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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Jewish State
+
+Author: Theodor Herzl
+
+Commentator: Louis Lipsky
+             Alex Bein
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2008 [EBook #25282]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH STATE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Jeannie Howse and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original     |
+    | document have been preserved.                             |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For     |
+    | a complete list, please see the end of this document.     |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE
+JEWISH STATE
+
+Theodor Herzl
+
+
+
+
+THE
+JEWISH
+STATE
+
+
+_by_
+_Theodor Herzl_
+
+
+
+Dover Publications, Inc., New York
+
+
+
+
+    This Dover edition, first published in 1988, is an unabridged,
+    unaltered republication of the work originally published in 1946
+    by the American Zionist Emergency Council, New York, based on a
+    revised translation published by the Scopus Publishing Company,
+    New York, 1943, which was, in turn, based on the first
+    English-language edition, _A Jewish State_, translated by Sylvie
+    d'Avigdor, and published by Nutt, London, England, 1896. The
+    Herzl text was originally published under the title _Der
+    Judenstaat_ in Vienna, 1896. Please see the note on the facing
+    page for further details.
+
+
+
+
+"_THE JEWISH STATE_" is published by the American Zionist Emergency
+Council for its constituent organizations on the occasion of the 50th
+Anniversary of the publication of "DER JUDENSTAAT" in Vienna, February
+14, 1896.
+
+The translation of "THE JEWISH STATE" based on a revised translation
+published by the Scopus Publishing Company was further revised by
+Jacob M. Alkow, editor of this book. The biography was condensed from
+Alex Bein's Theodor Herzl, published by the Jewish Publication Society
+of America. The bibliography and the chronology were prepared by the
+Zionist Archives and Library. To Mr. Louis Lipsky and to all of the
+above mentioned contributors, the American Zionist Emergency Council
+is deeply indebted.
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+Introduction--Louis Lipsky                                      9
+
+Biography--Alex Bein                                           21
+
+The Jewish State--Theodor Herzl                                67
+
+  Preface                                                      69
+
+   I. Introduction                                             73
+
+  II. The Jewish Question                                      85
+
+ III. The Jewish Company                                       98
+
+  IV. Local Groups                                            123
+
+   V. Society of Jews and Jewish State                        136
+
+  VI. Conclusion                                              153
+
+Bibliography                                                  158
+
+Chronology                                                    159
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+by
+
+_Louis Lipsky_
+
+
+
+
+_Introduction_
+
+
+Theodore Herzl was the first Jew who projected the Jewish question as
+an international problem. "The Jewish State," written fifty years ago,
+was the first public expression, in a modern language, by a modern
+Jew, of a dynamic conception of how the solution of the problem could
+be accelerated and the ancient Jewish hope, slumbering in Jewish
+memory for two thousand years, could be fulfilled.
+
+In 1882, Leo Pinsker, a Jewish physician of Odessa, disturbed by the
+pogroms of 1881, made a keen analysis of the position of the Jews,
+declared that anti-Semitism was a psychosis and incurable, that the
+cause of it was the abnormal condition of Jewish life, and that the
+only remedy for it was the removal of the cause through self-help and
+self-liberation. The Jewish people must become an independent nation,
+settled on the soil of their own land and leading the life of a normal
+people. Moses Hess in his "Rome and Jerusalem" classified the Jewish
+question as one of the nationalist struggles inspired by the French
+Revolution. Perez Smolenskin and E. Ben-Yehuda urged the revival of
+Hebrew and the resettlement of Palestine as the foundation for the
+rebirth of the Jewish people. Herzl was unaware of the existence of
+these works. His eyes were not directed to the problem in the same
+manner. When he wrote "The Jewish State" he was a journalist, living
+in Paris, sending his letters to the leading newspaper of Vienna, the
+_Neue Freie Presse_, and writing on a great variety of subjects. He
+was led to see Jewish life as a phenomenon in a changing world. He had
+adapted himself to a worldly outlook on all life. Through his efforts,
+the Jewish problem was raised to the higher level of an international
+question which, in his judgment, should be given consideration by
+enlightened statesmanship. He was inspired to give his pamphlet a
+title that arrested attention.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He wrote "The Jewish State" in a mood of restless agitation. His ideas
+were thrown pell-mell into the white heat of a spontaneous revelation.
+What was revealed dazzled and blinded him. Alex Bein, in his excellent
+biography, gives an intriguing description, drawn from Herzl's
+"Diaries," of how "The Jewish State" was born. It was the revelation
+of a mystic vision with flashes and overtones of prophecy. This is
+what Bein says:
+
+    "Then suddenly the storm breaks upon him. The clouds open. The
+    thunder rolls. The lightning flashes about him. A thousand
+    impressions beat upon him at the same time--a gigantic vision.
+    He cannot think; he is unable to move; he can only write;
+    breathless, unreflecting, unable to control himself or to
+    exercise his critical faculties lest he dam the eruption, he
+    dashes down his thoughts on scraps of paper--walking, standing,
+    lying down, on the street, at the table, in the night--as if
+    under unceasing command. So furiously did the cataract of his
+    thoughts rush through him, that he thought he was going out of
+    his mind. He was not working out the idea. The idea was working
+    him out. It would have been an hallucination had it not been so
+    informed by reason from first to last."
+
+Not only did the Magic Title evoke a widespread interest among the
+intellectuals of the day, but it brought Jews out of the ghettos and
+made them conscious of their origin and destiny. It made them feel
+that there was a world that might be won for their cause, hitherto
+never communicated to strangers. Through Herzl, Jews were taught not
+to fear the consequences of an international movement to demand their
+national freedom. Thereafter, with freedom, they were to speak of a
+Zionist Congress, of national funds, of national schools, of a flag
+and a national anthem, and the redemption of their land. Their spirits
+were liberated and in thought they no longer lived in ghettos. Herzl
+taught them not to hide in corners. At the First Congress he said, "We
+have nothing to do with conspiracy, secret intervention or indirect
+methods. We wish to put the question in the arena and under the
+control of free public opinion." The Jews were to be active factors in
+their emancipation and, if they wished it, what was described in "The
+Jewish State" would not be a dream but a reality.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The beginnings of the Jewish renaissance preceded the appearance of
+"The Jewish State" by several decades. In every section of Russian
+Jewry and extending to wherever the Jews clung to their Hebraic
+heritage, there was an active Zionist life. The reborn Hebrew was
+becoming an all-pervading influence. There were scores of Hebrew
+schools and academies. Hebrew journals of superior quality had a wide
+circulation. Ever since the pogroms of 1881, the ideas of Pinsker and
+Smolenskin and Gordon were discussed with great interest and deep
+understanding. There were many Zionist societies in Russia, in Poland,
+in Rumania, in Galicia and even in the United States. In "The Jewish
+State" Herzl alludes to the language of The Jewish State and passes
+Hebrew by as a manifestation of no great significance. He has a poorer
+opinion of Yiddish, the common language of Jews, which he regards as
+"the furtive language of prisoners." This was obviously an oversight.
+With the advent of Herzl, however, Zionism was no more a matter of
+domestic concern only. It was no longer internal Jewish problem only,
+not a theme for discussion only at Zionist meetings, not a problem to
+heat the spirits of Jewish writers. The problem of Jewish exile now
+occupied a place on the agenda of international affairs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Herzl was not so distant from his people as many of the Russian
+Zionists at first surmised. He was familiar with the social
+anti-Semitism of Austria and Germany. He knew of the disabilities of
+the Jews in Russia. There are many references in his feuilletons to
+matters of Jewish interest. He had read an anti-Semitic book written
+by Eugen Dühring called "The Jewish Problem as a Problem of Race,
+Morals and Culture." One of his closest friends had gone to Brazil for
+a Jewish committee to investigate the possibility of settling Jews in
+that part of South America. In 1892 he wrote an article on French
+anti-Semitism in which he considered the solution of a return to Zion
+and seemed to reject it. He wrote "The New Ghetto" two years before
+"The Jewish State" appeared. He was present at the trial of Alfred
+Dreyfus in December, 1894. He witnessed the degradation of Dreyfus and
+heard the cries of "Down with the Jews" in the streets of Paris. He
+read Edouard Drumont's anti-Semitic journal "La France Juive" and
+said, "I have to thank Drumont for much of the freedom of my present
+conception of the Jewish problem." While he was in Paris he was
+stirred as never before by the feeling that the plight of the Jews was
+a problem which would have to have the cooperation of enlightened
+statesmanship. What excited him in the strangest way was the
+unaccountable indifference of Jews themselves to what seemed to him
+the menace of the existing situation. He saw the Jews in every land
+encircled by enemies, hostility to them growing with the increase of
+their numbers. In his excitement he thought first of Jewish
+philanthropists. He sought an interview with Baron Maurice de Hirsch
+in May, 1895. He planned an address to the Rothschilds. He talked of
+his ideas to friends in literary circles. His mind was obsessed by a
+gigantic problem which gave him no rest. He was struggling to pierce
+the veils of revelation. He saw a world in which the Jewish people
+lacked a fulcrum for national action and therefore had to seek to
+create it through beneficence. He had a remarkably resourceful and
+agile imagination. He weighed ideas, balanced them, discarded them,
+reflected, reconsidered, tried to reconcile contradictions, and
+finally came to what seemed to him at the moment the synthesis of the
+issue which seemed acceptable to reason and sentiment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Obviously, "The Jewish State" was not a dogmatic finality. Most of the
+plans for settlement and migration are improvisations. The pamphlet
+was not a rigid plan or a blueprint. It was not a description of a
+Utopia, although some parts of it give that impression. It had an
+indicated destiny but was not bound by a rigid line. It was the
+illumination of a dynamic thought and followed the light with the hope
+that it might lead to fulfillment. There was room for detours and
+variations. It was to be rewritten, as he knew, not by its author but
+by the Jewish people on their way to freedom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In fact, it was revised from the moment the Zionist movement was
+organized on an international basis. The "Society of Jews" became the
+Zionist Organization, with its statutes, its procedures, its public
+excitement and controversies. "The Jewish Company" became the Bank;
+then more specifically, the Jewish Colonial Trust and later the
+Anglo-Palestine Bank. The description of the _Gestor_, which appears
+in the final chapter of the pamphlet, was never referred to again,
+but in effect it was incorporated in the idea of a state
+in-the-process-of-becoming. Its legitimate successor is the Jewish
+Agency referred to in the Mandate for Palestine. He was first led by
+the idea that the way to the charter was through the Sultan and that
+the Sultan would be influenced by Kaiser Wilhelm. But both princes
+failing him, he turned to England and Joseph Chamberlain, and came to
+the Uganda proposal. This was Herzl's one political success although
+the project was, in effect, rejected by the Zionist Congress. But
+this encounter with England was a precedent which led to much
+speculation in Zionist circles and gave a turn to Zionist thought
+away from Germany and Turkey. It served to inspire Dr. Chaim Weizman
+to make his home in England with the express purpose of seeking
+English sympathy for the Zionist ideal. The successor of Joseph
+Chamberlain was Arthur James Balfour. When Herzl opened Chamberlain's
+door, Zionism had an easier access to the England of Balfour.
+
+When Herzl first appeared on the political scene, he thought of
+courtiers and statesmen, of princes and kings. He found that they
+could not be relied upon for truth or stability. They were encircled
+by favorites and mercenaries. Enormous responsibilities rested upon
+their shoulders but they seemed to behave with regard to these
+responsibilities as if they were gamblers or amateurs. Herzl soon
+realized that these were frail reeds that would break under the
+slightest pressure. He came to put his trust in the Jewish people,
+the only real source of strength for the purpose of redemption.
+Confidence in themselves would give them power to breach their prison
+walls. His aristocratic republic had to become a movement of
+democracy. Only in "The Jewish State" will you find reference to a
+movement based upon Jews who endorse a "fixed program," and then
+become members under the "discipline" of leadership. When Herzl faced
+the First Congress, he saw that this conception of Zionism was foreign
+to the nature and character of the Jewish people. The shekel was the
+registry of a name. It led the way to the elevation of the individual
+in Zionist affairs, first as a member of a democratic army "willing"
+the fulfillment, and then settling in Palestine to become the hands
+that built the Homeland.
+
+Arrayed in the armor of democracy, the Zionist movement made the
+self-emancipation ideal of Pinsker live in the soul of Herzl. At a
+number of Congresses, in his articles in Die Welt, Herzl showed how
+that idea had become an integral part of his life, although his first
+thoughts ran in quite another direction.
+
+But his analysis of anti-Semitism and how to approach the problem
+remains true today after Hitler, as it was true then after Dreyfus.
+This was the authentic revelation that in his last days was fixed in
+his mind. The homelessness of the Jewish people must come to an end.
+That tragedy is a world problem. It is to be solved by world
+statesmanship in cooperation with the reawakened Jewish people. It is
+to be solved by the establishment of a free Jewish State in their
+historic Homeland. Herzl manifested his utter identification with the
+destiny of his own people at the Uganda Congress when he faced the
+rebellious Russian Zionists, spoke words of consolation to them and
+gave them assurances of his fealty to Zion. He died a few months
+later.
+
+"The Jewish State" was not regarded by Herzl as a piece of literature.
+It was a political document. It was to serve as the introduction to
+political action. It was to lead to the conversion of leaders in
+political life. It was to win converts to the idea of a Jewish State.
+Although a shy man at first, he did not hesitate to make his way
+through the corridors of the great and suffer the humiliations of the
+suppliant. Through that remarkable friend and Christian, the Reverend
+William H. Hechler, he met the Grand Duke of Baden; he made the rounds
+of German statesmen, Count zu Eulenburg, Foreign Minister, Von Buelow
+and Reichschancellor Hohenlohe; then he met the favorites who
+encircled Sultan Abdul Hamid and the Sultan himself. He placed the
+dramatic personae of his drama on the stage. The plan involved the
+Turkish debt, the German interest in the Orient. It involved
+stimulating the Russians and visiting the Pope. At first his political
+activities were conducted as the author of a startling pamphlet, then
+as the leader of his people. He became conscious of his leadership,
+and played his part with superb dignity. He had ease of manner and
+correct form. He created the impression of a regal personality; his
+noble appearance hid his hesitations and fears. With the Sultan he
+played the most remarkable game of diplomacy. He believed that once a
+mutual interest could be arrived at, he would be able to secure the
+funds, although at the time of speaking he had no funds at all.
+Adjusting himself to the wily Turk, he had to change and diminish his
+demands and finally, when he was dangerously near a disclosure, he was
+saved by the Sultan's transferring his interest to the French and
+obtaining his funds from them. With Kaiser Wilhelm, he soon
+appreciated the fact that he had to deal with a great theatrical
+personality who spoke of plans and purpose with great fire, but had
+no courage and whose convictions melted away in the face of
+obstacles.
+
+The world Herzl dealt with has passed away. The Turkish Empire now
+occupies a small part of the Near East. Its former provinces have now
+become "sovereign" states struggling to establish harmony between
+themselves and feeding on their animus towards the Jewish people
+returning home. The methods of diplomacy have changed. Loudness of
+speech is no longer out of order. Frankness and brutality may be
+expected at any international gathering. It is now felt as never
+before that behind political leaders, rulers, princes, statesmen, the
+people are advancing and soon will be able to push aside those who
+make of the relations of peoples a game and a gamble, a struggle for
+power, which, when achieved, dissolves into the nothingness of vanity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The Jewish State" should be regarded as one of a series of books,
+variations on the same theme, composed by the same author. The first
+was "The New Ghetto" (1894). That was a play which dealt with the
+social life of the upper class of Jews in Vienna. Then came the
+"Address to the Rothschilds." That was a memorandum which contained a
+proposal to Jewish philanthropists. "The Jewish State" was the third
+effort of an agitated mind, wavering between the projection of a
+Utopia or a thesis, and containing the political solution of the
+Jewish problem. The final variant of the original theme was the novel
+"Altneuland." Here he pictured the Promised Land as it might become
+twenty years after the beginning of the Zionist movement. In the
+interims, he played on the exciting stage of the Zionist Congresses.
+He paid court to princes and their satellites. He led in the
+organization of the Jewish Colonial Trust and the Jewish National
+Fund. He delivered political addresses and engaged in political
+controversy. He began the writing of his "Diaries" after he had
+written "The Jewish State." His whole personality is reflected in that
+remarkable book. There you see his ideas in the process of becoming
+clear. There you see his sharp reactions; the reflection of his hopes,
+his disappointments, his shifts from untenable positions to positions
+possible after defeat. There you read his penetrating analysis of the
+figures on the Zionist stage upon whom he had to rely. There you are
+made to feel his doubts, his dread of death. In the midst of life he
+felt himself encircled by the Shadow of Death. There you found the
+explanation of his great haste, why he was so anxious to bring a
+measure of practical reality to the Jewish people even if it
+necessitated a detour from the land which was becoming more and more a
+part of his hopes and desires. The "Diaries" are unrestrained and
+unstudied. They were written hurriedly in the heat of the moment. They
+reveal the making of the great personality who gave only a glimpse of
+himself in "The Jewish State." They show the writer evolving as the
+hero of a great and lasting legend. The pamphlet is one of the
+chapters in the story of his struggle to achieve in eight years what
+his people had not been able to achieve in two thousand years. He gave
+his life to write it.
+
+
+
+
+_Theodor Herzl_
+
+A BIOGRAPHY
+based on the work of
+
+_Alex Bein_
+
+
+Theodor Herzl was born on Wednesday, May 2, 1860, in the city of
+Budapest.
+
+Almost next door to his father's house was the liberal-reform temple.
+To this house of worship the little boy went regularly with his father
+on Sabbaths and Holy Days. At home, too, the essentials of the ritual
+were observed. One ceremony which Theodor learned in childhood
+remained with him; before every important event and decision he sought
+the blessing of his parents.
+
+Even stronger than these impressions, however, was the influence of
+his mother. Her education had been German through and through; there
+was not a day on which she did not slip into German literature,
+especially the classics.
+
+The Jewish world, not alien to her, did not find expression through
+her; her conscious efforts were all directed toward implanting the
+German cultural heritage in her children. Of even deeper significance
+was her sympathetic attitude toward the pride which showed early in
+her son, and her skill in transferring to him her sense of form, of
+bearing, of tactfulness and of simple grace.
+
+At about the age of twelve he read in a German book about the
+Messiah-King whom many Jews still awaited and who would come riding,
+like the poorest of the poor on an ass. The history of the Exodus and
+the legend of the liberation by the King-Messiah ran together in the
+boy's mind, inspiring in him the theme of a wonderful story which he
+sought in vain to put into literary form.
+
+A little while thereafter Herzl had the following dream: "The
+King-Messiah came, a glorious and majestic old man, took me in his
+arms, and swept off with me on the wings of the wind. On one of the
+iridescent clouds we encountered the figure of Moses. The features
+were those familiar to me out of my childhood in the statue by
+Michelangelo. The Messiah called to Moses: It is for this child that I
+have prayed. But to me he said: Go, declare to the Jews that I shall
+come soon and perform great wonders and great deeds for my people and
+for the whole world."
+
+It may be to this period (of his _Bar Mitzvah_) of reawakened Jewish
+sensitivity, of heightened responsiveness to the expectations of his
+elders, of resurgent interest in Jewish historical studies--it may be
+to this period that the dream of a dedicated life belonged. It is
+almost certain, too, that for the great event of the _Bar Mitzvah_ the
+old grandfather of Semlin came to Pest. About this time, again,
+Alkalai, that early, all-but-forgotten Zionist, passed through Vienna
+and Budapest on his final journey to Palestine. Whether or not each
+one of these circumstances had a direct effect on the boy, the whole
+complex surrounds his _Bar Mitzvah_ with the suggestion of the mission
+of his life, and, certainly, occasion was given for the awakening in
+him of the feeling of dedication to a great enterprise.
+
+The attention, energy and time which Herzl devoted to literature, at
+fifteen, his absorption in himself, his activity in the school
+literary society meant of course so much less given to his school
+work. He found no time at all for science; Jewish questions likewise
+disappeared from his interests; he was completely absorbed by German
+literary culture. This is all the more astonishing when we reflect
+that anti-Semitism continued to increase steadily. As a grown man
+Herzl could recall that one of his teachers, in defining the word
+"heathen," had said, "such as idolators, Mohammedans and Jews."
+Whether it was this incident,--as the memory of the grown man always
+insisted--which enraged him beyond endurance, or the increasingly bad
+school reports, or both circumstances together, the fact remains that
+on February 4, 1875 Herzl left the Technical School.
+
+At sixteen to eighteen in High School, he struggled to define the
+basic principles of various literary art forms in order that he might
+see more clearly what he himself wanted to say. He took an active and
+eager part in the work of the "German Self-Education Society" created
+by the students of his school. The Jewish world, whose inferior
+position always wounded his pride, and whose obstinate separatism
+seemed to him utterly meaningless, drifted further and further out of
+his mind.
+
+At eighteen, after the sudden death of his only sister, the family
+moved to Vienna where Herzl entered the University as a law student.
+Herzl, who accounted himself a liberal and an Austrian patriot,
+plunged eagerly into the activities of a large student Cultural
+Association, attended its discussions and directed its literary
+evenings. He had occasion, there, to deride certain Jewish fellow
+members who, in his view, displayed an excessive eagerness in their
+loyalty to various movements.
+
+This was the extent to which, in these days, he occupied himself with
+the Jewish question--at least externally. He concerned himself little
+or not at all with the official Jewish world which was seeking to
+submerge itself in the surrounding world. He seldom visited the
+synagogue.
+
+He was an omnivorous reader. His extraordinary knowledge of books was
+evident in his conversation, for he liked to adorn his speech with
+quotations, which came readily to his memory. Herzl read Eugen
+Dühring's book _The Jewish-Problem as a Problem of Race, Morals and
+Culture_--the first and most important effort to find a "scientific,"
+philosophic, biologic and historical basis for the anti-Semitism which
+was sweeping through Europe in those days (1881). Dühring saw the
+Jewish question as a purely racial question, and for him the Jewish
+race was without any worth whatsoever. Those peoples which, out of a
+false sentiment of humanity, had permitted the Jews to live among them
+with equal and sometimes even with superior rights, had to be
+liberated from the harmful intruder, had to be de-Judaized.
+
+The reading of this book had the effect upon him of a blow between the
+eyes. The observations set down in his diary burn with indignation:
+"An infamous book.... If Dühring, who unites so much undeniable
+intelligence with so much universality of knowledge, can write like
+this, what are we to expect from the ignorant masses?"
+
+This passionate reaction to Dühring's book shows us how deeply he had
+been moved, and how fearfully he had been shaken in his belief that
+the Jewish question was on the point of disappearing. We shall find
+echoes of this experience in the pages of the _Judenstaat_. For the
+time being, however, he shrank from the logical consequences of his
+reactions. His inner pride began to build itself up.
+
+The more immediate reaction was undoubtedly a sharpened perception and
+evaluation of his fellow-members in the Fraternity. Herzl had joined
+and been active in a duelling Fraternity. Here, too, anti-Semitism was
+breaking through; student after student expressed himself favorably
+toward the Jew-baiting speeches of Schoenerer, who was making a
+special effort to win over the universities. In the Fraternity debates
+Herzl expressed himself sharply against any open or covert
+manifestation of such sympathy. But he was already known for the
+sharpness of his tongue and the individuality of his views. Thus he
+won to himself neither the few co-religionists who belonged to the
+Fraternity nor the mass of the Germanic students.
+
+He had learned from newspaper reports that the Wagner Memorial
+meeting, in which his Fraternity had taken a part, had been
+transformed into an anti-Semitic demonstration. His Fraternity had,
+therefore, identified itself with a movement which he, as a believer
+in liberty, was bound to condemn, even if he had not been a Jew. "It
+is pretty clear that, handicapped as I am by my Semitism (the word was
+not yet known at the time of my entry), I would today refrain from
+seeking a membership which would, indeed, probably be refused me; it
+must also be clear to every decent person that under these
+circumstances I cannot wish to retain my membership." Herzl withdrew
+from the organization.
+
+On July 30, 1884, Herzl was admitted to the bar in Vienna. His student
+days were over. A new era opened for him, with its challenge to prove
+whether or not there was something in him to establish and proclaim to
+the world.
+
+In August, he entered on his law practice in the service of the state
+and was soon transferred to the court of Salzburg. Though he may at
+that time have been so far from Judaism that only pride and a decent
+respect for the feelings of his parents stood between him and baptism,
+he could not help perceiving that as a Jew he would find the higher
+levels of the civil service hierarchy closed to him. On August 5,
+1885, he withdrew from the service, determined to seek fame and
+fortune as a writer.
+
+Brimming with hope, he set out on a journey which was to be the
+introduction to his literary life. He visited Belgium and Holland and
+in Berlin made valuable connections and became a regular contributor
+to several important newspapers. Thus the range of his connections and
+relationships widened from year to year, and when he travelled again
+it was an ever-widening audience that waited for his impressions and
+observations.
+
+In a book of reprinted feuilletons of Herzl which appeared in the
+first years of his success as a journalist a total of seven or eight
+lines is devoted to Jews. His impressions of the Ghetto in Rome. "What
+a steaming in the air, what a street! Countless open doors and windows
+thronged with innumerable pallid and worn-out faces. The ghetto! With
+what base and persistent hatred these unfortunates have been
+persecuted for the sole crime of faithfulness to their religion. We've
+travelled a long way since those times: nowadays the Jew is despised
+only for having a crooked nose, or for being a plutocrat even when he
+happens to be a pauper." Pity and bitterness abound in these lines,
+but they are written by a detached spectator. He did not know how much
+of the Jew there was in him even in this feeling of remoteness from a
+world which offered him not living reality but folly.
+
+By 1892, Herzl had achieved great success as a dramatist and as a
+journalist; his plays had been performed on the stage of the leading
+theatre of Vienna and, to cap the climax, came an appointment to the
+staff of the _Neue Freie Presse_, one of the most distinguished papers
+on the continent.
+
+Early in October he received a telegram from the _Neue Freie Presse_
+asking whether he would accept the post of Paris correspondent. He
+replied at once in the affirmative, and proceeded to the French
+capital at the end of the same month. He wrote to his parents: "The
+position of Paris correspondent is the springboard to great things,
+and I shall achieve them, to your great joy, my dear beloved parents."
+
+Herzl sustained successfully the comparison with his great models and
+predecessors. In style as well as in substance his reports and
+articles were masterpieces of their kind. He came to his task with the
+equipment of a perfect feuilletonist; his style was polished and
+musical; he possessed in an exceptional degree the capacity to
+describe natural scenery in a few fine clear strokes and of hinting
+at, rather than of reproducing, a mood with a minimum of language.
+Everything was there, background, mood and development of action in
+plastic balance. It was only now, when a great opportunity provoked
+him to the highest effort, that all the lessons of the years of his
+apprenticeship built up a many-sided perfection.
+
+He threw himself seriously and diligently into the journalistic craft.
+He observed with close attention all that went on about him, and
+listened with sharpened ears. But the moment had not yet come for the
+unveiling of a mission within him. He was on the way; the process of
+preparation had begun.
+
+How, in this mood of his, could he possibly have avoided clashing with
+the Jewish question? As far back as the time of his Spanish journey,
+when he had sought healing from his domestic and spiritual torments,
+the question had presented itself to him and had cried for artistic
+expression. His call to Paris had been a welcome pretext, perhaps,
+putting off the writing of his Jewish novel--the more so as he
+probably was not ripe enough for such an undertaking. Now that he was
+in Paris, where his eyes were opened to the full range of the social
+process, he began to draw nearer in spirit to his fellow-Jews, and to
+look upon them more warmly and with less inhibition. He found them as
+difficult aesthetically as before, but he tried hard to grasp the
+essence of their character and substance, and to judge them without
+prejudice.
+
+When Herzl arrived in Paris anti-Semitism, had not--in spite of
+Drumont's exertions, and in spite of his paper, _la Libre Parole_,
+founded in 1892--achieved the dimensions of a genuine movement, nor
+was it destined to become one in the German sense. But it served as
+the focus for all kinds of discontents and resentments; it attracted
+certain serious critical spirits, too; its influence grew from day to
+day, and the position of the Jews became increasingly uncomfortable.
+
+Herzl's contact with anti-Semitism dated back to his student days,
+when it had first taken on the form of a social political movement. He
+had been aware of it as a writer, though the contact had never ripened
+into a serious inner struggle or compelled him to give utterance to
+it.
+
+Now he read Drumont, as he had read Dühring. The impression was again
+a profound one. What moved him most in the work was the totality of a
+world picture based on a considered hostility to the Jews.
+
+A ritual-murder trial was in progress in the town of Xanten, in the
+Rhineland. On August 31, 1892, Herzl, dealing with this subject as
+with all other subjects of public interest, summed up the general
+situation in a long report entitled "French anti-Semitism."
+
+By now Herzl was no longer content with a simple acceptance of the
+facts; he was looking for the deeper significance of the universal
+enmity directed against the Jews. For the world it is a lightning
+conductor. But so far it was only a flash of insight which ended in
+nothing more than a literary paradox. However, from now on it gave him
+no peace.
+
+At the turn of the year 1892-93 there came a sharp clarification in
+his ideas. He had followed closely the evasive debates in the Austrian
+Reichstag--debates which forever dodged the reality by turning the
+question into one of religion. "It is no longer--and it has not been
+for a long time--a theological matter. It has nothing whatsoever to do
+with religion and conscience," declared Herzl. "What is more, everyone
+knows it. The Jewish question is neither nationalistic nor religious.
+It is a social question."
+
+Then came the summer, 1894, and at its close Herzl took a much needed
+vacation. He spent the month of September in Baden, near Vienna, in
+the company of his fellow-feuilletonist on the _Neue Freie Presse_,
+Ludwig Speidel. Herzl has left a record of their conversation. What he
+gave Speidel was more or less what he had felt, many years before,
+after his reading of Dühring. He admitted the substance of the
+anti-Semitic accusation which linked the Jew with money; he defended
+the Jew as the victim of a long historic process for which the Jew was
+not responsible. "It is not our fault, not the fault of the Jews, that
+we find ourselves forced into the role of alien bodies in the midst of
+various nations. The ghetto, which was not of our making, bred in us
+certain anti-social qualities.... Our original character cannot have
+been other than magnificent and proud; we were men who knew how to
+face war and how to defend the state; had we not started out with such
+gifts, how could we have survived two thousand years of unrelenting
+persecution?"
+
+At that time Herzl came across the Zionist solution, and definitely
+rejected it. Discussing the novel _Femme de Claude_, by Dumas the
+younger, he says of one of its characters: "The good Jew Daniel wants
+to rediscover the homeland of his race and gather his scattered
+brothers into it. But a man like Daniel would surely know that the
+historic homeland of the Jews no longer has any value for them. It is
+childish to go in search of the geographic location of this homeland.
+And if the Jews really 'returned home' one day, they would discover
+on the next day that they do not belong together. For centuries they
+have been rooted in diverse nationalisms; they differ from each other,
+group by group; the only thing they have in common is the pressure
+which holds them together. All humiliated peoples have Jewish
+characteristics, and as soon as the pressure is removed they react
+like liberated men."
+
+The inner apotheosis was drawing nearer and nearer for Herzl. In
+October, 1894, Herzl was in the studio of the sculptor, Samuel
+Friedrich Beer, who was making a bust of him. The conversation turned
+to the Jewish question and to the growth of the anti-Semitic movement
+in Vienna, the hometown of both Herzl and Beer. It was useless for the
+Jew to turn artist and to dissociate himself from money, said Herzl.
+"The blot sticks. We can't break away from the ghetto." A great
+excitement seized Herzl, and he left the atelier, and on the way home
+the inspiration came on him like a hammerblow. What was it? The
+complete outline of a play, "like a block of basalt."
+
+With this play Herzl completed his inner return to his people. Until
+then, with all his emotional involvement in the question, he had stood
+outside it as the observer, the student, the clarifier, or even the
+defender. He had provided the world-historic background for the
+problem, he had diagnosed it and given the prognosis for the future.
+Now he was immersed in it and identified with it.
+
+He had become its spokesman and attorney, as he was spokesman and
+attorney for other victims of injustice. It was no accident that the
+hero of the play was a lawyer by vocation and avocation. For the hero
+was Herzl himself, and the transformation which unfolded in Dr. Jacob
+Samuel was the transformation which was unfolding in Theodore Herzl.
+
+He belongs utterly to the Jews; it is for them that he fights, and,
+dying, he still sees himself as the fighter for their future. What
+future Jacob Samuel foresaw for the Jews in his dying moments remained
+unclear. It would appear that Herzl himself still believed that a
+deepening of mutual understanding between Jews and non-Jews might
+bring the solution.
+
+But Herzl had travelled so much further by this time that he could not
+have in mind the "reconciliation" which would come by the capitulation
+of baptism. Indeed, the play emphasizes as a first prerequisite in
+human relations the element of self-respect. "If you become untrue to
+yourself," says the clever mother to the son, in the play, "you musn't
+complain if others become untrue to you." It was like a fresh wind
+blowing suddenly through the choking atmosphere of a lightless room.
+It was a new attitude: decent pride!
+
+It called for a frightful effort to descend from the intoxicating
+heights of creativity to the ordinary round of work. For weeks now his
+regular employment had filled Herzl with revulsion. The first reports
+of the Dreyfus trial, which appeared while he was working on his _New
+Ghetto_, therefore made no particular impression on him. It looked
+like a sordid espionage affair in which a foreign power--before long
+it was revealed that the foreign power was Germany, acting through
+Major von Schwartzkoppen--had been buying up through its agent secret
+documents of the French general staff. An officer by the name of
+Alfred Dreyfus was named as the culprit, and no one had reason to
+doubt that he was guilty, even though Drumont's _Libre Parole_ was
+exploiting the fact that the man was a Jew.
+
+But, after the degradation of Dreyfus, Herzl became more and more
+convinced of his innocence. "A Jew who, as an officer on the general
+staff, has before him an honorable career, cannot commit such a
+crime.... The Jews, who have so long been condemned to a state of
+civic dishonor, have, as a result, developed an almost pathological
+hunger for honor, and a Jewish officer is in this respect specifically
+Jewish."
+
+"The Dreyfus case," he wrote in 1899, "embodies more than a judicial
+error; it embodies the desire of the vast majority of the French to
+condemn a Jew, and to condemn all Jews in this one Jew. Death to the
+Jews! howled the mob, as the decorations were being ripped from the
+captain's coat.... Where? In France. In republican, modern, civilized
+France, a hundred years after the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
+The French people, or at any rate the greater part of the French
+people, does not want to extend the rights of man to Jews. The edict
+of the great Revolution had been revoked."
+
+Illumined thus in retrospect, the "curious excitement" which gripped
+Herzl on that occasion takes on a special significance. "Until that
+time most of us believed that the solution of the Jewish question was
+to be patiently waited for as part of the general development of
+mankind. But when a people which in every other respect is so
+progressive and so highly civilized can take such a turn, what are we
+to expect from other peoples, which have not even attained the level
+which France attained a hundred years ago?"
+
+In that fateful moment, when he heard the howling of the mob outside
+the gates of the _Ecole Militaire_, the realization flashed upon Herzl
+that anti-Semitism was deep-rooted in the heart of the people--so
+deep, indeed, that it was impossible to hope for its disappearance
+within a measurable period of time. Precisely because he was so
+sensitive to his honor as a Jew, precisely because he had proclaimed,
+in the _New Ghetto_, the ideal of human reconciliation, and had taken
+the ultimate decision to stand by his Jewishness, the ghastly
+spectacle of that winter morning must have shaken him to the depths of
+his being. It was as if the ground had been cut away from under his
+feet. In this sense Herzl could say later that the Dreyfus affair had
+made him a Zionist.
+
+He saw all about him the ever fiercer light of a blazing
+anti-Semitism. In the French Chamber of Deputies the deputy Denis made
+an interpellation on the influence of the Jews in the political
+administration of the country. In Vienna a Jewish member of the
+Reichstag rose to speak and was howled down. On April 2, 1895, were
+held the municipal elections of Vienna, and there was an enormous
+increase in the number of anti-Semitic aldermen. Changing plans passed
+tumultuously through his mind. He wanted to write a book on "The
+Condition of the Jews," consisting of reports on all the important
+Jewish colonization enterprises in Russia, Galicia, Hungary, Bohemia,
+the Orient, and those more recently founded in Palestine, about which
+he had heard from a relative. Alphonse Daudet, the famous French
+author with whom he had discussed the whole matter, felt that Herzl
+ought to write a novel; it would carry further than a play. "Look at
+_Uncle Tom's Cabin_."
+
+He returned to his former plan of a Jewish novel which he had
+abandoned when he was called to his assignment on the _Neue Freie
+Presse_ in Paris. His friend Kana, the suicide, was no longer to be
+the central figure. He was instead to be "the weaker one, the beloved
+friend of the hero," and would take his own life after a series of
+misfortunes, while the Promised Land was being discovered or rather
+founded. When the hero aboard the ship which was taking him to the
+Promised Land would receive the moving farewell letter of his friend,
+his first reaction after his horror would be one of rage: "Idiot!
+Fool! Miserable hopeless weakling! A life lost which belonged to us!"
+
+We can see the Zionist idea arising. Its outlines are still
+indefinite, but the decisive idea is clearly visible; only by
+migration can this upright human type be given its chance to emerge.
+In _The New Ghetto_ Jacob Samuel is a hero because he knows how to
+choose an honorable death. Now the death of a useful man is criminally
+wasteful. For there are great tasks to be undertaken.
+
+In essence it is the Act and not the Word that confronts us. What last
+impulse it was that actually carried Herzl from the Word to the Act it
+will be difficult to tell--he himself could not have given the answer.
+Little things may play a dramatic role not less effectively than great
+ones when a man is so charged with purpose as Herzl then was.
+
+In the early days of May, Herzl addressed to Baron de Hirsch (the
+sponsor of Jewish colonization in Argentina), the letter which opens
+his Jewish political career. His request for an interview was granted.
+Herzl prepared an outline of his position in notes, lest he omit
+something important during their conversation.
+
+In these notes he writes: "If the Jews are to be transformed into men
+of character in a reasonable period of time, say ten or twenty years,
+or even forty--the interval needed by Moses--it cannot be done without
+migration. Who is going to decide whether conditions are bad enough
+today to warrant our migration? And whether the situation is hopeless?
+And the Congress which you (i.e. Hirsch) have convened for the first
+of August in a hotel in Switzerland? You will preside over this
+Congress of notables. Your call will be heard and answered in every
+part of the world.
+
+"And what will be the message given to the men assembled 'You are
+pariahs! You must forever tremble at the thought that you are about
+to be deprived of your rights and stripped of your possessions. You
+will be insulted when you walk in the street. If you are poor, you
+suffer doubly. If you are rich, you must conceal the fact. You are not
+admitted to any honorable calling, and if you deal in money you are
+made the special focus of contempt.... The situation will not change
+for the better, but rather for the worse.... There is only way out:
+into the Promised Land.'"
+
+Where the Promised Land was to be located, how it was to be acquired,
+is not yet mentioned. Herzl does not seem to have thought this
+question of decisive significance; it was a scientific matter. It was
+the organization of the migration which held his attention, the
+political preparations among the Powers, the preliminary changes to be
+brought about among the masses by training, by "tremendous propaganda,
+the popularization of the idea through newspapers, books, pamphlets,
+lectures, pictures, songs."
+
+On the day of his conversation with Baron de Hirsch, Herzl wrote him a
+long letter in which he sought to supplement the information and
+impressions which had been the result of the meeting. "Please believe
+me, the political life of an entire people--particularly when that
+people is scattered throughout the entire world--can be set in motion
+only with imponderables floating high in the air. Do you know what the
+German Reich sprang from? From dreams, songs, fantasies, and
+gold-black bands worn by students. And that in a brief period of time.
+What? You do not understand imponderables? And what is religion?
+Bethink yourself what the Jews have endured for two thousand years for
+the sake of this fantasy....
+
+"The exodus to the Promised Land presents itself as a tremendous
+enterprise in transportation, unparalleled in the modern world. What
+transportation? It is a complex of all human enterprises which we
+shall fit Into each other like cog-wheels. And in the very first
+stages of the enterprise we shall find employment for the ambitious
+younger masses of our people: all the engineers, architects,
+technologists, chemists, doctors, and lawyers, those who have emerged
+in the last thirty years from the ghetto and who have been moved by
+the faith that they can win their bread and a little honor outside the
+framework of our Jewish business futilities. Today they must be filled
+with despair, they constitute the foundation of a frightful
+over-educated proletariat. But it is to these that all my love
+belongs, and I am just as set on increasing their number as you are
+set on diminishing it. It is in them that I perceive the latent power
+of the Jewish people. In brief, my kind."
+
+In this letter of June 3, 1895, Herzl for the first time imparted his
+new Jewish policy to a stranger. The writing down of his views, as
+well as his conversation on the subject, had had a stronger effect on
+himself than on Hirsch. He had obtained a clear vision of the new and
+revolutionary character of his proposals. On the same day or shortly
+thereafter he began a diary under the title of _The Jewish Question_.
+
+"For some time now, I have been engaged upon a work of indescribable
+greatness. I do not know yet whether I shall carry it through. It has
+assumed the aspect of some mighty dream. But days and weeks have
+passed since it has filled me utterly, it has overflown into my
+unconscious self, it accompanies me wherever I go, it broods above all
+my commonplace conversation, it peeps over my shoulder at the comical
+little journalistic work which I must carry out. It disturbs and
+intoxicates me."
+
+Then suddenly the storm breaks upon him. The clouds open, the thunder
+rolls and the lightning flashes about him. A thousand impressions beat
+upon him simultaneously, a gigantic vision. He cannot think, he cannot
+act, he can only write; breathless, unreflecting, unable to control
+himself, unable to exercise the critical faculty lest he dam the
+eruption, he dashes down his thoughts on scraps of paper--"Walking,
+standing, lying down, in the street, at table, in the night," as if
+under unceasing command.
+
+And then doubts rise up from the depths. He dines with well-to-do,
+educated, oppressed people who confront the question of anti-Semitism
+in a state of complete helplessness: "They do not suspect it, but they
+are ghetto-natures, quiet, decent, timid. That is what most of us are.
+Will they understand the call to freedom and to manhood? When I left
+them my spirits were very low. Again, my plan appeared to me to be
+crazy." Then at once he comes to "Today I am again as firm as steel."
+He notes the next morning. "The flabbiness of the people I met
+yesterday gives me all the more grounds for action."
+
+Clearer and clearer becomes the picture which he has of himself and of
+his task in the history of his people. "I picked up once again the
+torn thread of the tradition of our people. I lead it into the
+Promised Land."
+
+"The Promised Land, where we can have hooked noses, black or red
+beards, and bow legs, without being despised for it; where we can live
+at last as free men on our own soil, and where we can die peacefully
+in our own fatherland. There we can expect the award of honor for
+great deeds, so that the offensive cry of 'Jew!' may become an
+honorable appellation, like German, Englishman, Frenchman--in brief,
+like all civilized peoples; so that we may be able to form our state
+to educate our people for the tasks which at present still lie beyond
+our vision. For surely God would not have kept us alive so long if
+there were not assigned to us a specific role in the history of
+mankind." He adds: "The Jewish state is a world need." He draws the
+logical consequence for himself: "I believe that for me life has ended
+and world history begun."
+
+He let the first storm pass over him, yielding to its imperious will,
+making no effort to stem its fury lest he interrupt the inspiration.
+When it had had its way with him, he took hold of himself again, and
+gathered up his energies for the effort to reconstruct everything
+logically and in ordered fashion. He was afraid that death might come
+upon him before he had succeeded in reducing to transferable form his
+historic vision. Thus, in the course of five days, he added to his
+diary a sixty-five page pamphlet--in effect the outline of _Der
+Judenstaat_--which he called: _Address to the Rothschilds_.
+
+In the address he writes, "I have the solution to the Jewish question.
+I know it sounds mad; and at the beginning I shall be called mad more
+than once--until the truth of what I am saying is recognized in all
+its shattering force."
+
+He wrote to Bismarck asking for an interview in order to submit his
+plan for a solution to the Jewish problem but he received no reply.
+
+He wrote to Rabbi Gudemann, Chief Rabbi of Vienna, the occasion being
+the anti-Jewish excesses which had occurred in Vienna. "This plan ...
+is a reserve against more evil days."
+
+Herzl, in his first visit to England, met and talked with Israel
+Zangwill, the novelist, whom he impressed without quite winning him
+over. But Zangwill made it possible for him to meet more than a few
+prominent, influential Jews of whom he made immediate converts. None
+of them wanted to know anything about the Argentine, and on this point
+the practical men were united with the dreamers: Palestine alone came
+into the picture for a national concentration of the Jews.
+
+After his experiences in England, Herzl resolved to present his plan
+to the public at large. The _Address to the Rothschilds_ which was the
+first complete writing of his plan, forged in the heat of inspiration
+was thoroughly reworked and emerged as his great book _Der
+Judenstaat_. Its title was: _The Jewish State: An Attempt at a Modern
+Solution of the Jewish Problem. Der Judenstaat_ may properly be called
+Herzl's life work; his philosophy of the world, his views on the
+state, on the Jewish people, on science and technology, as we have
+seen them developing to this, his thirty-fifth year are concentrated
+in the book.
+
+The "Jewish State" was published in an edition of three thousand. It
+was read by small circles in various European capitals. It was sent to
+leading personalities in the press and political circles. It was soon
+translated into several languages. Herzl received many letters from
+authors and statesmen in which the work was praised. But the general
+German press, especially the Jewish-controlled press, took a negative
+attitude. A number of journalists alluded to the adventurer who would
+like to become Prime Minister or King of the Jews. No mention of the
+"Jewish State" appeared in the Neue Freie Presse, then or ever. The
+Algemeine Zeitung of Vienna said that Zionism was a madness born of
+despair, The Algemeine Zeitung of Munich described it as a fantastic
+dream of a feuilletonist whose mind had been unhinged by Jewish
+enthusiasm.
+
+It was upon the Jewish masses that Herzl made a tremendous impression.
+He dawned upon Jews of Eastern Europe as a mystic figure rising out of
+the past. Little was known of his pamphlet, for it was kept out of the
+country by censorship in Russia. Only its title got their attention
+and the stories told of Herzl--the Western Jew returning to his
+people--gripped their hearts and stirred their imagination. He was
+greeted by one of the Galician Zionist societies as the leader who,
+like Moses, had returned from Midian to liberate the Jews. Max Nordau,
+that devastating critic of art and literature, was swept off his feet
+and described the pamphlet as a revelation, Richard Beer Hoffman, the
+poet, wrote to Herzl saying "At last there comes again a man, who does
+not carry his Judaism with resignation as if it were a burden or a
+misfortune, but is proud to be the legal heir of an immemorial
+culture."
+
+It became clear to Herzl that he would have to take an active part in
+the task he had set forth in "The Jewish State." He no longer felt
+that he stood alone. He was not inclined to appear on a public
+platform. He had the shyness of the man who had always written what he
+had to say. He also felt that it would do more harm than good if his
+ideas were to be obscured by his personal presence. Through
+correspondence he set in motion Zionist activities--in London, in
+Paris, in Berlin, in the United States. The amount of letter-writing
+he developed was enormous.
+
+He decided that there were three tasks to be undertaken at once. The
+first was the organization of the Society of Jews. The second was to
+continue diplomatic work in Constantinople and among interested
+Powers. The third was the creation of a press to influence public
+opinion and to prepare the Jewish masses for the great migration.
+
+Through the Rev. Hechler, a chaplain of the British Embassy in Vienna,
+who believed in the Jewish return to the Holy Land, Herzl was
+introduced to the Grand Duke of Baden, a Christian of great piety and
+influence in political circles.
+
+Herzl intended to use the influence of the Germans to affect the
+Sultan and make him more sympathetic to Zionist proposals. Herzl told
+the Grand Duke that he would like to have Zionism included within the
+cultural sphere of German interests. The Grand Duke said that the
+Kaiser seemed inclined to take Jewish migration under German
+protection. The great powers were interested in maintaining certain
+extra territorial rights within the Turkish Empire. If they had
+nationals in any part of the Empire, they claimed the right to protect
+them over and above Turkish law. It was, therefore, not the Kaiser's
+interest in the Jews, but in extending German jurisdiction within the
+Turkish Empire that persuaded him to suggest the adoption of Jews in
+Palestine for that purpose. Germany had a special relationship to
+Turkey. Most of the western powers were openly discussing the
+impending partition of the Turkish Empire, but Germany was opposed to
+it.
+
+Herzl was told that the Kaiser was prepared to see him at the head of
+a delegation when he visited Palestine, but Herzl was anxious to see
+the Kaiser without delay. He suggested an audience before the trip to
+Palestine in order that the Kaiser might be in a position to discuss
+the Jewish question with the Sultan. The Grand Duke advised Herzl to
+see Count Philip Zu Eulenberg, the German Ambassador at Vienna. Herzl
+was given an opportunity to see Count Eulenberg in Vienna. Herzl told
+him that he wanted His Imperial Majesty to persuade the Sultan to open
+negotiations with the Jews.
+
+The Count passed Herzl over to the German Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+Von Buelow, who happened to be in Vienna at the same time. Van Buelow
+knew a great deal about the Zionist movement. He said that the
+difficulty lay in persuading the Sultan to deal with the Jews. He felt
+certain that the Sultan could be impressed if he was properly advised
+by the Kaiser. A week later Herzl was informed of the Kaiser's
+inclination to take the Jews of Palestine under his protection, and
+repeated that he would like to see Herzl at the head of a delegation
+in Jerusalem, later on.
+
+Herzl was afraid of going further in this direction without having in
+existence the financial instrument without which neither negotiations
+nor colonization could be carried on. Herzl urged David Wolffsohn and
+Jacobus Kahn to proceed with the utmost speed to incorporate the
+Jewish Colonial Trust. He foresaw the possibility that a demand might
+be made at any time to show the color of his money. Although the
+affairs of the Bank were in the hands of Wolffsohn and Kahn, Herzl
+himself worried over every detail, urging and driving and complaining
+about the slowness of the action. On March 28, 1899 the subscription
+lists were opened. Herzl's expectations were not fulfilled. Only about
+200,000 shares had been sold, three-quarters of them in Russia. The
+Bank could not be opened until it had at least 250,000 paid-up shares.
+After a great deal of effort, the minimum was finally obtained and the
+Trust was officially opened in time for the opening of the third
+Congress in August, 1899.
+
+Herzl addressed a mass meeting in London in October, 1899, under Dr.
+Gastner's chairmanship. In his address at this meeting, Herzl said
+that he believed the time was not far off when the Jewish people would
+be set in motion. He asked the audience to accept his word even if he
+could not speak more definitely. "When I return to you again," he
+said, "we shall, I hope, be still further on our path." At this
+meeting Father Ignatius, a Catholic believer in Zionism, referred to
+Herzl "as a new Joshua who had come to fulfill the words of the
+Prophet Ezekiel." The effect produced upon the audience was not useful
+to Herzl's purposes at that time. He had always tried to discourage
+the impression of himself as a Messianic figure. The meeting in London
+was the only occasion where he lost his self-mastery in public.
+
+When Herzl met the Foreign Minister, Von Buelow, again, it was in the
+presence of the Reich Chancellor, Hohenlohe. At once he perceived a
+different nuance in the conversation and a dissonance in comparison
+with the conversation he had had with Count Eulenberg. He thought that
+the Chancellor and the Foreign Minister were not in agreement with the
+Kaiser and did not dare to say it openly; or, on the other hand, they
+might be favorably inclined but would not be willing to say it to him.
+
+Finally, Herzl saw the Kaiser in Constantinople. After Herzl had
+introduced the subject of his visit, the Kaiser broke in and explained
+why the Zionist movement attracted him.
+
+"There are among your people," said the Kaiser, "certain elements whom
+it would be a good thing to move to Palestine."
+
+He asked Herzl to submit, in advance, the address he intended to
+present to him in Jerusalem. When he was asked what the Kaiser should
+place before the Sultan as the gist of the Jewish proposals, Herzl
+replied "a chartered company under German protection."
+
+Herzl met the Kaiser, as arranged, in Palestine. Herzl arrived in
+Jaffa on October 6, 1898. On a Friday morning, he awaited the coming
+of the Kaiser and his entourage on the road that ran by the Colony of
+Mikveh Israel. The Kaiser recognized him from a distance. He said a
+few words about the weather, about the lack of water in Palestine, and
+that it was a land that had a future.
