge was
+never gainsaid. Had any one intercepted a packet of his letters, and
+found one addressed to Whitefield and another to Wesley; one to the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and another to Dr. Webster of Edinburgh; one to
+Henry Baker, F.R.S., describing a five-legged limb and similar
+prodigies; and another to the Countess of Huntingdon or Joseph Williams,
+the Kidderminster manufacturer, on some rare phasis of spiritual
+experience; he might have been at a loss to devise a sufficient theory
+for such a miscellaneous man. And yet he had a theory. As he writes to
+his wife, "I do not merely talk of it, but I feel it at my heart, that
+the only important end of life, and the greatest happiness to be
+expected in it, consists in seeking in all things to please God,
+attempting all the good we can." And from the post-office could the
+querist have returned to the great house at the top of the town, and
+spent a day in the study, the parlor, and the lecture-room, he would
+have found that after all there was a true unity amidst these several
+forthgoings. Like Northampton itself, which marches with more counties
+than any other shire in England, his tastes were various and his heart
+was large, and consequently his borderline was long. And yet Northampton
+has a surface and a solid content, as well as a circumference; and
+amidst all his complaisance and all his versatility, Doddridge had a
+mind and a calling of his own.
+
+The heart of Doddridge was just recovering from the wound which the
+faithless Kitty had inflicted, when he formed the acquaintance of Mercy
+Maris. Come of gentle blood, her dark eyes and raven hair and brunette
+complexion were true to their Norman pedigree; and her refined and
+vivacious mind was only too well betokened in the mantling cheek, and
+the brilliant expression, and the light movements of a delicate and
+sensitive frame. When one so fascinating was good and gifted besides,
+what wonder that Doddridge fell in love? and what wonder that he deemed
+the twenty-second of December (1730) the brightest of days, when it gave
+him such a help-meet? Neither of them had ever cause to rue it; and it
+is fine to read the correspondence which passed between them, showing
+them youthful lovers to the last. When away from home the good doctor
+had to write constantly to apprise Mercy that he was still "pure well;"
+and in these epistles he records with Pepysian minuteness every incident
+which was likely to be important at home; how Mr. Scawen had taken him
+to see the House of Commons, and how Lady Abney carried him out in her
+coach to Newington; how soon his wrist-bands got soiled in the smoke of
+London, and how his horse had fallen into Mr. Coward's well at
+Walthamstow; and how he had gone a fishing "with extraordinary success,
+for he had pulled a minnow out of the water, though it made shift to get
+away." They also contain sundry consultations and references on the
+subject of fans and damasks, white and blue. And from one of them we are
+comforted to find that the Northampton carrier was conveying a
+"harlequin dog" as a present from Kitty's husband to the wife of Kitty's
+old admirer--showing, as is abundantly evinced in other ways, how good
+an after-crop of friendship may grow on the stubble fields where love
+was long since shorn. But our pages are not worthy that we should
+transfer into them the better things with which these letters abound.
+Nor must we stop to sketch the domestic group which soon gathered round
+the paternal table--the son and three daughters who were destined, along
+with their mother, to survive for nearly half a century their bright
+Northampton home, and, along with the fond father's image, to recall his
+first and darling child--the little Tetsy whom "every body loved,
+because Tetsy loved every body."
+
+
+SIR JAMES STONEHOUSE.
+
+The family physician was Dr. Stonehouse. He had come to Northampton an
+infidel, and had written an attack on the Christian evidence, which was
+sufficiently clever to run through three editions, when the perusal of
+Dr. Doddridge's "Christianity Founded on Argument" revolutionized all
+his opinions. He not only retracted his skeptical publication, but
+became an ornament to the faith which once he destroyed. To the liberal
+mind of Doddridge it was no mortification, at least he never showed it,
+that his son in the faith preferred the Church of England, and waited on
+another ministry. The pious and accomplished physician became more and
+more the bosom friend of the magnanimous and unselfish divine, and, in
+conjunction, they planned and executed many works of usefulness, of
+which the greatest was the Northampton Infirmary. At last Dr. Stonehouse
+exchanged his profession for the Christian ministry, and became the
+rector of Great and Little Cheverell, in Wiltshire. Belonging to a good
+family, and possessing superior powers, his preaching attracted many
+hearers in his own domain of Bath and Bristol, and, like his once
+popular publications, was productive of much good. He used to tell two
+lessons of elocution which he had one day received from Garrick, at the
+close of the service. "What particular business had you to do to-day
+when the duty was over?" asked the actor. "None." "Why," said Garrick,
+"I thought you must from the hurry in which you entered the desk.
+Nothing can be more indecent than to see a clergyman set about sacred
+service as if he were a tradesman, and wanted to get through it as soon
+as possible. But what books might those be which you had in the desk
+before you?" "Only the Bible and Prayer-Book," replied the preacher.
+"_Only_ the Bible and Prayer-Book," rejoined the player. "Why, you
+tossed them about, and turned the leaves as carelessly as if they were a
+day-book and ledger." And by the reproof of the British Roscius the
+doctor greatly profited; for, even among the pump-room exquisites, he
+was admired for the perfect grace and propriety of his pulpit manner.
+Perhaps he studied it too carefully, at least he studied it till he
+became aware of it, and talked too much about it. His old age was rather
+egotistical. He had become rich and a baronet, and, as the friend of
+Hannah More, a star in the constellation "Virgo." And he loved to
+transcribe the laudatory notes in which dignitaries acknowledged
+presentation copies of his three-penny tracts. And he gave forth oracles
+which would have been more impressive had they been less querulous. But
+with all these foibles, Sir James was a man of undoubted piety, and it
+may well excuse a little communicativeness when we remember that of the
+generation he had served so well, few survived to speak his praise. At
+all events, there was one benefactor whom he never forgot; and the
+chirrup of the old Cicada softened into something very soft and tender
+every time he mentioned the name of Doddridge.
+
+
+COLONEL GARDINER.
+
+Amongst the visitors at their father's house, at first to the children
+more formidable than the doctor, and by and by the most revered all, was
+a Scotch cavalry officer. With his Hessian boots, and their tremendous
+spurs, sustaining the grandeur of his scarlet coat and powdered queue,
+there was something to youthful imaginations very awful in the tall and
+stately hussar; and that awe was nowise abated when they got courage to
+look on his high forehead which overhung gray eyes and weather-beaten
+cheeks, and when they marked his firm and dauntless air. And then it was
+terrible to think how many battles he had fought, and how in one of them
+a bullet had gone quite through his neck, and he had lain a whole night
+among the slain. But there was a deeper mystery still. He had been a
+very bad man once, it would appear, and now he was very good; and he had
+seen a vision; and altogether, with his strong Scotch voice, and his
+sword, and his wonderful story, the most solemn visitant was this grave
+and lofty soldier. But they saw how their father loved him, and they saw
+how he loved their father. As he sat so erect in the square corner-seat
+of the chapel, they could notice how his stern look would soften, and
+how his firm lip would quiver, and how a happy tear would roll down his
+deep-lined face; and they heard him as he sang so joyfully the closing
+hymn, and they came to feel that the colonel must indeed be very good.
+At last, after a long absence, he came to see their father, and staid
+three days, and he was looking very sick and very old. And the last
+night, before he went away their father preached a sermon in the house,
+and his text was, "I will be with him in trouble; I will deliver him and
+honour him." And the colonel went away, and their father went with him,
+and gave him a long convoy; and many letters went and came. But at last
+there was war in Scotland. There was a rebellion, and there were
+battles; and then the gloomy news arrived. There had been a battle close
+to the very house of Bankton, and the king's soldiers had run away, and
+the brave Colonel Gardiner would not run, but fought to the very last,
+and alas for the Lady Frances!--he was stricken down and slain, scarce a
+mile from his own mansion door.
+
+
+JAMES HERVEY.
+
+Near Northampton stands the little parish church of Weston Favel. Its
+young minister was one of Doddridge's dearest friends. He was a tall and
+spectral-looking man, dying daily; and, like so many in that district,
+was a debtor to his distinguished neighbor. After he became minister of
+his hereditary parish, and when he was preaching with more earnestness
+than light, he was one day acting on a favorite medical prescription of
+that period, and accompanying a ploughman along the furrow in order to
+smell the fresh earth. The ploughman was a pious man, and attended the
+Castle-Hill Meeting; and the young parish minister asked him, "What do
+you think the hardest thing in religion?" The ploughman respectfully
+returned the question, excusing himself, as an ignorant man; and the
+minister said, "I think the hardest thing in religion is to deny sinful
+self;" and, expatiating some time on its difficulties, asked if any
+thing could be harder? "No, sir, except it be to deny righteous self."
+At the moment the minister thought his parishioner a strange fellow, or
+a fool; but he never forgot the answer, and was soon a convert to the
+ploughman's creed. James Hervey had a mind of uncommon gorgeousness. His
+thoughts all marched to a stately music, and were arrayed in the richest
+superlatives. Nor was it affectation. It was the necessity of his ideal
+nature, and was a merciful compensation for his scanty powers of outward
+enjoyment. As he sat in his little parlor watching the saucepan, in
+which his dinner of gruel was simmering, and filled up the moments with
+his microscope, or a page of the Astro-Theology, in his tour of the
+universe he soon forgot the pains and miseries of his corporeal
+residence. To him "Nature was Christian;" and after his own soul had
+drunk in all the joy of the Gospel, it became his favorite employment to
+read in the fields and the firmament. One product of these researches
+was his famous "Meditations." They were in fact a sort of Astro and
+Physico-Evangelism, and, as their popularity was amazing, they must have
+contributed extensively to the cause of Christianity. They were followed
+by "Theron and Aspasio"--a series of Dialogues and Letters on the most
+important points of personal religion, in which, after the example of
+Cicero, solid instruction is conveyed amidst the charms of landscape,
+and the amenities of friendly intercourse. This latter work is
+memorable as one of the first attempts to popularize systematic
+divinity; and it should undeceive those who deem dulness the test of
+truth, when they find the theology of Vitringa and Witsius enshrined in
+one of our finest prose poems. It was hailed with especial rapture by
+the Seceders of Scotland, who recognized "the Marrow" in this lordly
+dish, and were justly proud of their unexpected apostle. Many of them,
+that is, many of the few who achieved the feat of a London journey,
+arranged to take Weston on their way, and eschewing the Ram Inn and the
+adjacent Academy, they turned in to Aspasio's lowly parsonage. Here they
+found a "reed shaking in the wind:"--a panting invalid nursed by his
+tender mother and sister; and when the Sabbath came, James Erskine, or
+Dr. Pattison, or whoever the pilgrim might be, saw a great contrast to
+his own teeming meeting-house in the little flock that assembled in the
+little church of Weston Favel. But that flock hung with up-looking
+affection on the moveless attitude and faint accents of their emaciated
+pastor, and with Scotch-like alacrity turned up and marked in their
+Bibles every text which he quoted; and though they could not report the
+usual accessories of clerical fame--the melodious voice, and graceful
+elocution, and gazing throng--the visitors carried away "a thread of the
+mantle," and long cherished as a sacred remembrance, the hours spent
+with this Elijah before he went over Jordan. Others paid him the
+compliment of copying his style; and both among the Evangelical
+preachers of the Scotch Establishment and its Secession, the
+"Meditations" became a frequent model. A few imitators were very
+successful; for their spirit and genius were kindred; but the tendency
+of most of them was to make the world despise themselves, and weary of
+their unoffending idol. Little children prefer red sugar-plums to white,
+and always think it the best "content" which is drunk from a painted
+cup; but when the dispensation of content and sugar-plums has yielded to
+maturer age, the man takes his coffee and his cracknel without observing
+the pattern of the pottery. And, unfortunately, it was to this that the
+Herveyites directed their chief attention, and hungry people have long
+since tired of their flowery truisms and mellifluous inanities; and,
+partly from impatience of the copyists, the reading republic has nearly
+ostracized the glowing and gifted original.
+
+
+OTHER FRIENDS.
+
+Gladly would we introduce the reader to a few others of Dr. Doddridge's
+friends; such as Dr. Clarke, his constant adviser and considerate
+friend, whose work on "The Promises" still holds its place in our
+religious literature; Gilbert West, whose catholic piety and elegant
+taste found in Doddridge a congenial friend; Dr. Watts, who so shortly
+preceded him to that better country, of which on earth they were among
+the brightest citizens; Bishop Warburton, who in a life-long
+correspondence with so mild a friend, carefully cushioned his formidable
+claws, and became the lion playing with the lamb; and William Coward,
+Esq., with cramps in his legs, and crotchets in his head--the rich
+London merchant who was constantly changing his will, but who at last,
+by what Robert Baillie would have termed the "canny conveyance" of Watts
+and Doddridge, did bequeath twenty thousand pounds towards founding a
+dissenting college. At each of these and several others we would have
+wished to glance; for we hold that biography is only like a cabinet
+specimen when it merely presents the man himself, and that to know him
+truly he must be seen _in situ_ and surrounded with his friends;
+especially a man like Doddridge, whose affectionate and absorptive
+nature imbibed so much from those around him. But perhaps enough has
+been already said to aid the reader's fancy.
+
+The sole survivor of twenty children, and with such a weakly frame, the
+wonder is that, amidst incessant toil, Doddridge held out so long.
+Temperance, elasticity of spirits, and the hand of God upheld him. At
+last, in December, 1750, preaching the funeral sermon of Dr. Clarke, at
+St. Albans, he caught a cold which he could never cure. Visits to London
+and the waters of Bristol had no beneficial effect; and, in the fall of
+the following year, he was advised to try a voyage to Lisbon. His kind
+friend, Bishop Warburton, here interfered, and procured for his
+dissenting brother a favor which deserves to be held in lasting
+memorial. He applied at the London Post-office, and, through his
+influence, it was arranged that the captain's room in the packet should
+be put at the invalid's disposal. Accordingly, on the thirtieth of
+September, accompanied by his anxious wife and a servant, he sailed from
+Falmouth; and, revived by the soft breezes and the ship's stormless
+progress, he sat in his easy-chair in the cabin, enjoying the brightest
+thoughts of all his life. "Such transporting views of the heavenly world
+is my Father now indulging me with, as no words can express," was his
+frequent exclamation to the tender partner of his voyage. And when the
+ship was gliding up the Tagus, and Lisbon with its groves and gardens
+and sunny towers stood before them, so animating was the spectacle, that
+affection hoped he might yet recover. The hope was an illusion. Bad
+symptoms soon came on; and the chief advantage of the change was, that
+it perhaps rendered dissolution more easy. On the twenty-sixth of
+October, 1751, he ceased from his labors, and soon after was laid in the
+burying-ground of the English factory. The Lisbon earthquake soon
+followed; but his grave remains to this day, and, like Henry Martyn's at
+Tocat, is to the Christian traveller a little spot of holy ground.
+
+A hundred years have passed away since then; but there is much of
+Doddridge still on earth. The "Life of Colonel Gardiner" is still one of
+the best-known biographies; and, with Dr. Brown, we incline to think
+that, as a manual for ministers, there has yet appeared no memoir
+superior to his own. The Family Expositor has undergone that
+disintegrating process to which all bulky books are liable, and many of
+its happiest illustrations now circulate as things of course in the
+current popular criticism; and though his memory does not receive the
+due acknowledgment, the church derives the benefit. The singers of the
+Scotch Paraphrases and of other hymn collections are often unwitting
+singers of the words of Doddridge; and the thousands who quote the
+lines--
+
+    Live while you live, the epicure would say, &c.,
+
+are repeating the epigram which Philip Doddridge wrote, and which Samuel
+Johnson pronounced the happiest in our language. And if the "Rise and
+Progress" shall ever be superseded by a modern work, we can only wish
+its successor equal usefulness; however great its merits we can scarcely
+promise that it will keep as far ahead of all competitors for a hundred
+years as the original work has done. Had Doddridge lived a little
+longer, missionary movements would have been sooner originated by the
+British churches; but he lived long enough to be the father of the Book
+Society. And though Coward College is now absorbed in a more extensive
+erection, the founders of St. John's Wood College should rear a statue
+to Doddridge, as the man who gave the mightiest impulse to the work of
+rearing an educated Nonconformist ministry in England.
+
+
+
+
+From Leigh Hunt's Journal.
+
+LORD THURLOW, AND HIS TERRIBLE SWEARING.
+
+
+Lord Thurlow, once Lord High Chancellor of England, Keeper of the
+Conscience of George the Third, &c., was a tall, dark, harsh-featured,
+deep-voiced, beetle-browed man, of strong natural abilities, little
+conscience, and no delicacy. Having discovered, in the outset of life,
+that the generality of the world were more affected by manner than
+matter, he indulged a natural inclination to huffing and arrogance, by
+acting systematically upon it to that end; and, in a worldly point of
+view, he succeeded to perfection; with this drawback--which always
+accompanies false pretensions of the kind--that, knowing to what extent
+they were false, his mind was kept in a proportionate state of
+irritability and dissatisfaction; so that his success, after all, was
+only that of a man who prospers by parading an infirmity. With good
+intention as a judge in ordinary cases, he had sufficient patience
+neither to study nor to listen. As a statesman, he was actuated wholly
+by personal feelings of ambition and rivalry; and as keeper of the Royal
+Conscience, he presented an aspect of ludicrous inconsistency,
+discreditable to both parties; for he openly kept a mistress, while his
+master professed to be a pattern of chastity and decorum. But he had
+face for any thing. Seeing that airs of independence would turn to good
+account, even in the royal closet, provided he was servile at heart, he
+sometimes, with great cunning, huffed the King himself; and he did as
+much with the Prince of Wales, and with the like success. What he really
+could have done best, had his industry equalled his acuteness, and his
+ambition been less towards the side of pomp and power, would have been
+something in literary and metaphysical criticism, as may be seen in his
+letters to Cowper and others. What he became most famous for doing, was
+swearing.
+
+We must here advertise our fair readers (in case any of them should be
+doing us the honor of reading this article aloud), that we are going to
+give some specimens of the swearing of this solemn and illustrious
+person; so that, if they do not regard the words in the same childish,
+meaningless, and nonsensical light that we do ourselves (for reasons
+that we shall give presently), and therefore cannot comfortably frame
+their lovely and innocent lips to utter them (which, indeed, custom will
+hardly allow us to expect), they had better hand over the passages to
+the nearest male friend that happens to be with them, and get him to
+read or to _initialize_ them instead. As to ourselves (for reasons also
+to be presently given), we shall write the words at full length, out of
+sheer sense of their nothingness; only premising, that such was not the
+opinion entertained of them by this tremendous Lord Chancellor, or by
+the age in which he lived; otherwise he would not have resorted to them
+as clenches for his thunderbolts, neither would his contemporaries have
+given them to the reading world under those mitigated and whispering
+forms of initials and hyphens, which have come down to our own times,
+and which are intended to impress their audacity by intimating their
+guilt.
+
+"_Damns_ have had their day," says the man in the "Rivals." So they
+have; and so we would have the reader think, and treat them accordingly;
+that is to say, as things of no account, one way or the other. But such
+was not the case when the dramatist wrote; and therefore Lord Thurlow
+was renowned as a swearer, even in a swearing age. It was his ambition
+to be considered a swearer. He took to it, as a lad does, who wishes to
+show that he has arrived at man's estate. Every thing with the judge was
+"damned bad" or "damned good," damned hot or cold, damned stupid, &c. It
+was his epithet, his adjective, his participle, his sign of positive and
+superlative, his argument, his judgment. He could not have got on
+without it. To deprive Thurlow of his "damn" would have been to shave
+his eyebrows, or to turn his growl to a whisper.
+
+"Lamenting," says Lord Campbell, "the great difficulty he had in
+disposing of a high legal situation, he described himself as long
+hesitating between the intemperance of A. and the corruption of B., but
+finally preferring the man of bad temper. Afraid lest he should have
+been supposed to have admitted the existence of pure moral worth, he
+added, 'Not but that there was a d----d deal of corruption in A.'s
+intemperance.' Happening to be at the British Museum, viewing the
+Townley Marbles, when a person came in and announced the death of Mr.
+Pitt, Thurlow was heard to say, 'a d----d good hand at turning a
+period!' and no more.
+
+"The following anecdote (continues his lordship) was related by Lord
+Eldon:--
+
+"After dinner, one day, when nobody was present but Lord Kenyon and
+myself, Lord Thurlow said, 'Taffy,[P] I decided a cause this morning,
+and I saw from Scott's face he doubted whether I was right.' Thurlow
+then stated his view of the case, and Kenyon instantly said, 'Your
+decision was quite right.' 'What say you to that?' asked the Chancellor.
+I said, 'I did not presume to form a judgment upon a case in which they
+both agreed. But I think a fact has not been mentioned, which may be
+material.' I was about to state the fact, and my reasons. Kenyon,
+however, broke in upon me, and, with some warmth, stated that I was
+always so obstinate, there was no dealing with me. 'Nay,' interposed
+Thurlow, 'that's not fair. You, Taffy, are obstinate, and give no
+reasons; you, Jack Scott, are obstinate, too; but then you give your
+reasons, and d----d bad ones they are!'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"In Thurlow's time, the habit of profane swearing was unhappily so
+common, that Bishop Horsley, and other right reverend prelates, are said
+not to have been entirely exempt from it; but Thurlow indulged in it to
+a degree that admits of no excuse. I have been told by an old gentleman,
+who was standing behind the woolsack at the time that Sir Ilay Campbell,
+then Lord Advocate, arguing a Scotch appeal to the bar in a very tedious
+manner, said, 'I will noo, my lords, proceed to my seevent pownt.' 'I'll
+be d----d if you do,' cried Lord Thurlow, so as to be heard by all
+present; 'this house is adjourned till Monday next,' and off he
+scampered. Sir James Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas,
+used to relate that, while he and several other legal characters were
+dining with Lord Chancellor Thurlow, his lordship happening to swear at
+his Swiss valet, when retiring from the room, the man returned, just put
+his head in, and exclaimed, 'I von't be d----d for you, Milor;' which
+caused the noble host and all his guests to burst out into a roar of
+laughter. From another valet he received a still more cutting retort.
+Having scolded this meek man for some time without receiving any answer,
+he concluded by saying, 'I wish you were in hell.' The terrified valet
+at last exclaimed, 'I wish I was, my lord! I wish I was!'
+
+"Sir Thomas Davenport, a great _nisi prius_ leader, had been intimate
+with Thurlow, and long flattered himself with the hopes of succeeding to
+some valuable appointment in the law; but, several good things passing
+by, he lost his patience and temper along with them. At last he
+addressed this laconic application to his patron: 'The Chief Justiceship
+of Chester is vacant; am I to have it?' and received the following
+laconic answer--'No! by God! Kenyon shall have it.'
+
+"Having once got into a dispute with a bishop respecting a living, of
+which the Great Seal had the alternate presentation, the bishop's
+secretary called upon him, and said, 'My lord of ---- sends his
+compliments to your lordship, and believes that the next turn to present
+to ---- belongs to his lordship.' _Chancellor._--'Give my compliments to
+his lordship, and tell him that I will see him d----d first before he
+shall present.' _Secretary._--'This, my lord, is a very unpleasant
+message to deliver to a bishop.' 'You are right, it is so, therefore
+tell the bishop that _I_ will be damned first before he shall
+present.'"[Q]
+
+Lord Campbell concludes his records of the Chancellor's _jusjuration_
+(if we may coin a word for a precedent so extraordinary), by frankly
+extracting into his pages the whole of a long damnatory ode, which was
+put into the judge's mouth by the authors of the once-famous collection
+of libels called _Criticisms on the Rolliad_, and _Probationary Odes for
+the Laureateship_,--the precursor, and very witty precursor, though
+flagrantly coarse and personal, of the _Anti-Jacobin Magazine_ and the
+_Rejected Addresses_. They were on the Whig side of politics, and are
+understood to have been the production of Dr. Lawrence, a civilian, and
+George Ellis, the author of several elegant works connected with poetry
+and romance. We shall notice the book further when we come to speak of
+Mr. Ellis himself. Lord Thurlow is made to contribute one of the
+Probationary Odes; and he does it in so abundant and complete a style,
+that bold as our "innocence" makes us in this particular, yet not having
+the legal warrant of the biographer, we really have not the courage to
+bring it in as evidence. The reader, however, may guess of what sort of
+stuff it is composed, when he hears that it begins with the
+comprehensive line,
+
+    "Damnation seize ye all;"
+
+and ends with the following pleasing and particular couplet:--
+
+    "Damn them beyond what mortal tongue can tell;
+    Confound, sink, plunge them all, to deepest, blackest hell."
+
+After this, it will hardly be a climax to add, that Peter Pindar said of
+this Keeper of the King's Conscience, with great felicity, that he
+"swore his prayers."
+
+We have been thus particular on the subject of Lord Thurlow's swearing,
+partly because it is the main point of his lordship's character with
+posterity, but chiefly that we might show what has already been
+intimated; namely, what a nothing such talk has become, and what high
+time it is to treat it as it deserves, and give it no longer in
+typography those implied awful significances, those under-breaths and
+intensifications of initials and hyphens, which make it pretend to have
+a meaning, and are the main cause why it survives. The word _damned_ in
+Lord Thurlow's mouth, for all its emphasis and effect, had as little
+meaning as the word _blest_, or the word _conscience_. It has equally
+little meaning in any body's. It no more signifies what it was
+originally intended to signify, than the word "cursed" means
+_anathematized_, or the word "pontificate" means _bridge-making_. This
+is the natural death of oaths in any tremendous sense of the words, or
+in any sense at all. They become things of "sound and fury, signifying
+nothing." Who that utters the word "zounds," imagines that he is
+speaking of such awful and inconceivable things as "God's wounds,"
+though literally he is doing so? Or what honest farmer, who ejaculates
+"Please the pigs" (such extraordinary things do reform and vicissitude
+bring together!) supposes that his Protestant soul is propitiating the
+_Pyx_, or Holy Sacrament box, of the Roman Catholic Church? Yet time
+was, when the innocent word "zounds" was written with the same culpatory
+dashes and hyphens as the "damns that have had their day;" and "pigs,"
+we suppose, were exenterated in like manner: suggested only by their
+heads and tails,--the first letter and the last. We happen to be no
+swearers ourselves, so that we are speaking a good word for no custom of
+our own; though, we confess, that when we come to an oath as a trait of
+character, in biography or in fiction, we are no more in the habit of
+balking it, than we are of ignoring any other harmless ejaculation; and
+therefore, by reason of its very nonsense and nothingness, we like to
+see it written plainly out as if it _were_ nothing, instead of being
+mystified into a more nonsensical importance. We have known better men
+than ourselves who have sworn; and we have known worse; but with none of
+them had the word any meaning, nor has it any, ever, except in the
+pulpit; where it is a pity (as many an excellent clergyman has thought)
+that it is heard at all. Treat it lightly elsewhere, as an expletive and
+a mere way of speaking, and it will come to nothing as it deserves, and
+follow the obsolete "plagues" and "murrains" of our ancestors.
+
+The only persons who profess to swear to any purpose, are the Roman
+Catholics; and they, indeed, may well be said to swear "terribly"--or
+rather they would do so, if any poor set of human creatures, fallible by
+the necessity of their natures, could of a surety know what is
+infallible, and be commissioned by a writing on the sun or moon to let
+us hear it. Lord Thurlow, with all his damns, and his big voice, and his
+power of imprisonment to boot, was a babe of grace compared with the
+Roman Catholic Bishop of Rochester who thundered forth the famous
+excommunication which the Protestant chapter-clerk of that city gave to
+the author of _Tristram Shandy_ to put in his book; to the immortal
+honor of said Protestant, and disgrace of the unalterable and infallible
+Roman Catholic Churchmen; who, when delivered from their bonds, and
+complimented on partaking of the progress and civilization common to the
+rest of the world, take the first opportunity for showing us we are
+mistaken, and crying damnation to their deliverers.
+
+We shall not repeat the document alluded to, lest we should be thought
+to give the light matter of which we have been treating, a tone of too
+much importance. Suffice it to say, that when all the powers, and
+angels, and very virgins of heaven are called upon by the
+excommunication to "curse" and "damn" the object of it limb by limb
+(literally so), his eyes, his brains, and his heart (how unlike fair
+human readers, who doubt whether the very word "damn" should be
+uttered), good Uncle Toby interposes one of those world-famous
+pleasantries which have shaken the old Vatican beyond recovery.
+
+"'Our armies swore terribly in Flanders,' cried my Uncle Toby; 'but
+nothing to this. For my own part, I could not have the heart to curse my
+dog so.'"
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[P] Thurlow politely calls Kenyon _Taffy_, because the latter was a
+Welshman. _Scott_ is Lord Eldon himself.
+
+[Q] _Lives of the Chancellors._ Second Series. Vol. v. pp. 644, 664.
+
+
+
+
+From Chambers' Edinbourgh Journal.
+
+THE LAST OF THE FIDDLERS.
+
+A VILLAGE TALE.
+
+BY BERTHOLD AUERBACH.
+
+
+The midnight silence of the village is broken by unusual clattering
+sounds--a horse comes galloping along at the top of his speed, his rider
+crying aloud, "Fire--fire! Help, ho! Fire!" Away he rides straight to
+the church, and presently the alarm-bell is heard pealing from the
+steeple.
+
+It is no easy matter to arouse the harvest folks, after a hard day's
+work, from their first sound sleep: there they lie, stretched as
+unconsciously as the corn in the fields which they have reaped in the
+sweat of their brow. But wake they must--there is no help for it. The
+stable-boys are the first on the alert--every one anxious to win the
+reward which, time out of mind, has been given to the person, who, on
+the occasion of a fire, is the first to reach the engine-house with
+harnessed horses. Here and there a light is seen at a cottage lattice--a
+window is opened--the men come running out of doors with their coats
+half drawn on, or in their shirt sleeves. The villagers all collect
+about the market-house, and the cry is heard on all sides, "Where is it?
+Where is the fire?"
+
+"In Eibingen."
+
+Question and answer were alike unneeded, for in the distance, behind the
+dark pine-forest, the whole sky was illumined with a bright-red glow, in
+the stillness of the night, like the glow of the setting sun; while
+every now and then a shower of sparks rose into the air, as if shot out
+from a blast-furnace.
+
+The night was still and calm, and the stars shone peacefully on the
+silent earth.
+
+The horses are speedily put to the fire-engine, the buckets placed in a
+row, a couple of torches lighted, and the torch-bearers stand ready on
+either side holding on to the engine, which is instantly covered with
+men.
+
+"Quick! out with another pair of horses! two can't draw such a
+load!"--"Down with the torches!"--"No, no; they're all right--'tis the
+old way!"--"Drive off, for Heaven's sake--quick!"
+
+Such-like exclamations resounded on all sides. Let us follow the crowd.
+
+The engine, with its heavy load, now rolls out of the village, and
+through the peaceful fields and meadows: the fruit-trees by the roadside
+seem to dance past in the flickering light; and soon the crowd hurry,
+helter-skelter, through the forest. The birds are awakened from sleep,
+and fly about in affright, and can scarcely find their way back to their
+warm nests. The forest is at length passed, and down below, in the
+valley, lies the hamlet, brightly illumined as at noon-day, while
+shrieks and the alarm-bell are heard, as if the flames had found a
+voice.
+
+See! what is yonder white, ghost-like form, in a fluttering dress, on
+the skirts of the forest? The wheels creak, and rattle along the stony
+road--no sounds can be distinguished in the confusion. Away! help! away!
+
+The folks are now seen flying from the village with their goods and
+chattels--children in their bare shirts and with naked feet--carrying
+off beds and chairs, pots and pans. Has the fire spread so fearfully, or
+is this all the effect of fright?
+
+"Where's the fire?"
+
+"At Hans the Fiddler's."
+
+And the driver lashed his horses, and every man seemed to press forward
+with increased ardor to fly to the succor.
+
+As they approached the spot, it was clearly impossible to save the
+burning cottage; and all efforts were therefore directed to prevent the
+flames extending to the adjoining houses. Just then every body was
+busied in trying to save a horse and two cows from the shed; but the
+animals, terrified by the fire, would not quit the spot, until their
+eyes were bandaged, and they were driven out by force.
+
+"Where's old Hans?" was the cry on all sides.
+
+"Burnt in his bed to a certainty," said some. Others declared that he
+had escaped. Nobody knew the truth.
+
+The old fiddler had neither child nor kinsfolk, and yet all the people
+grieved for him; and those who had come from the villages round about
+reproached the inhabitants for not having looked after the fate of the
+poor fellow. Presently it was reported that he had been seen in Urban
+the smith's barn; another said that he was sitting up in the church
+crying and moaning--the first time he had been there without his fiddle.
+But neither in the barn nor in the church was old Hans to be found, and
+again it was declared that he had been burnt to death in his house, and
+that his groans had actually been heard; but, it was added, all too late
+to save him, for the flames had already burst through the roof, and the
+glass of the windows was sent flying across the road.
+
+The day was just beginning to dawn when all danger of the fire spreading
+was past; and leaving the smouldering ruins, the folks from a distance
+set out on their return.
+
+A strange apparition was now seen coming down the mountain-side, as if
+out of the gray mists of morning. In a cart drawn by two oxen sat a
+haggard figure, dressed in his bare shirt, and his shoulders wrapped in
+a horse-cloth. The morning breeze played in the long white locks of the
+old man, whose wan features were framed, as it were, by a short,
+bristly, snow-white beard. In his hands he clutched a fiddle and
+fiddlestick. It was old Hans, the village fiddler. Some of the lads had
+found him at the edge of the forest, on the spot where we had caught a
+glimpse of him, looking like a ghostly apparition, as we rattled past
+with the engine. There he was found standing in his shirt, and holding
+his fiddle in both his hands pressed tightly to his breast.
+
+As they drew near the village, he took his fiddle and played his
+favorite waltz. Every eye was turned on the strange-looking man, and all
+welcomed his return, as if he had risen from the grave.
+
+"Give me a drink!" he exclaimed to the first person who held out a hand
+to him. "I'm burnt up with thirst!"
+
+A glass of water was brought him.
+
+"Bah!" cried the old man; "'twere a sin to quench such a thirst as mine
+with water; bring me some wine! Or has the horrid red cock drunk up all
+my wine too?"
+
+And again he fell to fiddling lustily, until they arrived at the spot of
+the fire. He got down from the cart, and entered a neighbor's cottage.
+All the folks pressed up to the old fiddler, tendering words of comfort,
+and promising that they would all help him to rebuild his cottage.
+
+"No, no!" replied Hans; "'tis all well. I have no home--I'm one of the
+cuckoo tribe that has no resting-place of its own, and only now and then
+slips into the swallow's nest. For the short time I have to live, I
+shall have no trouble in finding quarters wherever I go. I can now climb
+up into a tree again, and look down upon the world in which I have no
+longer any thing to call my own. Ay, ay, 'twas wrong in me ever to have
+had any thing of my own except my precious little fiddle here!"
+
+No objection was raised to the reasoning of the strange old man, and the
+country-folks from a distance went their ways home with the satisfaction
+of knowing that the old fiddler was still alive and well. Hans properly
+belonged to the whole country round about: his loss would have been a
+public one: much as if the old linden-tree on the Landeck Hill close by
+had been thrown down unexpectedly in the night Hans was as merry as a
+grig when Caspar the smith gave him an old shirt, the carpenter Joseph a
+pair of breeches--and so on. "Well, to be sure, folks may now say that I
+carry the whole village on my back!" said he; and he gave to each
+article of dress the name of the donor. "A coat indeed like this, which
+a friend has worn nicely smooth for one, fits to a T. I was never at my
+ease in a new coat; and you know I used always to go to the church, and
+rub the sleeves in the wax that dropped from the holy tapers, to make
+them comfortable and fit for wear. But this time I'm saved the trouble,
+and I'm for all the world like a new-born babe who is fitted with
+clothes without measuring. Ay, ay, you may laugh; but 'tis a fact--I'm
+new-born."
+
+And in truth it quite seemed so with the old man: the wild merriment of
+former years, which had slumbered for a while, all burst out anew.
+
+A fellow just now entered who had been active in extinguishing the fire,
+and having his hand in the work, had been at the same time no less
+actively engaged in quenching a certain internal fire--and in truth, as
+was plain to be seen, more than was needed. On seeing him, the old
+fiddler cried out, "By Jove, how I envy the fellow's jollity!" All the
+folks laughed; but presently the merriment was interrupted by the
+entrance of the magistrate with his notary, come to investigate the
+cause of the fire, and take an inventory of the damage.
+
+Old Hans openly confessed his fault. He had the odd peculiarity of
+carrying about him, in all his pockets, a little box of lucifer matches,
+in order never to be at a loss when he wanted to light his pipe.
+Whenever any one called on him, and wherever he went, his fingers were
+almost unconsciously playing with the matches. Often and often he was
+heard to exclaim, "Provoking enough! that these matches should come into
+fashion just as I am going off the stage. Look! a light in the twinkling
+of an eye! Only think of all the time I've lost in the course of my life
+in striking a light with the old flint and steel,--days, weeks, ay,
+years!"
+
+The fire had, to all appearances, originated with this child's play of
+the old man, and the magistrate said with regret that he must inflict
+the legal penalty for his carelessness. "However, at all events 'tis
+well 'tis no worse," he added; "you are in truth the last of the
+fiddlers; in our dull, plodding times, you are a relic of the past--of a
+merry, careless age. 'Twould have been a grievous thing if you had come
+to such a miserable end."
+
+"Look ye, your worship, I ought to have been a parson," said Hans; "and
+I should have preached to the folks after this fashion:--'Don't set too
+much store on life, and it can't hurt you; look on every thing as
+foolery, and then you'll be cleverer than all the rest. If the world was
+always merry--if folks did nothing but work and dance, there would be no
+need of schoolmasters--no need of learning to write and read--no
+parsons--and (by your worship's pardon) no magistrates. The whole world
+is a big fiddle--the strings are tuned--Fortune plays upon them; but
+some one is wanted to be constantly screwing up the strings; and this is
+a job for the parson and magistrate. There's nothing but turning and
+screwing, and turning and scraping, and the dance never begins.'"
+
+The fiddler's tongue went running on in this way, until his worship at
+length took a friendly leave of him. We shall, however, remain, and tell
+the reader something of the history of this strange character.
+
+It is now nearly thirty years since the old man first made his
+appearance in the village, just at the time when the new church was
+consecrated. When he first came among the villagers, he played for three
+days and three nights almost incessantly the maddest tunes.
+Superstitious folks muttered one to another that it must be Old Nick
+himself who could draw such spirit and life from the instrument, as
+never to let any one have rest or quiet any more than he seemed to
+require it himself. During the whole of this time he scarcely ate a
+morsel, and only drank--but in potent draughts--during the pauses. Often
+it seemed as if he did not stir a finger, but merely laid the
+fiddlestick on the strings, and magic sounds instantly came out of them,
+while the fiddle-bow hopped up and down of itself.
+
+Hey-day! there was a merrymaking and piece of work in the large
+dancing-room of the "Sun." Once, during a pause, the hostess, a buxom
+portly widow, cried out, "Hold hard, fiddler; do stop--the cattle are
+all quarrelling with you, and will starve if you don't let the lads and
+girls go home and feed them. If you've no pity on us folks, do for
+goodness' sake stop your fiddling for the sake of the poor dumb
+creatures."
+
+"Just so!" cried the fiddler; "here you can see how man is the noblest
+animal on the face of the earth; man alone can dance--ay, dance in
+couples. Hark ye, hostess, if you'll dance a turn with me, I'll stop my
+fiddlestick for a whole hour."
+
+The musician jumped off the table. All the by-standers pressed the
+hostess, till at length she consented to dance. She clasped her partner
+tight round the waist, whilst he kept hold of his fiddle, drawing from
+it sounds never before heard; and in this comical manner, playing and
+dancing, they performed their evolutions in the circle of spectators;
+and at length, with a brilliant scrape of his bow, he concluded,
+embraced the hostess, and gave her a bouncing kiss, receiving in return
+a no less hearty box on the ear. Both were given and taken in fun and
+good temper.
