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+Project Gutenberg's Etext of the Universal Copyright Convention
+******Often Referred to as the Berne Copyright Convention******
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+The Berne Copyright Convention [1988]
+
+April, 1995  [Etext #253]
+
+Project Gutenberg's Etext of the Universal Copyright Convention
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+The original source of this document was:
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+Coalition for Networked Information Information Policies:
+A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, Statutes,
+and Other Pertinent Statements
+
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+
+
+Source:  International Copyright Conventions Circular 38c, 
+Copyright Office, Washington, DC, pages 23-35.
+
+Notes:  Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris, 1971.  
+Convention and protocols done at Paris July 24, 1971; Ratification 
+advised by the Senate of the United States of America August 14, 1972; 
+Ratified by the President of the United States of America August 28, 
+1972; Ratification of the United States of America deposited with the 
+Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization September 18, 1972; Proclaimed by the President 
+of the United States of America July 18, 1974; Entered into force
+July 10, 1974.
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+A PROCLAMATION
+
+CONSIDERING THAT:
+
+The Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on July 
+24, 1971, together with two related protocols, the text of which, as 
+certified by the Director, Office of International Standards and Legal 
+Affairs, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 
+Organization, in the French, English and Spanish languages, is hereto 
+annexed;
+
+The Senate of the United States of America by its resolution of 
+August 14, 1972, two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein, 
+gave its advice and consent to ratification of the Convention as revised, 
+together with the two related protocols;
+
+The President of the United States of America ratified the 
+Convention as revised, together with the two related protocols on 
+August 28, 1972, in pursuance of the advice and consent of the Senate;
+
+The instrument of ratification by the United States of America was 
+deposited with the Director-General of the United Nations 
+Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on September 18, 
+1972, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article VIII of the Convention 
+as revised;
+
+It is provided in paragraph 1 of Article IX of the Convention as 
+revised that it shall come into force three months after the deposit of 
+twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession;
+
+It is provided in paragraph 2(b) of each of the protocols that it 
+shall enter into force in respect of each State on the date of deposit of 
+the instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession of the State 
+concerned or on the date of entry into force of the 1971 Convention with 
+respect to such State, whichever is the later; and
+
+Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article IX of the 
+Convention as revised and paragraph 2(b) of each of the two related 
+protocols, the Convention as revised, together with the two related 
+protocols, entered into force on July 10, 1974.
+
+NOW, THEREFORE, be it known that I, Richard Nixon, President of the
+United States of America, proclaim and make public the Convention as
+revised, together with the two related protocols, to the end that they
+shall be observed and fulfilled with good faith by the United States of
+America and by the citizens of the United States of America and all other
+persons subject to the jurisdiction thereof.
+
+IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have signed this proclamation 
+and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed.
+
+DONE at the city of Washington this eighteenth day of July in the 
+year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred seventy-four and of 
+the independence of [SEAL] the United States of America the one 
+hundred ninety-ninth.
+
+Richard Nixon
+
+
+By the President:  HENRY A. KISSINGER, Secretary of State
+
+The Contracting States.
+
+Moved by the desire to ensure in all countries copyright 
+protection of literary, scientific and artistic works,
+
+Convinced that a system of copyright protection appropriate to 
+all nations of the world and expressed in a 
+universal convention,  additional to, and without impairing 
+international systems already in force, will ensure respect for the rights 
+of the individual and encourage the development of literature, the 
+sciences and the arts,
+
+Persuaded that such a universal copyright system will facilitate 
+a wider dissemination of works of the human mind and increase 
+international understanding,
+
+Have resolved to revise the Universal Copyright Convention as 
+signed at Geneva on 6 September 1952 (hereinafter called "the 1952 
+Convention"), and consequently,
+
+Have agreed as follows:
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+Each Contracting State undertakes to provide for the adequate 
+and effective protection of the rights of authors and other copyright 
+proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, 
+musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, 
+engravings and sculpture.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+1. Published works of nationals of any Contracting State and 
+works first published in that State shall enjoy in each other 
+Contracting State the same protection as that other State accords to 
+works of its nationals first published in its own territory, as well as the 
+protection specially granted by this Convention.
+
+2. Unpublished works of nationals of each Contracting State 
+shall enjoy in each other Contracting State the same protection as that 
+other State accords to unpublished works of its own nationals, as well 
+as the protection specially granted by this Convention.
+
+3. For the purposed of this Convention any Contracting State 
+may, by  domestic legislation, assimilate to its own nationals any 
+person domiciled in that State.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+1. Any Contracting State which, under its domestic law, requires 
+as a  condition of copyright, compliance with formalities such as 
+deposit, registration, notice notarial certificates, payment of fees or 
+manufacture or publication in that Contracting State, shall regard 
+these requirements as satisfied with respect to all works protected in 
+accordance with this Convention and first published outside its 
+territory and the author of which is not one of its nationals, if from the 
+time of the first publication all the copies of the work published with 
+the authority of the author or other copyright proprietor bear the 
+symbol of a lower case "c" inside of a circle accompanied by the name of 
+the copyright proprietor and the year of first publication placed in 
+such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of claim of 
+copyright.
+
+2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not preclude any 
+Contracting State from requiring formalities or other conditions for the 
+acquisition and enjoyment of copyright in respect of works first 
+published in its territory or works of its nationals wherever published.
+
+3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not preclude any 
+Contracting State from providing that a person seeking judicial relief 
+must, in bringing the action, comply with procedural requirements, such 
+as that the complainant must appear through domestic counsel or that 
+the complainant must deposit with the court or an administrative 
+office, or both, a copy of the work involved in the litigation; provided 
+that failure to comply with such requirements shall not affect the 
+validity of the copyright, nor shall any such requirement be imposed 
+upon a national of another Contracting State if such requirement is not 
+imposed on nationals of the State in which protection is claimed.
+
+4. In each Contracting State there shall be legal means of 
+protecting without formalities the unpublished work of nationals of 
+other Contracting States.
+
+5. If a Contracting State grants protection for more than one term 
+of  copyright and the first term is for a period longer than one of the 
+minimum periods prescribed in Article IV, such State shall not be 
+required to comply with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article in 
+respect of the second or any subsequent term of copyright.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+1. The duration of protection of a work shall be governed, in 
+accordance with the provisions of Article II and this Article, by the 
+law of the Contracting State in which protection is claimed.
+
+2. (a) The term of protection for works protected under this 
+Convention shall not be less that the life of the author and twenty-
+five years after his death.  However, any Contracting State which, 
+on the effective date of this Convention in that State, has limited 
+this term for certain classes of works to a period computed from this 
+first publication of the work, shall be entitled to maintain these 
+exceptions and to extend them to other classes of works.  For all 
+these classes the term of protection shall not be less than twenty-
+five years from the date of first publication.
+
+(b) Any Contracting State which, upon the effective date of 
+this Convention in that State, does not compute the term of 
+protection upon the basis of the life of the author, shall be entitled 
+to compute the term of protection from the date of the first 
+publication of the work or from its registration prior to publication, 
+as the case may be, provided the term of protection shall not be less 
+than twenty-five years from the date of first publication or from its 
+registration prior to publication, as the case may be.
+
+(c) If the legislation of a Contracting State grants two or 
+more successive terms of protection, the duration of the first term 
+shall not be less than one of the minimum periods specified in 
+subparagraphs (a) and (b).
+
+3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall not apply to 
+photographic works or to works of applied art; provided, however, 
+that the term of protection in those Contracting States which protect 
+photographic works, or works of applied art in so far as they are 
+protected as artistic works, shall not be less than ten years for each of 
+said classes of works.
+
+4. (a) No Contracting State shall be obliged to grant 
+protection to a  work for a period longer than that fixed for the 
+class of works to which the work in question belongs, in the case 
+of unpublished works by the law of the Contracting State of 
+which the author is a national, and in the case of published 
+works by the law of the Contracting State in which the work 
+has been first published.
+
+(b) For the purposes of the application of subparagraph (a), 
+if the law of any Contracting State grants two or more 
+successive terms of protection, the period of protection of that 
+State shall be considered to be the aggregate of those terms.  
+However, if a specified work is not protected by such State 
+during the second or any subsequent term for any reason, the 
+other Contracting States shall not be obliged to protect it during 
+the second or any subsequent term.
+
+5. For the purposes of the application of paragraph 4, the work 
+of a national of a Contracting State, first published in a non-
+Contracting State, shall be treated as though first published in the 
+Contracting State of which the author is a national.
+
+6. For the purposes of the application of paragraph 4, in case of  
+simultaneous publication in two or more Contracting States, the work 
+shall be treated as though first published in the State which affords 
+the shortest term; any work published in two or more Contracting States 
+within thirty days of its first publication shall be considered as having 
+been published simultaneously in said Contracting States.
+
+ARTICLE IVbis
+
+1. The rights referred to in Article I shall include the basic 
+rights ensuring the author's economic interests, including the exclusive 
+right to authorize reproduction by any means, public performance and 
+broadcasting.  The provisions of this Article shall extend to works 
+protected under this Convention either in their original form or in any 
+form recognizably derived from the original.
+
+2. However, any Contracting State may, by its domestic 
+legislation, make exceptions that do not conflict with the spirit and 
+provisions of this Convention, to the rights mentioned in paragraph 1 of 
+this Article.  Any State whose legislation so provides, shall 
+nevertheless accord a reasonable degree of effective protection to each 
+of the rights to which exception has been made.
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+1. The rights referred to in Article I shall include the exclusive 
+right of the author to make, publish and authorize the making and 
+publication of translations of works protected under this Convention.
+
+2. However, any Contracting State may, by its domestic 
+legislation, restrict the right of translation of writings, but only subject 
+to the following provisions:
+
+(a) If, after the expiration of a period of seven years from 
+the date of the first publication of a writing, a translation of 
+such writing has not been published in a language in general use 
+in the Contracting State, by the owner of the right of 
+translation or with his authorization, any national of such 
+Contracting State may obtain a non-exclusive licence from the 
+competent authority thereof to translate the work into that 
+language and publish the work so translated.