+
+In the petition Herzl later submitted to the Kaiser, many of the
+pregnant passages were deleted by the Kaiser's advisers. All passages
+that referred specifically to the aims of the Zionist movement, to the
+desperate need of the Jewish people and asking for the Kaiser's
+protection of a projected Jewish land company for Syria and Palestine,
+had been removed. The audience with the Kaiser took place on Monday,
+November 2nd. The Kaiser thanked Herzl for the address which, he said,
+had interested him extremely. It was the Kaiser's opinion that the
+soil was cultivable. What the land lacked was water and shade.
+
+"That we can supply," said Herzl. "It would cost billions, but it will
+bring in billions too."
+
+"Well, you certainly have enough money, more than all of us," said the
+Kaiser.
+
+It was a brief interview. It was vague and seemed to lead nowhere.
+Herzl was under the impression that certain influences had been
+exerted between the interview in Constantinople and the audience in
+Jerusalem.
+
+When the official German communique was issued, the encounter with
+Herzl was hid in a closing paragraph and deprived of all significance.
+This is how it read:
+
+"Later the Kaiser received the French Consul, also a Jewish deputation
+which presented him with an album of pictures of the Jewish colonies
+in Palestine. In reply to an address by the leader of the deputation,
+His Majesty remarked he viewed with benevolent interest all efforts
+directed to the improvement of agriculture in Palestine as long as
+these accorded with the welfare of the Turkish Empire and were
+conducted in a spirit of complete respect for the sovereignty of the
+Sultan."
+
+It was a sudden descent from hope into a closed road. Herzl refused to
+be discouraged. It was hard for him to realize that the Kaiser's
+enthusiasm in Constantinople could have cooled off so quickly in
+Jerusalem, but it seemed that there was no way to continue contact
+with the people he had interested in Germany. He tried to pick up the
+broken threads, but, once broken, they could not be revived. The Grand
+Duke of Baden remained ever constant and loyal, but he could do
+nothing. Herzl never saw the Kaiser again. In a letter to the Grand
+Duke, closing this chapter of Zionist history, Herzl said:
+
+"I can only assume that a hope especially dear to me has faded away
+and that we shall not achieve our Zionist goal under a German
+protectorate."
+
+At about the same time, Herzl met Philip Michael Von Nevlinski, a
+descendant of a long line of Polish noblemen who had entered the
+diplomatic service and became a diplomatic agent-at-large and a French
+journalist. In the first stages, Nevlinski guided Herzl in all the
+work he did in Constantinople. When Herzl came to Constantinople in
+June, 1896 he was under the impression that Nevlinski had already
+arranged an audience with the Sultan. It was not so easy, however. But
+whether such an audience had been arranged or not, Herzl was able to
+meet, a number of highly-placed Turkish officials, including the Grand
+Vizier. At first, the line of action was not clear, but by now Herzl
+had formulated his proposals to the Sultan.
+
+Ever since the middle of the nineteenth century, Turkish finances had
+been in a shocking condition. The Empire was being badly managed. The
+Sultan was regarded as "the sick man of Europe." In 1891 the total
+external debt, including unpaid interest, reached the figure of two
+hundred and fifty-three million pounds sterling. In 1881 there was a
+consolidation of the debt. It was reduced to one hundred and six
+million pounds, but the finances of Turkey were placed under the
+control of a committee representing the creditors, to whom was
+transferred certain domestic Turkish monopolies and the collection of
+several categories of taxes. This enabled the European powers to
+intervene in the affairs of Turkey. Only by the removal of this
+foreign tutelage could Turkey hope to regain its independence. It was
+to achieve this end, Herzl thought, that the Jews, and the Jews alone,
+could be useful. For this service, he intended to ask for a Jewish
+State in Palestine. Herzl followed this line until finally the need
+for refunding the Turkish debt disappeared.
+
+But at this time Herzl was not able to obtain an audience with the
+Sultan. Nevlinski reported that such an audience had been refused
+because the Sultan declined to discuss sovereignty over Palestine.
+Doubt was expressed as to the accuracy of the report. Whatever the
+fact may be, the first venture of Herzl in Constantinople was not
+successful.
+
+Herzl moved along the lines that led to Constantinople and Berlin, but
+he did not overlook the importance of maintaining contact with Jewish
+philanthropies. A letter sent to the Baron de Hirsch came a day after
+his death.
+
+Herzl went to London where matters had been arranged for him to meet
+the leaders of British Jewry. He met Claude Montefiore and Frederick
+Mocatte, representatives of the Anglo-Jewish Association. They were
+not sympathetic. Herzl fared no better at a banquet given to him by
+the Maccabbeans. The personal impression Herzl made was profound. But
+there was no practical issue nor did he make any progress during the
+time he spent in England. He got Sir Samuel Montagu and Colonel
+Goldsmith to agree to cooperate with him in an endeavor to establish a
+vassal Jewish State under the sovereignty of Turkey if the Powers
+would agree; provided, the Baron de Hirsch Fund placed £10,000,000 at
+his disposal for the plan; and Baron Edmund de Rothschild became a
+member of the Executive Committee of the proposed Society of Jews.
+These conditions were fantastic at that time and Herzl could not meet
+them.
+
+He went to Paris and had a talk with Baron Edmund. Baron Edmund was
+older than Herzl and felt ill at ease in the presence of a calm critic
+of all he had done for Jewish colonization in Palestine. Herzl made
+the impression on him of an undisciplined enthusiast. Baron Edmund did
+not believe it possible to create political conditions favorable for a
+mass immigration of Jews. Even if that could be done, an uncontrolled
+mass immigration into Palestine would have the effect of landing tens
+of thousands of Jews to be fed and looked after by the small Jewish
+community in Palestine. He clung to his idea of slow colonization
+attracting no attention and careful not to provoke hostility. Every
+reply of Herzl fell upon a closed mind. Baron Edmund's refusal to
+cooperate was decisive.
+
+This was a decision of historic significance. It turned Herzl away
+from the thought that the Zionist movement should be built upon the
+support of Jewish philanthropy. All his hopes in this connection were
+dissolved by the contacts he had made in London and in Paris. Baron
+Edmund's refusal to cooperate carried with it the refusal of the Baron
+de Hirsch Fund and of the circle of leading Jews in London.
+
+Reluctantly, Herzl came to the conclusion that there was only one
+reply to this situation. The Jewish masses must be organized for the
+support of the Zionist movement.
+
+The organization he had in mind was not a popular democratic
+organization. What he meant was to assemble the upper "cadres" to take
+charge of the organization of the masses for the great migration. At
+the same time, he wanted to prove to the philanthropists that a
+popular organization was possible. He felt that they would be greatly
+influenced by the development of a widespread popular movement.
+Whatever his thoughts were at that time, his decision to turn to the
+Jewish masses, to abandon reliance upon the wealthy led to the
+organization of the modern Zionist movement.
+
+He organized his followers in Vienna. He was the center of a circle in
+which were included the men who later became the members of the first
+Zionist Actions Committee. In November 1896 he, for the first time,
+addressed a public meeting in Vienna. In this address he did not use
+the term "The Jewish State," nor did he use it in most of his public
+utterances at that time. He had become cautious. He did not want to
+prejudice his political work in Constantinople.
+
+He was still thinking of issuing a newspaper, but there were no funds
+for that purpose. The report that he intended to issue a newspaper
+drew the attention of a number of personalities and groups in Berlin.
+There were the Russian Jewish students, led by Leo Motzkin, and a
+group called "Young Israel," headed by Reinrich Loewe. A conference
+was held on March 6 and 7, 1897, called by Dr. Osias Thon Willy Bambus
+and Nathan Birnbaum. They had come together to talk about a newspaper
+but the First Zionist Congress was launched at this meeting Herzl's
+proposal for the calling of a General Zionist Conference in Munich was
+agreed to. In the preliminary announcement of the calling of this
+Conference or Congress, Herzl said:
+
+"The Jewish question must be removed from the control of the
+benevolent individual. There must be created a forum before which
+everyone acting for the Jewish people should appear and to which he
+should be responsible."
+
+Every one of Herzl's ideas was met by protests and public excitement.
+The protests were usually launched by Jews. The calling of the
+Congress aroused a great deal of indignation in conservative circles.
+The Rabbis of Germany protested not only to the holding of the
+Congress but also the choice of Munich.
+
+The Congress controversy persuaded Herzl to begin the publication of
+the weekly Die Welt. The first issue appeared on June 4, 1897, Herzl
+provided the funds. The journal was something new in Jewish life. It
+was, in fact, the organ of the Congress. Throughout Herzl's life, Die
+Welt served as the exponent of his ideas. At first, Herzl contributed
+numerous articles. He sent in a regular weekly review of all
+activities connected with the movement. He was responsible for many
+unsigned articles and notices. He directed the paper in all its
+details, although he refused to figure as its official editor and
+publisher. The amount of work he did during the months preceding the
+Congress was amazing. He was completely absorbed in every aspect of
+the Congress. The man of the pen revealed himself as a first-class man
+of action.
+
+On August 29, 1897, the First Zionist Congress was assembled, not in
+Munich but in Basle, Switzerland. The majority of the delegates to the
+First Zionist Congress, drawn to Basle from all parts of the world,
+saw Herzl for the first time. The total number of delegates at the
+first session was 197.
+
+The first act of the Congress was the adoption of a resolution of
+thanks to the Sultan of Turkey. Then Herzl rose and walked over to the
+pulpit. It was no longer the elegant Dr. Herzl of Vienna, it was no
+longer the easy-going literary man, the critic, the feuilletonist. As
+one reporter said: "It was a scion of the House of David, risen from
+among the dead, clothed in legend and fantasy and beauty." The first
+words uttered by Herzl were: "We are here to lay the foundation stone
+of the house which is to shelter the Jewish nation." "We Zionists," he
+stressed, "seek for the solution of the Jewish question, not an
+international society, but an international discussion.... We have
+nothing to do with conspiracy, secret intervention or indirect
+methods. We wish to place the question under the control of free
+public opinion."
+
+His First Congress address contained the ideas which he had already
+expressed in previous speeches and articles, but there was a great
+difference between the views in "The Jewish State" and the address
+delivered at the first session of the Zionist Congress. The latter is
+the carefully considered public statement of one who knew he
+represented tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, of
+followers. His words were not those of a seer, but of a statesman.
+Almost as profound was the effect produced. It was at this Congress
+that the Basle Program was adopted.... "Zionism seeks to secure for
+the Jewish people a publicly recognized, legally secured home (or
+homeland) in Palestine."
+
+The second important task of the First Congress was the creation of an
+organization. The Congress was declared to be "the chief organ of the
+Zionist movement." The basis of electoral right was to be the payment
+of a shekel, which at that time was equivalent to twenty-five cents.
+There was to be an Executive Committee with its permanent seat in
+Vienna. Everything which was to unfold later in Zionism, both in the
+way of affirmative forces and inner contradictions, was already
+visible or latent in the first Congress. There was discussion of a
+bank, of a land redemption fund to be called The National Fund, the
+creation of a Hebrew University, and the clashes between practical and
+political Zionism.
+
+On his return to Vienna, Herzl made the following entry in his diary:
+"If I were to sum up the Basle Congress in a single phrase I would
+say: In Basle I created the Jewish State. Were I to say this aloud I
+would be greeted by universal laughter. But perhaps five years hence,
+in any case, certainly fifty years hence, everyone will perceive it.
+The state exists as essence in the will-to-the-state of a people, yes,
+even in that will in a single powerful person.... The territory is
+only the concrete basis, and the state itself, with a territory
+beneath it, is still in the nature of an abstract thing ... In Basle I
+created the abstraction which, as such, is invisible to the great
+majority."
+
+All that Herzl did in the political field--his conversations in
+Constantinople, his interview with the Grand Duke of Baden in advance
+of the holding of the First Congress, was undertaken as author of a
+political pamphlet. He was now aware of the fact that he was called
+upon to act as President of the World Zionist Organization. It was
+difficult to draw a line between the movement and its leader. Herzl
+insisted that his leadership in the movement was impersonal and that
+now its direction was vested in its instruments--the Congress and the
+Actions Committee. But he had all the authority of an accepted leader.
+
+The evolution of Herzl's conception of the Jewish problem since he saw
+the degradation of Dreyfus can be measured by a study of the articles
+he wrote after the First Congress. He himself was quite aware of the
+transformation. He had seen the Jewish people face to face. "Brothers
+have found each other again," he said. He wrote with great
+appreciation of the quality of the Russian delegates. He said, "They
+possess that inner unity which has disappeared from among the
+westerners. They are steeped in Jewish national sentiment without
+betraying any national narrowness and intolerance. They are not
+tortured by the idea of assimilation. They do not assimilate into
+other nations, but exert themselves to learn the best in other
+peoples. In this way they manage to remain erect and genuine. Looking
+on them, we understood where our forefathers got the strength to
+endure through the bitterest times."
+
+Immediately after the First Congress, Herzl grappled with his second
+task, the creation of the Jewish Colonial Bank. He wrote of the bank
+in _Die Welt_ in November, 1898, "The task of the Colonial Bank is to
+eliminate philanthropy. The settler on the land who increases its
+value by his labor merits more than a gift. He is entitled to credit.
+The prospective bank could therefore begin by extending the needed
+credits to the colonists; later it would expand into the instrument
+for the bringing in of Jews and would supply credits for
+transportation, agriculture, commerce and construction."
+
+The seat of the bank was to be London. There were to be two billion
+shares at £1 each. The bank was to be directed by men acquainted with
+banking affairs, but the movement would be placed in a position to
+control its policy. The hopes of Herzl grew from week to week. As he
+approached the practical situation he became less and less confident
+of the cooperation of men of wealth. Differences arose in the
+preliminary discussions as to the scope of the bank. In the first
+draft of the Articles of Incorporation the Orient alone was named as
+the area of work for the bank. Menachem Ussishkin insisted that the
+words "Syria and Palestine" should be substituted. After a great deal
+of discussion, the proposals for the formation of the bank were
+brought to the second Zionist Congress and the Articles of
+Incorporation, as amended, were adopted by acclamation.
+
+Herzl clung to the idea which had come to him when he was thinking of
+the Jewish State as a pamphlet, that it might be better for him to
+write a novel. The impulse to write such a novel became irresistible
+after his visit to Palestine. It was to be called "Altneuland." He
+began to write it in 1899. It was completed in April 1902, and
+published six months later. It is remarkable that he could write such
+a novel while engaged in varied political activities in
+Constantinople, in London and in Berlin; and while he had to deal with
+the many troublesome internal Zionist problems.
+
+"Altneuland" was a novel with a purpose. It described the Palestine of
+the near future as it would develop through the Zionist Movement. It
+had the weaknesses of every propaganda novel. The entire work has
+something of the state about it and proceeds in the form of scenes
+rather than by way of narrative. Each type has a specific outlook.
+Most of the characters are portraits of living personalities. It was
+his purpose to memorialize his friends and his opponents.
+
+"Altneuland" tells of a Jew who visits Palestine in 1898 and then
+comes again in 1923 when he finds the Promised Land developed under
+Jewish influence. Its territory lies East and West of the Jordan. The
+dead land of 1898 is now thoroughly alive. Its real creators were the
+irrigation engineers. Technology had given a new form to labor, a new
+social and economic system had been created which is described as
+"mutualistic," a huge cooperative, a mediate form between
+individualism and collectivism. Haifa had become a world city. Around
+the Holy City of Jerusalem, modern suburbs had arisen, shaded
+boulevards and parks, institutes of learning, places of amusement,
+markets--"a world city in the spirit of the twentieth century." In
+this new land, the Arabs live side by side in friendship with the
+Jews.
+
+"Altneuland" did not produce the effect Herzl had expected. Within the
+Zionist Movement it did more harm than good. Many of Herzl's friends
+were disappointed that the novel should have so little of the Jewish
+spirit. It ignored the Hebraic renaissance. The novel evoked the
+sharpest criticism from Achad Haam.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While Herzl was immersed in political action, visiting European
+capitals, carrying on correspondence with leading persons whose
+interest in Zionism he had engaged, and submitting reports to the
+Zionist Congress or to the Actions Committee, often facing critical
+situations in his struggle with growing Zionist parties, the Zionist
+Organization was gradually becoming an accepted institution in Jewish
+life. It was the international sounding board for the discussion of
+the Jewish question. The Jewish National Fund was founded at the
+Fourth Congress held in London in 1900. The Jewish Colonial Trust was
+finally established with headquarters in London.
+
+The first Zionist party in the Congress was the Democratic faction led
+by Leo Motzkin, but soon there were added the Mizrachi party and the
+beginnings of a labor party. Not only Dr. Nordau's stirring addresses,
+but many controversies "made" Congresses. The cultural issue was a
+Congress perennial. Many discussions also took place around what was
+called the issue of "practical" and "political" Zionism. The Russians,
+under the leadership of Ussishkin, were all heartily against the
+"charter" emphasis and drove with maddening persistence for immediate
+work in Palestine. In the course of these debates, continued over the
+years, the Congress became a forum for the discussion of international
+Jewish problems and developed speakers and theorists of varying
+degrees of talent. It also produced men with hobbies. The Jewish
+National Fund and the Hebrew University was the hobby of Dr. Herman
+Schapiro. Colonization in Cyprus was the hobby of Davis Trietsch, who
+created many scenes on the floor of the Congress. Dr. Chaim Weizmann
+was not only a leader of the Democratic faction, crossing swords time
+and again with Herzl, but devoted much time and thought to the idea of
+a Hebrew University. The procedure of the Congress, based on
+Continental models, was gradually worked out and became fixed, and
+many of the delegates were adepts in the art of procedural sparring.
+The language in Congresses used during Herzl's life was German, but
+gradually the imperfect use of German by East European Zionists led to
+the development of what was called "Congress German." This was a form
+of German that was easy to use, because respect for grammar and
+pronunciation was not required.
+
+During the Congresses Herzl maintained throughout the role of leader
+and moderator. His manner was gracious and he never lost his sense of
+dignity. He was capable of sharp retort, but always bore in mind that
+it was high duty to hold a balance and to seek compromise rather than
+sharp division. He developed it in a most remarkable way on the
+platform. His appearances were dramatic. His interventions were
+arresting. The man of the writing desk developed as one of the ablest
+in the parliamentary arts. After some of the Congresses he had to
+retire to a health resort, having exhausted his strength and bringing
+on a recurrence of his heart trouble. On a number of occasions his
+close friends feared for his life. But after a few weeks of rest he
+usually returned stronger than before and with greater determination
+to pursue his course, regardless of the consequences to himself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At this point it is important to refer to his family life. He had
+married Julie Naschauer on July 25, 1889. She was the daughter of
+wealthy parents and grew up in a conventional social circle. When she
+married Herzl he was already a rising young author who was highly
+regarded among those with whom she associated. He was attractive,
+aristocratic in bearing, a keen conversationalist and had all the
+qualities of being a conventional partner of a conventional wife. But
+Herzl threw himself into Zionist affairs with such tremendous dynamic
+activity and was so completely absorbed in the idea which his thinking
+had given birth to, that except for occasional interim periods, his
+family played a secondary part in his life ever after he had taken up
+the Jewish problems his special task in life. Julie Herzl also
+suffered by reason of Herzl's devotion to his own mother. Herzl never
+rid himself of his filial dependence which made it very hard for his
+wife to understand. They had three children. In 1890 a daughter was
+born and named Paula or Pauline. In 1891 his son, Hans, was born,
+whose life after his father's death became a serious problem. There
+was a third child, a daughter Margaret, known as Trude, who was born
+in May 1893. During this period there were many separations from his
+family. There were disagreements and reconciliations, but the cup of
+unhappiness for Julie Herzl overflowed when Herzl became the official
+leader of a public movement. From that time on her home was constantly
+overrun with unwelcome visitors. Not only did Herzl give his life to
+the movement in the literal sense, but he gave his reserve of funds
+and sacrificed the welfare of his family for the sake of the movement
+he had brought to life. His domestic affairs as well as his failing
+heart, made all the years of Herzl's brief Zionist life pain and
+struggle.
+
+The tragic position of Jews in various parts of Europe, greatly
+agitated Herzl during the time he was carrying on negotiations with
+the Kaiser and the Sultan. He was constantly being led to the thought
+that it would become necessary to find a temporary haven of refuge for
+Jews. In 1899 a series of pogroms broke out in Galicia. In his diary
+at the time, he had references to England and Cyprus, "we may even
+have to consider South Africa or America." But he banished these
+thoughts from his mind because he knew that the Zionists would place
+serious obstacles in the way of considering any project other than
+Palestine. When his hopes with regard to Germany had collapsed,
+however, he thought of these alternative proposals again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On October 22, 1902 a Conference between Joseph Chamberlain, the
+Colonial Secretary, and Herzl took place. Chamberlain had been in the
+Colonial Office since 1895. He held an influential position in the
+councils of the British Government. He was a man of strong will and
+political integrity. Herzl submitted his plan for the colonization of
+Cyprus and the Sinai Peninsula, which included El Arish--"Jewish
+settlers under a Jewish administration."
+
+Chamberlain said that he could speak definitely only about Cyprus. The
+Sinai Peninsula came under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Office. As
+far as Cyprus was concerned, he believed that it was not promising
+because the Greeks and Moslems would object, and it would be his
+official duty to side with them. He took a more favorable view,
+however, of El Arish. In that connection, it was necessary for Herzl
+to talk to Lord Lansdowne of the Foreign Office. A great deal would
+depend upon the good-will of Lord Cromer, the British Consul General
+in Egypt, and actually the Vice Regent of that country. Through the
+good offices of Chamberlain, it became possible for Herzl to meet
+Lord Lansdowne a few days later. He was well received and was
+listened to with a great deal of attention.
+
+Herzl was asked to submit a written expose. Then he asked for
+permission to have Leopold J. Greenberg go to Egypt and confer with
+Lord Cromer. Lord Lansdowne said that he would arrange for such a
+meeting. Greenberg discussed the matter with Lord Cromer in Cairo.
+There were objections raised by both Lord Cromer and the Egyptian
+Prime Minister on the ground that an attempted Jewish economy,
+undertaken in 1891-2 in the region of ancient Midian, had been a
+pitiful failure. There had been political complications and border
+disputes with Turkey.
+
+A definitive reply was received by Herzl on December 18, 1902 written
+on behalf of Lord Lansdowne by Sir T.H. Sanderson, permanent
+Undersecretary. Lord Lansdowne had heard from Lord Cromer, who favored
+the sending of a small commission to the Sinai Peninsula to report on
+conditions and prospects, but Lord Cromer feared that no sanguine
+hopes of success should be entertained, but if the report of the
+Commission turned out favorable, the Egyptian Government would
+certainly offer liberal terms for Jewish colonization.
+
+On the other hand, however, the Zionists should understand that they
+would be expected to meet the cost of a defense corps and to guarantee
+the administration. In Lord Cromer's opinion, the most important
+question was that of the rights which Herzl expected for the projected
+settlement. He wrote: "In your letter of the 12th ult. you remark that
+you will become great and promising by the granting of this right of
+colonization. Your letter does not make clear what is to be understood
+by these words, and what kind of rights the colonists will expect."
+
+Lord Lansdowne also touched on the question of the new citizenship of
+the settlers. Herzl had believed that he would have only Englishmen to
+deal with, since England had become more and more the master of Egypt.
+It was apparent, however, that the Egyptian Government also played an
+important part in the discussions.
+
+Lord Cromer confirmed that the Egyptian Government would make it an
+essential condition that the new settlers become Turkish subjects
+bound by Egyptian law, but while the British occupation continued the
+settlers would always be certain of fair treatment.
+
+Herzl was satisfied with this letter and described it as a historic
+document. The British Government had recognized Herzl as the Zionist
+leader, and the movement represented by him as a negotiating party. He
+already saw the "Egyptian province of Judea" under a Jewish Governor,
+with its own defense corps under Anglo-Egyptian officers.
+
+As a result of the English negotiations, Lord Rothschild seemed to be
+won over by Herzl. The old banker, who had refused two years before to
+meet the Zionist leader, now visited him in his hotel. The next task
+before Herzl was the organization of the Commission. The Commission
+was composed of the South African engineer, Kessler; the Chief
+Inspector of the Egyptian Survey Department, Humphreys; Col. Goldsmith
+was to report on the land; and Dr. Soskin was to study agricultural
+possibilities. Oscar Marmorek was to investigate building and housing
+problems and act as General Secretary. Dr. Hillel Jaffe of the Jaffe
+Hospital was to deal with the problems of climate and hygiene.
+
+The Commission met with great difficulties. There was opposition by
+the Turks. There was misunderstandings between Herzl and Greenberg.
+Herzl himself went to Egypt in order to bring the negotiations to a
+conclusion and to straighten out difficulties. His intervention in no
+way improved the situation. Lord Cromer had become very cool toward
+him. He received the general report of the Commission, which observed
+that "under existing conditions the land is quite unsuitable for
+settlers from European countries, but if sufficient irrigation were
+introduced, the agricultural, hygienic and climatic conditions are
+such that part of the land, which is at present wilderness, could
+support a considerable population."
+
+An application for the concession was made by Herzl on the advice of
+Lord Cromer, having as his legal representative a Belgian lawyer of
+high standing. The Egyptian Government did not receive with favor the
+outline of the concession. Herzl was received on April 23rd by
+Chamberlain, who had just returned from his African journey.
+Chamberlain listened to the report given by Herzl on the work of the
+Commission. Both regarded the report as unfavorable. Then Chamberlain
+made this remark:
+
+"On my travels I saw a country for you, Uganda. On the coast it is
+hot, but in the interior the climate is excellent for Europeans. You
+can plant cotton and sugar. I thought to myself, that is just the
+country for Dr. Herzl. But _he_ must have Palestine, and will move
+only into its vicinity."
+
+This was the first reference to Uganda which became the center of
+attention in Zionist circles.
+
+Herzl was told that the Egyptian Government would reject the plan. It
+was found that the area would require five times as much water as had
+been first estimated. The Egyptian Government could not permit the
+diversion of such a quantity of water from the Nile.
+
+An attempt to have Chamberlain intervene with Egypt was not
+successful. "That being the case," said Chamberlain, "What about
+Uganda?" Self-administration would be accorded. The Governor could
+definitely be a Jew. Although the matter belonged to the Foreign
+Office, he would have it transferred under his jurisdiction in the
+colonial office. The territory would be the permanent property of a
+colonization company created for the purpose. After five years, the
+settlers would be given complete autonomy. The name of the settlement
+was to be "New Palestine."
+
+Herzl pressed for a reply from the government in order that the
+project might be presented to the Zionist Congress on August 14, 1903.
+The official proposal came from Sir Clement Hill, permanent head of
+the Foreign Office. In this letter it was stated that Lord Landsdowne
+had studied the question with the interest which His Majesty's
+Government always felt bound to take in every serious plan destined to
+better the condition of the Jewish race. The time had been too short
+for a closer examination of the plan and for its submission to the
+British representative for the East African (Uganda) Protectorate.
+"Lord Landsdowne assumes," the letter continues, "that the Bank
+desires to send a number of gentlemen to the East African Protectorate
+to establish whether there is in that territory land suitable for the
+purpose in view; should this prove to be the case, he will be happy to
+give them every assistance in bringing them together with His
+Majesty's Congress, the conditions under which the settlement could be
+carried out. Should an area be found which the bank and His Majesty's
+representative consider suitable, and His Majesty's government
+consider desirable, Lord Lansdowne will be glad to consider favorably
+proposals for the creation of a Jewish colony or settlement under such
+conditions as will seem to the members to guarantee the retention of
+their national customs...."
+
+The document went on with an offer--subject to the consent of the
+relevant officials--of a Jewish governorship and internal autonomy.
+
+This was the first official proposal in connection with the Zionist
+movement which Herzl was able to submit to a Zionist Congress. When
+the letter of Sir Clement Hill was submitted to the Sixth Zionist
+Congress in 1903, it split the Zionist movement wide open. It arrayed
+the overwhelming majority of Zionists in Russia against Herzl and he
+was called upon to defend himself against a general attack which
+preceded the convening of the Congress. When the Congress was convened
+in an atmosphere of great excitement and partisan controversy, the
+Uganda project was submitted in the form of an official resolution
+calling for the appointment of a commission of nine to be sent to
+investigate conditions in East Africa. The final decision on the
+report of the investigating committee was to be left to a special
+Congress. Although the vote showed a majority in favor of the official
+resolution--the tally was 295 for, 177 against, and 100 absentees--the
+debate on the resolution revealed an overwhelming opposition to the
+project. It was regarded as an abandonment of Palestine in favor of a
+diversion. After the vote, the Russian delegates left the Congress in
+a body. All the opposition delegates left with them and met in
+conference to discuss the situation. When Herzl heard of the deep
+feeling that prevailed in the conference, he asked for the privilege
+of speaking to the opposition. He gave them his solemn assurance that
+the Basle Program would be unaffected by the resolution. He swore
+fealty to the Basle Program, to Zion and Jerusalem. His speech
+revealed the great transformation that had taken place in Herzl's
+organic relation to the Zionist movement. The opposition delegates
+felt that in spite of Herzl's seeking alternately one or another
+substitute for Palestine, his heart responded without reserve to the
+appeal of Zion. The opposition reappeared in the Congress the
+following day. They exacted assurances that the funds of the Jewish
+Colonial Trust, of the Jewish National Fund and the Shekel Income,
+should not be used for the commission investigating East Africa, and
+that the commission should report to the Greater Actions Committee
+before it appeared to submit its report to the Congress.
+
+Herzl's experience at what is called the "Uganda Congress" drew him
+nearer to the older Zionists. He realized now that the ultimate goal
+could not be reached within the near future, that Uganda was merely a
+compromise achievement, providing the field of preparation for a
+second attempt to reach Zion. The Congress of 1903 was the climax of
+Herzl's career. It was, in effect, the end of his quest.
+
+Later, the East African project became a matter of lesser importance
+in the eyes of the English. The English colonists in East Africa
+declared their opposition to a Jewish settlement. A Zionist opposition
+was organized, led by Menahem Ussishkin, who was not present at the
+Uganda Congress. The Charkov Conference of Russian Zionists was
+called. Herzl was charged with having violated the Basle Program. The
+Charkov Conference disclaimed responsibility for all actions in the
+direction of East Africa. It appointed a committee of three to
+communicate their demands to Herzl. They asked that he promise that he
+would not place before the Congress any territorial projects other
+than those connected with Palestine or Syria, and that he would take
+East Africa off the agenda. By now Herzl would have been pleased to
+let the East African project disappear from the agenda; it was clear
+that the English government was not greatly interested and was seeking
+a way out; but the devious route of political action, once started,
+could not so easily be halted; Herzl found himself chained to a
+political reality.
+
+Throughout his Zionist life, Herzl suffered from a heart ailment
+which became more and more acute as he was taken up by the excitements
+and activities of the Movement. He became aware of his illness soon
+after he had written "The Jewish State." He had premonitions of the
+fatal consequences but persisted in carrying the burden of the
+Movement himself, consuming all his strength in the process. At
+intervals he was forced to take rest cures. On a number of occasions
+it was thought that he had reached the end of his strength. When he
+was grappling with the Uganda project, York-Steiner, an intimate
+friend, wrote of his appearance: "The imposing figure is now stooped,
+the face sallow, the eyes--the mirrors of a fine soul--were darkened,
+the mouth was drawn in pain and marked by passion."
+
+He was almost at the brink of the grave. In May, an alarming change
+for the worse occurred in the condition of his heart muscles. He was
+ordered to Franzienbad for six weeks, but the rest did him no good. On
+June 3, he left with his wife and several friends for Edlach in
+Semmering. He knew that this was his last journey. Then there was a
+slight improvement and he returned to his desk. But he rapidly grew
+worse. To the faithful Hechler he said, "Give them all my greetings
+and tell them that I have given my heart's blood for my people." On
+July 3, pneumonia set in and there were signs of approaching
+exhaustion. His mother arrived, then his two younger children, Hans
+and Trude. At five in the afternoon, his physician who had taken his
+eyes off the patient for a moment, heard a deep sigh. When he turned,
+he saw Herzl's head sunk on his breast.
+
+In his will Herzl asked that his body be buried next to his father,
+"to remain there until the Jewish people will carry my remains to
+Palestine." When the Russians entered Vienna in 1945 the remains of
+Herzl were still there.
+
+
+
+
+_The Jewish State_
+
+by
+
+_Theodor Herzl_
+
+
+
+
+_Preface_
+
+
+The idea which I have developed in this pamphlet is a very old one: it
+is the restoration of the Jewish State.
+
+The world resounds with outcries against the Jews, and these outcries
+have awakened the slumbering idea.
+
+I wish it to be clearly understood from the outset that no portion of
+my argument is based on a new discovery. I have discovered neither the
+historic condition of the Jews nor the means to improve it. In fact,
+every man will see for himself that the materials of the structure I
+am designing are not only in existence, but actually already in hand.
+If, therefore, this attempt to solve the Jewish Question is to be
+designated by a single word, let it be said to be the result of an
+inescapable conclusion rather than that of a flighty imagination.
+
+I must, in the first place, guard my scheme from being treated as
+Utopian by superficial critics who might commit this error of judgment
+if I did not warn them. I should obviously have done nothing to be
+ashamed of if I had described a Utopia on philanthropic lines; and I
+should also, in all probability, have obtained literary success more
+easily if I had set forth my plan in the irresponsible guise of a
+romantic tale. But this Utopia is far less attractive than any one of
+those portrayed by Sir Thomas More and his numerous forerunners and
+successors. And I believe that the situation of the Jews in many
+countries is grave enough to make such preliminary trifling
+superfluous.
+
+An interesting book, "Freiland," by Dr. Theodor Hertzka, which
+appeared a few years ago, may serve to mark the distinction I draw
+between my conception and a Utopia. His is the ingenious invention of
+a modern mind thoroughly schooled in the principles of political
+economy, it is as remote from actuality as the Equatorial mountain on
+which his dream State lies. "Freiland" is a complicated piece of
+mechanism with numerous cogged wheels fitting into each other; but
+there is nothing to prove that they can be set in motion. Even
+supposing "Freiland societies" were to come into existence, I should
+look on the whole thing as a joke.
+
+The present scheme, on the other hand, includes the employment of an
+existent propelling force. In consideration of my own inadequacy, I
+shall content myself with indicating the cogs and wheels of the
+machine to be constructed, and I shall rely on more skilled
+mechanicians than myself to put them together.
+
+Everything depends on our propelling force. And what is that force?
+The misery of the Jews.
+
+Who would venture to deny its existence? We shall discuss it fully in
+the chapter on the causes of Anti-Semitism.
+
+Everybody is familiar with the phenomenon of steam-power, generated by
+boiling water, which lifts the kettle-lid. Such tea-kettle phenomena
+are the attempts of Zionist and kindred associations to check
+Anti-Semitism.
+
+I believe that this power, if rightly employed, is powerful enough to
+propel a large engine and to move passengers and goods: the engine
+having whatever form men may choose to give it.
+
+I am absolutely convinced that I am right, though I doubt whether I
+shall live to see myself proved to be so. Those who are the first to
+inaugurate this movement will scarcely live to see its glorious close.
+But the inauguration of it is enough to give them a feeling of pride
+and the joy of spiritual freedom.
+
+I shall not be lavish in artistically elaborated descriptions of my
+project, for fear of incurring the suspicion of painting a Utopia. I
+anticipate, in any case, that thoughtless scoffers will caricature my
+sketch and thus try to weaken its effect. A Jew, intelligent in other
+respects, to whom I explained my plan, was of the opinion that "a
+Utopia was a project whose future details were represented as already
+extant." This is a fallacy. Every Chancellor of the Exchequer
+calculates in his Budget estimates with assumed figures, and not only
+with such as are based on the average returns of past years, or on
+previous revenues in other States, but sometimes with figures for
+which there is no precedent whatever; as for example, in instituting a
+new tax. Everybody who studies a Budget knows that this is the case.
+But even if it were known that the estimates would not be rigidly
+adhered to, would such a financial draft be considered Utopian?
+
+But I am expecting more of my readers. I ask the cultivated men whom I
+am addressing to set many preconceived ideas entirely aside. I shall
+even go so far as to ask those Jews who have most earnestly tried to
+solve the Jewish Question to look upon their previous attempts as
+mistaken and futile.
+
+I must guard against a danger in setting forth my idea. If I describe
+future circumstances with too much caution I shall appear to doubt
+their possibility. If, on the other hand, I announce their realization
+with too much assurance I shall appear to be describing a chimera.
+
+I shall therefore clearly and emphatically state that I believe in the
+practical outcome of my scheme, though without professing to have
+discovered the shape it may ultimately take. The Jewish State is
+essential to the world; it will therefore be created.
+
+The plan would, of course, seem absurd if a single individual
+attempted to do it; but if worked by a number of Jews in co-operation
+it would appear perfectly rational, and its accomplishment would
+present no difficulties worth mentioning. The idea depends only on the
+number of its supporters. Perhaps our ambitious young men, to whom
+every road of progress is now closed, seeing in this Jewish State a
+bright prospect of freedom, happiness and honors opening to them, will
+ensure the propagation of the idea.
+
+I feel that with the publication of this pamphlet my task is done. I
+shall not again take up the pen, unless the attacks of noteworthy
+antagonists drive me to do so, or it becomes necessary to meet
+unforeseen objections and to remove errors.
+
+Am I stating what is not yet the case? Am I before my time? Are the
+sufferings of the Jews not yet grave enough? We shall see.
+
+It depends on the Jews themselves whether this political pamphlet
+remains for the present a political romance. If the present generation
+is too dull to understand it rightly, a future, finer and a better
+generation will arise to understand it. The Jews who wish for a State
+shall have it, and they will deserve to have it.
+
+
+
+
+_Chapter I. Introduction_
+
+
+It is astonishing how little insight into the science of economics
+many of the men who move in the midst of active life possess. Hence it
+is that even Jews faithfully repeat the cry of the Anti-Semites: "We
+depend for sustenance on the nations who are our hosts, and if we had
+no hosts to support us we should die of starvation." This is a point
+that shows how unjust accusations may weaken our self-knowledge. But
+what are the true grounds for this statement concerning the nations
+that act as "hosts"? Where it is not based on limited physiocratic
+views it is founded on the childish error that commodities pass from
+hand to hand in continuous rotation. We need not wake from long
+slumber, like Rip van Winkle, to realize that the world is
+considerably altered by the production of new commodities. The
+technical progress made during this wonderful era enables even a man
+of most limited intelligence to note with his short-sighted eyes the
+appearance of new commodities all around him. The spirit of enterprise
+has created them.
+
+Labor without enterprise is the stationary labor of ancient days; and
+typical of it is the work of the husbandman, who stands now just where
+his progenitors stood a thousand years ago. All our material welfare
+has been brought about by men of enterprise. I feel almost ashamed of
+writing down so trite a remark. Even if we were a nation of
+entrepreneurs--such as absurdly exaggerated accounts make us out to
+be--we should not require another nation to live on. We do not depend
+on the circulation of old commodities, because we produce new ones.
+
+The world possesses slaves of extraordinary capacity for work, whose
+appearance has been fatal to the production of handmade goods: these
+slaves are the machines. It is true that workmen are required to set
+machinery in motion; but for this we have men in plenty, in
+super-abundance. Only those who are ignorant of the conditions of Jews
+in many countries of Eastern Europe would venture to assert that Jews
+are either unfit or unwilling to perform manual labor.
+
+But I do not wish to take up the cudgels for the Jews in this
+pamphlet. It would be useless. Everything rational and everything
+sentimental that can possibly be said in their defence has been said
+already. If one's hearers are incapable of comprehending them, one is
+a preacher in a desert. And if one's hearers are broad and high-minded
+enough to have grasped them already, then the sermon is superfluous. I
+believe in the ascent of man to higher and yet higher grades of
+civilization; but I consider this ascent to be desperately slow. Were
+we to wait till average humanity had become as charitably inclined as
+was Lessing when he wrote "Nathan the Wise," we should wait beyond our
+day, beyond the days of our children, of our grandchildren, and of our
+great-grandchildren. But the world's spirit comes to our aid in
+another way.
+
+This century has given the world a wonderful renaissance by means of
+its technical achievements; but at the same time its miraculous
+improvements have not been employed in the service of humanity.
+Distance has ceased to be an obstacle, yet we complain of insufficient
+space. Our great steamships carry us swiftly and surely over hitherto
+unvisited seas. Our railways carry us safely into a mountain-world
+hitherto tremblingly scaled on foot. Events occurring in countries
+undiscovered when Europe confined the Jews in Ghettos are known to us
+in the course of an hour. Hence the misery of the Jews is an
+anachronism--not because there was a period of enlightenment one
+hundred years ago, for that enlightenment reached in reality only the
+choicest spirits.
+
+I believe that electric light was not invented for the purpose of
+illuminating the drawing-rooms of a few snobs, but rather for the
+purpose of throwing light on some of the dark problems of humanity.
+One of these problems, and not the least of them, is the Jewish
+question. In solving it we are working not only for ourselves, but
+also for many other over-burdened and oppressed beings.
+
+The Jewish question still exists. It would be foolish to deny it. It
+is a remnant of the Middle Ages, which civilized nations do not even
+yet seem able to shake off, try as they will. They certainly showed a
+generous desire to do so when they emancipated us. The Jewish question
+exists wherever Jews live in perceptible numbers. Where it does not
+exist, it is carried by Jews in the course of their migrations. We
+naturally move to those places where we are not persecuted, and there
+our presence produces persecution. This is the case in every country,
+and will remain so, even in those highly civilized--for instance,
+France--until the Jewish question finds a solution on a political
+basis. The unfortunate Jews are now carrying the seeds of
+Anti-Semitism into England; they have already introduced it into
+America.
+
+I believe that I understand Anti-Semitism, which is really a highly
+complex movement. I consider it from a Jewish standpoint, yet without
+fear or hatred. I believe that I can see what elements there are in it
+of vulgar sport, of common trade jealousy, of inherited prejudice, of
+religious intolerance, and also of pretended self-defence. I think the
+Jewish question is no more a social than a religious one,
+notwithstanding that it sometimes takes these and other forms. It is a
+national question, which can only be solved by making it a political
+world-question to be discussed and settled by the civilized nations of
+the world in council.
+
+We are a people--one people.
+
+We have honestly endeavored everywhere to merge ourselves in the
+social life of surrounding communities and to preserve the faith of
+our fathers. We are not permitted to do so. In vain are we loyal
+patriots, our loyalty in some places running to extremes; in vain do
+we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our
+fellow-citizens; in vain do we strive to increase the fame of our
+native land in science and art, or her wealth by trade and commerce.
+In countries where we have lived for centuries we are still cried down
+as strangers, and often by those whose ancestors were not yet
+domiciled in the land where Jews had already had experience of
+suffering. The majority may decide which are the strangers; for this,
+as indeed every point which arises in the relations between nations,
+is a question of might. I do not here surrender any portion of our
+prescriptive right, when I make this statement merely in my own name
+as an individual. In the world as it now is and for an indefinite
+period will probably remain, might precedes right. It is useless,
+therefore, for us to be loyal patriots, as were the Huguenots who were
+forced to emigrate. If we could only be left in peace....
+
+But I think we shall not be left in peace.
+
+Oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us. No nation on earth
+has survived such struggles and sufferings as we have gone through.
+Jew-baiting has merely stripped off our weaklings; the strong among us
+were invariably true to their race when persecution broke out against
+them. This attitude was most clearly apparent in the period
+immediately following the emancipation of the Jews. Those Jews who
+were advanced intellectually and materially entirely lost the feeling
+of belonging to their race. Wherever our political well-being has
+lasted for any length of time, we have assimilated with our
+surroundings. I think this is not discreditable. Hence, the statesman
+who would wish to see a Jewish strain in his nation would have to
+provide for the duration of our political well-being; and even a
+Bismarck could not do that.
+
+For old prejudices against us still lie deep in the hearts of the
+people. He who would have proofs of this need only listen to the
+people where they speak with frankness and simplicity: proverb and
+fairy-tale are both Anti-Semitic. A nation is everywhere a great
+child, which can certainly be educated; but its education would, even
+in most favorable circumstances, occupy such a vast amount of time
+that we could, as already mentioned, remove our own difficulties by
+other means long before the process was accomplished.
+
+Assimilation, by which I understood not only external conformity in
+dress, habits, customs, and language, but also identity of feeling and
+manner--assimilation of Jews could be effected only by intermarriage.
+But the need for mixed marriages would have to be felt by the
+majority; their mere recognition by law would certainly not suffice.
+
+The Hungarian Liberals, who have just given legal sanction to mixed
+marriages, have made a remarkable mistake which one of the earliest
+cases clearly illustrates; a baptized Jew married a Jewess. At the
+same time the struggle to obtain the present form of marriage
+accentuated distinctions between Jews and Christians, thus hindering
+rather than aiding the fusion of races.
+
+Those who really wished to see the Jews disappear through intermixture
+with other nations, can only hope to see it come about in one way. The
+Jews must previously acquire economic power sufficiently great to
+overcome the old social prejudice against them. The aristocracy may
+serve as an example of this, for in its ranks occur the
+proportionately largest numbers of mixed marriages. The Jewish
+families which regild the old nobility with their money become
+gradually absorbed. But what form would this phenomenon assume in the
+middle classes, where (the Jews being a bourgeois people) the Jewish
+question is mainly concentrated? A previous acquisition of power could
+be synonymous with that economic supremacy which Jews are already
+erroneously declared to possess. And if the power they now possess
+creates rage and indignation among the Anti-Semites, what outbreaks
+would such an increase of power create? Hence the first step towards
+absorption will never be taken, because this step would involve the
+subjection of the majority to a hitherto scorned minority, possessing
+neither military nor administrative power of its own. I think,
+therefore, that the absorption of Jews by means of their prosperity is
+unlikely to occur. In countries which now are Anti-Semitic my view
+will be approved. In others, where Jews now feel comfortable, it will
+probably be violently disputed by them. My happier co-religionists
+will not believe me till Jew-baiting teaches them the truth; for the
+longer Anti-Semitism lies in abeyance the more fiercely will it break
+out. The infiltration of immigrating Jews, attracted to a land by
+apparent security, and the ascent in the social scale of native Jews,
+combine powerfully to bring about a revolution. Nothing is plainer
+than this rational conclusion.
+
+Because I have drawn this conclusion with complete indifference to
+everything but the quest of truth, I shall probably be contradicted
+and opposed by Jews who are in easy circumstances. Insofar as private
+interests alone are held by their anxious or timid possessors to be in
+danger, they can safely be ignored, for the concerns of the poor and
+oppressed are of greater importance than theirs. But I wish from the
+outset to prevent any misconception from arising, particularly the
+mistaken notion that my project, if realized, would in the least
+degree injure property now held by Jews. I shall therefore explain
+everything connected with rights of property very fully. Whereas, if
+my plan never becomes anything more than a piece of literature, things
+will merely remain as they are. It might more reasonably be objected
+that I am giving a handle to Anti-Semitism when I say we are a
+people--one people; that I am hindering the assimilation of Jews where
+it is about to be consummated, and endangering it where it is an
+accomplished fact, insofar as it is possible for a solitary writer to
+hinder or endanger anything.
+
+This objection will be especially brought forward in France. It will
+probably also be made in other countries, but I shall answer only the
+French Jews beforehand, because these afford the most striking example
+of my point.
+
+However much I may worship personality--powerful individual
+personality in statesmen, inventors, artists, philosophers, or
+leaders, as well as the collective personality of a historic group of
+human beings, which we call a nation--however much I may worship
+personality, I do not regret its disappearance. Whoever can, will, and
+must perish, let him perish. But the distinctive nationality of Jews
+neither can, will, nor must be destroyed. It cannot be destroyed,
+because external enemies consolidate it. It will not be destroyed;
+this is shown during two thousand years of appalling suffering. It
+must not be destroyed, and that, as a descendant of numberless Jews
+who refused to despair, I am trying once more to prove in this
+pamphlet. Whole branches of Judaism may wither and fall, but the trunk
+will remain.
+
+Hence, if all or any of the French Jews protest against this scheme on
+account of their own "assimilation," my answer is simple: The whole
+thing does not concern them at all. They are Jewish Frenchmen, well
+and good! This is a private affair for the Jews alone.
+
+The movement towards the organization of the State I am proposing
+would, of course, harm Jewish Frenchmen no more than it would harm the
+"assimilated" of other countries. It would, on the contrary, be
+distinctly to their advantage. For they would no longer be disturbed
+in their "chromatic function," as Darwin puts it, but would be able to
+assimilate in peace, because the present Anti-Semitism would have been
+stopped for ever. They would certainly be credited with being
+assimilated to the very depths of their souls, if they stayed where
+they were after the new Jewish State, with its superior institutions,
+had become a reality.
+
+The "assimilated" would profit even more than Christian citizens by
+the departure of faithful Jews; for they would be rid of the
+disquieting, incalculable, and unavoidable rivalry of a Jewish
+proletariat, driven by poverty and political pressure from place to
+place, from land to land. This floating proletariat would become
+stationary. Many Christian citizens--whom we call Anti-Semites--can
+now offer determined resistance to the immigration of foreign Jews.
+Jewish citizens cannot do this, although it affects them far more
+directly; for on them they feel first of all the keen competition of
+individuals carrying on similar branches of industry, who, in
+addition, either introduce Anti-Semitism where it does not exist, or
+intensify it where it does. The "assimilated" give expression to this
+secret grievance in "philanthropic" undertakings. They organize
+emigration societies for wandering Jews. There is a reverse to the
+picture which would be comic, if it did not deal with human beings.
+For some of these charitable institutions are created not for, but
+against, persecuted Jews; they are created to despatch these poor
+creatures just as fast and far as possible. And thus, many an apparent
+friend of the Jews turns out, on careful inspection, to be nothing
+more than an Anti-Semite of Jewish origin, disguised as a
+philanthropist.
+
+But the attempts at colonization made even by really benevolent men,
+interesting attempts though they were, have so far been unsuccessful.
+I do not think that this or that man took up the matter merely as an
+amusement, that they engaged in the emigration of poor Jews as one
+indulges in the racing of horses. The matter was too grave and tragic
+for such treatment. These attempts were interesting, in that they
+represented on a small scale the practical fore-runners of the idea of
+a Jewish State. They were even useful, for out of their mistakes may
+be gathered experience for carrying the idea out successfully on a
+larger scale. They have, of course, done harm also. The transportation
+of Anti-Semitism to new districts, which is the inevitable consequence
+of such artificial infiltration, seems to me to be the least of these
+evils. Far worse is the circumstance that unsatisfactory results tend
+to cast doubts on intelligent men. What is impractical or impossible
+to simple argument will remove this doubt from the minds of
+intelligent men. What is unpractical or impossible to accomplish on a
+small scale, need not necessarily be so on a larger one. A small
+enterprise may result in loss under the same conditions which would
+make a large one pay. A rivulet cannot even be navigated by boats, the
+river into which it flows carries stately iron vessels.
+
+No human being is wealthy or powerful enough to transplant a nation
+from one habitation to another. An idea alone can achieve that and
+this idea of a State may have the requisite power to do so. The Jews
+have dreamt this kingly dream all through the long nights of their
+history. "Next year in Jerusalem" is our old phrase. It is now a
+question of showing that the dream can be converted into a living
+reality.
+
+For this, many old, outgrown, confused and limited notions must first
+be entirely erased from the minds of men. Dull brains might, for
+instance, imagine that this exodus would be from civilized regions
+into the desert. That is not the case. It will be carried out in the
+midst of civilization. We shall not revert to a lower stage, we shall
+rise to a higher one. We shall not dwell in mud huts; we shall build
+new more beautiful and more modern houses, and possess them in safety.
+We shall not lose our acquired possessions; we shall realize them. We
+shall surrender our well earned rights only for better ones. We shall
+not sacrifice our beloved customs; we shall find them again. We shall
+not leave our old home before the new one is prepared for us. Those
+only will depart who are sure thereby to improve their position; those
+who are now desperate will go first, after them the poor; next the
+prosperous, and, last of all, the wealthy. Those who go in advance
+will raise themselves to a higher grade, equal to those whose
+representatives will shortly follow. Thus the exodus will be at the
+same time an ascent of the class.