+
+From that time forward the fiddler was domiciled under the shade of the
+"Sun." There he nestled himself quietly, and whenever any merrymaking
+was going on in the country round-about, Hans was sure to be there with
+his fiddle; but he always returned home regularly; and there was not a
+village nor a house far and wide around, in which there was more
+dancing, than in the hostelry of the portly landlady of the "Sun."
+
+The fiddler comported himself in the house as if he belonged to it; he
+served the guests (never taking any part in out-of-doors work),
+entertained the customers as they dropped in, played a hand at cards
+occasionally, and was never at a loss in praising a fresh tap. "We've
+just opened a new cask of wine--only taste, and say if there's not music
+in wine, and something divine!" Touching every thing that concerned the
+household, he invariably used the authoritative and familiar _we_:-"_We_
+have a cellar fit for a king;" "_Our_ house lies in every one's way;"
+and so forth.
+
+Hans and his little fiddle, as a matter of course, were at every
+village-gathering and festivity; and the people of the country
+round-about could never dissociate in their thoughts the "Sun" inn and
+Hans the fiddler. But possibly the hostess considered the matter in a
+different light. At the conclusion of the harvest merrymaking she took
+heart and said--"Hans, you must know I've a liking for you; you pay for
+what you eat; but wouldn't you like for once to try living under another
+roof? What say you?"
+
+Hans protested that he was well enough off in his present quarters, and
+that he felt no disposition to neglect the old proverb of "Let well
+alone." The landlady was silent.
+
+Weeks went over, and at length she began again--"Hans, you wouldn't do
+any thing to injure me?"
+
+"Not for the world!"
+
+"Look ye--'tis only on account of the folks hereabouts. I would not
+bother you, but you know there's a talk----You can come back again after
+a month or two, and you'll be sure to find my door open to you."
+
+"Nay, nay, I'll not go away, and then I shall not want to come back."
+
+"No joking, Hans--I'm in earnest--you must go."
+
+"Well, there's one way to force me: go up into my room, pack my things
+into a bundle, and throw them into the road; otherwise I promise you
+I'll not budge from the spot."
+
+"You're a downright good-for-nothing fellow, and that's the truth; but
+what am I to do with you?"
+
+"Marry me!"
+
+The answer to this was another box on the ear; but this time it was
+administered much more gently than at the dance. As soon as the
+landlady's back was turned, Hans took his fiddle and struck up a lively
+tune.
+
+From time to time the hostess of the "Sun" recurred to the subject of
+Hans's removal, urging him to go; but his answer was always
+ready--always the same--"_Marry me!_"
+
+One day in conversation she told him that the police would be sure soon
+to interfere and forbid his remaining longer, as he had no proper
+certificate; and so forth. Hans answered not a word, but cocking his hat
+knowingly on the left side, he whistled a merry tune, and set out for
+the castle of the count, distant a few miles. The village at that time
+belonged to the Count von S----.
+
+That evening, as the landlady was standing by the kitchen fire, her
+cheeks glowing with the reflection from the hearth, Hans entered, and
+without moving a muscle of his face, handed to her a paper, and said,
+"Look ye, there's our marriage-license; the count dispenses with
+publishing the bans. This is Friday--Sunday is our wedding-day!'
+
+"What do you say, you saucy fellow? I hope"----
+
+"Hollo, Mr. Schoolmaster!" interrupted Hans, as he saw that worthy
+functionary passing the window just at that instant "Do step in here,
+and read this paper."
+
+Hans held the landlady tight by the arm, while the schoolmaster read the
+document, and at the conclusion tendered his congratulations and good
+wishes.
+
+"Well, well--with all my heart!" said the landlady at length. "Since
+'tis to be so, to tell the truth I've long had a liking for you, Hans;
+but 'twas only on account of the prate and gossip"----
+
+"Sunday morning then?"
+
+"Ay, ay--you rogue."
+
+A merry scene was that, when on the following Sunday morning Hans the
+Fiddler--or, to give him his proper style, Johann Grubenmueller--paraded
+to church by the side of his betrothed, fiddling the wedding-march,
+partly for his self-gratification, partly to give the ceremony a certain
+solemn hilarity. For a short space he deposited his instrument on the
+baptismal font; but the ceremony being ended, he shouldered it again,
+struck up an unusually brisk tune, and played so marvellously, that the
+folks were fairly dying with laughter.
+
+Ever since that time Hans resided in the village, and that is as much as
+to say that mirth and jollity abode there. For some years past, however,
+Hans was often subject to fits of dejection, for the authorities had
+decreed that there should be no more dancing without the special
+permission of the magistrate. Trumpets and other wind-instruments
+supplanted the fiddle, and our friend Hans could no longer play his
+merry jigs, except to the children under the old oak-tree, until his
+reverence, in the exercise of his clerical powers, forbade even this
+amusement, as prejudicial to sound school discipline.
+
+Hans lost his wife just three years ago, with whom he had lived in
+uninterrupted harmony. Brightly and joyously as he had looked on life at
+the outset of his career, its close seemed often clouded, sad, and
+burthensome, more than he was himself aware. "A man ought not to grow so
+old!" he often repeated--an expression which escaped from a long train
+of thought that was passing unconsciously in the old man's mind, in
+which he acknowledged to himself that young limbs and the vigor of
+youth properly belonged to the careless life of a wandering musician.
+"The hay does not grow as sweet as it did thirty years ago!" he stoutly
+maintained.
+
+The new village magistrate, who had a peculiarly kind feeling towards
+old Hans, set about devising means of securing him from want for the
+rest of his days. The sum (no inconsiderable one) for which the house
+was insured in the fire-office was by law not payable in full until
+another house should be built in its place. It happened that the parish
+had for a long time been looking out for a spot on which to erect a new
+schoolhouse in the village, and at the suggestion of the worthy
+magistrate the authorities now bought from Hans the ground on which his
+cottage had stood, with all that remained upon it. But the old man did
+not wish to be paid any sum down, and an annuity was settled on him
+instead, amply sufficient to provide for all his wants. This plan quite
+took his fancy; he chuckled at the thought (as he expressed it) that he
+was eating himself up, and draining the glass to the last drop.
+
+Hans, moreover, was now permitted again to play to the children under
+the village oak on a summer evening. Thus he lived quite a new life; and
+his former spirit seemed in some measure to return. In the summer, when
+the building of the new schoolhouse was commenced, old Hans was riveted
+to the spot as if by magic; there he sat upon the timbers, or on a pile
+of stones, watching the digging and hammering with fixed attention.
+Early in the morning, when the builders went to their work they always
+found Hans already on the spot. At breakfast and noon, when the men
+stopped work to take their meals, which were brought them by their wives
+and children, old Hans found himself seated in the midst of the circle,
+and played to them as they ate and talked. Many of the villagers came
+and joined the party; and the whole was one continued scene of
+merriment. Hans often said that he never before knew his own importance,
+for he seemed to be wanted everywhere--whether folks danced or rested,
+his fiddle had its part to play: and music could turn the thinnest
+potato-broth into a savory feast.
+
+But an unforeseen misfortune awaited our friend Hans, of which the
+worthy magistrate, notwithstanding his kindness to the old man, was
+unintentionally the cause. His worship came one day, accompanied by a
+young man, who had all the look of a genius: the latter stood for some
+minutes, with his arms folded, gazing at Hans, who was busy fiddling to
+the workpeople at their dinner.
+
+"There stands the last of the fiddlers, of whom I told you," said the
+magistrate; "I want you to paint him--he is the only relic of old times
+whom we have left."
+
+The artist complied. At first old Hans resisted the operation stoutly,
+but he was at length won over by the persuasion of his worship, and
+allowed the artist to take his likeness. With trembling impatience he
+sat before the easel, wanting every instant to jump up and see what the
+man was about. But this the artist would not allow, and promised to show
+him the picture when it was finished. Day after day old Hans had to sit
+to the artist, in this state of wonder and suspense, and when at noon he
+played to the workmen at their meals, his tunes were slow and heavy, and
+had lost all their former vivacity and spirit.
+
+At length the picture was finished, and Hans was allowed to see himself
+on canvas. At the first glance he started back in affright, crying out
+like one mad, "Donner and Blitz!--the rascal has stolen me!"
+
+From that day forward, when the artist had gone away, and taken the
+picture with him, old Hans was quite changed: he went about the village,
+talking to himself, and was often heard to mutter, "Nailed up to the
+wall--stolen! Hans has his eyes open day and night, looking down from
+the wall--never sleeps, nor eats, nor drinks. Stolen!--the thief!"
+Seldom could a sensible word be drawn from him; but he played the
+wildest tunes on his fiddle, and every now and then would stop and
+laugh, exclaiming, as if gazing at something, "Ha, ha! you old fellow
+there, nailed up to the wall, with your fiddle; you can't play--you are
+the wrong one--here he sits!"
+
+On one occasion the spirit of the old man burst out again: it was the
+day when the gayly-decked fir bush was stuck upon the finished gable of
+the new schoolhouse.[R] The carpenters and masons came, dressed in their
+Sunday clothes, preceded by a band of music, to fetch "the master." The
+old fiddler, Hans, was the whole day long in high spirits--brisk and gay
+as in his best years. He sang, drank, and played till late into the
+night, and in the morning he was found, with his fiddle-bow in his hand,
+dead in his bed....
+
+Many of the villagers fancy, in the stillness of the night, when the
+clock strikes twelve, that they hear a sound in the schoolhouse, like
+the sweetest tones of a fiddle. Some say that it is old Hans's
+instrument, which he bequeathed to the schoolhouse, and which plays by
+itself. Others declare that the tones which Hans played _into_ the wood
+and stones, when the house was building, come _out_ of them again in the
+night. Be this as it may, the children are taught all the new rational
+methods of instruction, in a building which is still haunted by the
+ghost of the last fiddler.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE III. gave Lord Eldon a seal, containing a figure of Religion
+looking up to Heaven, and of Justice with no bandage over her eyes, his
+Majesty remarking at the same time, that Justice should be bold enough
+to look the world in the face. The motto of the seal was _His dirige te.
+Quere._ Would not this be a more appropriate inscription for the spout
+of a tea-pot than for the seal of a Lord Chancellor.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[R] This custom is prettily related in Auerbach's story of 'Ivo.'
+
+
+
+
+From Dickens' Household Words.
+
+A BIOGRAPHY OF A BAD SHILLING.
+
+
+I believe I may state with confidence that my parents were respectable,
+notwithstanding that one belonged to the law--being the zinc door-plate
+of a solicitor. The other was a pewter flagon residing at a very
+excellent hotel, and moving in distinguished society; for it assisted
+almost daily at convivial parties in the Temple. It fell a victim at
+last to a person belonging to the lower orders, who seized it, one fine
+morning, while hanging upon some railings to dry, and conveyed it to a
+Jew, who--I blush to record the insult offered to a respected member of
+my family--melted it down. My first mentioned parent--the zinc
+plate--was not enabled to move much in society, owing to its very close
+connection with the street door. It occupied, however, a very
+conspicuous position in a leading thoroughfare, and was the means of
+diffusing more useful instruction, perhaps, than many a quarto, for it
+informed the running as well as the reading public, that Messrs.
+Snapples and Son resided within, and that their office hours were from
+ten till four. In order to become my progenitor it fell a victim to
+dishonest practices. A "fast" man unscrewed it one night, and bore it
+off in triumph to his chambers. Here it was included by "the boy" among
+his numerous "perquisites," and, by an easy transition, soon found its
+way to the Hebrew gentleman above mentioned.
+
+The first meeting between my parents took place in the melting-pot of
+this ingenious person, and the result of their subsequent union was
+mutually advantageous. The one gained by the alliance that strength and
+solidity which is not possessed by even the purest pewter; while to the
+solid qualities of the other were added a whiteness and brilliancy that
+unadulterated zinc could never display.
+
+From the Jew, my parents were transferred--mysteriously and by night--to
+an obscure individual in an obscure quarter of the metropolis, when, in
+secrecy and silence, I was _cast_, to use an appropriate metaphor, upon
+the world.
+
+How shall I describe my first impression of existence? how portray my
+agony when I became aware _what I was_--when I understood my mission
+upon earth? The reader, who has possibly never felt himself to be what
+Mr. Carlyle calls a "sham," or a "solemnly constituted imposter," can
+have no notion of my sufferings!
+
+These, however, were endured only in my early and unsophisticated youth.
+Since then, habitual intercourse with the best society has relieved me
+from the embarrassing appendage of a conscience. My long career upon
+town--in the course of which I have been bitten, and rung, and subjected
+to the most humiliating tests--has blunted my sensibilities, while it
+has taken off the sharpness of my edges; and, like the counterfeits of
+humanity, whose lead may be seen emulating silver at every turn, my only
+desire is--not to be worthy of passing, but simply--to pass.
+
+My impression of the world, on first becoming conscious of existence,
+was, that it was about fifteen feet in length, very dirty, and had a
+damp, unwholesome smell; my notions of mankind were, that it shaved only
+once a fortnight; that it had coarse, misshapen features; a hideous
+leer; that it abjured soap, as a habit; and lived habitually in its
+shirt-sleeves. Such, indeed, was the aspect of the apartment in which I
+first saw the light, and such the appearance of the professional
+gentleman who ushered me into existence.
+
+I may add that the room was fortified, as if to sustain a siege. Not
+only was the door itself lined with iron, but it was strengthened by
+ponderous wooden beams, placed upright, and across, and in every
+possible direction. This formidable exhibition of precautions against
+danger was quite alarming.
+
+I had not been long brought into this "narrow world" before a low and
+peculiar tap, from the outside of the door, met my ear. My master
+paused, as if alarmed, and seemed on the point of sweeping me and
+several of my companions (who had been by this time mysteriously ushered
+into existence) into some place of safety. Reassured, however, by a
+second tapping, of more marked peculiarity, he commenced the elaborate
+process of unfastening the door. This having been accomplished, and the
+entrance left to the guardianship only of a massive chain, a mysterious
+watchword was exchanged with some person outside who was presently
+admitted.
+
+"Hollo! there's two on you?" cried my master, as a hard, elderly animal
+entered, followed somewhat timidly by a younger one of mild and modest
+aspect.
+
+"A green 'un as I have took under my arm," said Mr. Blinks (which I
+presently understood to be the name of the elder one), "and werry
+deserving he promises to be. He's just come out of the stone-pitcher,
+without having done nothing to entitle him to have gone in. This was it:
+a fellow out at Highbury Barn collared him, for lifting snow from some
+railings, where it was a hanging to dry. Young Innocence had never
+dreamt of any thing of the kind--bein' a walking on his way to the
+work'us--but beaks being proverbially otherwise than fly, he got six
+weeks on it. In the 'Ouse o' Correction, however, he met some knowing
+blades, who put him up to the time of day, and he'll soon be as
+wide-awake as any on 'em. This morning he brought me a pocket-book, and
+in it eigh--ty pound flimsies. As he is a young hand, I encouraged him
+by giving him three pun' ten for the lot--it's runnin' a risk, but I
+done it. As it is, I shall have to send 'em all over to 'Amburg.
+Howsomever, he's got to take one pund in home made: bein' out of it
+myself, I have brought him to you."
+
+"You're here at the nick o' time," said my master, "I've just finished a
+new batch--"
+
+And he pointed to the glittering heap in which I felt myself--with the
+diffidence of youth--to be unpleasantly conspicuous.
+
+"I've been explaining to young Youthful that it's the reg'lar thing,
+when he sells his swag to gents in my way of business, to take part of
+it in this here coin." Here he took _me_ up from the heap, and as he did
+so I felt as if I were growing black between his fingers, and having my
+prospects in life very much damaged.
+
+"And is all this bad money?" said the youth, curiously gazing, as I
+thought, at me alone, and not taking the slightest notice of the rest of
+my companions.
+
+"Hush, hush, young Youthful," said Mr. Blinks, "no offence to the home
+coinage. In all human affairs, every thing is as good as it looks."
+
+"I could not tell them from the good--from those made by government, I
+should say"--hastily added the boy.
+
+I felt myself leaping up with vanity, and chinking against my companions
+at these words. It was plain I was fast losing the innocence of youth.
+In justice to myself, however, I am bound to say that I have, in the
+course of my subsequent experience, seen many of the lords and masters
+of the creation behave much more absurdly under the influence of
+flattery.
+
+"Well, we must put you up to the means of finding out the real turtle
+from the mock," said my master. "It's difficult to tell by the ring.
+Silver, if it's at all cracked--as lots of money is--don't ring no
+better than pewter; besides, people can't try every blessed bit o' tin
+they get in that way; some folks is offended if they do, and some ain't
+got no counter. As for the color, I defy any body to tell the
+difference. And as for the figgers on the side, wot's your dodge? Why,
+wen a piece o' money's give to you, look to the hedges, and feel 'em too
+with your finger. When they ain't quite perfect, ten to one but they're
+bad 'uns. You see, the way it's done is this--I suppose I may put the
+young 'un up to a thing or two more?" added Mr. Blinks, pausing.
+
+My master, who had during the above conversation lighted a short pipe,
+and devoted himself with considerable assiduity to a pewter pot--which
+he looked at with a technical eye, as if mentally casting it into crown
+pieces,--now nodded assent. He was not of an imaginative or philosophic
+turn, like Mr. Blinks. He saw none of the sentiment of his business, but
+pursued it on a system of matter of fact, because he profited by it.
+This difference between the producer and the middle-man may be
+continually observed elsewhere.
+
+"You see," continued Mr. Blinks, "that these here '_bobs_'"--by which he
+meant shillings--"is composed of a mixter of two metals--pewter and
+zinc. In coorse these is first prigged raw, and sold to gents in my line
+of bis'ness, who either manufacters them themselves, or sells 'em to
+gents as does. Now, if the manufacturer is only in a small way of
+bis'ness, and is of a mean natur, he merely casts his money in plaster
+of Paris moulds. But for nobby gents like our friend here (my master
+here nodded approvingly over his pipe), this sort of thing won't
+pay--too much trouble and not enough profit. All the top-sawyers in the
+manufactur is scientific men. By means of what they calls a galwanic
+battery a cast is made of that partiklar coin selected for himitation.
+From this here cast, which you see, that there die is made, and from
+that there die impressions is struck off on plates of the metal prepared
+for the purpose. Now, unfortunately, we ain't got the whole of the
+masheenery of the Government institootion _yet_ at our disposal, though
+it's our intention for to bribe the Master of the Mint (in imitation
+coin) some of these days to put us up to it all--so you see we're
+obliged to stamp the two sides of this here shilling, for instance
+(taking _me_ up again as he spoke), upon different plates of metal,
+jining of 'em together afterwards. Then comes the _milling_ round the
+hedges. This we do with a file; and it is the himperfection of that 'ere
+as is continually a preying upon our minds. Any one who's up to the
+bis'ness can tell whether the article's geniwine or not, by a looking at
+the hedge; for it can't be expected that a file will cut as reg'lar as a
+masheen. This is reely the great drawback upon our purfession."
+
+Here Mr. Blinks, overcome by the complicated character of his subject,
+subsided into a fit of abstraction, during which he took a copious pull
+at my master's porter.
+
+Whether suggested by the onslaught upon his beer, or by a general sense
+of impending business, my master now began to show symptoms of
+impatience. Knocking the ashes out of his pipe, he asked "how many bob
+his friend wanted?"
+
+The arrangement was soon concluded. Mr. Blinks filled a bag which he
+carried with the manufacture of my master, and paid over twenty of the
+shillings to his _protege_. Of this twenty, _I_ was one. As I passed
+into the youth's hand I could feel it tremble, as I own mine would have
+done had I been possessed of that appendage.
+
+My new master then quitted the house in company with Mr. Blinks, whom he
+left at the corner of the street--an obscure thoroughfare in
+Westminster. His rapid steps speedily brought him to the southern bank
+of the "fair and silvery Thames," as a poet who once possessed me (only
+for half an hour) described that uncleanly river, in some verses which I
+met in the pocket of his pantaloons. Diving into a narrow street,
+obviously, from the steepness of its descent, built upon arches, he
+knocked at a house of all the unpromising rest the least promising in
+aspect. A wretched hag opened the door, past whom the youth glided, in
+an absent and agitated manner; and, having ascended several flights of a
+narrow and precipitate staircase, opened the door of an apartment on the
+top story.
+
+The room was low, and ill-ventilated. A fire burnt in the grate, and a
+small candle flickered on the table. Beside the grate, sat an old man
+sleeping on a chair; beside the table, and bending over the flickering
+light, sat a young girl engaged in sewing. My master was welcomed, for
+he had been absent, it seemed, for two months. During that time he had,
+he said, earned some money; and he had come to share it with his father
+and sister.
+
+I led a quiet life with my companions, in my master's pocket, for more
+than a week. At the end of that time, the stock of good money was nearly
+exhausted, although it had on more than one occasion been judiciously
+mixed with a neighbor or two of mine. Want, however, did not leave us
+long at rest. Under pretence of going away again to get "work," my
+master--leaving several of my friends to take their chance, in
+administering to the necessities of his father and sister--went away. I
+remained to be "smashed" (passed) by my master.
+
+"Where are you going so fast, that you don't recognize old friends" were
+the words addressed to the youth by a passer-by, as he was crossing, at
+a violent pace, the nearest bridge, in the direction of the Middlesex
+bank.
+
+The speaker was a young gentleman, aged about twenty, not ill-looking,
+but with features exhibiting that peculiar expression of cunning, which
+is popularly described as "knowing." He was arrayed in what the police
+reports in the newspapers call "the height of fashion,"--that is to say,
+he had travestied the style of the most daring dandies of last year. He
+wore no gloves; but the bloated rubicundity of his hands was relieved by
+a profusion of rings, which--even without the cigar in his mouth--were
+quite sufficient to establish his claims to gentility.
+
+Edward, my master, returned the civilities of the stranger, and, turning
+back with him, they agreed to "go somewhere."
+
+"Have a weed," said Mr. Bethnal, producing a well-filled cigar-case.
+There was no resisting. Edward took one.
+
+"Where shall we go?" he said.
+
+"I'll tell you what we'll do," said Mr. Bethnal, who looked as if
+experiencing a novel sensation--he evidently had an idea. "I tell you
+what--we'll go and blow a cloud with Joe, the pigeon-fancier. He lives
+only a short distance off, not far from the abbey; I want to see him on
+business, so we shall kill two birds. He's one of us, you know."
+
+I now learned that Mr. Bethnal was a new acquaintance, picked up under
+circumstances (as a member of Parliament, to whom I once belonged, used
+to say in the House) to which it is unnecessary further to allude.
+
+"I was glad to hear of your luck, by-the-by," said the gentleman in
+question, not noticing his companion's wish to avoid the subject. "I
+heard of it from Old Blinks. Smashing's the thing, if one's a
+presentable cove. You'd do deuced well in it. You've only to get nobby
+togs and you'll do."
+
+Mr. Joe, it appeared, in addition to his ornithological occupations,
+kept a small shop for the sale of coals and potatoes; he was also, in a
+very small way, a timber merchant; for several bundles of firewood were
+piled in pyramids in his shed.
+
+Mr. Bethnal's business with him was soon dispatched; although not until
+after the latter had been assured by his friend, that Edward was "of the
+right sort," with the qualification that he was "rather green at
+present;" and he was taken into Mr. Joe's confidence, and also into Mr.
+Joe's up-stairs sanctum.
+
+In answer to a request from Mr. Bethnal, in a jargon to me then
+unintelligible, Mr. Joe produced from some mysterious depository at the
+top of the house, a heavy canvas bag, which he emptied on the table,
+discovering a heap of shillings and half-crowns, which, by a sympathetic
+instinct, I immediately detected to be of my own species.
+
+"What do you think of these?" said Mr. Bethnal to his young friend.
+
+Edward expressed some astonishment that Mr. Joe should be in the line.
+
+"Why, bless your eyes," said that gentleman, "you don't suppose I gets
+my livelihood out of the shed down stairs, nor the pigeons neither. You
+see, these things are only dodges. If I lived here like a
+gentleman--that is to say, without a occupation--the p'lese would soon
+be down upon me. They'd be obleeged to take notice on me. As it is, I
+comes the respectable tradesman, who's above suspicion--and the pigeons
+helps on the business wonderful."
+
+"How is that?"
+
+"Why, I keeps my materials--the pewter, and all that--on the roof, in
+order to be out o' the way, in case of a surprise. If I was often seed
+upon the roof, a-looking after such-like matters, inquisitive eyes would
+be on the look out. The pigeons is a capital blind. I'm believed to be
+devoted to my pigeons, out o' which I takes care it should be thought I
+makes a little fortun--and that makes a man respected. As for the pigeon
+and coal and 'tatur business, them's dodges. Gives a opportoonity of
+bringing in queer-looking sackfuls o' things, which otherwise would
+compel the _'spots'_--as we calls the p'lese--to come down on us."
+
+"Compel them!--but surely they come down whenever they've a suspicion?"
+
+"You needn't a' told me he was green," said Mr. Joe to his elder
+acquaintance, as he glanced at the youth with an air of pity. "In the
+first place, we takes care to keep the vork-shop almost impregnable; so
+that, if they attempts a surprise, we has lots o' time to get the things
+out o' the way. In the next, if it comes to the scratch--which is a
+matter of almost life and death to us--we stands no nonsense."
+
+Mr. Joe pointed to an iron crowbar, which stood in the chimney-corner.
+
+"I ses nothing to criminate friends, you know," he added significantly
+to Mr. Bethnal, "but _you_ remember wot Sergeant Higsley got?"
+
+Mr. Bethnal nodded assent, and Mr. Joe volunteered for the benefit and
+instruction of Edward an account of the demise and funeral of the late
+Mr. Sergeant Higsley. That official having been promoted, was ambitious
+of being designated, in the newspapers, "active and intelligent," and
+gave information against a gang of coiners; "Wot wos the consequence?"
+continued the narrator. "Somehow or another, that p'leseman was never
+more heered on. One fine night he went on his beat; he didn't show at
+the next muster; and it was s'posed he'd bolted. Every inquiry was made,
+and the 'mysterious disappearance of a p'leseman,' got into the
+noospapers. Howsomnever, _he_ never got any wheres."
+
+"And what became of him?"
+
+Mr. Joe then proceeded to take a long puff at his pipe, and winking at
+his initiated friend, proceeded to narrate how that the injured gang
+dealt in eggs.
+
+"What has that to do with it?"
+
+"Why you see eggs is not always eggs." Mr. Pouter then went on to state
+that one night a long deal chest left the premises of the coiners,
+marked outside, 'eggs,' for exportation. "They were duly shipped, a
+member of the firm being on board. The passage was rough, the box was on
+deck, and somehow or other, somebody tumbled it overboard."
+
+"But what has this to do with the missing policeman?"
+
+"The chest was six feet long, and----,"
+
+Here Mr. Bethnal became uneasy.
+
+"Vell," said the host, "the firm's broke up, and is past peaching up,
+only it shows you, my green 'un, what we _can_ do."
+
+I was shaken in my master's pocket by the violence of the dread which
+Mr. Joe's story had occasioned him.
+
+Mr. Bethnal, with the philosophy which was habitual to him, puffed away
+at his pipe.
+
+"The fact o' the matter is," said Mr. Joe, who was growing garrulous on
+an obviously pet subject, "that we aint afeerd o' the p'lese in this
+neighborhood, not a hap'orth; _we_ know how to manage them." He then
+related an anecdote of another policeman, who had been formerly in his
+own line of business. This gentleman being, as he observed, "fly" to all
+the secret signs of the craft, obtained an interview with a friend of
+his for the purpose of purchasing a hundred shillings. A package was
+produced and exchanged for their proper price in currency, but on the
+policeman taking his prize to the station house to lay the information,
+he discovered that he had been outwitted. The rouleau contained a
+hundred good farthings, for each of which he had paid two pence
+half-penny.
+
+"Then, what is the bad money generally worth?" asked Edward,
+interrupting the speaker.
+
+"As a general rule," was the answer, "our sort is worth about one-fifth
+part o' the wallie it represents. So, a sovereign--(though we aint got
+much to do with gold here--that's made for the most part in
+Brummagem)--a 'Brum' sovereign may be bought for about four-and-six; a
+bad crown piece for a good bob; a half-crown for about fippence; a bob
+for two pence half-penny, and so on. As for the sixpennys and
+fourpennys, we don't make many on 'em, their wallie bein' too
+insignificant." Mr. Joe then proceeded with some further remarks for the
+benefit of his protege:----
+
+"You see you need have no fear o' passing this here money if you're a
+respectable-looking cove. If a gentleman is discovered at any think o'
+the kind, it's always laid to a mistake; the shopman knocks under, and
+the gentleman gives a good piece o' money with a grin. And that's how it
+is that so much o' our mannyfactur gets smashed all over the country."
+
+The visitors having been somewhat bored, apparently, during the latter
+portion of their host's remarks, soon after took their departure. The
+rum-and-water which Mr. Joe's liberality had supplied, effectually
+removed Edward's scruples; and on his way back he expressed himself in
+high terms in favor of "smashing," considered as a profession.
+
+"O' course," was the reply of his experienced companion. "It aint once
+in a thousand times that a fellow's nailed. You shall make your first
+trial to-night. You've the needful in your pocket, hav'n't you? Come,
+here's a shop--I want a cigar."
+
+Edward appeared to hesitate; but Mr. Joe's rum-and-water asserted
+itself, and into the shop they both marched.
+
+Mr. Bethnal, with an air of most imposing nonchalance, took up a cigar
+from one of the covered cases on the counter, put it in his mouth, and
+helped himself to a light. Edward, not so composedly, followed his
+example.
+
+"How much."
+
+"Sixpence."
+
+The next instant the youth had drawn me from his pocket, received
+sixpence in change, and walked out of the shop, leaving me under the
+guardianship of a new master.
+
+I did not remain long with the tobacconist: he passed me next day to a
+gentleman, who was as innocent as himself as to my real character. It
+happened that I slipped into a corner of this gentleman's pocket, and
+remained there for several weeks--he, apparently, unaware of my
+existence. At length he discovered me, and one day I found myself, in
+company with a _good_ half-crown, exchanged for a pair of gloves, at a
+respectable-looking shop. After the purchaser had left, the assistant
+looked at me suspiciously, and was going to call back my late owner, but
+it was too late. Taking me then to his master, he asked if I was not
+bad.
+
+"It don't look very good," was the answer. "Give it to me, and take care
+to be more careful for the future."
+
+I was slipped into the waistcoat pocket of the proprietor, who
+immediately seemed to forget all about the occurrence.
+
+That same night, immediately on the shop being closed, the shopkeeper
+walked out, having changed his elegant costume for garments of a coarser
+and less conspicuous description, and hailing a cab, requested to be
+driven to the same street in Westminster in which I first saw the light.
+To my astonishment, he entered the shop of my first master: how well I
+remembered the place, and the coarse countenance of its proprietor!
+Ascending to the top of the house, we entered the room, to which the
+reader has been already introduced,--the scene of so much secret toil.
+
+A long conversation, in a very low tone, now took place between the
+pair, from which I gleaned some interesting particulars. I discovered
+that the respectable gentleman who now possessed me was the coiner's
+partner,--his being the "issue" department, which his trade
+transactions, and unimpeachable character, enabled him to undertake very
+effectively.
+
+"Let your next batch be made as perfectly as possible,"--I heard him say
+to his partner. "The last seems to have gone very well: I have heard of
+only a few detections, and one of those was at my own shop to-day. One
+of my fellows made the discovery, but not until after the purchaser left
+the shop."
+
+"That, you see, will 'appen now and then," was the answer; "but think o'
+the number on 'em as is about, and how sharp some people is
+getting--thanks to them noospapers, as is always a interfering with wot
+don't concern 'em. There's now so much of our metal about, that it's
+almost impossible to get change for a suff'rin nowhere without getting
+some on it. Every body's a-taking of it every day; and as for them
+that's detected, they're made only by the common chaps as aint got our
+masheenery,"--and he glanced proudly at his well-mounted galvanic
+battery. "All I wish is, that we could find some dodge for milling the
+edges better--it takes as much time now as all the rest of the work put
+together. Howsomever, I've sold no end on 'em in Whitechapel and other
+places, since I saw you. And as for this here neighborhood, there's
+scarcely a shop where they don't deal in the article more or less."
+
+"Well," said Mr. Niggle's (which, I learned from his emblazoned
+door-posts was the name of my respectable master), "be as careful about
+these as you can. I am afraid it's through some of our money that that
+young girl has been found out."
+
+"Wot, the young 'ooman as has been remanded so often at the p'lese
+court?"
+
+"The same. I shall know all about it to-morrow. She is to be tried at
+the Old Bailey, and I am on the jury, as it happens."
+
+Mr. Niggles then departed to his suburban villa, and passed the
+remainder of the evening as became so respectable a man.
+
+The next morning he was early at business; and, in his capacity of
+citizen, did not neglect his duties in the court, where he arrived
+exactly two minutes before any of the other jurymen.
+
+When the prisoner was placed in the dock, I saw at once that she was the
+sister of my first possessor. She had attempted to pass two bad
+shillings at a grocer's shop. She had denied all knowledge that the
+money was bad, but was notwithstanding arrested, examined, and was
+committed for trial. Here, at the Old Bailey, the case was soon
+dispatched. The evidence was given in breathless haste; the judge summed
+up in about six words, and the jury found the girl guilty. Her sentence
+was, however, a very short imprisonment.
+
+It was my fortune to pass subsequently into the possession of many
+persons, from whom I learnt some particulars of the afterlife of this
+family. The father survived his daughter's conviction only a few days.
+The son was detained in custody; and as soon as his identity became
+established, charges were brought against him which led to his being
+transported. As for his sister--I was once, for a few hours, in a family
+where there was a governess of her name. I had no opportunity of knowing
+more; but--as her own nature would probably save her from the influences
+to which she must have been subjected in jail--it is but just to
+suppose, that some person might have been found to brave the opinion of
+society, and to yield to one so gentle, what the law calls "the benefit
+of a doubt."
+
+The changes which I underwent in the course of a few months were many
+and various--now rattling carelessly in a cash-box; now loose in the
+pocket of some careless young fellow, who passed me at a theatre; then,
+perhaps, tied up carefully in the corner of a handkerchief, having
+become the sole stock-in-hand of some timid young girl. Once I was given
+by a father as a "tip" or present to his little boy; when, I need
+scarcely add, I found myself ignominiously spent in hard-bake ten
+minutes afterwards. On another occasion, I was (in company with a
+sixpence) handed to a poor woman, in payment for the making of a dozen
+shirts. In this case I was so fortunate as to sustain an entire family,
+who were on the verge of starvation. Soon afterwards, I formed one of
+seven, the sole stock of a poor artist, who contrived to live upon my
+six companions for many days. He had reserved me until the last--I
+believe because I was the brightest and best-looking of the whole; and
+when he was at last induced to change me, for some coarse description of
+food, to his and my own horror, I was discovered!
+
+The poor fellow was driven from the shop; but the tradesman, I am bound
+to say, did not treat me with the indignity that I expected. On the
+contrary, he thought my appearance so deceitful, that he did not scruple
+to pass me next day, as part of change for a sovereign.
+
+Soon after this, somebody dropped me on the pavement, where, however, I
+remained but a short time. I was picked up by a child, who ran
+instinctively into a shop for the purpose of making an investment in
+figs. But, coins of my class had been plentiful in that neighborhood,
+and the grocer was a sagacious man. The result was, that the child went
+figless away, and that I--my edges curl as I record the humiliating
+fact--was nailed to the counter as an example to others. Here my career
+ended, and my biography closes.
+
+
+
+
+A SUPPLY OF COCKED HATS.
+
+
+In new work entitled _A Voyage to the Mauritius and Back_, just
+published in London, we find the following capital story, from which it
+is apparent that the Chatham-street auction system, even if indigenous,
+is not peculiar to New-York. The subject of the joke was an Indian
+officer at the Cape, on leave of absence, and an inmate of the
+boarding-house where the writer was living.
+
+"The most singular character which Cape Town presented was a Major
+Holder, of the Bombay Army. In dress he was entirely unique. He wore
+invariably a short red shell jacket, thrown open, with a white
+waistcoat, and short but large white trousers, cotton stockings, and
+shoes; on his head a cocked-hat, with an upright red and white feather,
+the whole surmounted by a green silk umbrella, held painfully aloft to
+clear the feather: to this may be added a shirt-collar which acted
+almost as a pair of blinders on either side. In person he was ample, but
+somewhat shapeless; and he had a vast oblong face, which neither laughed
+nor showed any sign of animation whatever. The history of the Major's
+cocked-hat was as follows. Strolling into an auction at Bombay, he was
+rather taken with the reasonable price of a cocked-hat, which the
+flippant auctioneer was recommending with all his ingenuity. 'Going for
+six rupees--must be sold to pay the creditors. No advance upon six?
+Shall we say siccas?' In an evil hour the Major bid for the hat, left
+his address, and returned to his quarters, the happy possessor of a
+'bargain.' Seated at breakfast the next morning, a procession is
+observed approaching the house; four men carrying a large packing-case
+slung to a pole, and headed by a half-caste, with a small paper in his
+hand.
+
+"'Major Holder, sar, brought you the cocked-hats, sir; all sound and
+good, sar; wish live long to wear out, sar. Here leel' bill, which feel
+obleege you pay, sar.' Whereupon he puts into the hands of the astounded
+commander a document, headed 'Major Thomas Holder, of H.E.I.C.'s ----
+Regt., Dr. to estate of ---- and Co., bankrupts, for seventy-two
+cocked-hats, purchased at auction,' &c., &c., &c.
+
+"It was in vain that the Major remonstrated after he understood the
+predicament in which he was placed; in vain he appealed to the
+auctioneer--to the company present; it was too good a joke, and they
+would have given it against him under almost any circumstances.
+
+"Major Holder was a rigid economist; he had almost a mind which admitted
+but one idea at a time, and, indeed, not very often that. He was
+possessed of six dozen of cocked-hats, and they must be worn out. Being
+mostly in command of his own regiment, he had unlimited choice as to his
+own head-dress; so he commenced the task at once. From thenceforth all
+other hats or caps were to him matters of history. At the economical
+rate of two hats a year, he might safely calculate upon being much
+advanced in life before the case was exhausted. True, there were
+drawbacks: he was much consulted about auctions by his friends; many
+inquiries made of him on that point; bills of auction, and especially
+any thing relating to cocked-hats, forwarded to him by the kind
+attention of acquaintance; and a question very currently put to him by
+the ensigns was 'Tom, how are you off for hats?'
+
+"The interest taken in the Major's hats was far from dying, even after
+the lapse of years: the less likely to do so, indeed, from the
+circumstance of their forming epochs in history; as, 'Such a one got
+leave in Tom's fourth hat;' or, 'I hope to be off before Tom changes his
+hat;' or, 'I'll make you a bet that Jack's married before another hat's
+gone.' When this individual arrived at the Cape he was understood to be
+in his fifteenth hat: but there occurred some confusion in the Major's
+chronology; for it was understood that, owing to the practical jokes
+played there, no less than three hats were expended during the short
+month of his stay. To correct this, he adopted the plan of sitting upon
+his hat at dinner; but as he wore no tails to his jacket, and left the
+feather protruding behind, it had to a stranger the appearance of being
+a natural appendage to his person."
+
+
+
+
+BUYING DONKEYS AT SMITHFIELD.