+
+(b) Such national shall in accordance with the procedure of 
+the State concerned, establish either that he has requested, 
+and been denied, authorization by the proprietor of the right to 
+make and publish the translation, or that, after due diligence 
+on his part, he was unable to find the owner of the right.  A 
+licence may also be granted on the same conditions if all 
+previous editions of a translation in a language in general use in 
+the Contracting State are out of print.
+
+(c) If the owner of the right of translation cannot be found, 
+then the applicant for a licence shall send copies of his 
+application to the publisher whose name appears on the work 
+and, if the nationality of the owner of the right of translation 
+is known, to the diplomatic or consular representative of the 
+State of which such owner is a national, or to the organization 
+which may have been designated by the government of that 
+State.  The licence shall not be granted before the expiration of 
+a period of two months from the date of the dispatch of the 
+copies of the application.
+
+(d) Due provision shall be made by domestic legislation to 
+ensure to the owner of the right of translation a compensation 
+which is just and conforms to international standards, to ensure 
+payment and transmittal of such compensation, and to ensure a 
+correct translation of the work.
+
+(e) The original title and the name of the author of the 
+work shall be printed on all copies of the published 
+translation.  The licence shall be valid only for publication of 
+the translation in the territory of the Contracting State where 
+it has been applied for.  Copies so published may be imported 
+and sold in another Contracting State if a language in general 
+use in such other State is the same language as that into which 
+the work has been so translated, and if the domestic law in such 
+other State makes provision for such licenses and does not 
+prohibit such importation and sale.  Where the foregoing 
+conditions do not exist, the importation and sale of such copies 
+in a Contracting State shall be governed by its domestic law 
+and its agreements.  The licence shall not be transferred by the 
+licensee.
+
+(f) The licence shall not be granted when the author has 
+withdrawn from circulation all copies of the work.
+
+ARTICLE Vbis
+
+1. Any Contracting State regarded as a developing country in 
+conformity with the established practice of the General Assembly of 
+the United Nations may, by a notification deposited with the 
+Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization (hereinafter called "the Director-General") at 
+the time of its ratification, acceptance or accession or thereafter, avail 
+itself of any or all of the exceptions provided for in Articles Vter and 
+Vquater.
+
+2. Any such notification shall be effective for ten years from the 
+date of coming into force of this Convention, or for such part of that ten-
+year period as remains at the date of deposit of the notification, and 
+may be renewed in whole or in part for further periods of ten years each 
+if, not more than fifteen or less than three months before the expiration 
+of the relevant ten-year period, the contracting State deposits a further 
+notification with the Director-General.  Initial notifications may also 
+be made during these further periods of ten years in accordance with 
+the provisions of this Article.
+
+3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, a 
+Contracting State that has ceased to be regarded as a developing 
+country as referred to in paragraph 1 shall no longer be entitled to 
+renew its notification made under the provisions of paragraph 1 or 2, 
+and whether or not it formally withdraws the notification such State 
+shall be precluded from availing itself of the exceptions provided for in 
+Articles Vter and Vquater at the end of the current ten-year period, or 
+at the end of three years after it has ceased to be regarded as a 
+developing country, whichever period expires later.
+
+4. Any copies of a work already made under the exceptions 
+provided for in Articles Vter and Vquater may continue to be 
+distributed after the expiration of the period for which notifications 
+under this Article were effective until their stock is exhausted.
+
+5. Any Contracting State that has deposited a notification in 
+accordance with Article XIII with respect to the application of this 
+Convention to a particular country or territory, the situation of which 
+can be regarded as analogous to that of the States referred to in 
+paragraph 1 of this Article, may also deposit notifications and renew 
+them in accordance with the provisions of this Article with respect to 
+any such country or territory.  During the effective period of such 
+notifications, the provisions of Articles Vter and Vquater may be 
+applied with respect to such country or territory.  The sending of copies 
+from the country or territory to the Contracting State shall be 
+considered as export within the meaning of Articles Vter and Vquater.
+
+
+ARTICLE Vter
+
+1. (a) Any Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies 
+may substitute for the period of seven years provided for in 
+Article V(2) a period of three years or any longer period 
+prescribed by its legislation. However, in the case of a 
+translation into a language not in general use in one or more 
+developed countries that are party to this Convention or only 
+the 1952 Convention, the period shall be one year instead of 
+three.
+
+(b) A Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies 
+may, with the unanimous agreement of the developed countries 
+party to this Convention or only the 1952 Convention and in 
+which the same language is in general use, substitute, in the 
+case of translation into that language, for the period of three 
+years provided for in sub-paragraph (a) another period as 
+determined be such agreement but not shorter than one year.  
+However, this sub-paragraph shall not apply where the 
+language in question is English, French or Spanish.  
+Notification of any such agreement shall be made to the 
+Director-General.
+
+(c) The licence may only be granted if the applicant, in 
+accordance with the procedure of the State concerned, 
+establishes either that he has requested, and been denied, 
+authorization by the owner of the right of translation, or that, 
+after due diligence on his part, he was unable to find the owner 
+of the right.  At the same time as he makes his request he shall 
+inform either the International Copyright Information Centre 
+established by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization or any national or regional information 
+centre which may have been designated in a notification to 
+that effect deposited with the Director-General by the 
+government of the State in which the publisher is believed to 
+have his principal place of business.
+
+(d) If the owner of the right of translation cannot be found, 
+the applicant for a licence shall send, by registered airmail, 
+copies of his application to the publisher whose name appears 
+on the work and to any national or regional information centre 
+as mentioned in sub-paragraph (c). If no such centre is notified 
+he shall also send a copy to the international copyright 
+information centre established by the United Nations 
+Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
+
+2. (a) Licenses obtainable after three years shall not be 
+granted under this Article until a further period of six months 
+has elapsed and licenses obtainable after one year until a 
+further period of nine months has elapsed.  The further period 
+shall begin either from the date of the request for permission to 
+translate mentioned in paragraph 1 (c) or, if the identity or 
+address of the owner of the right of translation is not known, 
+from the date of dispatch of the copies of the application for a 
+licence mentioned in paragraph 1(d).
+
+(b) Licenses shall not be granted if a translation has been 
+published by the owner of the right of translation or with his 
+authorization during the said period of six or nine months.
+
+3. Any licence under this Article shall be granted only for the 
+purpose of teaching, scholarship or research.
+
+4. (a) Any licence granted under this Article shall not extend 
+to the export of copies and shall be valid only for publication in 
+the territory of the Contracting State where it has been 
+applied for.
+
+(b) Any copy published in accordance with a licence granted 
+under this Article shall bear a notice in the appropriate 
+language stating that the copy is available for distribution 
+only in the Contracting State Granting the licence.  If the 
+writing bears the notice specified in Article III (1) the copies 
+shall bear the same notice.
+
+(c) The prohibition of export provided for in sub-paragraph (a)
+shall not apply where a governmental or other public entity 
+of a State which has granted a licence under this Article to 
+translate a work into a language other than English, French or 
+Spanish sends copies of a translation prepared under such 
+licence to another country if:
+
+(i) the recipients are individuals who are nationals of 
+the Contracting State granting the licence, or organizations 
+grouping such individuals;
+
+(ii) the copies are to be used only for the purpose of 
+teaching, scholarship or research;
+
+(iii) the sending of the copies and their subsequent 
+distribution to recipients is without the object of 
+commercial purpose; and 
+
+(iv) the country to which the copies have been sent has 
+agreed with the Contracting State to allow the receipt, 
+distribution or both and the Director-General has been 
+notified of such agreement by any one of the governments 
+which have concluded it.
+
+5. Due provision shall be made at the national level to ensure:
+
+(a) that the licence provides for just compensation that is 
+consistent with standards of royalties normally operating in 
+the case of licenses freely negotiated between persons in the two 
+countries concerned; and
+
+(b) payment and transmittal of the compensation; however, 
+should national currency regulations intervene, the competent 
+authority shall make all efforts, by the use of international 
+machinery, to ensure transmittal in internationally convertible 
+currency or its equivalent.
+
+6. Any licence granted by a Contracting State under this Article 
+shall terminate if a translation of the work in the same language with 
+substantially the same content as the edition in respect of which the 
+licence was granted is published in the said State by the owner of the 
+right of translation or with his authorization, at a price reasonably 
+related to that normally charged in the same State for comparable 
+works.  Any copies already made before the licence is terminated may 
+continue to be distributed until their stock is exhausted.
+
+7.  For works which are composed mainly of illustrations a 
+licence to translate the text and to reproduce the illustrations may be 
+granted only if the conditions of Article Vquater are also fulfilled.
+
+8. (a) A licence to translate a work protected under this 
+Convention, published in printed or analogous forms of 
+reproduction, may also be granted to a broadcasting 
+organization having its headquarters in a Contracting State to 
+which Article Vbis (1) applies, upon an application made in 
+that State by the said organization under the following 
+conditions:
+
+(i) the translation is made from a copy made and 
+acquired in accordance with the laws of the Contracting 
+State;
+
+(ii) the translation is for use only in broadcasts 
+intended exclusively for teaching or for the dissemination 
+of the results of specialized technical or scientific research 
+to experts in a particular profession;
+
+(iii) the translation is used exclusively for the purposes 
+set out in condition (ii), through broadcasts lawfully made 
+which are intended for recipients on the territory of the 
+Contracting State, including  broadcasts made through the 
+medium of sound or visual recordings lawfully and 
+exclusively made for the purpose of such broadcasts;
+
+(iv) sound or visual recordings of the translation may be 
+exchanged only between broadcasting organizations having 
+their headquarters in the Contracting State granting the 
+licence; and
+
+(v) all uses made of the translation are without any 
+commercial   purpose.
+
+(b) Provided all of the criteria and conditions set out in 
+subparagraph (a) are met, a licence may also be granted to a 
+broadcasting organization to translate any text incorporated in 
+an audio-visual fixation which was itself prepared and 
+published for the sole purpose of being used in connexion with 
+systematic instructional activities.