+
+The departure of the Jews will involve no economic disturbances, no
+crises, no persecutions; in fact, the countries they abandon will
+revive to a new period of prosperity. There will be an inner migration
+of Christian citizens into the positions evacuated by Jews. The
+outgoing current will be gradual, without any disturbance, and its
+initial movement will put an end to Anti-Semitism. The Jews will leave
+as honored friends, and if some of them return, they will receive the
+same favorable welcome and treatment at the hands of civilized nations
+as is accorded to all foreign visitors. Their exodus will have no
+resemblance to a flight, for it will be a well-regulated movement
+under control of public opinion. The movement will not only be
+inaugurated with absolute conformity to law, but it cannot even be
+carried out without the friendly cooperation of interested
+Governments, who would derive considerable benefits from it.
+
+Security for the integrity of the idea and the vigor of its execution
+will be found in the creation of a body corporate, or corporation.
+This corporation will be called "The Society of Jews." In addition to
+it there will be a Jewish company, an economically productive body.
+
+An individual who attempted even to undertake this huge task alone
+would be either an impostor or a madman. The personal character of the
+members of the corporation will guarantee its integrity, and the
+adequate capital of the Company will prove its stability.
+
+These prefatory remarks are merely intended as a hasty reply to the
+mass of objections which the very words "Jewish State" are certain to
+arouse. Henceforth we shall proceed more slowly to meet further
+objections and to explain in detail what has been as yet only
+indicated; and we shall try in the interests of this pamphlet to
+avoid making it a dull exposition. Short aphoristic chapters will
+therefore best answer the purpose.
+
+If I wish to substitute a new building for an old one, I must demolish
+before I construct. I shall therefore keep to this natural sequence.
+In the first and general part I shall explain my ideas, remove all
+prejudices, determine essential political and economic conditions, and
+develop the plan.
+
+In the special part, which is divided into three principal sections, I
+shall describe its execution. These three sections are: The Jewish
+Company, Local Groups, and the Society of Jews. The Society is to be
+created first, the Company last; but in this exposition the reverse
+order is preferable, because it is the financial soundness of the
+enterprise which will chiefly be called into question, and doubts on
+this score must be removed first.
+
+In the conclusion, I shall try to meet every further objection that
+could possibly be made. My Jewish readers will, I hope, follow me
+patiently to the end. Some will naturally make their objections in an
+order of succession other than that chosen for their refutation. But
+whoever finds his doubts dispelled should give allegiance to the
+cause.
+
+Although I speak of reason, I am fully aware that reason alone will
+not suffice. Old prisoners do not willingly leave their cells. We
+shall see whether the youth whom we need are at our command--the
+youth, who irresistibly draw on the old, carry them forward on strong
+arms, and transform rational motives into enthusiasm.
+
+
+
+
+_II. The Jewish Question_
+
+
+No one can deny the gravity of the situation of the Jews. Wherever
+they live in perceptible numbers, they are more or less persecuted.
+Their equality before the law, granted by statute, has become
+practically a dead letter. They are debarred from filling even
+moderately high positions, either in the army, or in any public or
+private capacity. And attempts are made to thrust them out of business
+also: "Don't buy from Jews!"
+
+Attacks in Parliaments, in assemblies, in the press, in the pulpit, in
+the street, on journeys--for example, their exclusion from certain
+hotels--even in places of recreation, become daily more numerous. The
+forms of persecutions varying according to the countries and social
+circles in which they occur. In Russia, imposts are levied on Jewish
+villages; in Rumania, a few persons are put to death; in Germany, they
+get a good beating occasionally; in Austria, Anti-Semites exercise
+terrorism over all public life; in Algeria, there are travelling
+agitators; in Paris, the Jews are shut out of the so-called best
+social circles and excluded from clubs. Shades of anti-Jewish feeling
+are innumerable. But this is not to be an attempt to make out a
+doleful category of Jewish hardships.
+
+I do not intend to arouse sympathetic emotions on our behalf. That
+would be foolish, futile, and undignified proceeding. I shall content
+myself with putting the following questions to the Jews: Is it not
+true that, in countries where we live in perceptible numbers, the
+position of Jewish lawyers, doctors, technicians, teachers, and
+employees of all descriptions becomes daily more intolerable? Is it
+not true, that the Jewish middle classes are seriously threatened? Is
+it not true, that the passions of the mob are incited against our
+wealthy people? Is it not true, that our poor endure greater
+sufferings than any other proletariat? I think that this external
+pressure makes itself felt everywhere. In our economically upper
+classes it causes discomfort, in our middle classes continual and
+grave anxieties, in our lower classes absolute despair.
+
+Everything tends, in fact, to one and the same conclusion, which is
+clearly enunciated in that classic Berlin phrase: "_Juden Raus!_" (Out
+with the Jews!)
+
+I shall now put the Question in the briefest possible form: Are we to
+"get out" now and where to?
+
+Or, may we yet remain? And, how long?
+
+Let us first settle the point of staying where we are. Can we hope for
+better days, can we possess our souls in patience, can we wait in
+pious resignation till the princes and peoples of this earth are more
+mercifully disposed towards us? I say that we cannot hope for a change
+in the current of feeling. And why not? Even if we were as near to the
+hearts of princes as are their other subjects, they could not protect
+us. They would only feel popular hatred by showing us too much favor.
+By "too much," I really mean less than is claimed as a right by every
+ordinary citizen, or by every race. The nations in whose midst Jews
+live are all either covertly or openly Anti-Semitic.
+
+The common people have not, and indeed cannot have, any historic
+comprehension. They do not know that the sins of the Middle Ages are
+now being visited on the nations of Europe. We are what the Ghetto
+made us. We have attained pre-eminence in finance, because mediaeval
+conditions drove us to it. The same process is now being repeated. We
+are again being forced into finance, now it is the stock exchange, by
+being kept out of other branches of economic activity. Being on the
+stock exchange, we are consequently exposed afresh to contempt. At the
+same time we continue to produce an abundance of mediocre intellects
+who find no outlet, and this endangers our social position as much as
+does our increasing wealth. Educated Jews without means are now
+rapidly becoming Socialists. Hence we are certain to suffer very
+severely in the struggle between classes, because we stand in the most
+exposed position in the camps of both Socialists and capitalists.
+
+
+PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS AT A SOLUTION
+
+The artificial means heretofore employed to overcome the troubles of
+Jews have been either too petty--such as attempts at colonization--or
+attempts to convert the Jews into peasants in their present homes.
+
+What is achieved by transporting a few thousand Jews to another
+country? Either they come to grief at once, or prosper, and then their
+prosperity creates Anti-Semitism. We have already discussed these
+attempts to divert poor Jews to fresh districts. This diversion is
+clearly inadequate and futile, if it does not actually defeat its own
+ends; for it merely protracts and postpones a solution, and perhaps
+even aggravates difficulties.
+
+Whoever would attempt to convert the Jew into a husbandman would be
+making an extraordinary mistake. For a peasant is in a historical
+category, as proved by his costume which in some countries he has worn
+for centuries; and by his tools, which are identical with those used
+by his earliest forefathers. His plough is unchanged; he carries the
+seed in his apron; mows with the historical scythe, and threshes with
+the time-honored flail. But we know that all this can be done by
+machinery. The agrarian question is only a question of machinery.
+America must conquer Europe, in the same way as large landed
+possessions absorb small ones. The peasant is consequently a type
+which is in course of extinction. Whenever he is artificially
+preserved, it is done on account of the political interests which he
+is intended to serve. It is absurd, and indeed impossible, to make
+modern peasants on the old pattern. No one is wealthy or powerful
+enough to make civilization take a single retrograde step. The mere
+preservation of obsolete institutions is a task severe enough to
+require the enforcement of all the despotic measures of an
+autocratically governed State.
+
+Are we, therefore, to credit Jews who are intelligent with a desire to
+become peasants of the old type? One might just as well say to them:
+"Here is a cross-bow: now go to war!" What? With a cross-bow, while
+the others have rifles and long range guns? Under these circumstances
+the Jews are perfectly justified in refusing to stir when people try
+to make peasants of them. A cross-bow is a beautiful weapon, which
+inspires me with mournful feelings when I have time to devote to them.
+But it belongs by rights to a museum.
+
+Now, there certainly are districts to which desperate Jews go out, or
+at any rate, are willing to go out and till the soil. And a little
+observation shows that these districts--such as the enclave of Hesse
+in Germany, and some provinces in Russia--these very districts are the
+principal seats of Anti-Semitism.
+
+For the world's reformers, who send the Jews to the plough, forget a
+very important person, who has a great deal to say on the matter. This
+person is the agriculturist, and the agriculturist is also perfectly
+justified. For the tax on land, the risks attached to crops, the
+pressure of large proprietors who cheapen labor, and American
+competition in particular, combine to make his life hard enough.
+Besides, the duties on corn cannot go on increasing indefinitely. Nor
+can the manufacturer be allowed to starve; his political influence is,
+in fact, in the ascendant, and he must therefore be treated with
+additional consideration.
+
+All these difficulties are well known, therefore I refer to them only
+cursorily. I merely wanted to indicate clearly how futile had been
+past attempts--most of them well intentioned--to solve the Jewish
+Question. Neither a diversion of the stream, nor an artificial
+depression of the intellectual level of our proletariat, will overcome
+the difficulty. The supposed infallible expedient of assimilation has
+already been dealt with.
+
+We cannot get the better of Anti-Semitism by any of these methods. It
+cannot die out so long as its causes are not removed. Are they
+removable?
+
+
+CAUSES OF ANTI-SEMITISM
+
+We shall not again touch on those causes which are a result of
+temperament, prejudice and narrow views, but shall here restrict
+ourselves to political and economical causes alone. Modern
+Anti-Semitism is not to be confounded with the religious persecution
+of the Jews of former times. It does occasionally take a religious
+bias in some countries, but the main current of the aggressive
+movement has now changed. In the principal countries where
+Anti-Semitism prevails, it does so as a result of the emancipation of
+the Jews. When civilized nations awoke to the inhumanity of
+discriminatory legislation and enfranchised us, our enfranchisement
+came too late. It was no longer possible to remove our disabilities in
+our old homes. For we had, curiously enough, developed while in the
+Ghetto into a bourgeois people, and we stepped out of it only to enter
+into fierce competition with the middle classes. Hence, our
+emancipation set us suddenly within this middle-class circle, where we
+have a double pressure to sustain, from within and from without. The
+Christian bourgeoisie would not be unwilling to cast us as a sacrifice
+to Socialism, though that would not greatly improve matters.
+
+At the same time, the equal rights of Jews before the law cannot be
+withdrawn where they have once been conceded. Not only because their
+withdrawal would be opposed to the spirit of our age, but also because
+it would immediately drive all Jews, rich and poor alike, into the
+ranks of subversive parties. Nothing effectual can really be done to
+our injury. In olden days our jewels were seized. How is our movable
+property to be got hold of now? It consists of printed papers which
+are locked up somewhere or other in the world, perhaps in the coffers
+of Christians. It is, of course, possible to get at shares and
+debentures in railways, banks and industrial undertakings of all
+descriptions by taxation, and where the progressive income-tax is in
+force all our movable property can eventually be laid hold of. But all
+these efforts cannot be directed against Jews alone, and wherever they
+might nevertheless be made, severe economic crises would be their
+immediate consequences, which would be by no means confined to the
+Jews who would be the first affected. The very impossibility of
+getting at the Jews nourishes and embitters hatred of them.
+Anti-Semitism increases day by day and hour by hour among the nations;
+indeed, it is bound to increase, because the causes of its growth
+continue to exist and cannot be removed. Its remote cause is our loss
+of the power of assimilation during the Middle Ages; its immediate
+cause is our excessive production of mediocre intellects, who cannot
+find an outlet downwards or upwards--that is to say, no wholesome
+outlet in either direction. When we sink, we become a revolutionary
+proletariat, the subordinate officers of all revolutionary parties;
+and at the same time, when we rise, there rises also our terrible
+power of the purse.
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ANTI-SEMITISM
+
+The oppression we endure does not improve us, for we are not a whit
+better than ordinary people. It is true that we do not love our
+enemies; but he alone who can conquer himself dare reproach us with
+that fault. Oppression naturally creates hostility against oppressors,
+and our hostility aggravates the pressure. It is impossible to escape
+from this eternal circle.
+
+"No!" Some soft-hearted visionaries will say: "No, it is possible!
+Possible by means of the ultimate perfection of humanity."
+
+Is it necessary to point to the sentimental folly of this view? He who
+would found his hope for improved conditions on the ultimate
+perfection of humanity would indeed be relying upon a Utopia!
+
+I referred previously to our "assimilation". I do not for a moment
+wish to imply that I desire such an end. Our national character is too
+historically famous, and, in spite of every degradation, too fine to
+make its annihilation desirable. We might perhaps be able to merge
+ourselves entirely into surrounding races, if these were to leave us
+in peace for a period of two generations. But they will not leave us
+in peace. For a little period they manage to tolerate us, and then
+their hostility breaks out again and again. The world is provoked
+somehow by our prosperity, because it has for many centuries been
+accustomed to consider us as the most contemptible among the
+poverty-stricken. In its ignorance and narrowness of heart, it fails
+to observe that prosperity weakens our Judaism and extinguishes our
+peculiarities. It is only pressure that forces us back to the parent
+stem; it is only hatred encompassing us that makes us strangers once
+more.
+
+Thus, whether we like it or not, we are now, and shall henceforth
+remain, a historic group with unmistakable characteristics common to
+us all.
+
+We are one people--our enemies have made us one without our consent,
+as repeatedly happens in history. Distress binds us together, and,
+thus united, we suddenly discover our strength. Yes, we are strong
+enough to form a State, and, indeed, a model State. We possess all
+human and material resources necessary for the purpose.
+
+This is therefore the appropriate place to give an account of what has
+been somewhat roughly termed our "human material." But it would not be
+appreciated till the broad lines of the plan, on which everything
+depends, has first been marked out.
+
+
+THE PLAN
+
+The whole plan is in its essence perfectly simple, as it must
+necessarily be if it is to come within the comprehension of all.
+
+Let the sovereignty be granted us over a portion of the globe large
+enough to satisfy the rightful requirements of a nation; the rest we
+shall manage for ourselves.
+
+The creation of a new State is neither ridiculous nor impossible. We
+have in our day witnessed the process in connection with nations which
+were not largely members of the middle class, but poorer, less
+educated, and consequently weaker than ourselves. The Governments of
+all countries scourged by Anti-Semitism will be keenly interested in
+assisting us to obtain the sovereignty we want.
+
+The plan, simple in design, but complicated in execution, will be
+carried out by two agencies: The Society of Jews and the Jewish
+Company.
+
+The Society of Jews will do the preparatory work in the domains of
+science and politics, which the Jewish Company will afterwards apply
+practically.
+
+The Jewish Company will be the liquidating agent of the business
+interests of departing Jews, and will organize commerce and trade in
+the new country.
+
+We must not imagine the departure of the Jews to be a sudden one. It
+will be gradual, continuous, and will cover many decades. The poorest
+will go first to cultivate the soil. In accordance with a preconceived
+plan, they will construct roads, bridges, railways and telegraph
+installations; regulate rivers; and build their own dwellings; their
+labor will create trade, trade will create markets and markets will
+attract new settlers, for every man will go voluntarily, at his own
+expense and his own risk. The labor expended on the land will enhance
+its value, and the Jews will soon perceive that a new and permanent
+sphere of operation is opening here for that spirit of enterprise
+which has heretofore met only with hatred and obloquy.
+
+If we wish to found a State today, we shall not do it in the way which
+would have been the only possible one a thousand years ago. It is
+foolish to revert to old stages of civilization, as many Zionists
+would like to do. Supposing, for example, we were obliged to clear a
+country of wild beasts, we should not set about the task in the
+fashion of Europeans of the fifth century. We should not take spear
+and lance and go out singly in pursuit of bears; we would organize a
+large and active hunting party, drive the animals together, and throw
+a melinite bomb into their midst.
+
+If we wish to conduct building operations, we shall not plant a mass
+of stakes and piles on the shore of a lake, but we shall build as men
+build now. Indeed, we shall build in a bolder and more stately style
+than was ever adopted before, for we now possess means which men never
+yet possessed.
+
+The emigrants standing lowest in the economic scale will be slowly
+followed by those of a higher grade. Those who at this moment are
+living in despair will go first. They will be led by the mediocre
+intellects which we produce so superabundantly and which are
+persecuted everywhere.
+
+This pamphlet will open a general discussion on the Jewish Question,
+but that does not mean that there will be any voting on it. Such a
+result would ruin the cause from the outset, and dissidents must
+remember that allegiance or opposition is entirely voluntary. He who
+will not come with us should remain behind.
+
+Let all who are willing to join us, fall in behind our banner and
+fight for our cause with voice and pen and deed.
+
+Those Jews who agree with our idea of a State will attach themselves
+to the Society, which will thereby be authorized to confer and treat
+with Governments in the name of our people. The Society will thus be
+acknowledged in its relations with Governments as a State-creating
+power. This acknowledgment will practically create the State.
+
+Should the Powers declare themselves willing to admit our sovereignty
+over a neutral piece of land, then the Society will enter into
+negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two territories
+come under consideration, Palestine and Argentine. In both countries
+important experiments in colonization have been made, though on the
+mistaken principle of a gradual infiltration of Jews. An infiltration
+is bound to end badly. It continues till the inevitable moment when
+the native population feels itself threatened, and forces the
+Government to stop a further influx of Jews. Immigration is
+consequently futile unless we have the sovereign right to continue
+such immigration.
+
+The Society of Jews will treat with the present masters of the land,
+putting itself under the protectorate of the European Powers, if they
+prove friendly to the plan. We could offer the present possessors of
+the land enormous advantages, assume part of the public debt, build
+new roads for traffic, which our presence in the country would render
+necessary, and do many other things. The creation of our State would
+be beneficial to adjacent countries, because the cultivation of a
+strip of land increases the value of its surrounding districts in
+innumerable ways.
+
+
+PALESTINE OR ARGENTINE?
+
+Shall we choose Palestine or Argentine? We shall take what is given
+us, and what is selected by Jewish public opinion. The Society will
+determine both these points.
+
+Argentine is one of the most fertile countries in the world, extends
+over a vast area, has a sparse population and a mild climate. The
+Argentine Republic would derive considerable profit from the cession
+of a portion of its territory to us. The present infiltration of Jews
+has certainly produced some discontent, and it would be necessary to
+enlighten the Republic on the intrinsic difference of our new
+movement.
+
+Palestine is our ever-memorable historic home. The very name of
+Palestine would attract our people with a force of marvellous potency.
+If His Majesty the Sultan were to give us Palestine, we could in
+return undertake to regulate the whole finances of Turkey. We should
+there form a portion of a rampart of Europe against Asia, an outpost
+of civilization as opposed to barbarism. We should as a neutral State
+remain in contact with all Europe, which would have to guarantee our
+existence. The sanctuaries of Christendom would be safeguarded by
+assigning to them an extra-territorial status such as is well-known to
+the law of nations. We should form a guard of honor about these
+sanctuaries, answering for the fulfilment of this duty with our
+existence. This guard of honor would be the great symbol of the
+solution of the Jewish Question after eighteen centuries of Jewish
+suffering.
+
+
+DEMAND, MEDIUM, TRADE
+
+I said in the last chapter, "The Jewish Company will organize trade
+and commerce in the new country." I shall here insert a few remarks on
+that point.
+
+A scheme such as mine is gravely imperilled if it is opposed by
+"practical" people. Now "practical" people are as a rule nothing more
+than men sunk into the groove of daily routine, unable to emerge from
+a narrow circle of antiquated ideas. At the same time, their adverse
+opinion carries great weight, and can do considerable harm to a new
+project, at any rate until this new thing is sufficiently strong to
+throw the "practical" people and their mouldy notions to the winds.
+
+In the earliest period of European railway construction some
+"practical" people were of the opinion that it was foolish to build
+certain lines "because there were not even sufficient passengers to
+fill the mail-coaches." They did not realize the truth--which now
+seems obvious to us--that travellers do not produce railways, but,
+conversely, railways produce travellers, the latent demand, of course,
+is taken for granted.
+
+The impossibility of comprehending how trade and commerce are to be
+created in a new country which has yet to be acquired and cultivated,
+may be classed with those doubts of "practical" persons concerning the
+need of railways. A "practical" person would express himself somewhat
+in this fashion:
+
+"Granted that the present situation of the Jews is in many places
+unendurable, and aggravated day by day; granted that there exists a
+desire to emigrate; granted even that the Jews do emigrate to the new
+country; how will they earn their living there, and what will they
+earn? What are they to live on when there? The business of many people
+cannot be artificially organized in a day."
+
+To this I should reply: We have not the slightest intention of
+organizing trade artificially, and we should certainly not attempt to
+do it in a day. But, though the organization of it may be impossible,
+the promotion of it is not. And how is commerce to be encouraged?
+Through the medium of a demand. The demand recognized, the medium
+created, it will establish itself.
+
+If there is a real earnest demand among Jews for an improvement of
+their status; if the medium to be created--the Jewish Company--is
+sufficiently powerful, then commerce will extend itself freely in the
+new country.
+
+
+
+
+_III. The Jewish Company_
+
+OUTLINES
+
+
+The Jewish Company is partly modelled on the lines of a great
+land-acquisition company. It might be called a Jewish Chartered
+Company, though it cannot exercise sovereign power, and has other than
+purely colonial tasks.
+
+The Jewish Company will be founded as a joint stock company subject to
+English jurisdiction, framed according to English laws, and under the
+protection of England. Its principal center will be London. I cannot
+tell yet how large the Company's capital should be; I shall leave that
+calculation to our numerous financiers. But to avoid ambiguity, I
+shall put it at a thousand million marks (about £50,000,000 or
+$200,000,000); it may be either more or less than that sum. The form
+of subscription, which will be further elucidated, will determine what
+fraction of the whole amount must be paid in at once.
+
+The Jewish Company is an organization with a transitional character.
+It is strictly a business undertaking, and must be carefully
+distinguished from the Society of Jews.
+
+The Jewish Company will first of all convert into cash all vested
+interests left by departing Jews. The method adopted will prevent the
+occurrences of crises, secure every man's property, and facilitate
+that inner migration of Christian citizens which has already been
+indicated.
+
+
+NON-TRANSFERABLE GOODS
+
+The non-transferable goods which come under consideration are
+buildings, land, and local business connections. The Jewish Company
+will at first take upon itself no more than the necessary negotiations
+for effecting the sale of these goods. These Jewish sales will take
+place freely and without any serious fall in prices. The Company's
+branch establishments in various towns will become the central offices
+for the sale of Jewish estates, and will charge only so much
+commission on transactions as will ensure their financial stability.
+
+The development of this movement may cause a considerable fall in the
+prices of landed property, and may eventually make it impossible to
+find a market for it. At this juncture the Company will enter upon
+another branch of its functions. It will take over the management of
+abandoned estates till such time as it can dispose of them to the
+greatest advantage. It will collect house rents, let out land on
+lease, and install business managers--these, on account of the
+required supervision, being, if possible, tenants also. The Company
+will endeavor everywhere to facilitate the acquisition of land by its
+tenants, who are Christians. It will, indeed, gradually replace its
+own officials in the European branches by Christian substitutes
+(lawyers, etc.); and these are not by any means to become servants of
+the Jews; they are intended to be free agents to the Christian
+population, so that everything may be carried through in equity,
+fairness and justice, and without imperilling the internal welfare of
+the people.
+
+At the same time the Company will sell estates, or, rather, exchange
+them. For a house it will offer a house in the new country; and for
+land, land in the new country; everything being, if possible,
+transferred to the new soil in the same state as it was in the old.
+And this transfer will be a great and recognized source of profit to
+the Company. "Over there" the houses offered in exchange will be
+newer, more beautiful, and more comfortably fitted, and the landed
+estates of greater value than those abandoned; but they will cost the
+Company comparatively little, because it will have bought the ground
+very cheaply.
+
+
+PURCHASE OF LAND
+
+The land which the Society of Jews will have secured by international
+law must, of course, be privately acquired.
+
+Provisions made by individuals for their own settlement do not come
+within the province of this general account. But the Company will
+require large areas for its own needs and ours, and these it must
+secure by centralized purchase. It will negotiate principally for the
+acquisition of fiscal domains, with the great object of taking
+possession of this land "over there" without paying a price too high,
+in the same way as it sells here without accepting one too low. A
+forcing of prices is not to be considered, because the value of the
+land will be created by the Company through its organizing the
+settlement in conjunction with the supervising Society of Jews. The
+latter will see to it that the enterprise does not become a Panama,
+but a Suez.
+
+The Company will sell building sites at reasonable rates to its
+officials, and will allow them to mortgage these for the building of
+their homes, deducting the amount due from their salaries, or putting
+it down to their account as increased emolument. This will, in
+addition to the honors they expect, will be additional pay for their
+services.
+
+All the immense profits of this speculation in land will go to the
+Company, which is bound to receive this indefinite premium in return
+for having borne the risk of the undertaking. When the undertaking
+involves any risk, the profits must be freely given to those who have
+borne it. But under no other circumstances will profits be permitted.
+Financial morality consists in the correlation of risk and profit.
+
+
+BUILDINGS
+
+The Company will thus barter houses and estates. It must be plain to
+any one who has observed the rise in the value of land through its
+cultivation that the Company will be bound to gain on its landed
+property. This can best be seen in the case of enclosed pieces of land
+in town and country. Areas not built over increase in value through
+surrounding cultivation. The men who carried out the extension of
+Paris made a successful speculation in land which was ingenious in its
+simplicity; instead of erecting new buildings in the immediate
+vicinity of the last houses of the town, they bought up adjacent
+pieces of land, and began to build on the outskirts of these. This
+inverse order of construction raised the value of building sites with
+extraordinary rapidity, and, after having completed the outer ring,
+they built in the middle of the town on these highly valuable sites,
+instead of continually erecting houses at the extremity.
+
+Will the Company do its own building, or employ independent
+architects? It can, and will, do both. It has, as will be shown
+shortly, an immense reserve of working power, which will not be
+sweated by the Company, but, transported into brighter and happier
+conditions of life, will nevertheless not be expensive. Our geologists
+will have looked to the provision of building materials when they
+selected the sites of the towns.
+
+What is to be the principle of construction?
+
+
+WORKMEN'S DWELLINGS
+
+The workmen's dwellings (which include the dwellings of all
+operatives) will be erected at the Company's own risk and expense.
+They will resemble neither those melancholy workmen's barracks of
+European towns, not those miserable rows of shanties which surround
+factories; they will certainly present a uniform appearance, because
+the Company must build cheaply where it provides the building
+materials to a great extent; but the detached houses in little gardens
+will be united into attractive groups in each locality. The natural
+conformation of the land will rouse the ingenuity of our young
+architects, whose ideas have not yet been cramped by routine; and even
+if the people do not grasp the whole import of the plan, they will at
+any rate feel at ease in their loose clusters. The Temple will be
+visible from long distances, for it is only our ancient faith that has
+kept us together. There will be light, attractive, healthy schools for
+children, conducted on the most approved modern systems. There will be
+continuation-schools for workmen, which will educate them in greater
+technical knowledge and enable them to become intimate with the
+working of machinery. There will be places of amusement for the proper
+conduct of which the Society of Jews will be responsible.
+
+We are, however, speaking merely of the buildings at present, and not
+of what may take place inside of them.
+
+I said that the Company would build workmen's dwellings cheaply. And
+cheaply, not only because of the proximity of abundant building
+materials, not only because of the Company's proprietorship of the
+sites, but also because of the non-payment of workmen.
+
+American farmers work on the system of mutual assistance in the
+construction of houses. This childishly amicable system, which is as
+clumsy as the block-houses erected, can be developed on much finer
+lines.
+
+
+UNSKILLED LABORERS
+
+Our unskilled laborers, who will come at first from the great
+reservoirs of Russia and Rumania, must, of course, render each other
+assistance, in the construction of houses. They will be obliged to
+build with wood in the beginning, because iron will not be immediately
+available. Later on the original, inadequate, makeshift buildings will
+be replaced by superior dwellings.
+
+Our unskilled laborers will first mutually erect these shelters; and
+then they will earn their houses as permanent possessions by means of
+their work--not immediately, but after three years of good conduct. In
+this way we shall secure energetic and able men, and these men will be
+practically trained for life by three years of labor under good
+discipline.
+
+I said before that the Company would not have to pay these unskilled
+laborers. What will they live on?
+
+On the whole, I am opposed to the Truck system,[A] but it will have to
+be applied in the case of these first settlers. The Company provides
+for them in so many ways, that it may take charge of their
+maintenance. In any case the Truck system will be enforced only during
+the first few years, and it will benefit the workmen by preventing
+their being exploited by small traders, landlords, etc. The Company
+will thus make it impossible from the outset for those of our people,
+who are perforce hawkers and peddlers here, to reestablish themselves
+in the same trades over there. And the Company will also keep back
+drunkards and dissolute men. Then will there be no payment of wages at
+all during the first period of settlement. Certainly, there will be
+wages for overtime.
+
+
+THE SEVEN-HOUR DAY
+
+The seven-hour day is the regular working day.
+
+This does not imply that wood-cutting, digging, stone-breaking, and a
+hundred other daily tasks should only be performed during seven hours.
+Indeed not. There will be fourteen hours of labor, work being done in
+shifts of three and a half hours. The organization of all this will be
+military in character; there will be commands, promotions and
+pensions, the means by which these pensions are provided being
+explained further on.
+
+A sound man can do a great deal of concentrated work in three and a
+half hours. After an interval of the same length of time--which he
+will devote to rest, to his family, and to his education under
+guidance--he will be quite fresh for work again. Such labor can do
+wonders.
+
+The seven-hour day thus implies fourteen hours of joint labor--more
+than that cannot be put into a day.
+
+I am convinced that it is quite possible to introduce this seven-hour
+day with success. The attempts to do so in Belgium and England are
+well known. Some advanced political economists who have studied the
+subject, declare that a five-hour day would suffice. The Society of
+Jews and the Jewish Company will, in any case, make new and extensive
+experiments which will benefit the other nations of the world; and if
+the seven-hour day proves itself practicable, it will be introduced in
+our future State as the legal and regular working day.
+
+Meantime, the Company will always allow its employees the seven-hour
+day; and it will always be in a position to do so.
+
+The seven-hour day will be the call to summon our people in every part
+of the world. All must come voluntarily, for ours must indeed be the
+Promised Land....
+
+Whoever works longer than seven hours receives his additional pay for
+overtime in cash. Seeing that all his needs are supplied, and that
+those members of his family who are unable to work are provided for by
+transplanted and centralized philanthropic institutions, he can save a
+little money. Thrift, which is already a characteristic of our people,
+should be greatly encouraged, because it will, in the first place,
+facilitate the rise of individuals to higher grades; and secondly, the
+money saved will provide an immense reserve fund for future loans.
+Overtime will only be permitted on a doctor's certificate, and must
+not exceed three hours. For our men will crowd to work in the new
+country, and the world will see then what an industrious people we
+are.
+
+I shall not describe the mode of carrying out the Truck system, nor,
+in fact, the innumerable details of any process, for fear of confusing
+my readers. Women will not be allowed to perform any arduous labor,
+nor to work overtime.
+
+Pregnant women will be relieved of all work, and will be supplied with
+nourishing food by the Truck. We want our future generations to be
+strong men and women.
+
+We shall educate children as we wish from the commencement; but this I
+shall not elaborate either.
+
+My remarks on workmen's dwellings, and on unskilled laborers and their
+mode of life, are no more Utopian than the rest of my scheme.
+Everything I have spoken of is already being put into practice, only
+on an utterly small scale, neither noticed nor understood. The
+"Assistance par le Travail," which I learned to know and understand in
+Paris, was of great service to me in the solution of the Jewish
+question.
+
+
+RELIEF BY LABOR
+
+The system of relief by labor which, is now applied in Paris, in many
+other French towns, in England, in Switzerland, and in America, is a
+very small thing, but capable of the greatest expansion.
+
+What is the principle of relief by labor?
+
+The principle is: to furnish every needy man with easy, unskilled
+work, such as chopping wood, or cutting faggots used for lighting
+stoves in Paris households. This is a kind of prison-work before the
+crime, done without loss of character. It is meant to prevent men from
+taking to crime out of want, by providing them with work and testing
+their willingness to do it. Starvation must never be allowed to drive
+men to suicide; for such suicides are the deepest disgrace to a
+civilization which allows rich men to throw tid-bits to their dogs.
+
+Relief by labor thus provides every one with work. But the system has
+a great defect; there is not a sufficiently large demand for the
+production of the unskilled workers employed, hence there is a loss to
+those who employ them; though it is true that the organization is
+philanthropic, and therefore prepared for loss. But here the
+benefaction lies only in the difference between the price paid for the
+work and its actual value. Instead of giving the beggar two sous, the
+institution supplies him with work on which it loses two sous. But at
+the same time it converts the good-for-nothing beggar into an honest
+breadwinner, who has earned perhaps 1 franc 50 centimes. 150 centimes
+for 10! That is to say, the receiver of a benefaction in which there
+is nothing humiliating has increased it fifteenfold! That is to say,
+fifteen thousand millions for one thousand millions!
+
+The institution certainly loses 10 centimes. But the Jewish Company
+will not lose one thousand millions; it will draw enormous profits
+from this expenditure.
+
+There is a moral side also. The small system of relief by labor which
+exists now preserves rectitude through industry till such time as the
+man who is out of work finds a post suitable to his capacities, either
+in his old calling or in a new one. He is allowed a few hours daily
+for the purpose of looking for a place, in which task the institutions
+assist him.
+
+The defect of these small organizations, so far, has been that they
+have been prohibited from entering into competition with timber
+merchants, etc. Timber merchants are electors; they would protest, and
+would be justified in protesting. Competition with State prison-labor
+has also been forbidden, for the State must occupy and feed its
+criminals.
+
+In fact, there is very little room in an old-established society for
+the successful application of the system of "Assistance par le
+Travail."
+
+But there is room in a new society.
+
+For, above all, we require enormous numbers of unskilled laborers to
+do the first rough work of settlement, to lay down roads, plant trees,
+level the ground, construct railroads, telegraph installations, etc.
+All this will be carried out in accordance with a large and previously
+settled plan.
+
+
+COMMERCE
+
+The labor carried to the new country will naturally create trade. The
+first markets will supply only the absolute necessities of life;
+cattle, grain, working clothes, tools, arms--to mention just a few
+things. These we shall be obliged at first to procure from neighboring
+States, or from Europe; but we shall make ourselves independent as
+soon as possible. The Jewish entrepreneurs will soon realize the
+business prospects that the new country offers.
+
+The army of the Company's officials will gradually introduce more
+refined requirements of life. (Officials include officers of our
+defensive forces, who will always form about a tenth part of our male
+colonists. They will be sufficiently numerous to quell mutinies, for
+the majority of our colonists will be peaceably inclined.)
+
+The refined requirements of life introduced by our officials in good
+positions will create a correspondingly improved market, which will
+continue to better itself. The married man will send for wife and
+children, and the single for parents and relatives, as soon as a new
+home is established "over there." The Jews who emigrate to the United
+States always proceed in this fashion. As soon as one of them has
+daily bread and a roof over his head, he sends for his people; for
+family ties are strong among us. The Society of Jews and the Jewish
+Company will unite in caring for and strengthening the family still
+more, not only morally, but materially also. The officials will
+receive additional pay on marriage and on the birth of children, for
+we need all who are there, and all who will follow.
+
+
+OTHER CLASSES OF DWELLINGS
+
+I described before only workmen's dwellings built by themselves, and
+omitted all mention of other classes of dwellings. These I shall now
+touch upon. The Company's architects will build for the poorer classes
+of citizens also, being paid in kind or cash; about a hundred
+different types of houses will be erected, and, of course, repeated.
+These beautiful types will form part of our propaganda. The soundness
+of their construction will be guaranteed by the Company, which will,
+indeed, gain nothing by selling them to settlers at a fixed sum. And
+where will these houses be situated? That will be shown in the section
+dealing with Local Groups.
+
+Seeing that the Company does not wish to earn anything on the building
+works but only on the land, it will desire as many architects as
+possible to build by private contract. This system will increase the
+value of landed property, and it will introduce luxury, which serves
+many purposes. Luxury encourages arts and industries, paving the way
+to a future subdivision of large properties.
+
+Rich Jews who are now obliged carefully to secrete their valuables,
+and to hold their dreary banquets behind lowered curtains, will be
+able to enjoy their possessions in peace, "over there." If they
+cooperate in carrying out this emigration scheme, their capital will
+be rehabilitated and will have served to promote an unexampled
+undertaking. If in the new settlement rich Jews begin to rebuild their
+mansions which are stared at in Europe with such envious eyes, it will
+soon become fashionable to live over there in beautiful modern houses.
+
+
+SOME FORMS OF LIQUIDATION
+
+The Jewish Company is intended to be the receiver and administrator of
+the non-transferable goods of the Jews.
+
+Its methods of procedure can be easily imagined in the case of houses
+and estates, but what methods will it adopt in the transfer of
+businesses?
+
+Here numberless processes may be found practicable, which cannot all
+be enlarged on in this outline. But none of them will present any
+great difficulties, for in each case the business proprietor, when he
+voluntarily decides to emigrate, will settle with the Company's
+officers in his district on the most advantageous form of
+liquidation.
+
+This will most easily be arranged in the case of small employers, in
+whose trades the personal activity of the proprietor is of chief
+importance, while goods and organization are a secondary
+consideration. The Company will provide a certain field of operation
+for the emigrant's personal activity, and will substitute a piece of
+ground, with loan of machinery, for his goods. Jews are known to adapt
+themselves with remarkable ease to any form of earning a livelihood,
+and they will quickly learn to carry on a new industry. In this way a
+number of small traders will become small landholders. The Company
+will, in fact, be prepared to sustain what appears to be a loss in
+taking over the non-transferable property of the poorest emigrants;
+for it will thereby induce the free cultivation of tracts of land,
+which raises the value of adjacent tracts.
+
+In medium-sized businesses, where goods and organization equal, or
+even exceed, in importance, the personal activity of the manager,
+whose larger connection is also non-transferable, various forms of
+liquidation are possible. Here comes an opportunity for that inner
+migration of Christian citizens into positions evacuated by Jews. The
+departing Jew will not lose his personal business credit, but will
+carry it with him, and make good use of it in a new country to
+establish himself. The Jewish Company will open a current bank account
+for him. And he can sell the goodwill of his original business, or
+hand it over to the control of managers under supervision of the
+Company's officials. The managers may rent the business or buy it,
+paying for it by instalments. But the Company acts temporarily as
+curator for the emigrants, in superintending, through its officers and
+lawyers, the administration of their affairs, and seeing to the proper
+collection of all payments.
+
+If a Jew cannot sell his business, or entrust it to a proxy or wish to
+give up its personal management, he may stay where he is. The Jews who
+stay will be none the worse off, for they will be relieved of the
+competition of those who leave, and will no longer hear the
+Anti-Semitic cry: "Don't buy from Jews!"
+
+If the emigrating business proprietor wishes to carry on his old
+business in the new country, he can make his arrangements for it from
+the very commencement. An example will best illustrate my meaning. The
+firm X carries on a large business in dry goods. The head of the firm
+wishes to emigrate. He begins by setting up a branch establishment in
+his future place of residence, and sending out samples of his stock.
+The first poor settlers will be his first customers; these will be
+followed by emigrants of a higher class, who require superior goods. X
+then sends out newer goods, and eventually ships his newest. The
+branch establishment begins to pay while the principal one is still in
+existence, so that X ends by having two paying business-houses. He
+sells his original business or hands it over to his Christian
+representative to manage, and goes off to take charge of the new one.
+
+Another and greater example: Y and Son are large coal-traders, with
+mines and factories of their own. How is so huge and complex a
+property to be liquidated? The mines and everything connected with
+them might, in the first place, be bought up by the State, in which
+they are situated. In the second place, the Jewish Company might take
+them over, paying for them partly in land, partly in cash. A third
+method might be the conversion of "Y and Son" into a limited company.
+A fourth method might be the continued working of the business under
+the original proprietors, who would return at intervals to inspect
+their property, as foreigners, and as such, under the protection of
+law in every civilized State. All these suggestions are carried out
+daily. A fifth and excellent method, and one which might be
+particularly profitable, I shall merely indicate, because the existing
+examples of its working are at present few, however ready the modern
+consciousness may be to adopt them. Y and Son might sell their
+enterprise to the collective body of their employees, who would form a
+cooperative society, with limited liability, and might perhaps pay the
+requisite sum with the help of the State Treasury, which does not
+charge high interest.
+
+The employees would then gradually pay off the loan, which either the
+Government or the Jewish Company, or even Y and Son, would have
+advanced to them.
+
+The Jewish Company will be prepared to conduct the transfer of the
+smallest affairs equally with the largest. And whilst the Jews quietly
+emigrate and establish their new homes, the Company acts as the great
+controlling body, which organizes the departure, takes charge of
+deserted possessions, guarantees the proper conduct of the movement
+with its own visible and tangible property, and provides permanent
+security for those who have already settled.
+
+
+SECURITIES OF THE COMPANY
+
+What assurance will the Company offer that the abandonment of
+countries will not cause their impoverishment and produce economic
+crises?
+
+I have already mentioned that honest Anti-Semites, whilst preserving
+their independence, will combine with our officials in controlling the
+transfer of our estates.
+
+But the State revenues might suffer by the loss of a body of
+taxpayers, who, though little appreciated as citizens, are highly
+valued in finance. The State should, therefore, receive compensation
+for this loss. This we offer indirectly by leaving in the country
+businesses which we have built up by means of Jewish acumen and Jewish
+industry, by letting our Christian fellow-citizens move into our
+evacuated positions, and by this facilitating the rise of numbers of
+people to greater prosperity so peaceably and in so unparallelled a
+manner. The French Revolution had a somewhat similar result, on a
+small scale, but it was brought about by bloodshed on the guillotine
+in every province of France, and on the battlefields of Europe.
+Moreover, inherited and acquired rights were destroyed, and only
+cunning buyers enriched themselves by the purchase of State
+properties.
+
+The Jewish Company will offer to the States that come within its
+sphere of activity direct as well as indirect advantages. It will give
+Governments the first offer of abandoned Jewish property, and allow
+buyers most favorable conditions. Governments, again, will be able to
+make use of this friendly appropriation of land for the purpose of
+certain social improvements.
+
+The Jewish Company will give every assistance to Governments and
+Parliaments in their efforts to direct the inner migration of
+Christian citizens.
+
+The Jewish Company will also pay heavy taxes. Its central office will
+be in London, so as to be under the legal protection of a power which
+is not at present Anti-Semitic. But the Company, if it is supported
+officially and semi-officially, will everywhere provide a broad basis
+of taxation. To this end, it will establish taxable branch offices
+everywhere. Further, it will pay double duties on the two-fold
+transfer of goods which it accomplishes. Even in transactions where
+the Company is really nothing more than a real estate agency, it will
+temporarily appear as a purchaser, and will be set down as the
+momentary possessor in the register of landed property.
+
+These are, of course, purely calculable matters. It will have to be
+considered and decided in each place how far the Company can go
+without running any risks of failure. And the Company itself will
+confer freely with Finance Ministers on the various points at issue.
+Ministers will recognize the friendly spirit of our enterprise, and
+will consequently offer every facility in their power necessary for
+the successful achievement of the great undertaking.
+
+Further and direct profit will accrue to Governments from the
+transport of passengers and goods, and where railways are State
+property the returns will be immediately recognizable. Where they are
+held by private companies, the Jewish Company will receive favorable
+terms for transport, in the same way as does every transmitter of
+goods on a large scale. Freight and carriage must be made as cheap as
+possible for our people, because every traveller will pay his own
+expenses. The middle classes will travel with Cook's tickets, the
+poorer classes in emigrant trains. The Company might make a good deal
+by reductions on passengers and goods; but here, as elsewhere, it must
+adhere to its principle of not trying to raise its receipts to a
+greater sum than will cover its working expenses.
+
+In many places Jews have control of the transport; and the transport
+businesses will be the first needed by the Company and the first to be
+liquidated by it. The original owners of these concerns will either
+enter the Company's service, or establish themselves independently
+"over there." The new arrivals will certainly require their
+assistance, and theirs being a paying profession, which they may and
+indeed must exercise there to earn a living, numbers of these
+enterprising spirits will depart. It is unnecessary to describe all
+the business details of this monster expedition. They must be
+judiciously evolved out of the original plan by many able men, who
+must apply their minds to achieving the best system.
+
+
+SOME OF THE COMPANY'S ACTIVITIES
+
+Many activities will be interconnected. For example: the Company will
+gradually introduce the manufacture of goods into the settlements
+which will, of course, be extremely primitive at their inception.
+Clothing, linens, and shoes will first of all be manufactured for our
+own poor emigrants, who will be provided with new suits of clothing at
+the various European emigration centers. They will not receive these
+clothes as alms, which might hurt their pride, but in exchange for old
+garments: any loss the Company sustains by this transaction will be
+booked as a business loss. Those who are absolutely without means will
+pay off their debt to the Company by working overtime at a fair rate
+of wage.
+
+Existing emigration societies will be able to give valuable assistance
+here, for they will do for the Company's colonists what they did
+before for departing Jews. The forms of such cooperation will easily
+be found.
+
+Even the new clothing of the poor settlers will have the symbolic
+meaning. "You are now entering on a new life." The Society of Jews
+will see to it that long before the departure and also during the
+journey a serious yet festive spirit is fostered by means of prayers,
+popular lectures, instruction on the object of the expedition,
+instruction on hygienic matters for their new places of residence, and
+guidance in regard to their future work. For the Promised Land is the
+land of work. On their arrival, the emigrants will be welcomed by our
+chief officials with due solemnity, but without foolish exultation,
+for the Promised Land will not yet have been conquered. But these poor
+people should already see that they are at home.
+
+The clothing industries of the Company will, of course, not produce
+their goods without proper organization. The Society of Jews will
+obtain from the local branches information about the number,
+requirements and date of arrival of the settlers, and will communicate
+all such information in good time to the Jewish Company. In this way
+it will be possible to provide for them with every precaution.
+
+
+PROMOTION OF INDUSTRIES
+
+The duties of the Jewish Company and the Society of Jews cannot be
+kept strictly apart in this outline. These two great bodies will have
+to work constantly in unison, the Company depending on the moral
+authority and support of the Society, just as the Society cannot
+dispense with the material assistance of the Company. For example, in
+the organizing of the clothing industry, the quantity produced will at
+first be kept down so as to preserve an equilibrium between supply and
+demand; and wherever the Company undertakes the organization of new
+industries the same precaution must be exercised.
+
+But individual enterprise must never be checked by the Company with
+its superior force. We shall only work collectively when the immense
+difficulties of the task demand common action; we shall, wherever
+possible, scrupulously respect the rights of the individual. Private
+property, which is the economic basis of independence, shall be
+developed freely and be respected by us. Our first unskilled laborers
+will at once have the opportunity to work their way up to private
+proprietorship.
+
+The spirit of enterprise must, indeed, be encouraged in every possible
+way. Organization of industries will be promoted by a judicious system
+of duties, by the employment of cheap raw material, and by the
+institution of a board to collect and publish industrial statistics.
+
+But this spirit of enterprise must be wisely encouraged, and risky
+speculation must be avoided. Every new industry must be advertised for
+a long period before establishment, so as to prevent failure on the
+part of those who might wish to start a similar business six months
+later. Whenever a new industrial establishment is founded, the Company
+should be informed, so that all those interested may obtain
+information from it.
+
+Industrialists will be able to make use of centralized labor agencies,
+which will only receive a commission large enough to ensure their
+continuance. The industrialists might, for example, telegraph for 500
+unskilled laborers for three days, three weeks, or three months. The
+labor agency would then collect these 500 unskilled laborers from
+every possible source, and despatch them at once to carry out the
+agricultural or industrial enterprise. Parties of workmen will thus be
+systematically drafted from place to place like a body of troops.
+These men will, of course, not be sweated, but will work only a
+seven-hour day; and, in spite of their change of locality, they will
+preserve their organization, work out their term of service, and
+receive commands, promotions, and pensions. Some establishments may,
+of course, be able to obtain their workmen from other sources, if they
+wish, but they will not find it easy to do so. The Society will be
+able to prevent the introduction of non-Jewish work-slaves by
+boycotting obstinate employers, by obstructing traffic, and by
+various other methods. The seven-hour workers will therefore have to
+be taken, and we shall thus bring our people gradually, and without
+coercion, to adopt the normal seven-hour day.
+
+
+SETTLEMENT OF SKILLED LABORERS
+
+It is clear that what can be done for unskilled workers can be even
+more easily done for skilled laborers. These will work under similar
+regulations in the factories, and the central labor agency will
+provide them when required.
+
+Independent operatives and small employers, must be carefully taught
+on account of the rapid progress of scientific improvements, must
+acquire technical knowledge even if no longer very young men, must
+study the power of water, and appreciate the forces of electricity.
+Independent workers must also be discovered and supplied by the
+Society's agency. The local branch will apply, for example, to the
+central office: "We want so many carpenters, locksmiths, glaziers,
+etc." The central office will publish this demand, and the proper men
+will apply there for the work. These would then travel with their
+families to the place where they were wanted, and would remain there
+without feeling the pressure of undue competition. A permanent and
+comfortable home would thus be provided for them.
+
+
+METHOD OF RAISING CAPITAL
+
+The capital required for establishing the Company was previously put
+at what seemed an absurdly high figure. The amount actually necessary
+will be fixed by financiers, and will in any case be a very
+considerable sum. There are three ways of raising this sum, all of
+which the Society will take under consideration. This Society, the
+great "Gestor" of the Jews, will be formed by our best and most
+upright men, who must not derive any material advantage from their
+membership. Although the Society cannot at the outset possess any but
+moral authority, this authority will suffice to establish the credit
+of the Jewish Company in the nation's eyes. The Jewish Company will be
+unable to succeed in its enterprise unless it has received the
+Society's sanction; it will thus not be formed of any mere
+indiscriminate group of financiers. For the Society will weigh, select
+and decide, and will not give its approbation till it is sure of the
+existence of a sound basis for the conscientious carrying out of the
+scheme. It will not permit experiments with insufficient means, for
+this undertaking must succeed at the first attempt. Any initial
+failure would compromise the whole idea for many decades to come, or
+might even make its realization permanently impossible.
+
+The three methods of raising capital are: (1) Through big banks; (2)
+Through small and private banks; (3) Through public subscription.
+
+The first method of raising capital is: Through big banks. The
+required sum could then be raised in the shortest possible time among
+the large financial groups, after they had discussed the advisability
+of the course. The great advantage of this method would be that it
+would avoid the necessity of paying in the thousand millions (to keep
+to the original figure), immediately in its entirety. A further
+advantage would be that the credit of these powerful financiers would
+also be of service to the enterprise. Many latent political forces lie
+in our financial power, that power which our enemies assert to be so
+effective. It might be so, but actually it is not. Poor Jews feel only
+the hatred which this financial power provokes; its use in
+alleviating their lot as a body, they have not yet felt. The credit of
+our great Jewish financiers would have to be placed at the service of
+the National Idea. But should these gentlemen, who are quite satisfied
+with their lot, feel indisposed to do anything for their fellow-Jews
+who are unjustly held responsible for the large possessions of certain
+individuals, then the realization of this plan will afford an
+opportunity for drawing a clear line of distinction between them and
+the rest of Jewry.
+
+The great financiers, moreover, will certainly not be asked to raise
+an amount so enormous out of pure philanthropic motives; that would be
+expecting too much. The promoters and stock holders of the Jewish
+Company are, on the contrary, expected to do a good piece of business,
+and they will be able to calculate beforehand what their chances of
+success are likely to be. For the Society of Jews will be in
+possession of all documents and references which may serve to define
+the prospects of the Jewish Company. The Society will in particular
+have investigated with exactitude the extent of the new Jewish
+movement, so as to provide the Company promoters with thoroughly
+reliable information on the amount of support they may expect. The
+Society will also supply the Jewish Company with comprehensive modern
+Jewish statistics, thus doing the work of what is called in France a
+"societé d'études," which undertakes all preliminary research previous
+to the financing of a great undertaking. Even so, the enterprise may
+not receive the valuable assistance of our moneyed magnates. These
+might, perhaps, even try to oppose the Jewish movement by means of
+their secret agents. Such opposition we shall meet with relentless
+determination.