+
+
+One of the brothers Mayhew is publishing in London, (and the Harpers are
+reprinting it in New-York) a serial work under the title of _London
+Labor and London Poor_, similar in design to the sketches of trades and
+occupations a year or two ago printed in the _Tribune_. It is in as
+lively a vein as may be, but such an anatomy is unavoidably sometimes
+repulsive. The authors perhaps endanger the designed effect of their
+performance by attempting to invest it with the attractions of
+quaintness and humor. We quote from the second part the following
+description of coster-mongers in the Smithfield market:
+
+"The donkeys standing for sale are ranged in a long line on both sides
+of the race course, their white velvety noses resting on the wooden rail
+they are tied to. Many of them wear their blinkers and head-harness, and
+others are ornamented with ribands fastened in their halters. The
+lookers-on lean against this railing, and chat with the boys at the
+donkeys' heads, or with the men who stand behind them, and keep
+continually hitting and shouting at the poor still beasts, to make them
+prance. Sometimes a party of two or three will be seen closely examining
+one of these 'Jerusalem ponies,' passing their hands down his legs or
+quietly looking on, while the proprietor's ash stick descends on the
+patient brute's back, making a dull hollow sound. As you walk in front
+of a long line of donkeys, the lads seize the animals by their nostrils
+and show their large teeth, asking if you 'want a hass, sir,' and all
+warranting the creature to be 'five years old next buff-day.' Dealers
+are quarrelling among themselves, down-crying each other's goods. 'A
+hearty man,' shouted one proprietor, pointing to his rival's stock,
+'could eat three sich donkeys as yourn at a meal!' One fellow, standing
+behind his steed, shouts as he strikes, 'Here's the real Britannia
+metal;' whilst another asks, 'Who's for the pride of the market?' and
+then proceeds to flip 'the pride' with the whip till she clears away the
+mob with her kickings. Here, standing by its mother, will be a shaggy
+little colt, with a group of ragged boys fondling it and lifting it in
+their arms from the ground.
+
+"During all this the shouts of the drivers and runners fill the air, as
+they rush past each other on the race course. Now a tall fellow,
+dragging a donkey after him, runs by, crying, as he charges in amongst
+the mob, 'Hulloa! hulloa! Hi! hi!' his mate, with his long coat-tails
+flying in the wind, hurrying after him and roaring, between his blows,
+'Keem up!'"
+
+
+
+
+From the Leader.
+
+TO LAYARD, DISCOVERER OF BABYLON AND NINEVEH.
+
+
+    No harps, no choral voices, may enforce,
+    The words I utter. Thebes and Elis heard
+    Those harps, those voices, whence high men rose higher;
+    And nations crowned the singer who crowned _them_.
+    His days are over. Better men than his
+    Live among _us_: and must they live unsung
+    Because deaf ears flap round them? or because
+    Gold lies along the shallows of the world,
+    And vile hands gather it? My song shall rise,
+    Although none heed or hear it: rise it shall,
+    And swell along the wastes of Nineveh
+    And Babylon, until it reach to thee,
+    Layard! who raisest cities from the dust,
+    Who driest Lethe up amid her shades,
+    And pourest a fresh stream on arid sands,
+    And rescuest thrones and nations, fanes and gods,
+    From conquering Time: he sees thee, and turns back.
+      The weak and slow Power pushes past the wise,
+    And lifts them up in triumph to her ear:
+    They, to keep firm the seat, sit with flat palms
+    Upon the cushion, nor look once beyond
+    To cheer thee on thy road. In vain are won
+    The spoils; another carries them away;
+    The stranger seeks them in another land,
+    Torn piecemeal from thee. But no stealthy step
+    Can intercept thy glory.
+                          Cyrus raised
+    His head on ruins: he of Macedon
+    Crumbled them, with their dreamer, into dust:
+    God gave thee power above them, far above;
+    Power to raise up those whom they overthrew,
+    Power to show mortals that the kings they serve
+    Swallow each other, like the shapeless forms,
+    And unsubstantial, which pursue pursued
+    In every drop of water, and devour
+    Devoured, perpetual round the crystal globe.[S]
+
+                              WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[S] Seen through a solar microscope.
+
+
+
+
+From Household Words.
+
+PHYSIOLOGY OF INTEMPERANCE.
+
+
+"One glass more," exclaimed mine host of the Garter. "A bumper at
+parting! No true knight ever went away without 'the stirrup-cup.'"
+
+"Good," cried a merry-faced guest; "but the Age of Chivalry is gone, and
+that of water-drinkers and teetotallers has succeeded. Temperance
+societies have been imported from America, and grog nearly thrown
+overboard by the British Navy."
+
+"Very properly so," observed a Clergyman who sat at the table. "The
+accidents which occur from drunkenness on board ship may be so
+disastrous on the high seas, and the punishment necessary to suppress
+this vice is so revolting, that the most experienced naval officers have
+recommended the allowance of grog, served both to officers and men in
+our Navy, to be reduced one-half. In America, as well as in our own
+Merchant Service, vessels sail out of harbor on the Temperance
+principle; not a particle of spirits is allowed on board; and the men
+throughout the voyage are reported to continue healthy and able-bodied.
+Tea is an excellent substitute; many of our old seamen prefer it to
+grog."
+
+"That may be," exclaimed the merry-faced guest. "Horses have been
+brought to eat oysters; and on the Coromandel coast, Bishop Heber says,
+they get fat when fed on fish. Sheep have been trained up, during a
+voyage, to eat animal food, and refused, when put ashore, to crop the
+dewy greensward. When honest Jack renounces his grog, and, after reefing
+topsails in a gale of wind, goes below deck to swill down a domestic
+dish of tea, after the fashion of Dr. Samuel Johnson at Mrs. Thrale's, I
+greatly fear the character of our British seamen will degenerate. In the
+glorious days of Lord Nelson, the observation almost passed into a
+proverb, that the man who loved his grog always made the best sailor.
+Besides, in rough and stormy weather, when men have perhaps been
+splicing the mainbrace, and exposed to the midnight cold and damp, the
+stimulus of grog is surely necessary to support, if not restore, the
+vital energy?"
+
+"Not in the least," rejoined the clergyman. "Severe labor, even at sea,
+is better sustained without alcoholic liquors; and the depressing
+effects of exposure to cold and wet weather best counteracted by a hot
+mess of cocoa or coffee served with biscuit or the usual allowance of
+meat. In fact, I have lately read, with considerable satisfaction, a
+prize essay by an accomplished physician, in which he proves that
+alcohol acts as a poison on the nervous system, and that we can dispense
+entirely with the use of stimulants."
+
+"Not exactly so," observed a physician, who was of the party. "Life
+itself exists only by stimulation; the air we breathe, the food we eat,
+the desires and emotions which excite the mind to activity, are all so
+many forms of physical and mental stimuli. If the atmosphere were
+deprived of its oxygen, the blood would cease to acquire those
+stimulating properties which excite the action of the heart, and sustain
+the circulation; and if the daily food of men were deprived of certain
+necessary stimulating adjuncts, the digestive organs would no longer
+recruit the strength, and the wear and tear of the body. Nay, strange as
+it may appear, that common article in domestic cookery, salt, is a
+natural and universal stimulant to the digestive organs of all
+warm-blooded animals. This is strikingly exemplified by the fact, that
+animals, in their wild state, will traverse, instinctively, immense
+tracts of country in pursuit of it; for example, to the salt-pans of
+Africa and America; and it is a curious circumstance that one of the ill
+effects produced by withholding this stimulant from the human body is
+the generation of worms. The ancient laws of Holland condemned men, as a
+severe punishment, to be fed on bread unmixed with salt; and the effect
+was horrible; for these wretched criminals are reported to have been
+devoured by worms, engendered in their own stomach. Now, I look upon
+alcohol to be, under certain circumstances, as healthful and proper a
+stimulant to the digestive organs as salt, when taken in moderation,
+whether in the form of malt liquor, wine, or spirits and water. When
+taken to excess, it may act upon the nervous system as a poison; but the
+most harmless solids or fluids may, by being taken to excess, be
+rendered poisonous. Indeed, it has been truly observed, that 'medicines
+differ from poisons, only in their doses.' Alcoholic stimulants,
+artificially and excessively imbibed, are, doubtless, deleterious."
+
+"The subject," observed the host, filling his glass, and passing the
+bottle, "is a curious one. The port before us, at all events, is not
+poison, and I confess, that so ignorant am I of these matters, that I
+would like to know something about this alcohol which is so much spoken
+of."
+
+"The explanation is not difficult," answered the Doctor. "Alcohol is
+simply derived by fermentation, or distillation, from substances or
+fluids containing sugar; in other words, the matter of sugar, when
+subjected to a certain temperature, undergoes a change, and the elements
+of which the sugar was previously composed enter into a new combination,
+which constitutes the fluid named Alcohol, or Spirits of Wine. Raymand
+Lully, the alchemist, (thirteenth century,) is said to have given it the
+name of Alcohol; but the art of obtaining it was, in that age of
+darkness and superstition, kept a profound mystery. When it became more
+known, physicians prescribed it only as a medicine, and imagined that it
+had the important property of prolonging life, upon which account they
+designated it 'Aqua Vitae,' or the 'Water of life,' and the French, to
+this day, call their Cognac _'Eau de Vie_.'"
+
+"It is a remarkable circumstance," observed the Clergyman, filling his
+glass, "that there is hardly any nation, however rude and destitute of
+invention, that has not succeeded in discovering some composition of an
+intoxicating nature; and it would appear, that nearly all the herbs, and
+roots, and fruits on the face of the earth have been, in some way or
+other, sacrificed on the shrine of Bacchus. All the different grains
+destined for the support of man; corn of every description; esculent
+roots, potatoes, carrots, turnips; grass itself, as in Kamtschatka;
+apples, pears, cherries, and even the delicious juice of the peach, have
+been pressed into this service; nay, so inexhaustible appear to be the
+resources of art, that a vinous spirit has been obtained by distillation
+from milk itself."
+
+"Milk!" cried the merry-faced guest. "Can alcohol be obtained from
+mother's milk?"
+
+"Very probably," continued the Clergyman. "The Tartars and Calmucks
+obtain a vinous spirit from the distillation of mares' and cows' milk;
+and, as far as I can recollect, the process consists in allowing the
+milk first to remain in untanned skins, sewed together, until it sours
+and thickens. This they agitate until a thick cream appears on the
+surface, which they give to their guests, and then, from the skimmed
+milk that remains, they draw off the spirits."
+
+"Exactly so," observed the Doctor, "but it is worthy of notice, that a
+Russian chemist discovered that if this milk were deprived of its butter
+and cheese, the whey, although it contains the whole of the sugar of
+milk, will not undergo vinous fermentation."
+
+"These facts," observed the host, "are interesting, but they are more
+curious than useful. The alcohol, I presume, from whatever source it be
+derived, is chemically the same thing; how, then, does it happen that
+some wines, containing precisely the same quantity of alcohol,
+intoxicate more speedily than others?"
+
+"The reason," explained the Doctor, "is simply this. We must regard all
+wines, even the very wine we are drinking, not as a simple mixture, but
+as a compound holding the matter of sugar, mucilaginous, and extractive
+principles contained in the grape juice, in intimate combination with
+the alcohol. Accordingly, the more quickly the real spirit is set free
+from this combination, the more rapidly are intoxicating effects
+produced; and this is the reason why wines containing the same quantity
+of alcohol have different intoxicating powers. Thus, champagne
+intoxicates very quickly. Now this wine contains comparatively only a
+small quantity of alcohol; but this escapes from the froth, or bubbles
+of carbonic acid gas, as it reaches the surface, carrying along with it
+all the aroma which is so agreeable to the taste. The liquor in the
+glass then becomes vapid. This has been clearly proved. The froth of
+champagne has been collected under a glass bell, and condensed by
+surrounding the vessel with ice; the alcohol has then been found
+condensed within the glass. The object, therefore, of icing
+champagne--or rather, the effect produced by this operation--is to
+repress its tendency to effervesce, whereby a smaller quantity of
+alcohol is taken with each glass. Wines containing the same quantity of
+alcohol accordingly differ in their effects; nay, it is not to the
+alcohol only they contain that certain obnoxious effects are to be
+attributed, for, as Dr. Paris clearly shows, when they contain an excess
+of certain acids, a suppressed fermentation takes place in the stomach
+itself, which will cause flatulency and a great variety of unpleasant
+symptoms. In fact, a fluid load remains in the stomach, to undergo a
+slow and painful form of digestion."
+
+"But, in whatever shape you introduce it," remarked the host, "whether
+disguised as wine, or in the form of brandy, whiskey, or gin-and-water,
+it matters not--I wish to have a clear idea of the immediate effects of
+alcohol upon the living system."
+
+"Well!" said the Doctor, "it can very easily be described. When you
+swallow a glass--let us say of brandy-and-water--the stimulating liquid,
+upon entering into the stomach, excites the blood-vessels and nerves of
+its internal lining coat, which causes an increased flow of blood and
+nervous energy to this part. The consequence is, that the internal
+membrane of the stomach becomes highly reddened and injected, just as if
+inflammation had already been produced by the presence of the stimulant.
+Thus far you probably follow me:--but this is not all--the vessels thus
+excited have an absorbing power; they suck up (as it were) and carry
+directly into the stream of the circulation a portion (at all events) of
+the alcohol which thus irritates them. The result is, that alcohol is
+thus mixed with the blood and brought into immediate contact with the
+minute structure of all the different organs of the body."
+
+"But how," asked the merry-faced guest, "can this be known? Who ever saw
+into the stomach of a living man?"
+
+"Strange as it may appear to you, that has been done, and all the
+circumstances connected with the digestion of solids and fluids in the
+stomach have been very accurately observed. It happened, in the year
+1822, that a young Canadian, named Alexis St. Martin, was accidentally
+wounded by the discharge of a musket, which carried away a portion of
+his ribs, perforating and exposing the interior of the stomach. After
+the poor fellow had undergone much suffering, all the injured parts
+became sound, excepting the perforation into the stomach, which remained
+some two and a half inches in circumference; and upon this unfortunate
+individual his physician, Dr. Beaumont, when he was sufficiently well,
+made a series of very careful observations, which have determined a
+great variety of important points connected with the physiology of
+digestion. Fluids introduced into the stomach rapidly disappeared, being
+taken up by these vessels and carried into the system. We cannot,
+therefore, be surprised to hear that so subtile and penetrating a fluid
+as alcohol should very speedily find its way into all the tissues of the
+body. Its presence may be smelt in the breath of persons addicted to
+spirituous liquors, as well as in their secretions generally."
+
+"But to what do you attribute the noxious effects of alcohol, allowing
+it to be thus carried by direct absorption into the circulation?" asked
+the host.
+
+"To the excess of carbon," answered the Doctor, "which is thus
+introduced into the system; and explains why the liver, in hard
+drinkers, is generally found diseased."
+
+"How so?" inquired the host. "I have heard of the 'gin liver.'"
+
+"It is well known that a long residence in India," interposed the
+Clergyman, "will give rise to enlargement and induration of this organ."
+
+"And for the same reason," answered the Doctor, "the liver acts as a
+substitute for the lungs--just as the skin acts vicariously for the
+kidneys."
+
+"Not a word of this do I understand," said the merry-faced guest.
+
+"Well, then," continued the Doctor, "I will endeavor to explain it. By a
+wonderful provision of nature, which appears to come under the law of
+compensation, when one organ, by reason of decay, is unable to perform
+its functions, another undertakes its functions, and, to a certain
+extent, supplies its place. You all know that blind people acquire a
+preternatural delicacy in the sense of touch, which did not escape the
+philosophical observation of Wordsworth, who speaks of
+
+              "A watchful heart,
+    Still couchant--an inevitable ear;
+    And an eye practised like the blind man's touch."
+
+"Now, it is the office of the vessels of the skin to throw off by
+perspiration the watery parts of the blood; the kidneys do the same; and
+under a great variety of circumstances which must be familiar to all,
+these organs frequently act vicariously for one another. The office of
+the liver, and the lungs also, is in like manner to throw off carbon
+from the system, and when during a residence in a tropical climate the
+lungs are unable, from the state of the atmosphere, to perform their
+functions, the liver acting vicariously for this organ is stimulated to
+undue activity, and becomes consequently diseased. Applying these
+remarks to the spirit drinker, it is obvious that the excess of carbon
+introduced into the system by alcohol is thrown upon the liver, and by
+stimulating it to undue activity produces a state of inflammation."
+
+"This I understand," observed the Clergyman, "but how does it act upon
+the brain? Does the alcohol itself actually become absorbed, and enter
+into the substance of the brain?"
+
+"The effect of an excess of carbon, in the blood-vessels of the brain,
+is to produce sleep and stupor; hence the drunkard breathes thick, and
+snores spasmodically, and after this state, ends in confirmed apoplexy
+and death--just as dogs become insensible when held over the Grotto del
+Cane, in Italy, where they inhale this deleterious gas. But in addition
+to this it has been clearly proved, that alcohol does enter into the
+substance of the brain, for it has been detected by the smell, upon
+examining the brain of persons who have died drunk; besides which,
+alcohol, after having been introduced by way of experiment, into the
+body of a living dog, has afterwards been procured absolutely as alcohol
+by distillation from the substance of the brain. It is so subtile a
+fluid that Liebig says it permeates every tissue of the body."
+
+"But how do you explain the circumstance that death sometimes happens
+suddenly after drinking spirits," asked the host, "before there can be
+time for absorption to take place?"
+
+"I remember, not many years ago," interrupted the merry-faced guest, "a
+water-man, in attendance at the cab-stand at the top of the Haymarket,
+for a bribe of five shillings, tossed off a bottle of gin, upon which he
+dropped down insensible, and soon died."
+
+"This may clearly be accounted for," observed the Doctor. "The stomach,
+as I premised, is plentifully supplied with nerves, and is connected
+with one of the great nervous centres in the body, so that a sudden
+impression produced upon these nerves, by the introduction of a quantity
+of such stimulus, gives a shock to the whole nervous system, which
+completely overpowers it. From the centre to the circumference it acts
+like a stroke of lightning, and the death is often instantaneous. A
+draught of iced water taken when the system has been overheated by
+exertion, by dancing or otherwise, has been known to be immediately
+fatal. The physiological action--or rather the 'shock' upon the nervous
+system, is in both cases the same--violent mental emotion will in like
+manner suspend the action of the heart and produce instant death. These
+are the terrors of alcohol, when drank to excess; but the health of the
+habitual tippler is sure to be undermined; his hands become tremulous,
+he is unsteady in his gait, his complexion becomes sallow, and all his
+mental faculties gradually impaired."
+
+"To what, may I ask," inquired the merry-faced guest, "do you attribute
+the circumstance of the trembling hand recovering its steadiness, after
+taking a glass of spirits in the morning after a debauch; 'hair of the
+dog,' as it is called, 'that bit overnight?'"
+
+"Action and reaction is the great law of the animal economy," replied
+the Doctor; "over stimulation will always produce a corresponding degree
+of depression; when, therefore, the nervous system has been over-excited
+by alcoholic liquors, the usual amount of nervous energy which is
+necessary to give tone to the muscular system is wanting, and then a
+stimulus gives a fillip to the nervous centres, which restores the
+nervous powers to the extremities. When this state of things, however,
+has been permitted to go on, and the brain has been frequently brought
+under alcoholic influence, its structure becomes affected, and a slow
+and very insidious inflammation takes place, which terminates in a
+softening of its substance. This mischief may proceed for a considerable
+period without being suspected, but on a sudden _delirium tremens_ may
+supervene, which will terminate, perhaps, in paralysis--perhaps death!"
+
+"To what, Doctor," inquired the Clergyman, "do you attribute the mental
+pleasures of intoxication? Can this be explained upon physiological
+principles?"
+
+"Easily, I think," answered the Doctor. "All inebriating agents have a
+two-fold action--as I have already pointed out--first, on the
+circulation; and secondly, on the nervous system. There can be no doubt
+that the mind becomes endowed with increased energy when the circulation
+through the brain is moderately quickened. This has been proved by
+observation. The case has been reported of a person who having lost by
+disease a part of the skull and its investments, a corresponding portion
+of brain was open to inspection. In a state of dreamless sleep the brain
+lay motionless within the skull; but when dreams occurred, as reported
+by the patient, then the quantity of blood was observed to flow with
+increased rapidity, causing the brain to move and protrude out of the
+skull. When perfectly awake, and engaged in active thought, then the
+blood again was sent with increased force to the brain, and the
+protrusion was still greater. Under all circumstances, increased
+circulation through the brain gives rise to mental excitement, and
+sometimes to an unusual lucidity of ideas. It is observed in the early
+stages of fever, and even in the dying--and this accounts for the
+clearing up of the mind which sometimes occurs in the last moments of
+life--what is called familiarly 'the lightening before death.'"
+
+"That," observed the Clergyman, "is a very curious circumstance, which I
+firmly believe; and you account for this, if I understand your meaning,
+by explaining that the blood which no longer circulates in the
+extremities, which may have become cold, flows with increased impetus
+through the brain."
+
+"Exactly so," replied the Doctor; "and upon this very principle, the
+rapidity of ideas, and the pleasurable mental excitement attending that
+temporary state of intellectual exaltation, depends on the increased
+rapidity of the flow of blood through the brain; but when this becomes
+carried to too great an extent, and the rapidity of the current disturbs
+the healthy condition of the brain, then the manifestations of the mind
+necessarily become impaired, the ideas are no longer under the control
+of the reasoning faculty, and the bodily organs, usually under the
+dominion of the will, no longer obey its mandates. This I believe to be
+the true theory of mental intoxication."
+
+"But there are many circumstances," observed the host, "which may
+accelerate or retard this excitement."
+
+"Certainly," continued the Doctor; "persons who join the social board
+already elated with some good news, or cause of unusual happiness;
+persons who talk much, and excite themselves in argument, are apt to
+become affected more speedily than those who hold themselves in the
+midst of the convivial scene sedate and taciturn. The mind, in fact, may
+exercise a considerable power of resistance against inebriation; for
+which reason, persons in the society of their superiors, under
+circumstances which render it necessary they should maintain the
+appearance of being always well conducted, drink with impunity more than
+they otherwise could, if they did not impose upon themselves this
+consciousness of self-government. We also observe the influence of the
+mind, in controlling, and, indeed, putting an end to a fit of
+intoxication, by making, doubtless, an impression on the heart and
+causation, when a sense of danger, or a piece of good or bad news,
+suddenly communicated, sobers a person on a sudden."
+
+"I have heard," observed the merry-faced guest, "that moving
+about--changing from one seat into another--will check the effects of
+liquor; and I have known persons who have left a social party perfectly
+sober, become suddenly tipsy in the open air. How is this to be
+explained?"
+
+"Precisely on the same principle," answered the Doctor, "upon leaving an
+overheated room, on your returning homewards, you expose yourself to an
+atmosphere many degrees below that you have just left. The cold checks
+the circulation on the surface of the body; the blood is driven inwards;
+it accumulates, consequently, in the internal organs; and sometimes its
+pressure is such on the brain, as to produce on a sudden the very last
+stage of intoxication. The limbs refuse to support their burthen, and
+the person falls down in a state of profound insensibility."
+
+"I have recently," said the host, "read in the Police Reports several
+cases of this description; and imagined that some narcotic drug must
+have been mixed with the liquor drank by such persons. Adulterations of
+some sort must go on to a frightful extent in gin-palaces."
+
+"Not by any means," answered the Doctor, "to the extent you suppose. It
+is said that the spirit dealer makes his whisky or gin bead by adding a
+little turpentine to it. Well! what then? Turpentine is a very healthy
+diuretic. It is given to infants to kill worms in very large doses.
+Then, again, vitriol is spoken of; but so strong is sulphuric acid, that
+it would clearly render these spirits quite unpalatable. I do not affirm
+that the art of adulteration may not occasionally be had recourse to,
+even with criminal intentions, for such cases have been brought under
+the notice of the authorities; but I do not believe the practice is so
+general as some persons suppose. I apprehend dilution is a more general
+means of fraud."
+
+"It has often occurred to me," said the Clergyman, "that our municipal
+regulations ought, on this subject, be much improved. Our Excise
+officers enter the cellars of the wholesale and retail spirit-dealers,
+only to gauge the strength of the spirit, and to ascertain how much it
+may be overproof, which alone regulates the Government duty; but for the
+sake of the public health I would go further than this. If a butcher be
+found selling unhealthy meat; a fishmonger, bad fish; or a baker cheat
+in the weight of bread, they severally have their goods confiscated, and
+are fined; and so far the public is protected. But the authorities seem
+not to care what description of poison is sold across the counter of
+gin-palaces--an evil which may easily be remedied. I would put the
+licensed victualler on the same level with the butcher and fishmonger:
+and if he were found selling adulterated spirits, and the charge were
+proved against him by the same having been fairly analyzed, he, too,
+should be liable to be fined, or even lose his license. The public
+health is, upon this point, at present, utterly unprotected."
+
+"Some such measure," observed the host, "might be advantageously
+adopted; but I confess that I do not advocate the prohibition principle;
+instead of preaching a Crusade against the use of any particular
+article, whether of necessity or comfort, let us educate the people, and
+improve their social condition by inculcating sound moral principles;
+they will soon learn that habits of industry and temperance can alone
+insure them and their children happiness and prosperity; and in so doing
+you will teach a sound, practical permanent lesson."
+
+"But," interrupted the Clergyman, "if we continue the conversation
+longer, we shall ourselves become transgressors; the 'stirrup-cup' is
+drained; much remains doubtless to be said respecting the evils,
+physical and moral, which arise from intemperance; but let us now
+adjourn."
+
+"With all my heart!" exclaimed the host, "and now, 'to all and each, a
+fair good night.'"
+
+
+
+
+From "Rambles beyond Railways;" by W. Wilkie Collins, author of
+"Antonina."
+
+MINING UNDER THE SEA.
+
+
+In complete mining equipment, with candles stuck by lumps of clay to
+their felt hats, the travellers have painfully descended by
+perpendicular ladders and along dripping-wet rock passages, fathoms down
+into pitchy darkness; the miner who guides them calls a halt.
+
+We are now four hundred yards out under the bottom of the sea, and
+twenty fathoms or a hundred and twenty feet below the sea level.
+Coast-trade vessels are sailing over our heads. Two hundred and forty
+feet beneath us men are at work; and there are galleries deeper yet even
+below that. The extraordinary position down the face of the cliff, of
+the engines and other works on the surface at Botallack, is now
+explained. The mine is not excavated like other mines under the land,
+but under the sea.
+
+Having communicated these particulars, the miner next tells us to keep
+strict silence and listen. We obey him, sitting speechless and
+motionless. If the reader could only have beheld us now, dressed in our
+copper-colored garments, huddled close together in a mere cleft of
+subterranean rock, with flame burning on our heads and darkness
+enveloping our limbs, he must certainly have imagined, without any
+violent stretch of fancy, that he was looking down upon a conclave of
+gnomes.
+
+After listening for a few moments, a distant unearthly noise becomes
+faintly audible,--a long, low, mysterious moaning, that never changes,
+that is felt on the ear as well as heard by it; a sound that might
+proceed from some incalculable distance, from some far invisible height;
+a sound unlike any thing that is heard on the upper ground in the free
+air of heaven; a sound so sublimely mournful and still, so ghostly and
+impressive when listened to in the subterranean recesses of the earth,
+that we continue instinctively to hold our peace, as if enchanted by it,
+and think not of communicating to each other the strange awe and
+astonishment which it has inspired in us both from the very first.
+
+At last the miner speaks again, and tells us that what we hear is the
+sound of the surf lashing the rocks a hundred and twenty feet above us,
+and of the waves that are breaking on the beach beyond. The tide is now
+at the flow, and the sea is in no extraordinary state of agitation: so
+the sound is low and distant just at this period. But when storms are at
+their height, when the ocean hurls mountain after mountain of water on
+the cliffs, then the noise is terrific; the roaring heard down here in
+the mine is so inexpressibly fierce and awful that the boldest men at
+work are afraid to continue their labor; all ascend to the surface to
+breathe the upper air and stand on the firm earth; dreading, though no
+such catastrophe has ever happened yet, that the sea will break in on
+them if they remain in the caverns below.
+
+Hearing this, we get up to look at the rock above us. We are able to
+stand upright in the position we now occupy; and, flaring our candles
+hither and thither in the darkness, can see the bright pure copper
+streaking the dark ceiling of the gallery in every direction. Lumps of
+ooze, of the most lustrous green color, traversed by a natural network
+of thin red veins of iron, appear here and there in large irregular
+patches, over which water is dripping slowly and incessantly in certain
+places. This is the salt water percolating through invisible crannies in
+the rock. On stormy days it spirts out furiously in thin continuous
+streams. Just over our heads we observe a wooden plug of the thickness
+of a man's leg; there is a hole here, and the plug is all that we have
+to keep out the sea.
+
+Immense wealth of metal is contained in the roof of this gallery,
+throughout its whole length; but it remains, and will always remain,
+untouched: the miners dare not take it, for it is part, and a great
+part, of the rock which forms their only protection against the sea, and
+which has been so far worked away here that its thickness is limited to
+an average of three feet only between the water and the gallery in which
+we now stand. No one knows what might be the consequence of another
+day's labor with the pick-axe on any part of it. This information is
+rather startling when communicated at the depth of four hundred and
+twenty feet under ground. We should decidedly have preferred to receive
+it in the counting-house. It makes us pause for an instant, to the
+miner's infinite amusement, in the very act of knocking away about an
+inch of ore from the rock, as a memento of Botallack. Having, however,
+ventured, on reflection, to assume the responsibility of weakening our
+defence against the sea by the length and breadth of an inch, we secure
+our piece of copper, and next proceed to discuss the propriety of
+descending two hundred and forty feet more of ladders, for the sake of
+visiting that part of the mine where the men are at work.
+
+Two or three causes concur to make us doubt the wisdom of going lower.
+There is a hot, moist, sickly vapor, floating about as, which becomes
+more oppressive every moment; we are already perspiring at every pore,
+as we were told we should, and our hands, faces, jackets, and trousers,
+are all more or less covered with a mixture of mud, tallow, and
+iron-drippings, which we can feel and smell much more acutely than is
+exactly desirable. We ask the miner what there is to see lower down. He
+replies, nothing but men breaking ore with pickaxes: the galleries of
+the mine are alike, however deep they may go; when you have seen one,
+you have seen all.
+
+The answer decides us: we determine to get back to the surface.
+
+
+
+
+From Tait's Magazine.
+
+THE COSTUME OF THE FUTURE.
+
+
+Our business is with male attire, and it would be ungallant to
+introduce, merely in a parenthesis, the subject of ladies' dress, or we
+might pause to congratulate them and ourselves upon the very reasonable
+and natural costume which they have enjoyed for some time. The portraits
+of the present day are not disfigured by the towering head-gear, the
+long waists and hoops against which Reynolds had to contend, nor by the
+greater variety of hideous fashions, including the no-waist, the tight
+clinging skirt, the enormous bows of hair, and the balloon or
+leg-of-mutton sleeves, which at various periods interfered with the
+highest efforts of Lawrence. The present dress differs slightly from
+that of the best ages; and Vandyke or Lely, if summoned to paint the
+fair ladies of the Court of Queen Victoria, would find little they could
+wish to alter in the arrangement of their costume. But what would they
+say to the gentlemen?
+
+They would miss the rich materials, the variety of color and of make,
+and the flowing outlines to which they were accustomed, and would find,
+instead of them every body going about in a plain, uniform,
+close-fitting garb, admitting of no variety of color or make, and not
+presenting a single line or contour upon which they could look with
+pleasure. They might not be much gratified by learning the superior
+economy of modern fashions: they might say that, putting rich materials
+and delicate hues aside, it is possible to contrive a picturesque dress
+out of the most simple fabrics. Beauty and expense are by no means of
+necessity associated in dress. When Oliver Goldsmith, after spending
+more than would pay a modern gentleman's tailor's bill for a couple of
+years, upon a single coat of cherry-colored velvet, had the misfortune
+to stain it in a conspicuous place, he was obliged to go on wearing it,
+and always to hold his hat (in this instance of some use) before the
+fatal grease-spot. He could not afford to have another new coat, and yet
+this expensive and unfortunate piece of finery was every bit as ugly, if
+not more so, than the plain black or invisible-green cloth coat of this
+age. The long shoes, pointed toes, and other grotesque fashions of the
+middle ages, must all of them have been expensive; and it was by
+inefficient sumptuary laws that it was attempted to put them down. The
+draperies which we admire on an Etruscan vase were of the coarsest
+woollen: and the possession of silken stuffs in abundance has not tended
+to make the Chinese national dress better than what we know it to be.
+
+Of coats, the frock is better than the evening or dress-coat. It fulfils
+the purpose of a garment more completely, and when buttoned up is
+capable of protecting the chest. The triangular opening in front of the
+coat and waistcoat is, however, an absurdity. It leaves unprotected from
+cold and wet the very part which most requires protection. Pictorially,
+the regularly-defined patch of white seen through it is always
+offensive; but its whiteness has one merit, if it really be white. The
+exposure of part of the linen worn under the tailor's portion of the
+man's dress makes attention to its condition necessary; and perhaps has
+contributed to the greater personal cleanliness which obtains among a
+coat-wearing than among a blouse-wearing population. Cleanliness is very
+truly reputed to be next to godliness, and it may be worth while making
+some sacrifice of convenience and taste for the sake of it: it belongs
+to morals rather than to aesthetics, and should accordingly take
+precedence of any thing appertaining only to the latter.
+
+The tail or dress coat is evidently derived from the frock, or from
+something like the frock, by turning back the skirts. Remains of this
+process may be seen in the buttons which, without serving any useful
+purpose, still continue to decorate the coat-tails in many military
+uniforms, and in servants' liveries, and in those which, without being
+so remarkable, still adhere to the tails of an ordinary dress-coat. This
+arrangement may be noticed very distinctly in the well-known portraits
+of Charles XII. of Sweden, in which the white livery is seen buttoned
+back upon the blue cloth which forms the outer side of the coat skirts.
+
+The tail-coat is certainly the worst of the two, whether for utility or
+for appearance; and so thought George IV., whose opinion, however, in
+matters of taste, was not in general good for much. This king, in his
+latter days, carried his aversion to it so far as to banish it entirely
+from his back, and from his presence for a time, during which he, and
+the persons immediately about him, wore a kind of frock coat in evening
+dress. But the public did not follow the royal lead, and the
+swallow-tails still flutter behind the wearer of an evening coat.
+
+Waistcoats do not call for much reprobation, except in the matter of the
+already-mentioned white triangle, in which they err in company with the
+coats. But a good long waistcoat, buttoned up to the throat, is a very
+useful and unexceptionable piece of attire. A few years ago, people wore
+them of all kinds of color, and of all kinds of stuffs, silks, and
+velvet; now, however, black is your only wear, with perhaps an
+occasional license to assume the white waistcoat, which was once
+associated with that exceedingly frivolous and now evanescent party who
+were called 'Young England.'
+
+Trousers are so sensible and convenient a portion of attire that little
+can be said against them. It is a form of covering for the legs well
+fitted for the inhabitants of a cold and variable climate, and hardly
+differs from what may be seen on the figures of the Gauls on Trajan's
+Column, and other monuments of antiquity. In practical convenience, they
+far surpass their shorter rivals, which also require continuation by
+stockings to complete the purpose of clothing the leg. Buttons at the
+knee are a great nuisance, and probably were what chiefly contributed to
+the melancholy determination of a certain gentleman in the last century,
+who found his existence insupportable, and put an end to it with his own
+hand. Life, he said, was made up of nothing but buttoning and
+unbuttoning; and so he shot himself one morning in his dressing-gown and
+slippers, before the intolerable burden of the day commenced.
+
+Trousers are great levellers. The legs of Achilles and of Thersites
+would share the same fate in them, and both would in modern London be as
+well entitled to the epithet of "well-trousered," as the former alone
+was to that of 'well-greaved' before Troy. Probably the majority of
+mankind are but too well content with this result, as there are few who
+could emulate Mr. Cruikshanks in James Smith's song of names, who
+
+      "----stepped into ten thousand a year
+    By showing his leg to an heiress;"
+
+and the trouser is therefore likely to be a permanent article in the
+wardrobe, so that its continued existence must be taken as a datum or
+postulate in any discussion upon vestimentary reform. This, it must be
+allowed, makes any reform to a very picturesque costume out of the
+question; for not only is the loose trouser itself hostile to the fit
+display of the lower limbs, but it interferes with the use of any such
+dress as the military habit of the Romans, or the Highland kilt, or the
+short tunic with which we are familiar on the stage in costumed plays,
+where no particular accuracy as to place or time is affected. The effect
+of the combination may often be noticed in the dress of little boys, who
+may be seen wearing trousers under such a tunic, reaching to the knee or
+a little above it. The horizontal line which terminates the lower part
+of the kilt is seen in immediate contrast with, and at right angles to
+the almost perpendicular lines of the trousers, which produces a most
+disagreeable appearance; although it is well adapted, by the contrast of
+a straight line with the graceful curves of the legs, to set them off to
+advantage when uncovered.
+
+Flowing robes after the classical or eastern fashion are of course not
+to be thought of. They would be mightily out of place in railroad
+carriages, or in omnibuses, or in walking the streets on muddy days.
+Modern habits of activity and personal independence require the dress to
+be tolerably succinct and unvoluminous; but some change in the right
+direction has been lately made by the introduction of what are called
+paletots, and other coats of various transitional forms between them and
+the shooting-jacket proper. In these a good deal of the stiffness and
+angularity of the regulation frock coat is got rid of, and they admit of
+adaptation to different statures and sizes. They have much comfort and
+convenience to recommend them, and it would be a great point gained if
+they were altogether adopted, and the frock-coat, which still asserts a
+claim to be considered more correct, were quietly given up.
+
+It may be matter only of custom and association, or it may also depend
+upon some deeper considerations, but the result of much observation is,
+that with the ordinary out-of-door costume of the present day, as worn
+in cities, nothing goes so well as the black hat. There is an ugliness
+and a stiffness about it which is congruous with the ugliness and
+stiffness of every thing else. Its very height and straight sides tend
+to carry the eye upwards, in conformity with the indication of the
+principal lines in the lower part of the dress. It is like a steeple
+upon a Gothic tower, and repeats the perpendicular tendencies of what is
+below it, instead of contradicting them by the introduction of a
+horizontal element. Certainly, no kind of cap goes well with it: the
+traveller who has not unpacked his hat, and continues to wear in the
+streets what served him on the road, or the Turk, European in all but
+his red fez, cut but a sorry and mongrel figure among the shining
+beavers around them, which retain their place as necessary evils under
+the existing order of things.
+
+Once, however, escape from the town, and see how every one gets rid of
+his regular coat, and of his chimney-pot. The man of business in his
+rural retreat, the lawyer in vacation, the lounger at the sea-side, have
+all discarded them. Emancipation from the coat and hat is synonymous
+with leisure, enjoyment, and freedom from the formal trammels of public
+and civic life. The most staid and reverend personages may now be seen
+disporting themselves in divers jackets, and in that Wide-awake which a
+few years since was confined to the sportsman or his slang imitator.
+Surely this universal consent of mankind must be accepted as an omen of
+the future; and when the looser and more sensible garments now worn in
+the country, shall be established as the usual dress of the towns also,
+they will be accompanied by the soft and wide-leaved hat of felt, which
+already goes along with them wherever they are tolerated.
+
+
+
+
+From the Athenaeum.
+
+LIFE IN PERSIA, IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+Prince Alexis Soltykoff, a Russian, who published in Paris last year his
+_Travels in India_, has just given to the world from the same city a
+volume of _Novels in Persia_. In both works we find the same charm of
+simplicity in the narrative, the same truth and spirit in the drawings,
+and, we may add, what some people would call the same deficiencies--that
+is to say, the same absence of got-up learning and bookmaking art. There
+are no historical, geological, or philological treatises pressed into
+their pages, no statistical calculations, not one quotation from other
+people's books, not a single word about Darius, Sapor, or Khosroes!
+
+Prince Soltykoff has not followed the too commonly adopted recipe for
+writing a book of travels. He has not on his return home read every body
+else's book on the same subject,--and then condensed his readings into
+one volume, bristling with erudition and stuck full of learned notes
+which, ten to one, are either not read at all or read in the wrong
+place. As to notes--there are not two to each volume. Satisfied with
+having said nothing that is not true, and with having related nothing
+that he has not seen, he feels no misgivings or regret at leaving much
+unsaid. Of all the information which can be acquired without leaving
+one's fireside in London or St. Petersburg he gives not a word, but the
+valuable testimony of the eyewitness he records in a series of drawings
+in which Eastern life is 'taken in the fact' with a truth and liveliness
+of touch rarely found in an amateur pencil. The letter-press is a
+secondary part of the work,--merely to render the drawings intelligible;
+and we are convinced that if the author could have imagined a more
+unpretending title for his book than the one given, he would have
+selected it. Indeed, the word _book_ is scarcely an appropriate one to
+use on this occasion; and we may compare the pleasure which we have
+derived in perusing Prince Soltykoff's travels both in Persia and in
+India to that afforded by the inspection of the album of an intelligent
+traveller who should enliven the exhibition by his agreeable and
+instructive conversation.