+
+(c) Subject to sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), the other 
+provisions of this Article shall apply to the grant and exercise 
+of the licence.
+
+9. Subject to the provisions of this Article, any licence granted 
+under this Article shall be governed by the provisions of Article V, and 
+shall continue to be governed by the provisions of Article V and of this 
+Article, even after the seven-year period provided for in Article V (2) 
+has expired.  However, after the said period has expired, the licensee 
+shall be free to request that the said licence be replaced by a new 
+licence governed exclusively by the provisions of Article V.
+
+ARTICLE Vquater
+
+1. Any Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies may 
+adopt the following provisions:
+
+(a) If, after the expiration of (i) the relevant period 
+specified in sub-paragraph (c) commencing from the date of 
+first publication of a particular edition of a literary, scientific 
+or artistic work referred to in paragraph 3, or (ii) any longer 
+period determined by national legislation of the State, copies 
+of such edition have not been distributed in that State to the 
+general public or in connexion with systematic instructional 
+activities at a price reasonably related to that normally 
+charged in the State for comparable works, by the owner of the 
+right of reproduction or with his authorization, any national of 
+such State may obtain a non-exclusive licence from the 
+competent authority to publish such edition at that or a lower 
+price for use in connexion with systematic instructional 
+activities.  The licence may only be granted if such national, in 
+accordance with the procedure of the State concerned, 
+established either that he has requested, and been denied, 
+authorization by the proprietor of the right to publish such 
+work, or that, after due diligence on his part, he was unable to 
+find the owner of the right.  At the same time as he makes his 
+request he shall inform either the international copyright 
+information centre established by the United Nations 
+Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization or any 
+national or regional information centre referred to in sub-
+paragraph (d).
+
+(b) A licence may also be granted on the same conditions if, 
+for a period of six months, no authorized copies of the edition in 
+question have been on sale in the State concerned to the general 
+public or in connexion with systematic instructional activities 
+at a price reasonably related to that normally charged in the 
+State for comparable works.
+
+(c) The period referred to in sub-paragraph (a) shall be 
+five years except that:
+
+(i) for works of the natural and physical sciences, 
+including mathematics, and of technology, the period shall 
+be three years;
+
+(ii) for works of fiction, poetry, drama and music, and 
+for art books, the period shall be seven years.
+
+(d) If the owner of the right of reproduction cannot be found, 
+the applicant for a licence shall send, by registered air mail, 
+copies of his application to the publisher whose name appears 
+on the work and to any national or regional information centre 
+identified as such in a notification deposited with the 
+Director-General by the State in which the publisher is 
+believed to have his principal place of business.  In the absence 
+of any such notification, he shall also send a copy to the 
+international copyright information centre established by the 
+United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural 
+Organization.  The licence shall not be granted before the 
+expiration of a period of three months from the date of 
+dispatch of the copies of the application.
+
+(e) Licenses obtainable after three years shall not be 
+granted under this Article:
+
+(i) until a period of six months has elapsed from the 
+date of the request for permission referred to in sub-
+paragraph (a) or, if the identity or address of the owner of 
+the right of reproduction is unknown, from the date of the 
+dispatch of the copies of the application for a licence 
+referred to in sub-paragraph (d);
+
+(ii) if any such distribution of copies of the edition as is 
+mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) has taken place during 
+that period.
+
+(f) The name of the author and the title of the particular 
+edition of the work shall be printed on all copies of the 
+published reproduction. The licence shall not extend to the 
+export of copies and shall be valid only for publication in the 
+territory of the Contracting State where it has been applied 
+for.  The licence shall not be transferable by the licensee.
+
+(g) Due provision shall be made by domestic legislation to 
+ensure an accurate reproduction of the particular edition in 
+question.
+
+(h) A licence to reproduce and publish a translation of a 
+work shall not be granted under this Article in the following 
+cases:
+
+(i) where the translation was not published by the 
+owner of the right of translation or with his authorization;
+
+(ii) where the translation is not in a language in 
+general use in the State with power to grant the licence.
+
+2. The exceptions provided for in paragraph 1 are subject to the 
+following additional provisions:
+
+(a) Any copy published in accordance with a licence 
+granted under this Article shall bear a notice in the 
+appropriate language stating that the copy is available for 
+distribution only in the Contracting State to which the said 
+licence applies.  If the edition bears the notice specified in 
+Article III (1), the copies shall bear the same notice.
+
+(b) Due provision shall be made at the national level to 
+ensure:  
+
+(i) that the licence provides for just compensation that 
+is consistent with standards of royalties normally 
+operating in the case licenses freely negotiated between 
+persons in the two countries concerned; and
+
+(ii) payment and transmittal of the compensation; 
+however, should national currency regulations intervene, 
+the competent authority shall make all efforts, by the use 
+of international machinery, to ensure transmittal in 
+internationally convertible currency or its equivalent.
+
+(c) Whenever copies of an edition of a work are distributed 
+in the Contracting State to the general public or in connexion 
+with systematic instructional activities, by the owner of the 
+right of reproduction or with his authorization, at a price 
+reasonably related to that normally charged in the State for 
+comparable works, any licence granted under this Article shall 
+terminate if such edition is in the same language and is 
+substantially the same in content as the edition published 
+under the licence.  Any copies already made before the licence 
+is terminated may continue to be distributed until their stock is 
+exhausted.
+
+(d) No licence shall be granted when the author has 
+withdrawn from circulation all copies of the edition in 
+question.
+
+3. (a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), the literary, scientific or 
+artistic works to which this Article applies shall be limited to 
+works published in printed or analogous forms of reproduction.
+
+(b) The provisions of this Article shall also apply to 
+reproduction in audio-visual form of lawfully made audio-
+visual fixations including any protected works incorporated 
+therein and to the translation of any incorporated text into a 
+language in general use in the State with power to grant the 
+licence; always provided that the audio-visual fixations in 
+question were prepared and published for the sole purpose of 
+being used in connexion with systematic instructional activities.
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+"Publication", as used in this Convention, means the 
+reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public 
+of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually 
+perceived.
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+This Convention shall not apply to works or rights in works 
+which, at the effective date of this Convention in a Contracting State 
+where protection is claimed, are permanently in the public domain in 
+the said Contracting State.
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+1. This Convention, which shall bear the date of 24 July 1971, 
+shall be deposited with the Director-General and shall remain open 
+for signature by all States party to the 1952 Convention for a period of 
+120 days after the date of this Convention.  It shall be subject to 
+ratification or acceptance by the signatory States. 
+
+2. Any State which has not signed this Convention may accede 
+thereto.
+
+3. Ratification, acceptance or accession shall be effected by the 
+deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Director-General.
+
+ARTICLE IX
+
+1. This Convention shall come into force three months after the 
+deposit of twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession.       
+
+2. Subsequently, this Convention shall come into force in respect 
+of each State three months after that State has deposited its 
+instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession.
+
+3. Accession to this Convention by a State not party to the 1952 
+Convention shall also constitute accession to that Convention; however, 
+if its instrument of accession is deposited before this Convention comes 
+into force, such State may make its accession to the 1952 Convention 
+conditional upon the coming into force of this Convention.  After the 
+coming into force of this Convention, no State may accede solely to the 
+1952 Convention.
+
+4. Relations between States party to this Convention and States 
+that are party only to the 1952 Convention, shall be governed by the 
+1952 Convention. However, any State party only to the 1952 Convention 
+may, by a notification deposited with the Director-General, declare 
+that it will admit the application of the 1971 Convention to works of 
+its nationals or works first published in its territory by all States party 
+to this Convention.
+
+ARTICLE X
+
+1. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance 
+with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the 
+application of this Convention.
+
+2. It is understood that at the date this Convention comes into 
+force in respect of any State, that State must be in a position under its 
+domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention.
+
+ARTICLE XI
+
+1. An Intergovernmental Committee is hereby established with 
+the following duties:
+
+(a) to study the problems concerning the application and 
+operation of the Universal Copyright Convention;
+
+(b) to make preparation for periodic revisions of this 
+Convention;
+
+(c) to study any other problems concerning the international 
+protection of copyright, in co-operation with the various 
+interested international organizations, such as the United 
+Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the 
+International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic 
+Works and the Organization of American States;
+
+(d) to inform States party to the Universal Copyright 
+Convention as to its activities.
+
+2. The Committee shall consist of the representatives of 
+eighteen States party to this Convention or only to the 1952 Convention.
+
+3. The Committee shall be selected with due consideration to a 
+fair balance of national interests on the basis of geographical location, 
+population, languages and stage of development.
+
+4. The Director-General of the United Nations Educational, 
+Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Director-General of the 
+World Intellectual Property Organization and the Secretary-General 
+of the Organization of American States, or their representatives, may 
+attend meetings of the Committee in an advisory capacity.
+
+ARTICLE XII
+
+The Intergovernmental Committee shall convene a conference 
+for revision whenever it deems necessary, or at the request of at least 
+ten States party to this Convention.
+
+ARTICLE XIII
+
+1.  Any Contracting State may, at the time of deposit of its 
+instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, or at any time 
+thereafter, declare by notification addressed to the Director-General 
+that this Convention shall apply to all or any of the countries or 
+territories for the international relations of which it is responsible and 
+this Convention shall thereupon apply to the countries or territories 
+named in such notification after the expiration of the term of three 
+months provided for in Article IX.  In the absence of such notification, 
+this Convention shall not apply to any such country or territory.
+
+2.  However, nothing in this Article shall be understood as 
+implying the recognition or tacit acceptance by a Contracting State of 
+the factual situation concerning a country or territory to which this 
+Convention is made applicable by another Contracting State in 
+accordance with the provisions of this Article.
+
+ARTICLE XIV
+
+1.  Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention in its 
+own name or on behalf of all or any of the countries or territories with 
+respect to which a notification has been given under Article XIII.  The 
+denunciation shall be made by notification addressed to the Director-
+General.  Such denunciation shall also constitute denunciation of the 
+1952 Convention.