+
+Supposing that these magnates are content simply to turn this scheme
+down with a smile:
+
+Is it, therefore, done for?
+
+No.
+
+For then the money will be raised in another way--by an appeal to
+moderately rich Jews. The smaller Jewish banks would have to be united
+in the name of the National Idea against the big banks till they were
+gathered into a second and formidable financial force. But,
+unfortunately, this would require a great deal of financing at
+first--for the £50,000,000 would have to be subscribed in full before
+starting work; and, as this sum could only be raised very slowly, all
+sorts of banking business would have to be done and loans made during
+the first few years. It might even occur that, in the course of all
+these transactions, their original object would be forgotten; the
+moderately rich Jews would have created a new and large business, and
+Jewish emigration would be forgotten.
+
+The notion of raising money in this way is not by any means
+impracticable. The experiment of collecting Christian money to form an
+opposing force to the big banks has already been tried; that one could
+also oppose them with Jewish money has not been thought of until now.
+
+But these financial conflicts would bring about all sorts of crises;
+the countries in which they occurred would suffer, and Anti-Semitism
+would become rampant.
+
+This method is therefore not to be recommended. I have merely
+suggested it, because it comes up in the course of the logical
+development of the idea.
+
+I also do not know whether smaller private banks would be willing to
+adopt it.
+
+In any case, even the refusal of moderately rich Jews would not put an
+end to the scheme. On the contrary, it would then have to be taken up
+in real earnest.
+
+The Society of Jews, whose members are not business men, might try to
+found the Company on a national subscription.
+
+The Company's capital might be raised, without the intermediary of a
+syndicate, by means of direct subscription on the part of the public.
+Not only poor Jews, but also Christians who wanted to get rid of them,
+would subscribe a small amount to this fund. A new and peculiar form
+of the plebiscite would thus be established, whereby each man who
+voted for this solution of the Jewish Question would express his
+opinion by subscribing a stipulated amount. This stipulation would
+produce security. The funds subscribed would only be paid in if their
+sum total reached the required amount, otherwise the initial payments
+would be returned.
+
+But if the whole of the required sum is raised by popular
+subscription, then each little amount would be secured by the great
+numbers of other small amounts.
+
+All this would, of course, need the express and definite assistance of
+interested Governments.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] The practice of paying the workman's wages in goods instead of
+money.
+
+
+
+
+_IV. Local Groups_
+
+OUR TRANSMIGRATION
+
+
+Previous chapters explained only how the emigration scheme might be
+carried out without creating any economic disturbance. But so great a
+movement cannot take place without inevitably rousing many deep and
+powerful feelings. There are old customs, old memories that attach us
+to our homes. We have cradles, we have graves, and we alone know how
+Jewish hearts cling to the graves. Our cradles we shall carry with
+us--they hold our future, rosy and smiling. Our beloved graves we must
+abandon--and I think this abandonment will cost us more than any other
+sacrifice. But it must be so.
+
+Economic distress, political pressure, and social obloquy have already
+driven us from our homes and from our graves. We Jews are even now
+constantly shifting from place to place, a strong current actually
+carrying us westward over the sea to the United States, where our
+presence is also not desired. And where will our presence be desired,
+so long as we are a homeless nation?
+
+But we shall give a home to our people. And we shall give it, not by
+dragging them ruthlessly out of their sustaining soil, but rather by
+transplanting them carefully to a better ground. Just as we wish to
+create new political and economic relations, so we shall preserve as
+sacred all of the past that is dear to our people's hearts.
+
+Hence a few suggestions must suffice, as this part of my scheme will
+most probably be condemned as visionary. Yet even this is possible and
+real, though it now appears to be something vague and aimless.
+Organization will make of it something rational.
+
+
+EMIGRATION IN GROUPS
+
+Our people should emigrate in groups of families and friends. But no
+man will be forced to join the particular group belonging to his
+former place of residence. Each will be able to journey in his chosen
+fashion as soon as he has settled his affairs. Seeing that each man
+will pay his own expenses by rail and boat, he will naturally travel
+by whatever class suits him best. Possibly there will even be no
+subdivision for classes on board train and boat, so as to avoid making
+the poor feel their position too keenly during their long journey.
+Though we are not exactly organizing a pleasure trip, it is as well to
+keep them in good humor on the way.
+
+None will travel in penury; on the other hand, all who desire to
+travel in luxurious ease will be able to follow their bent. Even under
+favorable circumstances, the movement may not touch certain classes of
+Jews for several years to come; the intervening period can therefore
+be employed in selecting the best modes of organizing the journeys.
+Those who are well off can travel in parties if they wish, taking
+their personal friends and connections with them. Jews, with the
+exception of the richest, have, after all, very little intercourse
+with Christians. In some countries their acquaintance with them is
+confined to a few spongers, borrowers, and dependents; of a better
+class of Christian they know nothing. The Ghetto continues though its
+walls are broken down.
+
+The middle classes will therefore make elaborate and careful
+preparations for departure. A group of travellers will be formed in
+each locality, large towns being divided into districts with a group
+in each district, who will communicate by means of representatives
+elected for the purpose. This division into districts need not be
+strictly adhered to; it is merely intended to alleviate the discomfort
+and home-sickness of the poor during their journey outwards. Everybody
+is free to travel either alone or attached to any local group he
+prefers. The conditions of travel--regulated according to
+classes--will apply to all alike. Any sufficiently numerous travelling
+party can charter a special train and special boat from the Company.
+
+The Company's housing agency will provide quarters for the poorest on
+their arrival. Later on, when more prosperous emigrants follow, their
+obvious need for lodgings on first landing will have to be supplied by
+hotels built by private enterprise. Some of these more prosperous
+colonists will, indeed, have built their houses before becoming
+permanent settlers, so that they will merely move from an old home
+into a new one.
+
+It would be an affront to our intelligent elements to point out
+everything that they have to do. Every man who attaches himself to the
+National Idea will know how to spread it, and how to make it real
+within his sphere of influence. We shall first of all ask for the
+cooperation of our Rabbis.
+
+
+OUR RABBIS
+
+Every group will have its Rabbi, travelling with his congregation.
+Local groups will afterwards form voluntarily about their Rabbi, and
+each locality will have its spiritual leader. Our Rabbis, on whom we
+especially call, will devote their energies to the service of our
+idea, and will inspire their congregations by preaching it from the
+pulpit. They will not need to address special meetings for the
+purpose; an appeal such as this may be uttered in the synagogue. And
+thus it must be done. For we feel our historic affinity only through
+the faith of our fathers as we have long ago absorbed the languages of
+different nations to an ineradicable degree.
+
+The Rabbis will receive communications regularly from both Society and
+Company, and will announce and explain these to their congregations.
+Israel will pray for us and for itself.
+
+
+REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LOCAL GROUPS
+
+The local groups will appoint small committees of representative men
+under the Rabbi's presidency, for discussion and settlement of local
+affairs.
+
+Philanthropic institutions will be transferred by their local groups,
+each institution remaining "over there" the property of the same set
+of people for whom it was originally founded. I think the old
+buildings should not be sold, but rather devoted to the assistance of
+indigent Christians in the forsaken towns. The local groups will
+receive compensation by obtaining free building sites and every
+facility for reconstruction in the new country.
+
+This transfer of philanthropic institutions will give another of those
+opportunities, which occur at different points of my scheme, for
+making an experiment in the service of humanity. Our present
+unsystematic private philanthropy does little good in proportion to
+the great expenditure it involves. But these institutions can and must
+form part of a system by which they will eventually supplement one
+another. In a new society these organizations can be evolved out of
+our modern consciousness, and may be based on all previous social
+experiments. This matter is of great importance to us, on account of
+our large number of paupers. The weaker characters among us,
+discouraged by external pressure, spoilt by the soft-hearted charity
+of our rich men, easily sink until they take to begging.
+
+The Society, supported by the local groups, will give greatest
+attention to popular education with regard to this particular. It will
+create a fruitful soil for many powers which now wither uselessly
+away. Whoever shows a genuine desire to work will be suitably
+employed. Beggars will not be endured. Whoever refuses to do anything
+as a free man will be sent to the workhouse.
+
+On the other hand, we shall not relegate the old to an almshouse. An
+almshouse is one of the cruelest charities which our stupid good
+nature ever invented. There our old people die out of pure shame and
+mortification. There they are already buried. But we will leave even
+to those who stand on the lowest grade of intelligence the consoling
+illusion of their utility in the world. We will provide easy tasks for
+those who are incapable of physical labor; for we must allow for
+diminished vitality in the poor of an already enfeebled generation.
+But future generations shall be dealt with otherwise; they shall be
+brought up in liberty for a life of liberty.
+
+We will seek to bestow the moral salvation of work on men of every age
+and of every class; and thus our people will find their strength again
+in the land of the seven-hour day.
+
+
+PLANS OF THE TOWNS
+
+The local groups will delegate their authorized representatives to
+select sites for towns. In the distribution of land every precaution
+will be taken to effect a careful transfer with due consideration for
+acquired rights.
+
+The local groups will have plans of the towns, so that our people may
+know beforehand where they are to go, in which towns and in which
+houses they are to live. Comprehensive drafts of the building plans
+previously referred to will be distributed among the local groups.
+
+The principle of our administration will be strict centralization of
+our local groups' autonomy. In this way the transfer will be
+accomplished with the minimum of pain.
+
+I do not imagine all this to be easier than it actually is; on the
+other hand, people must not imagine it to be more difficult than it is
+in reality.
+
+
+THE DEPARTURE OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES
+
+The middle classes will involuntarily be drawn into the outgoing
+current, for their sons will be officials of the Society or employees
+of the Company "over there." Lawyers, doctors, technicians of every
+description, young business people--in fact, all Jews who are in
+search of opportunities, who now escape from oppression in their
+native country to earn a living in foreign lands--will assemble on a
+soil so full of fair promise. The daughters of the middle classes will
+marry these ambitious men. One of them will send for his wife or
+fiancee to come out to him, another for his parents, brothers and
+sisters. Members of a new civilization marry young. This will promote
+general morality and ensure sturdiness in the new generation; and thus
+we shall have no delicate offspring of late marriages, children of
+fathers who spent their strength in the struggle for life.
+
+Every middle-class emigrant will draw more of his kind after him.
+
+The bravest will naturally get the best out of the new world.
+
+But there we seem undoubtedly to have touched on the crucial
+difficulty of my plan.
+
+Even if we succeeded in opening a world discussion on the Jewish
+Question in a serious manner--
+
+Even if this debate led us to a positive conclusion that the Jewish
+State were necessary to the world--
+
+Even if the Powers assisted us in acquiring the sovereignty over a
+strip of territory--
+
+How are we to transport masses of Jews without undue compulsion from
+their present homes to this new country?
+
+Their emigration is surely intended to be voluntary.
+
+
+THE PHENOMENON OF MULTITUDES
+
+Great exertions will hardly be necessary to spur on the movement.
+Anti-Semites provide the requisite impetus. They need only do what
+they did before, and then they will create a desire to emigrate where
+it did not previously exist, and strengthen it where it existed
+before. Jews who now remain in Anti-Semitic countries do so chiefly
+because even those among them who are most ignorant of history know
+that numerous changes of residence in bygone centuries never brought
+them any permanent good. Any land which welcomed the Jews today, and
+offered them even fewer advantages than that which the Jewish State
+would guarantee them, would immediately attract a great influx of our
+people. The poorest, who have nothing to lose would drag themselves
+there. But I maintain, and every man may ask himself whether I am not
+right, that the pressure weighing on us arouses a desire to emigrate
+even among prosperous strata of society. Now our poorest strata alone
+would suffice to found a State; these form the strongest human
+material for acquiring a land, because a little despair is
+indispensable to the formation of a great undertaking.
+
+But when our "desperados" increase the value of the land by their
+presence and by the labor they expend on it, they make it at the same
+time increasingly attractive as a place of settlement to people who
+are better off.
+
+Higher and yet higher strata will feel tempted to go over. The
+expedition of the first and poorest settlers will be conducted by
+Company and Society conjointly, and will probably be additionally
+supported by existing emigration and Zionist societies.
+
+How may a number of people be directed to a particular spot without
+being given express orders to go there? There are certain Jewish
+benefactors on a large scale who try to alleviate the sufferings of
+the Jews by Zionist experiments. To them this problem also presented
+itself, and they thought to solve it by giving the emigrants money or
+means of employment. Thus the philanthropists said: "We pay these
+people to go there."
+
+Such a procedure is utterly wrong, and all the money in the world will
+not achieve its purpose.
+
+On the other hand, the Company will say: "We shall not pay them, we
+shall let them pay us. We shall merely offer them some inducements to
+go."
+
+A fanciful illustration will make my meaning more explicit: One of
+those philanthropists (whom we will call "The Baron") and myself both
+wish to get a crowd of people on to the plain of Longchamps near
+Paris, on a hot Sunday afternoon. The Baron, by promising them 10
+francs each, will, for 200,000 francs, bring out 20,000 perspiring and
+miserable people, who will curse him for having given them so much
+annoyance. Whereas I will offer these 200,000 francs as a prize for
+the swiftest racehorse--and then I shall have to put up barriers to
+keep the people off Longchamps. They will pay to go in: 1 franc, 5
+francs, 20 francs.
+
+The consequence will be that I shall get the half-a-million of people
+out there; the President of the Republic will drive up "a la Daumont";
+and the crowds will enjoy and amuse themselves. Most of them will
+think it an agreeable walk in the open air in spite of heat and dust;
+and I shall have made by my 200,000 francs about a million in entrance
+money and taxes on gaming. I shall get the same people out there
+whenever I like but the Baron will not--not on any account.
+
+I will give a more serious illustration of the phenomenon of
+multitudes where they are earning a livelihood. Let any man attempt to
+cry through the streets of a town: "Whoever is willing to stand all
+day long through a winter's terrible cold, through a summer's
+tormenting heat, in an iron hall exposed on all sides, there to
+address every passer-by, and to offer him fancy wares, or fish, or
+fruit, will receive two florins, or four francs or something similar."
+
+How many people would go to the hall? How many days would they hold
+out when hunger drove them there? And if they held out, what energy
+would they display in trying to persuade passers-by to buy fish, fruit
+and fancy wares?
+
+We shall set about it in a different way. In places where trade is
+active, and these places we shall the more easily discover, since we
+ourselves direct trade withersoever we wish, in these places we shall
+build large halls, and call them markets. These halls might be worse
+built and more unwholesome than those above mentioned, and yet people
+would stream towards them. But we shall use our best efforts, and we
+shall build them better, and make them more beautiful than the first.
+And the people, to whom we had promised nothing, because we cannot
+promise anything without deceiving them, these excellent, keen
+business men will gaily create most active commercial intercourse.
+They will harangue the buyers unweariedly; they will stand on their
+feet, and scarcely think of fatigue. They will hurry off at dawn, so
+as to be first on the spot; they will form unions, cartels, anything
+to continue bread-winning undisturbed. And if they find at the end of
+the day that all their hard work has produced only 1 florin, 50
+kreutzer, or 3 francs, or something similar, they will yet look
+forward hopefully to the next day, which may, perhaps, bring them
+better luck.
+
+We have given them hope.
+
+Would any one ask whence the demand comes which creates the market? Is
+it really necessary to tell them again?
+
+I pointed out that by means of the system "Assistance par le Travail"
+the return could be increased fifteenfold. One million would produce
+fifteen millions; and one thousand millions, fifteen thousand
+millions.
+
+This may be the case on a small scale; is it so on a large one?
+Capital surely yields a return diminishing in inverse ratio to its own
+growth. Inactive and inert capital yields this diminishing return, but
+active capital brings in a marvellously increasing return. Herein lies
+the social question.
+
+Am I stating a fact? I call on the richest Jews as witnesses of my
+veracity. Why do they carry on so many different industries? Why do
+they send men to work underground and to raise coal amid terrible
+dangers for meagre pay? I cannot imagine this to be pleasant, even for
+the owners of the mines. For I do not believe that capitalists are
+heartless, and I do not pretend that I believe it. My desire is not to
+accentuate, but to smooth differences.
+
+Is it necessary to illustrate the phenomenon of multitudes, and their
+concentration on a particular spot by references to pious pilgrimages?
+
+I do not want to hurt anyone's religious sensibility by words which
+might be wrongly interpreted.
+
+I shall merely refer quite briefly to the Mohammedan pilgrimages to
+Mecca, the Catholic pilgrimages to Lourdes, and to many other spots
+whence men return comforted by their faith, and to the holy Hock at
+Trier. Thus we shall also create a center for the deep religious needs
+of our people. Our ministers will understand us first, and will be
+with us in this.
+
+We shall let every man find salvation "over there" in his own
+particular way. Above and before all we shall make room for the
+immortal band of our Freethinkers, who are continually making new
+conquests for humanity.
+
+No more force will be exercised on any one than is necessary for the
+preservation of the State and order; and the requisite force will not
+be arbitrarily defined by one or more shifting authorities; it will be
+fixed by iron laws.
+
+Now, if the illustrations I gave make people draw the inference that a
+multitude can be only temporarily attracted to centers of faith, of
+business, or of amusement, the reply to their objection is simple.
+Whereas one of these objects by itself would certainly only attract
+the masses, all these centers of attraction combined would be
+calculated permanently to hold and satisfy them. For all these centers
+together form a single, great, long-sought object, which our people
+has always longed to attain, for which it has kept itself alive, for
+which it has been kept alive by external pressure--a free home! When
+the movement commences, we shall draw some men after us and let others
+follow; others again will be swept into the current, and the last will
+be thrust after us.
+
+These last hesitating settlers will be the worst off, both here and
+there.
+
+But the first, who go over with faith, enthusiasm, and courage will
+have the best positions.
+
+
+OUR HUMAN MATERIAL
+
+There are more mistaken notions abroad concerning Jews than concerning
+any other people. And we have become so depressed and discouraged by
+our historic sufferings that we ourselves repeat and believe these
+mistakes. One of these is that we have an immoderate love of business.
+Now it is well known that wherever we are permitted to take part in
+the rising of classes, we give up our business as soon as possible.
+The great majority of Jewish business men give their sons a superior
+education. Hence, the so-called "Judaizing" of all intellectual
+professions. But even in economically feebler grades of society, our
+love of trade is not so predominant as is generally supposed. In the
+Eastern countries of Europe there are great numbers of Jews who are
+not traders, and who are not afraid of hard work either. The Society
+of Jews will be in a position to prepare scientifically accurate
+statistics of our human forces. The new tasks and prospects that await
+our people in the new country will satisfy our present handicraftsmen,
+and will transform many present small traders into manual workers.
+
+A peddler who travels about the country with a heavy pack on his back
+is not so contented as his persecutors imagine. The seven-hour day
+will convert all of his kind into workmen. They are good,
+misunderstood people, who now suffer perhaps more severely than any
+others. The Society of Jews will, moreover, busy itself from the
+outset with their training as artisans. Their love of gain will be
+encouraged in a healthy manner. Jews are of a thrifty and adaptable
+disposition, and are qualified for any means of earning a living, and
+it will therefore suffice to make small trading unremunerative, to
+cause even present peddlers to give it up altogether. This could be
+brought about, for example, by encouraging large department stores
+which provide all necessaries of life. These general stores are
+already crushing small trading in large cities. In a land of new
+civilization they will absolutely prevent its existence. The
+establishment of these stores is further advantageous, because it
+makes the country immediately habitable for people who require more
+refined necessaries of life.
+
+
+HABITS
+
+Is a reference to the little habits and comforts of the ordinary man
+in keeping with the serious nature of this pamphlet?
+
+I think it is in keeping, and, moreover, very important. For these
+little habits are the thousand and one fine delicate threads which
+together go to make up an unbreakable rope.
+
+Here certain limited notions must be set aside. Whoever has seen
+anything of the world knows that just these little daily customs can
+easily be transplanted everywhere. The technical contrivances of our
+day, which this scheme intends to employ in the service of humanity,
+have heretofore been principally used for our little habits. There are
+English hotels in Egypt and on the mountain-crest in Switzerland,
+Vienna cafes in South Africa, French theatres in Russia, German operas
+in America, and best Bavarian beer in Paris.
+
+When we journey out of Egypt again we shall not leave the fleshpots
+behind.
+
+Every man will find his customs again in the local groups, but they
+will be better, more beautiful, and more agreeable than before.
+
+
+
+
+_V. Society of Jews and Jewish State_
+
+NEGOTIORUM GESTIO
+
+
+This pamphlet is not intended for lawyers. I can therefore touch only
+cursorily, as on so many other things, upon my theory of the legal
+basis of a State.
+
+I must, nevertheless, lay some stress on my new theory, which could be
+maintained, I believe, even in discussion with men well versed in
+jurisprudence.
+
+According to Rousseau's now antiquated view, a State is formed by a
+social contract. Rousseau held that: "The conditions of this contract
+are so precisely defined by the nature of the agreement that the
+slightest alteration would make them null and void. The consequence is
+that, even where they are not expressly stated, they are everywhere
+identical, and everywhere tacitly accepted and recognized," etc.
+
+A logical and historic refutation of Rousseau's theory was never, nor
+is now, difficult, however terrible and far-reaching its effects may
+have been. The question whether a social contract with "conditions not
+expressly stated, yet unalterable," existed before the framing of a
+constitution, is of no practical interest to States under modern forms
+of government. The legal relationship between government and citizen
+is in any case clearly established now.
+
+But previous to the framing of a constitution, and during the creation
+of a new State, these principles assume great practical importance. We
+know and see for ourselves that States still continue to be created.
+Colonies secede from the mother country. Vassals fall away from their
+suzerain; newly opened territories are immediately formed into free
+States. It is true that the Jewish State is conceived as a peculiarly
+modern structure on unspecified territory. But a State is formed, not
+by pieces of land, but rather by a number of men united under
+sovereign rule.
+
+The people is the subjective, land the objective foundation of a
+State, and the subjective basis is the more important of the two. One
+sovereignty, for example, which has no objective basis at all, is
+perhaps the most respected one in the world. I refer to the
+sovereignty of the Pope.
+
+The theory of rationality is the one at present accepted in political
+science. This theory suffices to justify the creation of a State, and
+cannot be historically refuted in the same way as the theory of a
+contract. Insofar as I am concerned only with the creation of a Jewish
+State, I am well within the limits of the theory of rationality. But
+when I touch upon the legal basis of the State, I have exceeded them.
+The theories of a divine institution, or of superior power, or of a
+contract, and the patriarchal and patrimonial theories do not accord
+with modern views. The legal basis of a State is sought either too
+much within men (patriarchal theory, and theories of superior force
+and contract), or too far above them (divine institution), or too far
+below them (objective patrimonial theory). The theory of rationality
+leaves this question conveniently and carefully unanswered. But a
+question which has seriously occupied doctors of jurisprudence in
+every age cannot be an absolutely idle one. As a matter of fact, a
+mixture of human and superhuman goes to the making of a State. Some
+legal basis is indispensable to explain the somewhat oppressive
+relationship in which subjects occasionally stand to rulers. I believe
+it is to be found in the _negotiorum gestio_, wherein the body of
+citizens represents the _dominus negotiorum_, and the government
+represents the _gestor_.
+
+The Romans, with their marvellous sense of justice, produced that
+noble masterpiece, the _negotiorum gestio_. When the property of an
+oppressed person is in danger, any man may step forward to save it.
+This man is the _gestor_, the director of affairs not strictly his
+own. He has received no warrant--that is, no human warrant; higher
+obligations authorize him to act. The higher obligations may be
+formulated in different ways for the State, and so as to respond to
+individual degrees of culture attained by a growing general power of
+comprehension. The _gestio_ is intended to work for the good of the
+_dominus_--the people, to whom the _gestor_ himself belongs.
+
+The _gestor_ administers property of which he is joint-owner. His
+joint proprietorship teaches him what urgency would warrant his
+intervention, and would demand his leadership in peace or war; but
+under no circumstances is his authority valid _qua_ joint
+proprietorship. The consent of the numerous joint-owners is even under
+most favorable conditions a matter of conjecture.
+
+A State is created by a nation's struggle for existence. In any such
+struggle it is impossible to obtain proper authority in circumstantial
+fashion beforehand. In fact, any previous attempt to obtain a regular
+decision from the majority would probably ruin the undertaking from
+the outset. For internal schisms would make the people defenceless
+against external dangers. We cannot all be of one mind; the _gestor_
+will therefore simply take the leadership into his hands and march in
+the van.
+
+The action of the _gestor_ of the State is sufficiently warranted if
+the common cause is in danger, and the _dominus_ is prevented, either
+by want of will or by some other reason, from helping itself.
+
+But the _gestor_ becomes similar to the _dominus_ by his intervention,
+and is bound by the agreement _quasi ex contractu_. This is the legal
+relationship existing before, or, more correctly, created
+simultaneously with the State.
+
+The _gestor_ thus becomes answerable for every form of negligence,
+even for the failure of business undertakings, and the neglect of such
+affairs as are intimately connected with them, etc. I shall not
+further enlarge on the _negotiorum gestio_, but rather leave it to the
+State, else it would take us too far from the main subject. One remark
+only: "Business management, if it is approved by the owner, is just as
+effectual as if it had originally been carried on by his authority."
+
+And how does all this affect our case?
+
+The Jewish people are at present prevented by the Diaspora from
+conducting their political affairs themselves. Besides, they are in a
+condition of more or less severe distress in many parts of the world.
+They need, above all things a _gestor_. This _gestor_ cannot, of
+course, be a single individual. Such a one would either make himself
+ridiculous, or--seeing that he would appear to be working for his own
+interests--contemptible.
+
+The _gestor_ of the Jews must therefore be a body corporate.
+
+And that is the Society of Jews.
+
+
+THE GESTOR OF THE JEWS
+
+This organ of the national movement, the nature and functions of which
+we are at last dealing with, will, in fact, be created before
+everything else. Its formation is perfectly simple. It will take shape
+among those energetic Jews to whom I imparted my scheme in London.[B]
+
+The Society will have scientific and political tasks, for the founding
+of a Jewish State, as I conceive it, presupposes the application of
+scientific methods. We cannot journey out of Egypt today in the
+primitive fashion of ancient times. We shall previously obtain an
+accurate account of our number and strength. The undertaking of that
+great and ancient _gestor_ of the Jews in primitive days bears much
+the same relation to ours that some wonderful melody bears to a modern
+opera. We are playing the same melody with many more violins, flutes,
+harps, violoncellos, and bass viols; with electric light, decorations,
+choirs, beautiful costumes, and with the first singers of their day.
+
+This pamphlet is intended to open a general discussion on the Jewish
+Question. Friends and foes will take part in it; but it will no
+longer, I hope, take the form of violent abuse or of sentimental
+vindication, but of a debate, practical, large, earnest, and
+political.
+
+The Society of Jews will gather all available declarations of
+statesmen, parliaments, Jewish communities, societies, whether
+expressed in speeches or writings, in meetings, newspapers or books.
+
+Thus the Society will find out for the first time whether the Jews
+really wish to go to the Promised Land, and whether they must go
+there. Every Jewish community in the world will send contributions to
+the Society towards a comprehensive collection of Jewish statistics.
+
+Further tasks, such as investigation by experts of the new country and
+its natural resources, the uniform planning of migration and
+settlement, preliminary work for legislation and administration,
+etc., must be rationally evolved out of the original scheme.
+
+Externally, the Society will attempt, as I explained before in the
+general part, to be acknowledged as a State-forming power. The free
+assent of many Jews will confer on it the requisite authority in its
+relations with Governments.
+
+Internally, that is to say, in its relation with the Jewish people,
+the Society will create all the first indispensable institutions; it
+will be the nucleus out of which the public institutions of the Jewish
+State will later on be developed.
+
+Our first object is, as I said before, supremacy, assured to us by
+international law, over a portion of the globe sufficiently large to
+satisfy our just requirements.
+
+What is the next step?
+
+
+THE OCCUPATION OF THE LAND
+
+When nations wandered in historic times, they let chance carry them,
+draw them, fling them hither and thither, and like swarms of locusts
+they settled down indifferently anywhere. For in historic times the
+earth was not known to man. But this modern Jewish migration must
+proceed in accordance with scientific principles.
+
+Not more than forty years ago gold-digging was carried on in an
+extraordinarily primitive fashion. What adventurous days were those in
+California! A report brought desperados together from every quarter of
+the earth; they stole pieces of land, robbed each other of gold, and
+finally gambled it away, as robbers do.
+
+But today! What is gold-digging like in the Transvaal today?
+Adventurous vagabonds are not there; sedate geologists and engineers
+alone are on the spot to regulate its gold industry, and to employ
+ingenious machinery in separating the ore from surrounding rock.
+Little is left to chance now.
+
+Thus we must investigate and take possession of the new Jewish country
+by means of every modern expedient.
+
+As soon as we have secured the land, we shall send over a ship, having
+on board the representatives of the Society, of the Company, and of
+the local groups, who will enter into possession at once.
+
+These men will have three tasks to perform: (1) An accurate,
+scientific investigation of all natural resources of the country; (2)
+the organization of a strictly centralized administration; (3) the
+distribution of land. These tasks intersect one another, and will all
+be carried out in conformity with the now familiar object in view.
+
+One thing remains to be explained--namely, how the occupation of land
+according to local groups is to take place.
+
+In America the occupation of newly opened territory is set about in
+naive fashion. The settlers assemble on the frontier, and at the
+appointed time make a simultaneous and violent rush for their
+portions.
+
+We shall not proceed thus to the new land of the Jews. The lots in
+provinces and towns will be sold by auction, and paid for, not in
+money, but in work. The general plan will have settled on streets,
+bridges, waterworks, etc., necessary for traffic. These will be united
+into provinces. Within these provinces sites for towns will be
+similarly sold by auction. The local groups will pledge themselves to
+carry the business property through, and will cover the cost by means
+of self-imposed assessments. The Society will be in a position to
+judge whether the local groups are not venturing on sacrifices too
+great for their means. The large communities will receive large sites
+for their activity. Great sacrifices will thus be rewarded by the
+establishment of universities, technical schools, academies, research
+institutes, etc., and these Government institutes, which do not have
+to be concentrated in the capital, will be distributed over the
+country.
+
+The personal interest of the buyers, and, if necessary, the local
+assessment, will guarantee the proper working of what has been taken
+over. In the same way, as we cannot, and indeed do not wish to
+obliterate distinctions between single individuals, so the differences
+between local groups will also continue. Everything will shape itself
+quite naturally. All acquired rights will be protected, and every new
+development will be given sufficient scope.
+
+Our people will be made thoroughly acquainted with all these matters.
+
+We shall not take others unawares or mislead them, any more than we
+shall deceive ourselves.
+
+Everything must be systematically settled beforehand. I merely
+indicate this scheme: our keenest thinkers will combine in elaborating
+it. Every social and technical achievement of our age and of the more
+advanced age which will be reached before the slow execution of my
+plan is accomplished must be employed for this object. Every valuable
+invention which exists now, or lies in the future, must be used. By
+these means a country can be occupied and a State founded in a manner
+as yet unknown to history, and with possibilities of success such, as
+never occurred before.
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+One of the great commissions which the Society will have to appoint
+will be the council of State jurists. These must formulate the best,
+that is, the best modern constitution possible. I believe that a good
+constitution should be of moderately elastic nature. In another work I
+have explained in detail what forms of government I hold to be the
+best. I think a democratic monarchy and an aristocratic republic are
+the finest forms of a State, because in them the form of State and the
+principle of government are opposed to each other, and thus preserve a
+true balance of power. I am a staunch supporter of monarchial
+institutions, because these allow of a continuous policy, and
+represent the interests of a historically famous family born and
+educated to rule, whose desires are bound up with the preservation of
+the State. But our history has been too long interrupted for us to
+attempt direct continuity of ancient constitutional forms, without
+exposing ourselves to the charge of absurdity.
+
+A democracy without a sovereign's useful counterpoise is extreme in
+appreciation and condemnation, tends to idle discussion in Parliaments,
+and produces that objectionable class of men--professional politicians.
+Nations are also really not fit for unlimited democracy at present, and
+will become less and less fitted for it in the future. For a pure
+democracy presupposes a predominance of simple customs, and our customs
+become daily more complex with the growth of commerce and increase of
+culture. "_Le ressort d'une democratic est la vertu_," said wise
+Montesquieu. And where is this virtue, that is to say, this political
+virtue, to be met with? I do not believe in our political virtue;
+first, because we are no better than the rest of modern humanity; and,
+secondly, because freedom will make us show our fighting qualities at
+first. I also hold a settling of questions by the referendum to be an
+unsatisfactory procedure, because there are no simple political
+questions which can be answered merely by Yes and No. The masses are
+also more prone even than Parliaments to be led away by heterodox
+opinions, and to be swayed by vigorous ranting. It is impossible to
+formulate a wise internal or external policy in a popular assembly.
+
+Politics must take shape in the upper strata and work downwards. But
+no member of the Jewish State will be oppressed, every man will be
+able and will wish to rise in it. Thus a great upward tendency will
+pass through our people; every individual by trying to raise himself,
+raising also the whole body of citizens. The ascent will take a normal
+form, useful to the State and serviceable to the National Idea.
+
+Hence I incline to an aristocratic republic. This would satisfy the
+ambitious spirit in our people, which has now degenerated into petty
+vanity. Many of the institutions of Venice pass through my mind; but
+all that which caused the ruin of Venice must be carefully avoided. We
+shall learn from the historic mistakes of others, in the same way as
+we learn from our own; for we are a modern nation, and wish to be the
+most modern in the world. Our people, who are receiving the new
+country from the Society, will also thankfully accept the new
+constitution it offers them. Should any opposition manifest itself,
+the Society will suppress it. The Society cannot permit the exercise
+of its functions to be interpreted by short-sighted or ill-disposed
+individuals.
+
+
+LANGUAGE
+
+It might be suggested that our want of a common current language would
+present difficulties. We cannot converse with one another in Hebrew.
+Who amongst us has a sufficient acquaintance with Hebrew to ask for a
+railway ticket in that language? Such a thing cannot be done. Yet the
+difficulty is very easily circumvented. Every man can preserve the
+language in which his thoughts are at home. Switzerland affords a
+conclusive proof of the possibility of a federation of tongues. We
+shall remain in the new country what we now are here, and we shall
+never cease to cherish with sadness the memory of the native land out
+of which we have been driven.
+
+We shall give up using those miserable stunted jargons, those Ghetto
+languages which we still employ, for these were the stealthy tongues
+of prisoners. Our national teachers will give due attention to this
+matter; and the language which proves itself to be of greatest utility
+for general intercourse will be adopted without compulsion as our
+national tongue. Our community of race is peculiar and unique, for we
+are bound together only by the faith of our fathers.
+
+
+THEOCRACY
+
+Shall we end by having a theocracy? No, indeed. Faith unites us,
+knowledge gives us freedom. We shall therefore prevent any theocratic
+tendencies from coming to the fore on the part of our priesthood. We
+shall keep our priests within the confines of their temples in the
+same way as we shall keep our professional army within the confines of
+their barracks. Army and priesthood shall receive honors high as their
+valuable functions deserve. But they must not interfere in the
+administration of the State which confers distinction upon them, else
+they will conjure up difficulties without and within.
+
+Every man will be as free and undisturbed in his faith or his
+disbelief as he is in his nationality. And if it should occur that men
+of other creeds and different nationalities come to live amongst us,
+we should accord them honorable protection and equality before the
+law. We have learnt toleration in Europe. This is not sarcastically
+said; for the Anti-Semitism of today could only in a very few places
+be taken for old religious intolerance. It is for the most part a
+movement among civilized nations by which they try to chase away the
+spectres of their own past.
+
+
+LAWS
+
+When the idea of a State begins to approach realization, the Society
+of Jews will appoint a council of jurists to do the preparatory work
+of legislation. During the transition period these must act on the
+principle that every emigrant Jew is to be judged according to the
+laws of the country which he has left. But they must try to bring
+about a unification of these various laws to form a modern system of
+legislation based on the best portions of previous systems. This might
+become a typical codification, embodying all the just social claims of
+the present day.
+
+
+THE ARMY
+
+The Jewish State is conceived as a neutral one. It will therefore
+require only a professional army, equipped, of course, with every
+requisite of modern warfare, to preserve order internally and
+externally.
+
+
+THE FLAG
+
+We have no flag, and we need one. If we desire to lead many men, we
+must raise a symbol above their heads.
+
+I would suggest a white flag, with seven golden stars. The white field
+symbolizes our pure new life; the stars are the seven golden hours of
+our working-day. For we shall march into the Promised Land carrying
+the badge of honor.
+
+
+RECIPROCITY AND EXTRADITION TREATIES
+
+The new Jewish State must be properly founded, with due regard to our
+future honorable position in the world. Therefore every obligation in
+the old country must be scrupulously fulfilled before leaving. The
+Society of Jews and the Jewish Company will grant cheap passage and
+certain advantages in settlement to those only who can present an
+official testimonial from the local authorities, certifying that they
+have left their affairs in good order.
+
+Every just private claim originating in the abandoned countries will
+be heard more readily in the Jewish State than anywhere else. We shall
+not wait for reciprocity; we shall act purely for the sake of our own
+honor. We shall thus perhaps find, later on, that law courts will be
+more willing to hear our claims than now seems to be the case in some
+places.
+
+It will be inferred, as a matter of course, from previous remarks,
+that we shall deliver up Jewish criminals more readily than any other
+State would do, till the time comes when we can enforce our penal code
+on the same principles as every other civilized nation does. There
+will therefore be a period of transition, during which we shall
+receive our criminals only after they have suffered due penalties.
+But, having made amends, they will be received without any
+restrictions whatever, for our criminals also must enter upon a new
+life.
+
+Thus emigration may become to many Jews a crisis with a happy issue.
+Bad external circumstances, which ruin many a character, will be
+removed, and this change may mean salvation to many who are lost.
+
+Here I should like briefly to relate a story I came across in an
+account of the gold mines of Witwatersrand. One day a man came to the
+Rand, settled there, tried his hand at various things, with the
+exception of gold mining, till he founded an ice factory, which did
+well. He soon won universal esteem by his respectability, but after
+some years he was suddenly arrested. He had committed some
+defalcations as banker in Frankfort, had fled from there, and had
+begun a new life under an assumed name. But when he was led away as
+prisoner, the most respected people in the place appeared at the
+station, bade him a cordial farewell and _au revoir_--for he was
+certain to return.
+
+How much this story reveals! A new life can regenerate even criminals,
+and we have a proportionately small number of these. Some interesting
+statistics on this point are worth reading, entitled "The Criminality
+of Jews in Germany," by Dr. P. Nathan, of Berlin, who was commissioned
+by the "Society for Defense against Anti-Semitism" to make a
+collection of statistics based on official returns. It is true that
+this pamphlet, which teems with figures, has been prompted, as many
+another "defence," by the error that Anti-Semitism can be refuted by
+reasonable arguments. We are probably disliked as much for our gifts
+as we are for our faults.
+
+
+BENEFITS OF THE EMIGRATION OF THE JEWS
+
+I imagine that Governments will, either voluntarily or under pressure
+from the Anti-Semites, pay certain attention to this scheme, and they
+may perhaps actually receive it here and there with a sympathy which
+they will also show to the Society of Jews.
+
+For the emigration which I suggest will not create any economic
+crises. Such crises as would follow everywhere in consequence of
+Jew-baiting would rather be prevented by the carrying out of my plan.
+A great period of prosperity would commence in countries which are
+now Anti-Semitic. For there will be, as I have repeatedly said, an
+internal migration of Christian citizens into the positions slowly and
+systematically evacuated by the Jews. If we are not merely suffered,
+but actually assisted to do this, the movement will have a generally
+beneficial effect. That is a narrow view, from which one should free
+oneself, which sees in the departure of many Jews a consequent
+impoverishment of countries. It is different from a departure which is
+a result of persecution, for then property is indeed destroyed, as it
+is ruined in the confusion of war. Different again is the peaceable
+voluntary departure of colonists, wherein everything is carried out
+with due consideration for acquired rights, and with absolute
+conformity to law, openly and by light of day, under the eyes of the
+authorities and the control of public opinion. The emigration of
+Christian proletarians to different parts of the world would be
+brought to a standstill by the Jewish movement.
+
+The States would have a further advantage in the enormous increase of
+their export trade; for, since the emigrant Jews "over there" would
+depend for a long time to come on European productions, they would
+necessarily have to import them. The local groups would keep up a just
+balance, and the customary needs would have to be supplied for a long
+time at the accustomed places.
+
+Another, and perhaps one of the greatest advantages, would be the
+ensuing social relief. Social dissatisfaction would be appeased during
+the twenty or more years which the emigration of the Jews would
+occupy, and would in any case be set at rest during the whole
+transition period.
+
+The shape which the social question may take depends entirely on the
+development of our technical resources. Steampower concentrated men in
+factories about machinery where they were overcrowded, and where they
+made one another miserable by overcrowding. Our present enormous,
+injudicious, and unsystematic rate of production is the cause of
+continual severe crises which ruin both employers and employees. Steam
+crowded men together; electricity will probably scatter them again,
+and may perhaps bring about a more prosperous condition of the labor
+market. In any case our technical inventors, who are the true
+benefactors of humanity, will continue their labors after the
+commencement of the emigration of the Jews, and they will discover
+things as marvellous as those we have already seen, or indeed more
+wonderful even than these.
+
+The word "impossible" has ceased to exist in the vocabulary of
+technical science. Were a man who lived in the last century to return
+to the earth, he would find the life of today full of incomprehensible
+magic. Wherever the moderns appear with our inventions, we transform
+the desert into a garden. To build a city takes in our time as many
+years as it formerly required centuries; America offers endless
+examples of this. Distance has ceased to be an obstacle. The spirit of
+our age has gathered fabulous treasures into its storehouse. Every day
+this wealth increases. A hundred thousand heads are occupied with
+speculations and research at every point of the globe, and what any
+one discovers belongs the next moment to the whole world. We ourselves
+will use and carry on every new attempt in our Jewish land; and just
+as we shall introduce the seven-hour day as an experiment for the good
+of humanity, so we shall proceed in everything else in the same humane
+spirit, making of the new land a land of experiments and a model
+State.
+
+After the departure of the Jews the undertakings which they have
+created will remain where they originally were found. And the Jewish
+spirit of enterprise will not even fail where people welcome it. For
+Jewish capitalists will be glad to invest their funds where they are
+familiar with surrounding conditions. And whereas Jewish money is now
+sent out of countries on account of existing persecutions, and is sunk
+in most distant foreign undertakings, it will flow back again in
+consequence of this peaceable solution, and will contribute to the
+further progress of the countries which the Jews have left.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] Dr. Herzl addressed a meeting of the Maccabean Club, at which
+Israel Zangwill presided, on November 24th, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+_VI. Conclusion_
+
+
+How much has been left unexplained, how many defects, how many harmful
+superficialities, and how many useless repetitions in this pamphlet,
+which I have thought over so long and so often revised!
+
+But a fair-minded reader, who has sufficient understanding to grasp
+the spirit of my words, will not be repelled by these defects. He will
+rather be roused thereby to cooperate with his intelligence and energy
+in a work which is not one man's task alone, and to improve it.
+
+Have I not explained obvious things and overlooked important
+objections?
+
+I have tried to meet certain objections; but I know that many more
+will be made, based on high grounds and low.
+
+To the first class of objections belongs the remark that the Jews are
+not the only people in the world who are in a condition of distress.
+Here I would reply that we may as well begin by removing a little of
+this misery, even if it should at first be no more than our own.
+
+It might further be said that we ought not to create new distinctions
+between people; we ought not to raise fresh barriers, we should rather
+make the old disappear. But men who think in this way are amiable
+visionaries; and the idea of a native land will still flourish when
+the dust of their bones will have vanished tracelessly in the winds.
+Universal brotherhood is not even a beautiful dream. Antagonism is
+essential to man's greatest efforts.
+
+But the Jews, once settled in their own State, would probably have no
+more enemies. As for those who remain behind, since prosperity
+enfeebles and causes them to diminish, they would soon disappear
+altogether. I think the Jews will always have sufficient enemies, such
+as every nation has. But once fixed in their own land, it will no
+longer be possible for them to scatter all over the world. The
+diaspora cannot be reborn, unless the civilization of the whole earth
+should collapse; and such a consummation could be feared by none but
+foolish men. Our present civilization possesses weapons powerful
+enough for its self-defence.
+
+Innumerable objections will be based on low grounds, for there are
+more low men than noble in this world. I have tried to remove some of
+these narrow-minded notions; and whoever is willing to fall in behind
+our white flag with its seven stars, must assist in this campaign of
+enlightenment. Perhaps we shall have to fight first of all against
+many an evil-disposed, narrow-hearted, short-sighted member of our own
+race.
+
+Again, people will say that I am furnishing the Anti-Semites with
+weapons. Why so? Because I admit the truth? Because I do not maintain
+that there are none but excellent men against us?
+
+Will not people say that I am showing our enemies the way to injure
+us? This I absolutely dispute. My proposal could only be carried out
+with the free consent of a majority of Jews. Action may be taken
+against individuals or even against groups of the most powerful Jews,
+but Governments will never take action against all Jews. The equal
+rights of the Jew before the law cannot be withdrawn where they have
+once been conceded; for the first attempt at withdrawal would
+immediately drive all Jews, rich and poor alike, into the ranks of
+revolutionary parties. The beginning of any official acts of injustice
+against the Jews invariably brings about economic crises. Therefore,
+no weapons can be effectually used against us, because these injure
+the hands that wield them. Meantime hatred grows apace. The rich do
+not feel it much, but our poor do. Let us ask our poor, who have been
+more severely proletarized since the last removal of Anti-Semitism
+than ever before.
+
+Some of our prosperous men may say that the pressure is not yet severe
+enough to justify emigration, and that every forcible expulsion shows
+how unwilling our people are to depart. True, because they do not know
+where to go; because they only pass from one trouble into another. But
+we are showing them the way to the Promised Land; and the splendid
+force of enthusiasm must fight against the terrible force of habit.
+
+Persecutions are no longer so malignant as they were in the Middle
+Ages? True, but our sensitiveness has increased, so that we feel no
+diminution in our sufferings; prolonged persecution has overstrained
+our nerves.
+
+Will people say, again, that our enterprise is hopeless, because even
+if we obtained the land with supremacy over it, the poor only would go
+with us? It is precisely the poorest whom we need at first. Only the
+desperate make good conquerors.
+
+Will some one say: Were it feasible it would have been done long ago?
+
+It has never yet been possible; now it is possible. A hundred--or even
+fifty years ago it would have been nothing more than a dream. Today it
+may become a reality. Our rich, who have a pleasurable acquaintance
+with all our technical achievements, know full well how much money can
+do. And thus it will be; just the poor and simple, who do not know
+what power man already exercises over the forces of Nature, just these
+will have the firmest faith in the new message. For these have never
+lost their hope of the Promised Land.
+
+Here it is, fellow Jews! Neither fable nor deception! Every man may
+test its reality for himself, for every man will carry over with him a
+portion of the Promised Land--one in his head, another in his arms,
+another in his acquired possessions.
+
+Now, all this may appear to be an interminably long affair. Even in
+the most favorable circumstances, many years might elapse before the
+commencement of the foundation of the State. In the meantime, Jews in
+a thousand different places would suffer insults, mortifications,
+abuse, blows, depredation, and death. No; if we only begin to carry
+out the plans, Anti-Semitism would stop at once and for ever. For it
+is the conclusion of peace.
+
+The news of the formation of our Jewish Company will be carried in a
+single day to the remotest ends of the earth by the lightning speed of
+our telegraph wires.
+
+And immediate relief will ensue. The intellects which we produce so
+superabundantly in our middle classes will find an outlet in our first
+organizations, as our first technicians, officers, professors,
+officials, lawyers, and doctors; and thus the movement will continue
+in swift but smooth progression.
+
+Prayers will be offered up for the success of our work in temples and
+in churches also; for it will bring relief from an old burden, which
+all have suffered.
+
+But we must first bring enlightenment to men's minds. The idea must
+make its way into the most distant, miserable holes where our people
+dwell. They will awaken from gloomy brooding, for into their lives
+will come a new significance. Every man need think only of himself,
+and the movement will assume vast proportions.
+
+And what glory awaits those who fight unselfishly for the cause!
+
+Therefore I believe that a wondrous generation of Jews will spring
+into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again.
+
+Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who wish for a
+State will have it.
+
+We shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully
+in our own homes.
+
+The world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our wealth,
+magnified by our greatness.
+
+And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare, will
+react powerfully and beneficially for the good of humanity.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+THE CONGRESS ADDRESSES. New York, Federation of American Zionists,
+  1917. 40p.
+
+EXCERPTS FROM HERZL'S DIARIES. New York, Scopus pub. co. 1941. 122p.
+
+GESAMELTE SHRIFTEN (In Yiddish). New York, Literarishe Verlag, 1920. 2
+  vols.
+
+GESAMMELTE ZIONISTISCHE WERKE. 3rd ed. Berlin. Juedisher Verlag (1934)
+  5 vols. Contents: vol. I Zionistische shriften; vol. 2, 3, 4,
+  Taegebuecher, vol. 5 Das neue Ghetto; Altneuland, Aus dem Nachlass.
+
+DAS JUDENSTAAT; Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage. Neue
+  Auflage mit einem Vorwort von Otto Warburg. Berlin, Juedischer
+  Verlag, 1918. 88p. Various editions.
+
+OLD-NEW LAND tr. by Lotta Levensohn with a preface by Stephen S. Wise.
+  New York, Bloch pub. co. 1941. 296p.
+
+THE TRAGEDY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION. 2nd ed. New York, Zionist
+  organization of America, 1920. 47p.
+
+
+ABOUT THEODOR HERZL
+
+Bein, Alex. Theodore Herzl tr. by Maurice Samuel. Phil. Jewish. pub.
+  society, 1940. 545p.
+
+Brainin, Ruben. A Life of Herzl. Vol. I, New York, 1919. (Hebrew)
+
+Buber, Martin and Weltsch, Robert. Theodor Herzl and we. New York,
+  Hitachduth of America, 1929. 28p.
+
+De Haas, Jacob. Theodor Herzl, a biographical study. New York, 1927. 2
+  vols.
+
+Hoffman, Martha. The young Herzl (In Hebrew) Jerusalem, 1941. 103p.
+
+Neumann, Emanuel. The birth of statesmanship; a story of Theodor
+  Herzl's life, New York, Youth dept. Jewish National Fund of America.
+  48p.
+
+New Palestine. Theodor Herzl, a memorial; ed. by Meyer W. Weisgal. New
+  York, 1929. 320p.
+
+Zionist Organization Executive. Theodor Herzl, ein Gedenkbuch. Berlin,
+  Juedischer Verlag, 1929. 79p.
+
+
+CHRONOLOGY
+
+1860-May 2        Wolf Theodor (Benjamin Zev) Herzl is born in
+                  the Tabakgasse, Budapest, the son of Jakob and
+                  Jeanette (Diamant) Herzl.
+
+1885-May 27       First feuilleton published in Wiener Allgemeine
+                  Zeitung.
+
+1894-Oct. 21      Arrest of Dreyfus.
+
+Oct. 21-Nov. 8    Writes Das Neue Ghetto. This is an attempt to
+                  express himself on the Jewish question.
+
+1895-June 2       Interviews Baron de Hirsch, submits plan for
+                  political action. Not favorably received.
+                  Immediately after this interview, which he later
+                  designates the beginning of his Zionist work, Herzl
+                  begins his Diaries.
+
+June-July         Composes first draft of Der Judenstaat.
+
+November 17       Explains idea of Jewish State to Dr. Nordau in
+                  Paris. Meets with instant understanding. Nordau
+                  gives Herzl introduction to Zangwill and London
+                  Maccabean Club.
+
+November 21       London. First meeting with Zangwill.
+
+1895-Nov. 24      London. First address before Maccabean Club.
+
+1896-Feb. 14      Der Judenstaat published in Vienna.
+
+May               Herzl recognized as leader by Zionist students of
+                  Vienna.