+
+The travels in India took place between the years 1841 and 1846, while
+those in Persia were accomplished as far back as 1838. We are not told
+why the publication has been so long delayed, and can account for it
+only by supposing that the fashion which has lately brought before the
+public in the capacity of authors so many subjects of the Czar, was not
+in 1838 so prevalent at St. Petersburg. Be that as it may, a picture of
+the Eastern world in its immobility can brave a lapse of time which
+would prove fatal to the likeness of any portraiture of European
+society. The following sketch, for instance, is likely to be as true
+now, as when it was written:--
+
+"After three months' stay at Teheran, I was heartily tired of it and of
+Persia altogether. The manner of living is fearfully monotonous. A
+stranger, debarred from female society, and deprived of all the
+diversions of European cities, can scarcely find employment for his day.
+I had hired for six _toumans_ a month (the touman is worth about ten
+shillings) one of the prettiest houses of the town in the quarter named
+Gazbine-Dervaze. The air, it is true, circulated as freely through it as
+in the open street, but the climate is so mild and the weather was so
+fine that this could scarcely be considered an objection. The house
+consisted of two stories of several rooms with two terraces to each.
+Those of the upper story overlooked the town, which, in spite of its
+dulness, had a certain air of activity. Two rows of windows--the lower
+closed with wooden shutters and the upper one formed of colored
+glass,--gave light to the principal room, of which the walls were white
+as snow. I took advantage of two niches to place therein two complete
+Persian armors which I had procured with inconceivable trouble, for no
+one can imagine the numberless and tedious difficulties which impede
+every kind of transaction. For the most trifling purchase one hundred
+toumans are spoken of as a hundred roubles in Russia. Besides,
+punctuality is a virtue unknown in Persia, and this alone would suffice
+to make the country odious to foreigners. If you charge a tradesman with
+want of faith, he replies gravely that 'his nose has burned with
+regret'--a strange expression of repentance certainly! Indeed, the habit
+of falsehood is so inveterate among Persians of this class--and I may
+even say of all classes--that when they happen by chance to keep their
+word they never fail to claim a reward as though they had performed a
+most rare and meritorious act. Having examined all the rare but rather
+heterogeneous articles which compose the royal treasury, we went to see
+the king's second son (the eldest was at Tauris), to whom Count
+Simonitsch had to pay a farewell visit. We found the little prince in
+the audience chamber, seated on the floor on a cachmere, and propped by
+several large bolsters covered with pink muslin. He was a delicate
+sickly child of four or five years old, with an unmeaning countenance, a
+pale face, insignificant and rather flattened features, and red hair,
+or rather, I should say, with his hair dyed of a deep red. He was
+dressed in a shawl caftan lined with fur, and wore on his little
+black cap a diamond aigrette. We sat down in front of him on the
+carpet;--Mirza-Massoud, the minister for foreign affairs, and two or
+three other dignitaries who were present at the interview, remained
+standing. _Demahi schouma tschogh est?_ that is to say, 'Is your nose
+very fat?' inquired Count Simonitsch. This extraordinary form of speech
+universally used by well-bred persons in Persia, seems to indicate that
+they ascribe considerable hygienic importance to that feature. All my
+researches to discover the origin and symbolical meaning of this
+courtesy have proved in vain; I have never obtained a satisfactory
+explanation to my questions on this head: all I can say is, that the
+hackneyed forms of salutation in use among European nations have since
+seemed to me far less absurd than they formerly did."
+
+We have no doubt that even should Prince Keikhobade-Mirza have departed
+this life, another original might be found for the following picture of
+a Persian prince in reduced circumstances:
+
+"On my return home I found an Armenian merchant waiting for me who
+seemed somewhat less of a rogue than his brethren. He had brought me a
+_Sipehr_ (shield) in delicately wrought steel, ornamented with
+inscriptions and arabesques, inlaid in gold; it belonged, he said, to
+Prince Mohammed-Veli-Mirza, and he demanded a sum of thirty-six toumans
+(about eighteen pounds), which I gave without hesitation. It was not
+dear at that price. This Mohammed-Veli-Mirza, one of the numerous sons
+of the late Fet-Ali-Schah, had been, if I mistake not, governor of
+Schiraz. His reputation, as well as that of his brother
+Keikhobade-Mirza, (indeed, I might say of all his brothers), was so well
+established in the country, that the Armenian begged I would not
+consider the bargain as concluded until he had paid the money into the
+prince's hands, lest he should wish to recede from his word. You know,
+he said, that these _Schahzades_ have no scruples in these
+matters,--that they are all _tamamkharab_, that is to say, bad
+characters--_kharab_, meaning a thing that is bad--decayed, dilapidated.
+Fortunately the fears of the prudent Armenian were not realized; for a
+wonder, Mohammed-Veli-Mirza was contented with the sum he had first
+asked, and the _Sipehr_ was added to my collection. A few days later I
+received a deputation from Prince Keikhobade-Mirza, offering me a
+similar shield as a present. In the first impulse of my gratitude I
+hastened to present my thanks to the generous donor. His house was the
+abode of poverty; his appearance was noble and dignified, and his
+countenance very handsome, although he squinted. The portrait of his
+royal father, the late Fet-Ali-Schah, hung in the room, and I was
+struck with the resemblance between father and son. The full-length
+portrait of my gracious host was there also--in the full dress of a
+prince of the blood holding a shield. Keikhobade-Mirza, whose gracious
+and cordial reception touched me the more on account of the evident
+poverty of his household, pointed to this latter portrait,--saying that
+in his father's lifetime he was, as I could see, his _selictar_, or
+royal shield-bearer, and enjoyed a brilliant station, but that now he
+was fallen; adding that he had sent me the shield which he had
+inherited--the same which I saw represented in the picture--knowing that
+I had been looking out for curious arms at the bazaar. I was profuse in
+my expressions of gratitude, although thanks in Persia denote a man of
+mean station, and though my Persian servant, who had accompanied me, was
+making signs to me to stop. 'It is a mere trifle,' said the Prince, 'and
+I hope to find some other articles more worthy your acceptance, for my
+only desire is to be agreeable to you.' The morrow brought me his
+_Nazir_, or steward, to ask for three hundred _toumans_ (150_l._); and
+as I seemed in no hurry to give them, he sent for his shield back again.
+Some time afterwards, he came to see me, and asked why I had returned
+it. 'You sent for it by your nazir,' I said. 'My nazir,' he replied,
+(although the man was present and looking on with an ambiguous smile,)
+'is a rogue and a storyteller; give me a hundred toumans and I will let
+you have the shield, which indeed is yours. I begged you to accept it as
+well as every thing else I may possess.' And so the matter ended."
+
+The foregoing picture of Oriental munificence can scarcely be more
+disenchanting than the sight of the sketch of Mohammed-Schah which
+Prince Soltykoff had the honor to take. The large head, the heavy
+inexpressive features, the clumsy frame, are sad dream dispellers; and
+were it not for the redeeming Persian cap, the "Centre of the World"
+might be mistaken for a grocer of the Rue St. Denis in a shawl
+dressing-gown. On grand occasions the appearance of the Schah must be
+still more incongruous, if we are to believe the description which the
+author gives of the state dress preserved in the royal treasury. One can
+scarcely fancy a gouty Centre of the World attired in a European uniform
+of _blue cloth_, with the facings embroidered in diamonds, ruby buttons,
+and epaulets formed of immense emeralds, to which are attached fringes
+of large pearls. We translate a description of a last sitting, and of
+the exchange of courtesies between the royal model and the amateur
+artist; it may serve to reconcile some of our readers to the rather
+monotonous form in which royal munificence is usually displayed in
+European courts. When compared to a lame horse, a gold snuff-box
+appears--if not an ingenious--at least a convenient present:
+
+"On the 31st of January I went for the last time to the Palace to take
+leave of the Schah, and make another portrait of him.... He proposed at
+first to sit for his profile, but as I objected on the score of its
+being less interesting:--'Well, well, he said, 'as you wish; you
+understand the thing better than I do.' He then resumed his conversation
+with the courtiers, who were ranged in a row at the other end of the
+room,--sounding my praises in Turkish in the most exaggerated terms,
+according to the rules of Persian politeness, and remarking among other
+things how difficult it was to catch an exact likeness so
+quickly--doubtless to set me at my ease, for he saw I was hurrying in my
+task. To all these remarks the courtiers merely replied: '_Beli_,
+_beli_, yes, yes,' in a monotonous and inexpressive tone. The Schah
+seemed much surprised to learn that I was to leave Teheran the following
+day. He inquired what motive induced me to leave Persia so soon. I
+replied, that I was eager to join my family and friends, to inform them
+of the favors I had received at the hands of His Majesty. For these
+latter words the interpreter substituted the words 'Centre of the
+World.' I added, that I intended returning to Teheran with my brother in
+the course of the following year, at which the Prince of course appeared
+delighted--'Return soon,' he said, 'you will always be welcome at my
+court.' Then turning to Mirza-Massoud, his Minister for Foreign Affairs,
+who had accompanied me:--I have known many Franks,' he remarked, 'but
+none who pleased me as much as this one.' This phrase, it must be said,
+loses somewhat of its effect when it is known that the good Prince never
+failed to address it to every stranger who presented himself. He next
+inquired of the Minister for Foreign Affairs if the presents he intended
+for me were ready, and particularly recommended that they should not be
+worth less than three hundred toumans. I then took leave of His Majesty,
+backing out of the room as well as I could, while he continued to bestow
+on me his smiles and gracious words. The next day, on my way to the
+Russian Embassy, I met four of the King's servants, slowly leading in
+great ceremony a tall, lame, bay horse. Before they accosted me to tell
+me so, I had guessed that it was intended for me. I had not had time to
+take on a fitting air for the occasion before my groom, who was walking
+beside my horse, began to abuse the Schah's people in most lively terms,
+refusing to admit such a sorry jade into my stables. In spite of my
+opposition to so rude an action, and my exclamations in bad Turkish, the
+Persians returned to the Palace stables, where they chose another horse,
+which they brought me direct to the Embassy. My groom was not more
+inclined to receive it than the first, nor to listen to my
+remonstrances, and those of a dragoman of the Embassy, whose aid I had
+invoked in order to declare that I accepted the royal gift with due
+respect. All was useless; the quarrel proceeded,--my squire insisting on
+performing his duty in spite of myself, and only interrupting himself to
+make me understand that he was acting in my interest. The Schah's
+servants at last, reduced to silence by the observations of so zealous a
+follower, departed once more with their horse to submit the affair to
+the Prime Minister, who was to decide in his wisdom whether the animal
+was or was not worthy of being offered to me. A mixture of cleverness
+and cunning, with an almost childish naivete, seemed to me a striking
+feature in the Persian character. Hadji-Mirza-Agassi pronounced the
+steed to be to a certain degree valuable, and requested me to excuse
+it,--for the present a better could not be offered,--adding, that on my
+return I should receive a magnificent one."
+
+Prince Soltykoff's remarks generally relate more to the habits and
+indications of character observable among those whom he visits than to
+any material objects or physical sensations. The notions entertained of
+politeness in Persia seem especially to have struck him, as our readers
+may have seen by the extracts which we have given. We will give one more
+illustrating the same subject. It has often been said that a knowledge
+of foreign countries is apt to make us better satisfied with our own,
+and we have shown how an experience of Oriental gifts may restore the
+oft-derided snuff-box to honor. Who knows whether even saucy children
+may not in future be more patiently endured by our readers after the
+following anecdote. For our own part, we know of no "dear little pickle"
+whom we would not prefer to this very well-behaved Persian boy:
+
+"Three days afterwards I was at Gazbine, installed in the house of a
+certain Scherif-Khan, and received in his absence by his four sons, who
+were all dressed alike, and the eldest of whom was barely eleven. In the
+midst of the ruins of the town--all Persian towns indeed are mere
+abominable ruins of mud walls--I considered myself fortunate in
+obtaining a room and a fire-place. One of the walls of the apartment to
+which I was conducted consisted of small bits of colored glass,
+checkered at regular intervals with small squares of wood, for glass is
+both rare and expensive in Persia. As, however, the greater part of the
+colored glass was broken, and the wind came rushing through the holes
+and crevices, I was half frozen and nearly stifled with smoke, until an
+end was put to my sufferings by stopping the holes and nailing some felt
+on the doors. The children of the house came, under the guidance of a
+sort of servant who filled the office of tutor, to pay me a visit, and
+seated themselves on the floor. The second, who was about ten, and who
+by right of his mother's superior rank was to inherit all the paternal
+titles and wealth, inquired after my health; and on my asking him in my
+turn how he felt, replied with a very stiff little air, 'that in my
+presence every body must feel satisfied.' I then offered him some cakes,
+requesting to know if they were to his liking.--'All you offer is very
+good,' he said, 'and all you eat must be excellent.' I had a cap on my
+head, and another lay on the table; I questioned him on the value which
+he attached to the two articles, and asked which he preferred. 'Both are
+superb,' he replied, 'but the one you prefer is undoubtedly the best.'
+After this piquant specimen of the civility of the country, it may be
+supposed that I was not sorry to end the conference, and to get rid of
+such an excessively well bred child. I took care, however, to send a cup
+of tea to his mother, who, the tutor informed me, was young and pretty,
+and lived in the house with three other wives of Scherif-Khan. She found
+it so much to her liking that she sent to beg for a pound of it."
+
+One word more: Oehlenschlaeger used to complain that when he wrote in
+Danish he wrote for two hundred readers; Russians are very much in the
+same case, and Prince Soltykoff, like all his countrymen who desire to
+have a public, has been obliged to have recourse to a foreign language.
+But the misfortune is so easily and gracefully borne, that we can
+scarcely find pity for it. The drawings are well lithographed by French
+artists. Our neighbors are much fonder of lithographic illustrations
+than we are, and, it must be admitted, excel us in that branch of art.
+We have noticed especially the lithographs executed by M. Trayer, a
+young artist, who is also a painter of promise.
+
+
+
+
+From Leigh Hunt's Journal.
+
+DUELLING TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS AGO.
+
+SIR THOMAS DUTTON AND SIR HATTON CHEEK.
+
+BY THOMAS CARLYLE.
+
+
+Peace here, if possible; skins were not made for mere slitting and
+slashing! You that are for war, cannot you go abroad, and fight the
+Papist Spaniards? Over in the Netherlands there is always fighting
+enough. You that are of ruffling humor, gather your truculent ruffians
+together; make yourselves colonels over them; go to the Netherlands, and
+fight your bellyful!
+
+Which accordingly many do, earning deathless war-laurels for the moment;
+and have done, and will continue doing, in those generations. Our
+gallant Veres, Earl of Oxford and the others, it has long been their
+way; gallant Cecil, to be called Earl of Wimbledon; gallant Sir John
+Burroughs, gallant Sir Hatton Cheek,--it is still their way. Deathless
+military renowns are gathered there in this manner; deathless for the
+moment. Did not Ben Jonson, in his young hard days, bear arms very
+manfully as a private soldado there? Ben, who now writes learned plays
+and court-masks as Poet Laureate, served manfully with pike and sword
+there, for his groat a day with rations. And once when a Spanish soldier
+came strutting forward between the lines, flourishing his weapon, and
+defying all persons in general--Ben stept forth, as I hear; fenced that
+braggart Spaniard, since no other would do it; and ended by soon
+slitting him in two, and so silencing him! Ben's war-tuck, to judge by
+the flourish of his pen, must have had a very dangerous stroke in it.
+
+"Swashbuckler age," we said; but the expression was incorrect, except as
+a figure. Bucklers went out fifty years ago, "about the twentieth of
+Queen Elizabeth"; men do not now swash with them, or fight in that way.
+Iron armor has mostly gone out, except in mere pictures of soldiers;
+King James said, It was an excellent invention; you could get no harm,
+and neither could you do any in it. Bucklers, either for horse or foot,
+are quite gone. Yet old Mr. Stowe, good chronicler, can recollect when
+every gentleman had his buckler; and at length every serving man and
+city dandy. Smithfield--still a waste field, full of puddles in wet
+weather,--was in those days full of buckler duels, every Sunday and
+holiday in the dry season; and was called Ruffian's Rig, or some such
+name.
+
+A man, in those days, bought his buckler, of gilt leather and wood, at
+the haberdasher's; "hung it over his back, by a strap fastened to the
+pommel of his sword in front." Elegant men showed what taste, or sense
+of poetic beauty, was in them by the fashion of their buckler. With
+Spanish beaver, with starched ruff, and elegant Spanish cloak, with
+elegant buckler hanging at his back, a man, if his moustachios and boots
+were in good order, stepped forth with some satisfaction. Full of
+strange oaths, and bearded like the pard; a decidedly truculent-looking
+figure. Jostle him in the street thoroughfares, accidentally splash his
+boots as you pass--by heaven the buckler gets upon his arm, the sword
+flashes in his fist, with oaths enough; and you too being ready, there
+is a noise! Clink, clank, death and fury; all persons gathering round,
+and new quarrels springing from this one! And Dogberry comes up with the
+town guard? And the shopkeepers hastily close their shops? Nay, it is
+hardly necessary, says Mr. Howe; these buckler fights amount only to
+noise, for most part; the jingle of iron against tin and painted
+leather. Ruffling swashers strutting along with big oaths and whiskers,
+delight to pick a quarrel; but the rule is you do not thrust, you do not
+strike below the waist; and it was oftenest a dry duel--mere noise, as
+of working tinsmiths, with profane swearing! Empty vaporing bullyrooks
+and braggarts, they encumber the thoroughfares mainly. Dogberry and
+Verges ought to apprehend them. I have seen, in Smithfield, on a dry
+holiday, "thirty of them on a side," fighting and hammering as if for
+life; and was not at the pains to look at them, the blockheads; their
+noise as the mere beating of old kettles to me!
+
+The truth is, serving-men themselves, and city apprentices had got
+reckless, and the duels, no death following, ceased to be sublime. About
+fifty years ago, serious men took to fighting with rapiers, and the
+buckler fell away. Holles, in Sherwood, as we saw, fought with rapier,
+and he soon spoiled Markham. Rapier and dagger especially; that is a
+more silent duel, but a terribly serious one! Perhaps the reader will
+like to take a view of one such serious duel in those days, and
+therewith close this desultory chapter.
+
+It was at the siege of Juliers, in the Netherlands wars, of the year
+1609; we give the date, for wars are perpetual, or nearly so, in the
+Netherlands. At one of the storm parties of the siege of Juliers, the
+gallant Sir Hatton Cheek, above alluded to, a superior officer of the
+English force which fights there under my Lord Cecil, that shall be
+Wimbledon; the gallant Sir Hatton, I say, being of hot temper, superior
+officer, and the service a storm-party on some bastion or demilune,
+speaks sharp word of command to Sir Thomas Dutton, who also is probably
+of hot temper in this hot moment. Sharp word of command to Dutton; and
+the movement not proceeding rightly, sharp word of rebuke. To which
+Dutton, with kindled voice, answers something sharp; is answered still
+more sharply with voice high flaming;--whereat Dutton suddenly holds in;
+says merely, "He is under military duty here, but perhaps will not
+always be so;" and rushing forward, does his order silently, the best he
+can. His order done, Dutton straightway lays down his commission; packs
+up, that night, and returns to England.
+
+Sir Hatton Cheek prosecutes his work at the siege of Juliers; gallantly
+assists at the taking of Juliers, triumphant over all the bastions, and
+half-moons there; but hears withal that Dutton is at home in England,
+defaming him as a choleric tyrant and so forth. Dreadful news, which
+brings some biliary attack on the gallant man, and reduces him to a bed
+of sickness. Hardly recovered, he dispatches message to Dutton, That he
+shall request to have the pleasure of his company, with arms and seconds
+ready, on some neutral ground,--Calais sands for instance,--at an early
+day, if convenient. Convenient; yes, as dinner to the hungry! answers
+Dutton; and time, place, and circumstances are rapidly enough agreed
+upon.
+
+And so, on Calais sands, on a winter morning of the year 1609, this is
+what we see most authentically, through the lapse of dim Time. Two
+gentlemen stript to the shirt and waistband; in two hands of each a
+rapier and dagger clutched; their looks sufficiently serious! The
+seconds, having stript, equipt, and fairly overhauled and certified
+them, are just about retiring from the measured fate-circle, not without
+indignation that _they_ are forbidden to fight. Two gentlemen in this
+alarming posture; of whom the Universe knows, has known, and will know
+nothing, except that they were of choleric humor, and assisted in the
+Netherlands wars! They are evidently English human creatures, in the
+height of silent fury and measured circuit of fate; whom we here audibly
+name once more, Sir Hatton Cheek, Sir Thomas Dutton, knights both,
+soldadoes both. Ill-fated English human creatures, what horrible
+confusion of the pit is this?
+
+Dutton, though in suppressed rage, the seconds about to withdraw, will
+explain some things if a word were granted, "No words," says the other;
+"stand on your guard!" brandishing his rapier, grasping harder his
+dagger. Dutton, now silent too, is on his guard. Good heavens! after
+some brief flourishing and flashing,--the gleam of the swift clear steel
+playing madly in one's eyes,--they, at the first pass, plunge home on
+one another; home, with beak and claws; home to the very heart! Cheek's
+rapier is through Dutton's throat from before, and his dagger is through
+it from behind,--the windpipe miraculously missed; and, in the same
+instant, Dutton's rapier is through Cheek's body from before, his dagger
+through his back from behind,--lungs and life _not_ missed; and the
+seconds have to advance, "pull out the four bloody weapons," disengage
+that hell-embrace of theirs. This is serious enough! Cheek reels, his
+life fast-flowing; but still rushes rabid on Dutton, who merely parries,
+skips, till Cheek reels down, dead in his rage. "He had a bloody burial
+there that morning," says my ancient friend. He will assist no more in
+the Netherlands or other wars.
+
+Such scene does history disclose, as in sunbeams, as in blazing
+hell-fire, on Calais sands, in the raw winter morning; then drops the
+blanket of centuries, of everlasting night, over it, and passes on
+elsewhither. Gallant Sir Hatton Cheek lies buried there, and Cecil of
+Wimbledon, son of Burleigh, will have to seek another superior officer.
+What became of the living Dutton afterwards, I have never to this moment
+had the least hint.
+
+
+
+
+From Blackwood's Magazine
+
+MY NOVEL:
+
+OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.
+
+BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.
+
+_Continued from page 550, Vol. II._
+
+
+BOOK IV.--INITIAL CHAPTER:
+
+COMPRISING MR. CAXTON'S OPINIONS ON THE MATRIMONIAL STATE, SUPPORTED BY
+LEARNED AUTHORITIES.
+
+"It was no bad idea of yours, Pisistratus," said my father graciously,
+"to depict the heightened affections and the serious intentions of
+Signior Riccabocca by a single stroke--_He left off his spectacles!_
+Good."
+
+"Yet," quoth my uncle, "I think Shakspeare represents a lover as falling
+into slovenly habits, neglecting his person, and suffering his hose to
+be ungartered, rather than paying that attention to his outer man which
+induces Signior Riccabocca to leave off his spectacles, and look as
+handsome as nature will permit him."
+
+"There are different degrees and many phases of the passion," replied my
+father. "Shakspeare is speaking of an ill-treated, pining, wobegone
+lover, much aggrieved by the cruelty of his mistress--a lover who has
+found it of no avail to smarten himself up, and has fallen despondingly
+into the opposite extreme. Whereas Signior Riccabocca has nothing to
+complain of in the barbarity of Miss Jemima."
+
+"Indeed he has not!" cried Blanche, tossing her head--"forward
+creature!"
+
+"Yes, my dear," said my mother, trying her best to look stately, "I am
+decidedly of opinion that, in that respect, Pisistratus has lowered the
+dignity of the sex. Not intentionally," added my mother mildly, and
+afraid she had said something too bitter; "but it is very hard for a man
+to describe us women."
+
+The Captain nodded approvingly; Mr. Squills smiled; my father quietly
+resumed the thread of his discourse.
+
+"To continue," quoth he, "Riccabocca has no reason to despair of success
+in his suit, nor any object in moving his mistress to compassion. He
+may, therefore, very properly tie up his garters and leave off his
+spectacles. What do you say, Mr. Squills?--for, after all, since
+love-making cannot fail to be a great constitutional derangement, the
+experience of a medical man must be the best to consult."
+
+"Mr. Caxton," replied Squills, obviously flattered, "you are quite
+right: when a man makes love, the organs of self-esteem and desire of
+applause are greatly stimulated, and therefore, of course, he sets
+himself off to the best advantage. It is only, as you observe, when,
+like Shakspeare's lover, he has given up making love as a bad job, and
+has received that severe hit on the ganglions which the cruelty of a
+mistress inflicts, that he neglects his personal appearance: he neglects
+it, not because he is in love, but because his nervous system is
+depressed. That was the cause, if you remember, with poor Major Prim. He
+wore his wig all awry when Susan Smart jilted him; but I set it all
+right for him."
+
+"By shaming Miss Smart into repentance, or getting him a new
+sweetheart?" asked my uncle.
+
+"Pooh!" answered Squills, "by quinine and cold bathing."
+
+"We may therefore grant," renewed my father, "that, as a general rule,
+the process of courtship tends to the spruceness, and even foppery, of
+the individual engaged in the experiment, as Voltaire has very prettily
+proved somewhere. Nay, the Mexicans, indeed, were of opinion that the
+lady at least ought to continue those cares of her person even after
+marriage. There is extant, in Sahagun's _History of New Spain_, the
+advice of an Aztec or Mexican mother to her daughter, in which she
+says--'That your husband may not take you in dislike, adorn yourself,
+wash yourself, and let your garments be clean.' It is true that the good
+lady adds,--'Do it in moderation; since, if every day you are washing
+yourself and your clothes, the world will say you are over-delicate; and
+particular people will call you--TAPETZON TINEMAXOCH!' What those words
+precisely mean," added my father modestly, "I cannot say, since I never
+had the opportunity to acquire the ancient Aztec language--but something
+very opprobrious and horrible, no doubt."
+
+"I dare say a philosopher like Signior Riccabocca," said my uncle, "was
+not himself very _tapetzon tine_--what d'ye call it?--and a good healthy
+English wife, like that poor affectionate Jemima, was thrown away upon
+him."
+
+"Roland," said my father, "you don't like foreigners: a respectable
+prejudice, and quite natural in a man who has been trying his best to
+hew them in pieces, and blow them up into splinters. But you don't like
+philosophers either--and for that dislike you have no equally good
+reason."
+
+"I only implied that they were not much addicted to soap and water,"
+said my uncle.
+
+"A notable mistake. Many great philosophers have been very great beaux.
+Aristotle was a notorious fop. Buffon put on his best laced ruffles when
+he sat down to write, which implies that he washed his hands first.
+Pythagoras insists greatly on the holiness of frequent ablutions; and
+Horace--who, in his own way, was as good a philosopher as any the Romans
+produced--takes care to let us know what a neat, well-dressed, dapper
+little gentleman he was. But I don't think you ever read the 'Apology of
+Apuleius?"
+
+"Not I--what is it about?" asked the Captain.
+
+"About a great many things. It is that sage's vindication from several
+malignant charges--amongst others, and principally indeed, that of
+being much too refined and effeminate for a philosopher. Nothing can
+exceed the rhetorical skill with which he excuses himself for
+using--tooth-powder. 'Ought a philosopher,' he exclaims, 'to allow any
+thing unclean about him, especially in the mouth--the mouth, which is
+the vestibule of the soul, the gate of discourse, the portico of
+thought! Ah, but AEmillianus [the accuser of Apuleius] never opens _his_
+mouth but for slander and calumny--tooth-powder would indeed be
+unbecoming to _him_! Or, if he use any, it will not be my good Arabian
+tooth-powder, but charcoal and cinders. Ay, his teeth should be as foul
+as his language! And yet even the crocodile likes to have his teeth
+cleaned; insects get into them, and, horrible reptile though he be, he
+opens his jaws inoffensively to a faithful dentistical bird, who
+volunteers his beak for a toothpick.'"
+
+My father was now warm in the subject he had started, and soared
+miles away from Riccabocca and "My Novel." "And observe," he
+exclaimed--"observe with what gravity this eminent Platonist pleads
+guilty to the charge of having a mirror. 'Why, what,' he exclaims, 'more
+worthy of the regards of a human creature than his own image,' (_nihil
+respectabilius homini quam formam suam!_) Is not that one of our
+children the most dear to us who is called 'the picture of his father?'
+But take what pains you will with a picture, it can never be so like you
+as the face in your mirror! Think it discreditable to look with proper
+attention on one's self in the glass! Did not Socrates recommend such
+attention to his disciples--did he not make a great moral agent of the
+speculum? The handsome, in admiring their beauty therein, were
+admonished that handsome is who handsome does; and the more the ugly
+stared at themselves, the more they became naturally anxious to hide the
+disgrace of their features in the loveliness of their merits. Was not
+Demosthenes always at his speculum? Did he not rehearse his causes
+before it as before a master in the art? He learned his eloquence from
+Plato, his dialectics from Eubulides; but as for his delivery--there, he
+came to the mirror!'
+
+"Therefore," concluded Mr. Caxton, returning unexpectedly to the
+subject--"therefore it is no reason to suppose that Dr. Riccabocca is
+averse to cleanliness and decent care of the person, because he is a
+philosopher; and, all things considered, he never showed himself more a
+philosopher than when he left off his spectacles and looked his best."
+
+"Well," said my mother kindly, "I only hope it may turn out happily. But
+I should have been better pleased if Pisistratus had had not made Dr.
+Riccabocca so reluctant a wooer."
+
+"Very true," said the Captain; "the Italian does not shine as a lover.
+Throw a little more fire into him, Pisistratus--something gallant and
+chivalrous."
+
+"Fire--gallantry--chivalry!" cried my father, who had taken Riccabocca
+under his special protection--"why, don't you see that the man is
+described as a philosopher?--and I should like to know when a
+philosopher ever plunged into matrimony without considerable misgivings
+and cold shivers. Indeed, it seems that--perhaps before he was a
+philosopher--Riccabocca _had_ tried the experiment, and knew what it
+was. Why, even that plain-speaking, sensible, practical man, Metellus
+Numidicus, who was not even a philosopher, but only a Roman censor, thus
+expressed himself in an exhortation to the people to perpetrate
+matrimony--'If, O Quirites, we could do without wives, we should all
+dispense with that subject of care (_ea molestia careremus_); but since
+nature has so managed it, that we cannot live with women comfortably,
+nor without them at all, let us rather provide for the human race than
+our own temporary felicity.'"
+
+Here the ladies set up a cry of such indignation, that both Roland and
+myself endeavored to appease their wrath by hasty assurances that we
+utterly repudiated that damnable doctrine of Metellus Numidicus.
+
+My father, wholly unmoved, as soon as a sullen silence was established,
+re-commenced--"Do not think, ladies," said he, "that you were without
+advocates at that day; there were many Romans gallant enough to blame
+the censor for a mode of expressing himself which they held to be
+equally impolite and injudicious. 'Surely,' said they, with some
+plausibility, 'if Numidicus wished men to marry, he need not have
+referred so peremptorily to the disquietudes of the connection, and thus
+have made them more inclined to turn away from matrimony than given them
+a relish for it.' But against these critics one honest man (whose name
+of Titus Castricus should not be forgotten by posterity), maintained
+that Metellus Numidicus could not have spoken more properly; 'For
+remark,' said he, 'that Metellus was a censor, not a rhetorician. It
+becomes rhetoricians to adorn, and disguise, and make the best of
+things; but Metellus, _sanctus vir_--a holy and blameless man, grave and
+sincere to whit, and addressing the Roman people in the solemn capacity
+of censor--was bound to speak the plain truth, especially as he was
+treating of a subject on which the observation of every day, and the
+experience of every life, could not leave the least doubt upon the mind
+of his audience. 'Still Riccabocca, having decided to marry, has no
+doubt prepared himself to bear all the concomitant evils--as becomes a
+professed sage; and I own I admire the art with which Pisistratus has
+drawn the precise woman likely to suit a philosopher."
+
+Pisistratus bows, and looks round complacently; but recoils from two
+very peevish and discontented faces feminine.
+
+_Mr. Caxton_ (completing his sentence),--"Not only as regards mildness
+of temper and other household qualifications, but as regards the very
+person of the object of his choice. For you evidently remembered,
+Pisistratus, the reply of Bias, when asked his opinion on marriage:
+[Greek: Etoi kalen exeis, e aischran kai ei kalen, exeis koinen ei de
+aischran, exeis poinen.]"
+
+Pisistratus tries to look as if he had the opinion of Bias by heart, and
+nods acquiescingly.
+
+_Mr. Caxton._--"That is, my dears, 'the woman you would marry is either
+handsome or ugly: if handsome, she is koine, viz: you don't have her to
+yourself; if ugly, she is poine--that is, a fury.' But, as it is
+observed in Aulus Gellius, (whence I borrow this citation,) there is a
+wide interval between handsome and ugly. And thus Ennius, in his tragedy
+of _Menalippus_, uses an admirable expression to designate women of the
+proper degree of matrimonial comeliness, such as a philosopher would
+select. He calls this degree _stata forma_--a rational, mediocre sort of
+beauty, which is not liable to be either koine or poine. And Favorinus,
+who was a remarkably sensible man, and came from Provence--the male
+inhabitants of which district have always valued themselves on their
+knowledge of love and ladies--calls this said _stata forma_ the beauty
+of wives--the uxorial beauty. Ennius says, that women of a _stata forma_
+are almost always safe and modest. Now Jemima, you observe, is described
+as possessing this _stata forma_; and it is the nicety of your
+observation in this respect, which I like the most in the whole of your
+description of a philosopher's matrimonial courtship, Pisistratus,
+(excepting only the stroke of the spectacles,) for it shows that you had
+properly considered the opinion of Bias, and mastered all the counter
+logic suggested in Book v. chapter xi., of Aulus Gellius."
+
+"For all that," said Blanche, half-archly, half-demurely, with a smile
+in the eye, and a pout of the lip, "I don't remember that Pisistratus,
+in the days when he wished to be most complimentary, ever assured me
+that I had a _stata forma_--a rational, mediocre sort of beauty."
+
+"And I think," observed my uncle, "that when he comes to his real
+heroine, whoever that may be, he will not trouble his head much about
+either Bias or Aulus Gellius."
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Matrimony is certainly a great change in life. One is astonished not to
+find a notable alteration in one's friend, even if he or she have been
+only wedded a week. In the instance of Dr. and Mrs. Riccabocca the
+change was peculiarly visible. To speak first of the lady, as in
+chivalry bound, Mrs. Riccabocca had entirely renounced that melancholy
+which had characterised Miss Jemima: she became even sprightly and gay,
+and looked all the better and prettier for the alteration. She did not
+scruple to confess honestly to Mrs. Dale, that she was now of opinion
+that the world was very far from approaching its end. But, in the
+meanwhile, she did not neglect the duty which the belief she had
+abandoned serves to inculcate--"She set her house in order." The cold
+and penurious elegance that had characterised the Casino disappeared
+like enchantment--that is, the elegance remained, but the cold and
+penury fled before the smile of woman. Like Puss-in-Boots after the
+nuptials of his master, Jackeymo only now caught minnows and
+sticklebacks for his own amusement. Jackeymo looked much plumper, and so
+did Riccabocca. In a word, the fair Jemima became an excellent wife.
+Riccabocca secretly thought her extravagant, but, like a wise man,
+declined to look at the house bills, and ate his joint in unreproachful
+silence.
+
+Indeed, there was so much unaffected kindness in the nature of Mrs.
+Riccabocca--beneath the quiet of her manner there beat so genially the
+heart of the Hazeldeans--that she fairly justified the favorable
+anticipations of Mrs. Dale. And though the Doctor did not noisily boast
+of his felicity, nor, as some new married folks do, thrust it
+insultingly under the _nimis unctis naribus_--the turned-up noses of
+your surly old married folks, nor force it gaudily and glaringly on the
+envious eyes of the single, you might still see that he was a more
+cheerful and light-hearted man than before. His smile was less ironical,
+his politeness less distant. He did not study Machiavelli so
+intensely,--and he did not return to the spectacles; which last was an
+excellent sign. Moreover, the humanising influence of the tidy English
+wife might be seen in the improvement of his outward or artificial man.
+His clothes seemed to fit him better; indeed, the clothes were new. Mrs.
+Dale no longer remarked that the buttons were off the wrist-bands, which
+was a great satisfaction to her. But the sage still remained faithful to
+the pipe, the cloak, and the red silk umbrella. Mrs. Riccabocca had (to
+her credit be it spoken) used all becoming and wifelike arts against
+these three remnants of the old bachelor Adam, but in vain. "_Anima
+mia_--soul of mine," said the Doctor tenderly, "I hold the cloak, the
+umbrella, and the pipe, as the sole relics that remain to me of my
+native country. Respect and spare them."
+
+Mrs. Riccabocca was touched, and had the good sense to perceive that
+man, let him be ever so much married, retains certain signs of his
+ancient independence--certain tokens of his old identity, which a wife,
+the most despotic, will do well to concede. She conceded the cloak, she
+submitted to the umbrella, she concealed her abhorrence of the pipe.
+After all, considering the natural villany of our sex, she confessed to
+herself that she might have been worse off. But, through all the calm
+and cheerfulness of Riccabocca, a nervous perturbation was sufficiently
+perceptible;--it commenced after the second week of marriage--it went on
+increasing, till one bright sunny afternoon, as he was standing on his
+terrace gazing down upon the road, at which Jackeymo was placed,--lo, a
+stage-coach stopped! The Doctor made a bound, and put both hands to his
+heart as if he had been shot; he then leapt over the balustrade, and his
+wife from her window beheld him flying down the hill, with his long hair
+streaming in the wind, till the trees hid him from her sight.
+
+"Ah," thought she with a natural pang of conjugal jealousy, "henceforth
+I am only second in his home. He has gone to welcome his child!" And at
+that reflection Mrs. Riccabocca shed tears.
+
+But so naturally amiable was she, that she hastened to curb her emotion,
+and efface as well as she could the trace of a stepmother's grief. When
+this was done, and a silent self-rebuking prayer murmured over, the good
+woman descended the stairs with alacrity, and, summoning up her best
+smiles, emerged on the terrace.
+
+She was repaid; for scarcely had she come into the open air, when two
+little arms were thrown round her, and the sweetest voice that ever came
+from a child's lips, sighed out in broken English, "Good mamma, love me
+a little."
+
+"Love you? with my whole heart!" cried the stepmother, with all a
+mother's honest passion. And she clasped the child to her breast.
+
+"God bless you, my wife!" said Riccabocca, in a husky tone.
+
+"Please take this too," added Jackeymo in Italian, as well as his sobs
+would let him--and he broke off a great bough full of blossoms from his
+favorite orange-tree, and thrust it into his mistress's hand. She had
+not the slightest notion what he meant by it!
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Violante was indeed a bewitching child--a child to whom I defy Mrs.
+Caudle herself (immortal Mrs. Caudle!) to have been a harsh stepmother.
+
+Look at her now, as, released from those kindly arms, she stands, still
+clinging with one hand to her new mamma, and holding out the other to
+Riccabocca--with those large dark eyes swimming in happy tears. What a
+lovely smile!--what an ingenuous candid brow! She looks delicate--she
+evidently requires care--she wants the mother. And rare is the woman who
+would not love her the better for that! Still, what an innocent
+infantine bloom in those clear smooth cheeks!--and in that slight frame,
+what exquisite natural grace!