+
+2.  Such denunciation shall operate only in respect of the State 
+or of the country or territory on whose behalf it was made and shall not 
+take effect until twelve months after the date of receipt of the 
+notification.
+
+ARTICLE XV
+
+A dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning 
+the interpretation or application of this Convention, not settled by 
+negotiation, shall, unless the States concerned agree on some other 
+method of settlement, be brought before the International Court of 
+Justice for determination by it.
+
+ARTICLE XVI
+
+1.  This Convention shall be established in English, French, and 
+Spanish. The three texts shall be signed and shall be equally 
+authoritative.
+
+2.  Official texts of this Convention shall be established by the 
+Director-General, after consultation with the governments concerned, in 
+Arabic, German, Italian, and Portuguese.
+
+3.  Any Contracting State or group of Contracting States shall be 
+entitled to have established by the Director-General other texts in the 
+language of its choice by arrangement with the Director-General.
+
+4.  All such texts shall be annexed to the signed texts of this 
+Convention.
+
+ARTICLE XVII
+
+1. This Convention shall not in any way affect the provisions of 
+the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 
+or membership in the Union created by that Convention.
+
+2. In application of the foregoing paragraph, a declaration has 
+been annexed to the present Article.  This declaration is an integral 
+part of this Convention for the States bound by the Berne Convention on 
+1 January 1951, or which have or may become bound to it at a later date.  
+The signature of this Convention by such States shall also constitute 
+signature of the said declaration, and ratification, acceptance or 
+accession by such States shall include the declaration, as well as this 
+Convention.
+
+ARTICLE XVIII
+
+This Convention shall not abrogate multilateral or bilateral 
+copyright conventions or arrangements that are or may be in effect 
+exclusively between two or more American Republics.  In the event of 
+any difference either between the provisions of such existing 
+conventions or arrangements and the provisions of this Convention, or 
+between the provisions of this Convention and those of any new 
+convention or arrangement which may be formulated between two or 
+more American Republics after this Convention comes into force, the 
+convention or arrangement most recently formulated shall prevail 
+between the parties thereto. Rights in works acquired in any 
+Contracting State under existing conventions or arrangements before the 
+date this Convention comes into force in such State shall not be 
+affected.
+
+ARTICLE XIX
+
+This Convention shall not abrogate multilateral or bilateral 
+conventions or arrangements in effect between two or more Contracting 
+States.  In the event of any difference between the provisions of such 
+existing conventions or arrangements and the provisions of this 
+Convention, the provisions of this Convention shall prevail.  Rights in 
+works acquired in any Contracting State under existing conventions or 
+arrangements before the date on which this Convention comes into force 
+in such State shall not be affected.  Nothing in this Article shall affect 
+the provisions of Articles XVII and XVIII.
+
+ARTICLE XX
+
+Reservations to this Convention shall not be permitted.
+
+ARTICLE XXI
+
+1. The Director-General shall send duly certified copies of this 
+Convention to the States interested and to the Secretary-General of the 
+United Nations for registration by him.
+
+2. He shall also inform all interested States of the 
+ratifications, acceptances, accessions which have been deposited, the 
+date on which this Convention comes into force, the notifications under 
+this Convention and denunciations under Article XIV.
+
+APPENDIX DECLARATION RELATING TO ARTICLE XVII
+
+The States which are members of the International Union for 
+the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (hereinafter called "the 
+Berne Union") and which are signatories of this Convention,
+
+Desiring to reinforce their mutual relations on the basis of the 
+said Union and to avoid any conflict which might result from the 
+coexistence of the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright 
+Convention,
+
+Recognizing the temporary need of some States to adjust their 
+level of copyright protection in accordance with their stage of cultural, 
+social and economic development,
+
+Have, by common agreement, accepted the terms of the 
+following declaration:
+
+(a) Except as provided by paragraph (b), works which, 
+according to the Berne Convention, have as their country of 
+origin a country which has withdrawn from the Berne Union 
+after 1 January 1951, shall not be protected by the Universal 
+Copyright Convention in the countries of the Berne Union;
+
+(b) Where a Contracting State is regarded as a developing 
+country in conformity with the established practice of the 
+General Assembly of the United Nations, and has deposited 
+with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, 
+Scientific and Cultural Organization, at the time of its 
+withdrawal from the Berne Union, a notification to the effect 
+that it regards itself as a developing country, the provisions of 
+paragraph (a) shall not be applicable as long as such State 
+may avail itself of the exceptions provided for by this 
+Convention in accordance with Article Vbis; 
+
+(c) The Universal Copyright Convention shall not be 
+applicable to the relationships among countries of the Berne 
+Union in so far as it relates to the protection of works having as 
+their country of origin, within the meaning of the Berne 
+Convention, a country of the Berne Union.
+
+
+RESOLUTION CONCERNING ARTICLE XI
+
+The Conference for Revision of the Universal Copyright 
+Convention, Having considered the problems relating to the 
+Intergovernmental Committee provided for in Article XI of this 
+Convention, to which this resolution is annexed,
+
+Resolves that:
+
+1. At its inception, the Committee shall include representative 
+of the twelve States members of the Intergovernmental Committee 
+established under Article XI of the 1952 Convention and the resolution 
+annexed to it, and, in addition, representatives of the following States: 
+Algeria, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Senegal and Yugoslavia.
+
+2. Any States that are not party to the 1952 Convention and 
+have not acceded to this Convention before the first ordinary session of 
+the Committee following the entry into force of this Convention shall 
+be replaced by other States to be selected by the Committee at its first 
+ordinary session in conformity with the provisions of Article XI (2) and 
+(3).
+
+3. As soon as this Convention comes into force the Committee as 
+provided for in paragraph 1 shall be deemed to be constituted in 
+accordance with Article XI of this Convention.
+
+4. A session of the Committee shall take place with one year 
+after the coming into force of this Convention; thereafter the 
+Committee shall meet in ordinary session at intervals of not more than 
+two years.
+
+5. The Committee shall elect its Chairman and two Vice-
+Chairmen.  It shall establish its Rules of Procedure having regard to 
+the following principles:
+
+(a) The normal duration of the term of office of the members 
+represented on the Committee shall be six years with one-third 
+retiring every two years, it being however understood that, of 
+the original terms of office, one-third shall expire at the end of 
+the Committee's second ordinary session which will follow the 
+entry into force of this Convention, a further third at the end of 
+its third ordinary session, and the remaining third at the end of 
+its fourth ordinary session.
+
+(b) The rules governing the procedure whereby the 
+Committee shall fill vacancies, the order in which terms of 
+membership expire, eligibility for reelection, and election 
+procedures, shall be based upon a balancing of the needs for 
+continuity of membership and rotation of representation, as 
+well as the considerations set out in Article XI (3).
+
+Expresses the wish that the United Nations Educational, 
+Scientific and Cultural Organization provide its Secretariat.
+
+In faith whereof the undersigned, having deposited their 
+respective full powers, have signed this Convention.
+
+DONE at Paris, this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in a single copy.
+
+
+PROTOCOL 1
+
+Annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at 
+Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to 
+works of Stateless persons and refugees
+
+The States party hereto, being also party to the Universal 
+Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (hereinafter 
+called "the 1971 Convention"), 
+
+Have accepted the following provisions:
+
+1. Stateless persons and refugees who have their habitual 
+residence in a State party to this Protocol shall, for the purposes of the 
+1971 Convention, be assimilated to the nationals of that State.
+
+2. (a) This Protocol shall be signed and shall be subject to 
+ratification or acceptance, or may be acceded to, as if the 
+provisions of Article VIII of the 1971 Convention applied 
+hereto.
+
+(b) This Protocol shall enter into force in respect of each 
+State, on the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, 
+acceptance or accession of the State concerned or on the date of 
+entry into force of the 1971 Convention with respect to such 
+State, whichever is the later.
+
+(c) On the entry into force of this Protocol in respect of a 
+State not party to Protocol 1 annexed to the 1952 Convention, 
+the latter Protocol shall be deemed to enter into force in respect 
+of such State.
+
+In faith whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized 
+thereto, have signed this Protocol.
+
+Done at Paris this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in the 
+English, French and Spanish languages, the three texts being equally 
+authoritative, in a single copy which shall be deposited with the 
+Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization.  The Director-General shall send certified 
+copies to the signatory States, and to the Secretary-General of the 
+United Nations for registration.
+
+PROTOCOL 2
+
+Annexed to the Universal Copyright convention as revised at 
+Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to 
+the works of certain international organizations
+
+The States party hereto, being also party to the Universal 
+Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (hereinafter 
+called "the 1971 Convention"),
+
+Have accepted the following provisions:
+
+1. (a) The protection provided for in Article II (1) of the 1971 
+Convention shall apply to works published for the first time by 
+the United Nations by the Specialized Agencies in 
+relationship therewith, or by the Organization of American 
+States.
+
+(b) Similarly, Article II (2) of the 1971 Convention shall 
+apply to the said organization or agencies.
+  
+2. (a) This Protocol shall be signed and shall be subject to 
+ratification or acceptance, or may be acceded to, as if the 
+provisions of Article VIII of the 1971 Convention applied 
+hereto.
+
+(b) This Protocol shall enter into force for each State on the 
+date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance or 
+accession of the State concerned or on the date of entry into force 
+of the 1971 Convention with respect to such State, whichever is 
+the later.
+
+In faith whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized 
+thereto, have signed this Protocol.
+
+Done at Paris, this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in the 
+English, French and Spanish languages, the three texts being equally 
+authoritative, in a single copy which shall be deposited with the 
+Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization.  The Director-General shall send certified 
+copies to the signatory States, and to the Secretary-General of the 
+United Nations for registration.
+
+Certified a true and complete copy of the original of the 
+Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971, of 
+the Protocol 1 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as 
+revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that 
+Convention to works of Stateless persons and refugees and of the 
+Protocol 2 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at 
+Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to 
+the works of certain international organizations.
+
+Paris, 24. 12. 1971 Claude Lussier.