+
+July 13           London. Proclaimed leader of Jewry at meeting
+                  of Whitechapel Jews. Conflict with Chovevei Zion.
+
+July 18           Paris. Meeting with Baron Edmond Rothschild,
+                  who considers plan impracticable.
+
+November 8        Writes to British Zionists suggesting collection
+                  of a national fund.
+
+1897-March 6      Zionsverein decides upon Zionist Congress in
+                  Munich on August 25.
+
+June 4            Publication of first issue of Die Welt.
+
+June 17           Zionist Actions Committee decides to hold Congress
+                  in Basle.
+
+Aug. 29-31        First Zionist Congress convenes in Basle.
+
+1898-Aug. 28-30   Second Zionist Congress meets at Basle.
+
+October 26        Herzl party lands at Jaffa; tours Jewish colonies
+                  of Palestine.
+
+November 2        Formal audience with German Emperor at his
+                  headquarters outside Jerusalem. Problems of colonization
+                  discussed.
+
+1899-March 20     Registration of name of Jewish Colonial Trust,
+                  Ltd.
+
+August 15-17      Third Zionist Congress held at Basle.
+
+1900-Aug. 2       Fourth Zionist Congress opens in London. Herzl
+                  attends though he has barely recovered from serious
+                  illness.
+
+1901-May 18       Formal audience with Abdul Hamid II at Yildiz
+                  Kiosk. Herzl is promised pro-Jewish proclamation.
+                  Receives Grand Cordon of the Order of Medjidje,
+                  First Class.
+
+Dec. 29-31        Fifth Congress convenes at Basle. Zangwill attacks
+                  ICA. Conflict between Herzl and Russian
+                  "cultural" Zionists. Discussion of National Fund.
+
+1902-Feb. 17      Constantinople. Sultan offers Herzl charter, but
+                  not for Palestine.
+
+July 5            London. Conference with Lord Rothschild.
+
+July 7            London. Herzl appears before Royal Commission
+                  on Alien Immigration.
+
+October           Publication of Altneuland.
+
+1903-Jan.         El Arish expedition organized.
+
+May 11            Permission for El Arish colonization refused by
+                  Egypt.
+
+August 16         Vilna. Great ovations. There receives letter from
+                  Sir Clement Hill of British Foreign Office offering
+                  Uganda.
+
+Aug. 22-28        Sixth Zionist Congress held at Basle. Uganda
+                  conflict.
+
+1904-May 16       Last entry in Diaries--letter to Schiff.
+
+July 3            Death of Theodor Herzl.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page 14: Duhring replaced with Dühring                    |
+    | Page 73: exaggerted replaced with exaggerated             |
+    | Page 48: Maccabbeans replaced with Maccabeans             |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Jewish State
+
+Author: Theodor Herzl
+
+Commentator: Louis Lipsky
+             Alex Bein
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2008 [EBook #25282]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH STATE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Jeannie Howse and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin">Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has been preserved.</p>
+<p class="noin" style="text-align: left;">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+For a complete list, please see the <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#TN">end of this document</a>.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1>THE<br />
+JEWISH STATE</h1>
+
+<h2>Theodor Herzl</h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1>THE<br />
+JEWISH STATE</h1>
+
+<h2><i>by</i><br />
+<i>Theodor Herzl</i></h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<h4>Dover Publications, Inc., New York</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p>This Dover edition, first published in 1988, is an unabridged,
+unaltered republication of the work originally published in 1946
+by the American Zionist Emergency Council, New York, based on a
+revised translation published by the Scopus Publishing Company,
+New York, 1943, which was, in turn, based on the first
+English-language edition, <i>A Jewish State</i>, translated by Sylvie
+d'Avigdor, and published by Nutt, London, England, 1896. The
+Herzl text was originally published under the title <i>Der
+Judenstaat</i> in Vienna, 1896. Please see the note on the facing
+page for further details.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p>"<i>THE JEWISH STATE</i>" <i>is published by the American Zionist Emergency
+Council for its constituent organizations on the occasion of the 50th
+Anniversary of the publication of "DER JUDENSTAAT" in Vienna, February
+14, 1896.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The translation of "THE JEWISH STATE" based on a revised translation
+published by the Scopus Publishing Company was further revised by
+Jacob M. Alkow, editor of this book. The biography was condensed from
+Alex Bein's Theodor Herzl, published by the Jewish Publication Society
+of America. The bibliography and the chronology were prepared by the
+Zionist Archives and Library. To Mr. Louis Lipsky and to all of the
+above mentioned contributors, the American Zionist Emergency Council
+is deeply indebted.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>Contents</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a href="#INTRO">Introduction&mdash;Louis Lipsky</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a href="#BIO">Biography&mdash;Alex Bein</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">21</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a href="#The_Jewish_State">The Jewish State&mdash;Theodor Herzl</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">67</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a href="#Preface">Preface</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">69</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr" width="10%">I.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%"><a href="#I_Introduction">Introduction</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="10%">73</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">II.</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><a href="#II_The_Jewish_Question">The Jewish Question</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">85</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">III.</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><a href="#III_The_Jewish_Company">The Jewish Company</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">98</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">IV.</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><a href="#IV_Local_Groups">Local Groups</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">123</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">V.</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><a href="#V_Society">Society of Jews and Jewish State</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">136</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">VI.</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><a href="#VI_Conclusion">Conclusion</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">153</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">Bibliography</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">158</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a href="#Chronology">Chronology</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">159</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="INTRO" id="INTRO"></a><hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+<h4>by</h4>
+
+<h2><i>Louis Lipsky</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2><i>Introduction</i></h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>Theodore Herzl was the first Jew who projected the Jewish question as
+an international problem. "The Jewish State," written fifty years ago,
+was the first public expression, in a modern language, by a modern
+Jew, of a dynamic conception of how the solution of the problem could
+be accelerated and the ancient Jewish hope, slumbering in Jewish
+memory for two thousand years, could be fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>In 1882, Leo Pinsker, a Jewish physician of Odessa, disturbed by the
+pogroms of 1881, made a keen analysis of the position of the Jews,
+declared that anti-Semitism was a psychosis and incurable, that the
+cause of it was the abnormal condition of Jewish life, and that the
+only remedy for it was the removal of the cause through self-help and
+self-liberation. The Jewish people must become an independent nation,
+settled on the soil of their own land and leading the life of a normal
+people. Moses Hess in his "Rome and Jerusalem" classified the Jewish
+question as one of the nationalist struggles inspired by the French
+Revolution. Perez Smolenskin and E. Ben-Yehuda urged the revival of
+Hebrew and the resettlement of Palestine as the foundation for the
+rebirth of the Jewish people. Herzl was unaware of the existence of
+these works. His eyes were not directed to the problem in the same
+manner. When he wrote "The Jewish State" he was a journalist, living
+in Paris, sending his letters to the leading newspaper of Vienna, the
+<i>Neue Freie Presse</i>, and writing on a great variety of subjects. He
+was led to see Jewish life as a phenomenon in a changing world. He had
+adapted himself to a worldly outlook on all life. Through his efforts,
+the Jewish problem was raised to the higher <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>level of an international
+question which, in his judgment, should be given consideration by
+enlightened statesmanship. He was inspired to give his pamphlet a
+title that arrested attention.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>He wrote "The Jewish State" in a mood of restless agitation. His ideas
+were thrown pell-mell into the white heat of a spontaneous revelation.
+What was revealed dazzled and blinded him. Alex Bein, in his excellent
+biography, gives an intriguing description, drawn from Herzl's
+"Diaries," of how "The Jewish State" was born. It was the revelation
+of a mystic vision with flashes and overtones of prophecy. This is
+what Bein says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Then suddenly the storm breaks upon him. The clouds open. The
+thunder rolls. The lightning flashes about him. A thousand
+impressions beat upon him at the same time&mdash;a gigantic vision.
+He cannot think; he is unable to move; he can only write;
+breathless, unreflecting, unable to control himself or to
+exercise his critical faculties lest he dam the eruption, he
+dashes down his thoughts on scraps of paper&mdash;walking, standing,
+lying down, on the street, at the table, in the night&mdash;as if
+under unceasing command. So furiously did the cataract of his
+thoughts rush through him, that he thought he was going out of
+his mind. He was not working out the idea. The idea was working
+him out. It would have been an hallucination had it not been so
+informed by reason from first to last."</p></div>
+
+<p>Not only did the Magic Title evoke a widespread interest among the
+intellectuals of the day, but it brought Jews out <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>of the ghettos and
+made them conscious of their origin and destiny. It made them feel
+that there was a world that might be won for their cause, hitherto
+never communicated to strangers. Through Herzl, Jews were taught not
+to fear the consequences of an international movement to demand their
+national freedom. Thereafter, with freedom, they were to speak of a
+Zionist Congress, of national funds, of national schools, of a flag
+and a national anthem, and the redemption of their land. Their spirits
+were liberated and in thought they no longer lived in ghettos. Herzl
+taught them not to hide in corners. At the First Congress he said, "We
+have nothing to do with conspiracy, secret intervention or indirect
+methods. We wish to put the question in the arena and under the
+control of free public opinion." The Jews were to be active factors in
+their emancipation and, if they wished it, what was described in "The
+Jewish State" would not be a dream but a reality.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>The beginnings of the Jewish renaissance preceded the appearance of
+"The Jewish State" by several decades. In every section of Russian
+Jewry and extending to wherever the Jews clung to their Hebraic
+heritage, there was an active Zionist life. The reborn Hebrew was
+becoming an all-pervading influence. There were scores of Hebrew
+schools and academies. Hebrew journals of superior quality had a wide
+circulation. Ever since the pogroms of 1881, the ideas of Pinsker and
+Smolenskin and Gordon were discussed with great interest and deep
+understanding. There were many Zionist societies in Russia, in Poland,
+in Rumania, in Galicia and even in the United States. In "The Jewish
+State" Herzl alludes to the language of The Jewish State and passes
+Hebrew by as a manifestation of no great significance. He has a poorer
+opinion of Yiddish, the common language of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>Jews, which he regards as
+"the furtive language of prisoners." This was obviously an oversight.
+With the advent of Herzl, however, Zionism was no more a matter of
+domestic concern only. It was no longer internal Jewish problem only,
+not a theme for discussion only at Zionist meetings, not a problem to
+heat the spirits of Jewish writers. The problem of Jewish exile now
+occupied a place on the agenda of international affairs.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>Herzl was not so distant from his people as many of the Russian
+Zionists at first surmised. He was familiar with the social
+anti-Semitism of Austria and Germany. He knew of the disabilities of
+the Jews in Russia. There are many references in his feuilletons to
+matters of Jewish interest. He had read an anti-Semitic book written
+by Eugen D&uuml;hring called "The Jewish Problem as a Problem of Race,
+Morals and Culture." One of his closest friends had gone to Brazil for
+a Jewish committee to investigate the possibility of settling Jews in
+that part of South America. In 1892 he wrote an article on French
+anti-Semitism in which he considered the solution of a return to Zion
+and seemed to reject it. He wrote "The New Ghetto" two years before
+"The Jewish State" appeared. He was present at the trial of Alfred
+Dreyfus in December, 1894. He witnessed the degradation of Dreyfus and
+heard the cries of "Down with the Jews" in the streets of Paris. He
+read Edouard Drumont's anti-Semitic journal "La France Juive" and
+said, "I have to thank Drumont for much of the freedom of my present
+conception of the Jewish problem." While he was in Paris he was
+stirred as never before by the feeling that the plight of the Jews was
+a problem which would have to have the cooperation of enlightened
+statesmanship. What excited him in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>strangest way was the
+unaccountable indifference of Jews themselves to what seemed to him
+the menace of the existing situation. He saw the Jews in every land
+encircled by enemies, hostility to them growing with the increase of
+their numbers. In his excitement he thought first of Jewish
+philanthropists. He sought an interview with Baron Maurice de Hirsch
+in May, 1895. He planned an address to the Rothschilds. He talked of
+his ideas to friends in literary circles. His mind was obsessed by a
+gigantic problem which gave him no rest. He was struggling to pierce
+the veils of revelation. He saw a world in which the Jewish people
+lacked a fulcrum for national action and therefore had to seek to
+create it through beneficence. He had a remarkably resourceful and
+agile imagination. He weighed ideas, balanced them, discarded them,
+reflected, reconsidered, tried to reconcile contradictions, and
+finally came to what seemed to him at the moment the synthesis of the
+issue which seemed acceptable to reason and sentiment.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>Obviously, "The Jewish State" was not a dogmatic finality. Most of the
+plans for settlement and migration are improvisations. The pamphlet
+was not a rigid plan or a blueprint. It was not a description of a
+Utopia, although some parts of it give that impression. It had an
+indicated destiny but was not bound by a rigid line. It was the
+illumination of a dynamic thought and followed the light with the hope
+that it might lead to fulfillment. There was room for detours and
+variations. It was to be rewritten, as he knew, not by its author but
+by the Jewish people on their way to freedom.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>In fact, it was revised from the moment the Zionist <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>movement was
+organized on an international basis. The "Society of Jews" became the
+Zionist Organization, with its statutes, its procedures, its public
+excitement and controversies. "The Jewish Company" became the Bank;
+then more specifically, the Jewish Colonial Trust and later the
+Anglo-Palestine Bank. The description of the <i>Gestor</i>, which appears
+in the final chapter of the pamphlet, was never referred to again,
+but in effect it was incorporated in the idea of a state
+in-the-process-of-becoming. Its legitimate successor is the Jewish
+Agency referred to in the Mandate for Palestine. He was first led by
+the idea that the way to the charter was through the Sultan and that
+the Sultan would be influenced by Kaiser Wilhelm. But both princes
+failing him, he turned to England and Joseph Chamberlain, and came to
+the Uganda proposal. This was Herzl's one political success although
+the project was, in effect, rejected by the Zionist Congress. But
+this encounter with England was a precedent which led to much
+speculation in Zionist circles and gave a turn to Zionist thought
+away from Germany and Turkey. It served to inspire Dr. Chaim Weizman
+to make his home in England with the express purpose of seeking
+English sympathy for the Zionist ideal. The successor of Joseph
+Chamberlain was Arthur James Balfour. When Herzl opened Chamberlain's
+door, Zionism had an easier access to the England of Balfour.</p>
+
+<p>When Herzl first appeared on the political scene, he thought of
+courtiers and statesmen, of princes and kings. He found that they
+could not be relied upon for truth or stability. They were encircled
+by favorites and mercenaries. Enormous responsibilities rested upon
+their shoulders but they seemed to behave with regard to these
+responsibilities as if they were gamblers or amateurs. Herzl soon
+realized that these were frail reeds that would break under the
+slightest pressure. He came to put his trust in the Jewish people,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>the only real source of strength for the purpose of redemption.
+Confidence in themselves would give them power to breach their prison
+walls. His aristocratic republic had to become a movement of
+democracy. Only in "The Jewish State" will you find reference to a
+movement based upon Jews who endorse a "fixed program," and then
+become members under the "discipline" of leadership. When Herzl faced
+the First Congress, he saw that this conception of Zionism was foreign
+to the nature and character of the Jewish people. The shekel was the
+registry of a name. It led the way to the elevation of the individual
+in Zionist affairs, first as a member of a democratic army "willing"
+the fulfillment, and then settling in Palestine to become the hands
+that built the Homeland.</p>
+
+<p>Arrayed in the armor of democracy, the Zionist movement made the
+self-emancipation ideal of Pinsker live in the soul of Herzl. At a
+number of Congresses, in his articles in Die Welt, Herzl showed how
+that idea had become an integral part of his life, although his first
+thoughts ran in quite another direction.</p>
+
+<p>But his analysis of anti-Semitism and how to approach the problem
+remains true today after Hitler, as it was true then after Dreyfus.
+This was the authentic revelation that in his last days was fixed in
+his mind. The homelessness of the Jewish people must come to an end.
+That tragedy is a world problem. It is to be solved by world
+statesmanship in cooperation with the reawakened Jewish people. It is
+to be solved by the establishment of a free Jewish State in their
+historic Homeland. Herzl manifested his utter identification with the
+destiny of his own people at the Uganda Congress when he faced the
+rebellious Russian Zionists, spoke words of consolation to them and
+gave them assurances of his fealty to Zion. He died a few months
+later.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>"The Jewish State" was not regarded by Herzl as a piece of literature.
+It was a political document. It was to serve as the introduction to
+political action. It was to lead to the conversion of leaders in
+political life. It was to win converts to the idea of a Jewish State.
+Although a shy man at first, he did not hesitate to make his way
+through the corridors of the great and suffer the humiliations of the
+suppliant. Through that remarkable friend and Christian, the Reverend
+William H. Hechler, he met the Grand Duke of Baden; he made the rounds
+of German statesmen, Count zu Eulenburg, Foreign Minister, Von Buelow
+and Reichschancellor Hohenlohe; then he met the favorites who
+encircled Sultan Abdul Hamid and the Sultan himself. He placed the
+dramatic personae of his drama on the stage. The plan involved the
+Turkish debt, the German interest in the Orient. It involved
+stimulating the Russians and visiting the Pope. At first his political
+activities were conducted as the author of a startling pamphlet, then
+as the leader of his people. He became conscious of his leadership,
+and played his part with superb dignity. He had ease of manner and
+correct form. He created the impression of a regal personality; his
+noble appearance hid his hesitations and fears. With the Sultan he
+played the most remarkable game of diplomacy. He believed that once a
+mutual interest could be arrived at, he would be able to secure the
+funds, although at the time of speaking he had no funds at all.
+Adjusting himself to the wily Turk, he had to change and diminish his
+demands and finally, when he was dangerously near a disclosure, he was
+saved by the Sultan's transferring his interest to the French and
+obtaining his funds from them. With Kaiser Wilhelm, he soon
+appreciated the fact that he had to deal with a great theatrical
+personality who spoke of plans and purpose with great fire, but had
+no <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>courage and whose convictions melted away in the face of
+obstacles.</p>
+
+<p>The world Herzl dealt with has passed away. The Turkish Empire now
+occupies a small part of the Near East. Its former provinces have now
+become "sovereign" states struggling to establish harmony between
+themselves and feeding on their animus towards the Jewish people
+returning home. The methods of diplomacy have changed. Loudness of
+speech is no longer out of order. Frankness and brutality may be
+expected at any international gathering. It is now felt as never
+before that behind political leaders, rulers, princes, statesmen, the
+people are advancing and soon will be able to push aside those who
+make of the relations of peoples a game and a gamble, a struggle for
+power, which, when achieved, dissolves into the nothingness of vanity.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>"The Jewish State" should be regarded as one of a series of books,
+variations on the same theme, composed by the same author. The first
+was "The New Ghetto" (1894). That was a play which dealt with the
+social life of the upper class of Jews in Vienna. Then came the
+"Address to the Rothschilds." That was a memorandum which contained a
+proposal to Jewish philanthropists. "The Jewish State" was the third
+effort of an agitated mind, wavering between the projection of a
+Utopia or a thesis, and containing the political solution of the
+Jewish problem. The final variant of the original theme was the novel
+"Altneuland." Here he pictured the Promised Land as it might become
+twenty years after the beginning of the Zionist movement. In the
+interims, he played on the exciting stage of the Zionist Congresses.
+He paid court to princes and their satellites. He led in the
+organization of the Jewish Colonial Trust and the Jewish National
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>Fund. He delivered political addresses and engaged in political
+controversy. He began the writing of his "Diaries" after he had
+written "The Jewish State." His whole personality is reflected in that
+remarkable book. There you see his ideas in the process of becoming
+clear. There you see his sharp reactions; the reflection of his hopes,
+his disappointments, his shifts from untenable positions to positions
+possible after defeat. There you read his penetrating analysis of the
+figures on the Zionist stage upon whom he had to rely. There you are
+made to feel his doubts, his dread of death. In the midst of life he
+felt himself encircled by the Shadow of Death. There you found the
+explanation of his great haste, why he was so anxious to bring a
+measure of practical reality to the Jewish people even if it
+necessitated a detour from the land which was becoming more and more a
+part of his hopes and desires. The "Diaries" are unrestrained and
+unstudied. They were written hurriedly in the heat of the moment. They
+reveal the making of the great personality who gave only a glimpse of
+himself in "The Jewish State." They show the writer evolving as the
+hero of a great and lasting legend. The pamphlet is one of the
+chapters in the story of his struggle to achieve in eight years what
+his people had not been able to achieve in two thousand years. He gave
+his life to write it.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="BIO" id="BIO"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2><i>Theodor Herzl</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+
+<h4>A BIOGRAPHY<br />
+based on the work of<br />
+<i>Alex Bein</i></h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>Theodor Herzl was born on Wednesday, May 2, 1860, in the city of
+Budapest.</p>
+
+<p>Almost next door to his father's house was the liberal-reform temple.
+To this house of worship the little boy went regularly with his father
+on Sabbaths and Holy Days. At home, too, the essentials of the ritual
+were observed. One ceremony which Theodor learned in childhood
+remained with him; before every important event and decision he sought
+the blessing of his parents.</p>
+
+<p>Even stronger than these impressions, however, was the influence of
+his mother. Her education had been German through and through; there
+was not a day on which she did not slip into German literature,
+especially the classics.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish world, not alien to her, did not find expression through
+her; her conscious efforts were all directed toward implanting the
+German cultural heritage in her children. Of even deeper significance
+was her sympathetic attitude toward the pride which showed early in
+her son, and her skill in transferring to him her sense of form, of
+bearing, of tactfulness and of simple grace.</p>
+
+<p>At about the age of twelve he read in a German book about the
+Messiah-King whom many Jews still awaited and who would come riding,
+like the poorest of the poor on an ass. The history of the Exodus and
+the legend of the liberation by the King-Messiah ran together in the
+boy's mind, inspiring in him the theme of a wonderful story which he
+sought in vain to put into literary form.</p>
+
+<p>A little while thereafter Herzl had the following dream: "The
+King-Messiah came, a glorious and majestic old man, took me in his
+arms, and swept off with me on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>wings of the wind. On one of the
+iridescent clouds we encountered the figure of Moses. The features
+were those familiar to me out of my childhood in the statue by
+Michelangelo. The Messiah called to Moses: It is for this child that I
+have prayed. But to me he said: Go, declare to the Jews that I shall
+come soon and perform great wonders and great deeds for my people and
+for the whole world."</p>
+
+<p>It may be to this period (of his <i>Bar Mitzvah</i>) of reawakened Jewish
+sensitivity, of heightened responsiveness to the expectations of his
+elders, of resurgent interest in Jewish historical studies&mdash;it may be
+to this period that the dream of a dedicated life belonged. It is
+almost certain, too, that for the great event of the <i>Bar Mitzvah</i> the
+old grandfather of Semlin came to Pest. About this time, again,
+Alkalai, that early, all-but-forgotten Zionist, passed through Vienna
+and Budapest on his final journey to Palestine. Whether or not each
+one of these circumstances had a direct effect on the boy, the whole
+complex surrounds his <i>Bar Mitzvah</i> with the suggestion of the mission
+of his life, and, certainly, occasion was given for the awakening in
+him of the feeling of dedication to a great enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>The attention, energy and time which Herzl devoted to literature, at
+fifteen, his absorption in himself, his activity in the school
+literary society meant of course so much less given to his school
+work. He found no time at all for science; Jewish questions likewise
+disappeared from his interests; he was completely absorbed by German
+literary culture. This is all the more astonishing when we reflect
+that anti-Semitism continued to increase steadily. As a grown man
+Herzl could recall that one of his teachers, in defining the word
+"heathen," had said, "such as idolators, Mohammedans and Jews."
+Whether it was this incident,&mdash;as the memory of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>the grown man always
+insisted&mdash;which enraged him beyond endurance, or the increasingly bad
+school reports, or both circumstances together, the fact remains that
+on February 4, 1875 Herzl left the Technical School.</p>
+
+<p>At sixteen to eighteen in High School, he struggled to define the
+basic principles of various literary art forms in order that he might
+see more clearly what he himself wanted to say. He took an active and
+eager part in the work of the "German Self-Education Society" created
+by the students of his school. The Jewish world, whose inferior
+position always wounded his pride, and whose obstinate separatism
+seemed to him utterly meaningless, drifted further and further out of
+his mind.</p>
+
+<p>At eighteen, after the sudden death of his only sister, the family
+moved to Vienna where Herzl entered the University as a law student.
+Herzl, who accounted himself a liberal and an Austrian patriot,
+plunged eagerly into the activities of a large student Cultural
+Association, attended its discussions and directed its literary
+evenings. He had occasion, there, to deride certain Jewish fellow
+members who, in his view, displayed an excessive eagerness in their
+loyalty to various movements.</p>
+
+<p>This was the extent to which, in these days, he occupied himself with
+the Jewish question&mdash;at least externally. He concerned himself little
+or not at all with the official Jewish world which was seeking to
+submerge itself in the surrounding world. He seldom visited the
+synagogue.</p>
+
+<p>He was an omnivorous reader. His extraordinary knowledge of books was
+evident in his conversation, for he liked to adorn his speech with
+quotations, which came readily to his memory. Herzl read Eugen
+D&uuml;hring's book <i>The Jewish-Problem as a Problem of Race, Morals and
+Culture</i>&mdash;the first and most important effort to find a "scientific,"
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>philosophic, biologic and historical basis for the anti-Semitism which
+was sweeping through Europe in those days (1881). D&uuml;hring saw the
+Jewish question as a purely racial question, and for him the Jewish
+race was without any worth whatsoever. Those peoples which, out of a
+false sentiment of humanity, had permitted the Jews to live among them
+with equal and sometimes even with superior rights, had to be
+liberated from the harmful intruder, had to be de-Judaized.</p>
+
+<p>The reading of this book had the effect upon him of a blow between the
+eyes. The observations set down in his diary burn with indignation:
+"An infamous book.... If D&uuml;hring, who unites so much undeniable
+intelligence with so much universality of knowledge, can write like
+this, what are we to expect from the ignorant masses?"</p>
+
+<p>This passionate reaction to D&uuml;hring's book shows us how deeply he had
+been moved, and how fearfully he had been shaken in his belief that
+the Jewish question was on the point of disappearing. We shall find
+echoes of this experience in the pages of the <i>Judenstaat</i>. For the
+time being, however, he shrank from the logical consequences of his
+reactions. His inner pride began to build itself up.</p>
+
+<p>The more immediate reaction was undoubtedly a sharpened perception and
+evaluation of his fellow-members in the Fraternity. Herzl had joined
+and been active in a duelling Fraternity. Here, too, anti-Semitism was
+breaking through; student after student expressed himself favorably
+toward the Jew-baiting speeches of Schoenerer, who was making a
+special effort to win over the universities. In the Fraternity debates
+Herzl expressed himself sharply against any open or covert
+manifestation of such sympathy. But he was already known for the
+sharpness of his tongue and the individuality of his views. Thus he
+won to himself neither the few <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>co-religionists who belonged to the
+Fraternity nor the mass of the Germanic students.</p>
+
+<p>He had learned from newspaper reports that the Wagner Memorial
+meeting, in which his Fraternity had taken a part, had been
+transformed into an anti-Semitic demonstration. His Fraternity had,
+therefore, identified itself with a movement which he, as a believer
+in liberty, was bound to condemn, even if he had not been a Jew. "It
+is pretty clear that, handicapped as I am by my Semitism (the word was
+not yet known at the time of my entry), I would today refrain from
+seeking a membership which would, indeed, probably be refused me; it
+must also be clear to every decent person that under these
+circumstances I cannot wish to retain my membership." Herzl withdrew
+from the organization.</p>
+
+<p>On July 30, 1884, Herzl was admitted to the bar in Vienna. His student
+days were over. A new era opened for him, with its challenge to prove
+whether or not there was something in him to establish and proclaim to
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>In August, he entered on his law practice in the service of the state
+and was soon transferred to the court of Salzburg. Though he may at
+that time have been so far from Judaism that only pride and a decent
+respect for the feelings of his parents stood between him and baptism,
+he could not help perceiving that as a Jew he would find the higher
+levels of the civil service hierarchy closed to him. On August 5,
+1885, he withdrew from the service, determined to seek fame and
+fortune as a writer.</p>
+
+<p>Brimming with hope, he set out on a journey which was to be the
+introduction to his literary life. He visited Belgium and Holland and
+in Berlin made valuable connections and became a regular contributor
+to several important newspapers. Thus the range of his connections and
+relationships <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>widened from year to year, and when he travelled again
+it was an ever-widening audience that waited for his impressions and
+observations.</p>
+
+<p>In a book of reprinted feuilletons of Herzl which appeared in the
+first years of his success as a journalist a total of seven or eight
+lines is devoted to Jews. His impressions of the Ghetto in Rome. "What
+a steaming in the air, what a street! Countless open doors and windows
+thronged with innumerable pallid and worn-out faces. The ghetto! With
+what base and persistent hatred these unfortunates have been
+persecuted for the sole crime of faithfulness to their religion. We've
+travelled a long way since those times: nowadays the Jew is despised
+only for having a crooked nose, or for being a plutocrat even when he
+happens to be a pauper." Pity and bitterness abound in these lines,
+but they are written by a detached spectator. He did not know how much
+of the Jew there was in him even in this feeling of remoteness from a
+world which offered him not living reality but folly.</p>
+
+<p>By 1892, Herzl had achieved great success as a dramatist and as a
+journalist; his plays had been performed on the stage of the leading
+theatre of Vienna and, to cap the climax, came an appointment to the
+staff of the <i>Neue Freie Presse</i>, one of the most distinguished papers
+on the continent.</p>
+
+<p>Early in October he received a telegram from the <i>Neue Freie Presse</i>
+asking whether he would accept the post of Paris correspondent. He
+replied at once in the affirmative, and proceeded to the French
+capital at the end of the same month. He wrote to his parents: "The
+position of Paris correspondent is the springboard to great things,
+and I shall achieve them, to your great joy, my dear beloved parents."</p>
+
+<p>Herzl sustained successfully the comparison with his great models and
+predecessors. In style as well as in substance his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>reports and
+articles were masterpieces of their kind. He came to his task with the
+equipment of a perfect feuilletonist; his style was polished and
+musical; he possessed in an exceptional degree the capacity to
+describe natural scenery in a few fine clear strokes and of hinting
+at, rather than of reproducing, a mood with a minimum of language.
+Everything was there, background, mood and development of action in
+plastic balance. It was only now, when a great opportunity provoked
+him to the highest effort, that all the lessons of the years of his
+apprenticeship built up a many-sided perfection.</p>
+
+<p>He threw himself seriously and diligently into the journalistic craft.
+He observed with close attention all that went on about him, and
+listened with sharpened ears. But the moment had not yet come for the
+unveiling of a mission within him. He was on the way; the process of
+preparation had begun.</p>
+
+<p>How, in this mood of his, could he possibly have avoided clashing with
+the Jewish question? As far back as the time of his Spanish journey,
+when he had sought healing from his domestic and spiritual torments,
+the question had presented itself to him and had cried for artistic
+expression. His call to Paris had been a welcome pretext, perhaps,
+putting off the writing of his Jewish novel&mdash;the more so as he
+probably was not ripe enough for such an undertaking. Now that he was
+in Paris, where his eyes were opened to the full range of the social
+process, he began to draw nearer in spirit to his fellow-Jews, and to
+look upon them more warmly and with less inhibition. He found them as
+difficult aesthetically as before, but he tried hard to grasp the
+essence of their character and substance, and to judge them without
+prejudice.</p>
+
+<p>When Herzl arrived in Paris anti-Semitism, had <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>not&mdash;in spite of
+Drumont's exertions, and in spite of his paper, <i>la Libre Parole</i>,
+founded in 1892&mdash;achieved the dimensions of a genuine movement, nor
+was it destined to become one in the German sense. But it served as
+the focus for all kinds of discontents and resentments; it attracted
+certain serious critical spirits, too; its influence grew from day to
+day, and the position of the Jews became increasingly uncomfortable.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl's contact with anti-Semitism dated back to his student days,
+when it had first taken on the form of a social political movement. He
+had been aware of it as a writer, though the contact had never ripened
+into a serious inner struggle or compelled him to give utterance to
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Now he read Drumont, as he had read D&uuml;hring. The impression was again
+a profound one. What moved him most in the work was the totality of a
+world picture based on a considered hostility to the Jews.</p>
+
+<p>A ritual-murder trial was in progress in the town of Xanten, in the
+Rhineland. On August 31, 1892, Herzl, dealing with this subject as
+with all other subjects of public interest, summed up the general
+situation in a long report entitled "French anti-Semitism."</p>
+
+<p>By now Herzl was no longer content with a simple acceptance of the
+facts; he was looking for the deeper significance of the universal
+enmity directed against the Jews. For the world it is a lightning
+conductor. But so far it was only a flash of insight which ended in
+nothing more than a literary paradox. However, from now on it gave him
+no peace.</p>
+
+<p>At the turn of the year 1892-93 there came a sharp clarification in
+his ideas. He had followed closely the evasive debates in the Austrian
+Reichstag&mdash;debates which forever dodged the reality by turning the
+question into one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>of religion. "It is no longer&mdash;and it has not been
+for a long time&mdash;a theological matter. It has nothing whatsoever to do
+with religion and conscience," declared Herzl. "What is more, everyone
+knows it. The Jewish question is neither nationalistic nor religious.
+It is a social question."</p>
+
+<p>Then came the summer, 1894, and at its close Herzl took a much needed
+vacation. He spent the month of September in Baden, near Vienna, in
+the company of his fellow-feuilletonist on the <i>Neue Freie Presse</i>,
+Ludwig Speidel. Herzl has left a record of their conversation. What he
+gave Speidel was more or less what he had felt, many years before,
+after his reading of D&uuml;hring. He admitted the substance of the
+anti-Semitic accusation which linked the Jew with money; he defended
+the Jew as the victim of a long historic process for which the Jew was
+not responsible. "It is not our fault, not the fault of the Jews, that
+we find ourselves forced into the role of alien bodies in the midst of
+various nations. The ghetto, which was not of our making, bred in us
+certain anti-social qualities.... Our original character cannot have
+been other than magnificent and proud; we were men who knew how to
+face war and how to defend the state; had we not started out with such
+gifts, how could we have survived two thousand years of unrelenting
+persecution?"</p>
+
+<p>At that time Herzl came across the Zionist solution, and definitely
+rejected it. Discussing the novel <i>Femme de Claude</i>, by Dumas the
+younger, he says of one of its characters: "The good Jew Daniel wants
+to rediscover the homeland of his race and gather his scattered
+brothers into it. But a man like Daniel would surely know that the
+historic homeland of the Jews no longer has any value for them. It is
+childish to go in search of the geographic location of this homeland.
+And if the Jews really 'returned home' one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>day, they would discover
+on the next day that they do not belong together. For centuries they
+have been rooted in diverse nationalisms; they differ from each other,
+group by group; the only thing they have in common is the pressure
+which holds them together. All humiliated peoples have Jewish
+characteristics, and as soon as the pressure is removed they react
+like liberated men."</p>
+
+<p>The inner apotheosis was drawing nearer and nearer for Herzl. In
+October, 1894, Herzl was in the studio of the sculptor, Samuel
+Friedrich Beer, who was making a bust of him. The conversation turned
+to the Jewish question and to the growth of the anti-Semitic movement
+in Vienna, the hometown of both Herzl and Beer. It was useless for the
+Jew to turn artist and to dissociate himself from money, said Herzl.
+"The blot sticks. We can't break away from the ghetto." A great
+excitement seized Herzl, and he left the atelier, and on the way home
+the inspiration came on him like a hammerblow. What was it? The
+complete outline of a play, "like a block of basalt."</p>
+
+<p>With this play Herzl completed his inner return to his people. Until
+then, with all his emotional involvement in the question, he had stood
+outside it as the observer, the student, the clarifier, or even the
+defender. He had provided the world-historic background for the
+problem, he had diagnosed it and given the prognosis for the future.
+Now he was immersed in it and identified with it.</p>
+
+<p>He had become its spokesman and attorney, as he was spokesman and
+attorney for other victims of injustice. It was no accident that the
+hero of the play was a lawyer by vocation and avocation. For the hero
+was Herzl himself, and the transformation which unfolded in Dr. Jacob
+Samuel was the transformation which was unfolding in Theodore Herzl.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>He belongs utterly to the Jews; it is for them that he fights, and,
+dying, he still sees himself as the fighter for their future. What
+future Jacob Samuel foresaw for the Jews in his dying moments remained
+unclear. It would appear that Herzl himself still believed that a
+deepening of mutual understanding between Jews and non-Jews might
+bring the solution.</p>
+
+<p>But Herzl had travelled so much further by this time that he could not
+have in mind the "reconciliation" which would come by the capitulation
+of baptism. Indeed, the play emphasizes as a first prerequisite in
+human relations the element of self-respect. "If you become untrue to
+yourself," says the clever mother to the son, in the play, "you musn't
+complain if others become untrue to you." It was like a fresh wind
+blowing suddenly through the choking atmosphere of a lightless room.
+It was a new attitude: decent pride!</p>
+
+<p>It called for a frightful effort to descend from the intoxicating
+heights of creativity to the ordinary round of work. For weeks now his
+regular employment had filled Herzl with revulsion. The first reports
+of the Dreyfus trial, which appeared while he was working on his <i>New
+Ghetto</i>, therefore made no particular impression on him. It looked
+like a sordid espionage affair in which a foreign power&mdash;before long
+it was revealed that the foreign power was Germany, acting through
+Major von Schwartzkoppen&mdash;had been buying up through its agent secret
+documents of the French general staff. An officer by the name of
+Alfred Dreyfus was named as the culprit, and no one had reason to
+doubt that he was guilty, even though Drumont's <i>Libre Parole</i> was
+exploiting the fact that the man was a Jew.</p>
+
+<p>But, after the degradation of Dreyfus, Herzl became more and more
+convinced of his innocence. "A Jew who, as an officer on the general
+staff, has before him an honorable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>career, cannot commit such a
+crime.... The Jews, who have so long been condemned to a state of
+civic dishonor, have, as a result, developed an almost pathological
+hunger for honor, and a Jewish officer is in this respect specifically
+Jewish."</p>
+
+<p>"The Dreyfus case," he wrote in 1899, "embodies more than a judicial
+error; it embodies the desire of the vast majority of the French to
+condemn a Jew, and to condemn all Jews in this one Jew. Death to the
+Jews! howled the mob, as the decorations were being ripped from the
+captain's coat.... Where? In France. In republican, modern, civilized
+France, a hundred years after the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
+The French people, or at any rate the greater part of the French
+people, does not want to extend the rights of man to Jews. The edict
+of the great Revolution had been revoked."</p>
+
+<p>Illumined thus in retrospect, the "curious excitement" which gripped
+Herzl on that occasion takes on a special significance. "Until that
+time most of us believed that the solution of the Jewish question was
+to be patiently waited for as part of the general development of
+mankind. But when a people which in every other respect is so
+progressive and so highly civilized can take such a turn, what are we
+to expect from other peoples, which have not even attained the level
+which France attained a hundred years ago?"</p>
+
+<p>In that fateful moment, when he heard the howling of the mob outside
+the gates of the <i>Ecole Militaire</i>, the realization flashed upon Herzl
+that anti-Semitism was deep-rooted in the heart of the people&mdash;so
+deep, indeed, that it was impossible to hope for its disappearance
+within a measurable period of time. Precisely because he was so
+sensitive to his honor as a Jew, precisely because he had proclaimed,
+in the <i>New Ghetto</i>, the ideal of human reconciliation, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>had taken
+the ultimate decision to stand by his Jewishness, the ghastly
+spectacle of that winter morning must have shaken him to the depths of
+his being. It was as if the ground had been cut away from under his
+feet. In this sense Herzl could say later that the Dreyfus affair had
+made him a Zionist.</p>
+
+<p>He saw all about him the ever fiercer light of a blazing
+anti-Semitism. In the French Chamber of Deputies the deputy Denis made
+an interpellation on the influence of the Jews in the political
+administration of the country. In Vienna a Jewish member of the
+Reichstag rose to speak and was howled down. On April 2, 1895, were
+held the municipal elections of Vienna, and there was an enormous
+increase in the number of anti-Semitic aldermen. Changing plans passed
+tumultuously through his mind. He wanted to write a book on "The
+Condition of the Jews," consisting of reports on all the important
+Jewish colonization enterprises in Russia, Galicia, Hungary, Bohemia,
+the Orient, and those more recently founded in Palestine, about which
+he had heard from a relative. Alphonse Daudet, the famous French
+author with whom he had discussed the whole matter, felt that Herzl
+ought to write a novel; it would carry further than a play. "Look at
+<i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>."</p>
+
+<p>He returned to his former plan of a Jewish novel which he had
+abandoned when he was called to his assignment on the <i>Neue Freie
+Presse</i> in Paris. His friend Kana, the suicide, was no longer to be
+the central figure. He was instead to be "the weaker one, the beloved
+friend of the hero," and would take his own life after a series of
+misfortunes, while the Promised Land was being discovered or rather
+founded. When the hero aboard the ship which was taking him to the
+Promised Land would receive the moving farewell letter of his friend,
+his first reaction after his horror <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>would be one of rage: "Idiot!
+Fool! Miserable hopeless weakling! A life lost which belonged to us!"</p>
+
+<p>We can see the Zionist idea arising. Its outlines are still
+indefinite, but the decisive idea is clearly visible; only by
+migration can this upright human type be given its chance to emerge.
+In <i>The New Ghetto</i> Jacob Samuel is a hero because he knows how to
+choose an honorable death. Now the death of a useful man is criminally
+wasteful. For there are great tasks to be undertaken.</p>
+
+<p>In essence it is the Act and not the Word that confronts us. What last
+impulse it was that actually carried Herzl from the Word to the Act it
+will be difficult to tell&mdash;he himself could not have given the answer.
+Little things may play a dramatic role not less effectively than great
+ones when a man is so charged with purpose as Herzl then was.</p>
+
+<p>In the early days of May, Herzl addressed to Baron de Hirsch (the
+sponsor of Jewish colonization in Argentina), the letter which opens
+his Jewish political career. His request for an interview was granted.
+Herzl prepared an outline of his position in notes, lest he omit
+something important during their conversation.</p>
+
+<p>In these notes he writes: "If the Jews are to be transformed into men
+of character in a reasonable period of time, say ten or twenty years,
+or even forty&mdash;the interval needed by Moses&mdash;it cannot be done without
+migration. Who is going to decide whether conditions are bad enough
+today to warrant our migration? And whether the situation is hopeless?
+And the Congress which you (i.e. Hirsch) have convened for the first
+of August in a hotel in Switzerland? You will preside over this
+Congress of notables. Your call will be heard and answered in every
+part of the world.</p>
+
+<p>"And what will be the message given to the men assembled 'You are
+pariahs! You must forever tremble at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>the thought that you are about
+to be deprived of your rights and stripped of your possessions. You
+will be insulted when you walk in the street. If you are poor, you
+suffer doubly. If you are rich, you must conceal the fact. You are not
+admitted to any honorable calling, and if you deal in money you are
+made the special focus of contempt.... The situation will not change
+for the better, but rather for the worse.... There is only way out:
+into the Promised Land.'"</p>
+
+<p>Where the Promised Land was to be located, how it was to be acquired,
+is not yet mentioned. Herzl does not seem to have thought this
+question of decisive significance; it was a scientific matter. It was
+the organization of the migration which held his attention, the
+political preparations among the Powers, the preliminary changes to be
+brought about among the masses by training, by "tremendous propaganda,
+the popularization of the idea through newspapers, books, pamphlets,
+lectures, pictures, songs."</p>
+
+<p>On the day of his conversation with Baron de Hirsch, Herzl wrote him a
+long letter in which he sought to supplement the information and
+impressions which had been the result of the meeting. "Please believe
+me, the political life of an entire people&mdash;particularly when that
+people is scattered throughout the entire world&mdash;can be set in motion
+only with imponderables floating high in the air. Do you know what the
+German Reich sprang from? From dreams, songs, fantasies, and
+gold-black bands worn by students. And that in a brief period of time.
+What? You do not understand imponderables? And what is religion?
+Bethink yourself what the Jews have endured for two thousand years for
+the sake of this fantasy....</p>
+
+<p>"The exodus to the Promised Land presents itself as a tremendous
+enterprise in transportation, unparalleled in the modern world. What
+transportation? It is a complex of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>all human enterprises which we
+shall fit Into each other like cog-wheels. And in the very first
+stages of the enterprise we shall find employment for the ambitious
+younger masses of our people: all the engineers, architects,
+technologists, chemists, doctors, and lawyers, those who have emerged
+in the last thirty years from the ghetto and who have been moved by
+the faith that they can win their bread and a little honor outside the
+framework of our Jewish business futilities. Today they must be filled
+with despair, they constitute the foundation of a frightful
+over-educated proletariat. But it is to these that all my love
+belongs, and I am just as set on increasing their number as you are
+set on diminishing it. It is in them that I perceive the latent power
+of the Jewish people. In brief, my kind."</p>
+
+<p>In this letter of June 3, 1895, Herzl for the first time imparted his
+new Jewish policy to a stranger. The writing down of his views, as
+well as his conversation on the subject, had had a stronger effect on
+himself than on Hirsch. He had obtained a clear vision of the new and
+revolutionary character of his proposals. On the same day or shortly
+thereafter he began a diary under the title of <i>The Jewish Question</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"For some time now, I have been engaged upon a work of indescribable
+greatness. I do not know yet whether I shall carry it through. It has
+assumed the aspect of some mighty dream. But days and weeks have
+passed since it has filled me utterly, it has overflown into my
+unconscious self, it accompanies me wherever I go, it broods above all
+my commonplace conversation, it peeps over my shoulder at the comical
+little journalistic work which I must carry out. It disturbs and
+intoxicates me."</p>
+
+<p>Then suddenly the storm breaks upon him. The clouds open, the thunder
+rolls and the lightning flashes about him. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>A thousand impressions beat
+upon him simultaneously, a gigantic vision. He cannot think, he cannot
+act, he can only write; breathless, unreflecting, unable to control
+himself, unable to exercise the critical faculty lest he dam the
+eruption, he dashes down his thoughts on scraps of paper&mdash;"Walking,
+standing, lying down, in the street, at table, in the night," as if
+under unceasing command.</p>
+
+<p>And then doubts rise up from the depths. He dines with well-to-do,
+educated, oppressed people who confront the question of anti-Semitism
+in a state of complete helplessness: "They do not suspect it, but they
+are ghetto-natures, quiet, decent, timid. That is what most of us are.
+Will they understand the call to freedom and to manhood? When I left
+them my spirits were very low. Again, my plan appeared to me to be
+crazy." Then at once he comes to "Today I am again as firm as steel."
+He notes the next morning. "The flabbiness of the people I met
+yesterday gives me all the more grounds for action."</p>
+
+<p>Clearer and clearer becomes the picture which he has of himself and of
+his task in the history of his people. "I picked up once again the
+torn thread of the tradition of our people. I lead it into the
+Promised Land."</p>
+
+<p>"The Promised Land, where we can have hooked noses, black or red
+beards, and bow legs, without being despised for it; where we can live
+at last as free men on our own soil, and where we can die peacefully
+in our own fatherland. There we can expect the award of honor for
+great deeds, so that the offensive cry of 'Jew!' may become an
+honorable appellation, like German, Englishman, Frenchman&mdash;in brief,
+like all civilized peoples; so that we may be able to form our state
+to educate our people for the tasks which at present still lie beyond
+our vision. For surely God would not have kept us alive so long if
+there were not assigned <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>to us a specific role in the history of
+mankind." He adds: "The Jewish state is a world need." He draws the
+logical consequence for himself: "I believe that for me life has ended
+and world history begun."</p>
+
+<p>He let the first storm pass over him, yielding to its imperious will,
+making no effort to stem its fury lest he interrupt the inspiration.
+When it had had its way with him, he took hold of himself again, and
+gathered up his energies for the effort to reconstruct everything
+logically and in ordered fashion. He was afraid that death might come
+upon him before he had succeeded in reducing to transferable form his
+historic vision. Thus, in the course of five days, he added to his
+diary a sixty-five page pamphlet&mdash;in effect the outline of <i>Der
+Judenstaat</i>&mdash;which he called: <i>Address to the Rothschilds</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the address he writes, "I have the solution to the Jewish question.
+I know it sounds mad; and at the beginning I shall be called mad more
+than once&mdash;until the truth of what I am saying is recognized in all
+its shattering force."</p>
+
+<p>He wrote to Bismarck asking for an interview in order to submit his
+plan for a solution to the Jewish problem but he received no reply.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote to Rabbi Gudemann, Chief Rabbi of Vienna, the occasion being
+the anti-Jewish excesses which had occurred in Vienna. "This plan ...
+is a reserve against more evil days."</p>
+
+<p>Herzl, in his first visit to England, met and talked with Israel
+Zangwill, the novelist, whom he impressed without quite winning him
+over. But Zangwill made it possible for him to meet more than a few
+prominent, influential Jews of whom he made immediate converts. None
+of them wanted to know anything about the Argentine, and on this point
+the practical men were united with the dreamers: Palestine alone <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>came
+into the picture for a national concentration of the Jews.</p>
+
+<p>After his experiences in England, Herzl resolved to present his plan
+to the public at large. The <i>Address to the Rothschilds</i> which was the
+first complete writing of his plan, forged in the heat of inspiration
+was thoroughly reworked and emerged as his great book <i>Der
+Judenstaat</i>. Its title was: <i>The Jewish State: An Attempt at a Modern
+Solution of the Jewish Problem. Der Judenstaat</i> may properly be called
+Herzl's life work; his philosophy of the world, his views on the
+state, on the Jewish people, on science and technology, as we have
+seen them developing to this, his thirty-fifth year are concentrated
+in the book.</p>
+
+<p>The "Jewish State" was published in an edition of three thousand. It
+was read by small circles in various European capitals. It was sent to
+leading personalities in the press and political circles. It was soon
+translated into several languages. Herzl received many letters from
+authors and statesmen in which the work was praised. But the general
+German press, especially the Jewish-controlled press, took a negative
+attitude. A number of journalists alluded to the adventurer who would
+like to become Prime Minister or King of the Jews. No mention of the
+"Jewish State" appeared in the Neue Freie Presse, then or ever. The
+Algemeine Zeitung of Vienna said that Zionism was a madness born of
+despair, The Algemeine Zeitung of Munich described it as a fantastic
+dream of a feuilletonist whose mind had been unhinged by Jewish
+enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>It was upon the Jewish masses that Herzl made a tremendous impression.