+
+"And this, I suppose, is your nurse, darling?' said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+observing a dark foreign-looking woman, dressed very strangely--without
+cap or bonnet, but a great silver arrow stuck in her hair, and a
+filagree chain or necklace resting upon her kerchief.
+
+"Ah, good Annetta," said Violante in Italian. "Papa, she says she is to
+go back; but she is not to go back--is she?"
+
+Riccabocca, who had scarcely before noticed the woman, started at that
+question--exchanged a rapid glance with Jackeymo--and then, muttering
+some inaudible excuse, approached the Nurse, and beckoning her to follow
+him, went away into the grounds. He did not return for more than an
+hour, nor did the woman then accompany him home. He said briefly to his
+wife that the Nurse was obliged to return at once to Italy, and that she
+would stay in the village to catch the mail; that indeed she would be of
+no use in their establishment, as she could not speak a word of English;
+but that he was sadly afraid Violante would pine for her. And Violante
+did pine at first. But still, to a child it is so great a thing to find
+a parent--to be at home--that, tender and grateful as Violante was, she
+could not be inconsolable while her father was there to comfort.
+
+For the first few days, Riccabocca scarcely permitted any one to be with
+his daughter but himself. He would not even leave her alone with his
+Jemima. They walked out together--sat together for hours in the
+Belvidere. Then by degrees he began to resign her more and more to
+Jemima's care and tuition, especially in English, of which language at
+present she spoke only a few sentences, (previously perhaps, learned by
+heart,) so as to be clearly intelligible.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+There was one person in the establishment of Dr. Riccabocca, who was
+satisfied neither with the marriage of his master nor the arrival of
+Violante--and that was our friend Lenny Fairfield. Previous to the
+all-absorbing duties of courtship, the young peasant had secured a very
+large share of Riccabocca's attention. The sage had felt interest in the
+growth of this rude intelligence struggling up to light. But what with
+the wooing, and what with the wedding, Lenny Fairfield had sunk very
+much out of his artificial position as pupil, into his natural station
+of under-gardener. And on the arrival of Violante, he saw, with natural
+bitterness, that he was clean forgotten, not only by Riccabocca, but
+almost by Jackeymo. It was true that the master still lent him books,
+and the servant still gave him lectures on horticulture. But Riccabocca
+had no time nor inclination now to amuse himself with enlightening that
+tumult of conjecture which the books created. And if Jackeymo had been
+covetous of those mines of gold buried beneath the acres now fairly
+taken from the Squire, (and good-naturedly added rent-free, as an aid to
+Jemima's dower,) before the advent of the young lady whose future dowry
+the produce was to swell--now that she was actually under the eyes of
+the faithful servant, such a stimulus was given to his industry, that he
+could think of nothing else but the land, and the revolution he designed
+to effect in its natural English crops. The garden, save only the
+orange-trees, was abandoned entirely to Lenny, and additional laborers
+were called in for the field-work. Jackeymo had discovered that one part
+of the soil was suited to lavender, that another would grow camomile. He
+had in his heart apportioned a beautiful field of rich loam to flax; but
+against the growth of flax the Squire set his face obstinately. That
+most lucrative, perhaps, of all crops, when soil and skill suit, had, it
+would appear, been formerly attempted in England much more commonly than
+it is now, since you will find few old leases which do not contain a
+clause prohibitory of flax, as an impoverishment of the land. And though
+Jackeymo learnedly endeavored to prove to the Squire that the flax
+itself contained particles which, if returned to the soil, repaid all
+that the crop took away, Mr. Hazeldean had his old-fashioned prejudices
+on the matter, which were insuperable. "My forefathers," quoth he, "did
+not put that clause in their leases without good cause; and as the
+Casino lands are entailed on Frank, I have no right to gratify your
+foreign whims at his expense."
+
+To make up for the loss of the flax, Jackeymo resolved to convert a very
+nice bit of pasture into orchard ground, which he calculated would bring
+in L10 net per acre by the time Miss Violante was marriageable. At this,
+Squire pished a little; but as it was quite clear the land would be all
+the more valuable hereafter for the fruit-trees, he consented to permit
+the 'grass land' to be thus partially broken up.
+
+All these changes left poor Lenny Fairfield very much to himself--at a
+time when the new and strange devices which the initiation into book
+knowledge creates, made it most desirable that he should have the
+constant guidance of a superior mind.
+
+One evening after his work, as Lenny was returning to his mother's
+cottage very sullen and very moody, he suddenly came in contact with
+Sprott the tinker.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+The tinker was seated under a hedge, hammering away at an old
+kettle--with a little fire burning in front of him--and the donkey hard
+by, indulging in a placid doze. Mr. Sprott looked up as Lenny
+passed--nodded kindly, and said--
+
+"Good evenin', Lenny: glad to hear you be so 'spectably sitivated with
+Mounseer."
+
+"Ay," answered Lenny, with a leaven of rancor in his recollections,
+"You're not ashamed to speak to me now, that I am not in disgrace. But
+it was in disgrace, when it wasn't my fault, that the real gentleman was
+most kind to me."
+
+"Ar--r, Lenny," said the Tinker, with a prolonged rattle in that said
+Ar--r, which was not without great significance. "But you sees the real
+gentleman who han't got his bread to get, can hafford to 'spise his
+cracter in the world. A poor tinker must be timbersome and nice in his
+'sociations. But sit down here a bit, Lenny; I've summat to say to ye!"
+
+"To me--"
+
+"To ye. Give the neddy a shove out i' the vay, and sit down, I say."
+
+Lenny rather reluctantly, and somewhat superciliously, accepted this
+invitation.
+
+"I hears," said the Tinker in a voice made rather indistinct by a couple
+of nails which he had inserted between his teeth; "I hears as how you be
+unkimmon fond of reading. I ha' sum nice cheap books in my bag
+yonder--sum low as a penny."
+
+"I should like to see them," said Lenny, his eyes sparkling.
+
+The Tinker rose, opened one of the paniers on the ass's back, took out a
+bag which he placed before Lenny, and told him to suit himself. The
+young peasant desired no better. He spread all the contents of the bag
+on the sward, and a motley collection of food for the mind was
+there--food and poison--_serpentes avibus_--good and evil. Here,
+Milton's Paradise Lost, and there The Age of Reason--here Methodist
+Tracts, and there True Principles of Socialism--Treatises on Useful
+Knowledge by sound learning actuated by pure benevolence--Appeals to
+Operatives by the shallowest reasoners, instigated by the same ambition
+that had moved Eratosthenes to the conflagration of a temple; works of
+fiction admirable as Robinson Crusoe, or innocent as the old English
+Baron, besides coarse translations of such garbage as had rotted away
+the youth of France under Louis Quinze. This miscellany was an epitome,
+in short, of the mixed World of Books, of that vast City of the Press,
+with its palaces and hovels, its aqueducts and sewers--which opens all
+alike to the naked eye and the curious mind of him to whom you say, in
+the Tinker's careless phrase, "suit yourself."
+
+But it is not the first impulse of a nature, healthful and still pure,
+to settle in the hovel and lose itself amidst the sewers; and Lenny
+Fairfield turned innocently over the bad books, and selecting two of
+three of the best, brought them to the tinker and asked the price.
+
+"Why," said Mr. Sprott, putting on his spectacles, "you has taken the
+werry dearest: them 'ere be much cheaper, and more hinterestin'."
+
+"But I don't fancy them," answered Lenny; "I don't understand what they
+are about, and this seems to tell one how the steam-engine is made, and
+has nice plates; and this is Robinson Crusoe, which Parson Dale once
+said he would give me--I'd rather buy it out of my own money."
+
+"Well, please yourself," quoth the Tinker; "you shall have the books for
+four bob, and you can pay me next month."
+
+"Four bobs--four shillings? it is a great sum," said Lenny, "but I will
+lay it by, as you are kind enough to trust me; good evening, Mr.
+Sprott."
+
+"Stay a bit," said the Tinker; "I'll just throw you these two little
+tracts into the barging; they be only a shilling a dozen, so 'tis but
+tuppence--and ven you has read _those_, vy, you'll be a reglar
+customer."
+
+The Tinker tossed to Lenny Nos. 1 and 2 of Appeals to Operatives, and
+the peasant took them up gratefully.
+
+The young knowledge-seeker went his way across the green fields, and
+under the still autumn foliage of the hedgerows. He looked first at one
+book, then at another; he did not know on which to settle.
+
+The Tinker rose and made a fire with leaves and furze and sticks, some
+dry and some green.
+
+Lenny has now opened No. 1 of the tracts: they are the shortest to read,
+and don't require so much effort of the mind as the explanation of the
+steam-engine.
+
+The Tinker has now set on his grimy gluepot, and the glue simmers.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+As Violante became more familiar with her new home, and those around her
+became more familiar with Violante, she was remarked for a certain
+stateliness of manner and bearing, which, had it been less evidently
+natural and inborn, would have seemed misplaced in the daughter of a
+forlorn exile, and would have been rare at so early an age among
+children of the loftiest pretensions. It was with the air of a little
+princess that she presented her tiny hand to a friendly pressure, or
+submitted her calm clear cheek to a presuming kiss. Yet withal she was
+so graceful, and her very stateliness was so pretty and captivating,
+that she was not the less loved for all her grand airs. And, indeed, she
+deserved to be loved; for though she was certainly prouder than Mr. Dale
+could approve of, her pride was devoid of egotism; and that is a pride
+by no means common. She had an intuitive forethought for others; you
+could see that she was capable of that grand woman-heroism, abnegation
+of self; and though she was an original child, and often grave and
+musing, with a tinge of melancholy, sweet, but deep in her character,
+still she was not above the happy genial merriment of childhood,--only
+her silver laugh was more attuned, and her gestures more composed, than
+those of children habituated to many play-fellows usually are. Mrs.
+Hazeldean liked her best when she was grave, and said "she would become
+a very sensible woman." Mrs. Dale liked her best when she was gay, and
+said "she was born to make many a heart ache;" for which Mrs. Dale was
+properly reproved by the Parson. Mrs. Hazeldean gave her a little set of
+garden tools; Mrs. Dale a picture-book and a beautiful doll. For a long
+time the book and the doll had the preference. But Mrs. Hazeldean having
+observed to Riccabocca that the poor child looked pale, and ought to be
+a good deal in the open air, the wise father ingeniously pretended to
+Violante that Mrs. Riccabocca had taken a great fancy to the
+picture-book, and that he should be very glad to have the doll, upon
+which Violante hastened to give them both away, and was never so happy
+as when mamma (as she called Mrs. Riccabocca) was admiring the
+picture-book, and Riccabocca with austere gravity dandled the doll. Then
+Riccabocca assured her that she could be of great use to him in the
+garden; and Violante instantly put into movement her spade, hoe, and
+wheelbarrow.
+
+This last occupation brought her into immediate contact with Mr. Leonard
+Fairfield; and that personage one morning, to his great horror, found
+Miss Violante had nearly exterminated a whole celery-bed, which she had
+ignorantly conceived to be a crop of weeds.
+
+Lenny was extremely angry. He snatched away the hoe, and said angrily,
+"You must not do that, Miss. I'll tell your papa if you--"
+
+Violante drew herself up, and never having been so spoken to before, at
+least since her arrival in England, there was something comic in the
+surprise of her large eyes, as well as something tragic in the dignity
+of her offended mien. "It is very naughty of you, Miss," continued
+Leonard in a milder tone, for he was both softened by the eyes and awed
+by the mien, "and I trust you will not do it again."
+
+"_Non capisco,_" (I don't understand,) murmured Violante, and the dark
+eyes filled with tears. At that moment up came Jackeymo; and Violante,
+pointing to Leonard, said, with an effort not to betray her emotion,
+"_Il fanciullo e molto grossolano_," (he is a very rude boy.)
+
+Jackeymo turned to Leonard with the look of an enraged tiger. "How you
+dare, scum of de earth that you are," cried he,[T] "how you dare make
+cry the signorina?" And his English not supplying familiar vituperatives
+sufficiently, he poured out upon Lenny such a profusion of Italian
+abuse, that the boy turned red and white in a breath with rage and
+perplexity.
+
+Violante took instant compassion upon the victim she had made, and, with
+true feminine caprice, now began to scold Jackeymo for his anger, and,
+finally approaching Leonard, laid her hand on his arm, and said with a
+kindness at once child-like and queenly, and in the prettiest imaginable
+mixture of imperfect English and soft Italian, to which I cannot pretend
+to do justice, and shall therefore translate: "Don't mind him. I dare
+say it was all my fault, only I did not understand you: are not these
+things weeds?"
+
+"No, my darling signorina," said Jackeymo in Italian, looking ruefully
+at the celery-bed, "they are not weeds, and they sell very well at this
+time of the year. But still, if it amuses you to pluck them up, I should
+like to see who's to prevent it."
+
+Lenny walked away. He had been called "the scum of the earth," by a
+foreigner too! He had again been ill-treated for doing what he conceived
+his duty. He was again feeling the distinction between rich and poor,
+and he now fancied that that distinction involved deadly warfare, for he
+had read from beginning to end those two damnable tracts which the
+Tinker had presented to him. But in the midst of all the angry
+disturbance of his mind, he felt the soft touch of the infant's hand,
+the soothing influence of her conciliating words, and he was half
+ashamed that he had spoken so roughly to a child.
+
+Still, not trusting himself to speak, he walked away and sat down at a
+distance. "I don't see," thought he, "why there should be rich and poor,
+master and servant." Lenny, be it remembered, had not heard the Parson's
+Political Sermon.
+
+An hour after, having composed himself, Lenny returned to his work.
+Jackeymo was no longer in the garden; he had gone to the fields; but
+Riccabocca was standing by the celery-bed, and holding the red silk
+umbrella over Violante as she sat on the ground looking up at her father
+with those eyes already so full of intelligence, and love, and soul.
+
+"Lenny," said Riccabocca, "my young lady has been telling me that she
+has been very naughty, and Giacomo very unjust to you. Forgive them
+both."
+
+Lenny's sullenness melted in an instant: the reminiscence of tracts Nos.
+1 and 2,--
+
+    "Like the baseless fabric of a vision,
+    Left not a wreck behind."
+
+He raised his eyes, swimming with all his native goodness, towards the
+wise man, and dropped them gratefully on the face of the infant
+peacemaker. Then he turned away his head and fairly wept. The Parson was
+right: "O ye poor, have charity for the rich; O ye rich, respect the
+poor."
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Now from that day the humble Lenny and the regal Violante became great
+friends. With what pride he taught her to distinguish between celery and
+weeds--and how proud too was she when she learned that she was _useful_!
+There is not a greater pleasure you can give to children, especially
+female children, than to make them feel they are already of value in the
+world, and serviceable as well as protected. Weeks and months rolled
+away, and Lenny still read, not only the books lent him by the Doctor,
+but those he bought of Mr. Sprott. As for the bombs and shells against
+religion which the Tinker carried in his bag, Lenny was not induced to
+blow himself up with them. He had been reared from his cradle in simple
+love and reverence for the Divine Father, and the tender Saviour, whose
+life, beyond all records of human goodness, whose death, beyond all
+epics of mortal heroism, no being whose infancy has been taught to
+supplicate the Merciful and adore the Holy, yea, even though his later
+life may be entangled amidst the thorns of some desolate pyrrhonism, can
+ever hear reviled and scoffed without a shock to the conscience and a
+revolt of the heart. As the deer recoils by instinct from the tiger, as
+the very look of the scorpion deters you from handling it, though you
+never saw a scorpion before, so the very first line in some ribald
+profanity on which the Tinker put his black finger, made Lenny's blood
+run cold. Safe, too, was the peasant boy from any temptation in works of
+a gross and licentious nature, not only because of the happy ignorance
+of his rural life, but because of a more enduring safeguard--genius!
+Genius, that, manly, robust, healthful as it be, is long before it loses
+its instinctive Dorian modesty; shamefaced, because so susceptible to
+glory--genius, that loves indeed to dream, but on the violet bank, not
+the dung-hill. Wherefore, even in the error of the senses, it seeks to
+escape from the sensual into worlds of fancy, subtle and refined. But
+apart from the passions, true genius is the most practical of all human
+gifts. Like the Apollo, whom the Greek worshipped as its type, even
+Arcady is its exile, not its home. Soon weary of the dalliance of Tempe,
+it ascends to its mission--the archer of the silver bow, the guide of
+the car of light. Speaking more plainly, genius is the enthusiasm for
+self-improvement; it ceases or sleeps the moment it desists from seeking
+some object which it believes of value, and by that object it insensibly
+connects its self-improvement with the positive advance of the world. At
+present Lenny's genius had no bias that was not to the positive and
+useful. It took the direction natural to his sphere, and the wants
+therein--viz., to the arts which call mechanical. He wanted to know
+about steam-engines and artesian wells; and to know about them it was
+necessary to know something of mechanics and hydrostatics; so he bought
+popular elementary works on those mystic sciences, and set all the
+powers of his mind at work on experiments.
+
+Noble and generous spirits are ye, who, with small care for fame, and
+little reward from pelf, have opened to the intellects of the poor the
+portals of wisdom! I honor and revere ye; only do not think ye have done
+all that is needful. Consider, I pray ye, whether so good a choice from
+the Tinker's bag would have been made by a boy whom religion had not
+scared from the pestilent, and genius had not led to the self-improving.
+And Lenny did not wholly escape from the mephitic portions of the motley
+elements from which his awakening mind drew its nurture. Think not it
+was all pure oxygen that the panting lips drew in. No; there were still
+those inflammatory tracts. Political I do not like to call them, for
+politics mean the art of government, and the tracts I speak of assailed
+all government which mankind has hitherto recognized. Sad rubbish,
+perhaps, were such tracts to you, O sound thinker, in your easy-chair!
+Or to you, practised statesman, at your post on the treasury bench--to
+you, calm dignitary of a learned church--or to you, my lord judge, who
+may often have sent from your bar to the dire Orcus of Norfolk's Isle
+the ghosts of men whom that rubbish, falling simultaneously on the bumps
+of acquisitiveness and combativeness, hath untimely slain. Sad rubbish
+to you! But seems it such rubbish to the poor man, to whom it promises a
+paradise on the easy terms of upsetting a world! For ye see, these
+"Appeals to Operatives" represent that same world-upsetting as the
+simplest thing imaginable--a sort of two-and-two-make-four proposition.
+The poor have only got to set their strong hands to the axle, and
+heave-a-hoy! and hurrah for the topsy-turvy! Then, just to put a little
+wholesome rage into the heave-a-hoy! it is so facile to accompany
+the eloquence of "Appeals" with a kind of stir-the-bile-up
+statistics--"Abuses of the Aristocracy"--"Jobs of the
+Priesthood"--"Expenses of Army kept up for Peers' younger sons"--"Wars
+contracted for the villainous purpose of raising the rents of the
+land-owners"--all arithmetically dished up, and seasoned with tales of
+every gentleman who has committed a misdeed, every clergyman who has
+dishonored his cloth; as if such instances were fair specimens of
+average gentlemen and ministers of religion! All this passionately
+advanced, (and observe, never answered, for that literature admits no
+controversialists, and the writer has it all his own way) may be
+rubbish; but it is out of such rubbish that operatives build barricades
+for attack, and legislators prisons for defence.
+
+Our poor friend Lenny drew plenty of this stuff from the Tinker's bag.
+He thought it very clever and very eloquent; and he supposed the
+statistics were as true as mathematical demonstrations.
+
+A famous knowledge-diffuser is looking over my shoulder, and tells me,
+"Increase education, and cheapen good books, and all this rubbish will
+disappear!" Sir, I don't believe a word of it. If you printed Ricardo
+and Adam Smith at a farthing a volume, I still believe that they would
+be as little read by the operatives as they are now-a-days by a very
+large proportion of highly cultivated men. I still believe that, while
+the press works, attacks on the rich, and propositions for heave-a-hoys,
+will always form a popular portion of the Literature of Labor. There's
+Lenny Fairfield reading a treatise on hydraulics, and constructing a
+model for a fountain into the bargain; but that does not prevent his
+acquiescence in any proposition for getting rid of a National Debt,
+which he certainly never agreed to pay, and which he is told makes sugar
+and tea so shamefully dear. No. I tell you what does a little counteract
+those eloquent incentives to break his own head against the strong walls
+of the Social System--it is, that he has two eyes in that head, which
+are not always employed in reading. And, having been told in print that
+masters are tyrants, parsons hypocrites or drones in the hive, and
+land-owners vampires and bloodsuckers, he looks out into the little
+world around him, and, first, he is compelled to acknowledge that his
+master is not a tyrant, (perhaps because he is a foreigner and a
+philosopher, and, for what I and Lenny know, a republican.) But then
+Parson Dale, though High Church to the marrow, is neither hypocrite nor
+drone. He has a very good living, it is true--much better than he ought
+to have, according to the "political" opinions of those tracts; but
+Lenny is obliged to confess that, if Parson Dale were a penny the
+poorer, he would do a pennyworth's less good; and, comparing one parish
+with another, such as Roodhall and Hazeldean, he is dimly aware that
+there is no greater CIVILIZER than a parson tolerably well off. Then,
+too, Squire Hazeldean, though as arrant a Tory as ever stood upon
+shoe-leather, is certainly not a vampire nor bloodsucker. He does not
+feed on the public; a great many of the public feed upon him; and,
+therefore, his practical experience a little staggers and perplexes
+Lenny Fairfield as to the gospel accuracy of his theoretical dogmas.
+Masters, parsons, and land-owners! having at the risk of all popularity,
+just given a _coup de patte_ to certain sages extremely the fashion at
+present, I am not going to let you off without an admonitory flea in the
+ear. Don't suppose that any mere scribbling and typework will suffice to
+answer the scribbling and typework set at work to demolish you--_write_
+down that rubbish you can't--_live_ it down you may. If you are rich,
+like Squire Hazeldean, do good with your money; if you are poor, like
+Signor Riccabocca, do good with your kindness.
+
+See! there is Lenny now receiving his week's wages; and though Lenny
+knows that he can get higher wages in the very next parish, his blue
+eyes are sparkling with gratitude, not at the chink of the money, but at
+the poor exile's friendly talk on things apart from all service; while
+Violante is descending the steps from the terrace, charged by her
+mother-in-law with a little basket of sago, and such-like delicacies,
+for Mrs. Fairfield, who has been ailing the last few days.
+
+Lenny will see the Tinker as he goes home, and he will buy a most
+Demosthenean "Appeal"--a tract of tracts, upon the "Propriety of
+Strikes," and the Avarice of Masters. But, somehow or other, I think a
+few words from Signor Riccabocca, that did not cost the Signor a
+farthing, and the sight of his mother's smile at the contents of the
+basket, which cost very little, will serve to neutralise the effects of
+that "Appeal," much more efficaciously than the best article a Brougham
+or a Mill could write on the subject.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Spring had come again; and one beautiful May-day, Leonard Fairfield sate
+beside the little fountain which he had now actually constructed in the
+garden. The butterflies were hovering over the belt of flowers which he
+had placed around his fountain, and the birds were singing overhead.
+Leonard Fairfield was resting from his day's work, to enjoy his
+abstemious dinner, beside the cool play of the sparkling waters, and,
+with the yet keener appetite of knowledge, he devoured his book as he
+munched his crusts.
+
+A penny tract is the shoeing-horn of literature; it draws on a great
+many books, and some too tight to be very useful in walking. The penny
+tract quotes a celebrated writer, you long to read him; it props a
+startling assertion by a grave authority, you long to refer to it.
+During the nights of the past winter, Leonard's intelligence had made
+vast progress: he had taught himself more than the elements of
+mechanics, and put to practice the principles he had acquired, not only
+in the hydraulical achievement of the fountain, nor in the still more
+notable application of science, commenced on the stream in which
+Jackeymo had fished for minnows, and which Lenny had diverted to the
+purpose of irrigating two fields, but in various ingenious contrivances
+for the facilitation or abridgment of labor, which had excited great
+wonder and praise in the neighborhood. On the other hand, those rabid
+little tracts, which dealt so summarily with the destinies of the human
+race, even when his growing reason, and the perusal of works more
+classical or more logical, had led him to perceive that they were
+illiterate, and to suspect that they jumped from premises to conclusions
+with a celerity very different from the careful ratiocination of
+mechanical science, had still, in the citations and references wherewith
+they abounded, lured him on to philosophers more specious and more
+perilous. Out of the Tinker's bag he had drawn a translation of
+Condorcet's _Progress of Man_, and another of Rousseau's _Social
+Contract_. These had induced him to select from the tracts in the
+Tinker's miscellany those which abounded most in professions of
+philanthropy, and predictions of some coming Golden Age, to which old
+Saturn's was a joke--tracts so mild and mother-like in their language,
+that it required a much more practical experience than Lenny's to
+perceive that you would have to pass a river of blood before you had the
+slightest chance of setting foot on the flowery banks on which they
+invited you to repose--tracts which rouged poor Christianity on the
+cheeks, clapped a crown of innocent daffodillies on her head, and set
+her to dancing a _pas de zephyr_ in the pastoral ballet in which St.
+Simon pipes to the flock he shears; or having first laid it down as a
+preliminary axiom, that
+
+    "The cloud-capt towers, the gorgeous palaces,
+    The solemn temples, the great globe itself--
+    Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve,"
+
+substituted in place thereof Monsieur Fourier's symmetrical phalanstere,
+or Mr. Owen's architectural parallelogram. It was with some such tract
+that Lenny was seasoning his crusts and his radishes, when Riccabocca,
+bending his long dark face over the student's shoulder, said abruptly--
+
+"_Diavolo_, my friend! What on earth have you got there? Just let me
+look at it, will you?"
+
+Leonard rose respectfully, and colored deeply as he surrendered the
+tract to Riccabocca.
+
+The wise man read the first page attentively, the second more cursorily,
+and only ran his eye over the rest. He had gone through too vast a range
+of problems political, not to have passed over that venerable _Pons
+Asinorum_ of Socialism, on which Fouriers and St. Simons sit straddling
+and cry aloud that they have arrived at the last boundary of knowledge!
+
+"All this is as old as the hills," quoth Riccabocca irreverently; "but
+the hills stand still, and this--there it goes!" and the sage pointed to
+a cloud emitted from his pipe. "Did you ever read Sir David Brewster on
+Optical Delusions? No! Well, I'll lend it to you. You will find therein
+a story of a lady who always saw a black cat on her hearth-rug. The
+black cat existed only in her fancy, but the hallucination was natural
+and reasonable--eh--what do you think?"
+
+"Why, sir," said Leonard, not catching the Italian's meaning, "I don't
+exactly see that it was natural and reasonable."
+
+"Foolish boy, yes! because black cats are things possible and known. But
+who ever saw upon earth a community of men such as sit on the
+hearth-rugs of Messrs. Owen and Fourier? If the lady's hallucination was
+not reasonable, what is his, who believes in such visions as these?"
+
+Leonard bit his lip.
+
+"My dear boy," cried Riccabocca kindly, "the only thing sure and
+tangible to which these writers would lead you, lies at the first step,
+and that is what is commonly called a Revolution. Now, I know what that
+is. I have gone, not indeed through a revolution, but an attempt at
+one."
+
+Leonard raised his eyes towards his master with a look of profound
+respect, and great curiosity.
+
+"Yes," added Riccabocca, and the face on which the boy gazed exchanged
+its usual grotesque and sardonic expression for one animated, noble, and
+heroic. "Yes, not a revolution for chimeras, but for that cause which
+the coldest allow to be good, and which, when successful, all time
+approves as divine--the redemption of our native soil from the rule of
+the foreigner! I have shared in such an attempt. And," continued the
+Italian mournfully, "recalling now all the evil passions it arouses, all
+the ties it dissolves, all the blood that it commands to flow, all the
+healthful industry it arrests, all the madmen that it arms, all the
+victims that it dupes, I question whether one man really honest, pure,
+and humane, who has once gone through such an ordeal, would ever hazard
+it again, unless he was assured that the victory was certain--ay, and
+the object for which he fights not to be wrested from his hands amidst
+the uproar of the elements that the battle has released."
+
+The Italian paused, shaded his brow with his hand, and remained long
+silent. Then, gradually resuming his ordinary tone, he continued:
+
+"Revolutions that have no definite objects made clear by the positive
+experience of history; revolutions, in a word, that aim less at
+substituting one law or one dynasty for another, than at changing the
+whole scheme of society, have been little attempted by real statesmen.
+Even Lycurgus is proved to be a myth who never existed. They are the
+suggestions of philosophers who lived apart from the actual world, and
+whose opinions (though generally they were very benevolent, good sort of
+men, and wrote in an elegant poetical style) one would no more take on a
+plain matter of life, than one would look upon Virgil's _Eclogues_ as a
+faithful picture of the ordinary pains and pleasures of the peasants who
+tend our sheep. Read them as you would read poets, and they are
+delightful. But attempt to shape the world according to the poetry--and
+fit yourself for a madhouse. The farther off the age is from the
+realization of such projects, the more these poor philosophers have
+indulged them. Thus, it was amidst the saddest corruption of court
+manners, that it became the fashion in Paris to sit for one's picture,
+with a crook in one's hand, as Alexis, or Daphne. Just as liberty was
+fast dying out of Greece, and the successors of Alexander were founding
+their monarchies, and Rome was growing up to crush in its iron grasp all
+states save its own, Plato withdraws his eyes from the world, to open
+them in his dreamy Atlantis. Just in the grimmest period of English
+history, with the axe hanging over his head, Sir Thomas More gives you
+his _Utopia_. Just when the world is to be the theatre of a new
+Sesostris, the dreamers of France tell you that the age is too
+enlightened for war, that man is henceforth to be governed by pure
+reason and live in a Paradise. Very pretty reading all this to a man
+like me, Lenny, who can admire and smile at it. But to you, to the man
+who has to work for his living, to the man who thinks it would be so
+much more pleasant to live at his ease in a phalanstere than to work
+eight or ten hours a day; to the man of talent, and action, and
+industry, whose future is invested in that tranquillity and order of a
+state, in which talent, and action, and industry are a certain
+capital;--why Messrs. Coutts, the great bankers, had better encourage a
+theory to upset the system of banking! Whatever disturbs society, yea,
+even by a causeless panic, much more by an actual struggle, falls first
+upon the market of labor, and thence affects prejudicially every
+department of intelligence. In such times the arts are arrested;
+literature is neglected; people are too busy to read any thing save
+appeals to their passions. And capital, shaken in its sense of security,
+no longer ventures boldly through the land, calling forth all the
+energies of toil and enterprise, and extending to every workman his
+reward. Now Lenny, take this piece of advice. You are young, clever, and
+aspiring; men rarely succeed in changing the world; but a man seldom
+fails of success if he lets the world alone, and resolves to make the
+best of it. You are in the midst of the great crisis of your life; it is
+the struggle between the new desires knowledge excites, and that sense
+of poverty, which those desires convert either into hope and emulation,
+or into envy and despair. I grant that it is an uphill work that lies
+before you; but don't you think it is always easier to climb a mountain
+than it is to level it? These books call on you to level a mountain; and
+that mountain is the property of other people, subdivided amongst a
+great many proprietors, and protected by law. At the first stroke of the
+pick-axe it is ten to one but what you are taken up for a trespass. But
+the path up the mountain is a right of way uncontested. You may be safe
+at the summit, before (even if the owners are fools enough to let you)
+you could have levelled a yard. '_Cospetto!_' quoth the doctor, 'it is
+more than two thousand years ago since poor Plato began to level it, and
+the mountain is as high as ever!'"
+
+Thus saying, Riccabocca came to the end of his pipe, and, stalking
+thoughtfully away, he left Leonard Fairfield trying to extract light
+from the smoke.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Shortly after this discourse of Riccabocca's, an incident occurred to
+Leonard that served to carry his mind into new directions. One evening,
+when his mother was out, he was at work on a new mechanical contrivance,
+and had the misfortune to break one of the instruments which he
+employed. Now it will be remembered that his father had been the
+Squire's head-carpenter; the widow had carefully hoarded the tools of
+his craft which had belonged to her poor Mark; and though she
+occasionally lent them to Leonard, she would not give them up to his
+service. Amongst these, Leonard knew that he should find the one that he
+wanted; and being much interested in his contrivance, he could not wait
+till his mother's return. The tools, with other little relics of the
+lost, were kept in a large trunk in Mrs. Fairfield's sleeping room; the
+trunk was not locked, and Leonard went to it without ceremony or
+scruple. In rummaging for the instrument, his eye fell on a bundle of
+MSS.; and he suddenly recollected that when he was a mere child, and
+before he much knew the difference between verse and prose, his mother
+had pointed to these MSS. and said "One day or other, when you can read
+nicely I'll let you look at these, Lenny. My poor Mark wrote such
+verses--ah, he _was_ a scollard!" Leonard, reasonably enough, thought
+that the time had now arrived when he was worthy the privilege of
+reading the paternal effusions, and he took forth the MSS. with a keen
+but melancholy interest. He recognized his father's handwriting, which
+he had often seen before in account-books and memoranda, and read
+eagerly some trifling poems, which did not show much genius, nor much
+mastery of language and rhythm--such poems, in short, as a self-educated
+man with a poetic taste and feeling, rather than poetic inspiration or
+artistic culture, might compose with credit, but not for fame. But
+suddenly, as he turned over these 'Occasional Pieces,' Leonard came to
+others in a different handwriting--a woman's handwriting--small, and
+fine, and exquisitely formed. He had scarcely read six lines of these
+last before his attention was irresistibly chained. They were of a
+different order of merit from poor Mark's; they bore the unmistakable
+stamp of genius. Like the poetry of women in general, they were devoted
+to personal feeling--they were not the mirror of a world, but
+reflections of a solitary heart. Yet this is the kind of poetry most
+pleasing to the young. And the verses in question had another attraction
+for Leonard; they seemed to express some struggle akin to his own--some
+complaint against the actual condition of the writer's life, some sweet
+melodious murmurs at fortune. For the rest, they were characterized by a
+vein of sentiment so elevated that, if written by a man, it would have
+run into exaggeration; written by a woman, the romance was carried off
+by so many revelations of sincere, deep, pathetic feeling, that it was
+always natural, though true to a nature from which you would not augur
+happiness.
+
+Leonard was still absorbed in the perusal of these poems, when Mrs.
+Fairfield entered the room.
+
+"What have you been about, Lenny?--searching in my box?"
+
+"I came to look for my father's bag of tools, mother, and I found these
+papers, which you said I might read some day."
+
+"I doesn't wonder you did not hear me when I came in," said the widow
+sighing. "I used to sit still for the hour together, when my poor Mark
+read his poems to me. There was such a pretty one about the Peasant's
+Fireside, Lenny--have you got hold of that?"
+
+"Yes, dear mother; and I remarked the allusion to you; it brought tears
+to my eyes. But these verses are not my father's--whose are they? They
+seem a woman's hand."
+
+Mrs. Fairfield looked--changed color--grew faint--and seated herself.
+
+"Poor, poor Nora!" said she falteringly. "I did not know as they were
+there; Mark kep' 'em; they got among his"--
+
+_Leonard._--"Who was Nora?"
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield._--"Who?--child,--who? Nora was--was my own--own
+sister."
+
+_Leonard_ (in great amaze, contrasting his ideal of the writer of these
+musical lines in that graceful hand, with his homely, uneducated mother,
+who can neither read nor write.)--"Your sister--is it possible? My aunt,
+then. How comes it you never spoke of her before? Oh, you should be so
+proud of her, mother."
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield_ (clasping her hands).--"We were proud of her, all of
+us--father, mother,--all! She was so beautiful and so good, and not
+proud she! though she looked like the first lady in the land. Oh! Nora,
+Nora!"
+
+_Leonard_ (after a pause).--"But she must have been highly educated?"
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield._--"'Deed she was!"
+
+_Leonard._--"How was that?"
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield_ (rocking herself to and fro in her chair).--"Oh! my
+Lady was her godmother--Lady Lansmere I mean--and took a fancy to her
+when she was that high! and had her to stay at the Park, and wait on her
+ladyship; and then she put her to school, and Nora was so clever that
+nothing would do but she must go to London as a governess. But don't
+talk of it, boy!--don't talk of it!"
+
+_Leonard._--"Why not, mother?--what has become of her?--where is she?"
+
+_Mrs. Fairfield_ (bursting into a paroxysm of tears).--"In her grave--in
+her cold grave! Dead, dead!"
+
+Leonard was inexpressibly grieved and shocked. It is the attribute of
+the poet to seem always living, always a friend. Leonard felt as if some
+one very dear had been suddenly torn from his heart. He tried to console
+his mother; but her emotion was contagious, and he wept with her.
+
+"And how long has she been dead?" he asked at last, in mournful accents.
+
+"Many's the long year, many; but," added Mrs. Fairfield, rising, and
+putting her tremulous hand on Leonard's shoulder, "you'll just never
+talk to me about her--I can't bear it--it breaks my heart. I can bear
+better to talk of Mark--come down stairs--come."
+
+"May I not keep these verses, mother? Do let me."
+
+"Well, well, those bits o' paper be all she left behind her--yes, keep
+them, but put back Mark's. Are _they_ all here?--sure?" And the widow,
+though she could not read her husband's verses, looked jealously at the
+MSS. written in his irregular large scrawl, and, smoothing them
+carefully, replaced them in the trunk, and resettled over them some
+sprigs of lavender, which Leonard had unwittingly disturbed.
+
+"But," said Leonard, as his eye again rested on the beautiful
+handwriting of his lost aunt"--but you call her Nora--I see she signs
+herself L."
+
+"Leonora was her name. I said she was my Lady's godchild. We called her
+Nora for short"--
+
+"Leonora--and I am Leonard--is that how I came by the name?"
+
+"Yes, yes--do hold your tongue, boy," sobbed poor Mrs. Fairfield; and
+she could not be soothed nor coaxed into continuing or renewing a
+subject which was evidently associated with insupportable pain.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+It is difficult to exaggerate the effect that this discovery produced on
+Leonard's train of thought. Some one belonging to his own humble race
+had, then, preceded him in his struggling flight towards the lofter
+regions of Intelligence and Desire. It was like the mariner amidst
+unknown seas, who finds carved upon some desert isle a familiar
+household name. And this creature of genius and of sorrow--whose
+existence he had only learned by her song, and whose death created, in
+the simple heart of her sister, so passionate a grief after the lapse of
+so many years--supplied to the romance awaking in his young heart the
+ideal which it unconsciously sought. He was pleased to hear that she had
+been beautiful and good. He paused from his books to muse on her, and
+picture her image to his fancy. That there was some mystery in her fate
+was evident to him; and while that conviction deepened his interest, the
+mystery itself, by degrees, took a charm which he was not anxious to
+dispel. He resigned himself to Mrs. Fairfield's obstinate silence. He
+was contented to rank the dead amongst those holy and ineffable images
+which we do not seek to unveil. Youth and Fancy have many secret hoards
+of idea which they do not desire to impart, even to those most in their
+confidence. I doubt the depth of feeling in any man who has not certain
+recesses in his soul in which none may enter.
+
+Hitherto, as I have said, the talents of Leonard Fairfield had been more
+turned to things positive than to the ideal; to science and
+investigation of fact than to poetry, and that airier truth in which
+poetry has its element. He had read our greater poets, indeed, but
+without thought of imitating; and rather from the general curiosity to
+inspect all celebrated monuments of the human mind, than from that
+especial predilection for verse which is too common in childhood and
+youth to be any sure sign of a poet. But now these melodies, unknown to
+all the world beside, rang in his ear, mingled with his thoughts--set,
+as it were, his whole life to music. He read poetry with a different
+sentiment--it seemed to him that he had discovered its secret. And so
+reading, the passion seized him, and "the numbers came."
+
+To many minds, at the commencement of our grave and earnest pilgrimage,
+I am Vandal enough to think that the indulgence of poetic taste and
+reverie does great and lasting harm; that it serves to enervate the
+character, give false ideas of life, impart the semblance of drudgery to
+the noble toils and duties of the active man. All poetry would not do
+this--not, for instance, the Classical, in its diviner masters--not the
+poetry of Homer, of Virgil, of Sophocles, not, perhaps, even that of the
+indolent Horace. But the poetry which youth usually loves and
+appreciates the best--the poetry of mere sentiment--does so in minds
+already over predisposed to the sentimental, and which require bracing
+to grow into healthful manhood.