+
+Director, Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs, 
+United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Etext of the Universal Copyright Convention
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Etext of the Universal Copyright Convention
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+The Universal Copyright Convention [1972]
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+April, 1995  [Etext #253]
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+Project Gutenberg's Etext of the Universal Copyright Convention
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+
+
+Source:  International Copyright Conventions Circular 38c, 
+Copyright Office, Washington, DC, pages 23-35.
+
+Notes:  Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris, 1971.  
+Convention and protocols done at Paris July 24, 1971; Ratification 
+advised by the Senate of the United States of America August 14, 1972; 
+Ratified by the President of the United States of America August 28, 
+1972; Ratification of the United States of America deposited with the 
+Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization September 18, 1972; Proclaimed by the President 
+of the United States of America July 18, 1974; Entered into force
+July 10, 1974.
+
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+A PROCLAMATION
+
+CONSIDERING THAT:
+
+The Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on July 
+24, 1971, together with two related protocols, the text of which, as 
+certified by the Director, Office of International Standards and Legal 
+Affairs, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 
+Organization, in the French, English and Spanish languages, is hereto 
+annexed;
+
+The Senate of the United States of America by its resolution of 
+August 14, 1972, two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein, 
+gave its advice and consent to ratification of the Convention as revised, 
+together with the two related protocols;
+
+The President of the United States of America ratified the 
+Convention as revised, together with the two related protocols on 
+August 28, 1972, in pursuance of the advice and consent of the Senate;
+
+The instrument of ratification by the United States of America was 
+deposited with the Director-General of the United Nations 
+Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on September 18, 
+1972, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article VIII of the Convention 
+as revised;
+
+It is provided in paragraph 1 of Article IX of the Convention as 
+revised that it shall come into force three months after the deposit of 
+twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession;
+
+It is provided in paragraph 2(b) of each of the protocols that it 
+shall enter into force in respect of each State on the date of deposit of 
+the instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession of the State 
+concerned or on the date of entry into force of the 1971 Convention with 
+respect to such State, whichever is the later; and
+
+Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article IX of the 
+Convention as revised and paragraph 2(b) of each of the two related 
+protocols, the Convention as revised, together with the two related 
+protocols, entered into force on July 10, 1974.
+
+NOW, THEREFORE, be it known that I, Richard Nixon, President of the
+United States of America, proclaim and make public the Convention as
+revised, together with the two related protocols, to the end that they
+shall be observed and fulfilled with good faith by the United States of
+America and by the citizens of the United States of America and all other
+persons subject to the jurisdiction thereof.
+
+IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have signed this proclamation 
+and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed.
+
+DONE at the city of Washington this eighteenth day of July in the 
+year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred seventy-four and of 
+the independence of [SEAL] the United States of America the one 
+hundred ninety-ninth.
+
+Richard Nixon
+
+
+By the President:  HENRY A. KISSINGER, Secretary of State
+
+The Contracting States.
+
+Moved by the desire to ensure in all countries copyright 
+protection of literary, scientific and artistic works,
+
+Convinced that a system of copyright protection appropriate to 
+all nations of the world and expressed in a 
+universal convention,  additional to, and without impairing 
+international systems already in force, will ensure respect for the rights 
+of the individual and encourage the development of literature, the 
+sciences and the arts,
+
+Persuaded that such a universal copyright system will facilitate 
+a wider dissemination of works of the human mind and increase 
+international understanding,
+
+Have resolved to revise the Universal Copyright Convention as 
+signed at Geneva on 6 September 1952 (hereinafter called "the 1952 
+Convention"), and consequently,
+
+Have agreed as follows:
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+Each Contracting State undertakes to provide for the adequate 
+and effective protection of the rights of authors and other copyright 
+proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, 
+musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, 
+engravings and sculpture.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+1. Published works of nationals of any Contracting State and 
+works first published in that State shall enjoy in each other 
+Contracting State the same protection as that other State accords to 
+works of its nationals first published in its own territory, as well as the 
+protection specially granted by this Convention.
+
+2. Unpublished works of nationals of each Contracting State 
+shall enjoy in each other Contracting State the same protection as that 
+other State accords to unpublished works of its own nationals, as well 
+as the protection specially granted by this Convention.
+
+3. For the purposed of this Convention any Contracting State 
+may, by  domestic legislation, assimilate to its own nationals any 
+person domiciled in that State.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+1. Any Contracting State which, under its domestic law, requires 
+as a  condition of copyright, compliance with formalities such as 
+deposit, registration, notice notarial certificates, payment of fees or 
+manufacture or publication in that Contracting State, shall regard 
+these requirements as satisfied with respect to all works protected in 
+accordance with this Convention and first published outside its 
+territory and the author of which is not one of its nationals, if from the 
+time of the first publication all the copies of the work published with 
+the authority of the author or other copyright proprietor bear the 
+symbol of a lower case "c" inside of a circle accompanied by the name of 
+the copyright proprietor and the year of first publication placed in 
+such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of claim of 
+copyright.
+
+2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not preclude any 
+Contracting State from requiring formalities or other conditions for the 
+acquisition and enjoyment of copyright in respect of works first 
+published in its territory or works of its nationals wherever published.
+
+3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not preclude any 
+Contracting State from providing that a person seeking judicial relief 
+must, in bringing the action, comply with procedural requirements, such 
+as that the complainant must appear through domestic counsel or that 
+the complainant must deposit with the court or an administrative 
+office, or both, a copy of the work involved in the litigation; provided 
+that failure to comply with such requirements shall not affect the 
+validity of the copyright, nor shall any such requirement be imposed 
+upon a national of another Contracting State if such requirement is not 
+imposed on nationals of the State in which protection is claimed.
+
+4. In each Contracting State there shall be legal means of 
+protecting without formalities the unpublished work of nationals of 
+other Contracting States.
+
+5. If a Contracting State grants protection for more than one term 
+of  copyright and the first term is for a period longer than one of the 
+minimum periods prescribed in Article IV, such State shall not be 
+required to comply with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article in 
+respect of the second or any subsequent term of copyright.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+1. The duration of protection of a work shall be governed, in 
+accordance with the provisions of Article II and this Article, by the 
+law of the Contracting State in which protection is claimed.
+
+2. (a) The term of protection for works protected under this 
+Convention shall not be less that the life of the author and twenty-
+five years after his death.  However, any Contracting State which, 
+on the effective date of this Convention in that State, has limited 
+this term for certain classes of works to a period computed from this 
+first publication of the work, shall be entitled to maintain these 
+exceptions and to extend them to other classes of works.  For all 
+these classes the term of protection shall not be less than twenty-
+five years from the date of first publication.
+
+(b) Any Contracting State which, upon the effective date of 
+this Convention in that State, does not compute the term of 
+protection upon the basis of the life of the author, shall be entitled 
+to compute the term of protection from the date of the first 
+publication of the work or from its registration prior to publication, 
+as the case may be, provided the term of protection shall not be less 
+than twenty-five years from the date of first publication or from its 
+registration prior to publication, as the case may be.
+
+(c) If the legislation of a Contracting State grants two or 
+more successive terms of protection, the duration of the first term 
+shall not be less than one of the minimum periods specified in 
+subparagraphs (a) and (b).
+
+3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall not apply to 
+photographic works or to works of applied art; provided, however, 
+that the term of protection in those Contracting States which protect 
+photographic works, or works of applied art in so far as they are 
+protected as artistic works, shall not be less than ten years for each of 
+said classes of works.
+
+4. (a) No Contracting State shall be obliged to grant 
+protection to a  work for a period longer than that fixed for the 
+class of works to which the work in question belongs, in the case 
+of unpublished works by the law of the Contracting State of 
+which the author is a national, and in the case of published 
+works by the law of the Contracting State in which the work 
+has been first published.
+
+(b) For the purposes of the application of subparagraph (a), 
+if the law of any Contracting State grants two or more 
+successive terms of protection, the period of protection of that 
+State shall be considered to be the aggregate of those terms.  
+However, if a specified work is not protected by such State 
+during the second or any subsequent term for any reason, the 
+other Contracting States shall not be obliged to protect it during 
+the second or any subsequent term.
+
+5. For the purposes of the application of paragraph 4, the work 
+of a national of a Contracting State, first published in a non-
+Contracting State, shall be treated as though first published in the 
+Contracting State of which the author is a national.
+
+6. For the purposes of the application of paragraph 4, in case of  
+simultaneous publication in two or more Contracting States, the work 
+shall be treated as though first published in the State which affords 
+the shortest term; any work published in two or more Contracting States 
+within thirty days of its first publication shall be considered as having 
+been published simultaneously in said Contracting States.
+
+ARTICLE IVbis
+
+1. The rights referred to in Article I shall include the basic 
+rights ensuring the author's economic interests, including the exclusive 
+right to authorize reproduction by any means, public performance and 
+broadcasting.  The provisions of this Article shall extend to works 
+protected under this Convention either in their original form or in any 
+form recognizably derived from the original.
+
+2. However, any Contracting State may, by its domestic 
+legislation, make exceptions that do not conflict with the spirit and 
+provisions of this Convention, to the rights mentioned in paragraph 1 of 
+this Article.  Any State whose legislation so provides, shall 
+nevertheless accord a reasonable degree of effective protection to each 
+of the rights to which exception has been made.
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+1. The rights referred to in Article I shall include the exclusive 
+right of the author to make, publish and authorize the making and 
+publication of translations of works protected under this Convention.
+
+2. However, any Contracting State may, by its domestic 
+legislation, restrict the right of translation of writings, but only subject 
+to the following provisions:
+
+(a) If, after the expiration of a period of seven years from 
+the date of the first publication of a writing, a translation of 
+such writing has not been published in a language in general use 
+in the Contracting State, by the owner of the right of 
+translation or with his authorization, any national of such 
+Contracting State may obtain a non-exclusive licence from the 
+competent authority thereof to translate the work into that 
+language and publish the work so translated.