+He dawned upon Jews of Eastern Europe as a mystic figure rising out of
+the past. Little was known of his pamphlet, for it was kept out of the
+country by censorship in Russia. Only its title got their attention
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>and the stories told of Herzl&mdash;the Western Jew returning to his
+people&mdash;gripped their hearts and stirred their imagination. He was
+greeted by one of the Galician Zionist societies as the leader who,
+like Moses, had returned from Midian to liberate the Jews. Max Nordau,
+that devastating critic of art and literature, was swept off his feet
+and described the pamphlet as a revelation, Richard Beer Hoffman, the
+poet, wrote to Herzl saying "At last there comes again a man, who does
+not carry his Judaism with resignation as if it were a burden or a
+misfortune, but is proud to be the legal heir of an immemorial
+culture."</p>
+
+<p>It became clear to Herzl that he would have to take an active part in
+the task he had set forth in "The Jewish State." He no longer felt
+that he stood alone. He was not inclined to appear on a public
+platform. He had the shyness of the man who had always written what he
+had to say. He also felt that it would do more harm than good if his
+ideas were to be obscured by his personal presence. Through
+correspondence he set in motion Zionist activities&mdash;in London, in
+Paris, in Berlin, in the United States. The amount of letter-writing
+he developed was enormous.</p>
+
+<p>He decided that there were three tasks to be undertaken at once. The
+first was the organization of the Society of Jews. The second was to
+continue diplomatic work in Constantinople and among interested
+Powers. The third was the creation of a press to influence public
+opinion and to prepare the Jewish masses for the great migration.</p>
+
+<p>Through the Rev. Hechler, a chaplain of the British Embassy in Vienna,
+who believed in the Jewish return to the Holy Land, Herzl was
+introduced to the Grand Duke of Baden, a Christian of great piety and
+influence in political circles.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl intended to use the influence of the Germans to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>affect the
+Sultan and make him more sympathetic to Zionist proposals. Herzl told
+the Grand Duke that he would like to have Zionism included within the
+cultural sphere of German interests. The Grand Duke said that the
+Kaiser seemed inclined to take Jewish migration under German
+protection. The great powers were interested in maintaining certain
+extra territorial rights within the Turkish Empire. If they had
+nationals in any part of the Empire, they claimed the right to protect
+them over and above Turkish law. It was, therefore, not the Kaiser's
+interest in the Jews, but in extending German jurisdiction within the
+Turkish Empire that persuaded him to suggest the adoption of Jews in
+Palestine for that purpose. Germany had a special relationship to
+Turkey. Most of the western powers were openly discussing the
+impending partition of the Turkish Empire, but Germany was opposed to
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl was told that the Kaiser was prepared to see him at the head of
+a delegation when he visited Palestine, but Herzl was anxious to see
+the Kaiser without delay. He suggested an audience before the trip to
+Palestine in order that the Kaiser might be in a position to discuss
+the Jewish question with the Sultan. The Grand Duke advised Herzl to
+see Count Philip Zu Eulenberg, the German Ambassador at Vienna. Herzl
+was given an opportunity to see Count Eulenberg in Vienna. Herzl told
+him that he wanted His Imperial Majesty to persuade the Sultan to open
+negotiations with the Jews.</p>
+
+<p>The Count passed Herzl over to the German Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+Von Buelow, who happened to be in Vienna at the same time. Van Buelow
+knew a great deal about the Zionist movement. He said that the
+difficulty lay in persuading the Sultan to deal with the Jews. He felt
+certain that the Sultan could be impressed if he was properly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>advised
+by the Kaiser. A week later Herzl was informed of the Kaiser's
+inclination to take the Jews of Palestine under his protection, and
+repeated that he would like to see Herzl at the head of a delegation
+in Jerusalem, later on.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl was afraid of going further in this direction without having in
+existence the financial instrument without which neither negotiations
+nor colonization could be carried on. Herzl urged David Wolffsohn and
+Jacobus Kahn to proceed with the utmost speed to incorporate the
+Jewish Colonial Trust. He foresaw the possibility that a demand might
+be made at any time to show the color of his money. Although the
+affairs of the Bank were in the hands of Wolffsohn and Kahn, Herzl
+himself worried over every detail, urging and driving and complaining
+about the slowness of the action. On March 28, 1899 the subscription
+lists were opened. Herzl's expectations were not fulfilled. Only about
+200,000 shares had been sold, three-quarters of them in Russia. The
+Bank could not be opened until it had at least 250,000 paid-up shares.
+After a great deal of effort, the minimum was finally obtained and the
+Trust was officially opened in time for the opening of the third
+Congress in August, 1899.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl addressed a mass meeting in London in October, 1899, under Dr.
+Gastner's chairmanship. In his address at this meeting, Herzl said
+that he believed the time was not far off when the Jewish people would
+be set in motion. He asked the audience to accept his word even if he
+could not speak more definitely. "When I return to you again," he
+said, "we shall, I hope, be still further on our path." At this
+meeting Father Ignatius, a Catholic believer in Zionism, referred to
+Herzl "as a new Joshua who had come to fulfill the words of the
+Prophet Ezekiel." The effect produced upon the audience was not useful
+to Herzl's purposes at that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>time. He had always tried to discourage
+the impression of himself as a Messianic figure. The meeting in London
+was the only occasion where he lost his self-mastery in public.</p>
+
+<p>When Herzl met the Foreign Minister, Von Buelow, again, it was in the
+presence of the Reich Chancellor, Hohenlohe. At once he perceived a
+different nuance in the conversation and a dissonance in comparison
+with the conversation he had had with Count Eulenberg. He thought that
+the Chancellor and the Foreign Minister were not in agreement with the
+Kaiser and did not dare to say it openly; or, on the other hand, they
+might be favorably inclined but would not be willing to say it to him.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, Herzl saw the Kaiser in Constantinople. After Herzl had
+introduced the subject of his visit, the Kaiser broke in and explained
+why the Zionist movement attracted him.</p>
+
+<p>"There are among your people," said the Kaiser, "certain elements whom
+it would be a good thing to move to Palestine."</p>
+
+<p>He asked Herzl to submit, in advance, the address he intended to
+present to him in Jerusalem. When he was asked what the Kaiser should
+place before the Sultan as the gist of the Jewish proposals, Herzl
+replied "a chartered company under German protection."</p>
+
+<p>Herzl met the Kaiser, as arranged, in Palestine. Herzl arrived in
+Jaffa on October 6, 1898. On a Friday morning, he awaited the coming
+of the Kaiser and his entourage on the road that ran by the Colony of
+Mikveh Israel. The Kaiser recognized him from a distance. He said a
+few words about the weather, about the lack of water in Palestine, and
+that it was a land that had a future.</p>
+
+<p>In the petition Herzl later submitted to the Kaiser, many of the
+pregnant passages were deleted by the Kaiser's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>advisers. All passages
+that referred specifically to the aims of the Zionist movement, to the
+desperate need of the Jewish people and asking for the Kaiser's
+protection of a projected Jewish land company for Syria and Palestine,
+had been removed. The audience with the Kaiser took place on Monday,
+November 2nd. The Kaiser thanked Herzl for the address which, he said,
+had interested him extremely. It was the Kaiser's opinion that the
+soil was cultivable. What the land lacked was water and shade.</p>
+
+<p>"That we can supply," said Herzl. "It would cost billions, but it will
+bring in billions too."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, you certainly have enough money, more than all of us," said the
+Kaiser.</p>
+
+<p>It was a brief interview. It was vague and seemed to lead nowhere.
+Herzl was under the impression that certain influences had been
+exerted between the interview in Constantinople and the audience in
+Jerusalem.</p>
+
+<p>When the official German communique was issued, the encounter with
+Herzl was hid in a closing paragraph and deprived of all significance.
+This is how it read:</p>
+
+<p>"Later the Kaiser received the French Consul, also a Jewish deputation
+which presented him with an album of pictures of the Jewish colonies
+in Palestine. In reply to an address by the leader of the deputation,
+His Majesty remarked he viewed with benevolent interest all efforts
+directed to the improvement of agriculture in Palestine as long as
+these accorded with the welfare of the Turkish Empire and were
+conducted in a spirit of complete respect for the sovereignty of the
+Sultan."</p>
+
+<p>It was a sudden descent from hope into a closed road. Herzl refused to
+be discouraged. It was hard for him to realize that the Kaiser's
+enthusiasm in Constantinople could have cooled off so quickly in
+Jerusalem, but it seemed that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>there was no way to continue contact
+with the people he had interested in Germany. He tried to pick up the
+broken threads, but, once broken, they could not be revived. The Grand
+Duke of Baden remained ever constant and loyal, but he could do
+nothing. Herzl never saw the Kaiser again. In a letter to the Grand
+Duke, closing this chapter of Zionist history, Herzl said:</p>
+
+<p>"I can only assume that a hope especially dear to me has faded away
+and that we shall not achieve our Zionist goal under a German
+protectorate."</p>
+
+<p>At about the same time, Herzl met Philip Michael Von Nevlinski, a
+descendant of a long line of Polish noblemen who had entered the
+diplomatic service and became a diplomatic agent-at-large and a French
+journalist. In the first stages, Nevlinski guided Herzl in all the
+work he did in Constantinople. When Herzl came to Constantinople in
+June, 1896 he was under the impression that Nevlinski had already
+arranged an audience with the Sultan. It was not so easy, however. But
+whether such an audience had been arranged or not, Herzl was able to
+meet, a number of highly-placed Turkish officials, including the Grand
+Vizier. At first, the line of action was not clear, but by now Herzl
+had formulated his proposals to the Sultan.</p>
+
+<p>Ever since the middle of the nineteenth century, Turkish finances had
+been in a shocking condition. The Empire was being badly managed. The
+Sultan was regarded as "the sick man of Europe." In 1891 the total
+external debt, including unpaid interest, reached the figure of two
+hundred and fifty-three million pounds sterling. In 1881 there was a
+consolidation of the debt. It was reduced to one hundred and six
+million pounds, but the finances of Turkey were placed under the
+control of a committee representing the creditors, to whom was
+transferred certain domestic Turkish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>monopolies and the collection of
+several categories of taxes. This enabled the European powers to
+intervene in the affairs of Turkey. Only by the removal of this
+foreign tutelage could Turkey hope to regain its independence. It was
+to achieve this end, Herzl thought, that the Jews, and the Jews alone,
+could be useful. For this service, he intended to ask for a Jewish
+State in Palestine. Herzl followed this line until finally the need
+for refunding the Turkish debt disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>But at this time Herzl was not able to obtain an audience with the
+Sultan. Nevlinski reported that such an audience had been refused
+because the Sultan declined to discuss sovereignty over Palestine.
+Doubt was expressed as to the accuracy of the report. Whatever the
+fact may be, the first venture of Herzl in Constantinople was not
+successful.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl moved along the lines that led to Constantinople and Berlin, but
+he did not overlook the importance of maintaining contact with Jewish
+philanthropies. A letter sent to the Baron de Hirsch came a day after
+his death.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl went to London where matters had been arranged for him to meet
+the leaders of British Jewry. He met Claude Montefiore and Frederick
+Mocatte, representatives of the Anglo-Jewish Association. They were
+not sympathetic. Herzl fared no better at a banquet given to him by
+the Maccabbeans. The personal impression Herzl made was profound. But
+there was no practical issue nor did he make any progress during the
+time he spent in England. He got Sir Samuel Montagu and Colonel
+Goldsmith to agree to cooperate with him in an endeavor to establish a
+vassal Jewish State under the sovereignty of Turkey if the Powers
+would agree; provided, the Baron de Hirsch Fund placed &pound;10,000,000 at
+his disposal for the plan; and Baron Edmund de Rothschild became a
+member of the Executive Committee <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>of the proposed Society of Jews.
+These conditions were fantastic at that time and Herzl could not meet
+them.</p>
+
+<p>He went to Paris and had a talk with Baron Edmund. Baron Edmund was
+older than Herzl and felt ill at ease in the presence of a calm critic
+of all he had done for Jewish colonization in Palestine. Herzl made
+the impression on him of an undisciplined enthusiast. Baron Edmund did
+not believe it possible to create political conditions favorable for a
+mass immigration of Jews. Even if that could be done, an uncontrolled
+mass immigration into Palestine would have the effect of landing tens
+of thousands of Jews to be fed and looked after by the small Jewish
+community in Palestine. He clung to his idea of slow colonization
+attracting no attention and careful not to provoke hostility. Every
+reply of Herzl fell upon a closed mind. Baron Edmund's refusal to
+cooperate was decisive.</p>
+
+<p>This was a decision of historic significance. It turned Herzl away
+from the thought that the Zionist movement should be built upon the
+support of Jewish philanthropy. All his hopes in this connection were
+dissolved by the contacts he had made in London and in Paris. Baron
+Edmund's refusal to cooperate carried with it the refusal of the Baron
+de Hirsch Fund and of the circle of leading Jews in London.</p>
+
+<p>Reluctantly, Herzl came to the conclusion that there was only one
+reply to this situation. The Jewish masses must be organized for the
+support of the Zionist movement.</p>
+
+<p>The organization he had in mind was not a popular democratic
+organization. What he meant was to assemble the upper "cadres" to take
+charge of the organization of the masses for the great migration. At
+the same time, he wanted to prove to the philanthropists that a
+popular organization was possible. He felt that they would be greatly
+influenced by the development of a widespread popular movement.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>Whatever his thoughts were at that time, his decision to turn to the
+Jewish masses, to abandon reliance upon the wealthy led to the
+organization of the modern Zionist movement.</p>
+
+<p>He organized his followers in Vienna. He was the center of a circle in
+which were included the men who later became the members of the first
+Zionist Actions Committee. In November 1896 he, for the first time,
+addressed a public meeting in Vienna. In this address he did not use
+the term "The Jewish State," nor did he use it in most of his public
+utterances at that time. He had become cautious. He did not want to
+prejudice his political work in Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>He was still thinking of issuing a newspaper, but there were no funds
+for that purpose. The report that he intended to issue a newspaper
+drew the attention of a number of personalities and groups in Berlin.
+There were the Russian Jewish students, led by Leo Motzkin, and a
+group called "Young Israel," headed by Reinrich Loewe. A conference
+was held on March 6 and 7, 1897, called by Dr. Osias Thon Willy Bambus
+and Nathan Birnbaum. They had come together to talk about a newspaper
+but the First Zionist Congress was launched at this meeting Herzl's
+proposal for the calling of a General Zionist Conference in Munich was
+agreed to. In the preliminary announcement of the calling of this
+Conference or Congress, Herzl said:</p>
+
+<p>"The Jewish question must be removed from the control of the
+benevolent individual. There must be created a forum before which
+everyone acting for the Jewish people should appear and to which he
+should be responsible."</p>
+
+<p>Every one of Herzl's ideas was met by protests and public excitement.
+The protests were usually launched by Jews. The calling of the
+Congress aroused a great deal of indignation in conservative circles.
+The Rabbis of Germany <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>protested not only to the holding of the
+Congress but also the choice of Munich.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress controversy persuaded Herzl to begin the publication of
+the weekly Die Welt. The first issue appeared on June 4, 1897, Herzl
+provided the funds. The journal was something new in Jewish life. It
+was, in fact, the organ of the Congress. Throughout Herzl's life, Die
+Welt served as the exponent of his ideas. At first, Herzl contributed
+numerous articles. He sent in a regular weekly review of all
+activities connected with the movement. He was responsible for many
+unsigned articles and notices. He directed the paper in all its
+details, although he refused to figure as its official editor and
+publisher. The amount of work he did during the months preceding the
+Congress was amazing. He was completely absorbed in every aspect of
+the Congress. The man of the pen revealed himself as a first-class man
+of action.</p>
+
+<p>On August 29, 1897, the First Zionist Congress was assembled, not in
+Munich but in Basle, Switzerland. The majority of the delegates to the
+First Zionist Congress, drawn to Basle from all parts of the world,
+saw Herzl for the first time. The total number of delegates at the
+first session was 197.</p>
+
+<p>The first act of the Congress was the adoption of a resolution of
+thanks to the Sultan of Turkey. Then Herzl rose and walked over to the
+pulpit. It was no longer the elegant Dr. Herzl of Vienna, it was no
+longer the easy-going literary man, the critic, the feuilletonist. As
+one reporter said: "It was a scion of the House of David, risen from
+among the dead, clothed in legend and fantasy and beauty." The first
+words uttered by Herzl were: "We are here to lay the foundation stone
+of the house which is to shelter the Jewish nation." "We Zionists," he
+stressed, "seek for the solution of the Jewish question, not an
+international society, but an <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>international discussion.... We have
+nothing to do with conspiracy, secret intervention or indirect
+methods. We wish to place the question under the control of free
+public opinion."</p>
+
+<p>His First Congress address contained the ideas which he had already
+expressed in previous speeches and articles, but there was a great
+difference between the views in "The Jewish State" and the address
+delivered at the first session of the Zionist Congress. The latter is
+the carefully considered public statement of one who knew he
+represented tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, of
+followers. His words were not those of a seer, but of a statesman.
+Almost as profound was the effect produced. It was at this Congress
+that the Basle Program was adopted.... "Zionism seeks to secure for
+the Jewish people a publicly recognized, legally secured home (or
+homeland) in Palestine."</p>
+
+<p>The second important task of the First Congress was the creation of an
+organization. The Congress was declared to be "the chief organ of the
+Zionist movement." The basis of electoral right was to be the payment
+of a shekel, which at that time was equivalent to twenty-five cents.
+There was to be an Executive Committee with its permanent seat in
+Vienna. Everything which was to unfold later in Zionism, both in the
+way of affirmative forces and inner contradictions, was already
+visible or latent in the first Congress. There was discussion of a
+bank, of a land redemption fund to be called The National Fund, the
+creation of a Hebrew University, and the clashes between practical and
+political Zionism.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to Vienna, Herzl made the following entry in his diary:
+"If I were to sum up the Basle Congress in a single phrase I would
+say: In Basle I created the Jewish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>State. Were I to say this aloud I
+would be greeted by universal laughter. But perhaps five years hence,
+in any case, certainly fifty years hence, everyone will perceive it.
+The state exists as essence in the will-to-the-state of a people, yes,
+even in that will in a single powerful person.... The territory is
+only the concrete basis, and the state itself, with a territory
+beneath it, is still in the nature of an abstract thing ... In Basle I
+created the abstraction which, as such, is invisible to the great
+majority."</p>
+
+<p>All that Herzl did in the political field&mdash;his conversations in
+Constantinople, his interview with the Grand Duke of Baden in advance
+of the holding of the First Congress, was undertaken as author of a
+political pamphlet. He was now aware of the fact that he was called
+upon to act as President of the World Zionist Organization. It was
+difficult to draw a line between the movement and its leader. Herzl
+insisted that his leadership in the movement was impersonal and that
+now its direction was vested in its instruments&mdash;the Congress and the
+Actions Committee. But he had all the authority of an accepted leader.</p>
+
+<p>The evolution of Herzl's conception of the Jewish problem since he saw
+the degradation of Dreyfus can be measured by a study of the articles
+he wrote after the First Congress. He himself was quite aware of the
+transformation. He had seen the Jewish people face to face. "Brothers
+have found each other again," he said. He wrote with great
+appreciation of the quality of the Russian delegates. He said, "They
+possess that inner unity which has disappeared from among the
+westerners. They are steeped in Jewish national sentiment without
+betraying any national narrowness and intolerance. They are not
+tortured by the idea of assimilation. They do not assimilate into
+other nations, but exert themselves to learn the best in other
+peoples. In this way they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>manage to remain erect and genuine. Looking
+on them, we understood where our forefathers got the strength to
+endure through the bitterest times."</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the First Congress, Herzl grappled with his second
+task, the creation of the Jewish Colonial Bank. He wrote of the bank
+in <i>Die Welt</i> in November, 1898, "The task of the Colonial Bank is to
+eliminate philanthropy. The settler on the land who increases its
+value by his labor merits more than a gift. He is entitled to credit.
+The prospective bank could therefore begin by extending the needed
+credits to the colonists; later it would expand into the instrument
+for the bringing in of Jews and would supply credits for
+transportation, agriculture, commerce and construction."</p>
+
+<p>The seat of the bank was to be London. There were to be two billion
+shares at &pound;1 each. The bank was to be directed by men acquainted with
+banking affairs, but the movement would be placed in a position to
+control its policy. The hopes of Herzl grew from week to week. As he
+approached the practical situation he became less and less confident
+of the cooperation of men of wealth. Differences arose in the
+preliminary discussions as to the scope of the bank. In the first
+draft of the Articles of Incorporation the Orient alone was named as
+the area of work for the bank. Menachem Ussishkin insisted that the
+words "Syria and Palestine" should be substituted. After a great deal
+of discussion, the proposals for the formation of the bank were
+brought to the second Zionist Congress and the Articles of
+Incorporation, as amended, were adopted by acclamation.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl clung to the idea which had come to him when he was thinking of
+the Jewish State as a pamphlet, that it might be better for him to
+write a novel. The impulse to write such a novel became irresistible
+after his visit to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>Palestine. It was to be called "Altneuland." He
+began to write it in 1899. It was completed in April 1902, and
+published six months later. It is remarkable that he could write such
+a novel while engaged in varied political activities in
+Constantinople, in London and in Berlin; and while he had to deal with
+the many troublesome internal Zionist problems.</p>
+
+<p>"Altneuland" was a novel with a purpose. It described the Palestine of
+the near future as it would develop through the Zionist Movement. It
+had the weaknesses of every propaganda novel. The entire work has
+something of the state about it and proceeds in the form of scenes
+rather than by way of narrative. Each type has a specific outlook.
+Most of the characters are portraits of living personalities. It was
+his purpose to memorialize his friends and his opponents.</p>
+
+<p>"Altneuland" tells of a Jew who visits Palestine in 1898 and then
+comes again in 1923 when he finds the Promised Land developed under
+Jewish influence. Its territory lies East and West of the Jordan. The
+dead land of 1898 is now thoroughly alive. Its real creators were the
+irrigation engineers. Technology had given a new form to labor, a new
+social and economic system had been created which is described as
+"mutualistic," a huge cooperative, a mediate form between
+individualism and collectivism. Haifa had become a world city. Around
+the Holy City of Jerusalem, modern suburbs had arisen, shaded
+boulevards and parks, institutes of learning, places of amusement,
+markets&mdash;"a world city in the spirit of the twentieth century." In
+this new land, the Arabs live side by side in friendship with the
+Jews.</p>
+
+<p>"Altneuland" did not produce the effect Herzl had expected. Within the
+Zionist Movement it did more harm than good. Many of Herzl's friends
+were disappointed that the novel should have so little of the Jewish
+spirit. It ignored the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>Hebraic renaissance. The novel evoked the
+sharpest criticism from Achad Haam.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>While Herzl was immersed in political action, visiting European
+capitals, carrying on correspondence with leading persons whose
+interest in Zionism he had engaged, and submitting reports to the
+Zionist Congress or to the Actions Committee, often facing critical
+situations in his struggle with growing Zionist parties, the Zionist
+Organization was gradually becoming an accepted institution in Jewish
+life. It was the international sounding board for the discussion of
+the Jewish question. The Jewish National Fund was founded at the
+Fourth Congress held in London in 1900. The Jewish Colonial Trust was
+finally established with headquarters in London.</p>
+
+<p>The first Zionist party in the Congress was the Democratic faction led
+by Leo Motzkin, but soon there were added the Mizrachi party and the
+beginnings of a labor party. Not only Dr. Nordau's stirring addresses,
+but many controversies "made" Congresses. The cultural issue was a
+Congress perennial. Many discussions also took place around what was
+called the issue of "practical" and "political" Zionism. The Russians,
+under the leadership of Ussishkin, were all heartily against the
+"charter" emphasis and drove with maddening persistence for immediate
+work in Palestine. In the course of these debates, continued over the
+years, the Congress became a forum for the discussion of international
+Jewish problems and developed speakers and theorists of varying
+degrees of talent. It also produced men with hobbies. The Jewish
+National Fund and the Hebrew University was the hobby of Dr. Herman
+Schapiro. Colonization in Cyprus was the hobby of Davis Trietsch, who
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>created many scenes on the floor of the Congress. Dr. Chaim Weizmann
+was not only a leader of the Democratic faction, crossing swords time
+and again with Herzl, but devoted much time and thought to the idea of
+a Hebrew University. The procedure of the Congress, based on
+Continental models, was gradually worked out and became fixed, and
+many of the delegates were adepts in the art of procedural sparring.
+The language in Congresses used during Herzl's life was German, but
+gradually the imperfect use of German by East European Zionists led to
+the development of what was called "Congress German." This was a form
+of German that was easy to use, because respect for grammar and
+pronunciation was not required.</p>
+
+<p>During the Congresses Herzl maintained throughout the role of leader
+and moderator. His manner was gracious and he never lost his sense of
+dignity. He was capable of sharp retort, but always bore in mind that
+it was high duty to hold a balance and to seek compromise rather than
+sharp division. He developed it in a most remarkable way on the
+platform. His appearances were dramatic. His interventions were
+arresting. The man of the writing desk developed as one of the ablest
+in the parliamentary arts. After some of the Congresses he had to
+retire to a health resort, having exhausted his strength and bringing
+on a recurrence of his heart trouble. On a number of occasions his
+close friends feared for his life. But after a few weeks of rest he
+usually returned stronger than before and with greater determination
+to pursue his course, regardless of the consequences to himself.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>At this point it is important to refer to his family life. He had
+married Julie Naschauer on July 25, 1889. She was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>the daughter of
+wealthy parents and grew up in a conventional social circle. When she
+married Herzl he was already a rising young author who was highly
+regarded among those with whom she associated. He was attractive,
+aristocratic in bearing, a keen conversationalist and had all the
+qualities of being a conventional partner of a conventional wife. But
+Herzl threw himself into Zionist affairs with such tremendous dynamic
+activity and was so completely absorbed in the idea which his thinking
+had given birth to, that except for occasional interim periods, his
+family played a secondary part in his life ever after he had taken up
+the Jewish problems his special task in life. Julie Herzl also
+suffered by reason of Herzl's devotion to his own mother. Herzl never
+rid himself of his filial dependence which made it very hard for his
+wife to understand. They had three children. In 1890 a daughter was
+born and named Paula or Pauline. In 1891 his son, Hans, was born,
+whose life after his father's death became a serious problem. There
+was a third child, a daughter Margaret, known as Trude, who was born
+in May 1893. During this period there were many separations from his
+family. There were disagreements and reconciliations, but the cup of
+unhappiness for Julie Herzl overflowed when Herzl became the official
+leader of a public movement. From that time on her home was constantly
+overrun with unwelcome visitors. Not only did Herzl give his life to
+the movement in the literal sense, but he gave his reserve of funds
+and sacrificed the welfare of his family for the sake of the movement
+he had brought to life. His domestic affairs as well as his failing
+heart, made all the years of Herzl's brief Zionist life pain and
+struggle.</p>
+
+<p>The tragic position of Jews in various parts of Europe, greatly
+agitated Herzl during the time he was carrying on negotiations with
+the Kaiser and the Sultan. He was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>constantly being led to the thought
+that it would become necessary to find a temporary haven of refuge for
+Jews. In 1899 a series of pogroms broke out in Galicia. In his diary
+at the time, he had references to England and Cyprus, "we may even
+have to consider South Africa or America." But he banished these
+thoughts from his mind because he knew that the Zionists would place
+serious obstacles in the way of considering any project other than
+Palestine. When his hopes with regard to Germany had collapsed,
+however, he thought of these alternative proposals again.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+<br />
+
+<p>On October 22, 1902 a Conference between Joseph Chamberlain, the
+Colonial Secretary, and Herzl took place. Chamberlain had been in the
+Colonial Office since 1895. He held an influential position in the
+councils of the British Government. He was a man of strong will and
+political integrity. Herzl submitted his plan for the colonization of
+Cyprus and the Sinai Peninsula, which included El Arish&mdash;"Jewish
+settlers under a Jewish administration."</p>
+
+<p>Chamberlain said that he could speak definitely only about Cyprus. The
+Sinai Peninsula came under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Office. As
+far as Cyprus was concerned, he believed that it was not promising
+because the Greeks and Moslems would object, and it would be his
+official duty to side with them. He took a more favorable view,
+however, of El Arish. In that connection, it was necessary for Herzl
+to talk to Lord Lansdowne of the Foreign Office. A great deal would
+depend upon the good-will of Lord Cromer, the British Consul General
+in Egypt, and actually the Vice Regent of that country. Through the
+good offices of Chamberlain, it became possible for Herzl to meet
+Lord <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>Lansdowne a few days later. He was well received and was
+listened to with a great deal of attention.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl was asked to submit a written expose. Then he asked for
+permission to have Leopold J. Greenberg go to Egypt and confer with
+Lord Cromer. Lord Lansdowne said that he would arrange for such a
+meeting. Greenberg discussed the matter with Lord Cromer in Cairo.
+There were objections raised by both Lord Cromer and the Egyptian
+Prime Minister on the ground that an attempted Jewish economy,
+undertaken in 1891-2 in the region of ancient Midian, had been a
+pitiful failure. There had been political complications and border
+disputes with Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>A definitive reply was received by Herzl on December 18, 1902 written
+on behalf of Lord Lansdowne by Sir T.H. Sanderson, permanent
+Undersecretary. Lord Lansdowne had heard from Lord Cromer, who favored
+the sending of a small commission to the Sinai Peninsula to report on
+conditions and prospects, but Lord Cromer feared that no sanguine
+hopes of success should be entertained, but if the report of the
+Commission turned out favorable, the Egyptian Government would
+certainly offer liberal terms for Jewish colonization.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, however, the Zionists should understand that they
+would be expected to meet the cost of a defense corps and to guarantee
+the administration. In Lord Cromer's opinion, the most important
+question was that of the rights which Herzl expected for the projected
+settlement. He wrote: "In your letter of the 12th ult. you remark that
+you will become great and promising by the granting of this right of
+colonization. Your letter does not make clear what is to be understood
+by these words, and what kind of rights the colonists will expect."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Lansdowne also touched on the question of the new <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>citizenship of
+the settlers. Herzl had believed that he would have only Englishmen to
+deal with, since England had become more and more the master of Egypt.
+It was apparent, however, that the Egyptian Government also played an
+important part in the discussions.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Cromer confirmed that the Egyptian Government would make it an
+essential condition that the new settlers become Turkish subjects
+bound by Egyptian law, but while the British occupation continued the
+settlers would always be certain of fair treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl was satisfied with this letter and described it as a historic
+document. The British Government had recognized Herzl as the Zionist
+leader, and the movement represented by him as a negotiating party. He
+already saw the "Egyptian province of Judea" under a Jewish Governor,
+with its own defense corps under Anglo-Egyptian officers.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of the English negotiations, Lord Rothschild seemed to be
+won over by Herzl. The old banker, who had refused two years before to
+meet the Zionist leader, now visited him in his hotel. The next task
+before Herzl was the organization of the Commission. The Commission
+was composed of the South African engineer, Kessler; the Chief
+Inspector of the Egyptian Survey Department, Humphreys; Col. Goldsmith
+was to report on the land; and Dr. Soskin was to study agricultural
+possibilities. Oscar Marmorek was to investigate building and housing
+problems and act as General Secretary. Dr. Hillel Jaffe of the Jaffe
+Hospital was to deal with the problems of climate and hygiene.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission met with great difficulties. There was opposition by
+the Turks. There was misunderstandings between Herzl and Greenberg.
+Herzl himself went to Egypt in order to bring the negotiations to a
+conclusion and to straighten out difficulties. His intervention in no
+way <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>improved the situation. Lord Cromer had become very cool toward
+him. He received the general report of the Commission, which observed
+that "under existing conditions the land is quite unsuitable for
+settlers from European countries, but if sufficient irrigation were
+introduced, the agricultural, hygienic and climatic conditions are
+such that part of the land, which is at present wilderness, could
+support a considerable population."</p>
+
+<p>An application for the concession was made by Herzl on the advice of
+Lord Cromer, having as his legal representative a Belgian lawyer of
+high standing. The Egyptian Government did not receive with favor the
+outline of the concession. Herzl was received on April 23rd by
+Chamberlain, who had just returned from his African journey.
+Chamberlain listened to the report given by Herzl on the work of the
+Commission. Both regarded the report as unfavorable. Then Chamberlain
+made this remark:</p>
+
+<p>"On my travels I saw a country for you, Uganda. On the coast it is
+hot, but in the interior the climate is excellent for Europeans. You
+can plant cotton and sugar. I thought to myself, that is just the
+country for Dr. Herzl. But <i>he</i> must have Palestine, and will move
+only into its vicinity."</p>
+
+<p>This was the first reference to Uganda which became the center of
+attention in Zionist circles.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl was told that the Egyptian Government would reject the plan. It
+was found that the area would require five times as much water as had
+been first estimated. The Egyptian Government could not permit the
+diversion of such a quantity of water from the Nile.</p>
+
+<p>An attempt to have Chamberlain intervene with Egypt was not
+successful. "That being the case," said Chamberlain, "What about
+Uganda?" Self-administration would be accorded. The Governor could
+definitely be a Jew. Although <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>the matter belonged to the Foreign
+Office, he would have it transferred under his jurisdiction in the
+colonial office. The territory would be the permanent property of a
+colonization company created for the purpose. After five years, the
+settlers would be given complete autonomy. The name of the settlement
+was to be "New Palestine."</p>
+
+<p>Herzl pressed for a reply from the government in order that the
+project might be presented to the Zionist Congress on August 14, 1903.
+The official proposal came from Sir Clement Hill, permanent head of
+the Foreign Office. In this letter it was stated that Lord Landsdowne
+had studied the question with the interest which His Majesty's
+Government always felt bound to take in every serious plan destined to
+better the condition of the Jewish race. The time had been too short
+for a closer examination of the plan and for its submission to the
+British representative for the East African (Uganda) Protectorate.
+"Lord Landsdowne assumes," the letter continues, "that the Bank
+desires to send a number of gentlemen to the East African Protectorate
+to establish whether there is in that territory land suitable for the
+purpose in view; should this prove to be the case, he will be happy to
+give them every assistance in bringing them together with His
+Majesty's Congress, the conditions under which the settlement could be
+carried out. Should an area be found which the bank and His Majesty's
+representative consider suitable, and His Majesty's government
+consider desirable, Lord Lansdowne will be glad to consider favorably
+proposals for the creation of a Jewish colony or settlement under such
+conditions as will seem to the members to guarantee the retention of
+their national customs...."</p>
+
+<p>The document went on with an offer&mdash;subject to the consent of the
+relevant officials&mdash;of a Jewish governorship and internal autonomy.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>This was the first official proposal in connection with the Zionist
+movement which Herzl was able to submit to a Zionist Congress. When
+the letter of Sir Clement Hill was submitted to the Sixth Zionist
+Congress in 1903, it split the Zionist movement wide open. It arrayed
+the overwhelming majority of Zionists in Russia against Herzl and he
+was called upon to defend himself against a general attack which
+preceded the convening of the Congress. When the Congress was convened
+in an atmosphere of great excitement and partisan controversy, the
+Uganda project was submitted in the form of an official resolution
+calling for the appointment of a commission of nine to be sent to
+investigate conditions in East Africa. The final decision on the
+report of the investigating committee was to be left to a special
+Congress. Although the vote showed a majority in favor of the official
+resolution&mdash;the tally was 295 for, 177 against, and 100 absentees&mdash;the
+debate on the resolution revealed an overwhelming opposition to the
+project. It was regarded as an abandonment of Palestine in favor of a
+diversion. After the vote, the Russian delegates left the Congress in
+a body. All the opposition delegates left with them and met in
+conference to discuss the situation. When Herzl heard of the deep
+feeling that prevailed in the conference, he asked for the privilege
+of speaking to the opposition. He gave them his solemn assurance that
+the Basle Program would be unaffected by the resolution. He swore
+fealty to the Basle Program, to Zion and Jerusalem. His speech
+revealed the great transformation that had taken place in Herzl's
+organic relation to the Zionist movement. The opposition delegates
+felt that in spite of Herzl's seeking alternately one or another
+substitute for Palestine, his heart responded without reserve to the
+appeal of Zion. The opposition reappeared in the Congress the
+following day. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>They exacted assurances that the funds of the Jewish
+Colonial Trust, of the Jewish National Fund and the Shekel Income,
+should not be used for the commission investigating East Africa, and
+that the commission should report to the Greater Actions Committee
+before it appeared to submit its report to the Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Herzl's experience at what is called the "Uganda Congress" drew him
+nearer to the older Zionists. He realized now that the ultimate goal
+could not be reached within the near future, that Uganda was merely a
+compromise achievement, providing the field of preparation for a
+second attempt to reach Zion. The Congress of 1903 was the climax of
+Herzl's career. It was, in effect, the end of his quest.</p>
+
+<p>Later, the East African project became a matter of lesser importance
+in the eyes of the English. The English colonists in East Africa
+declared their opposition to a Jewish settlement. A Zionist opposition
+was organized, led by Menahem Ussishkin, who was not present at the
+Uganda Congress. The Charkov Conference of Russian Zionists was
+called. Herzl was charged with having violated the Basle Program. The
+Charkov Conference disclaimed responsibility for all actions in the
+direction of East Africa. It appointed a committee of three to
+communicate their demands to Herzl. They asked that he promise that he
+would not place before the Congress any territorial projects other
+than those connected with Palestine or Syria, and that he would take
+East Africa off the agenda. By now Herzl would have been pleased to
+let the East African project disappear from the agenda; it was clear
+that the English government was not greatly interested and was seeking
+a way out; but the devious route of political action, once started,
+could not so easily be halted; Herzl found himself chained to a
+political reality.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout his Zionist life, Herzl suffered from a heart <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>ailment
+which became more and more acute as he was taken up by the excitements
+and activities of the Movement. He became aware of his illness soon
+after he had written "The Jewish State." He had premonitions of the
+fatal consequences but persisted in carrying the burden of the
+Movement himself, consuming all his strength in the process. At
+intervals he was forced to take rest cures. On a number of occasions
+it was thought that he had reached the end of his strength. When he
+was grappling with the Uganda project, York-Steiner, an intimate
+friend, wrote of his appearance: "The imposing figure is now stooped,
+the face sallow, the eyes&mdash;the mirrors of a fine soul&mdash;were darkened,
+the mouth was drawn in pain and marked by passion."</p>
+
+<p>He was almost at the brink of the grave. In May, an alarming change
+for the worse occurred in the condition of his heart muscles. He was
+ordered to Franzienbad for six weeks, but the rest did him no good. On
+June 3, he left with his wife and several friends for Edlach in
+Semmering. He knew that this was his last journey. Then there was a
+slight improvement and he returned to his desk. But he rapidly grew
+worse. To the faithful Hechler he said, "Give them all my greetings
+and tell them that I have given my heart's blood for my people." On
+July 3, pneumonia set in and there were signs of approaching
+exhaustion. His mother arrived, then his two younger children, Hans
+and Trude. At five in the afternoon, his physician who had taken his
+eyes off the patient for a moment, heard a deep sigh. When he turned,
+he saw Herzl's head sunk on his breast.</p>
+
+<p>In his will Herzl asked that his body be buried next to his father,
+"to remain there until the Jewish people will carry my remains to
+Palestine." When the Russians entered Vienna in 1945 the remains of
+Herzl were still there.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="The_Jewish_State" id="The_Jewish_State"></a><a name="Preface" id="Preface"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1><i>The Jewish State</i></h1>
+
+<h4>by</h4>
+
+<h2><i>Theodor Herzl</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2><i>Preface</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>The idea which I have developed in this pamphlet is a very old one: it
+is the restoration of the Jewish State.</p>
+
+<p>The world resounds with outcries against the Jews, and these outcries
+have awakened the slumbering idea.</p>
+
+<p>I wish it to be clearly understood from the outset that no portion of
+my argument is based on a new discovery. I have discovered neither the
+historic condition of the Jews nor the means to improve it. In fact,
+every man will see for himself that the materials of the structure I
+am designing are not only in existence, but actually already in hand.
+If, therefore, this attempt to solve the Jewish Question is to be
+designated by a single word, let it be said to be the result of an
+inescapable conclusion rather than that of a flighty imagination.</p>
+
+<p>I must, in the first place, guard my scheme from being treated as
+Utopian by superficial critics who might commit this error of judgment
+if I did not warn them. I should obviously have done nothing to be
+ashamed of if I had described a Utopia on philanthropic lines; and I
+should also, in all probability, have obtained literary success more
+easily if I had set forth my plan in the irresponsible guise of a
+romantic tale. But this Utopia is far less attractive than any one of
+those portrayed by Sir Thomas More and his numerous forerunners and
+successors. And I believe that the situation of the Jews in many
+countries is grave enough to make such preliminary trifling
+superfluous.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting book, "Freiland," by Dr. Theodor Hertzka, which
+appeared a few years ago, may serve to mark the distinction I draw
+between my conception and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>a Utopia. His is the ingenious invention of
+a modern mind thoroughly schooled in the principles of political
+economy, it is as remote from actuality as the Equatorial mountain on
+which his dream State lies. "Freiland" is a complicated piece of
+mechanism with numerous cogged wheels fitting into each other; but
+there is nothing to prove that they can be set in motion. Even
+supposing "Freiland societies" were to come into existence, I should
+look on the whole thing as a joke.</p>
+
+<p>The present scheme, on the other hand, includes the employment of an
+existent propelling force. In consideration of my own inadequacy, I
+shall content myself with indicating the cogs and wheels of the
+machine to be constructed, and I shall rely on more skilled
+mechanicians than myself to put them together.</p>
+
+<p>Everything depends on our propelling force. And what is that force?
+The misery of the Jews.</p>
+
+<p>Who would venture to deny its existence? We shall discuss it fully in
+the chapter on the causes of Anti-Semitism.</p>
+
+<p>Everybody is familiar with the phenomenon of steam-power, generated by
+boiling water, which lifts the kettle-lid. Such tea-kettle phenomena
+are the attempts of Zionist and kindred associations to check
+Anti-Semitism.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that this power, if rightly employed, is powerful enough to
+propel a large engine and to move passengers and goods: the engine
+having whatever form men may choose to give it.</p>
+
+<p>I am absolutely convinced that I am right, though I doubt whether I
+shall live to see myself proved to be so. Those who are the first to
+inaugurate this movement will scarcely live to see its glorious close.
+But the inauguration <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>of it is enough to give them a feeling of pride
+and the joy of spiritual freedom.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not be lavish in artistically elaborated descriptions of my
+project, for fear of incurring the suspicion of painting a Utopia. I
+anticipate, in any case, that thoughtless scoffers will caricature my
+sketch and thus try to weaken its effect. A Jew, intelligent in other
+respects, to whom I explained my plan, was of the opinion that "a
+Utopia was a project whose future details were represented as already
+extant." This is a fallacy. Every Chancellor of the Exchequer
+calculates in his Budget estimates with assumed figures, and not only
+with such as are based on the average returns of past years, or on
+previous revenues in other States, but sometimes with figures for
+which there is no precedent whatever; as for example, in instituting a
+new tax. Everybody who studies a Budget knows that this is the case.
+But even if it were known that the estimates would not be rigidly
+adhered to, would such a financial draft be considered Utopian?</p>
+
+<p>But I am expecting more of my readers. I ask the cultivated men whom I
+am addressing to set many preconceived ideas entirely aside. I shall
+even go so far as to ask those Jews who have most earnestly tried to
+solve the Jewish Question to look upon their previous attempts as
+mistaken and futile.</p>
+
+<p>I must guard against a danger in setting forth my idea. If I describe
+future circumstances with too much caution I shall appear to doubt
+their possibility. If, on the other hand, I announce their realization
+with too much assurance I shall appear to be describing a chimera.</p>
+
+<p>I shall therefore clearly and emphatically state that I believe in the
+practical outcome of my scheme, though without professing to have
+discovered the shape it may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>ultimately take. The Jewish State is
+essential to the world; it will therefore be created.</p>
+
+<p>The plan would, of course, seem absurd if a single individual
+attempted to do it; but if worked by a number of Jews in co-operation
+it would appear perfectly rational, and its accomplishment would
+present no difficulties worth mentioning. The idea depends only on the
+number of its supporters. Perhaps our ambitious young men, to whom
+every road of progress is now closed, seeing in this Jewish State a
+bright prospect of freedom, happiness and honors opening to them, will
+ensure the propagation of the idea.</p>
+
+<p>I feel that with the publication of this pamphlet my task is done. I
+shall not again take up the pen, unless the attacks of noteworthy
+antagonists drive me to do so, or it becomes necessary to meet
+unforeseen objections and to remove errors.</p>
+
+<p>Am I stating what is not yet the case? Am I before my time? Are the
+sufferings of the Jews not yet grave enough? We shall see.</p>
+
+<p>It depends on the Jews themselves whether this political pamphlet
+remains for the present a political romance. If the present generation
+is too dull to understand it rightly, a future, finer and a better
+generation will arise to understand it. The Jews who wish for a State
+shall have it, and they will deserve to have it.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="I_Introduction" id="I_Introduction"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2><i>Chapter I. Introduction</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>It is astonishing how little insight into the science of economics
+many of the men who move in the midst of active life possess. Hence it
+is that even Jews faithfully repeat the cry of the Anti-Semites: "We
+depend for sustenance on the nations who are our hosts, and if we had
+no hosts to support us we should die of starvation." This is a point
+that shows how unjust accusations may weaken our self-knowledge. But
+what are the true grounds for this statement concerning the nations
+that act as "hosts"? Where it is not based on limited physiocratic
+views it is founded on the childish error that commodities pass from
+hand to hand in continuous rotation. We need not wake from long
+slumber, like Rip van Winkle, to realize that the world is
+considerably altered by the production of new commodities. The
+technical progress made during this wonderful era enables even a man
+of most limited intelligence to note with his short-sighted eyes the
+appearance of new commodities all around him. The spirit of enterprise
+has created them.</p>
+
+<p>Labor without enterprise is the stationary labor of ancient days; and
+typical of it is the work of the husbandman, who stands now just where
+his progenitors stood a thousand years ago. All our material welfare
+has been brought about by men of enterprise. I feel almost ashamed of
+writing down so trite a remark. Even if we were a nation of
+entrepreneurs&mdash;such as absurdly exaggerated accounts make us out to
+be&mdash;we should not require another nation to live on. We do not depend
+on the circulation of old commodities, because we produce new ones.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>The world possesses slaves of extraordinary capacity for work, whose
+appearance has been fatal to the production of handmade goods: these
+slaves are the machines. It is true that workmen are required to set
+machinery in motion; but for this we have men in plenty, in
+super-abundance. Only those who are ignorant of the conditions of Jews
+in many countries of Eastern Europe would venture to assert that Jews
+are either unfit or unwilling to perform manual labor.</p>
+
+<p>But I do not wish to take up the cudgels for the Jews in this
+pamphlet. It would be useless. Everything rational and everything
+sentimental that can possibly be said in their defence has been said
+already. If one's hearers are incapable of comprehending them, one is
+a preacher in a desert. And if one's hearers are broad and high-minded
+enough to have grasped them already, then the sermon is superfluous. I
+believe in the ascent of man to higher and yet higher grades of
+civilization; but I consider this ascent to be desperately slow. Were
+we to wait till average humanity had become as charitably inclined as
+was Lessing when he wrote "Nathan the Wise," we should wait beyond our
+day, beyond the days of our children, of our grandchildren, and of our
+great-grandchildren. But the world's spirit comes to our aid in
+another way.</p>
+
+<p>This century has given the world a wonderful renaissance by means of
+its technical achievements; but at the same time its miraculous
+improvements have not been employed in the service of humanity.
+Distance has ceased to be an obstacle, yet we complain of insufficient
+space. Our great steamships carry us swiftly and surely over hitherto
+unvisited seas. Our railways carry us safely into a mountain-world
+hitherto tremblingly scaled on foot. Events occurring in countries
+undiscovered when Europe <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>confined the Jews in Ghettos are known to us
+in the course of an hour. Hence the misery of the Jews is an
+anachronism&mdash;not because there was a period of enlightenment one
+hundred years ago, for that enlightenment reached in reality only the
+choicest spirits.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that electric light was not invented for the purpose of
+illuminating the drawing-rooms of a few snobs, but rather for the
+purpose of throwing light on some of the dark problems of humanity.
+One of these problems, and not the least of them, is the Jewish
+question. In solving it we are working not only for ourselves, but
+also for many other over-burdened and oppressed beings.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish question still exists. It would be foolish to deny it. It
+is a remnant of the Middle Ages, which civilized nations do not even
+yet seem able to shake off, try as they will. They certainly showed a
+generous desire to do so when they emancipated us. The Jewish question
+exists wherever Jews live in perceptible numbers. Where it does not
+exist, it is carried by Jews in the course of their migrations. We
+naturally move to those places where we are not persecuted, and there
+our presence produces persecution. This is the case in every country,
+and will remain so, even in those highly civilized&mdash;for instance,
+France&mdash;until the Jewish question finds a solution on a political
+basis. The unfortunate Jews are now carrying the seeds of
+Anti-Semitism into England; they have already introduced it into
+America.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that I understand Anti-Semitism, which is really a highly
+complex movement. I consider it from a Jewish standpoint, yet without
+fear or hatred. I believe that I can see what elements there are in it
+of vulgar sport, of common trade jealousy, of inherited prejudice, of
+religious intolerance, and also of pretended self-defence. I think the
+Jewish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>question is no more a social than a religious one,
+notwithstanding that it sometimes takes these and other forms. It is a
+national question, which can only be solved by making it a political
+world-question to be discussed and settled by the civilized nations of
+the world in council.</p>
+
+<p>We are a people&mdash;one people.</p>
+
+<p>We have honestly endeavored everywhere to merge ourselves in the
+social life of surrounding communities and to preserve the faith of
+our fathers. We are not permitted to do so. In vain are we loyal
+patriots, our loyalty in some places running to extremes; in vain do
+we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our
+fellow-citizens; in vain do we strive to increase the fame of our
+native land in science and art, or her wealth by trade and commerce.
+In countries where we have lived for centuries we are still cried down
+as strangers, and often by those whose ancestors were not yet
+domiciled in the land where Jews had already had experience of
+suffering. The majority may decide which are the strangers; for this,
+as indeed every point which arises in the relations between nations,
+is a question of might. I do not here surrender any portion of our
+prescriptive right, when I make this statement merely in my own name
+as an individual. In the world as it now is and for an indefinite
+period will probably remain, might precedes right. It is useless,
+therefore, for us to be loyal patriots, as were the Huguenots who were
+forced to emigrate. If we could only be left in peace....</p>
+
+<p>But I think we shall not be left in peace.</p>
+
+<p>Oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us. No nation on earth
+has survived such struggles and sufferings as we have gone through.
+Jew-baiting has merely stripped off our weaklings; the strong among us
+were invariably <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>true to their race when persecution broke out against
+them. This attitude was most clearly apparent in the period
+immediately following the emancipation of the Jews. Those Jews who
+were advanced intellectually and materially entirely lost the feeling
+of belonging to their race. Wherever our political well-being has
+lasted for any length of time, we have assimilated with our
+surroundings. I think this is not discreditable. Hence, the statesman
+who would wish to see a Jewish strain in his nation would have to
+provide for the duration of our political well-being; and even a
+Bismarck could not do that.</p>
+
+<p>For old prejudices against us still lie deep in the hearts of the
+people. He who would have proofs of this need only listen to the
+people where they speak with frankness and simplicity: proverb and
+fairy-tale are both Anti-Semitic. A nation is everywhere a great
+child, which can certainly be educated; but its education would, even
+in most favorable circumstances, occupy such a vast amount of time
+that we could, as already mentioned, remove our own difficulties by
+other means long before the process was accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>Assimilation, by which I understood not only external conformity in
+dress, habits, customs, and language, but also identity of feeling and
+manner&mdash;assimilation of Jews could be effected only by intermarriage.