+
+On the other hand, even this latter kind of poetry, which is peculiarly
+modern, does suit many minds of another mould--minds which our modern
+life, with its hard positive forms, tends to produce. And as in certain
+climates plants and herbs, peculiarly adapted as antidotes to those
+diseases most prevalent in the atmosphere, are profusely sown, as it
+were, by the benignant providence of nature--so it may be that the
+softer and more romantic species of poetry, which comes forth in harsh,
+money-making, unromantic times, is intended as curatives and
+counter-poisons. The world is so much with us, now-a-days, that we need
+have something that prates to us, albeit even in too fine an euphuism,
+of the moon and stars.
+
+Certes, to Leonard Fairfield, at that period of his intellectual life,
+the softness of our Helicon descended as healing dews. In his turbulent
+and unsettled ambition, in his vague grapple with the giant forms of
+political truths, in his bias towards the application of science to
+immediate practical purposes, this lovely vision of the Muse came in the
+white robe of the Peacemaker; and with upraised hand, pointing to serene
+skies, she opened to him fair glimpses of the Beautiful, which is given
+to Peasant as to Prince--showed to him that on the surface of earth
+there is something nobler than fortune--that he who can view the world
+as a poet is always at soul a king; while to practical purpose itself,
+that larger and more profound invention, which poetry stimulates,
+supplied the grand design and the subtle view--leading him beyond the
+mere ingenuity of the mechanic, and habituating him to regard the inert
+force of the matter at his command with the ambition of the Discoverer.
+But, above all, the discontent that was within him, finding a vent, not
+in deliberate war upon this actual world, but through the purifying
+channels of song--in the vent itself it evaporated, it was lost. By
+accustoming ourselves to survey all things with the spirit that retains
+and reproduces them only in their lovelier or grander aspects, a vast
+philosophy of toleration for what we before gazed on with scorn or hate
+insensibly grows upon us. Leonard looked into his heart after the
+enchantress had breathed upon it; and through the mists of the fleeting
+and tender melancholy which betrayed where she had been, he beheld a new
+sun of delight and joy dawning over the landscape of human life.
+
+Thus, though she was dead and gone from his actual knowledge, this
+mysterious kinswoman--"a voice, and nothing more"--had spoken to him,
+soothed, elevated, cheered, attuned each discord into harmony; and if
+now permitted from some serener sphere to behold the life that her soul
+thus strangely influenced, verily, with yet holier joy, the saving and
+lovely spirit might have glided onward in the eternal progress.
+
+We call the large majority of human lives _obscure_. Presumptuous that
+we are! How know we what lives a single thought retained from the dust
+of nameless graves may have lighted to renown?
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+It was about a year after Leonard's discovery of the family MSS. that
+Parson Dale borrowed the quietest pad mare in the Squire's stables, and
+set out on an equestrian excursion. He said that he was bound on
+business connected with his old parishioners of Lansmere; for, as it has
+been incidentally implied in a previous chapter, he had been connected
+with that borough town (and I may here add, in the capacity of curate)
+before he had been inducted into the living of Hazeldean.
+
+It was so rarely that the Parson stirred from home, that this journey to
+a town more than twenty miles off was regarded as a most daring
+adventure, both at the Hall and at the Parsonage. Mrs. Dale could not
+sleep the whole previous night with thinking of it; and though she had
+naturally one of her worst nervous headaches on the eventful morn, she
+yet suffered no hands less thoughtful than her own to pack up the
+saddle-bags which the Parson had borrowed along with the pad. Nay, so
+distrustful was she of the possibility of the good man's exerting the
+slightest common sense in her absence, that she kept him close at her
+side while she was engaged in that same operation of packing up--showing
+him the exact spot in which the clean shirt was put, and how nicely the
+old slippers were packed up in one of his own sermons. She implored him
+not to mistake the sandwiches for his shaving-soap, and made him observe
+how carefully she had provided against such confusion, by placing them
+as far apart from each other as the nature of saddle-bags will admit.
+The poor Parson--who was really by no means an absent man, but as little
+likely to shave himself with sandwiches and lunch upon soap as the most
+common-place mortal may be--listened with conjugal patience, and thought
+that man never had such a wife before; nor was it without tears in his
+own eyes that he tore himself from the farewell embrace of his weeping
+Carry.
+
+I confess, however, that it was with some apprehension that he set his
+foot in the stirrup, and trusted his person to the mercies of an
+unfamiliar animal. For whatever might be Mr. Dale's minor
+accomplishments as man and parson, horsemanship was not his forte.
+Indeed, I doubt if he had taken the reins in his hand more than once
+since he had been married.
+
+The Squire's surly old groom, Mat, was in attendance with the pad; and,
+to the Parson's gentle inquiry whether Mat was quite sure that the pad
+was quite safe, replied laconically, "Oi, oi, give her her head."
+
+"Give her her head!" repeated Mr. Dale, rather amazed, for he had not
+the slightest intention of taking away that part of the beast's frame,
+so essential to its vital economy--"Give her her head!"
+
+"Oi, oi; and don't jerk her up like that, or she'll fall a doincing on
+her hind-legs."
+
+The Parson instantly slackened the reins; and Mrs. Dale--who had tarried
+behind to control her tears--now running to the door for 'more last
+words,' he waved his hand with courageous amenity, and ambled forth into
+the lane.
+
+Our equestrian was absorbed at first in studying the idiosyncrasies of
+the pad, and trying thereby to arrive at some notion of her general
+character: guessing, for instance, why she raised one ear and laid down
+the other; why she kept bearing so close to the left that she brushed
+his leg against the hedge; and why, when she arrived at a little
+side-gate in the fields, which led towards the home-farm, she came to a
+full stop, and fell to rubbing her nose against the rail--an occupation
+from which the Parson, finding all civil remonstrances in vain, at
+length diverted her by a timorous application of the whip.
+
+This crisis on the road fairly passed, the pad seemed to comprehend that
+she had a journey before her, and giving a petulant whisk of her tail,
+quickened her amble into a short trot, which soon brought the Parson
+into the high-road, and nearly opposite the Casino.
+
+Here, sitting on the gate which led to his abode, and shaded by his
+umbrella, he beheld Dr. Riccabocca.
+
+The Italian lifted his eyes from the book he was reading, and stared
+hard at the Parson; and he--not venturing to withdraw his whole
+attention from the pad, (who, indeed, set up both her ears at the
+apparition of Riccabocca, and evinced symptoms of that surprise and
+superstitious repugnance at unknown objects which goes by the name of
+"shying,")--looked askance at Riccabocca.
+
+"Don't stir, please," said the Parson, "or I fear you will alarm this
+creature; it seems a nervous, timid thing;--soho--gently--gently."
+
+And he fell to patting the mare with great unction.
+
+The pad, thus encouraged, overcame her first natural astonishment at the
+sight of Riccabocca and the red umbrella; and having before been at the
+Casino on sundry occasions, and sagaciously preferring places within the
+range of her experience to bournes neither cognate nor conjecturable,
+she moved gravely up toward the gate on which the Italian sate; and,
+after eyeing him a moment--as much as to say "I wish you would get
+off"--came to a dead lock.
+
+"Well," said Riccabocca, "since your horse seems more disposed to be
+polite than yourself, Mr. Dale, I take the opportunity of your present
+involuntary pause to congratulate you on your elevation in life, and to
+breathe a friendly prayer that pride may not have a fall!"
+
+"Tut," said the Parson, affecting an easy air, though still
+contemplating the pad, who appeared to have fallen into a quiet doze,
+"it is true that I have not ridden much of late years, and the Squire's
+horses are very high fed and spirited; but there is no more harm in them
+than their master when one once knows their ways."
+
+    "Chi va piano, va sano,
+    E chi va sano va lontano,"
+
+said Riccabocca, pointing to the saddle-bags. "You go slowly, therefore
+safely; and he who goes safely may go far. You seem prepared for a
+journey?"
+
+"I am," said the Parson; "and on a matter that concerns you a little."
+
+"Me!" exclaimed Riccabocca--"concerns me!"
+
+"Yes, so far as the chance of depriving you of a servant whom you like
+and esteem affects you."
+
+"Oh," said Riccabocca, "I understand you: you have hinted to me very
+often that I or Knowledge, or both together, have unfitted Leonard
+Fairfield for service."
+
+"I did not say that exactly; I said that you have fitted him for
+something higher than service. But do not repeat this to him. And I
+cannot yet say more to you, for I am very doubtful as to the success of
+my mission; and it will not do to unsettle poor Leonard until we are
+sure that we can improve his condition."
+
+"Of that you can never be sure," quoth the wise man, shaking his head;
+"and I can't say that I am unselfish enough not to bear you a grudge for
+seeking to decoy away from me an invaluable servant--faithful, steady,
+intelligent, and (added Riccabocca warming as he approached the
+climacteric adjective)--exceedingly cheap! Nevertheless go, and Heaven
+speed you. I am not an Alexander, to stand between man and the sun."
+
+"You are a noble great-hearted creature, Signor Riccabocca, in spite of
+your cold-blooded proverbs and villainous books." The Parson, as he said
+this, brought down the whip-hand with so indiscreet an enthusiasm on the
+pad's shoulder, that the poor beast, startled out of her innocent doze,
+made a bolt forward, which nearly precipitated Riccabocca from his seat
+on the stile, and then turning round--as the Parson tugged desperately
+at the rein--caught the bit between her teeth, and set off at a canter.
+The Parson lost both his stirrups; and when he regained them, (as the
+pad slackened her pace,) and had time to breathe and look about him,
+Riccabocca and the Casino were both out of sight.
+
+"Certainly," quoth Parson Dale, as he resettled himself with great
+complacency, and a conscious triumph that he was still on the pad's
+back--"certainly it is true 'that the noblest conquest ever made by man
+was that of the horse:' a fine creature it is--a very fine creature--and
+uncommonly difficult to sit on,--especially without stirrups." Firmly in
+_his_ stirrups the Parson planted his feet; and the heart within him was
+very proud.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Lansmere was situated in the county adjoining that which contained the
+village of Hazeldean. Late at noon the Parson crossed the little stream
+which divided the two shires, and came to an inn, which was placed at an
+angle, where the great main road branched off into two directions--the
+one leading towards Lansmere, the other going more direct to London. At
+this inn the pad stopped, and put down both ears with the air of a pad
+who has made up her mind to bait. And the Parson himself, feeling very
+warm and somewhat sore, said to the pad benignly, "It is just--thou
+shall have corn and water!"
+
+Dismounting therefore, and finding himself very stiff, as soon as he had
+reached _terra firma_, the Parson consigned the pad to the ostler, and
+walked into the sanded parlor of the inn, to repose himself on a very
+hard Windsor chair.
+
+He had been alone rather more than half-an-hour, reading a county
+newspaper which smelt much of tobacco, and trying to keep off the flies
+that gathered round him in swarms, as if they had never before seen a
+Parson, and were anxious to ascertain how the flesh of him tasted,--when
+a stage-coach stopped at the inn. A traveller got out with his
+carpet-bag in his hand, and was shown into the sanded parlor.
+
+The Parson rose politely, and made a bow.
+
+The traveller touched his hat, without taking it off--looked at Mr. Dale
+from top to toe--then walked to the window, and whistled a lively
+impatient tune, then strode towards the fire-place and rang the bell;
+then stared again at the Parson; and that gentleman having courteously
+laid down the newspaper, the traveller seized it, threw himself on a
+chair, flung one of his legs over the table, tossed the other up on the
+mantel-piece, and began reading the paper, while he tilted the chair on
+its hind legs with so daring a disregard to the ordinary position of
+chairs and their occupants, that the shuddering Parson expected every
+moment to see him come down on the back of his skull.
+
+Moved, therefore, to compassion, Mr. Dale said mildly--
+
+"Those chairs are very treacherous, sir. I'm afraid you'll be down."
+
+"Eh," said the traveller, looking up much astonished. "Eh, down?--oh,
+you're satirical, sir."
+
+"Satirical, sir? upon my word, no!" exclaimed the Parson earnestly.
+
+"I think every free-born man has a right to sit as he pleases in his own
+house," resumed the traveller with warmth; "and an inn is his own house,
+I guess, so long as he pays his score. Betty, my dear."
+
+For the chambermaid had now replied to the bell.
+
+"I han't Betty, sir; do you want she?"
+
+"No, Sally--cold brandy and water--and a biscuit."
+
+"I han't Sally either," muttered the chambermaid; but the traveller
+turning round, showed so smart a neckcloth and so comely a face, that
+she smiled, colored, and went her way.
+
+The traveller now rose, and flung down the paper. He took out a
+pen-knife, and began paring his nails. Suddenly desisting from this
+elegant occupation, his eye caught sight of the Parson's shovel-hat,
+which lay on a chair in the corner.
+
+"You're a clergyman, I reckon, sir," said the traveller, with a slight
+sneer.
+
+Again Mr. Dale bowed--bowed in part deprecatingly--in part with dignity.
+It was a bow that said, "No offence, sir, but I _am_ a clergyman, and
+I'm not ashamed of it."
+
+"Going far?" asked the traveller.
+
+_Parson._--"Not very."
+
+_Traveller._--"In a chaise or fly? If so, and we are going the same
+way--halves."
+
+_Parson._--"Halves?"
+
+_Traveller._--"Yes, I'll pay half the damage--pikes inclusive."
+
+_Parson._--"You are very good, sir. But," (_spoken with pride_) "I am on
+horseback."
+
+_Traveller._--"On horseback! Well, I should not have guessed that! You
+don't look like it. Where did you say you were going?"
+
+"I did _not_ say where I was going, sir," said the Parson drily, for he
+was much offended at that vague and ungrammatical remark applicable to
+his horsemanship, that "he did not look like it."
+
+"Close!" said the traveller laughing: "an old traveller, I reckon."
+
+The Parson made no reply, but he took up his shovel-hat, and, with a bow
+more majestic than the previous one, walked out to see if his pad had
+finished her corn.
+
+The animal had indeed finished all the corn afforded to her, which was
+not much, and in a few minutes more Mr. Dale resumed his journey. He had
+performed about three miles, when the sound of wheels behind made him
+turn his head, and he perceived a chaise driven very fast, while out of
+the windows thereof dangled strangely a pair of human legs. The pad
+began to curvet as the post horses rattled behind, and the Parson had
+only an indistinct vision of a human face supplanting these human legs.
+The traveller peered out at him as he whirled by--saw Mr. Dale tossed up
+and down on the saddle, and cried out, "How's the leather?"
+
+"Leather!" soliloquised the Parson, as the pad recomposed herself. "What
+does he mean by that? Leather! a very vulgar man. But I got rid of him
+cleverly."
+
+Mr. Dale arrived without farther adventure at Lansmere. He put up at the
+principal inn--refreshed himself by a general ablution--and sate down
+with a good appetite to his beef-steak and pint of port.
+
+The Parson was a better judge of the physiognomy of man than that of the
+horse; and after a satisfactory glance at the civil smirking landlord,
+who removed the cover and set on the wine, he ventured on an attempt at
+conversation. "Is my lord at the park?"
+
+_Landlord_, still more civilly than before: "No, sir, his lordship and
+my lady have gone to town to meet Lord L'Estrange."
+
+"Lord L'Estrange! He is in England, then?"
+
+"Why, so I heard," replied the landlord, "but we never see him here now.
+I remember him a very pretty young man. Every one was fond of him, and
+proud of him. But what pranks he did play when he was a lad! We hoped he
+would come in for our boro' some of these days, but he has taken to
+foren parts--more's the pity. I am a reg'lar Blue, sir, as I ought to
+be. The Blue candidate always does me the honor to come to the Lansmere
+Arms. 'Tis only the low party puts up with the Boar," added the landlord
+with a look of ineffable disgust. "I hope you like the wine, sir?"
+
+"Very good, and seems old."
+
+"Bottled these eighteen years, sir. I had in the cask for the great
+election of Dashmore and Egerton. I have little left of it, and I never
+give it but to old friends like--for, I think, sir, though you be grown
+stout, and look more grand, I may say that I've had the pleasure of
+seeing you before."
+
+"That's true, I dare say, though I fear I was never a very good
+customer."
+
+_Landlord._--"Ah, it is Mr. Dale, then! I thought so when you came into
+the hall. I hope your lady is quite well, and the Squire too; fine
+pleasant-spoken gentleman; no fault of his if Mr. Egerton went wrong.
+Well, we have never seen him--I mean Mr. Egerton--since that time. I
+don't wonder he stays away; but my lord's son, who was brought up
+here,--it an't nat'ral like that he should turn his back on us!"
+
+Mr. Dale made no reply, and the landlord was about to retire, when the
+Parson, pouring out another glass of the port, said--"There must be
+great changes in the parish. Is Mr. Morgan, the medical man, still
+here?"
+
+"No, indeed; he took out his ploma after you left, and became a real
+doctor; and a pretty practice he had too, when he took, all of a sudden,
+to some new-fangled way of physicking--I think they calls it
+homysomething----"
+
+"Homoeopathy!"
+
+"That's it--something against all reason: and so he lost his practice
+here and went up to Lunnun. I've not heard of him since."
+
+"Do the Avenels keep their old house?"
+
+"Oh, yes!--and are pretty well off, I hear say. John is always poorly;
+though he still goes now and then to the Odd Fellows, and takes his
+glass; but his wife comes and fetches him away before he can do himself
+any harm."
+
+"Mrs. Avenel is the same as ever?"
+
+"She holds her head higher, I think," said the landlord, smiling. "She
+was always--not exactly proud like, but what I calls gumptious."
+
+"I never heard that word before," said the Parson, laying down his knife
+and fork. "Bumptious, indeed, though I believe it is not in the
+dictionary, has crept into familiar parlance, especially amongst young
+folks at school and college."
+
+"Bumptious is bumptious, and gumptious is gumptious," said the landlord,
+delighted to puzzle a Parson. "Now the town beadle is bumptious, and
+Mrs. Avenel is gumptious."
+
+"She is a very respectable woman," said Mr. Dale, somewhat rebukingly.
+
+"In course, sir, all gumptious folks are; they value themselves on their
+respectability, and looks down on their neighbors."
+
+_Parson_, still philologically occupied. "Gumptious--gumptious. I think
+I remember the substantive at school--not that my master taught it to
+me. 'Gumption,' it means cleverness."
+
+_Landlord_, (doggedly.)--"There's gumption and gumptious! Gumption is
+knowing; but when I say that sum un is gumptious, I mean--though that's
+more vulgar like--sum un who does not think small beer of hisself. You
+take me, sir!"
+
+"I think I do," said the Parson, half-smiling. "I believe the Avenels
+have only two of their children alive still--their daughter, who married
+Mark Fairfield, and a son who went off to America?"
+
+"Ah, but he made his fortune there, and has come back."
+
+"Indeed! I'm very glad to hear it. He has settled at Lansmere?"
+
+"No, sir. I hear as he's bought a property a long way off. But he comes
+to see his parents pretty often--so John tells me--but I can't say that
+I ever see him, I fancy Dick doesn't like to be seen by folks who
+remember him playing in the kennel."
+
+"Not unnatural," said the Parson indulgently; "but he visits his
+parents: he is a good son, at all events, then?"
+
+"I've nothing to say against him. Dick was a wild chap before he took
+himself off. I never thought he would make his fortune; but the Avenels
+are a clever set. Do you remember poor Nora--the Rose of Lansmere, as
+they called her? Ah, no, I think she went up to Lunnun afore your time,
+sir."
+
+"Humph!" said the Parson drily. "Well, I think you may take away now. It
+will be dark soon, and I'll just stroll out and look about me."
+
+"There's a nice tart coming, sir."
+
+"Thank you, I've dined."
+
+The Parson put on his hat and sallied forth into the streets. He eyed
+the houses on either hand with that melancholy and wistful interest with
+which, in middle life, we revisit scenes familiar to us in
+youth--surprised to find either so little change or so much, and
+recalling, by fits and snatches, old associations and past emotions. The
+long High Street which he threaded now began to change its bustling
+character, and slide, as it were gradually, into the high road of a
+suburb. On the left, the houses gave way to the moss-grown pales of
+Lansmere Park: to the right, though houses still remained, they were
+separated from each other by gardens, and took the pleasing appearance
+of villas--such villas as retired tradesmen or their widows, old maids,
+and half-pay officers, select for the evening of their days.
+
+Mr. Dale looked at these villas with the deliberate attention of a man
+awakening his power of memory, and at last stopped before one, almost
+the last on the road, and which faced the broad patch of sward that lay
+before the lodge of Lansmere Park. An old pollard oak stood near it, and
+from the oak there came a low discordant sound; it was the hungry cry of
+young ravens, awaiting the belated return of the parent bird. Mr. Dale
+put his hand to his brow, paused a moment, and then, with a hurried
+step, passed through the little garden and knocked at the door. A light
+was burning in the parlor, and Mr. Dale's eye caught through the window
+a vague outline of three forms. There was an evident bustle within at
+the sound of the knocks. One of the forms rose and disappeared. A very
+prim, neat, middle-aged maid-servant now appeared at the threshold, and
+austerely inquired the visitor's business.
+
+"I want to see Mr. or Mrs. Avenel. Say that I have come many miles to
+see them; and take in this card."
+
+The maid-servant took the card, and half-closed the door. At least three
+minutes elapsed before she reappeared.
+
+"Missis says it's late, sir; but walk in."
+
+The Parson accepted the not very gracious invitation, stepped across the
+little hall, and entered the parlor.
+
+Old John Avenel, a mild-looking man, who seemed slightly paralytic, rose
+slowly from his arm-chair. Mrs. Avenel, in an awfully stiff, clean, and
+Calvinistical cap, and a gray dress, every fold of which bespoke
+respectability and staid repute--stood erect on the floor, and, fixing
+on the Parson a cold and cautious eye, said:
+
+"You do the like of us great honor, Mr. Dale--take a chair! You call
+upon business?"
+
+"Of which I have apprised you by letter, Mr. Avenel."
+
+"My husband is very poorly."
+
+"A poor creature!" said John feebly, and as if in compassion of himself,
+"I can't get about as I used to do. But it ben't near election time, be
+it, sir?"
+
+"No, John," said Mrs. Avenel, placing her husband's arm within her own.
+"You must lie down a bit, while I talk to the gentleman."
+
+"I'm a real good blue," said poor John; "but I an't quite the man I
+was;" and leaning heavily on his wife, he left the room, turning round
+at the threshold, and saying, with great urbanity--"Any thing to oblige,
+sir?"
+
+Mr. Dale was much touched. He had remembered John Avenel the comeliest,
+the most active, and the most cheerful man in Lansmere; great at glee
+club and cricket, (though then stricken in years,) greater in vestries;
+reputed greatest in elections.
+
+"Last scene of all," murmured the Parson; "and oh well, turning from the
+poet, may we cry with the disbelieving philosopher, 'Poor, poor
+humanity!'"[U]
+
+In a few minutes Mrs. Avenel returned. She took a chair at some distance
+from the Parson's, and, resting one hand on the elbow of the chair,
+while with the other she stiffly smoothed the stiff gown, she said--
+
+"Now, sir."
+
+That "Now, sir," had in its sound something sinister and warlike. This
+the shrewd Parson recognized with his usual tact. He edged his chair
+nearer to Mrs. Avenel, and placing his hand on hers--
+
+"Yes, now then, and as friend to friend."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[T] It need scarcely be observed, that Jackeymo, in his conversations
+with his master or Violante, or his conferences with himself, employs
+his native language, which is therefore translated without the blunders
+that he is driven to commit when compelled to trust himself in the
+tongue of the country in which he is a sojourner.
+
+
+
+
+From Fraser's Magazine.
+
+AN INEDITED LETTER OF EDWARD GIBBON.
+
+
+The following is an inedited letter of the celebrated author of _The
+Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_. It is addressed to his friend M.
+D'Eyverdun (who was at that time at Leipsig), and has lately been found
+among a mass of papers in the house which M. D'Eyverdun possessed at
+Lausanne, and where Mr. Gibbon resided several years.
+
+    _To M. D'Eyverdun, at Leipsig._
+
+                              London, May 7th, 1776.
+
+My long silence towards you has been occasioned (if I have properly
+analyzed what has lately passed in my mind) by different reasons. During
+the Summer there was indolence and procrastination; since the opening of
+parliament the necessity of finishing my book, and at the same time of
+subduing America. I have been involved in a multitude of public,
+private, and literary business, such as I had never experienced in the
+whole course of my life. The materials of my correspondence I have
+gradually accumulated, and despairing of being able to say any thing, I
+have wisely finished by saying nothing. Meantime, it is not necessary to
+inform my dear reader that I love him just as much as if I had written
+to him every week.
+
+Where, then, shall I begin this letter? Can this question be put to a
+man who has just published his book? I shall speak of myself, and I
+shall enjoy the pleasure which renders the conversation of friends so
+delightful,--the pleasure of talking of one's self with somebody who
+will take an interest in the subject. It is true I should greatly prefer
+conversing with you, walking backwards and forwards in my library, where
+I could, without blushing, make to you all the confessions which my
+vanity might prompt. But at this lamentable distance from London to
+Leipsig we cannot do without a confidant, and the paper might one day
+disclose the little secrets which I am obliged to confide to you.
+
+You know that the first volume of _The History of the Decline and Fall
+of the Roman Empire_ has had the most complete success, and the most
+flattering to the author. But I must take up the matter a little further
+back. I do not know whether you recollect that I had agreed with my
+bookseller for an edition of 500 copies. This was a very moderate
+number; but I wished to learn the taste of the public, and to reserve to
+myself the opportunity of soon making, in a second edition, all the
+changes which the observations of critics and my own reflections might
+suggest. We had come, perhaps, to the twenty-fifth sheet, when my
+publisher and my printer, men of sense and taste, began to perceive that
+the work in question might be worth something, and that the said 500
+copies would not suffice for the demands of the British readers. They
+stated their reasons to me, and very humbly, but very earnestly, begged
+me to permit 500 more to be printed. I yielded to their entreaties, not,
+however, without fearing that the younger brothers of my numerous family
+might be condemned to an inglorious old age, in the obscurity of some
+warehouse. Meantime the printing went on; and, in spite of paternal
+affection, I sometimes cursed the attention which I was obliged to pay
+to the education of my children, to cure them of the little defects
+which the negligence of their preceptors had suffered to pass without
+correcting them.
+
+At length, in the month of February, I saw the decisive hour arrive, and
+I own to you that it was not without some sort of uneasiness. I knew
+that my book was good, but I would have had it excellent; I could not
+rely on my own judgment, and I feared that of the public,--that tyrant
+who often destroys in an instant the fruit of ten years' labor. At
+length, on the 16th of February, I gave myself to the universe, and the
+universe--that is to say, a small number of English readers--received me
+with open arms. In a fortnight the whole edition was so completely
+exhausted that not a single copy was left. Mr. Cadell (my publisher)
+proposed to me to publish a second edition of 1000 copies, and in a few
+days he saw reason to beg me to allow him to print 1500 copies. It will
+appear at the beginning of next month; and he already ventures to
+promise me that it will be sold before the end of the year, and that he
+shall be obliged to importune me a third time. The volume--a handsome
+quarto--costs a guinea in boards; it has sold, as my publisher expresses
+it, like a sixpenny pamphlet on the affairs of the day.
+
+I have hitherto contented myself with stating the fact, which is the
+least equivocal testimony in favor of the _History_. It is said that a
+horse alone does not flatter kings when they think fit to mount him;
+might we not add, that the bookseller is the only person who does not
+flatter authors when they take it into their heads to appear in print?
+But you conceive that from a small number of eager readers one always
+finds means to catch praises, and for my part, I own to you that I am
+very fond of these praises; those of women of rank, especially when they
+are young and handsome, though not of the greatest weight, amuse me
+infinitely. I have had the good fortune to please some of these persons,
+and the ancient _History_ of your learned friend has succeeded with them
+like a fashionable novel. Now hear what Robertson says in a letter which
+was not designed to fall into my hands:--
+
+     "I have read (says he) Mr. Gibbon's _History_ with great
+     attention, and with singular pleasure. It is a work of great
+     merit. We find in it that sagacity of research, without which
+     an author does not merit the name of an historian. His
+     narrative is clear and interesting; his style is elegant and
+     vigorous, sometimes rather too labored, and, perhaps, studied:
+     but these defects are amply compensated by the beauty of the
+     language, and sometimes by a rare felicity of expression."
+
+Now listen attentively to poor David Hume:
+
+     "After having read with impatience and avidity the first volume
+     of your _History_, I feel the same impatience to thank you for
+     your interesting present; and to express to you the
+     satisfaction which this production has afforded me, under the
+     several points of view, of the dignity of the style, the extent
+     of your researches, the profound manner in which the subject is
+     treated. This work is entitled to the highest esteem. You will
+     feel pleasure, as I do myself, from hearing that all the men of
+     letters in this city (Edinburgh) agree in admiring your work,
+     and in desiring the continuation of it."
+
+Do you know, too, that the Tacitus and Livy of Scotland have been useful
+to me in more ways than one. Our good English folk had long lamented the
+superiority which these historians had acquired; and as national
+prejudices are kept up at a small expense, they have eagerly raised
+their unworthy countrymen by their acclamations to a level with these
+great men. Besides, I have had the good fortune to avoid the shoal which
+is the most dangerous in this country. A historian is always to a
+certain degree a political character, and every reader according to his
+private opinion seeks in the most remote ages the sentiments of the
+historian upon kings and governments. A minister who is a great friend
+to the prerogatives of the crown has complimented me, on my having
+everywhere professed the soundest doctrines.
+
+Mr. Walpole, on the other hand, and my Lord Camden, both partisans of
+liberty, and even of a republic, are persuaded that I am not far from
+their ideas. This is a proof, at least, that I have observed a fair
+neutrality.
+
+Let us now look at the reverse of the medal, and inspect the means which
+Heaven has thought fit to employ to humble my pride. Would you think, my
+dear sir, that injustice has been carried so far as to attack the purity
+of my faith? The cry of the bishops and of a great number of ladies,
+equally respectable for their age and understanding, has been raised
+against me. It has been maintained, that the last two chapters of my
+pretended _History_ are only a satire on the Christian religion--a
+satire the more dangerous as it is concealed under a veil of moderation
+and impartiality: and that the emissary of Satan, after having long
+amused his readers with a very agreeable tale, insensibly leads them
+into the infernal snare. You perceive all the horror of this accusation,
+and will easily understand that I shall oppose only a respectful silence
+to the clamors of my enemies?
+
+And the Translation? Will you soon cause me to be read and burnt in the
+rest of Europe? After a short suspension, the reasons for which it is
+useless to detail, I re-commenced sending the sheets as they issued from
+the press. They went regularly by way of Gottingen, where M. Sprengel
+has, doubtless, taken care to forward them to you; so that the whole of
+the English original must have been long since in your hands. What use
+have you made of it? Is the translation finished? When and where do you
+intend it shall appear? I cannot help fearing accidents that may have
+happened by the way, and still more apprehending your indolence or
+forgetfulness; and the more so, as I have learned from several quarters
+that you are engaged in the translation of some German work.
+Notwithstanding my silence, you might have informed me of the state of
+things; at all events you have not a moment to lose, for the Duke de
+Choiseul, who is quite delighted with my work, has signified to Mr.
+Walpole his intentions to have it translated as soon as possible. I
+believe I have put a stop to this design by assuring him that your
+translation was in the press at Leipsig; but we cannot long answer for
+events, and it would be equally unpleasant to be anticipated by a _bel
+esprit_ of Paris, or by a manoeuvre of an Amsterdam bookseller.
+
+This is a pretty decent letter; I know, however, that you ought not to
+give me credit for it, because it is all about myself. I have a thousand
+other things to tell you, and as many questions to ask you. Depend on
+another letter in a week. Fear nothing, I swear by holy friendship; and
+my oath will not remain without effect.
+
+                        Ever yours,
+
+                              ED. GIBBON.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[U] Mr. Dale probably here alludes to Lord Bolingbroke's ejaculation as
+he stood by the dying Pope; but his memory does not serve him with the
+exact words.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RELICS OF MADISON.
+
+Among the household effects of Mrs. Madison, sold in Washington lately,
+were an original portrait of Washington by Stuart, and others of
+Jefferson, Madison, and Mrs. M. by the same artist; one of John Adams,
+by Col. Trumbull, and one of Monroe, by Vanderlyn, all originals,
+painted especially for Mr. Madison, and never out of the possession of
+the family. Besides these there were portraits of three discoverers,
+Vespucius, Columbus, and Cabot, and many other very valuable paintings.
+
+
+
+
+From Leigh Hunt's Journal.
+
+THE FIRST SHIP IN THE NIGER.
+
+BY WILLIAM ALLAN RUSSELL.
+
+
+    'Tis tropic noon! and not a single sound
+    Breathes on the eternal stillness all around;
+    'Tis tropic noon! and yet the sultry time
+    Seems like the twilight of some fairy clime.
+    Spreading in lone luxuriance round is seen
+    The mangrove's tangled maze of sombre green;
+    Thro' mists that dwell those baneful fens upon
+    Large orbed and pale peers out the shrouded Sun,
+    And struggling sickly thro' the vaporous day,
+    Dull on the windless waters falls the pallid ray.
+    So slumb'ringly the glassy river goes,
+    The water-lily dips not as it flows;
+    The swallow, haunter of the charmed spot,
+    Skims through the silence, and awakes it not;
+    Perch'd as in sleep, the gray kingfisher broods,
+    A sentinel among the solitudes;
+    And faints the breeze beneath the heavy sky,
+    Nor bends the bulrush, as it loiters by
+    Thro' long green walls of forest trees, that throw
+    Unwavering shadows in the flood below;
+    And droops from topmost boughs (like garlands dight
+    By elfin hands) the gaudy parasite:
+    Crowning the wave with flow'rs; and high above,
+    The tall acacia moves, or seems to move
+    Its feathery foliage in the enamor'd air,
+    That seems, tho' all unheard, to linger there:
+    Might'st fancy all, the earth, the air, the stream,
+    Still unawaken'd from Creation's dream.
+    When, hark! there sounds along the lonely shore
+    A voice those wilds had never heard before;
+    The wild bird dipp'd--the diamond-eye'd gazelle
+    Started and paused,--then fled into the dell;
+    Stirr'd by no breeze, the tree-tops seem'd to sigh--
+    When, lo! again the still repeated cry;
+    Hark! 'tis the leadsman, chanting loud and clear
+    The changing fathoms, as a ship draws near,--
+    And all at once rings out the Briton's hearty cheer!
+
+
+
+
+_Historical Review of the Month._
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES.
+
+The Thirty-first American Congress, after a session of a little more
+than three months, closed on the 4th of March. The conclusion of the
+session was much more interesting and important than its commencement.
+Our record of the previous month closed with the passage by the Senate,
+on the 13th of February, of the joint resolution authorizing the
+President to confer the brevet rank of Lieutenant-General on General
+Scott. Mr. Benton, on the following day, attempted to revive his bill
+paying to Missouri two per cent. on her sales of public lands, but was
+unsuccessful. The River and Harbor Bill was taken up in the House on the
+13th, and debated for several days; it finally passed on the 18th, by a
+vote of 114 to 75. During the debate an altercation took place between
+Mr. Inge of Alabama and Mr. Stanley of North Carolina, which resulted in
+a duel. The parties met in Maryland, beyond the jurisdiction of the
+District of Columbia, and after an ineffectual exchange of shots, agreed
+to a reconciliation.
+
+Several exciting debates arose in the Senate, in relation to the
+Fugitive Slave Law, growing out of the following circumstances: On
+Saturday, February 21st, an alleged fugitive slave, named Shadrach, was
+arrested in Boston by the U.S. Marshal, and taken before the U.S.
+Commissioner for examination. The counsel for defence asked for a
+postponement of the case for two days, which was granted, Shadrach
+remaining in the U. S. Court Room, in custody of the U. S. Deputy
+Marshal, since, by a law of the state, the use of the jail is forbidden
+for the confinement of a fugitive slave. Soon after the adjournment of
+the Court the doors were suddenly burst open by a mob of negroes, the
+officers overpowered, and the prisoner carried off. After being hurried
+rapidly through the streets, he was secreted in a remote part of the
+city, and in the evening made his escape to Canada. The announcement of
+this case produced much excitement in Washington. A conference of the
+Cabinet was immediately called, and on the following Tuesday the
+President issued a proclamation calling on the commanders of the U. S.
+military and naval forces at Boston to aid the government officers with
+their troops, if need be, in the discharge of their duty. In reply to a
+resolution offered by Mr. Clay, and unanimously adopted by the Senate,
+the President addressed to that body a special message on the subject.
+He regards the rescue of the slave as an act of sudden violence,
+unexpected by the authorities, and not as proceeding from or sanctioned
+by the general feeling of the citizens of Boston. He quotes the laws of
+Congress, of 1789 and 1799, in relation to the safe-keeping of prisoners
+committed under the authority of the United States, and the
+Massachusetts state law of 1843, making it a penal offence for any
+officer of the commonwealth to aid in the arrest or detention of a
+fugitive slave: considering that, though such state legislation may
+create embarrassment, it cannot impair the constitutional provision for
+the delivery of fugitives bound to labor in another state. He recommends
+a modification of the general law, enabling the President to call upon
+the militia, and place them under the control of any civil officer of
+the government, without requiring any previous proclamation, in cases
+where the civil authority is menaced.
+
+The California Duties Bill, giving the new state $300,000 out of the
+duties collected while she was a territory, to defray the expenses of
+the state government up to the time of her admission, passed the Senate
+February 25th. The Cheap Postage Bill, as amended, passed the following
+day, by a vote of 39 to 15. This bill provides a rate of three cents
+when pre-paid, five cents when not pre-paid, on letters less than half
+an ounce, and for any distance exceeding three thousand miles double
+these rates. Instead of a uniform rate of one cent on newspapers, it
+provides a tariff postage from five to twenty-five cents per quarter for
+weekly papers, according to distances; semi-weeklies to pay double,
+tri-weeklies triple, and dailies five times these rates. The House
+afterwards added an amendment providing for the coinage of three-cent
+pieces, which was concurred in by the Senate. The law will take effect
+on the 1st of July next.
+
+On Saturday, February 22d, Mr. Rantoul, of Massachusetts, appeared and
+took his seat for the remaining ten days of his term. The bill
+abolishing constructive mileage on the part of the Senate passed both
+houses. The River and Harbor Bill, appropriating between two and three
+millions of dollars for the improvement of the harbors of the coast and
+the lakes, and the river navigation of the interior, was taken up in the
+Senate, on Saturday, March 1st, by a vote of 31 to 25. The debate
+continued until past midnight, when the Senate adjourned. The subject
+was resumed on Monday morning, the opponents of the bill, who were in
+the minority, exercising their ingenuity in order to prevent a vote.
+There being now but a few hours of the session remaining, the utmost
+activity and excitement prevailed in both houses. The indispensable
+Appropriation Bills were yet to be passed, the Postage Bill was waiting
+its final vote, and a number of important measures, disposed of by one
+house, were waiting the action of the other. The discussion in the
+Senate was continued through the whole of Monday night, until four
+o'clock on Tuesday morning, when the majority yielded to a motion
+postponing its consideration for four hours, in order to allow the
+necessary Appropriation Bills to be acted on.
+
+In the House, on Monday, the Senate's Joint Resolution requesting the
+President to authorize one of our vessels in the Mediterranean to bring
+Kossuth and his companions to this country, was passed by a large
+majority. The resolution relieving Mr. Ritchie from the terms of his
+printing contract, and giving him one-half the proceeds fixed by the law
+of 1819, passed the House by a majority of five, and was taken up in the
+Senate about half an hour before the close of the session, but was lost
+for want of time. Among the last acts of the house were, the passage of
+the Senate bill paying $40,000 to the American Colonization Society for
+expenses incurred in supporting the Africans recaptured from the bark
+Pons; the defeat of the resolution creating the rank of
+Lieutenant-General; and the act founding a Military Asylum for the
+relief of disabled soldiers. The French Spoliation Bill, the bill making
+Land Warrants Assignable, the bill granting ten million acres of the
+public lands to the states for the relief of the indigent insane, and
+all the proposals for new steamship lines, as well as Mr. Collins's
+application for an additional appropriation to his Liverpool line, were
+lost for want of time. In the Senate, after the River and Harbor Bill
+was dropped, the Army and Navy and Civil and Diplomatic Appropriation
+Bills, the Post Route Bill, and the Light House Bill, were all passed.