+
+(b) Such national shall in accordance with the procedure of 
+the State concerned, establish either that he has requested, 
+and been denied, authorization by the proprietor of the right to 
+make and publish the translation, or that, after due diligence 
+on his part, he was unable to find the owner of the right.  A 
+licence may also be granted on the same conditions if all 
+previous editions of a translation in a language in general use in 
+the Contracting State are out of print.
+
+(c) If the owner of the right of translation cannot be found, 
+then the applicant for a licence shall send copies of his 
+application to the publisher whose name appears on the work 
+and, if the nationality of the owner of the right of translation 
+is known, to the diplomatic or consular representative of the 
+State of which such owner is a national, or to the organization 
+which may have been designated by the government of that 
+State.  The licence shall not be granted before the expiration of 
+a period of two months from the date of the dispatch of the 
+copies of the application.
+
+(d) Due provision shall be made by domestic legislation to 
+ensure to the owner of the right of translation a compensation 
+which is just and conforms to international standards, to ensure 
+payment and transmittal of such compensation, and to ensure a 
+correct translation of the work.
+
+(e) The original title and the name of the author of the 
+work shall be printed on all copies of the published 
+translation.  The licence shall be valid only for publication of 
+the translation in the territory of the Contracting State where 
+it has been applied for.  Copies so published may be imported 
+and sold in another Contracting State if a language in general 
+use in such other State is the same language as that into which 
+the work has been so translated, and if the domestic law in such 
+other State makes provision for such licenses and does not 
+prohibit such importation and sale.  Where the foregoing 
+conditions do not exist, the importation and sale of such copies 
+in a Contracting State shall be governed by its domestic law 
+and its agreements.  The licence shall not be transferred by the 
+licensee.
+
+(f) The licence shall not be granted when the author has 
+withdrawn from circulation all copies of the work.
+
+ARTICLE Vbis
+
+1. Any Contracting State regarded as a developing country in 
+conformity with the established practice of the General Assembly of 
+the United Nations may, by a notification deposited with the 
+Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization (hereinafter called "the Director-General") at 
+the time of its ratification, acceptance or accession or thereafter, avail 
+itself of any or all of the exceptions provided for in Articles Vter and 
+Vquater.
+
+2. Any such notification shall be effective for ten years from the 
+date of coming into force of this Convention, or for such part of that ten-
+year period as remains at the date of deposit of the notification, and 
+may be renewed in whole or in part for further periods of ten years each 
+if, not more than fifteen or less than three months before the expiration 
+of the relevant ten-year period, the contracting State deposits a further 
+notification with the Director-General.  Initial notifications may also 
+be made during these further periods of ten years in accordance with 
+the provisions of this Article.
+
+3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, a 
+Contracting State that has ceased to be regarded as a developing 
+country as referred to in paragraph 1 shall no longer be entitled to 
+renew its notification made under the provisions of paragraph 1 or 2, 
+and whether or not it formally withdraws the notification such State 
+shall be precluded from availing itself of the exceptions provided for in 
+Articles Vter and Vquater at the end of the current ten-year period, or 
+at the end of three years after it has ceased to be regarded as a 
+developing country, whichever period expires later.
+
+4. Any copies of a work already made under the exceptions 
+provided for in Articles Vter and Vquater may continue to be 
+distributed after the expiration of the period for which notifications 
+under this Article were effective until their stock is exhausted.
+
+5. Any Contracting State that has deposited a notification in 
+accordance with Article XIII with respect to the application of this 
+Convention to a particular country or territory, the situation of which 
+can be regarded as analogous to that of the States referred to in 
+paragraph 1 of this Article, may also deposit notifications and renew 
+them in accordance with the provisions of this Article with respect to 
+any such country or territory.  During the effective period of such 
+notifications, the provisions of Articles Vter and Vquater may be 
+applied with respect to such country or territory.  The sending of copies 
+from the country or territory to the Contracting State shall be 
+considered as export within the meaning of Articles Vter and Vquater.
+
+
+ARTICLE Vter
+
+1. (a) Any Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies 
+may substitute for the period of seven years provided for in 
+Article V(2) a period of three years or any longer period 
+prescribed by its legislation. However, in the case of a 
+translation into a language not in general use in one or more 
+developed countries that are party to this Convention or only 
+the 1952 Convention, the period shall be one year instead of 
+three.
+
+(b) A Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies 
+may, with the unanimous agreement of the developed countries 
+party to this Convention or only the 1952 Convention and in 
+which the same language is in general use, substitute, in the 
+case of translation into that language, for the period of three 
+years provided for in sub-paragraph (a) another period as 
+determined be such agreement but not shorter than one year.  
+However, this sub-paragraph shall not apply where the 
+language in question is English, French or Spanish.  
+Notification of any such agreement shall be made to the 
+Director-General.
+
+(c) The licence may only be granted if the applicant, in 
+accordance with the procedure of the State concerned, 
+establishes either that he has requested, and been denied, 
+authorization by the owner of the right of translation, or that, 
+after due diligence on his part, he was unable to find the owner 
+of the right.  At the same time as he makes his request he shall 
+inform either the International Copyright Information Centre 
+established by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization or any national or regional information 
+centre which may have been designated in a notification to 
+that effect deposited with the Director-General by the 
+government of the State in which the publisher is believed to 
+have his principal place of business.
+
+(d) If the owner of the right of translation cannot be found, 
+the applicant for a licence shall send, by registered airmail, 
+copies of his application to the publisher whose name appears 
+on the work and to any national or regional information centre 
+as mentioned in sub-paragraph (c). If no such centre is notified 
+he shall also send a copy to the international copyright 
+information centre established by the United Nations 
+Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
+
+2. (a) Licenses obtainable after three years shall not be 
+granted under this Article until a further period of six months 
+has elapsed and licenses obtainable after one year until a 
+further period of nine months has elapsed.  The further period 
+shall begin either from the date of the request for permission to 
+translate mentioned in paragraph 1 (c) or, if the identity or 
+address of the owner of the right of translation is not known, 
+from the date of dispatch of the copies of the application for a 
+licence mentioned in paragraph 1(d).
+
+(b) Licenses shall not be granted if a translation has been 
+published by the owner of the right of translation or with his 
+authorization during the said period of six or nine months.
+
+3. Any licence under this Article shall be granted only for the 
+purpose of teaching, scholarship or research.
+
+4. (a) Any licence granted under this Article shall not extend 
+to the export of copies and shall be valid only for publication in 
+the territory of the Contracting State where it has been 
+applied for.
+
+(b) Any copy published in accordance with a licence granted 
+under this Article shall bear a notice in the appropriate 
+language stating that the copy is available for distribution 
+only in the Contracting State Granting the licence.  If the 
+writing bears the notice specified in Article III (1) the copies 
+shall bear the same notice.
+
+(c) The prohibition of export provided for in sub-paragraph (a)
+shall not apply where a governmental or other public entity 
+of a State which has granted a licence under this Article to 
+translate a work into a language other than English, French or 
+Spanish sends copies of a translation prepared under such 
+licence to another country if:
+
+(i) the recipients are individuals who are nationals of 
+the Contracting State granting the licence, or organizations 
+grouping such individuals;
+
+(ii) the copies are to be used only for the purpose of 
+teaching, scholarship or research;
+
+(iii) the sending of the copies and their subsequent 
+distribution to recipients is without the object of 
+commercial purpose; and 
+
+(iv) the country to which the copies have been sent has 
+agreed with the Contracting State to allow the receipt, 
+distribution or both and the Director-General has been 
+notified of such agreement by any one of the governments 
+which have concluded it.
+
+5. Due provision shall be made at the national level to ensure:
+
+(a) that the licence provides for just compensation that is 
+consistent with standards of royalties normally operating in 
+the case of licenses freely negotiated between persons in the two 
+countries concerned; and
+
+(b) payment and transmittal of the compensation; however, 
+should national currency regulations intervene, the competent 
+authority shall make all efforts, by the use of international 
+machinery, to ensure transmittal in internationally convertible 
+currency or its equivalent.
+
+6. Any licence granted by a Contracting State under this Article 
+shall terminate if a translation of the work in the same language with 
+substantially the same content as the edition in respect of which the 
+licence was granted is published in the said State by the owner of the 
+right of translation or with his authorization, at a price reasonably 
+related to that normally charged in the same State for comparable 
+works.  Any copies already made before the licence is terminated may 
+continue to be distributed until their stock is exhausted.
+
+7.  For works which are composed mainly of illustrations a 
+licence to translate the text and to reproduce the illustrations may be 
+granted only if the conditions of Article Vquater are also fulfilled.
+
+8. (a) A licence to translate a work protected under this 
+Convention, published in printed or analogous forms of 
+reproduction, may also be granted to a broadcasting 
+organization having its headquarters in a Contracting State to 
+which Article Vbis (1) applies, upon an application made in 
+that State by the said organization under the following 
+conditions:
+
+(i) the translation is made from a copy made and 
+acquired in accordance with the laws of the Contracting 
+State;
+
+(ii) the translation is for use only in broadcasts 
+intended exclusively for teaching or for the dissemination 
+of the results of specialized technical or scientific research 
+to experts in a particular profession;
+
+(iii) the translation is used exclusively for the purposes 
+set out in condition (ii), through broadcasts lawfully made 
+which are intended for recipients on the territory of the 
+Contracting State, including  broadcasts made through the 
+medium of sound or visual recordings lawfully and 
+exclusively made for the purpose of such broadcasts;
+
+(iv) sound or visual recordings of the translation may be 
+exchanged only between broadcasting organizations having 
+their headquarters in the Contracting State granting the 
+licence; and
+
+(v) all uses made of the translation are without any 
+commercial   purpose.
+
+(b) Provided all of the criteria and conditions set out in 
+subparagraph (a) are met, a licence may also be granted to a 
+broadcasting organization to translate any text incorporated in 
+an audio-visual fixation which was itself prepared and 
+published for the sole purpose of being used in connexion with 
+systematic instructional activities.
+
+(c) Subject to sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), the other 
+provisions of this Article shall apply to the grant and exercise 
+of the licence.