+But the need for mixed marriages would have to be felt by the
+majority; their mere recognition by law would certainly not suffice.</p>
+
+<p>The Hungarian Liberals, who have just given legal sanction to mixed
+marriages, have made a remarkable mistake which one of the earliest
+cases clearly illustrates; a baptized Jew married a Jewess. At the
+same time the struggle to obtain the present form of marriage
+accentuated distinctions between Jews and Christians, thus hindering
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>rather than aiding the fusion of races.</p>
+
+<p>Those who really wished to see the Jews disappear through intermixture
+with other nations, can only hope to see it come about in one way. The
+Jews must previously acquire economic power sufficiently great to
+overcome the old social prejudice against them. The aristocracy may
+serve as an example of this, for in its ranks occur the
+proportionately largest numbers of mixed marriages. The Jewish
+families which regild the old nobility with their money become
+gradually absorbed. But what form would this phenomenon assume in the
+middle classes, where (the Jews being a bourgeois people) the Jewish
+question is mainly concentrated? A previous acquisition of power could
+be synonymous with that economic supremacy which Jews are already
+erroneously declared to possess. And if the power they now possess
+creates rage and indignation among the Anti-Semites, what outbreaks
+would such an increase of power create? Hence the first step towards
+absorption will never be taken, because this step would involve the
+subjection of the majority to a hitherto scorned minority, possessing
+neither military nor administrative power of its own. I think,
+therefore, that the absorption of Jews by means of their prosperity is
+unlikely to occur. In countries which now are Anti-Semitic my view
+will be approved. In others, where Jews now feel comfortable, it will
+probably be violently disputed by them. My happier co-religionists
+will not believe me till Jew-baiting teaches them the truth; for the
+longer Anti-Semitism lies in abeyance the more fiercely will it break
+out. The infiltration of immigrating Jews, attracted to a land by
+apparent security, and the ascent in the social scale of native Jews,
+combine powerfully to bring about a revolution. Nothing is plainer
+than this rational conclusion.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>Because I have drawn this conclusion with complete indifference to
+everything but the quest of truth, I shall probably be contradicted
+and opposed by Jews who are in easy circumstances. Insofar as private
+interests alone are held by their anxious or timid possessors to be in
+danger, they can safely be ignored, for the concerns of the poor and
+oppressed are of greater importance than theirs. But I wish from the
+outset to prevent any misconception from arising, particularly the
+mistaken notion that my project, if realized, would in the least
+degree injure property now held by Jews. I shall therefore explain
+everything connected with rights of property very fully. Whereas, if
+my plan never becomes anything more than a piece of literature, things
+will merely remain as they are. It might more reasonably be objected
+that I am giving a handle to Anti-Semitism when I say we are a
+people&mdash;one people; that I am hindering the assimilation of Jews where
+it is about to be consummated, and endangering it where it is an
+accomplished fact, insofar as it is possible for a solitary writer to
+hinder or endanger anything.</p>
+
+<p>This objection will be especially brought forward in France. It will
+probably also be made in other countries, but I shall answer only the
+French Jews beforehand, because these afford the most striking example
+of my point.</p>
+
+<p>However much I may worship personality&mdash;powerful individual
+personality in statesmen, inventors, artists, philosophers, or
+leaders, as well as the collective personality of a historic group of
+human beings, which we call a nation&mdash;however much I may worship
+personality, I do not regret its disappearance. Whoever can, will, and
+must perish, let him perish. But the distinctive nationality of Jews
+neither can, will, nor must be destroyed. It cannot be destroyed,
+because external enemies consolidate it. It <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>will not be destroyed;
+this is shown during two thousand years of appalling suffering. It
+must not be destroyed, and that, as a descendant of numberless Jews
+who refused to despair, I am trying once more to prove in this
+pamphlet. Whole branches of Judaism may wither and fall, but the trunk
+will remain.</p>
+
+<p>Hence, if all or any of the French Jews protest against this scheme on
+account of their own "assimilation," my answer is simple: The whole
+thing does not concern them at all. They are Jewish Frenchmen, well
+and good! This is a private affair for the Jews alone.</p>
+
+<p>The movement towards the organization of the State I am proposing
+would, of course, harm Jewish Frenchmen no more than it would harm the
+"assimilated" of other countries. It would, on the contrary, be
+distinctly to their advantage. For they would no longer be disturbed
+in their "chromatic function," as Darwin puts it, but would be able to
+assimilate in peace, because the present Anti-Semitism would have been
+stopped for ever. They would certainly be credited with being
+assimilated to the very depths of their souls, if they stayed where
+they were after the new Jewish State, with its superior institutions,
+had become a reality.</p>
+
+<p>The "assimilated" would profit even more than Christian citizens by
+the departure of faithful Jews; for they would be rid of the
+disquieting, incalculable, and unavoidable rivalry of a Jewish
+proletariat, driven by poverty and political pressure from place to
+place, from land to land. This floating proletariat would become
+stationary. Many Christian citizens&mdash;whom we call Anti-Semites&mdash;can
+now offer determined resistance to the immigration of foreign Jews.
+Jewish citizens cannot do this, although it affects them far more
+directly; for on them they feel first of all <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>the keen competition of
+individuals carrying on similar branches of industry, who, in
+addition, either introduce Anti-Semitism where it does not exist, or
+intensify it where it does. The "assimilated" give expression to this
+secret grievance in "philanthropic" undertakings. They organize
+emigration societies for wandering Jews. There is a reverse to the
+picture which would be comic, if it did not deal with human beings.
+For some of these charitable institutions are created not for, but
+against, persecuted Jews; they are created to despatch these poor
+creatures just as fast and far as possible. And thus, many an apparent
+friend of the Jews turns out, on careful inspection, to be nothing
+more than an Anti-Semite of Jewish origin, disguised as a
+philanthropist.</p>
+
+<p>But the attempts at colonization made even by really benevolent men,
+interesting attempts though they were, have so far been unsuccessful.
+I do not think that this or that man took up the matter merely as an
+amusement, that they engaged in the emigration of poor Jews as one
+indulges in the racing of horses. The matter was too grave and tragic
+for such treatment. These attempts were interesting, in that they
+represented on a small scale the practical fore-runners of the idea of
+a Jewish State. They were even useful, for out of their mistakes may
+be gathered experience for carrying the idea out successfully on a
+larger scale. They have, of course, done harm also. The transportation
+of Anti-Semitism to new districts, which is the inevitable consequence
+of such artificial infiltration, seems to me to be the least of these
+evils. Far worse is the circumstance that unsatisfactory results tend
+to cast doubts on intelligent men. What is impractical or impossible
+to simple argument will remove this doubt from the minds of
+intelligent men. What is unpractical or impossible to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>accomplish on a
+small scale, need not necessarily be so on a larger one. A small
+enterprise may result in loss under the same conditions which would
+make a large one pay. A rivulet cannot even be navigated by boats, the
+river into which it flows carries stately iron vessels.</p>
+
+<p>No human being is wealthy or powerful enough to transplant a nation
+from one habitation to another. An idea alone can achieve that and
+this idea of a State may have the requisite power to do so. The Jews
+have dreamt this kingly dream all through the long nights of their
+history. "Next year in Jerusalem" is our old phrase. It is now a
+question of showing that the dream can be converted into a living
+reality.</p>
+
+<p>For this, many old, outgrown, confused and limited notions must first
+be entirely erased from the minds of men. Dull brains might, for
+instance, imagine that this exodus would be from civilized regions
+into the desert. That is not the case. It will be carried out in the
+midst of civilization. We shall not revert to a lower stage, we shall
+rise to a higher one. We shall not dwell in mud huts; we shall build
+new more beautiful and more modern houses, and possess them in safety.
+We shall not lose our acquired possessions; we shall realize them. We
+shall surrender our well earned rights only for better ones. We shall
+not sacrifice our beloved customs; we shall find them again. We shall
+not leave our old home before the new one is prepared for us. Those
+only will depart who are sure thereby to improve their position; those
+who are now desperate will go first, after them the poor; next the
+prosperous, and, last of all, the wealthy. Those who go in advance
+will raise themselves to a higher grade, equal to those whose
+representatives will shortly follow. Thus the exodus will be at the
+same time an ascent of the class.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>The departure of the Jews will involve no economic disturbances, no
+crises, no persecutions; in fact, the countries they abandon will
+revive to a new period of prosperity. There will be an inner migration
+of Christian citizens into the positions evacuated by Jews. The
+outgoing current will be gradual, without any disturbance, and its
+initial movement will put an end to Anti-Semitism. The Jews will leave
+as honored friends, and if some of them return, they will receive the
+same favorable welcome and treatment at the hands of civilized nations
+as is accorded to all foreign visitors. Their exodus will have no
+resemblance to a flight, for it will be a well-regulated movement
+under control of public opinion. The movement will not only be
+inaugurated with absolute conformity to law, but it cannot even be
+carried out without the friendly cooperation of interested
+Governments, who would derive considerable benefits from it.</p>
+
+<p>Security for the integrity of the idea and the vigor of its execution
+will be found in the creation of a body corporate, or corporation.
+This corporation will be called "The Society of Jews." In addition to
+it there will be a Jewish company, an economically productive body.</p>
+
+<p>An individual who attempted even to undertake this huge task alone
+would be either an impostor or a madman. The personal character of the
+members of the corporation will guarantee its integrity, and the
+adequate capital of the Company will prove its stability.</p>
+
+<p>These prefatory remarks are merely intended as a hasty reply to the
+mass of objections which the very words "Jewish State" are certain to
+arouse. Henceforth we shall proceed more slowly to meet further
+objections and to explain in detail what has been as yet only
+indicated; and we shall try in the interests of this pamphlet to
+avoid <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>making it a dull exposition. Short aphoristic chapters will
+therefore best answer the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>If I wish to substitute a new building for an old one, I must demolish
+before I construct. I shall therefore keep to this natural sequence.
+In the first and general part I shall explain my ideas, remove all
+prejudices, determine essential political and economic conditions, and
+develop the plan.</p>
+
+<p>In the special part, which is divided into three principal sections, I
+shall describe its execution. These three sections are: The Jewish
+Company, Local Groups, and the Society of Jews. The Society is to be
+created first, the Company last; but in this exposition the reverse
+order is preferable, because it is the financial soundness of the
+enterprise which will chiefly be called into question, and doubts on
+this score must be removed first.</p>
+
+<p>In the conclusion, I shall try to meet every further objection that
+could possibly be made. My Jewish readers will, I hope, follow me
+patiently to the end. Some will naturally make their objections in an
+order of succession other than that chosen for their refutation. But
+whoever finds his doubts dispelled should give allegiance to the
+cause.</p>
+
+<p>Although I speak of reason, I am fully aware that reason alone will
+not suffice. Old prisoners do not willingly leave their cells. We
+shall see whether the youth whom we need are at our command&mdash;the
+youth, who irresistibly draw on the old, carry them forward on strong
+arms, and transform rational motives into enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="II_The_Jewish_Question" id="II_The_Jewish_Question"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2><i>II. The Jewish Question</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>No one can deny the gravity of the situation of the Jews. Wherever
+they live in perceptible numbers, they are more or less persecuted.
+Their equality before the law, granted by statute, has become
+practically a dead letter. They are debarred from filling even
+moderately high positions, either in the army, or in any public or
+private capacity. And attempts are made to thrust them out of business
+also: "Don't buy from Jews!"</p>
+
+<p>Attacks in Parliaments, in assemblies, in the press, in the pulpit, in
+the street, on journeys&mdash;for example, their exclusion from certain
+hotels&mdash;even in places of recreation, become daily more numerous. The
+forms of persecutions varying according to the countries and social
+circles in which they occur. In Russia, imposts are levied on Jewish
+villages; in Rumania, a few persons are put to death; in Germany, they
+get a good beating occasionally; in Austria, Anti-Semites exercise
+terrorism over all public life; in Algeria, there are travelling
+agitators; in Paris, the Jews are shut out of the so-called best
+social circles and excluded from clubs. Shades of anti-Jewish feeling
+are innumerable. But this is not to be an attempt to make out a
+doleful category of Jewish hardships.</p>
+
+<p>I do not intend to arouse sympathetic emotions on our behalf. That
+would be foolish, futile, and undignified proceeding. I shall content
+myself with putting the following questions to the Jews: Is it not
+true that, in countries where we live in perceptible numbers, the
+position of Jewish lawyers, doctors, technicians, teachers, and
+employees of all descriptions becomes daily more intolerable? Is it
+not true, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>that the Jewish middle classes are seriously threatened? Is
+it not true, that the passions of the mob are incited against our
+wealthy people? Is it not true, that our poor endure greater
+sufferings than any other proletariat? I think that this external
+pressure makes itself felt everywhere. In our economically upper
+classes it causes discomfort, in our middle classes continual and
+grave anxieties, in our lower classes absolute despair.</p>
+
+<p>Everything tends, in fact, to one and the same conclusion, which is
+clearly enunciated in that classic Berlin phrase: "<i>Juden Raus!</i>" (Out
+with the Jews!)</p>
+
+<p>I shall now put the Question in the briefest possible form: Are we to
+"get out" now and where to?</p>
+
+<p>Or, may we yet remain? And, how long?</p>
+
+<p>Let us first settle the point of staying where we are. Can we hope for
+better days, can we possess our souls in patience, can we wait in
+pious resignation till the princes and peoples of this earth are more
+mercifully disposed towards us? I say that we cannot hope for a change
+in the current of feeling. And why not? Even if we were as near to the
+hearts of princes as are their other subjects, they could not protect
+us. They would only feel popular hatred by showing us too much favor.
+By "too much," I really mean less than is claimed as a right by every
+ordinary citizen, or by every race. The nations in whose midst Jews
+live are all either covertly or openly Anti-Semitic.</p>
+
+<p>The common people have not, and indeed cannot have, any historic
+comprehension. They do not know that the sins of the Middle Ages are
+now being visited on the nations of Europe. We are what the Ghetto
+made us. We have attained pre-eminence in finance, because mediaeval
+conditions drove us to it. The same process is now <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>being repeated. We
+are again being forced into finance, now it is the stock exchange, by
+being kept out of other branches of economic activity. Being on the
+stock exchange, we are consequently exposed afresh to contempt. At the
+same time we continue to produce an abundance of mediocre intellects
+who find no outlet, and this endangers our social position as much as
+does our increasing wealth. Educated Jews without means are now
+rapidly becoming Socialists. Hence we are certain to suffer very
+severely in the struggle between classes, because we stand in the most
+exposed position in the camps of both Socialists and capitalists.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS AT A SOLUTION</h4>
+
+<p>The artificial means heretofore employed to overcome the troubles of
+Jews have been either too petty&mdash;such as attempts at colonization&mdash;or
+attempts to convert the Jews into peasants in their present homes.</p>
+
+<p>What is achieved by transporting a few thousand Jews to another
+country? Either they come to grief at once, or prosper, and then their
+prosperity creates Anti-Semitism. We have already discussed these
+attempts to divert poor Jews to fresh districts. This diversion is
+clearly inadequate and futile, if it does not actually defeat its own
+ends; for it merely protracts and postpones a solution, and perhaps
+even aggravates difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>Whoever would attempt to convert the Jew into a husbandman would be
+making an extraordinary mistake. For a peasant is in a historical
+category, as proved by his costume which in some countries he has worn
+for centuries; and by his tools, which are identical with those used
+by his earliest forefathers. His plough is unchanged; he carries the
+seed in his apron; mows with the historical <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>scythe, and threshes with
+the time-honored flail. But we know that all this can be done by
+machinery. The agrarian question is only a question of machinery.
+America must conquer Europe, in the same way as large landed
+possessions absorb small ones. The peasant is consequently a type
+which is in course of extinction. Whenever he is artificially
+preserved, it is done on account of the political interests which he
+is intended to serve. It is absurd, and indeed impossible, to make
+modern peasants on the old pattern. No one is wealthy or powerful
+enough to make civilization take a single retrograde step. The mere
+preservation of obsolete institutions is a task severe enough to
+require the enforcement of all the despotic measures of an
+autocratically governed State.</p>
+
+<p>Are we, therefore, to credit Jews who are intelligent with a desire to
+become peasants of the old type? One might just as well say to them:
+"Here is a cross-bow: now go to war!" What? With a cross-bow, while
+the others have rifles and long range guns? Under these circumstances
+the Jews are perfectly justified in refusing to stir when people try
+to make peasants of them. A cross-bow is a beautiful weapon, which
+inspires me with mournful feelings when I have time to devote to them.
+But it belongs by rights to a museum.</p>
+
+<p>Now, there certainly are districts to which desperate Jews go out, or
+at any rate, are willing to go out and till the soil. And a little
+observation shows that these districts&mdash;such as the enclave of Hesse
+in Germany, and some provinces in Russia&mdash;these very districts are the
+principal seats of Anti-Semitism.</p>
+
+<p>For the world's reformers, who send the Jews to the plough, forget a
+very important person, who has a great deal to say on the matter. This
+person is the agriculturist, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>and the agriculturist is also perfectly
+justified. For the tax on land, the risks attached to crops, the
+pressure of large proprietors who cheapen labor, and American
+competition in particular, combine to make his life hard enough.
+Besides, the duties on corn cannot go on increasing indefinitely. Nor
+can the manufacturer be allowed to starve; his political influence is,
+in fact, in the ascendant, and he must therefore be treated with
+additional consideration.</p>
+
+<p>All these difficulties are well known, therefore I refer to them only
+cursorily. I merely wanted to indicate clearly how futile had been
+past attempts&mdash;most of them well intentioned&mdash;to solve the Jewish
+Question. Neither a diversion of the stream, nor an artificial
+depression of the intellectual level of our proletariat, will overcome
+the difficulty. The supposed infallible expedient of assimilation has
+already been dealt with.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot get the better of Anti-Semitism by any of these methods. It
+cannot die out so long as its causes are not removed. Are they
+removable?</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CAUSES OF ANTI-SEMITISM</h4>
+
+<p>We shall not again touch on those causes which are a result of
+temperament, prejudice and narrow views, but shall here restrict
+ourselves to political and economical causes alone. Modern
+Anti-Semitism is not to be confounded with the religious persecution
+of the Jews of former times. It does occasionally take a religious
+bias in some countries, but the main current of the aggressive
+movement has now changed. In the principal countries where
+Anti-Semitism prevails, it does so as a result of the emancipation of
+the Jews. When civilized nations awoke to the inhumanity of
+discriminatory legislation and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>enfranchised us, our enfranchisement
+came too late. It was no longer possible to remove our disabilities in
+our old homes. For we had, curiously enough, developed while in the
+Ghetto into a bourgeois people, and we stepped out of it only to enter
+into fierce competition with the middle classes. Hence, our
+emancipation set us suddenly within this middle-class circle, where we
+have a double pressure to sustain, from within and from without. The
+Christian bourgeoisie would not be unwilling to cast us as a sacrifice
+to Socialism, though that would not greatly improve matters.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, the equal rights of Jews before the law cannot be
+withdrawn where they have once been conceded. Not only because their
+withdrawal would be opposed to the spirit of our age, but also because
+it would immediately drive all Jews, rich and poor alike, into the
+ranks of subversive parties. Nothing effectual can really be done to
+our injury. In olden days our jewels were seized. How is our movable
+property to be got hold of now? It consists of printed papers which
+are locked up somewhere or other in the world, perhaps in the coffers
+of Christians. It is, of course, possible to get at shares and
+debentures in railways, banks and industrial undertakings of all
+descriptions by taxation, and where the progressive income-tax is in
+force all our movable property can eventually be laid hold of. But all
+these efforts cannot be directed against Jews alone, and wherever they
+might nevertheless be made, severe economic crises would be their
+immediate consequences, which would be by no means confined to the
+Jews who would be the first affected. The very impossibility of
+getting at the Jews nourishes and embitters hatred of them.
+Anti-Semitism increases day by day and hour by hour among the nations;
+indeed, it is bound to increase, because the causes of its growth
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>continue to exist and cannot be removed. Its remote cause is our loss
+of the power of assimilation during the Middle Ages; its immediate
+cause is our excessive production of mediocre intellects, who cannot
+find an outlet downwards or upwards&mdash;that is to say, no wholesome
+outlet in either direction. When we sink, we become a revolutionary
+proletariat, the subordinate officers of all revolutionary parties;
+and at the same time, when we rise, there rises also our terrible
+power of the purse.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>EFFECTS OF ANTI-SEMITISM</h4>
+
+<p>The oppression we endure does not improve us, for we are not a whit
+better than ordinary people. It is true that we do not love our
+enemies; but he alone who can conquer himself dare reproach us with
+that fault. Oppression naturally creates hostility against oppressors,
+and our hostility aggravates the pressure. It is impossible to escape
+from this eternal circle.</p>
+
+<p>"No!" Some soft-hearted visionaries will say: "No, it is possible!
+Possible by means of the ultimate perfection of humanity."</p>
+
+<p>Is it necessary to point to the sentimental folly of this view? He who
+would found his hope for improved conditions on the ultimate
+perfection of humanity would indeed be relying upon a Utopia!</p>
+
+<p>I referred previously to our "assimilation". I do not for a moment
+wish to imply that I desire such an end. Our national character is too
+historically famous, and, in spite of every degradation, too fine to
+make its annihilation desirable. We might perhaps be able to merge
+ourselves entirely into surrounding races, if these were to leave us
+in peace for a period of two generations. But they will not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>leave us
+in peace. For a little period they manage to tolerate us, and then
+their hostility breaks out again and again. The world is provoked
+somehow by our prosperity, because it has for many centuries been
+accustomed to consider us as the most contemptible among the
+poverty-stricken. In its ignorance and narrowness of heart, it fails
+to observe that prosperity weakens our Judaism and extinguishes our
+peculiarities. It is only pressure that forces us back to the parent
+stem; it is only hatred encompassing us that makes us strangers once
+more.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, whether we like it or not, we are now, and shall henceforth
+remain, a historic group with unmistakable characteristics common to
+us all.</p>
+
+<p>We are one people&mdash;our enemies have made us one without our consent,
+as repeatedly happens in history. Distress binds us together, and,
+thus united, we suddenly discover our strength. Yes, we are strong
+enough to form a State, and, indeed, a model State. We possess all
+human and material resources necessary for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>This is therefore the appropriate place to give an account of what has
+been somewhat roughly termed our "human material." But it would not be
+appreciated till the broad lines of the plan, on which everything
+depends, has first been marked out.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE PLAN</h4>
+
+<p>The whole plan is in its essence perfectly simple, as it must
+necessarily be if it is to come within the comprehension of all.</p>
+
+<p>Let the sovereignty be granted us over a portion of the globe large
+enough to satisfy the rightful requirements of a nation; the rest we
+shall manage for ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>The creation of a new State is neither ridiculous nor <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>impossible. We
+have in our day witnessed the process in connection with nations which
+were not largely members of the middle class, but poorer, less
+educated, and consequently weaker than ourselves. The Governments of
+all countries scourged by Anti-Semitism will be keenly interested in
+assisting us to obtain the sovereignty we want.</p>
+
+<p>The plan, simple in design, but complicated in execution, will be
+carried out by two agencies: The Society of Jews and the Jewish
+Company.</p>
+
+<p>The Society of Jews will do the preparatory work in the domains of
+science and politics, which the Jewish Company will afterwards apply
+practically.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company will be the liquidating agent of the business
+interests of departing Jews, and will organize commerce and trade in
+the new country.</p>
+
+<p>We must not imagine the departure of the Jews to be a sudden one. It
+will be gradual, continuous, and will cover many decades. The poorest
+will go first to cultivate the soil. In accordance with a preconceived
+plan, they will construct roads, bridges, railways and telegraph
+installations; regulate rivers; and build their own dwellings; their
+labor will create trade, trade will create markets and markets will
+attract new settlers, for every man will go voluntarily, at his own
+expense and his own risk. The labor expended on the land will enhance
+its value, and the Jews will soon perceive that a new and permanent
+sphere of operation is opening here for that spirit of enterprise
+which has heretofore met only with hatred and obloquy.</p>
+
+<p>If we wish to found a State today, we shall not do it in the way which
+would have been the only possible one a thousand years ago. It is
+foolish to revert to old stages of civilization, as many Zionists
+would like to do. Supposing, for example, we were obliged to clear a
+country of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>wild beasts, we should not set about the task in the
+fashion of Europeans of the fifth century. We should not take spear
+and lance and go out singly in pursuit of bears; we would organize a
+large and active hunting party, drive the animals together, and throw
+a melinite bomb into their midst.</p>
+
+<p>If we wish to conduct building operations, we shall not plant a mass
+of stakes and piles on the shore of a lake, but we shall build as men
+build now. Indeed, we shall build in a bolder and more stately style
+than was ever adopted before, for we now possess means which men never
+yet possessed.</p>
+
+<p>The emigrants standing lowest in the economic scale will be slowly
+followed by those of a higher grade. Those who at this moment are
+living in despair will go first. They will be led by the mediocre
+intellects which we produce so superabundantly and which are
+persecuted everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>This pamphlet will open a general discussion on the Jewish Question,
+but that does not mean that there will be any voting on it. Such a
+result would ruin the cause from the outset, and dissidents must
+remember that allegiance or opposition is entirely voluntary. He who
+will not come with us should remain behind.</p>
+
+<p>Let all who are willing to join us, fall in behind our banner and
+fight for our cause with voice and pen and deed.</p>
+
+<p>Those Jews who agree with our idea of a State will attach themselves
+to the Society, which will thereby be authorized to confer and treat
+with Governments in the name of our people. The Society will thus be
+acknowledged in its relations with Governments as a State-creating
+power. This acknowledgment will practically create the State.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>Should the Powers declare themselves willing to admit our sovereignty
+over a neutral piece of land, then the Society will enter into
+negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two territories
+come under consideration, Palestine and Argentine. In both countries
+important experiments in colonization have been made, though on the
+mistaken principle of a gradual infiltration of Jews. An infiltration
+is bound to end badly. It continues till the inevitable moment when
+the native population feels itself threatened, and forces the
+Government to stop a further influx of Jews. Immigration is
+consequently futile unless we have the sovereign right to continue
+such immigration.</p>
+
+<p>The Society of Jews will treat with the present masters of the land,
+putting itself under the protectorate of the European Powers, if they
+prove friendly to the plan. We could offer the present possessors of
+the land enormous advantages, assume part of the public debt, build
+new roads for traffic, which our presence in the country would render
+necessary, and do many other things. The creation of our State would
+be beneficial to adjacent countries, because the cultivation of a
+strip of land increases the value of its surrounding districts in
+innumerable ways.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PALESTINE OR ARGENTINE?</h4>
+
+<p>Shall we choose Palestine or Argentine? We shall take what is given
+us, and what is selected by Jewish public opinion. The Society will
+determine both these points.</p>
+
+<p>Argentine is one of the most fertile countries in the world, extends
+over a vast area, has a sparse population and a mild climate. The
+Argentine Republic would derive considerable profit from the cession
+of a portion of its territory to us. The present infiltration of Jews
+has <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>certainly produced some discontent, and it would be necessary to
+enlighten the Republic on the intrinsic difference of our new
+movement.</p>
+
+<p>Palestine is our ever-memorable historic home. The very name of
+Palestine would attract our people with a force of marvellous potency.
+If His Majesty the Sultan were to give us Palestine, we could in
+return undertake to regulate the whole finances of Turkey. We should
+there form a portion of a rampart of Europe against Asia, an outpost
+of civilization as opposed to barbarism. We should as a neutral State
+remain in contact with all Europe, which would have to guarantee our
+existence. The sanctuaries of Christendom would be safeguarded by
+assigning to them an extra-territorial status such as is well-known to
+the law of nations. We should form a guard of honor about these
+sanctuaries, answering for the fulfilment of this duty with our
+existence. This guard of honor would be the great symbol of the
+solution of the Jewish Question after eighteen centuries of Jewish
+suffering.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>DEMAND, MEDIUM, TRADE</h4>
+
+<p>I said in the last chapter, "The Jewish Company will organize trade
+and commerce in the new country." I shall here insert a few remarks on
+that point.</p>
+
+<p>A scheme such as mine is gravely imperilled if it is opposed by
+"practical" people. Now "practical" people are as a rule nothing more
+than men sunk into the groove of daily routine, unable to emerge from
+a narrow circle of antiquated ideas. At the same time, their adverse
+opinion carries great weight, and can do considerable harm to a new
+project, at any rate until this new thing is sufficiently strong to
+throw the "practical" people and their mouldy notions to the winds.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>In the earliest period of European railway construction some
+"practical" people were of the opinion that it was foolish to build
+certain lines "because there were not even sufficient passengers to
+fill the mail-coaches." They did not realize the truth&mdash;which now
+seems obvious to us&mdash;that travellers do not produce railways, but,
+conversely, railways produce travellers, the latent demand, of course,
+is taken for granted.</p>
+
+<p>The impossibility of comprehending how trade and commerce are to be
+created in a new country which has yet to be acquired and cultivated,
+may be classed with those doubts of "practical" persons concerning the
+need of railways. A "practical" person would express himself somewhat
+in this fashion:</p>
+
+<p>"Granted that the present situation of the Jews is in many places
+unendurable, and aggravated day by day; granted that there exists a
+desire to emigrate; granted even that the Jews do emigrate to the new
+country; how will they earn their living there, and what will they
+earn? What are they to live on when there? The business of many people
+cannot be artificially organized in a day."</p>
+
+<p>To this I should reply: We have not the slightest intention of
+organizing trade artificially, and we should certainly not attempt to
+do it in a day. But, though the organization of it may be impossible,
+the promotion of it is not. And how is commerce to be encouraged?
+Through the medium of a demand. The demand recognized, the medium
+created, it will establish itself.</p>
+
+<p>If there is a real earnest demand among Jews for an improvement of
+their status; if the medium to be created&mdash;the Jewish Company&mdash;is
+sufficiently powerful, then commerce will extend itself freely in the
+new country.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="III_The_Jewish_Company" id="III_The_Jewish_Company"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2><i>III. The Jewish Company</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+<br />
+
+<h4>OUTLINES</h4>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company is partly modelled on the lines of a great
+land-acquisition company. It might be called a Jewish Chartered
+Company, though it cannot exercise sovereign power, and has other than
+purely colonial tasks.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company will be founded as a joint stock company subject to
+English jurisdiction, framed according to English laws, and under the
+protection of England. Its principal center will be London. I cannot
+tell yet how large the Company's capital should be; I shall leave that
+calculation to our numerous financiers. But to avoid ambiguity, I
+shall put it at a thousand million marks (about &pound;50,000,000 or
+$200,000,000); it may be either more or less than that sum. The form
+of subscription, which will be further elucidated, will determine what
+fraction of the whole amount must be paid in at once.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company is an organization with a transitional character.
+It is strictly a business undertaking, and must be carefully
+distinguished from the Society of Jews.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company will first of all convert into cash all vested
+interests left by departing Jews. The method adopted will prevent the
+occurrences of crises, secure every man's property, and facilitate
+that inner migration of Christian citizens which has already been
+indicated.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>NON-TRANSFERABLE GOODS</h4>
+
+<p>The non-transferable goods which come under consideration are
+buildings, land, and local business connections. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>The Jewish Company
+will at first take upon itself no more than the necessary negotiations
+for effecting the sale of these goods. These Jewish sales will take
+place freely and without any serious fall in prices. The Company's
+branch establishments in various towns will become the central offices
+for the sale of Jewish estates, and will charge only so much
+commission on transactions as will ensure their financial stability.</p>
+
+<p>The development of this movement may cause a considerable fall in the
+prices of landed property, and may eventually make it impossible to
+find a market for it. At this juncture the Company will enter upon
+another branch of its functions. It will take over the management of
+abandoned estates till such time as it can dispose of them to the
+greatest advantage. It will collect house rents, let out land on
+lease, and install business managers&mdash;these, on account of the
+required supervision, being, if possible, tenants also. The Company
+will endeavor everywhere to facilitate the acquisition of land by its
+tenants, who are Christians. It will, indeed, gradually replace its
+own officials in the European branches by Christian substitutes
+(lawyers, etc.); and these are not by any means to become servants of
+the Jews; they are intended to be free agents to the Christian
+population, so that everything may be carried through in equity,
+fairness and justice, and without imperilling the internal welfare of
+the people.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the Company will sell estates, or, rather, exchange
+them. For a house it will offer a house in the new country; and for
+land, land in the new country; everything being, if possible,
+transferred to the new soil in the same state as it was in the old.
+And this transfer will be a great and recognized source of profit to
+the Company. "Over there" the houses offered in exchange will <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>be
+newer, more beautiful, and more comfortably fitted, and the landed
+estates of greater value than those abandoned; but they will cost the
+Company comparatively little, because it will have bought the ground
+very cheaply.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PURCHASE OF LAND</h4>
+
+<p>The land which the Society of Jews will have secured by international
+law must, of course, be privately acquired.</p>
+
+<p>Provisions made by individuals for their own settlement do not come
+within the province of this general account. But the Company will
+require large areas for its own needs and ours, and these it must
+secure by centralized purchase. It will negotiate principally for the
+acquisition of fiscal domains, with the great object of taking
+possession of this land "over there" without paying a price too high,
+in the same way as it sells here without accepting one too low. A
+forcing of prices is not to be considered, because the value of the
+land will be created by the Company through its organizing the
+settlement in conjunction with the supervising Society of Jews. The
+latter will see to it that the enterprise does not become a Panama,
+but a Suez.</p>
+
+<p>The Company will sell building sites at reasonable rates to its
+officials, and will allow them to mortgage these for the building of
+their homes, deducting the amount due from their salaries, or putting
+it down to their account as increased emolument. This will, in
+addition to the honors they expect, will be additional pay for their
+services.</p>
+
+<p>All the immense profits of this speculation in land will go to the
+Company, which is bound to receive this indefinite premium in return
+for having borne the risk of the undertaking. When the undertaking
+involves any risk, the profits must be freely given to those who have
+borne it. But under no other circumstances will profits be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>permitted.
+Financial morality consists in the correlation of risk and profit.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>BUILDINGS</h4>
+
+<p>The Company will thus barter houses and estates. It must be plain to
+any one who has observed the rise in the value of land through its
+cultivation that the Company will be bound to gain on its landed
+property. This can best be seen in the case of enclosed pieces of land
+in town and country. Areas not built over increase in value through
+surrounding cultivation. The men who carried out the extension of
+Paris made a successful speculation in land which was ingenious in its
+simplicity; instead of erecting new buildings in the immediate
+vicinity of the last houses of the town, they bought up adjacent
+pieces of land, and began to build on the outskirts of these. This
+inverse order of construction raised the value of building sites with
+extraordinary rapidity, and, after having completed the outer ring,
+they built in the middle of the town on these highly valuable sites,
+instead of continually erecting houses at the extremity.</p>
+
+<p>Will the Company do its own building, or employ independent
+architects? It can, and will, do both. It has, as will be shown
+shortly, an immense reserve of working power, which will not be
+sweated by the Company, but, transported into brighter and happier
+conditions of life, will nevertheless not be expensive. Our geologists
+will have looked to the provision of building materials when they
+selected the sites of the towns.</p>
+
+<p>What is to be the principle of construction?</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>WORKMEN'S DWELLINGS</h4>
+
+<p>The workmen's dwellings (which include the dwellings <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>of all
+operatives) will be erected at the Company's own risk and expense.
+They will resemble neither those melancholy workmen's barracks of
+European towns, not those miserable rows of shanties which surround
+factories; they will certainly present a uniform appearance, because
+the Company must build cheaply where it provides the building
+materials to a great extent; but the detached houses in little gardens
+will be united into attractive groups in each locality. The natural
+conformation of the land will rouse the ingenuity of our young
+architects, whose ideas have not yet been cramped by routine; and even
+if the people do not grasp the whole import of the plan, they will at
+any rate feel at ease in their loose clusters. The Temple will be
+visible from long distances, for it is only our ancient faith that has
+kept us together. There will be light, attractive, healthy schools for
+children, conducted on the most approved modern systems. There will be
+continuation-schools for workmen, which will educate them in greater
+technical knowledge and enable them to become intimate with the
+working of machinery. There will be places of amusement for the proper
+conduct of which the Society of Jews will be responsible.</p>
+
+<p>We are, however, speaking merely of the buildings at present, and not
+of what may take place inside of them.</p>
+
+<p>I said that the Company would build workmen's dwellings cheaply. And
+cheaply, not only because of the proximity of abundant building
+materials, not only because of the Company's proprietorship of the
+sites, but also because of the non-payment of workmen.</p>
+
+<p>American farmers work on the system of mutual assistance in the
+construction of houses. This childishly amicable system, which is as
+clumsy as the block-houses erected, can be developed on much finer
+lines.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>UNSKILLED LABORERS</h4>
+
+<p>Our unskilled laborers, who will come at first from the great
+reservoirs of Russia and Rumania, must, of course, render each other
+assistance, in the construction of houses. They will be obliged to
+build with wood in the beginning, because iron will not be immediately
+available. Later on the original, inadequate, makeshift buildings will
+be replaced by superior dwellings.</p>
+
+<p>Our unskilled laborers will first mutually erect these shelters; and
+then they will earn their houses as permanent possessions by means of
+their work&mdash;not immediately, but after three years of good conduct. In
+this way we shall secure energetic and able men, and these men will be
+practically trained for life by three years of labor under good
+discipline.</p>
+
+<p>I said before that the Company would not have to pay these unskilled
+laborers. What will they live on?</p>
+
+<p>On the whole, I am opposed to the Truck system,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> but it will have to
+be applied in the case of these first settlers. The Company provides
+for them in so many ways, that it may take charge of their
+maintenance. In any case the Truck system will be enforced only during
+the first few years, and it will benefit the workmen by preventing
+their being exploited by small traders, landlords, etc. The Company
+will thus make it impossible from the outset for those of our people,
+who are perforce hawkers and peddlers here, to reestablish themselves
+in the same trades over there. And the Company will also keep back
+drunkards and dissolute men. Then will there be no payment of wages at
+all during the first period of settlement. Certainly, there will be
+wages for overtime.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>THE SEVEN-HOUR DAY</h4>
+
+<p>The seven-hour day is the regular working day.</p>
+
+<p>This does not imply that wood-cutting, digging, stone-breaking, and a
+hundred other daily tasks should only be performed during seven hours.
+Indeed not. There will be fourteen hours of labor, work being done in
+shifts of three and a half hours. The organization of all this will be
+military in character; there will be commands, promotions and
+pensions, the means by which these pensions are provided being
+explained further on.</p>
+
+<p>A sound man can do a great deal of concentrated work in three and a
+half hours. After an interval of the same length of time&mdash;which he
+will devote to rest, to his family, and to his education under
+guidance&mdash;he will be quite fresh for work again. Such labor can do
+wonders.</p>
+
+<p>The seven-hour day thus implies fourteen hours of joint labor&mdash;more
+than that cannot be put into a day.</p>
+
+<p>I am convinced that it is quite possible to introduce this seven-hour
+day with success. The attempts to do so in Belgium and England are
+well known. Some advanced political economists who have studied the
+subject, declare that a five-hour day would suffice. The Society of
+Jews and the Jewish Company will, in any case, make new and extensive
+experiments which will benefit the other nations of the world; and if
+the seven-hour day proves itself practicable, it will be introduced in
+our future State as the legal and regular working day.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, the Company will always allow its employees the seven-hour
+day; and it will always be in a position to do so.</p>
+
+<p>The seven-hour day will be the call to summon our people in every part
+of the world. All must come voluntarily, for ours must indeed be the
+Promised Land....</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>Whoever works longer than seven hours receives his additional pay for
+overtime in cash. Seeing that all his needs are supplied, and that
+those members of his family who are unable to work are provided for by
+transplanted and centralized philanthropic institutions, he can save a
+little money. Thrift, which is already a characteristic of our people,
+should be greatly encouraged, because it will, in the first place,
+facilitate the rise of individuals to higher grades; and secondly, the
+money saved will provide an immense reserve fund for future loans.
+Overtime will only be permitted on a doctor's certificate, and must
+not exceed three hours. For our men will crowd to work in the new
+country, and the world will see then what an industrious people we
+are.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not describe the mode of carrying out the Truck system, nor,
+in fact, the innumerable details of any process, for fear of confusing
+my readers. Women will not be allowed to perform any arduous labor,
+nor to work overtime.</p>
+
+<p>Pregnant women will be relieved of all work, and will be supplied with
+nourishing food by the Truck. We want our future generations to be
+strong men and women.</p>
+
+<p>We shall educate children as we wish from the commencement; but this I
+shall not elaborate either.</p>
+
+<p>My remarks on workmen's dwellings, and on unskilled laborers and their
+mode of life, are no more Utopian than the rest of my scheme.
+Everything I have spoken of is already being put into practice, only
+on an utterly small scale, neither noticed nor understood. The
+"Assistance par le Travail," which I learned to know and understand in
+Paris, was of great service to me in the solution of the Jewish
+question.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>RELIEF BY LABOR</h4>
+
+<p>The system of relief by labor which, is now applied in Paris, in many
+other French towns, in England, in Switzerland, and in America, is a
+very small thing, but capable of the greatest expansion.</p>
+
+<p>What is the principle of relief by labor?</p>
+
+<p>The principle is: to furnish every needy man with easy, unskilled
+work, such as chopping wood, or cutting faggots used for lighting
+stoves in Paris households. This is a kind of prison-work before the
+crime, done without loss of character. It is meant to prevent men from
+taking to crime out of want, by providing them with work and testing
+their willingness to do it. Starvation must never be allowed to drive
+men to suicide; for such suicides are the deepest disgrace to a
+civilization which allows rich men to throw tid-bits to their dogs.</p>
+
+<p>Relief by labor thus provides every one with work. But the system has
+a great defect; there is not a sufficiently large demand for the
+production of the unskilled workers employed, hence there is a loss to
+those who employ them; though it is true that the organization is
+philanthropic, and therefore prepared for loss. But here the
+benefaction lies only in the difference between the price paid for the
+work and its actual value. Instead of giving the beggar two sous, the
+institution supplies him with work on which it loses two sous. But at
+the same time it converts the good-for-nothing beggar into an honest
+breadwinner, who has earned perhaps 1 franc 50 centimes. 150 centimes
+for 10! That is to say, the receiver of a benefaction in which there
+is nothing humiliating has increased it fifteenfold! That is to say,
+fifteen thousand millions for one thousand millions!</p>
+
+<p>The institution certainly loses 10 centimes. But the Jewish Company
+will not lose one thousand millions; it will draw <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>enormous profits
+from this expenditure.</p>
+
+<p>There is a moral side also. The small system of relief by labor which
+exists now preserves rectitude through industry till such time as the
+man who is out of work finds a post suitable to his capacities, either
+in his old calling or in a new one. He is allowed a few hours daily
+for the purpose of looking for a place, in which task the institutions
+assist him.</p>
+
+<p>The defect of these small organizations, so far, has been that they
+have been prohibited from entering into competition with timber
+merchants, etc. Timber merchants are electors; they would protest, and
+would be justified in protesting. Competition with State prison-labor
+has also been forbidden, for the State must occupy and feed its
+criminals.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, there is very little room in an old-established society for
+the successful application of the system of "Assistance par le
+Travail."</p>
+
+<p>But there is room in a new society.</p>
+
+<p>For, above all, we require enormous numbers of unskilled laborers to
+do the first rough work of settlement, to lay down roads, plant trees,
+level the ground, construct railroads, telegraph installations, etc.
+All this will be carried out in accordance with a large and previously
+settled plan.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>COMMERCE</h4>
+
+<p>The labor carried to the new country will naturally create trade. The
+first markets will supply only the absolute necessities of life;
+cattle, grain, working clothes, tools, arms&mdash;to mention just a few
+things. These we shall be obliged at first to procure from neighboring
+States, or from Europe; but we shall make ourselves independent as
+soon <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>as possible. The Jewish entrepreneurs will soon realize the
+business prospects that the new country offers.</p>
+
+<p>The army of the Company's officials will gradually introduce more
+refined requirements of life. (Officials include officers of our
+defensive forces, who will always form about a tenth part of our male
+colonists. They will be sufficiently numerous to quell mutinies, for
+the majority of our colonists will be peaceably inclined.)</p>
+
+<p>The refined requirements of life introduced by our officials in good
+positions will create a correspondingly improved market, which will
+continue to better itself. The married man will send for wife and
+children, and the single for parents and relatives, as soon as a new
+home is established "over there." The Jews who emigrate to the United
+States always proceed in this fashion. As soon as one of them has
+daily bread and a roof over his head, he sends for his people; for
+family ties are strong among us. The Society of Jews and the Jewish
+Company will unite in caring for and strengthening the family still
+more, not only morally, but materially also. The officials will
+receive additional pay on marriage and on the birth of children, for
+we need all who are there, and all who will follow.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>OTHER CLASSES OF DWELLINGS</h4>
+
+<p>I described before only workmen's dwellings built by themselves, and
+omitted all mention of other classes of dwellings. These I shall now
+touch upon. The Company's architects will build for the poorer classes
+of citizens also, being paid in kind or cash; about a hundred
+different types of houses will be erected, and, of course, repeated.
+These beautiful types will form part of our propaganda. The soundness
+of their construction will be guaranteed by the Company, which will,
+indeed, gain nothing by selling <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>them to settlers at a fixed sum. And
+where will these houses be situated? That will be shown in the section
+dealing with Local Groups.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing that the Company does not wish to earn anything on the building
+works but only on the land, it will desire as many architects as
+possible to build by private contract. This system will increase the
+value of landed property, and it will introduce luxury, which serves
+many purposes. Luxury encourages arts and industries, paving the way
+to a future subdivision of large properties.</p>
+
+<p>Rich Jews who are now obliged carefully to secrete their valuables,
+and to hold their dreary banquets behind lowered curtains, will be
+able to enjoy their possessions in peace, "over there." If they
+cooperate in carrying out this emigration scheme, their capital will
+be rehabilitated and will have served to promote an unexampled
+undertaking. If in the new settlement rich Jews begin to rebuild their
+mansions which are stared at in Europe with such envious eyes, it will
+soon become fashionable to live over there in beautiful modern houses.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SOME FORMS OF LIQUIDATION</h4>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company is intended to be the receiver and administrator of
+the non-transferable goods of the Jews.</p>
+
+<p>Its methods of procedure can be easily imagined in the case of houses
+and estates, but what methods will it adopt in the transfer of
+businesses?</p>
+
+<p>Here numberless processes may be found practicable, which cannot all
+be enlarged on in this outline. But none of them will present any
+great difficulties, for in each case the business proprietor, when he
+voluntarily decides to emigrate, will settle with the Company's
+officers in his district on the most advantageous form of
+liquidation.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>This will most easily be arranged in the case of small employers, in
+whose trades the personal activity of the proprietor is of chief
+importance, while goods and organization are a secondary
+consideration. The Company will provide a certain field of operation
+for the emigrant's personal activity, and will substitute a piece of
+ground, with loan of machinery, for his goods. Jews are known to adapt
+themselves with remarkable ease to any form of earning a livelihood,
+and they will quickly learn to carry on a new industry. In this way a
+number of small traders will become small landholders. The Company
+will, in fact, be prepared to sustain what appears to be a loss in
+taking over the non-transferable property of the poorest emigrants;
+for it will thereby induce the free cultivation of tracts of land,
+which raises the value of adjacent tracts.</p>
+
+<p>In medium-sized businesses, where goods and organization equal, or
+even exceed, in importance, the personal activity of the manager,
+whose larger connection is also non-transferable, various forms of
+liquidation are possible. Here comes an opportunity for that inner
+migration of Christian citizens into positions evacuated by Jews. The
+departing Jew will not lose his personal business credit, but will
+carry it with him, and make good use of it in a new country to
+establish himself. The Jewish Company will open a current bank account
+for him. And he can sell the goodwill of his original business, or
+hand it over to the control of managers under supervision of the
+Company's officials. The managers may rent the business or buy it,
+paying for it by instalments. But the Company acts temporarily as
+curator for the emigrants, in superintending, through its officers and
+lawyers, the administration of their affairs, and seeing to the proper
+collection of all payments.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>If a Jew cannot sell his business, or entrust it to a proxy or wish to
+give up its personal management, he may stay where he is. The Jews who
+stay will be none the worse off, for they will be relieved of the
+competition of those who leave, and will no longer hear the
+Anti-Semitic cry: "Don't buy from Jews!"</p>
+
+<p>If the emigrating business proprietor wishes to carry on his old
+business in the new country, he can make his arrangements for it from
+the very commencement. An example will best illustrate my meaning. The
+firm X carries on a large business in dry goods. The head of the firm
+wishes to emigrate. He begins by setting up a branch establishment in
+his future place of residence, and sending out samples of his stock.
+The first poor settlers will be his first customers; these will be
+followed by emigrants of a higher class, who require superior goods. X
+then sends out newer goods, and eventually ships his newest. The
+branch establishment begins to pay while the principal one is still in
+existence, so that X ends by having two paying business-houses. He
+sells his original business or hands it over to his Christian
+representative to manage, and goes off to take charge of the new one.</p>
+
+<p>Another and greater example: Y and Son are large coal-traders, with
+mines and factories of their own. How is so huge and complex a
+property to be liquidated? The mines and everything connected with
+them might, in the first place, be bought up by the State, in which
+they are situated. In the second place, the Jewish Company might take
+them over, paying for them partly in land, partly in cash. A third
+method might be the conversion of "Y and Son" into a limited company.
+A fourth method might be the continued working of the business under
+the original proprietors, who would return at intervals to inspect
+their property, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>as foreigners, and as such, under the protection of
+law in every civilized State. All these suggestions are carried out
+daily. A fifth and excellent method, and one which might be
+particularly profitable, I shall merely indicate, because the existing
+examples of its working are at present few, however ready the modern
+consciousness may be to adopt them. Y and Son might sell their
+enterprise to the collective body of their employees, who would form a
+cooperative society, with limited liability, and might perhaps pay the
+requisite sum with the help of the State Treasury, which does not
+charge high interest.</p>
+
+<p>The employees would then gradually pay off the loan, which either the
+Government or the Jewish Company, or even Y and Son, would have
+advanced to them.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company will be prepared to conduct the transfer of the
+smallest affairs equally with the largest. And whilst the Jews quietly
+emigrate and establish their new homes, the Company acts as the great
+controlling body, which organizes the departure, takes charge of
+deserted possessions, guarantees the proper conduct of the movement
+with its own visible and tangible property, and provides permanent
+security for those who have already settled.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SECURITIES OF THE COMPANY</h4>
+
+<p>What assurance will the Company offer that the abandonment of
+countries will not cause their impoverishment and produce economic
+crises?</p>
+
+<p>I have already mentioned that honest Anti-Semites, whilst preserving
+their independence, will combine with our officials in controlling the
+transfer of our estates.</p>
+
+<p>But the State revenues might suffer by the loss of a body of
+taxpayers, who, though little appreciated as citizens, are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>highly
+valued in finance. The State should, therefore, receive compensation
+for this loss. This we offer indirectly by leaving in the country
+businesses which we have built up by means of Jewish acumen and Jewish
+industry, by letting our Christian fellow-citizens move into our
+evacuated positions, and by this facilitating the rise of numbers of
+people to greater prosperity so peaceably and in so unparallelled a
+manner. The French Revolution had a somewhat similar result, on a
+small scale, but it was brought about by bloodshed on the guillotine
+in every province of France, and on the battlefields of Europe.
+Moreover, inherited and acquired rights were destroyed, and only
+cunning buyers enriched themselves by the purchase of State
+properties.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company will offer to the States that come within its
+sphere of activity direct as well as indirect advantages. It will give
+Governments the first offer of abandoned Jewish property, and allow
+buyers most favorable conditions. Governments, again, will be able to
+make use of this friendly appropriation of land for the purpose of
+certain social improvements.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company will give every assistance to Governments and
+Parliaments in their efforts to direct the inner migration of
+Christian citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish Company will also pay heavy taxes. Its central office will
+be in London, so as to be under the legal protection of a power which
+is not at present Anti-Semitic. But the Company, if it is supported
+officially and semi-officially, will everywhere provide a broad basis
+of taxation. To this end, it will establish taxable branch offices
+everywhere. Further, it will pay double duties on the two-fold
+transfer of goods which it accomplishes. Even in transactions where
+the Company is really nothing more than <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>a real estate agency, it will
+temporarily appear as a purchaser, and will be set down as the
+momentary possessor in the register of landed property.</p>
+
+<p>These are, of course, purely calculable matters. It will have to be
+considered and decided in each place how far the Company can go
+without running any risks of failure. And the Company itself will
+confer freely with Finance Ministers on the various points at issue.
+Ministers will recognize the friendly spirit of our enterprise, and
+will consequently offer every facility in their power necessary for
+the successful achievement of the great undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>Further and direct profit will accrue to Governments from the
+transport of passengers and goods, and where railways are State
+property the returns will be immediately recognizable. Where they are
+held by private companies, the Jewish Company will receive favorable
+terms for transport, in the same way as does every transmitter of
+goods on a large scale. Freight and carriage must be made as cheap as
+possible for our people, because every traveller will pay his own
+expenses. The middle classes will travel with Cook's tickets, the
+poorer classes in emigrant trains. The Company might make a good deal
+by reductions on passengers and goods; but here, as elsewhere, it must
+adhere to its principle of not trying to raise its receipts to a
+greater sum than will cover its working expenses.</p>
+
+<p>In many places Jews have control of the transport; and the transport
+businesses will be the first needed by the Company and the first to be
+liquidated by it. The original owners of these concerns will either
+enter the Company's service, or establish themselves independently
+"over there." The new arrivals will certainly require their
+assistance, and theirs being a paying profession, which they may and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>indeed must exercise there to earn a living, numbers of these
+enterprising spirits will depart. It is unnecessary to describe all
+the business details of this monster expedition. They must be
+judiciously evolved out of the original plan by many able men, who
+must apply their minds to achieving the best system.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SOME OF THE COMPANY'S ACTIVITIES</h4>
+
+<p>Many activities will be interconnected. For example: the Company will
+gradually introduce the manufacture of goods into the settlements
+which will, of course, be extremely primitive at their inception.