+Both houses adjourned at noon, on Tuesday, March 4th.
+
+After an interval of twenty minutes, the Senate was again called to
+order, a Special Session having been ordered by the President to
+consider Executive business. Messrs. Bright, Bayard, Cass, Jefferson
+Davis, Hamilton, Mason, Pratt, Rusk, and Dodge of Wisconsin, Senators
+elect, appeared and were qualified. Mr. Foote, of Vermont, appeared on
+the 8th and was sworn in. Mr. Yulee presented a communication, claiming
+to have been elected by the Legislature of Florida, he having received
+29 votes when the remainder were blank. The Judiciary Committee reported
+against allowing the California Senators mileage by the Panama route,
+but the discussion of the subject was postponed till the next session.
+
+On Friday, the 7th, the Senate ratified the treaties lately negotiated
+with Portugal, with Switzerland, and the treaty with Mexico respecting
+the Tehuantepec route from the Gulf to the Pacific. The treaty of
+extradition with Mexico was rejected. The treaty with Switzerland was
+amended in some particulars.
+
+A message was received in reply to a resolution calling on the State
+Department to furnish copies of the correspondence with Turkey regarding
+Kossuth. In addition to the correspondence which has already appeared,
+Mr. Webster in February, addressed a letter to J. P. Brown, Dragoman of
+the Legation at Constantinople, concerning the probable intentions of
+Turkey; to which Mr. Brown replied that in May, 1851, the year for which
+the Sultan promised Austria to retain the Hungarians will expire. Mr.
+Webster thereupon addressed a letter to Mr. Marsh, U. S. minister to
+Constantinople, in relation to the approaching release of Kossuth and
+his companions, and the offer to be made to them and to the Sublime
+Porte, in accordance with the joint resolution of Congress. Mr. Webster
+requests our minister to state that though the United States has no
+intention to interfere in any manner with the international relations of
+other Governments, yet, in this case, it hopes that suggestions
+proceeding from no other motives than friendship and respect for the
+Porte, and sympathy for the unhappy exiles, may be received as a proof
+of national good-will. He alludes in terms of high commendation to the
+course of the Porte in refusing to deliver the exiles into the hands of
+their pursuers, and while acknowledging the force of the considerations
+through which they have been detained up to the present time, urges that
+their transportation to this country cannot longer be reasonably
+opposed. The tone of Mr. Webster's letter is humane, eloquent and
+dignified; it will be read with earnest satisfaction by the friends of
+Liberty throughout the Globe.
+
+The action of the Executive Session of the Senate was chiefly upon
+nominations made by the President. These having been completed and some
+resolutions adopted, calling for information on various subjects, to be
+communicated to the next session, the Senate adjourned on the 13th of
+March. The following are the principal nominations: Hon. Robert F.
+Schenck, of Ohio, Minister to Brazil; John B. Kerr, of Maryland, Charge
+to Nicaragua; John S. Pendleton, of Virginia, Charge to the Argentine
+Republic; Mr. Markoe, of the State Department, Charge to Denmark; Y. P.
+King, of Georgia, Charge to New-Granada; Samuel G. Goodrich, of
+Massachusetts, Consul at Paris; John Howard Payne, Consul to Tunis; Mr.
+Easby, of Washington, Commissioner of Public Buildings; Grafton Baker,
+of Mississippi, Chief Justice of New-Mexico; Ogden Hoffman, Jr., of San
+Francisco, District Judge for California; George G. Baker, of Ohio,
+Consul to Genoa; Henry A. Homer, of Massachusetts, Dragoman to the
+Turkish Legation; H. Jones Brooke, of Penn., Consul at Belfast; and
+Charles Russell, Collector at Santa Barbara, California. Jacob B. Moore,
+of New-York, was confirmed as Post-Master, and T. Butler King, of
+Georgia, as Collector, at San Francisco.
+
+M. Marcoleta, Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Nicaragua,
+arrived in this country from Europe, and was officially presented to the
+President on Saturday, Feb. 22. The addresses on both sides were of the
+most cordial character. Commodore Jones, whose trial by Court Martial
+has been going on at Washington for some time past, has been found
+guilty of speculating in gold dust with the public funds, and is
+suspended from his command for five years, half of the time without pay.
+
+The Superintendent of the Census has published a table, compiled from
+the returns of the Marshals, which are complete in all the principal
+States. From this it appears that the entire population of the United
+States will be about 23,200,000, of which 8,070,734 are slaves. The
+entire representative population will be 21,710,000, and the ratio of
+representation 93,170, the law of May, 22, 1850, determining the number
+of representatives at 233. The States which gain, in all, are as
+follows: Arkansas 1, Indiana 1, Illinois 2, Massachusetts 1, Mississippi
+1, Michigan 1, Missouri 2, Pennsylvania 1--10. The following States
+lose, viz; Maine 1, New Hampshire 1, New-York 1, North Carolina 2, South
+Carolina 2, Vermont 1, Virginia 2. The free States gain six members and
+lose four; the slave States gain four and lose six.
+
+No Senator has yet been elected in the State of Massachusetts. On the
+eighteenth ballot, Mr. Sumner lacked nine votes of an election, after
+which the matter was postponed to the 2d of April. In the New-York
+Legislature, a joint resolution providing for the election of a U. S.
+Senator finally passed at 2 A. M. on the 19th, and the Hon. Hamilton
+Fish, ex-Governor of the State, was then elected. In the Ohio
+Legislature, an election was finally reached on the 15th of March,
+Benjamin F. Wade, the Whig candidate, receiving a majority of three. The
+New Jersey Legislature has chosen Commodore Robert F. Stockton, on the
+27th ballot, by a majority of one, three of the members being absent.
+Commodore Stockton resigned his place in the Navy last year.
+
+The one hundred and nineteenth anniversary of Washington's birthday was
+celebrated throughout the United States with more than the usual honors.
+In New-York City, a large military and civic procession was arranged,
+under the direction of the Common Council, succeeded by a brilliant
+illumination in the evening. An oration was delivered at the celebration
+instituted by the Union Committee, by the Hon. Mr. Foote, of
+Mississippi. At the dinner which succeeded, the Hon. Edward Everett made
+an eloquent speech on the American Constitution.
+
+Considerable excitement has arisen in different localities of the Free
+States, on account of the seizure of colored persons claimed as fugitive
+slaves. The Boston case has become exceedingly complicated, through a
+series of counter-arrests, on the parts of State and U. S. officers. Mr.
+Elizur Wright, editor of the Boston _Commonwealth_, and six other
+persons, mostly negroes, are held for trial on a charge of aiding in the
+escape of the slave Shadrach. On the other hand, the U. S. District
+Attorney, Commissioner and Deputy Marshal, were arrested and held to
+bail in the sum of $10,000 each, on charge of arresting the fugitive,
+the suits being brought on the ground that the Fugitive Slave law is
+unconstitutional, and that the officers acted without authority. Several
+arrests of fugitive slaves have been made in various parts of
+Pennsylvania, but there has been no violent resistance to the law. The
+Governor of Pennsylvania lately made a requisition on the Governor of
+Maryland, for the delivery of a man charged with kidnapping a free black
+child five years old, born in Pennsylvania of a fugitive slave, and
+reclaimed with her. The Governor of Maryland refused to surrender the
+accused, and replied in a long letter sustaining his course by the
+authority of the Attorney General.
+
+Few measures of interest have been passed by the several State
+Legislatures, during the past month. The State of New Jersey has
+abolished the freehold qualification. In the Legislature of Wisconsin a
+land limitation bill, fixing the limit at 640 acres, passed the Senate,
+but was defeated in the House. The Maryland Convention for the revision
+of the State Constitution, has adopted a clause abolishing imprisonment
+for debt, by a vote of 60 to 5. The Indiana Convention has completed a
+revised Constitution for that State, which will be submitted to the
+votes of the people. The Legislature of Pennsylvania has passed a joint
+resolution of thanks to the Hon. Daniel Webster, for his letter to
+Huelsemann, the Austrian Charge d'Affaires.
+
+Several severe storms have been experienced in the Western States. The
+town of Fayetteville, Tenn., was nearly destroyed by a tornado, on the
+24th of February. The place was enveloped in impenetrable darkness, and
+many lives were lost in the crash of the falling buildings. Forty-two
+houses were blown down. A terrific gale passed over Pittsburg, tearing
+the steamers from their moorings, and injuring a great number of
+buildings.
+
+The family of Mr. William Cosden, in Kent Co., Md.,--including himself,
+his wife, sister, sister-in-law, and a black servant, were murdered on
+the 25th of February. A small boy made his escape and gave the alarm.
+The murderers have not yet been taken.
+
+The trials of the Cuban invaders at New Orleans have at last been
+brought to an end. After three unsuccessful attempts to procure a
+verdict in the case of Gen. Henderson, the jury in each instance being
+unable to agree, the prosecution was withdrawn. The trial of Gen.
+Quitman and the other persons who had been arraigned, was also
+relinquished, and the matter will be suffered to drop.
+
+Jenny Lind has reached St. Louis, on her tour of triumph in the West.
+The proceeds of her thirteen concerts in New Orleans amounted to
+$200,000. On the 13th of March, she gave a concert at Natchez which
+produced $6,600, $1,000 of which was devoted to charitable objects.--A
+great meeting in favor of railroads in the Mississippi Valley, was held
+in New Orleans on the 24th of February.--The cholera has appeared in a
+mild form on some of the Western rivers. In the town of Franklin, Tenn.,
+there have been already fourteen deaths from it.
+
+Henry Clay sailed from New-York for Havana, on the 11th of March. He
+intends remaining a few weeks in that city to rest from the fatigues of
+the late session. He was received in New-York with great enthusiasm;
+thousands of persons crowded the docks to witness his departure.
+
+The steamer Oregon, while on her passage from Louisville to New Orleans,
+burst her boiler near Vicksburg, killing and wounding about seventy
+persons. The boat afterwards took fire and burned to the water's edge.
+The surviving passengers were taken off by the steamer Iroquois, which
+fortunately happened to be in the vicinity. A steam-ferry boat at St.
+Louis burst her boiler on the 23d of February, killing about twenty
+persons. Several other slight explosions and collisions have occurred on
+the Western rivers.
+
+A notorious person, named Wm. H. Thompson, (better known as "One-Eyed
+Thompson,") who was supposed to have been a confederate of various gangs
+of counterfeiters and burglars, was arrested on the 1st of March, on a
+charge of counterfeiting, and committed suicide the next day in his
+cell. He left a letter addressed to the Coroner and another to his wife,
+written in a style which shows him to have been a man of more than
+ordinary intellect. He stated that, being of no farther use to his
+family, he felt it his duty to die. He had always cherished a
+disposition to commit suicide, as he had no means of solving the mystery
+of life, and desired death, either as an explanation or as an eternal
+sleep.
+
+The latest accounts from Texas, represent that State as being in a most
+flourishing condition. Emigrants are continually arriving from all
+quarters, and especially from Germany. The subject of Popular Education
+is beginning to attract attention, and the agricultural interest is
+receiving the support of many gentlemen of wealth and intelligence. The
+Indians still continue their depredations in the neighborhood of Rio
+Grande City, and all along the Mexican frontier. Several engagements
+between them and the U. S. troops, have taken place in the vicinity of
+Laredo. Gen. Brooke is organizing an expedition against the Camanches,
+and as soon as the spring opens, a campaign will be made directly into
+their hunting grounds. A singular being, known as the Wild Woman of
+Navidad, who has baffled the search of the hunters for several years,
+has lately been caught by a party who were out after deer. It appears
+that she was a negress who fled to the wilderness after Fannin's defeat,
+fifteen years ago, since which time she has lived in the woods,
+subsisting on acorns and other wild fruits.
+
+News from El Paso to the 31st of December, state that the Boundary
+Commissioners have fixed the initial point of their survey at the
+parallel of 32 deg. 22' N., on the Rio Grande, a point conjectured to be
+about 20 miles north of El Paso. The line will run thence 3 deg. westward,
+and then due north, to the Gila River. From two to three years will be
+required to complete the survey. The American Commission, numbering more
+than one hundred persons, is divided into three companies, and located
+at El Paso, Socorro, and the Mission of San Elizario.
+
+The last mail from the Salt Lake, Utah Territory, reaches to the
+beginning of December. The settlement was then in a very prosperous
+condition, the weather being remarkably mild. Grain and vegetables of
+all kinds were very abundant, 200,000 bushels of wheat having been
+gathered the past season. Several saw and grist mills were in active
+operation, and a woollen factory and brewery were in course of erection.
+Large supplies of coal and iron have been discovered in the Valley of
+the Little Salt Lake, about 350 miles to the south-west of the Mormon
+settlement, and a colony has been sent there. The snows in the Timpanozu
+and Bear River Mountains have greatly retarded the mails between the
+Salt Lake and Missouri.
+
+We have news from California to the 1st of February. The amount of gold
+dust shipped from San Francisco on that day and the 15th of January, was
+about $3,500,000. The Legislature of California convened on the 6th of
+January. Gov. Burnett's Message, which was transmitted on the following
+day, gives a general review of State affairs. A reduction of fees and
+salaries is recommended, and an increase of the tax on real and personal
+estate, in order to keep up the financial credit of the State, without
+recourse to foreign loans. The Governor also favors the passage of laws
+excluding negroes from the State, and extending the punishment of death
+to the crime of grand larceny. A few days subsequent to the meeting of
+the Legislature, Gov. Burnett tendered his resignation, and Lieut. Gov.
+McDougal was inaugurated as Governor the following day. A bill to remove
+to capital of the State from San Jose to Vallejo, has passed the Senate,
+and will probably pass the House. A bill appointing the 3d of February
+for the election of a U. S. Senator, has passed the House. The total
+debt of the State on the 15th of December last, was $485,460. If the
+proposed reductions in the expenses are made, the estimated balance in
+the Treasury at the end of June, will be $220,346, nearly half the total
+debt.
+
+California has again been excited with the rumored discovery of a gold
+placer, far surpassing any previous account. The steamer Chesapeake, it
+appears, sailed from San Francisco for the Klamath River with a company
+of adventurers, and after an absence of two weeks, returned with news of
+the discovery of a beach of golden sand, on the coast, twenty-seven
+miles north of the mouth of Trinity River. From the fact of this beach
+being bounded by a bluff from one to four hundred feet in height, the
+name of "Gold Bluff" was given to the locality. The beach extends for a
+distance of six miles and is from twenty to fifty yards in width. It is
+a mixture of gray and black sand, through which the gold is disseminated
+in particles so fine that it cannot be separated with ordinary washing.
+This sand is constantly shifting, under the action of the waves, and at
+times the ocean covers the entire beach, breaking against the bluffs.
+The amount of gold in the sand is variously represented, at from ten
+cents to ten dollars. A constant surf breaks along the shore, rendering
+the landing in the boats impracticable except in very calm weather,
+while it is almost equally difficult to reach the spot by land.
+
+An Association called the "Pacific Mining Company" was immediately
+formed, with a stock of 12,000 shares at $100 each. One thousand shares
+were sold immediately, and several vessels were put up at once for the
+Gold Bluff, the miners flocking from all parts of the diggings, to join
+in the adventure. The original stockholders, however,--about thirty in
+number--lay claim to the best parts of the beach, and have erected log
+cabins and laid in a large store of provisions, preparatory to washing
+the sand on an extensive scale. The reports of the richness of this
+locality are doubtless very greatly exaggerated.
+
+Business in San Francisco and the inland towns and trading communities
+of the mountains, was remarkably dull. Goods had been sold at very low
+rates, in some instances lower than the first cost. The winter has been
+so remarkably clear and fine, that the miners--who had removed to the
+dry diggings, in anticipation of rain--have been greatly embarrassed in
+their operations. They have occupied themselves in throwing up dirt, and
+only await a week's rain to wash out sufficient gold to restore the
+trade of the country. New discoveries of gold in quartz rock continue to
+be made, and some of the specimens, which have been assayed, are of
+almost incredible richness. The mining region in the north, on the
+Klamath, Shaste, and Umpqua Rivers, is yielding a rich return. The
+agricultural capacities of this region are also highly commended.
+
+The difficulties between the miners and the Indians continue to
+increase, and a general war with all the tribes of the Sierra Nevada, is
+threatened. The principal depredations have been committed on the
+Mariposa and the American Fork. The Indians are supposed to be leagued
+together, and to have their head-quarters near the source of the Cattee
+river. In consequence of a murder on Fresno Creek, a company of
+seventy-five Americans, under the command of Capt. Barney, attacked one
+of their strongholds. It was a fortified village, built on the summit of
+a mountain, and accessible only at one point. The battle lasted three
+hours, the Indians being finally driven off with the loss of sixty men.
+It was reported in San Jose that the Indians had surprised a company of
+seventy-two men, on Rattlesnake Creek, and murdered them all. In
+consequence of these occurrences, the Governor dispatched Col. Johnson
+to the scene of disturbance, ordered out 200 men, and applied to Gen.
+Smith for the assistance of the United States troops.
+
+A large business is now done in bringing droves of sheep from New Mexico
+and Sonora into California. The expedition dispatched for the purpose of
+exploring the Colorado River has reached a point thirty miles from its
+mouth. Several meetings have been held in favor of constructing a
+railroad between San Francisco and San Jose, and half the stock was
+subscribed at the last accounts.
+
+We have dates from Oregon to Jan. 25th. The papers speak with enthusiasm
+of the climate and agricultural capacities of the country. On the
+coldest day of January, at Portland, Oregon, the thermometer only fell
+to 23 deg.. A large steamer, named the "Lot Whitcomb," has been built at
+Milwaukie, and was launched on Christmas Day with great ceremony, Gov.
+Gaines giving her the christening. She is 160 feet in length, and is to
+run on the Willamette River.
+
+
+EUROPE.
+
+England presents a history of more than usual interest for the past
+month. Parliament was opened on the 3d of February. The Queen's speech
+contained no decided feature beyond recommending a reform in the
+administration of the Courts of Equity. An excited address arose on the
+Parliamentary address in reply to the speech. Lord John Russell took
+strong grounds against the acts of the Pope, and proposed that the most
+stringent measures, regulating the conduct of all Catholic
+functionaries, should be adopted. On the 17th of February, the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer laid before the Commons the budget for the
+current year. It appears that the surplus of last year was L2,500,000,
+half of which the Chancellor proposed to apply to the national debt. He
+also proposed to abolish the window-tax, but to introduce a house-tax in
+its stead. Several other modifications were made, but unfavorably
+received; and on the 20th, on the question of a bill giving the
+franchise to every householder paying L10 taxes, the Ministry was left
+in a minority of 48 votes. After this reverse, the Cabinet, which for
+some time previous had been rapidly losing ground, had no alternative
+but to resign. It entered upon office in July, 1846, and consequently
+ruled for nearly five years. The resignation took effect on Saturday,
+Feb. 22d. The Queen at once accepted it, and sent for Lord Stanley, who
+declined undertaking the construction of a new Government. Her Majesty
+then returned to Lord John Russell, who tried unsuccessfully to induce
+Sir James Graham to enter the Ministry. Lord Aberdeen was then summoned
+and Lord Stanley a second time, but no arrangement could be made.
+Finally, a meeting of the resigned Ministry was held on the 28th, and it
+was rumored that a new Cabinet would be formed from the old one,
+substituting Sir James Graham in the place of Lord John Russell. Another
+report is, that the Queen intends to advise with the Duke of Wellington,
+in relation to the crisis.
+
+During this interregnum, very little has been done in Parliament. On a
+motion of D'Israeli, involving the principle of free trade, the
+Government only carried its point by a majority of 14 in a full House.
+The House of Lords has rejected the bill allowing marriage with a
+deceased wife's sister, its principal opponents being the Bishops, who
+resisted it on religious grounds. The anti-papal agitation is still kept
+up, but in a less violent form. The great Crystal Palace in Hyde Park is
+now completed, and the throng of visitors is very great. Contributions
+are continually arriving from all quarters of the world.
+
+In France the President's influence appears to be on the decline. Having
+sent into the National Assembly his demand for a donation of $360,000 in
+addition to the salary provided for him in the Constitution, it was lost
+after a sharp debate, by a majority of 102. A national subscription to
+relieve the President from his pecuniary embarrassments, was proposed,
+but this he declined, preferring to reduce his private expenses. A sale
+of his horses, however, did not bring more than half their cost.
+
+A number of Diplomatic changes have been made. Among the appointments
+are: Gen. Aupick, Ambassador to England; Lavalette, to Constantinople;
+M. de Sartiges, to the United States; M. Bourboulon, to China; M. de
+Saint-Georges, to Brazil, &c. The National Assembly has accomplished
+nothing of importance. The subjects of Labor and Agriculture have been
+discussed, but without reaching any conclusion. The third anniversary of
+the Republic was celebrated throughout all parts of France, with the
+greatest enthusiasm. The manifestations of republican sentiment were so
+sincere and so universal, that the Orleanists and Legitimists were
+struck dumb. At the latest dates, it was rumored that they were about
+forming a union, on the basis of the restoration of Henry V.,
+acknowledging the Count de Paris as his successor. The Ex-Queen is said
+to have joined this movement, though the Duchess of Orleans will not
+consent to postpone the claims of her son.
+
+Germany is still in a fog. The Dresden Conference has not yet been able
+to bring order out of the chaos. The reconstitution of the Central
+German Power was partly agreed on, each Government taking the Presidency
+by turns. Austria, however, claimed the Presidency without alternation.
+Prussia thereupon refused to sanction the installation of a Central
+Power until all the German Governments have stated their views
+concerning the revision of the Constitution of the Diet. A return to the
+old form of the Diet is recommended in many quarters, as the sole means
+of restoring harmony; but the prospect of a settlement which shall be
+generally acceptable, is as far off as ever. The Prussian Assembly was,
+at the last accounts, engaged in discussing a new law for the censorship
+of the Press.
+
+Switzerland is menaced with a war on the part of the German Powers, for
+the purpose of recovering for Prussia the Canton of Neufchatel. It is
+stated that the Confederation will shortly march an army to the Swiss
+frontier: they have been restrained, up to the present time, by the fear
+of exposing themselves to revolution at home. England it is rumored will
+strongly oppose such a movement. The Federal Council of Switzerland has
+issued a decree, prohibiting French refugees from residing in the
+cantons on the French frontiers. The number of political refugees in the
+country amounts to about 500, large numbers having been sent to England
+and the United States, at the expense of the Federal Government.
+
+ITALY is in a state of great alarm, in relation to Mazzini and his
+revolutionary designs. It is stated that he has raised a loan of more
+than two millions of francs, and is maturing his plan for an outbreak
+which shall sweep the whole Italian peninsula. Garibaldi (who is at
+present on Staten Island, near New-York) is reported to be on the coast
+with a large naval force. These rumors are made the pretext of an
+increase of the Austrian force in Italy. The forces of Piedmont are
+being put upon a war footing, in order to be ready for any emergency. It
+was stated, in Turin, on the 24th of February, that the German Powers
+have demanded of the Piedmontese government, the suppression of the
+liberty of the press, and reconciliation of the Court of Rome.
+
+The bands of robbers which infest the mountains, in the Papal States,
+have been dislodged from some of their strongholds, by the united
+Austrian and Roman forces. A party of thirty of these brigands took
+possession of the town of Forlini-Popoli, and plundered the inhabitants,
+who were at the time congregated in the theatre of the place. In the
+island of Corsica, a robber named Mazoni has, for 18 months past, held
+possession of a fortified town called Ile-Rousse, with a population of
+1,000 inhabitants. He communicates with the agents of the Government,
+his dispatches being drawn up in regular style, and signed "Mazoni,
+Bandit." Archbishop Hughes is still preaching in Rome, and it is said
+that he either has been or shortly will be made Cardinal.
+
+The Government of NAPLES has completed its work of persecution. From
+twenty to thirty men, some of noble rank, some formerly Ministers of
+State, have been condemned to the prison or the galley. Of 140 Deputies,
+eighty-five are in various ways victims: twenty-four have been shut up
+in prison, unheard of for two years; and sixty-one are refugees.
+
+The thirteenth Storthing (National Congress) of NORWAY, was opened on
+the 11th of February by King Oscar in person. Among other things, he
+recommended the construction of a railroad from the City of Christiana
+to Lake Mioesen.
+
+From TURKEY we learn that Gen. Dembinski has reached Constantinople. All
+the refugees have left Shumla, and 240 persons, chiefly Poles, had
+sailed from Constantinople on their way to America. Kossuth, with 300
+Hungarians, still remains at Kutahya, where a very strict guard is
+maintained over all his movements. He is not allowed to communicate with
+his friends. A sale of Gen. Bem's effects was held at Aleppo on the 23d
+of January, and enormous prices were paid for trifles of all kinds, as
+relics. The troubles at Bagdad and Aleppo have been subdued. A
+difficulty arose between the Porte and Abbas Pacha, Viceroy of Egypt, in
+relation to a retrenchment of the expenditures of the latter. At one
+time a war was anticipated, but our latest dates announce that the
+difference has been adjusted.
+
+
+BRITISH AMERICA.
+
+Mr. Howe, the Commissioner dispatched to England from Nova Scotia,
+writes from London that his mission on behalf of the Portland and
+Halifax Railroad will prove successful. A serious disturbance has taken
+place on the Great Western Railroad, near Hamilton, Canada West, 900
+laborers having made a strike for higher wages. As they menaced the
+peace of the neighborhood, the inhabitants called on the executive for
+the aid of the troops to assist the civil authorities.
+
+A large anti-slavery meeting was held at Toronto, on the 28th of
+February. Its avowed object is to furnish sympathy and aid to the
+American fugitives. A large class of persons, however, including the
+Government officials, are opposed to the movement. The Free School
+system is becoming popular in Canada, and is already partially adopted
+in the District of Toronto.
+
+
+MEXICO.
+
+We have news from the Mexican capital to the 15th of February. The
+country was remarkably quiet, the revolts in Chiapas and Guanajuato
+having been completely quelled. Congress has done nothing of importance.
+Senor Lacunza has declined the post of Minister to England, which has
+been given to Senor Payno, who has resigned the office of Minister of
+Justice. Munguia, the refractory Bishop of Michoacan, has given in his
+submission to the Government. President Arista is engaged in arranging
+an active plan of operations with his Cabinet, and favorable predictions
+are made in regard to the effects of his administration.
+
+On the 16th of February, the City of Chihuahua was thrown into great
+alarm by the rumor that thirty American adventurers, leagued with a
+large body of Indians, armed with two field-pieces, were encamped at a
+short distance. The troops were ordered out, but could not find such a
+force, though the existence of a company of robbers among the mountains,
+headed by an American, was well ascertained. Great depredations are
+committed in the City of Mexico. On the 3d of February, eight armed men
+appeared on the public promenade, and plundered a large number of
+persons. The affairs of Yucatan are in a desperate condition. The
+treasury is exhausted, and the army called out against the Indians is
+without money or means to carry on the war.
+
+
+CENTRAL AMERICA.
+
+A war between the Central Government of Guatemala on one side, and the
+allied States of Honduras and San Salvador, has broken out. This rupture
+was occasioned by the British blockade of the Pacific ports of the
+latter States, which they attribute to the instigation of Guatemala. A
+joint army of 6000 men was raised for the protection of the frontier.
+The inhabitants of the mountain provinces of Guatemala, who are nearly
+all in favor of the Federal Union of the Central American States,
+sympathized with this movement, and large bodies of deserters from
+Carrera's forces joined the allied army. A plot of Carrera to excite a
+revolt in San Salvador was completely defeated. At the last accounts,
+the two armies had met near Chiquimula. One statement announces the
+total defeat of the allied forces by Carrera, while another says the
+former obtained possession of Chiquimula; and that the only victory
+gained by Carrera was over a company of deserters from his own ranks,
+near the village of San Geronimo.
+
+In the State of Nicaragua, the chain of communication from the Atlantic
+to the Pacific, is nearly completed. The engineers have nearly finished
+the survey of a road from Rio Lagae, on the western shore of the Lake, to
+the port of San Juan del Sur on the Pacific, a distance of twelve miles.
+Small boats are now building to run on the San Juan River, and it is
+expected that the transit from sea to sea will be made in twenty-four
+hours, and the journey from New-York to San Francisco in twenty-four
+days.
+
+
+THE WEST INDIES.
+
+On the 3d of March, Havana was in the midst of the Carnival, and given
+up to gayety of all kinds. The Captain General, Concha, has made himself
+exceedingly popular by his liberal measures, and it was rumored that he
+intended visiting Spain for the purpose of procuring further reforms in
+the government of the Island. Miss Fredrika Bremer was on a visit to
+Matanzas. The cholera has broken out at Cardenas, and there have been
+many fatal cases among the crews in the harbor and the negroes on shore.
+
+This scourge is still prevailing in many parts of Jamaica, having made
+its appearance in some districts a second time with increased malignity.
+
+In Hayti, the threatened war on the Dominicans has not been undertaken.
+The United States Government is interfering actively in the alleged
+imprisonment, without cause, of Captain Mayo, of the American brig
+Leander. The evidence in the case has been transmitted to the Emperor.
+
+The inhabitants of Georgetown, Grand Caymanas, are digging up the beach
+around a certain inlet of the island, in search of a treasure supposed
+to have been buried by the pirate Gibbs. Several flat stones, marked
+with cabalistic letters, have been discovered, but no gold.
+
+
+SOUTH AMERICA.
+
+The workmen on the Panama Railroad are now engaged in laying the rails
+from Navy Bay to Gatun, a distance of three and a half miles. The first
+locomotive was landed on the 22d of February. A new steamer has been
+placed on the Chagres River, to run between Chagres and Gorgona, and
+another is building at Navy Bay for the same purpose, to form a daily
+line. The attention of Americans on the Isthmus is at present attracted
+towards the auriferous region of New Grenada, in the provinces of Choco
+and Antioquia, lying between the Pacific and the Magdalena River. About
+three hundred and fifty persons, principally Frenchmen, are engaged in
+working the Buenaventura mines, which yield from two to three ounces per
+day to each man. A severe shock of an earthquake was felt at Carthagena
+on the 7th of February.
+
+In VENEZUELA, the new President, Monagas, has been inaugurated; the
+country is quiet and prosperous.
+
+The Presidential Election in PERU has terminated in favor of Echinique.
+Congress was to meet on the 20th of March.
+
+One or two partial insurrections have occurred in BOLIVIA, and a decree
+has been issued for the banishment of all Buenos Ayreans, who were not
+married to Bolivian females. It is believed that the difficulty between
+Brazil and the Argentine Republic will be settled without war.
+
+
+ASIA.
+
+Late news from Canton announce the death of Commissioner Lin, who seized
+the English opium in 1839. Murders and piracy are on the increase in the
+Indian seas, notwithstanding the alleged severity of the Chinese
+authorities.
+
+The British surveying ship Herald has arrived at Singapore, from the
+Arctic regions, bringing a rumor of news in relation to Sir John
+Franklin. Near the extreme station of the Russian Fur Company, the
+officers of the Herald learned from the natives that a party of white
+men had been encamped three or four hundred miles inland, that the
+Russians had made an attempt to supply them with provisions and
+necessaries, but had been prevented by the natives. No communication
+could be opened with the spot where they were said to be, as a hostile
+tribe intervened. The Esquimaux confirmed this rumor, with the addition
+that the whites had been murdered in a quarrel with the natives.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+M. XAVIER RAYMOND, a practised and accredited author, has begun a series
+of essays in the _Paris Journal des Debats_, on the British and American
+Steam Navigation Companies: historical details, statistics, modes of
+forming, organization--comparison. He agrees with our Secretary of the
+Navy, that it is better for government to subsidize companies, and
+partly or mainly rely upon them for war-steamers, than to build and
+maintain a steam-fleet for itself, at greater cost, and with no
+superiority of adaptation for belligerent service. He admits that this
+plan would not find grace with the European Ministers of Marine; but,
+for them, circumstances are different. The report of the Secretary has
+been received here as able and satisfactory. M. Raymond observes that,
+notwithstanding the amount of subsidies granted in England and America,
+to various Companies of Steam Navigation, he knows but one among those
+which operate on a line of more than five hundred leagues that is in a
+prosperous condition. This may be a mistake.
+
+The Paris _Moniteur_ contains a very curious and interesting biography,
+by an able hand, Dr. Parise, of Dr. Joseph Ignatius _Guillotin_, the
+inventor of the famous instrument of decapitation called after him. His
+character was benevolent, and his design humane. This is now realized.
+He proposed his machine (not altogether original, but improved
+laboriously) in 1789: a report was ordered on it, by the Legislative
+Assembly in 1792; and on the 21st August of that year, it was first used
+for a political execution. It gave occasion for numberless effusions of
+verse at his expense. No one experienced more horror at the abuse of it,
+than he uniformly testified. Seventy-six physicians and surgeons
+perished under its slider. He rescued as many intended victims as he
+possibly could. He was finally arrested himself, for execution; by some
+chance he escaped, and then withdrew, in despair, from the political
+theatre.
+
+We noticed lately the death of the Italian Professor SARTI, whose
+anatomical museum was exhibited last year in Broadway. The library of
+the deceased professor was being sold at Rome, when the police came in
+and stopped the sale. Among his books were twenty-one volumes of
+manuscript correspondence between the governments of Rome and Venice,
+from the time of Pope Paul Caraffa downwards. Monsignor Molsa, a great
+friend of the late professor, knowing of these volumes, which were in
+cipher, with their interpretations, hastened to tell Cardinal Antonelli,
+who dispatched orders just in time to save the secrets of the state from
+further exposure. Sarti died in Liverpool.
+
+
+
+
+_The Fine Arts._
+
+
+The present king of Prussia, great and glaring as are his faults as a
+politician, deserves the credit of doing a great deal for the
+advancement of art and the decoration of his capital and residence,
+Berlin. He is building there a new metropolitan church which is expected
+to be a splendid edifice, and will be such as far as the most lavish
+expenditure of money can make it. He has just completed a New Museum to
+contain the large and excellent collections of Egyptian antiquities
+(including those brought home by Prof. Lepsius), of the antiquities of
+the middle ages, of Slavonic and Germanic relics, of plaster casts from
+the antique, the collection known as the "Copper-Plate Cabinet," &c.,
+&c., all of which have heretofore been most inconveniently arranged for
+inspection in the Old Museum and in various royal palaces, or else
+packed away somewhere out of sight. This edifice was designed by the
+architect Stueler; its foundations were laid in 1843, and its interior
+has just been completed with a luxury, variety, and extent of ornament,
+in the mosaic work of the floors, and the decorations of the walls and
+ceiling, which are not equalled by any other public building. Among the
+artists employed in these decorations are the sculptors Wredow, Gramzow,
+Stuermer, Schievelbein, and Berges; here, too, is to be seen Kaulbach's
+great series of frescoes, of which the Babel is already finished, and
+the Destruction of Jerusalem nearly so. The landscape painters Graeb,
+Pape, Biermann, Schirmer, Max Schmidt, contribute a great number of
+frescoes of Egyptian and oriental subjects. A critic in the _Grenzboten_
+who eulogizes the beauties both of design and execution in the separate
+parts of the edifice, still says, and we think not without reason, that
+it does not form a united and organic whole. He says, too, that in it
+the old works are rather used as decorations for the architecture than
+the latter as a setting for them; "I cannot avoid the impression that
+here the old monuments of art are not the end, but the means to the
+execution of the great edifice of modern times in which it is sought to
+embody the entire encyclopaedistic, historical experience in art
+belonging to the present epoch."
+
+Another edifice which this prince intends as a monument of his reign, is
+the new Campo Santo, or burial-place for members of the royal family,
+which he is erecting at Berlin. This building, which will surround a
+court where are the tombs, is to be ornamented with frescoes by the
+eminent painter Cornelius. This artist has just completed the third
+great cartoon for these frescoes. Its subject is the Resurrection. Its
+place is on the right of the "Heavenly Jerusalem" and opposite to the
+"Four sides of the Apocalypse," which is on the left of the "Downfall of
+Babylon." Thus on one side of the hall is represented the destruction of
+Evil, on the other the triumph of the Good. The Resurrection, which has
+been changed somewhat from the original design, is described as follows:
+On a rock is seen an angel in a position of repose, with the book of
+life and death unopened on his lap, his right hand grasping the sword of
+justice. His face is thoughtful and sublimely earnest. On the left are
+figures full of terror and despair, on the right all is heavenly joy and
+satisfaction. In the centre is a re-united family animated by the
+delight of meeting again. At the side of this family are two girls and
+above them three youths, noble and beautiful persons. The faces of the
+maidens are turned upward, illuminated by the eternal light of heaven.
+On the same side of the family are three persons advanced in age, one
+woman and two men, waiting in pious hope and submission for the decision
+of the judge; on the other side, a little higher, three figures seek and
+find that salvation is theirs; a youth whose foot reaches back among the
+condemned is drawn mildly forth by an angel, and beside him is a tender
+maiden with her young brother in her arms, whom she holds lovingly, as
+she follows the celestial messenger. The group on which Justice
+sorrowfully fulfils its office, occupies about a quarter of the canvas;
+it consists of two youthful and two more aged figures. On a height a
+woman wrings her hands in the anguish of remorse, while another gazes in
+despair upon the ground. A youth lies backward leaning on his right
+hand, shading his eyes with his left as if not to see the approach of
+destruction. The older pair, a man and woman, have thrown themselves to
+the earth; the woman hides her face in her hands, the man, leaning on
+his elbows, tears his hair with his hands; his face expresses the
+consciousness of a sin which can find no forgiveness. The artist has
+aimed throughout to convey the idea that salvation and damnation are not
+_inflicted_ or _conferred_ upon the persons, but are the result of the
+inward state of each soul and conscience. The angel with the book of
+life and death can announce no sentence which has not already been
+pronounced by the very being to which it refers. The execution of the
+whole is spoken of as sublime and grandiose.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The well-known German painter, Hiltensperger, has received the
+commission to design and partly to execute for the new imperial palace
+at St. Petersburg (an edifice destined to serve as a museum of antique
+art) a series of paintings, representing the history of art among the
+Greeks and Romans. A part of the designs are already completed, and
+receive the warm praise of those to whom they have been exhibited. In
+order to avoid the monotony which seems inherent in the subject, he
+represents the peculiarities of each artist introduced by a symbolic
+picture; for instance, the inventor of battle pictures is designated by
+a picture of that sort; the discoverer of an effect of light, by a boy
+blowing a fire, &c. Historical epochs and their transitions are denoted
+by allegorical figures, like day and night.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An old picture has been discovered in the city of Hanover which seems to
+be proved a genuine LEONARDO DA VINCI. It is known that Leonardo, as
+well as Zenale and the French artist Bourgogne, was commissioned by
+Ludovico Sforza, on occasion of the birth of his twin sons, to paint a
+picture glorifying the mother (Beatrice D'Este) and the event. Zenale
+and Bourgogne resorted to the Christian narrative, and represented the
+Duchess as the Virgin, and her two sons as the Saviour and John the
+Baptist; Leonardo, on the other hand, took his frame-work from the Greek
+mythology, and painted Leda and the Dioscures. The picture was greatly
+admired at the time, though that the figure of the Duchess of Milan
+should be represented nude was thought rather bad even then. The picture
+soon disappeared, and Vasari says that in his time it was no longer in
+existence, or else was probably at Fontainebleau. Other writers say it
+is in other places, but plainly none of them know any thing about it.