+
+9. Subject to the provisions of this Article, any licence granted 
+under this Article shall be governed by the provisions of Article V, and 
+shall continue to be governed by the provisions of Article V and of this 
+Article, even after the seven-year period provided for in Article V (2) 
+has expired.  However, after the said period has expired, the licensee 
+shall be free to request that the said licence be replaced by a new 
+licence governed exclusively by the provisions of Article V.
+
+ARTICLE Vquater
+
+1. Any Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies may 
+adopt the following provisions:
+
+(a) If, after the expiration of (i) the relevant period 
+specified in sub-paragraph (c) commencing from the date of 
+first publication of a particular edition of a literary, scientific 
+or artistic work referred to in paragraph 3, or (ii) any longer 
+period determined by national legislation of the State, copies 
+of such edition have not been distributed in that State to the 
+general public or in connexion with systematic instructional 
+activities at a price reasonably related to that normally 
+charged in the State for comparable works, by the owner of the 
+right of reproduction or with his authorization, any national of 
+such State may obtain a non-exclusive licence from the 
+competent authority to publish such edition at that or a lower 
+price for use in connexion with systematic instructional 
+activities.  The licence may only be granted if such national, in 
+accordance with the procedure of the State concerned, 
+established either that he has requested, and been denied, 
+authorization by the proprietor of the right to publish such 
+work, or that, after due diligence on his part, he was unable to 
+find the owner of the right.  At the same time as he makes his 
+request he shall inform either the international copyright 
+information centre established by the United Nations 
+Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization or any 
+national or regional information centre referred to in sub-
+paragraph (d).
+
+(b) A licence may also be granted on the same conditions if, 
+for a period of six months, no authorized copies of the edition in 
+question have been on sale in the State concerned to the general 
+public or in connexion with systematic instructional activities 
+at a price reasonably related to that normally charged in the 
+State for comparable works.
+
+(c) The period referred to in sub-paragraph (a) shall be 
+five years except that:
+
+(i) for works of the natural and physical sciences, 
+including mathematics, and of technology, the period shall 
+be three years;
+
+(ii) for works of fiction, poetry, drama and music, and 
+for art books, the period shall be seven years.
+
+(d) If the owner of the right of reproduction cannot be found, 
+the applicant for a licence shall send, by registered air mail, 
+copies of his application to the publisher whose name appears 
+on the work and to any national or regional information centre 
+identified as such in a notification deposited with the 
+Director-General by the State in which the publisher is 
+believed to have his principal place of business.  In the absence 
+of any such notification, he shall also send a copy to the 
+international copyright information centre established by the 
+United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural 
+Organization.  The licence shall not be granted before the 
+expiration of a period of three months from the date of 
+dispatch of the copies of the application.
+
+(e) Licenses obtainable after three years shall not be 
+granted under this Article:
+
+(i) until a period of six months has elapsed from the 
+date of the request for permission referred to in sub-
+paragraph (a) or, if the identity or address of the owner of 
+the right of reproduction is unknown, from the date of the 
+dispatch of the copies of the application for a licence 
+referred to in sub-paragraph (d);
+
+(ii) if any such distribution of copies of the edition as is 
+mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) has taken place during 
+that period.
+
+(f) The name of the author and the title of the particular 
+edition of the work shall be printed on all copies of the 
+published reproduction. The licence shall not extend to the 
+export of copies and shall be valid only for publication in the 
+territory of the Contracting State where it has been applied 
+for.  The licence shall not be transferable by the licensee.
+
+(g) Due provision shall be made by domestic legislation to 
+ensure an accurate reproduction of the particular edition in 
+question.
+
+(h) A licence to reproduce and publish a translation of a 
+work shall not be granted under this Article in the following 
+cases:
+
+(i) where the translation was not published by the 
+owner of the right of translation or with his authorization;
+
+(ii) where the translation is not in a language in 
+general use in the State with power to grant the licence.
+
+2. The exceptions provided for in paragraph 1 are subject to the 
+following additional provisions:
+
+(a) Any copy published in accordance with a licence 
+granted under this Article shall bear a notice in the 
+appropriate language stating that the copy is available for 
+distribution only in the Contracting State to which the said 
+licence applies.  If the edition bears the notice specified in 
+Article III (1), the copies shall bear the same notice.
+
+(b) Due provision shall be made at the national level to 
+ensure:  
+
+(i) that the licence provides for just compensation that 
+is consistent with standards of royalties normally 
+operating in the case licenses freely negotiated between 
+persons in the two countries concerned; and
+
+(ii) payment and transmittal of the compensation; 
+however, should national currency regulations intervene, 
+the competent authority shall make all efforts, by the use 
+of international machinery, to ensure transmittal in 
+internationally convertible currency or its equivalent.
+
+(c) Whenever copies of an edition of a work are distributed 
+in the Contracting State to the general public or in connexion 
+with systematic instructional activities, by the owner of the 
+right of reproduction or with his authorization, at a price 
+reasonably related to that normally charged in the State for 
+comparable works, any licence granted under this Article shall 
+terminate if such edition is in the same language and is 
+substantially the same in content as the edition published 
+under the licence.  Any copies already made before the licence 
+is terminated may continue to be distributed until their stock is 
+exhausted.
+
+(d) No licence shall be granted when the author has 
+withdrawn from circulation all copies of the edition in 
+question.
+
+3. (a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), the literary, scientific or 
+artistic works to which this Article applies shall be limited to 
+works published in printed or analogous forms of reproduction.
+
+(b) The provisions of this Article shall also apply to 
+reproduction in audio-visual form of lawfully made audio-
+visual fixations including any protected works incorporated 
+therein and to the translation of any incorporated text into a 
+language in general use in the State with power to grant the 
+licence; always provided that the audio-visual fixations in 
+question were prepared and published for the sole purpose of 
+being used in connexion with systematic instructional activities.
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+"Publication", as used in this Convention, means the 
+reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public 
+of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually 
+perceived.
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+This Convention shall not apply to works or rights in works 
+which, at the effective date of this Convention in a Contracting State 
+where protection is claimed, are permanently in the public domain in 
+the said Contracting State.
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+1. This Convention, which shall bear the date of 24 July 1971, 
+shall be deposited with the Director-General and shall remain open 
+for signature by all States party to the 1952 Convention for a period of 
+120 days after the date of this Convention.  It shall be subject to 
+ratification or acceptance by the signatory States. 
+
+2. Any State which has not signed this Convention may accede 
+thereto.
+
+3. Ratification, acceptance or accession shall be effected by the 
+deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Director-General.
+
+ARTICLE IX
+
+1. This Convention shall come into force three months after the 
+deposit of twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession.       
+
+2. Subsequently, this Convention shall come into force in respect 
+of each State three months after that State has deposited its 
+instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession.
+
+3. Accession to this Convention by a State not party to the 1952 
+Convention shall also constitute accession to that Convention; however, 
+if its instrument of accession is deposited before this Convention comes 
+into force, such State may make its accession to the 1952 Convention 
+conditional upon the coming into force of this Convention.  After the 
+coming into force of this Convention, no State may accede solely to the 
+1952 Convention.
+
+4. Relations between States party to this Convention and States 
+that are party only to the 1952 Convention, shall be governed by the 
+1952 Convention. However, any State party only to the 1952 Convention 
+may, by a notification deposited with the Director-General, declare 
+that it will admit the application of the 1971 Convention to works of 
+its nationals or works first published in its territory by all States party 
+to this Convention.
+
+ARTICLE X
+
+1. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance 
+with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the 
+application of this Convention.
+
+2. It is understood that at the date this Convention comes into 
+force in respect of any State, that State must be in a position under its 
+domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention.
+
+ARTICLE XI
+
+1. An Intergovernmental Committee is hereby established with 
+the following duties:
+
+(a) to study the problems concerning the application and 
+operation of the Universal Copyright Convention;
+
+(b) to make preparation for periodic revisions of this 
+Convention;
+
+(c) to study any other problems concerning the international 
+protection of copyright, in co-operation with the various 
+interested international organizations, such as the United 
+Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the 
+International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic 
+Works and the Organization of American States;
+
+(d) to inform States party to the Universal Copyright 
+Convention as to its activities.
+
+2. The Committee shall consist of the representatives of 
+eighteen States party to this Convention or only to the 1952 Convention.
+
+3. The Committee shall be selected with due consideration to a 
+fair balance of national interests on the basis of geographical location, 
+population, languages and stage of development.
+
+4. The Director-General of the United Nations Educational, 
+Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Director-General of the 
+World Intellectual Property Organization and the Secretary-General 
+of the Organization of American States, or their representatives, may 
+attend meetings of the Committee in an advisory capacity.
+
+ARTICLE XII
+
+The Intergovernmental Committee shall convene a conference 
+for revision whenever it deems necessary, or at the request of at least 
+ten States party to this Convention.
+
+ARTICLE XIII
+
+1.  Any Contracting State may, at the time of deposit of its 
+instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, or at any time 
+thereafter, declare by notification addressed to the Director-General 
+that this Convention shall apply to all or any of the countries or 
+territories for the international relations of which it is responsible and 
+this Convention shall thereupon apply to the countries or territories 
+named in such notification after the expiration of the term of three 
+months provided for in Article IX.  In the absence of such notification, 
+this Convention shall not apply to any such country or territory.
+
+2.  However, nothing in this Article shall be understood as 
+implying the recognition or tacit acceptance by a Contracting State of 
+the factual situation concerning a country or territory to which this 
+Convention is made applicable by another Contracting State in 
+accordance with the provisions of this Article.
+
+ARTICLE XIV
+
+1.  Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention in its 
+own name or on behalf of all or any of the countries or territories with 
+respect to which a notification has been given under Article XIII.  The 
+denunciation shall be made by notification addressed to the Director-
+General.  Such denunciation shall also constitute denunciation of the 
+1952 Convention.