+The present picture was bought about five years since at an auction by a
+gentleman of Hanover. The conception and treatment agree perfectly with
+the original descriptions of Leonardo's work, while the coloring,
+drawing, and expression are pronounced altogether his.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The ART-UNION AT VIENNA opened its galleries to the public of that
+pleasure-loving city during December last, and more than two thousand
+persons visited them daily. The best pictures were by the Duesseldorf
+artists Tidemann and Achenbach. The _Religious Service of the Haugians_,
+by the first, is said by one critic to overwhelm the spectator by its
+spirit of earnest piety, before it allows him to admire the incomparable
+art of its execution. The members of the sect are represented as
+assembled in a simple room, which is lighted from above. The light is
+modified by the dust which is caused by the crowd. Simple grandeur, adds
+the writer, makes this picture one of the most remarkable productions of
+modern art. It was sold for 2400 florins, or about 1000 dollars.
+Achenbach's landscape _Venner Lake in Sweden_, was also greatly admired;
+its price was 1800 florins. Huebner's _Emigrants_ and Hasenclever's
+_Pastor's Family_ were also favorites. Among the Vienna artists Fuehrichs
+carried off the palm in this exhibition. He is a historical painter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Gazette of Cremona states, that a very splendid picture by Raffaelle
+has been brought to light in that city by a learned connoisseur, who, of
+course, would part with the priceless gem for a fixed sum! The
+composition portrays the Virgin worshipping the Infant Saviour, with St.
+Joseph in the back-ground. The _Art Journal_ altogether discredits the
+story we translated from the German for the last _International_
+respecting a picture by Michael Angelo, said to have been discovered in
+London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Letters from Rome speak in high terms of an alto relievo monument just
+modelled there by the German sculptor STEINHAUSER for a family in
+Philadelphia. The monument was designed to commemorate two sisters and a
+brother, and to be erected in a chapel built specially for the purpose.
+The artist has represented the three persons as gently sleeping, in a
+partially sitting posture, at the foot of a cross. The elder sister
+leans against the cross, and clasps the younger sister with one arm and
+the brother with the other. This sister is made the personation of Love,
+the younger of Faith, with one hand on an open book, and the boy of
+Hope, bearing a pomegranate flower in his hand. Above them floats the
+angel of the resurrection. The figures are of the size of life, and are
+said happily to combine the classical antique in form with Christian
+sentiment in expression. The whole is to be executed in marble, and
+surrounded with a frame-work of Gothic architecture. The work was
+awarded to Steinhauser as the result of a public competition, in which
+Crawford was one of the participants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ADOLF SCHROeDTER, one of the first painters of the Duesseldorf School, has
+just produced a series of nine colored sketches by way of illustrations
+to a poem of A. von Marens entitled "The Court of Wine." He represents
+King Wine as leading a triumphal march enthroned on a wine-press,
+wreathed with vine leaves and drawn with grape vines by jolly vintagers
+of every age and sex. Behind follow as chamberlains a band of coopers, a
+jester dancing on a cask, and a troop of gay youths full of all "quips
+and cranks and youthful wiles." Then come, represented by most happily
+conceived figures, the German rivers on whose shores are the
+world-famous vineyards whose names make epicures smack their lips; then
+the German impersonations of _Saus_ and _Braus_, or Joviality and Good
+Living; after them a troop of cooks, and next a queer company of
+dancers. We see a poet crowned with vine leaves, a tipsy-happy Capuchin
+monk and a jester laughing at him. The series closes with a love-scene,
+broken in upon by a watchman armed with a big spit hung with herrings,
+beer-cans, sausages, and other furniture of a German restaurant. The
+whole are treated with that affluence of national humor for which
+Schroedter is unequalled.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. HILL, a retired clergyman residing near the Cattskill mountains,
+where he has given his leisure to the study of photography, after
+numerous experiments, has succeeded in obtaining colored pictures of
+extraordinary beauty. Portraits and landscapes, by his process, are said
+to be as fresh and vivid in color as those produced by the best _camera
+obscura_. The subject is an interesting one, and will have an important
+bearing upon the arts. We have noticed it more fully under the head of
+_Scientific Miscellany_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. HACKETT, or _Baron_ Hackett, as we believe he is entitled to be
+called, is now in England. We have seen no announcements of his
+appearance in the theatres, but believe that like Macready, he had
+engagements, and was to make a "last appearance" in London during the
+present season. As the originator of the line of Yankee characters, he
+has, like the originators of almost every thing else, seen others step
+in and divide the palm with him. As an artist, he is more finished than
+his competitors, and as a general actor he is above all comparison with
+them. They confine themselves to one range of characters, he shows a
+versatility of talent, and goes through a variety which it requires some
+genius to conceive, as well as mere talent at imitation. His
+Falstaff--though we cannot concede it to be exactly the character drawn
+by Shakspeare--is the best delineation in its way given by any actor now
+on the stage, and his Monsieur Mallet is in all respects admirable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The STATUE OF GIOVANNI DI MEDICI, by Baccio Bandinelli, has just been
+placed on its pedestal in the place before the church of San Lorenzo at
+Florence. It is three hundred years since this statue was made, and
+during all this time it has been kept in the great council hall of the
+Palazzo Vecchio, while its proper pedestal has been vacant. It
+represents Giovanni (the famous leader of the _bande nere_, or black
+bands, the Bayard of Italy, and the father of Cosmo I., the first Grand
+Duke of Florence) in a sitting posture, with the commander's baton in
+his hand. It is of little value as a work of art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LORTZING, the eminent German composer of operas, who died lately, left
+behind him only four Prussian thalers, or $3, on which his family had to
+exist a week. This was his sole property aside from music-books and a
+little furniture. And yet during his life he was a great favorite of the
+German people, and could not justly be called a spendthrift.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A very interesting series of lectures, by Henry James, George W. Curtis,
+Parke Godwin, and Mr. Huntington, was delivered before the artists of
+New-York, at the hall of the Academy of Fine Arts, in January and
+February. The ability displayed in the lectures, and the interest they
+excited, will induce measures for another course of the same kind next
+year.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A suggestion for extending the Triennial Exhibition of the works of
+Belgian artists, which opens at Brussels in August of the present year,
+to the painters and sculptors of all nations, has been discussed in that
+city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A colossal statue of Wallace has recently been finished by a Mr. Patrick
+Park, at Edinburgh. It was publicly uncovered in the presence of a large
+party, composed in part of a regiment of Highlanders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Noticing Brady, Lester, and Davignon's _Gallery of Illustrious
+Americans_, the London _Spectator_ observes:
+
+     "In no people do the chief men appear as more thoroughly
+     incarnate of the national traits; each outwardly a several
+     Americanism. Here we have the massive potency of Daniel
+     Webster,--on whose ponderous brow and fixed abashing eyes is
+     set the despotism of intellect; Silas Wright,--a well-grown and
+     cultivated specimen of the ordinary statesman; Henry Clay and
+     Col. Fremont,--two halves of the perfected go-ahead spirit; the
+     first shrewd, not to be evaded, knowing; the second impassable
+     to obstacles and alive only to the thing to be done. The heads
+     are finely and studiously lithographed from daguerreotypes by
+     Brady, and suffice to show how utterly fallacious is the notion
+     that _character_ is lost in this process."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A portrait of the author of _Don Quixotte_, after a painting by
+Velasquez, has been discovered in Paris, and has created some sensation,
+as none of the portraits of the great Spanish poet hitherto existing
+were considered very authentic. The renown of Cervantes being not fairly
+established till after his death, little pains were taken to preserve
+his features during lifetime. His portrait had been painted by Pacheco;
+but there existed but a poor copy of this, and it was from this copy
+that all engravings have been taken. The hope, therefore, of possessing
+a portrait of the poet by such a man as Velasquez, is cheering; and
+there are some facts which go far enough to prove the thorough
+authenticity of that now discovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Exhibition of the British Institution was opened to private view, in
+London, on the 8th of February, and to the public on the Monday
+following. The number of works in painting and sculpture amounts to 548,
+and, as a whole, the Exhibition is considered as scarcely up to the
+average.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of French Taste we have a new illustration in the fact that M. de
+Triqueti, the sculptor, has completed a statue of Our Saviour, six and a
+half feet high, for one of the decorations of the tomb of Napoleon
+Bonaparte.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The late railway works, undertaken near Prague, in Bohemia, have brought
+to light a great number of objects which may constitute a new species of
+European art, we mean that if the Czecho-Slaves before the introduction
+of Christianity. Some of the ancient sculptures found relate to the
+Slavian goddess Ziwa, most undoubtedly analogous to the Indian Siwa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. S. S. OSGOOD has recently completed several very admirable
+portraits, one of which is of himself, and painted with remarkable
+ability. Another is of Mary E. Hewitt, one of our most respected
+literary women, whose fine face is reflected with equal fidelity and
+felicity from Mr. Osgood's canvas.
+
+
+
+
+_Record of Scientific Discovery._
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--Two alleged improvements in Photography have laid claim to
+public attention: one the product of France, the other of the United
+States. The French discovery was recently communicated to the Academy of
+Sciences in Paris, by M. Blanquart-Evrard, and consists in a mode of
+whitening the sides of the camera, and also the interior of the tube, to
+which opticians have hitherto been accustomed to give a coating of
+black. By the new improvement, it is claimed, a saving of one-half is
+effected in the time required to produce a picture, beside the
+additional advantages of increased uniformity of action, and less
+necessity for a powerful light, together with less resistance from red,
+yellow and green rays. The plan has been experimented upon with success
+both in France and England. The second and latest invention is the
+Hillotype; so-called, in the absence of a better name, from Mr. L. L.
+Hill, of Greene Co., N. Y., who claims the discovery of a process,
+whereby photographic impressions can be produced with the complete
+colors of nature. It is stated that a number of successful experiments
+have established the practicability of the new plan, and that
+landscapes, sunset-scenes, portraits, &c., have been produced with
+marvellous fidelity. We shall presently know more of these
+asseverations. As yet, the entire process is concealed, and, as in
+certain other instances, may never come to light.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE LONDON SOCIETY OF ARTS.--In a paper by Mr. MURCHISON, read before
+the London Society of Arts, we find an interesting account of the origin
+and early history of that distinguished body. Efforts having been
+perseveringly made for the establishment of an institution for the
+promotion of the arts, sciences, and manufactures of the kingdom, the
+Society of Arts was finally organized in London, in the year 1754, under
+the auspices of Lord Rodney and other prominent persons. The success of
+this organization was encouraging and signal. Subscriptions poured in
+upon it, and a large number of members were soon enrolled. Premiums were
+then established; the first being one of L30 for the discovery of pure
+cobalt, and another of the same amount for the cultivation of madder.
+The progress of the Society from that period to the present has been
+uniformly encouraging, and it now ranks among the foremost scientific
+institutions of the day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An anecdote of the artist BARRY, some of whose best works adorn the
+walls of the Society's Rooms, is related in connection with this
+accompt. Barry being in distress, the sum of L1200 was subscribed by the
+members for his relief, and with this amount it was determined to
+procure for him a life annuity. The funds were so applied; the payment
+of the annuity to Barry being confided to the father of the late Sir
+Robert Peel. After the receipt of the first quarter of the first year,
+however, the artist died. The balance of the purchase money was absorbed
+in the coffers of Sir Robert.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GOLD.--M. FREMY, successor to Gay-Lussac in the chair of chemistry at
+the Garden of Plants, Paris, has submitted to the French Academy the
+results of his _Chemical Researches on Gold_. It was considered important
+to these researches to study the combinations of the oxides of gold with
+the alkalis so extensively employed in gilding. The aurates were easily
+produced, but it was impossible to obtain the combination of alkalis and
+the protoxide of gold. Auric acid was produced by boiling the perchlaide
+of gold with excess of potash, precipitating the auric acid by sulphuric
+acid, and purifying the former by solution in concentrated nitric acid;
+afterward precipitating by means of water and washing the auric acid
+until the liquor contained no trace of nitric acid. The auric acid
+combines immediately with potash and soda. Mr. Fremy promises an
+examination of the question whether gold is able, in combining with
+oxygen, to form a salifiable base, as has been asserted. The present
+experiment was undertaken mainly in reference to its use in
+electro-gilding.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIGHT AND HEAT.--Prof. Moigno lately presented to the French Academy a
+memoir on the experiments of Neeft, in Frankfort, on the development of
+_Light and Heat in the galvanic circuit_. M. Moigno witnessed these
+experiments in person, and considers it proved, first, that light always
+appears at the negative pole, and that this primitive light is
+independent of combustion; second, that the source of the heat is
+properly the positive poles, and that this heat is originally dark heat;
+thirdly, that light and heat do not unite at the instant of evolution,
+but only after the intensity of each has reached a certain point; from
+this union ensue the phenomena of flame and combustion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHINESE COAL.--A late number of the Chinese Repository contains some
+_notices of Coal in China_, by Dr. D. J. Macgowan, in which occur a
+number of curious and interesting facts. Coal deposits are found to
+exist throughout the mountain ranges which girt the great plain of
+China; but unskilful mining and the difficulty of transportation enhance
+its cost and limit the consumption, so that it is little used except for
+culinary and manufacturing purposes. The best comes from Pingting-chau
+in Shansi; the quality most in demand in central China is called the
+Kwang coal, and is brought from various districts in Hunan. Numerous
+varieties are produced in the province of Kiangsu--slaty, cannel,
+bituminous and anthracite. This portion of the mineral wealth of China
+is computed at nearly six millions of dollars. The scarcity of the
+supply is owing not to the poverty of the mines, but chiefly to the want
+of facilities for mining, which can alone be supplied by the
+steam-engine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WATER OF THE OCEAN.--The results of observations on the different
+_Chemical Conditions of Water_, at the Surface of the Ocean and at the
+Bottom, on Soundings, have been communicated by Mr. A. A. Hayes, State
+Assayer of Massachusetts; who states, that while pursuing the subject of
+copper corrosion at the surface of the ocean, he was some years since
+led to examine samples of copper, which had remained some time at the
+bottom of the ocean. He found that copper and bronze, and even a brass
+compound, from the bottom, were thickly incrusted with a sulphuret of
+copper, frequently found in crystallized layers, having a constant
+chemical composition, entirely free from chlorine or oxygen, the
+corroding agents of the surface. Specimens of copper and bronze from mud
+and clay at different depths, and in one instance from clean sand below
+a powerful rapid, gave thick layers of sulphuret of copper, or copper
+and tin. Instances of the corrosion of silver are also adduced. Mr.
+Hayes concludes that the waters from the land, which are never destitute
+of organic matter in a changing state, exert a very important influence
+in causing the differences of chemical condition in the ocean. Organic
+matter, he argues, dissolved from the surface of the earth, or from
+rocks percolating the strata, assumes a state in which it powerfully
+attracts oxygen; and waters holding this matter in solution readily
+decompose sulphates of lime and soda even when partially exposed to
+atmospheric air.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ASTEROIDS.--A letter from Prof. LEWIS R. GIBBS, of the Charleston
+Observatory, given in the _Charleston Evening News_, enumerates thirteen
+Kuam _Asteroids_; three having been discovered during the past year. The
+following Table gives their names in order of discovery, date of
+discovery, name and residence of discoverer, and the mean distances of
+the Asteroids from the sun, that of the earth being called 1:
+
+    Name.       Date.           Discov'r.  Place.      M. Dist.
+
+ 1. Ceres       1801, Jan.   1  Piazzi,    Palermo     2,766
+ 2. Pallas      1802, Mar.  28  Olbers,    Bremen      2,772
+ 3. Juno        1804, Sept.  1  Harding,   Lilienthal  2,671
+ 4. Vesta       1807, Mar.  29  Olbers,    Bremen      2,361
+ 5. Astraea      1845, Dec.   8  Hencke,    Driessen    2,420
+ 6. Hebe        1847, July   1  Hencke,    Driessen    2,420
+ 7. Iris        1847, Aug.  13  Hind,      London      2,385
+ 8. Flora       1847, Oct.  18  Hind,      London      2,202
+ 9. Metis       1848, April 25  Graham,    Markree     2,386
+10. Hygeia      1849, April 12  Gasparis,  Naples      3,122
+11. Parthenope  1850, May   11  Gasparis,  Naples      2,440
+12. Clio        1850, Sept. 13  Hind,      London      2,330
+13. Not named   1850, Nov.   2  Gasparis,  Naples      Unk'wn
+
+It appears that of these thirteen Asteroids, three have been discovered
+by Hind of London, three by Gasparis of Naples, two by Hencke of
+Driessen, two by Olbers of Bremen, while Piazzi of Palermo, Harding of
+Lilienthal, and Graham of Markree, have each discovered one. Eight out
+of the twelve orbits ascertained have an inclination of less than ten
+degrees. The _London Athenaeum_ states that the Lalande Medal of the
+Paris Academy of Sciences has been awarded to M. de Gasparis for his
+discovery of the planet Hygeia. The prize for 1850 was shared between
+Gasparis for his two discoveries in November, and Mr. Hind for his
+discovery of Clio on the 13th of September.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEOLOGY OF SPAIN.--A late number of the Journal of the British
+Geological Society contains an interesting and valuable paper by Don
+JOAQUIN EZQUERRA DEL BAYO, on the Geology of Spain. The Geological
+constitution of the country is stated to consist of three principal
+divisions--the Crystalline, Transition, and Secondary formations. The
+gneiss rocks of the first division occupy about a fifth of the surface
+of the soil, extending longitudinally from north to south. The plutonic
+rocks which penetrate them are generally granite of various degrees of
+firmness. The most important of the granitic ramifications to the east
+passes by the Sierra de Gridos, Sierra d'Avila, and the Guadarrama, to
+Soma Sierra, in a north-east direction. The great granitic outburst of
+Truxillo and of the mountains of Toledo does not extend so far to the
+east. A third, which has probably given its present form to the Sierra
+Morena, terminates at Linares, in the province of Jaen. The rocks are
+not rich in useful metals compared with their great development, but
+lead and copper are found in great quantities in the district of
+Linares, and rich argentiferous veins have been lately discovered at
+Hiendeleucina. Other veins have become exhausted. The successive
+formations of the country present some curious features. "Our soil,"
+says Don Joaquin, "has never been at rest, nor is it so even at present.
+Earthquakes are still often felt at Granada, and along the coast of the
+province of Alicante, where their effects have been disastrous." Among
+the numerous fossils found upon the coast of Spain are some species of
+mollusca of an extraordinary size, and in the vicinity of Cuevas de Vera
+the remains of elephants have been found, isolated and distributed in
+different directions, proving the existence of a more tropical climate
+in former times than now prevails in those districts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the Paris ACADEMY OF SCIENCES an extended Report was read at a recent
+meeting from a committee on M. ROCHET D'HERICOURT'S third journey in
+Abyssinia, in the northern part. He started in 1847, and returned in
+1849. In Geography he determined directly, by observation of the
+meridian heights of the sun, the latitude of a large number of
+geographical points in Egypt, in Arabia Petraea, along the coasts of the
+Red Sea, and in the north of Abyssinia. His meteorological observations
+were constant, and are pronounced especially exact. So, those of the
+magnetic inclination. The results are furnished in the Report. He
+attended closely and successfully to the geology of the regions which he
+traversed. The geological constitution of Abyssinia is now made known
+over the greater part of its surface. The herbary which the traveller
+brought to the Museum of Natural History, consists of 150 species, the
+most of them, however, of plants already known. Three new ones are
+described. He succeeded in getting home a sheep of Abyssinia, remarkable
+for the long hairs of its fleece. Some of his specimens of fish are new.
+Much attention is given to his new species of _Epeira_, or silk-spider.
+At the sight of the silk which forms the web of the insect, he conceived
+the hope that it might be turned to account for the silk-manufacture. It
+is very fine and soft, long and firm enough, and of a beautiful yellow
+color. This spider inhabits the large trees, shrubbery, and hedges, and
+extends its webs to the neighboring habitations; and the webs are nearly
+all more than a yard in diameter. The quantity is prodigious. "M.
+d'Hericourt," says the Report, "like every person who has attempted
+tissues with spiders' webs or cocoons, has not sufficiently regarded the
+difficulty of domesticating them, as is done with the silk-worm, in
+order to multiply them adequately, and provide them with such insects of
+prey, or sufficient nourishment." The Committee proposed the formal
+thanks of the Academy to the traveller, for the scientific harvest of
+his new journey, and an expression of the interest felt in the speedy
+publication of his narrative.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHOOTING-STARS.--M. QUETELET states, in relation to the _Shooting-Stars
+of August, 1850_, that the number per hour on the evening of the 9th of
+August was about 60 for Brussels; on the evening of the 10th, 111 for
+Brussels, 180 for Markree, Ireland, and 58 for Rome. The direction was
+the same in each place.
+
+
+
+
+_Recent Deaths._
+
+
+DEATH OF AN OFFICER OF LOUIS XV.'S MOUSQUETAIRES.--The _Journal de
+Francfort_ states that Viscount Frederic Adolphe de Gardinville, of
+Athies, mousquetaire gris in the service of Louis XV., and knight of the
+order of St. Louis, has just died, aged 113, at his country house, near
+Homburg. This officer was born on the twenty-eighth of January, 1738,
+and had retired to Homburg after the dissolution of the army of the
+Conde.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE REV. JOHN OGILBY, D.D., of New-York, died in Paris on the second of
+February. He was rector of St. Mark's church, in the Bowery, and had
+been for nine years professor of Ecclesiastical History in the General
+Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church. His health had
+been impaired for several years, and he had visited Europe in the hope
+that change of climate and associations would improve it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The venerable and accomplished GEORGE THOMSON, the correspondent of
+Burns, died recently in Leith Links, at the advanced age of ninety-two.
+Mr. Thomson's early connection with the poet Burns is universally known,
+and his collection of Scottish Songs, for which many of Burns's finest
+pieces were originally written, has been before the public for more than
+half a century. His letters to the poet are incorporated with all the
+large editions of Burns, and the greater portion of them will be
+included in the new life by Chambers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE EMIR BECHIR, who, during fifty years, played so important a part in
+Syria, died lately at Kaoi-keni, a village on the Bosphorus. His eldest
+son, Halib, and younger son, Emir, who had both embraced Islamism, died
+a few days before him. Izzet Pasha is appointed Governor of Damascus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. LEURET, the physician of Bicetre, who is well-known to the
+scientific world by his profound works on mental derangement and the
+anatomy of the brain, died on the sixth of January, at Nancy, his
+birthplace, after a long illness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Dutch papers report the death, at Amsterdam, aged seventy-two, of a
+marine painter of eminence, M. KOCKKOEK, father of the distinguished
+landscape painter of the same name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JOANNA BAILLIE, whose literary life reached back into the last century,
+and whose early recollections were of the days of Burke, Dr. Johnson,
+Goldsmith, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and the great men who figured before the
+French Revolution, died at Hampsted, near London, on the evening of
+Sunday, the twenty-third of February, at the great age of nearly ninety
+years. During the principal part of her life she lived with a maiden
+sister, Agnes--also a poetess--to whom she addressed her beautiful
+_Birthday_ poem. They were of a family in which talent and genius were
+hereditary. Their father was a Scottish clergyman, and their mother a
+sister of the celebrated Dr. William Hunter. They were born at Bothwell,
+within a short distance of the rippling of the broad waters of the
+Clyde. Joanna's child-life and associations are beautifully mirrored in
+the poem to which we have alluded. Early in life the sisters removed to
+London, where their brother, the late Sir Matthew Baillie--the favorite
+medical adviser of George III.--was settled as a physician, and there
+her earliest poetical works appeared, anonymously. When she began to
+write, she tells us in one of her prefaces, not one of the eminent
+authors of modern times was known, and Mr. Hayley and Miss Seward were
+the poets spoken of in society. The brightest stars in the poetical
+firmament, with very few exceptions, have risen and set since then; the
+greatest revolutions in empire and in opinion have taken place; but she
+lived on as if no echo of the upturnings and overthrows which filled the
+world reached the quiet of her home; the freshness of her inspirations
+untarnished; writing from the fulness of a true heart of themes
+belonging equally to all the ages. Personally she was scarcely known in
+literary society; but from her first appearance as an author, no woman
+commanded more respect and admiration by her works; and the most
+celebrated of her contemporaries vied with each other in doing her
+honor. Scott calls her the Shakspeare of her sex:
+
+    ----"The wild harp silent hung
+    By silver Avon's holy shore,
+    Till twice a hundred years roll'd o'er,
+    When SHE, the bold enchantress, came
+    With fearless hand and heart on flame,--
+    From the pale willow snatched the treasure,
+    And swept it with a kindred measure,
+    Till Avon's swans, while rung the grove
+    With Montfort's hate and Basil's love,
+    Awakening at the inspiring strain
+    Deem'd their own SHAKSPEARE lived again!"
+
+Her first volume was published in 1798, under the title, _A Series of
+Plays, in which it is attempted to delineate the stronger Passions of
+the Mind, each Passion being the subject of a Tragedy and a Comedy_. A
+second volume was published in 1802, and a third in 1812. During the
+interval, she gave the world a volume of miscellaneous dramas, including
+the _Family Legend_, a tragedy founded upon a story of one of the
+Macleans of Appin, which, principally through the good offices of Sir
+Walter Scott, was brought out at the Edinburgh Theatre. She visited
+Scott, in Edinburgh, in 1808, and in the following year the _Family
+Legend_ was played in that city fourteen nights in succession. Scott
+wrote for it a prologue, and Mackenzie, the author of _The Man of
+Feeling_, contributed an epilogue. The same piece was performed in
+London in 1814. The only "Play of the Passions" ever represented on a
+stage was _De Montfort_, first brought out by John Kemble and Mrs.
+Siddons, and played eleven nights. In 1821 it was revived by Edmund
+Kean, but fruitlessly. Miss O'Neil then played the heroine. Kean
+subsequently brought out _De Montfort_ in Philadelphia and New-York. No
+actors of inferior genius have ventured to attempt it, and probably it
+will not again be represented.
+
+The "Plays of the Passions" are Miss Baillie's most remarkable works. In
+this series each passion is made the subject of a tragedy and a comedy.
+In the comedies she failed completely; they are pointless tales in
+dialogue. Her tragedies, however, have great merit, though possessing a
+singular quality for works of such an aim, in being without the
+earnestness and abruptness of actual and powerful feeling. By refinement
+and elaboration she makes the passions sentiments. She fears to distract
+attention by multiplying incidents; her catastrophes are approached by
+the most gentle gradations; her dramas are therefore slow in action and
+deficient in interest. Her characters possess little individuality; they
+are mere generalizations of intellectual attributes, theories
+personified. The very system of her plays has been the subject of
+critical censure. The chief object of every dramatic work is to please
+and interest, and this object may be arrived at as well by situation as
+by character. Character distinguishes one person from another, while by
+passion nearly all men are alike. A controlling passion perverts
+character, rather than develops it; and it is therefore in vain to
+attempt the delineation of a character by unfolding the progress of a
+passion. It has been well observed too, that unity of passion is
+impossible since to give a just relief and energy to any particular
+passion, it should be presented in opposition to one of a different sort
+so as to produce a powerful conflict in the heart.
+
+[Illustration: J Baillie]
+
+In dignity and purity of style, Miss Baillie has not been surpassed by
+any of the poets of her sex. Her dialogue is formed on the Shakespearian
+model and she has succeeded perhaps better than any other dramatist in
+imitating the manner of the greatest poet of the world.
+
+In 1823 Miss Baillie published a collection of _Poetic Miscellanies_, in
+1836 three more volumes of Plays, in 1842 _Fugitive Verses_, and she was
+the author also of _A View of the General Tenor of the New Testament
+Regarding the Nature and Dignity of Jesus Christ_.
+
+A short time before her death--not more than six weeks--a complete
+edition of her Poetical Works was published in London, in a very large
+and compact volume of 850 pages, by the Longmans--"with many corrections
+and a few additions by herself." The volume opens with the Plays on the
+Passions. We have then the miscellaneous plays; and the last division
+includes her delightful songs and all her poetical compositions not
+dramatic nor connected with the plays; and here appears a poem of some
+length, recently printed for private circulation, as well as some short
+poems not before published. A pleasing and characteristic portrait
+accompanies the volume, and we have had it copied for the
+_International_.
+
+Though Miss Baillie's fame always tended to draw her into society, her
+life was passed in seclusion, and illustrated by an integrity, kindness,
+and active benevolence, which showed that poetical genius of a high
+order may be found in a mind well regulated, able and willing to execute
+the ordinary duties of life in an exemplary manner. Gentle and
+unassuming to all, with an unchangeable simplicity of character, she
+counted many of the most celebrated persons of the last age among her
+intimate friends, and her quiet home was frequently resorted to by
+people of other nations, as well as by her own countrymen, for the
+purpose of paying homage to a woman so illustrious for genius and
+virtue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPONTINI, the celebrated composer, author of _La Vestale_ and _Fernand
+Cortez_, died on the 24th ult., at Majolati, near Ancona, where he had
+gone to pass the winter, in the hope of re-establishing his health.
+Being desirous of attending divine service, in spite of the severity of
+the season, he took cold on leaving the church, which in a short time
+led to a fatal result. He expired in the arms of his wife, the sister of
+M. Erard, the celebrated pianist. He was in the seventy-second year of
+his age. The life of this unfortunate _Maestro_, says the _Athenaeum_,
+would be a curious rather than a pleasing story, were it thoroughly
+written. He was educated at the _Conservatorio de la Pieta_ of Naples,
+and began his career when seventeen years of age, as the composer of an
+opera, _I Puntigli delle Donne_. To this succeeded some sixteen operas,
+produced within six years, for the theatres of Italy and Sicily, not a
+note of which has survived. In 1803, Spontini went to Paris, in which
+capital again he produced some half-a-dozen operas and an oratorio,--all
+of which have perished. It would seem, however, as if there must have
+been something of grace in either _Maestro_ or music, since Spontini was
+appointed music-director to the Empress Josephine; and it was owing to
+court interest that his _La Vestale_--on a _libretto_ rejected by both
+Mehal and Cherubini--was put into rehearsal at the _Grand Opera_. The
+rehearsals went on for a twelvemonth. Spontini rewrote and re-touched
+the work while it was in preparation to such an excess, that the expense
+of copying the alterations is said to have amounted to _ten thousand
+francs_ ($2,000)! _La Vestale_, however, was at last produced, in 1809,
+with brilliant and decisive success, so far as France and Germany were
+concerned. In 1809 he produced his _Fernand Cortez_ at the _Grand
+Opera_. That work, too, was favorably received, and still keeps the
+stage in Germany. In no subsequent essay was the composer so fortunate.
+_Olympie_, the third grand work written by him for France, proved a
+failure. During the latter part of his residence in Paris, he directed
+the Italian Opera, until it fell to Madame Catalani. It was in 1820 that
+the magnificent appointments offered to the _Maestro_ by the Court of
+Prussia tempted him to leave Paris for Berlin; in which capital his last
+three grand operas were produced with great splendor. These were,
+_Nourmahal_ (founded on 'Lalla Rookh), _Alcidor_, and _Agnes von
+Hohenstauffen_. None of them, however, could be called successful. In
+Berlin, Spontini continued to reside as first Chapel-master till the
+death of the late King,--and there his professional career may be said
+to have ended. A life in some respects more outwardly prosperous cannot
+be conceived. Spontini was rich,--girt with ribbons and hung with
+orders;--but it may be doubted whether ever official grew old in the
+midst of such an atmosphere of dislike as surrounded the composer of _La
+Vestale_ at Berlin. He was mercilessly attacked in print,--in private
+spoken of by rival musicians with an active hatred amounting to
+malignity. There was hardly a baseness of intrigue with which report did
+not credit him. His music, even, was avoided in his own theatre; and it
+was an article in the contract of more than one _prima donna_, that she
+would not sing in Spontini's operas. Of later years, he rarely was seen
+in the orchestra save to direct his own works. In this capacity he
+showed a vivacity, a precision, and an energy almost incomparable. As a
+man, he had the courtliest of courtly manners; the air, too, of one well
+satisfied with his own personal appearance. He conversed chiefly
+concerning himself and his works, apparently taking little or no
+interest in other transactions of art. This might account for his ill
+odor in a capital where misconstructions and jealous evil-speaking have
+too often been the lot of the simplest, the most learned, and the least
+self-asserting of artists. The limited nature of his sympathies may be
+felt in Spontini's music. With all its spirit, this is generally
+dry--awkward without the excuse of learned pedantry--sometimes grand,
+very seldom tender--the rhythm more decided than the melody, which is
+often frivolous, often flat, rarely vocal. He has been accused of
+shallowness in the orchestral treatment of his operas,--in which noise
+is often accumulated to conceal want of resource. But allowing all these
+objections to be generally true to the utmost, the _finale_ to the
+second act of _La Vestale_ still remains--and will remain--a
+master-piece of declamation, spirit, and stage climax. The rest of _La
+Vestale_ is carefully wrought,--but in power, and brightness, and
+passion, by many a degree inferior to that temple-scene. For its sake,
+the name of Spontini will not be forgotten, unsatisfactory as was his
+career in Art, and small as was his personal popularity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARLES COQUERELL, a brother of the eminent Protestant minister, and
+himself well known and esteemed in the scientific circles of Paris, died
+in that city, early in February. He long reported the proceedings of the
+Academy of Sciences for the _Courrier Francais_; and is the author,
+besides, of various works in general literature. He wrote a _History of
+English Literature--Cariteas, an Essay on a complete Spiritualist
+Philosophy_--and _The History of the Churches of the Desert, or of the
+Protestant Churches of France from the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+to the Reign of Louis the XVI._ In this last performance he introduces
+the substance of a mass of private and official correspondence from
+Louis XIV.'s time down to the revolution, relative to Protestantism in
+France, and the numberless and atrocious persecutions to which it was
+subjected. Many of the papers he obtained are of great literary and
+historical value, and he has taken measures for their preservation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COLONEL GEORGE WILLIAMS, M. P. for Ashton, died on the nineteenth of
+December. He was born in St. John's Newfoundland, and is said to have
+joined the army of Burgoyne at the age of twelve years, and to have been
+present at the battle of Stillwater. He afterwards accompanied Lady
+Harriet Acland on her memorable expedition to join her husband in
+captivity. He afterwards saw much active service, and died aged
+eighty-seven, supposed to have been the last survivor of the army of
+Saratoga.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERR CHARLES MATTHEW SANDER, described as one of the most celebrated
+surgeons of Germany, and author of many works not only in illustration
+of his more immediate profession and of medicine, but also on Greek
+phiology and archaeology, died suddenly, at Brunswick, in his
+seventy-second year, while seated at his desk in the act of writing a
+treatise on anatomy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NICHOLAS VANSITTART, Lord Bexley, was the second son of Henry
+Vansittart, Governor of Bengal, and was born on the twenty-ninth of
+April, 1776. Four years after, his father perished in the Aurora
+frigate, when that vessel foundered at sea, on her outward passage to
+India. In 1791 he was called to the bar, but, finding little prospect of
+forensic advancement, he deserted Westminster Hall for the more
+ambitious arena of the House of Commons, being elected member for
+Hastings in 1796. In 1801 he proceeded on a special mission to the Court
+of Copenhagen; but the Danish Government, overawed by France and Russia,
+refused to receive an English ambassador. Soon after his return he
+became joint secretary of the treasury, which office he held until 1804,
+when the Addington ministry resigned. In 1805, he was appointed Chief
+Secretary for Ireland; in 1806, he resumed his former duties at the
+treasury; and, in 1812, on the formation of the Liverpool
+administration, he obtained the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+for which he was peculiarly fitted by the bent and information of his
+mind. So far back as 1796, he had addressed a series of pamphlets to Mr.
+Pitt, on the conduct of the bank directors; and in 1796 he had published
+an inquiry into the state of the finances, in answer to a very popular
+production, by a Mr. Morgan, on the national debt. The death of Lord
+Londonderry, in 1822, led to a reconstruction of the ministry; and Mr.
+Vansittart was offered a peerage and the Chancellorship of the Duchy of
+Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet, on condition that he quitted the
+Exchequer. This arrangement was carried out in the month of January
+following. At length, in 1828, he retired from public life, and since
+that period resided in comparative retirement, at Footscray, near
+Bexley, in Kent. Lord Bexley was F.R.S., D.C.L., and F.S.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JOHN PYE SMITH, D.D., F.R.S., one of the most eminent scholars and
+theological writers of the time, died at Guilford, near Leeds, in
+England, on the fifth of February, at the advanced age of
+seventy-six--having been born at Sheffield in 1775. His father was a
+bookseller, and it was intended to bring him up to the same business,
+but his early displays of talent, and his love of learning induced his
+father to send him to Rotherham College, where he greatly distinguished
+himself, and upon the completion of his terms of study became a
+classical tutor. In 1801--at the early age of twenty-five--he became
+theological tutor and principal of Homerton College, the oldest of the
+institutions for training ministers among the Independents. The duties
+of that responsible post he filled with untiring devotedness and the
+highest efficiency for the long space of fifty years. A theological
+professorship is naturally combined with ministerial duties; and in two
+or three years after his settlement at Homerton he received a call from
+the church at the Gravel Pits chapel, and continued the pastor of that
+church for about forty-seven years. The chief labor of Dr. Pye Smith's
+life, and his most enduring monument, was the work entitled _The
+Scripture Testimony to the Messiah: an inquiry with a view to a
+satisfactory determination of the doctrine taught in the Holy Scriptures
+concerning the person of Christ_. This work is admitted by the greatest
+scholars to be the first of its kind. It is marked by profound and
+accurate learning, candid criticism, and by that reverential and
+Christian spirit which ought to govern every theological inquiry. He
+published several less important compositions, including one of decided
+value upon the relations of geology and revelation, which led to his
+election into the Royal Society; and he left a voluminous System of
+Christian Doctrine, in MS.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+_Ladies' Fashions for the Spring._
+
+
+The advance of the spring appears to have brought increase of gayety in
+London and in Paris, in which cities fashionable society has received
+new impulses from circumstances connected with affairs. Heavy velvets
+have generally given place to silks and satins, and there is a
+prevailing airiness in the manner in which they are made up. The first
+of the above full-lengths represents a dress composed of a pale
+sea-green satin; the sides of the front decorated with _bouffants_ or
+fullings of white _tulle_, formed in rows of three; at the top of each
+third fulling is a narrow border of green cord, forming a kind of gymp;
+these fullings reach up to each side of the point of the waist; low
+pointed corsage, the centre of which is trimmed to match the _jupe_; a
+small round cape encircles the top part of the corsage, descending
+halfway down each side of the front, trimmed with fullings of white
+_tulle_ and narrow green cord; the lower part of the short sleeve is
+trimmed to match. The hair is arranged in ringlets, and adorned on the
+right side with a cluster of variegated red roses.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the second, is a dress of rich dark silk, made plain and very full,
+with three-quarter-high body, fitting close to the figure; bonnet of
+deep lilac.
+
+Ball dresses are worn richly ornamented with ribbons, flowers, lace, and
+puffs, in great profusion.
+
+Velvet necklaces, and bracelets, are much in vogue; the shades preferred
+are coral red, garnet, china rose, and, above all, black velvet, which
+sets off the whiteness of the skin. These bracelets and necklaces are
+fastened by a brooch or pin of brilliants or marcasite.
+
+Dresses of heavy stuffs are rare in private drawing-rooms, and much more
+frequently seen at subscription balls, at the Opera, or exhibitions of
+art. Antique watered silk, figured pompadour, drugget, and lampus,
+attract by their wreaths of flowers; light net dresses, or mousselins,
+are rare.
+
+Net dresses, with two skirts, are worn over a taffeta petticoat--the
+under and the upper skirts decked with small flowers, each trimmed with
+a dark ribbon. Wide lace also is worn in profusion, and the body as well
+as the sleeves is almost covered with it--the skirts having two or three
+flounces of English lace (application) or Alencon point; and these two
+kinds of lace are generally used for the heavy silk stuffs.
+
+We have little to say about walking dresses. The choicest materials for
+morning dresses are dark damask satinated Pekin taffeta, and drugget.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 3,
+No. 1, April, 1851, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, APRIL, 1851 ***
+
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