+
+2.  Such denunciation shall operate only in respect of the State 
+or of the country or territory on whose behalf it was made and shall not 
+take effect until twelve months after the date of receipt of the 
+notification.
+
+ARTICLE XV
+
+A dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning 
+the interpretation or application of this Convention, not settled by 
+negotiation, shall, unless the States concerned agree on some other 
+method of settlement, be brought before the International Court of 
+Justice for determination by it.
+
+ARTICLE XVI
+
+1.  This Convention shall be established in English, French, and 
+Spanish. The three texts shall be signed and shall be equally 
+authoritative.
+
+2.  Official texts of this Convention shall be established by the 
+Director-General, after consultation with the governments concerned, in 
+Arabic, German, Italian, and Portuguese.
+
+3.  Any Contracting State or group of Contracting States shall be 
+entitled to have established by the Director-General other texts in the 
+language of its choice by arrangement with the Director-General.
+
+4.  All such texts shall be annexed to the signed texts of this 
+Convention.
+
+ARTICLE XVII
+
+1. This Convention shall not in any way affect the provisions of 
+the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 
+or membership in the Union created by that Convention.
+
+2. In application of the foregoing paragraph, a declaration has 
+been annexed to the present Article.  This declaration is an integral 
+part of this Convention for the States bound by the Berne Convention on 
+1 January 1951, or which have or may become bound to it at a later date.  
+The signature of this Convention by such States shall also constitute 
+signature of the said declaration, and ratification, acceptance or 
+accession by such States shall include the declaration, as well as this 
+Convention.
+
+ARTICLE XVIII
+
+This Convention shall not abrogate multilateral or bilateral 
+copyright conventions or arrangements that are or may be in effect 
+exclusively between two or more American Republics.  In the event of 
+any difference either between the provisions of such existing 
+conventions or arrangements and the provisions of this Convention, or 
+between the provisions of this Convention and those of any new 
+convention or arrangement which may be formulated between two or 
+more American Republics after this Convention comes into force, the 
+convention or arrangement most recently formulated shall prevail 
+between the parties thereto. Rights in works acquired in any 
+Contracting State under existing conventions or arrangements before the 
+date this Convention comes into force in such State shall not be 
+affected.
+
+ARTICLE XIX
+
+This Convention shall not abrogate multilateral or bilateral 
+conventions or arrangements in effect between two or more Contracting 
+States.  In the event of any difference between the provisions of such 
+existing conventions or arrangements and the provisions of this 
+Convention, the provisions of this Convention shall prevail.  Rights in 
+works acquired in any Contracting State under existing conventions or 
+arrangements before the date on which this Convention comes into force 
+in such State shall not be affected.  Nothing in this Article shall affect 
+the provisions of Articles XVII and XVIII.
+
+ARTICLE XX
+
+Reservations to this Convention shall not be permitted.
+
+ARTICLE XXI
+
+1. The Director-General shall send duly certified copies of this 
+Convention to the States interested and to the Secretary-General of the 
+United Nations for registration by him.
+
+2. He shall also inform all interested States of the 
+ratifications, acceptances, accessions which have been deposited, the 
+date on which this Convention comes into force, the notifications under 
+this Convention and denunciations under Article XIV.
+
+APPENDIX DECLARATION RELATING TO ARTICLE XVII
+
+The States which are members of the International Union for 
+the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (hereinafter called "the 
+Berne Union") and which are signatories of this Convention,
+
+Desiring to reinforce their mutual relations on the basis of the 
+said Union and to avoid any conflict which might result from the 
+coexistence of the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright 
+Convention,
+
+Recognizing the temporary need of some States to adjust their 
+level of copyright protection in accordance with their stage of cultural, 
+social and economic development,
+
+Have, by common agreement, accepted the terms of the 
+following declaration:
+
+(a) Except as provided by paragraph (b), works which, 
+according to the Berne Convention, have as their country of 
+origin a country which has withdrawn from the Berne Union 
+after 1 January 1951, shall not be protected by the Universal 
+Copyright Convention in the countries of the Berne Union;
+
+(b) Where a Contracting State is regarded as a developing 
+country in conformity with the established practice of the 
+General Assembly of the United Nations, and has deposited 
+with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, 
+Scientific and Cultural Organization, at the time of its 
+withdrawal from the Berne Union, a notification to the effect 
+that it regards itself as a developing country, the provisions of 
+paragraph (a) shall not be applicable as long as such State 
+may avail itself of the exceptions provided for by this 
+Convention in accordance with Article Vbis; 
+
+(c) The Universal Copyright Convention shall not be 
+applicable to the relationships among countries of the Berne 
+Union in so far as it relates to the protection of works having as 
+their country of origin, within the meaning of the Berne 
+Convention, a country of the Berne Union.
+
+
+RESOLUTION CONCERNING ARTICLE XI
+
+The Conference for Revision of the Universal Copyright 
+Convention, Having considered the problems relating to the 
+Intergovernmental Committee provided for in Article XI of this 
+Convention, to which this resolution is annexed,
+
+Resolves that:
+
+1. At its inception, the Committee shall include representative 
+of the twelve States members of the Intergovernmental Committee 
+established under Article XI of the 1952 Convention and the resolution 
+annexed to it, and, in addition, representatives of the following States: 
+Algeria, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Senegal and Yugoslavia.
+
+2. Any States that are not party to the 1952 Convention and 
+have not acceded to this Convention before the first ordinary session of 
+the Committee following the entry into force of this Convention shall 
+be replaced by other States to be selected by the Committee at its first 
+ordinary session in conformity with the provisions of Article XI (2) and 
+(3).
+
+3. As soon as this Convention comes into force the Committee as 
+provided for in paragraph 1 shall be deemed to be constituted in 
+accordance with Article XI of this Convention.
+
+4. A session of the Committee shall take place with one year 
+after the coming into force of this Convention; thereafter the 
+Committee shall meet in ordinary session at intervals of not more than 
+two years.
+
+5. The Committee shall elect its Chairman and two Vice-
+Chairmen.  It shall establish its Rules of Procedure having regard to 
+the following principles:
+
+(a) The normal duration of the term of office of the members 
+represented on the Committee shall be six years with one-third 
+retiring every two years, it being however understood that, of 
+the original terms of office, one-third shall expire at the end of 
+the Committee's second ordinary session which will follow the 
+entry into force of this Convention, a further third at the end of 
+its third ordinary session, and the remaining third at the end of 
+its fourth ordinary session.
+
+(b) The rules governing the procedure whereby the 
+Committee shall fill vacancies, the order in which terms of 
+membership expire, eligibility for reelection, and election 
+procedures, shall be based upon a balancing of the needs for 
+continuity of membership and rotation of representation, as 
+well as the considerations set out in Article XI (3).
+
+Expresses the wish that the United Nations Educational, 
+Scientific and Cultural Organization provide its Secretariat.
+
+In faith whereof the undersigned, having deposited their 
+respective full powers, have signed this Convention.
+
+DONE at Paris, this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in a single copy.
+
+
+PROTOCOL 1
+
+Annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at 
+Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to 
+works of Stateless persons and refugees
+
+The States party hereto, being also party to the Universal 
+Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (hereinafter 
+called "the 1971 Convention"), 
+
+Have accepted the following provisions:
+
+1. Stateless persons and refugees who have their habitual 
+residence in a State party to this Protocol shall, for the purposes of the 
+1971 Convention, be assimilated to the nationals of that State.
+
+2. (a) This Protocol shall be signed and shall be subject to 
+ratification or acceptance, or may be acceded to, as if the 
+provisions of Article VIII of the 1971 Convention applied 
+hereto.
+
+(b) This Protocol shall enter into force in respect of each 
+State, on the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, 
+acceptance or accession of the State concerned or on the date of 
+entry into force of the 1971 Convention with respect to such 
+State, whichever is the later.
+
+(c) On the entry into force of this Protocol in respect of a 
+State not party to Protocol 1 annexed to the 1952 Convention, 
+the latter Protocol shall be deemed to enter into force in respect 
+of such State.
+
+In faith whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized 
+thereto, have signed this Protocol.
+
+Done at Paris this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in the 
+English, French and Spanish languages, the three texts being equally 
+authoritative, in a single copy which shall be deposited with the 
+Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization.  The Director-General shall send certified 
+copies to the signatory States, and to the Secretary-General of the 
+United Nations for registration.
+
+PROTOCOL 2
+
+Annexed to the Universal Copyright convention as revised at 
+Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to 
+the works of certain international organizations
+
+The States party hereto, being also party to the Universal 
+Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (hereinafter 
+called "the 1971 Convention"),
+
+Have accepted the following provisions:
+
+1. (a) The protection provided for in Article II (1) of the 1971 
+Convention shall apply to works published for the first time by 
+the United Nations by the Specialized Agencies in 
+relationship therewith, or by the Organization of American 
+States.
+
+(b) Similarly, Article II (2) of the 1971 Convention shall 
+apply to the said organization or agencies.
+  
+2. (a) This Protocol shall be signed and shall be subject to 
+ratification or acceptance, or may be acceded to, as if the 
+provisions of Article VIII of the 1971 Convention applied 
+hereto.
+
+(b) This Protocol shall enter into force for each State on the 
+date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance or 
+accession of the State concerned or on the date of entry into force 
+of the 1971 Convention with respect to such State, whichever is 
+the later.
+
+In faith whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized 
+thereto, have signed this Protocol.
+
+Done at Paris, this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in the 
+English, French and Spanish languages, the three texts being equally 
+authoritative, in a single copy which shall be deposited with the 
+Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 
+Cultural Organization.  The Director-General shall send certified 
+copies to the signatory States, and to the Secretary-General of the 
+United Nations for registration.
+
+Certified a true and complete copy of the original of the 
+Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971, of 
+the Protocol 1 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as 
+revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that 
+Convention to works of Stateless persons and refugees and of the 
+Protocol 2 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at 
+Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to 
+the works of certain international organizations.
+
+Paris, 24. 12. 1971 Claude Lussier.
+
+Director, Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs, 
+United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Etext of the Universal Copyright Convention
+
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