+Clothing, linens, and shoes will first of all be manufactured for our
+own poor emigrants, who will be provided with new suits of clothing at
+the various European emigration centers. They will not receive these
+clothes as alms, which might hurt their pride, but in exchange for old
+garments: any loss the Company sustains by this transaction will be
+booked as a business loss. Those who are absolutely without means will
+pay off their debt to the Company by working overtime at a fair rate
+of wage.</p>
+
+<p>Existing emigration societies will be able to give valuable assistance
+here, for they will do for the Company's colonists what they did
+before for departing Jews. The forms of such cooperation will easily
+be found.</p>
+
+<p>Even the new clothing of the poor settlers will have the symbolic
+meaning. "You are now entering on a new life." The Society of Jews
+will see to it that long before the departure and also during the
+journey a serious yet festive spirit is fostered by means of prayers,
+popular lectures, instruction on the object of the expedition,
+instruction on hygienic matters for their new places of residence, and
+guidance in regard to their future work. For the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>Promised Land is the
+land of work. On their arrival, the emigrants will be welcomed by our
+chief officials with due solemnity, but without foolish exultation,
+for the Promised Land will not yet have been conquered. But these poor
+people should already see that they are at home.</p>
+
+<p>The clothing industries of the Company will, of course, not produce
+their goods without proper organization. The Society of Jews will
+obtain from the local branches information about the number,
+requirements and date of arrival of the settlers, and will communicate
+all such information in good time to the Jewish Company. In this way
+it will be possible to provide for them with every precaution.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PROMOTION OF INDUSTRIES</h4>
+
+<p>The duties of the Jewish Company and the Society of Jews cannot be
+kept strictly apart in this outline. These two great bodies will have
+to work constantly in unison, the Company depending on the moral
+authority and support of the Society, just as the Society cannot
+dispense with the material assistance of the Company. For example, in
+the organizing of the clothing industry, the quantity produced will at
+first be kept down so as to preserve an equilibrium between supply and
+demand; and wherever the Company undertakes the organization of new
+industries the same precaution must be exercised.</p>
+
+<p>But individual enterprise must never be checked by the Company with
+its superior force. We shall only work collectively when the immense
+difficulties of the task demand common action; we shall, wherever
+possible, scrupulously respect the rights of the individual. Private
+property, which is the economic basis of independence, shall be
+developed freely and be respected by us. Our first unskilled <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>laborers
+will at once have the opportunity to work their way up to private
+proprietorship.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of enterprise must, indeed, be encouraged in every possible
+way. Organization of industries will be promoted by a judicious system
+of duties, by the employment of cheap raw material, and by the
+institution of a board to collect and publish industrial statistics.</p>
+
+<p>But this spirit of enterprise must be wisely encouraged, and risky
+speculation must be avoided. Every new industry must be advertised for
+a long period before establishment, so as to prevent failure on the
+part of those who might wish to start a similar business six months
+later. Whenever a new industrial establishment is founded, the Company
+should be informed, so that all those interested may obtain
+information from it.</p>
+
+<p>Industrialists will be able to make use of centralized labor agencies,
+which will only receive a commission large enough to ensure their
+continuance. The industrialists might, for example, telegraph for 500
+unskilled laborers for three days, three weeks, or three months. The
+labor agency would then collect these 500 unskilled laborers from
+every possible source, and despatch them at once to carry out the
+agricultural or industrial enterprise. Parties of workmen will thus be
+systematically drafted from place to place like a body of troops.
+These men will, of course, not be sweated, but will work only a
+seven-hour day; and, in spite of their change of locality, they will
+preserve their organization, work out their term of service, and
+receive commands, promotions, and pensions. Some establishments may,
+of course, be able to obtain their workmen from other sources, if they
+wish, but they will not find it easy to do so. The Society will be
+able to prevent the introduction of non-Jewish work-slaves by
+boycotting obstinate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>employers, by obstructing traffic, and by
+various other methods. The seven-hour workers will therefore have to
+be taken, and we shall thus bring our people gradually, and without
+coercion, to adopt the normal seven-hour day.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SETTLEMENT OF SKILLED LABORERS</h4>
+
+<p>It is clear that what can be done for unskilled workers can be even
+more easily done for skilled laborers. These will work under similar
+regulations in the factories, and the central labor agency will
+provide them when required.</p>
+
+<p>Independent operatives and small employers, must be carefully taught
+on account of the rapid progress of scientific improvements, must
+acquire technical knowledge even if no longer very young men, must
+study the power of water, and appreciate the forces of electricity.
+Independent workers must also be discovered and supplied by the
+Society's agency. The local branch will apply, for example, to the
+central office: "We want so many carpenters, locksmiths, glaziers,
+etc." The central office will publish this demand, and the proper men
+will apply there for the work. These would then travel with their
+families to the place where they were wanted, and would remain there
+without feeling the pressure of undue competition. A permanent and
+comfortable home would thus be provided for them.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>METHOD OF RAISING CAPITAL</h4>
+
+<p>The capital required for establishing the Company was previously put
+at what seemed an absurdly high figure. The amount actually necessary
+will be fixed by financiers, and will in any case be a very
+considerable sum. There are three ways of raising this sum, all of
+which the Society will take under consideration. This Society, the
+great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>"Gestor" of the Jews, will be formed by our best and most
+upright men, who must not derive any material advantage from their
+membership. Although the Society cannot at the outset possess any but
+moral authority, this authority will suffice to establish the credit
+of the Jewish Company in the nation's eyes. The Jewish Company will be
+unable to succeed in its enterprise unless it has received the
+Society's sanction; it will thus not be formed of any mere
+indiscriminate group of financiers. For the Society will weigh, select
+and decide, and will not give its approbation till it is sure of the
+existence of a sound basis for the conscientious carrying out of the
+scheme. It will not permit experiments with insufficient means, for
+this undertaking must succeed at the first attempt. Any initial
+failure would compromise the whole idea for many decades to come, or
+might even make its realization permanently impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The three methods of raising capital are: (1) Through big banks; (2)
+Through small and private banks; (3) Through public subscription.</p>
+
+<p>The first method of raising capital is: Through big banks. The
+required sum could then be raised in the shortest possible time among
+the large financial groups, after they had discussed the advisability
+of the course. The great advantage of this method would be that it
+would avoid the necessity of paying in the thousand millions (to keep
+to the original figure), immediately in its entirety. A further
+advantage would be that the credit of these powerful financiers would
+also be of service to the enterprise. Many latent political forces lie
+in our financial power, that power which our enemies assert to be so
+effective. It might be so, but actually it is not. Poor Jews feel only
+the hatred which this financial power provokes; its use <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>in
+alleviating their lot as a body, they have not yet felt. The credit of
+our great Jewish financiers would have to be placed at the service of
+the National Idea. But should these gentlemen, who are quite satisfied
+with their lot, feel indisposed to do anything for their fellow-Jews
+who are unjustly held responsible for the large possessions of certain
+individuals, then the realization of this plan will afford an
+opportunity for drawing a clear line of distinction between them and
+the rest of Jewry.</p>
+
+<p>The great financiers, moreover, will certainly not be asked to raise
+an amount so enormous out of pure philanthropic motives; that would be
+expecting too much. The promoters and stock holders of the Jewish
+Company are, on the contrary, expected to do a good piece of business,
+and they will be able to calculate beforehand what their chances of
+success are likely to be. For the Society of Jews will be in
+possession of all documents and references which may serve to define
+the prospects of the Jewish Company. The Society will in particular
+have investigated with exactitude the extent of the new Jewish
+movement, so as to provide the Company promoters with thoroughly
+reliable information on the amount of support they may expect. The
+Society will also supply the Jewish Company with comprehensive modern
+Jewish statistics, thus doing the work of what is called in France a
+"societ&eacute; d'&eacute;tudes," which undertakes all preliminary research previous
+to the financing of a great undertaking. Even so, the enterprise may
+not receive the valuable assistance of our moneyed magnates. These
+might, perhaps, even try to oppose the Jewish movement by means of
+their secret agents. Such opposition we shall meet with relentless
+determination.</p>
+
+<p>Supposing that these magnates are content simply to turn this scheme
+down with a smile:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>Is it, therefore, done for?</p>
+
+<p>No.</p>
+
+<p>For then the money will be raised in another way&mdash;by an appeal to
+moderately rich Jews. The smaller Jewish banks would have to be united
+in the name of the National Idea against the big banks till they were
+gathered into a second and formidable financial force. But,
+unfortunately, this would require a great deal of financing at
+first&mdash;for the &pound;50,000,000 would have to be subscribed in full before
+starting work; and, as this sum could only be raised very slowly, all
+sorts of banking business would have to be done and loans made during
+the first few years. It might even occur that, in the course of all
+these transactions, their original object would be forgotten; the
+moderately rich Jews would have created a new and large business, and
+Jewish emigration would be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>The notion of raising money in this way is not by any means
+impracticable. The experiment of collecting Christian money to form an
+opposing force to the big banks has already been tried; that one could
+also oppose them with Jewish money has not been thought of until now.</p>
+
+<p>But these financial conflicts would bring about all sorts of crises;
+the countries in which they occurred would suffer, and Anti-Semitism
+would become rampant.</p>
+
+<p>This method is therefore not to be recommended. I have merely
+suggested it, because it comes up in the course of the logical
+development of the idea.</p>
+
+<p>I also do not know whether smaller private banks would be willing to
+adopt it.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, even the refusal of moderately rich Jews would not put an
+end to the scheme. On the contrary, it would then have to be taken up
+in real earnest.</p>
+
+<p>The Society of Jews, whose members are not business <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>men, might try to
+found the Company on a national subscription.</p>
+
+<p>The Company's capital might be raised, without the intermediary of a
+syndicate, by means of direct subscription on the part of the public.
+Not only poor Jews, but also Christians who wanted to get rid of them,
+would subscribe a small amount to this fund. A new and peculiar form
+of the plebiscite would thus be established, whereby each man who
+voted for this solution of the Jewish Question would express his
+opinion by subscribing a stipulated amount. This stipulation would
+produce security. The funds subscribed would only be paid in if their
+sum total reached the required amount, otherwise the initial payments
+would be returned.</p>
+
+<p>But if the whole of the required sum is raised by popular
+subscription, then each little amount would be secured by the great
+numbers of other small amounts.</p>
+
+<p>All this would, of course, need the express and definite assistance of
+interested Governments.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The practice of paying the workman's wages in goods
+instead of money.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="IV_Local_Groups" id="IV_Local_Groups"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2><i>IV. Local Groups</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>OUR TRANSMIGRATION</h4>
+
+<p>Previous chapters explained only how the emigration scheme might be
+carried out without creating any economic disturbance. But so great a
+movement cannot take place without inevitably rousing many deep and
+powerful feelings. There are old customs, old memories that attach us
+to our homes. We have cradles, we have graves, and we alone know how
+Jewish hearts cling to the graves. Our cradles we shall carry with
+us&mdash;they hold our future, rosy and smiling. Our beloved graves we must
+abandon&mdash;and I think this abandonment will cost us more than any other
+sacrifice. But it must be so.</p>
+
+<p>Economic distress, political pressure, and social obloquy have already
+driven us from our homes and from our graves. We Jews are even now
+constantly shifting from place to place, a strong current actually
+carrying us westward over the sea to the United States, where our
+presence is also not desired. And where will our presence be desired,
+so long as we are a homeless nation?</p>
+
+<p>But we shall give a home to our people. And we shall give it, not by
+dragging them ruthlessly out of their sustaining soil, but rather by
+transplanting them carefully to a better ground. Just as we wish to
+create new political and economic relations, so we shall preserve as
+sacred all of the past that is dear to our people's hearts.</p>
+
+<p>Hence a few suggestions must suffice, as this part of my scheme will
+most probably be condemned as visionary. Yet even this is possible and
+real, though it now appears <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>to be something vague and aimless.
+Organization will make of it something rational.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>EMIGRATION IN GROUPS</h4>
+
+<p>Our people should emigrate in groups of families and friends. But no
+man will be forced to join the particular group belonging to his
+former place of residence. Each will be able to journey in his chosen
+fashion as soon as he has settled his affairs. Seeing that each man
+will pay his own expenses by rail and boat, he will naturally travel
+by whatever class suits him best. Possibly there will even be no
+subdivision for classes on board train and boat, so as to avoid making
+the poor feel their position too keenly during their long journey.
+Though we are not exactly organizing a pleasure trip, it is as well to
+keep them in good humor on the way.</p>
+
+<p>None will travel in penury; on the other hand, all who desire to
+travel in luxurious ease will be able to follow their bent. Even under
+favorable circumstances, the movement may not touch certain classes of
+Jews for several years to come; the intervening period can therefore
+be employed in selecting the best modes of organizing the journeys.
+Those who are well off can travel in parties if they wish, taking
+their personal friends and connections with them. Jews, with the
+exception of the richest, have, after all, very little intercourse
+with Christians. In some countries their acquaintance with them is
+confined to a few spongers, borrowers, and dependents; of a better
+class of Christian they know nothing. The Ghetto continues though its
+walls are broken down.</p>
+
+<p>The middle classes will therefore make elaborate and careful
+preparations for departure. A group of travellers will be formed in
+each locality, large towns being divided <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>into districts with a group
+in each district, who will communicate by means of representatives
+elected for the purpose. This division into districts need not be
+strictly adhered to; it is merely intended to alleviate the discomfort
+and home-sickness of the poor during their journey outwards. Everybody
+is free to travel either alone or attached to any local group he
+prefers. The conditions of travel&mdash;regulated according to
+classes&mdash;will apply to all alike. Any sufficiently numerous travelling
+party can charter a special train and special boat from the Company.</p>
+
+<p>The Company's housing agency will provide quarters for the poorest on
+their arrival. Later on, when more prosperous emigrants follow, their
+obvious need for lodgings on first landing will have to be supplied by
+hotels built by private enterprise. Some of these more prosperous
+colonists will, indeed, have built their houses before becoming
+permanent settlers, so that they will merely move from an old home
+into a new one.</p>
+
+<p>It would be an affront to our intelligent elements to point out
+everything that they have to do. Every man who attaches himself to the
+National Idea will know how to spread it, and how to make it real
+within his sphere of influence. We shall first of all ask for the
+cooperation of our Rabbis.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>OUR RABBIS</h4>
+
+<p>Every group will have its Rabbi, travelling with his congregation.
+Local groups will afterwards form voluntarily about their Rabbi, and
+each locality will have its spiritual leader. Our Rabbis, on whom we
+especially call, will devote their energies to the service of our
+idea, and will inspire their congregations by preaching it from the
+pulpit. They will not need to address special meetings for the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>purpose; an appeal such as this may be uttered in the synagogue. And
+thus it must be done. For we feel our historic affinity only through
+the faith of our fathers as we have long ago absorbed the languages of
+different nations to an ineradicable degree.</p>
+
+<p>The Rabbis will receive communications regularly from both Society and
+Company, and will announce and explain these to their congregations.
+Israel will pray for us and for itself.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LOCAL GROUPS</h4>
+
+<p>The local groups will appoint small committees of representative men
+under the Rabbi's presidency, for discussion and settlement of local
+affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Philanthropic institutions will be transferred by their local groups,
+each institution remaining "over there" the property of the same set
+of people for whom it was originally founded. I think the old
+buildings should not be sold, but rather devoted to the assistance of
+indigent Christians in the forsaken towns. The local groups will
+receive compensation by obtaining free building sites and every
+facility for reconstruction in the new country.</p>
+
+<p>This transfer of philanthropic institutions will give another of those
+opportunities, which occur at different points of my scheme, for
+making an experiment in the service of humanity. Our present
+unsystematic private philanthropy does little good in proportion to
+the great expenditure it involves. But these institutions can and must
+form part of a system by which they will eventually supplement one
+another. In a new society these organizations can be evolved out of
+our modern consciousness, and may be based on all previous social
+experiments. This matter is of great importance to us, on account of
+our large number of paupers. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>The weaker characters among us,
+discouraged by external pressure, spoilt by the soft-hearted charity
+of our rich men, easily sink until they take to begging.</p>
+
+<p>The Society, supported by the local groups, will give greatest
+attention to popular education with regard to this particular. It will
+create a fruitful soil for many powers which now wither uselessly
+away. Whoever shows a genuine desire to work will be suitably
+employed. Beggars will not be endured. Whoever refuses to do anything
+as a free man will be sent to the workhouse.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, we shall not relegate the old to an almshouse. An
+almshouse is one of the cruelest charities which our stupid good
+nature ever invented. There our old people die out of pure shame and
+mortification. There they are already buried. But we will leave even
+to those who stand on the lowest grade of intelligence the consoling
+illusion of their utility in the world. We will provide easy tasks for
+those who are incapable of physical labor; for we must allow for
+diminished vitality in the poor of an already enfeebled generation.
+But future generations shall be dealt with otherwise; they shall be
+brought up in liberty for a life of liberty.</p>
+
+<p>We will seek to bestow the moral salvation of work on men of every age
+and of every class; and thus our people will find their strength again
+in the land of the seven-hour day.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PLANS OF THE TOWNS</h4>
+
+<p>The local groups will delegate their authorized representatives to
+select sites for towns. In the distribution of land every precaution
+will be taken to effect a careful transfer with due consideration for
+acquired rights.</p>
+
+<p>The local groups will have plans of the towns, so that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>our people may
+know beforehand where they are to go, in which towns and in which
+houses they are to live. Comprehensive drafts of the building plans
+previously referred to will be distributed among the local groups.</p>
+
+<p>The principle of our administration will be strict centralization of
+our local groups' autonomy. In this way the transfer will be
+accomplished with the minimum of pain.</p>
+
+<p>I do not imagine all this to be easier than it actually is; on the
+other hand, people must not imagine it to be more difficult than it is
+in reality.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE DEPARTURE OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES</h4>
+
+<p>The middle classes will involuntarily be drawn into the outgoing
+current, for their sons will be officials of the Society or employees
+of the Company "over there." Lawyers, doctors, technicians of every
+description, young business people&mdash;in fact, all Jews who are in
+search of opportunities, who now escape from oppression in their
+native country to earn a living in foreign lands&mdash;will assemble on a
+soil so full of fair promise. The daughters of the middle classes will
+marry these ambitious men. One of them will send for his wife or
+fiancee to come out to him, another for his parents, brothers and
+sisters. Members of a new civilization marry young. This will promote
+general morality and ensure sturdiness in the new generation; and thus
+we shall have no delicate offspring of late marriages, children of
+fathers who spent their strength in the struggle for life.</p>
+
+<p>Every middle-class emigrant will draw more of his kind after him.</p>
+
+<p>The bravest will naturally get the best out of the new world.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>But there we seem undoubtedly to have touched on the crucial
+difficulty of my plan.</p>
+
+<p>Even if we succeeded in opening a world discussion on the Jewish
+Question in a serious manner&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Even if this debate led us to a positive conclusion that the Jewish
+State were necessary to the world&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Even if the Powers assisted us in acquiring the sovereignty over a
+strip of territory&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>How are we to transport masses of Jews without undue compulsion from
+their present homes to this new country?</p>
+
+<p>Their emigration is surely intended to be voluntary.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE PHENOMENON OF MULTITUDES</h4>
+
+<p>Great exertions will hardly be necessary to spur on the movement.
+Anti-Semites provide the requisite impetus. They need only do what
+they did before, and then they will create a desire to emigrate where
+it did not previously exist, and strengthen it where it existed
+before. Jews who now remain in Anti-Semitic countries do so chiefly
+because even those among them who are most ignorant of history know
+that numerous changes of residence in bygone centuries never brought
+them any permanent good. Any land which welcomed the Jews today, and
+offered them even fewer advantages than that which the Jewish State
+would guarantee them, would immediately attract a great influx of our
+people. The poorest, who have nothing to lose would drag themselves
+there. But I maintain, and every man may ask himself whether I am not
+right, that the pressure weighing on us arouses a desire to emigrate
+even among prosperous strata of society. Now our poorest strata alone
+would suffice to found a State; these form the strongest human
+material for acquiring a land, because a little despair is
+indispensable to the formation of a great undertaking.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>But when our "desperados" increase the value of the land by their
+presence and by the labor they expend on it, they make it at the same
+time increasingly attractive as a place of settlement to people who
+are better off.</p>
+
+<p>Higher and yet higher strata will feel tempted to go over. The
+expedition of the first and poorest settlers will be conducted by
+Company and Society conjointly, and will probably be additionally
+supported by existing emigration and Zionist societies.</p>
+
+<p>How may a number of people be directed to a particular spot without
+being given express orders to go there? There are certain Jewish
+benefactors on a large scale who try to alleviate the sufferings of
+the Jews by Zionist experiments. To them this problem also presented
+itself, and they thought to solve it by giving the emigrants money or
+means of employment. Thus the philanthropists said: "We pay these
+people to go there."</p>
+
+<p>Such a procedure is utterly wrong, and all the money in the world will
+not achieve its purpose.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the Company will say: "We shall not pay them, we
+shall let them pay us. We shall merely offer them some inducements to
+go."</p>
+
+<p>A fanciful illustration will make my meaning more explicit: One of
+those philanthropists (whom we will call "The Baron") and myself both
+wish to get a crowd of people on to the plain of Longchamps near
+Paris, on a hot Sunday afternoon. The Baron, by promising them 10
+francs each, will, for 200,000 francs, bring out 20,000 perspiring and
+miserable people, who will curse him for having given them so much
+annoyance. Whereas I will offer these 200,000 francs as a prize for
+the swiftest racehorse&mdash;and then I shall have to put up barriers to
+keep the people off Longchamps. They will pay to go in: 1 franc, 5
+francs, 20 francs.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>The consequence will be that I shall get the half-a-million of people
+out there; the President of the Republic will drive up "a la Daumont";
+and the crowds will enjoy and amuse themselves. Most of them will
+think it an agreeable walk in the open air in spite of heat and dust;
+and I shall have made by my 200,000 francs about a million in entrance
+money and taxes on gaming. I shall get the same people out there
+whenever I like but the Baron will not&mdash;not on any account.</p>
+
+<p>I will give a more serious illustration of the phenomenon of
+multitudes where they are earning a livelihood. Let any man attempt to
+cry through the streets of a town: "Whoever is willing to stand all
+day long through a winter's terrible cold, through a summer's
+tormenting heat, in an iron hall exposed on all sides, there to
+address every passer-by, and to offer him fancy wares, or fish, or
+fruit, will receive two florins, or four francs or something similar."</p>
+
+<p>How many people would go to the hall? How many days would they hold
+out when hunger drove them there? And if they held out, what energy
+would they display in trying to persuade passers-by to buy fish, fruit
+and fancy wares?</p>
+
+<p>We shall set about it in a different way. In places where trade is
+active, and these places we shall the more easily discover, since we
+ourselves direct trade withersoever we wish, in these places we shall
+build large halls, and call them markets. These halls might be worse
+built and more unwholesome than those above mentioned, and yet people
+would stream towards them. But we shall use our best efforts, and we
+shall build them better, and make them more beautiful than the first.
+And the people, to whom we had promised nothing, because we cannot
+promise anything without deceiving them, these excellent, keen
+business men will gaily create most active commercial intercourse.
+They will harangue the buyers unweariedly; they will stand on their
+feet, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>and scarcely think of fatigue. They will hurry off at dawn, so
+as to be first on the spot; they will form unions, cartels, anything
+to continue bread-winning undisturbed. And if they find at the end of
+the day that all their hard work has produced only 1 florin, 50
+kreutzer, or 3 francs, or something similar, they will yet look
+forward hopefully to the next day, which may, perhaps, bring them
+better luck.</p>
+
+<p>We have given them hope.</p>
+
+<p>Would any one ask whence the demand comes which creates the market? Is
+it really necessary to tell them again?</p>
+
+<p>I pointed out that by means of the system "Assistance par le Travail"
+the return could be increased fifteenfold. One million would produce
+fifteen millions; and one thousand millions, fifteen thousand
+millions.</p>
+
+<p>This may be the case on a small scale; is it so on a large one?
+Capital surely yields a return diminishing in inverse ratio to its own
+growth. Inactive and inert capital yields this diminishing return, but
+active capital brings in a marvellously increasing return. Herein lies
+the social question.</p>
+
+<p>Am I stating a fact? I call on the richest Jews as witnesses of my
+veracity. Why do they carry on so many different industries? Why do
+they send men to work underground and to raise coal amid terrible
+dangers for meagre pay? I cannot imagine this to be pleasant, even for
+the owners of the mines. For I do not believe that capitalists are
+heartless, and I do not pretend that I believe it. My desire is not to
+accentuate, but to smooth differences.</p>
+
+<p>Is it necessary to illustrate the phenomenon of multitudes, and their
+concentration on a particular spot by references to pious pilgrimages?</p>
+
+<p>I do not want to hurt anyone's religious sensibility by words which
+might be wrongly interpreted.</p>
+
+<p>I shall merely refer quite briefly to the Mohammedan <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>pilgrimages to
+Mecca, the Catholic pilgrimages to Lourdes, and to many other spots
+whence men return comforted by their faith, and to the holy Hock at
+Trier. Thus we shall also create a center for the deep religious needs
+of our people. Our ministers will understand us first, and will be
+with us in this.</p>
+
+<p>We shall let every man find salvation "over there" in his own
+particular way. Above and before all we shall make room for the
+immortal band of our Freethinkers, who are continually making new
+conquests for humanity.</p>
+
+<p>No more force will be exercised on any one than is necessary for the
+preservation of the State and order; and the requisite force will not
+be arbitrarily defined by one or more shifting authorities; it will be
+fixed by iron laws.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if the illustrations I gave make people draw the inference that a
+multitude can be only temporarily attracted to centers of faith, of
+business, or of amusement, the reply to their objection is simple.
+Whereas one of these objects by itself would certainly only attract
+the masses, all these centers of attraction combined would be
+calculated permanently to hold and satisfy them. For all these centers
+together form a single, great, long-sought object, which our people
+has always longed to attain, for which it has kept itself alive, for
+which it has been kept alive by external pressure&mdash;a free home! When
+the movement commences, we shall draw some men after us and let others
+follow; others again will be swept into the current, and the last will
+be thrust after us.</p>
+
+<p>These last hesitating settlers will be the worst off, both here and
+there.</p>
+
+<p>But the first, who go over with faith, enthusiasm, and courage will
+have the best positions.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>OUR HUMAN MATERIAL</h4>
+
+<p>There are more mistaken notions abroad concerning Jews than concerning
+any other people. And we have become so depressed and discouraged by
+our historic sufferings that we ourselves repeat and believe these
+mistakes. One of these is that we have an immoderate love of business.
+Now it is well known that wherever we are permitted to take part in
+the rising of classes, we give up our business as soon as possible.
+The great majority of Jewish business men give their sons a superior
+education. Hence, the so-called "Judaizing" of all intellectual
+professions. But even in economically feebler grades of society, our
+love of trade is not so predominant as is generally supposed. In the
+Eastern countries of Europe there are great numbers of Jews who are
+not traders, and who are not afraid of hard work either. The Society
+of Jews will be in a position to prepare scientifically accurate
+statistics of our human forces. The new tasks and prospects that await
+our people in the new country will satisfy our present handicraftsmen,
+and will transform many present small traders into manual workers.</p>
+
+<p>A peddler who travels about the country with a heavy pack on his back
+is not so contented as his persecutors imagine. The seven-hour day
+will convert all of his kind into workmen. They are good,
+misunderstood people, who now suffer perhaps more severely than any
+others. The Society of Jews will, moreover, busy itself from the
+outset with their training as artisans. Their love of gain will be
+encouraged in a healthy manner. Jews are of a thrifty and adaptable
+disposition, and are qualified for any means of earning a living, and
+it will therefore suffice to make small trading unremunerative, to
+cause even present peddlers to give it up altogether. This could be
+brought about, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>for example, by encouraging large department stores
+which provide all necessaries of life. These general stores are
+already crushing small trading in large cities. In a land of new
+civilization they will absolutely prevent its existence. The
+establishment of these stores is further advantageous, because it
+makes the country immediately habitable for people who require more
+refined necessaries of life.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>HABITS</h4>
+
+<p>Is a reference to the little habits and comforts of the ordinary man
+in keeping with the serious nature of this pamphlet?</p>
+
+<p>I think it is in keeping, and, moreover, very important. For these
+little habits are the thousand and one fine delicate threads which
+together go to make up an unbreakable rope.</p>
+
+<p>Here certain limited notions must be set aside. Whoever has seen
+anything of the world knows that just these little daily customs can
+easily be transplanted everywhere. The technical contrivances of our
+day, which this scheme intends to employ in the service of humanity,
+have heretofore been principally used for our little habits. There are
+English hotels in Egypt and on the mountain-crest in Switzerland,
+Vienna cafes in South Africa, French theatres in Russia, German operas
+in America, and best Bavarian beer in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>When we journey out of Egypt again we shall not leave the fleshpots
+behind.</p>
+
+<p>Every man will find his customs again in the local groups, but they
+will be better, more beautiful, and more agreeable than before.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="V_Society" id="V_Society"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2><i>V. Society of Jews and Jewish State</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>NEGOTIORUM GESTIO</h4>
+
+
+<p>This pamphlet is not intended for lawyers. I can therefore touch only
+cursorily, as on so many other things, upon my theory of the legal
+basis of a State.</p>
+
+<p>I must, nevertheless, lay some stress on my new theory, which could be
+maintained, I believe, even in discussion with men well versed in
+jurisprudence.</p>
+
+<p>According to Rousseau's now antiquated view, a State is formed by a
+social contract. Rousseau held that: "The conditions of this contract
+are so precisely defined by the nature of the agreement that the
+slightest alteration would make them null and void. The consequence is
+that, even where they are not expressly stated, they are everywhere
+identical, and everywhere tacitly accepted and recognized," etc.</p>
+
+<p>A logical and historic refutation of Rousseau's theory was never, nor
+is now, difficult, however terrible and far-reaching its effects may
+have been. The question whether a social contract with "conditions not
+expressly stated, yet unalterable," existed before the framing of a
+constitution, is of no practical interest to States under modern forms
+of government. The legal relationship between government and citizen
+is in any case clearly established now.</p>
+
+<p>But previous to the framing of a constitution, and during the creation
+of a new State, these principles assume great practical importance. We
+know and see for ourselves that States still continue to be created.
+Colonies secede from the mother country. Vassals fall away from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>their
+suzerain; newly opened territories are immediately formed into free
+States. It is true that the Jewish State is conceived as a peculiarly
+modern structure on unspecified territory. But a State is formed, not
+by pieces of land, but rather by a number of men united under
+sovereign rule.</p>
+
+<p>The people is the subjective, land the objective foundation of a
+State, and the subjective basis is the more important of the two. One
+sovereignty, for example, which has no objective basis at all, is
+perhaps the most respected one in the world. I refer to the
+sovereignty of the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>The theory of rationality is the one at present accepted in political
+science. This theory suffices to justify the creation of a State, and
+cannot be historically refuted in the same way as the theory of a
+contract. Insofar as I am concerned only with the creation of a Jewish
+State, I am well within the limits of the theory of rationality. But
+when I touch upon the legal basis of the State, I have exceeded them.
+The theories of a divine institution, or of superior power, or of a
+contract, and the patriarchal and patrimonial theories do not accord
+with modern views. The legal basis of a State is sought either too
+much within men (patriarchal theory, and theories of superior force
+and contract), or too far above them (divine institution), or too far
+below them (objective patrimonial theory). The theory of rationality
+leaves this question conveniently and carefully unanswered. But a
+question which has seriously occupied doctors of jurisprudence in
+every age cannot be an absolutely idle one. As a matter of fact, a
+mixture of human and superhuman goes to the making of a State. Some
+legal basis is indispensable to explain the somewhat oppressive
+relationship in which subjects occasionally stand to rulers. I believe
+it is to be found <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>in the <i>negotiorum gestio</i>, wherein the body of
+citizens represents the <i>dominus negotiorum</i>, and the government
+represents the <i>gestor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Romans, with their marvellous sense of justice, produced that
+noble masterpiece, the <i>negotiorum gestio</i>. When the property of an
+oppressed person is in danger, any man may step forward to save it.
+This man is the <i>gestor</i>, the director of affairs not strictly his
+own. He has received no warrant&mdash;that is, no human warrant; higher
+obligations authorize him to act. The higher obligations may be
+formulated in different ways for the State, and so as to respond to
+individual degrees of culture attained by a growing general power of
+comprehension. The <i>gestio</i> is intended to work for the good of the
+<i>dominus</i>&mdash;the people, to whom the <i>gestor</i> himself belongs.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>gestor</i> administers property of which he is joint-owner. His
+joint proprietorship teaches him what urgency would warrant his
+intervention, and would demand his leadership in peace or war; but
+under no circumstances is his authority valid <i>qua</i> joint
+proprietorship. The consent of the numerous joint-owners is even under
+most favorable conditions a matter of conjecture.</p>
+
+<p>A State is created by a nation's struggle for existence. In any such
+struggle it is impossible to obtain proper authority in circumstantial
+fashion beforehand. In fact, any previous attempt to obtain a regular
+decision from the majority would probably ruin the undertaking from
+the outset. For internal schisms would make the people defenceless
+against external dangers. We cannot all be of one mind; the <i>gestor</i>
+will therefore simply take the leadership into his hands and march in
+the van.</p>
+
+<p>The action of the <i>gestor</i> of the State is sufficiently warranted if
+the common cause is in danger, and the <i>dominus</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>is prevented, either
+by want of will or by some other reason, from helping itself.</p>
+
+<p>But the <i>gestor</i> becomes similar to the <i>dominus</i> by his intervention,
+and is bound by the agreement <i>quasi ex contractu</i>. This is the legal
+relationship existing before, or, more correctly, created
+simultaneously with the State.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>gestor</i> thus becomes answerable for every form of negligence,
+even for the failure of business undertakings, and the neglect of such
+affairs as are intimately connected with them, etc. I shall not
+further enlarge on the <i>negotiorum gestio</i>, but rather leave it to the
+State, else it would take us too far from the main subject. One remark
+only: "Business management, if it is approved by the owner, is just as
+effectual as if it had originally been carried on by his authority."</p>
+
+<p>And how does all this affect our case?</p>
+
+<p>The Jewish people are at present prevented by the Diaspora from
+conducting their political affairs themselves. Besides, they are in a
+condition of more or less severe distress in many parts of the world.
+They need, above all things a <i>gestor</i>. This <i>gestor</i> cannot, of
+course, be a single individual. Such a one would either make himself
+ridiculous, or&mdash;seeing that he would appear to be working for his own
+interests&mdash;contemptible.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>gestor</i> of the Jews must therefore be a body corporate.</p>
+
+<p>And that is the Society of Jews.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE GESTOR OF THE JEWS</h4>
+
+<p>This organ of the national movement, the nature and functions of which
+we are at last dealing with, will, in fact, be created before
+everything else. Its formation is perfectly simple. It will take shape
+among those energetic Jews to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>whom I imparted my scheme in London.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Society will have scientific and political tasks, for the founding
+of a Jewish State, as I conceive it, presupposes the application of
+scientific methods. We cannot journey out of Egypt today in the
+primitive fashion of ancient times. We shall previously obtain an
+accurate account of our number and strength. The undertaking of that
+great and ancient <i>gestor</i> of the Jews in primitive days bears much
+the same relation to ours that some wonderful melody bears to a modern
+opera. We are playing the same melody with many more violins, flutes,
+harps, violoncellos, and bass viols; with electric light, decorations,
+choirs, beautiful costumes, and with the first singers of their day.</p>
+
+<p>This pamphlet is intended to open a general discussion on the Jewish
+Question. Friends and foes will take part in it; but it will no
+longer, I hope, take the form of violent abuse or of sentimental
+vindication, but of a debate, practical, large, earnest, and
+political.</p>
+
+<p>The Society of Jews will gather all available declarations of
+statesmen, parliaments, Jewish communities, societies, whether
+expressed in speeches or writings, in meetings, newspapers or books.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Society will find out for the first time whether the Jews
+really wish to go to the Promised Land, and whether they must go
+there. Every Jewish community in the world will send contributions to
+the Society towards a comprehensive collection of Jewish statistics.</p>
+
+<p>Further tasks, such as investigation by experts of the new country and
+its natural resources, the uniform planning of migration and
+settlement, preliminary work for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>legislation and administration,
+etc., must be rationally evolved out of the original scheme.</p>
+
+<p>Externally, the Society will attempt, as I explained before in the
+general part, to be acknowledged as a State-forming power. The free
+assent of many Jews will confer on it the requisite authority in its
+relations with Governments.</p>
+
+<p>Internally, that is to say, in its relation with the Jewish people,
+the Society will create all the first indispensable institutions; it
+will be the nucleus out of which the public institutions of the Jewish
+State will later on be developed.</p>
+
+<p>Our first object is, as I said before, supremacy, assured to us by
+international law, over a portion of the globe sufficiently large to
+satisfy our just requirements.</p>
+
+<p>What is the next step?</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE OCCUPATION OF THE LAND</h4>
+
+<p>When nations wandered in historic times, they let chance carry them,
+draw them, fling them hither and thither, and like swarms of locusts
+they settled down indifferently anywhere. For in historic times the
+earth was not known to man. But this modern Jewish migration must
+proceed in accordance with scientific principles.</p>
+
+<p>Not more than forty years ago gold-digging was carried on in an
+extraordinarily primitive fashion. What adventurous days were those in
+California! A report brought desperados together from every quarter of
+the earth; they stole pieces of land, robbed each other of gold, and
+finally gambled it away, as robbers do.</p>
+
+<p>But today! What is gold-digging like in the Transvaal today?
+Adventurous vagabonds are not there; sedate geologists and engineers
+alone are on the spot to regulate its gold industry, and to employ
+ingenious machinery in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>separating the ore from surrounding rock.
+Little is left to chance now.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we must investigate and take possession of the new Jewish country
+by means of every modern expedient.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as we have secured the land, we shall send over a ship, having
+on board the representatives of the Society, of the Company, and of
+the local groups, who will enter into possession at once.</p>
+
+<p>These men will have three tasks to perform: (1) An accurate,
+scientific investigation of all natural resources of the country; (2)
+the organization of a strictly centralized administration; (3) the
+distribution of land. These tasks intersect one another, and will all
+be carried out in conformity with the now familiar object in view.</p>
+
+<p>One thing remains to be explained&mdash;namely, how the occupation of land
+according to local groups is to take place.</p>
+
+<p>In America the occupation of newly opened territory is set about in
+naive fashion. The settlers assemble on the frontier, and at the
+appointed time make a simultaneous and violent rush for their
+portions.</p>
+
+<p>We shall not proceed thus to the new land of the Jews. The lots in
+provinces and towns will be sold by auction, and paid for, not in
+money, but in work. The general plan will have settled on streets,
+bridges, waterworks, etc., necessary for traffic. These will be united
+into provinces. Within these provinces sites for towns will be
+similarly sold by auction. The local groups will pledge themselves to
+carry the business property through, and will cover the cost by means
+of self-imposed assessments. The Society will be in a position to
+judge whether the local groups are not venturing on sacrifices too
+great for their means. The large communities will receive large sites
+for their activity. Great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>sacrifices will thus be rewarded by the
+establishment of universities, technical schools, academies, research
+institutes, etc., and these Government institutes, which do not have
+to be concentrated in the capital, will be distributed over the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The personal interest of the buyers, and, if necessary, the local
+assessment, will guarantee the proper working of what has been taken
+over. In the same way, as we cannot, and indeed do not wish to
+obliterate distinctions between single individuals, so the differences
+between local groups will also continue. Everything will shape itself
+quite naturally. All acquired rights will be protected, and every new
+development will be given sufficient scope.</p>
+
+<p>Our people will be made thoroughly acquainted with all these matters.</p>
+
+<p>We shall not take others unawares or mislead them, any more than we
+shall deceive ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>Everything must be systematically settled beforehand. I merely
+indicate this scheme: our keenest thinkers will combine in elaborating
+it. Every social and technical achievement of our age and of the more
+advanced age which will be reached before the slow execution of my
+plan is accomplished must be employed for this object. Every valuable
+invention which exists now, or lies in the future, must be used. By
+these means a country can be occupied and a State founded in a manner
+as yet unknown to history, and with possibilities of success such, as
+never occurred before.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CONSTITUTION</h4>
+
+<p>One of the great commissions which the Society will have to appoint
+will be the council of State jurists. These must formulate the best,
+that is, the best modern <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>constitution possible. I believe that a good
+constitution should be of moderately elastic nature. In another work I
+have explained in detail what forms of government I hold to be the
+best. I think a democratic monarchy and an aristocratic republic are
+the finest forms of a State, because in them the form of State and the
+principle of government are opposed to each other, and thus preserve a
+true balance of power. I am a staunch supporter of monarchial
+institutions, because these allow of a continuous policy, and
+represent the interests of a historically famous family born and
+educated to rule, whose desires are bound up with the preservation of
+the State. But our history has been too long interrupted for us to
+attempt direct continuity of ancient constitutional forms, without
+exposing ourselves to the charge of absurdity.</p>
+
+<p>A democracy without a sovereign's useful counterpoise is extreme in
+appreciation and condemnation, tends to idle discussion in Parliaments,
+and produces that objectionable class of men&mdash;professional politicians.
+Nations are also really not fit for unlimited democracy at present, and
+will become less and less fitted for it in the future. For a pure
+democracy presupposes a predominance of simple customs, and our customs
+become daily more complex with the growth of commerce and increase of
+culture. "<i>Le ressort d'une democratic est la vertu</i>," said wise
+Montesquieu. And where is this virtue, that is to say, this political
+virtue, to be met with? I do not believe in our political virtue;
+first, because we are no better than the rest of modern humanity; and,
+secondly, because freedom will make us show our fighting qualities at
+first. I also hold a settling of questions by the referendum to be an
+unsatisfactory procedure, because there are no simple political
+questions which can be answered merely by Yes and No. The masses <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>are
+also more prone even than Parliaments to be led away by heterodox
+opinions, and to be swayed by vigorous ranting. It is impossible to
+formulate a wise internal or external policy in a popular assembly.</p>
+
+<p>Politics must take shape in the upper strata and work downwards. But
+no member of the Jewish State will be oppressed, every man will be
+able and will wish to rise in it. Thus a great upward tendency will
+pass through our people; every individual by trying to raise himself,
+raising also the whole body of citizens. The ascent will take a normal
+form, useful to the State and serviceable to the National Idea.</p>
+
+<p>Hence I incline to an aristocratic republic. This would satisfy the
+ambitious spirit in our people, which has now degenerated into petty
+vanity. Many of the institutions of Venice pass through my mind; but
+all that which caused the ruin of Venice must be carefully avoided. We
+shall learn from the historic mistakes of others, in the same way as
+we learn from our own; for we are a modern nation, and wish to be the
+most modern in the world. Our people, who are receiving the new
+country from the Society, will also thankfully accept the new
+constitution it offers them. Should any opposition manifest itself,
+the Society will suppress it. The Society cannot permit the exercise
+of its functions to be interpreted by short-sighted or ill-disposed
+individuals.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LANGUAGE</h4>
+
+<p>It might be suggested that our want of a common current language would
+present difficulties. We cannot converse with one another in Hebrew.
+Who amongst us has a sufficient acquaintance with Hebrew to ask for a
+railway ticket in that language? Such a thing cannot be done. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>Yet the
+difficulty is very easily circumvented. Every man can preserve the
+language in which his thoughts are at home. Switzerland affords a
+conclusive proof of the possibility of a federation of tongues. We
+shall remain in the new country what we now are here, and we shall
+never cease to cherish with sadness the memory of the native land out
+of which we have been driven.</p>
+
+<p>We shall give up using those miserable stunted jargons, those Ghetto
+languages which we still employ, for these were the stealthy tongues
+of prisoners. Our national teachers will give due attention to this
+matter; and the language which proves itself to be of greatest utility
+for general intercourse will be adopted without compulsion as our
+national tongue. Our community of race is peculiar and unique, for we
+are bound together only by the faith of our fathers.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THEOCRACY</h4>
+
+<p>Shall we end by having a theocracy? No, indeed. Faith unites us,
+knowledge gives us freedom. We shall therefore prevent any theocratic
+tendencies from coming to the fore on the part of our priesthood. We
+shall keep our priests within the confines of their temples in the
+same way as we shall keep our professional army within the confines of
+their barracks. Army and priesthood shall receive honors high as their
+valuable functions deserve. But they must not interfere in the
+administration of the State which confers distinction upon them, else
+they will conjure up difficulties without and within.</p>
+
+<p>Every man will be as free and undisturbed in his faith or his
+disbelief as he is in his nationality. And if it should occur that men
+of other creeds and different nationalities come to live amongst us,
+we should accord them honorable protection and equality before the
+law. We have learnt <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>toleration in Europe. This is not sarcastically
+said; for the Anti-Semitism of today could only in a very few places
+be taken for old religious intolerance. It is for the most part a
+movement among civilized nations by which they try to chase away the
+spectres of their own past.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LAWS</h4>
+
+<p>When the idea of a State begins to approach realization, the Society
+of Jews will appoint a council of jurists to do the preparatory work
+of legislation. During the transition period these must act on the
+principle that every emigrant Jew is to be judged according to the
+laws of the country which he has left. But they must try to bring
+about a unification of these various laws to form a modern system of
+legislation based on the best portions of previous systems. This might
+become a typical codification, embodying all the just social claims of
+the present day.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE ARMY</h4>
+
+<p>The Jewish State is conceived as a neutral one. It will therefore
+require only a professional army, equipped, of course, with every
+requisite of modern warfare, to preserve order internally and
+externally.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE FLAG</h4>
+
+<p>We have no flag, and we need one. If we desire to lead many men, we
+must raise a symbol above their heads.</p>
+
+<p>I would suggest a white flag, with seven golden stars. The white field
+symbolizes our pure new life; the stars are the seven golden hours of
+our working-day. For we shall march into the Promised Land carrying
+the badge of honor.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>RECIPROCITY AND EXTRADITION TREATIES</h4>
+
+<p>The new Jewish State must be properly founded, with due regard to our
+future honorable position in the world. Therefore every obligation in
+the old country must be scrupulously fulfilled before leaving. The
+Society of Jews and the Jewish Company will grant cheap passage and
+certain advantages in settlement to those only who can present an
+official testimonial from the local authorities, certifying that they
+have left their affairs in good order.</p>
+
+<p>Every just private claim originating in the abandoned countries will
+be heard more readily in the Jewish State than anywhere else. We shall
+not wait for reciprocity; we shall act purely for the sake of our own
+honor. We shall thus perhaps find, later on, that law courts will be
+more willing to hear our claims than now seems to be the case in some
+places.</p>
+
+<p>It will be inferred, as a matter of course, from previous remarks,
+that we shall deliver up Jewish criminals more readily than any other
+State would do, till the time comes when we can enforce our penal code
+on the same principles as every other civilized nation does. There
+will therefore be a period of transition, during which we shall
+receive our criminals only after they have suffered due penalties.
+But, having made amends, they will be received without any
+restrictions whatever, for our criminals also must enter upon a new
+life.</p>
+
+<p>Thus emigration may become to many Jews a crisis with a happy issue.
+Bad external circumstances, which ruin many a character, will be
+removed, and this change may mean salvation to many who are lost.</p>
+
+<p>Here I should like briefly to relate a story I came across in an
+account of the gold mines of Witwatersrand. One day a man came to the
+Rand, settled there, tried his hand <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>at various things, with the
+exception of gold mining, till he founded an ice factory, which did
+well. He soon won universal esteem by his respectability, but after
+some years he was suddenly arrested. He had committed some
+defalcations as banker in Frankfort, had fled from there, and had
+begun a new life under an assumed name. But when he was led away as
+prisoner, the most respected people in the place appeared at the
+station, bade him a cordial farewell and <i>au revoir</i>&mdash;for he was
+certain to return.</p>
+
+<p>How much this story reveals! A new life can regenerate even criminals,
+and we have a proportionately small number of these. Some interesting
+statistics on this point are worth reading, entitled "The Criminality
+of Jews in Germany," by Dr. P. Nathan, of Berlin, who was commissioned
+by the "Society for Defense against Anti-Semitism" to make a
+collection of statistics based on official returns. It is true that
+this pamphlet, which teems with figures, has been prompted, as many
+another "defence," by the error that Anti-Semitism can be refuted by
+reasonable arguments. We are probably disliked as much for our gifts
+as we are for our faults.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>BENEFITS OF THE EMIGRATION OF THE JEWS</h4>
+
+<p>I imagine that Governments will, either voluntarily or under pressure
+from the Anti-Semites, pay certain attention to this scheme, and they
+may perhaps actually receive it here and there with a sympathy which
+they will also show to the Society of Jews.</p>
+
+<p>For the emigration which I suggest will not create any economic
+crises. Such crises as would follow everywhere in consequence of
+Jew-baiting would rather be prevented by the carrying out of my plan.
+A great period of prosperity would commence in countries which are
+now <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>Anti-Semitic. For there will be, as I have repeatedly said, an
+internal migration of Christian citizens into the positions slowly and
+systematically evacuated by the Jews. If we are not merely suffered,
+but actually assisted to do this, the movement will have a generally
+beneficial effect. That is a narrow view, from which one should free
+oneself, which sees in the departure of many Jews a consequent
+impoverishment of countries. It is different from a departure which is
+a result of persecution, for then property is indeed destroyed, as it
+is ruined in the confusion of war. Different again is the peaceable
+voluntary departure of colonists, wherein everything is carried out
+with due consideration for acquired rights, and with absolute
+conformity to law, openly and by light of day, under the eyes of the
+authorities and the control of public opinion. The emigration of
+Christian proletarians to different parts of the world would be
+brought to a standstill by the Jewish movement.</p>
+
+<p>The States would have a further advantage in the enormous increase of
+their export trade; for, since the emigrant Jews "over there" would
+depend for a long time to come on European productions, they would
+necessarily have to import them. The local groups would keep up a just
+balance, and the customary needs would have to be supplied for a long
+time at the accustomed places.</p>
+
+<p>Another, and perhaps one of the greatest advantages, would be the
+ensuing social relief. Social dissatisfaction would be appeased during
+the twenty or more years which the emigration of the Jews would
+occupy, and would in any case be set at rest during the whole
+transition period.</p>
+
+<p>The shape which the social question may take depends entirely on the
+development of our technical resources. Steampower concentrated men in
+factories about <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>machinery where they were overcrowded, and where they
+made one another miserable by overcrowding. Our present enormous,
+injudicious, and unsystematic rate of production is the cause of
+continual severe crises which ruin both employers and employees. Steam
+crowded men together; electricity will probably scatter them again,
+and may perhaps bring about a more prosperous condition of the labor
+market. In any case our technical inventors, who are the true
+benefactors of humanity, will continue their labors after the
+commencement of the emigration of the Jews, and they will discover
+things as marvellous as those we have already seen, or indeed more
+wonderful even than these.</p>
+
+<p>The word "impossible" has ceased to exist in the vocabulary of
+technical science. Were a man who lived in the last century to return
+to the earth, he would find the life of today full of incomprehensible
+magic. Wherever the moderns appear with our inventions, we transform
+the desert into a garden. To build a city takes in our time as many
+years as it formerly required centuries; America offers endless
+examples of this. Distance has ceased to be an obstacle. The spirit of
+our age has gathered fabulous treasures into its storehouse. Every day
+this wealth increases. A hundred thousand heads are occupied with
+speculations and research at every point of the globe, and what any
+one discovers belongs the next moment to the whole world. We ourselves
+will use and carry on every new attempt in our Jewish land; and just
+as we shall introduce the seven-hour day as an experiment for the good
+of humanity, so we shall proceed in everything else in the same humane
+spirit, making of the new land a land of experiments and a model
+State.</p>
+
+<p>After the departure of the Jews the undertakings which they have
+created will remain where they originally were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>found. And the Jewish
+spirit of enterprise will not even fail where people welcome it. For
+Jewish capitalists will be glad to invest their funds where they are
+familiar with surrounding conditions. And whereas Jewish money is now
+sent out of countries on account of existing persecutions, and is sunk
+in most distant foreign undertakings, it will flow back again in
+consequence of this peaceable solution, and will contribute to the
+further progress of the countries which the Jews have left.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Dr. Herzl addressed a meeting of the Maccabean Club, at
+which Israel Zangwill presided, on November 24th, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="VI_Conclusion" id="VI_Conclusion"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2><i>VI. Conclusion</i><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>How much has been left unexplained, how many defects, how many harmful
+superficialities, and how many useless repetitions in this pamphlet,
+which I have thought over so long and so often revised!</p>
+
+<p>But a fair-minded reader, who has sufficient understanding to grasp
+the spirit of my words, will not be repelled by these defects. He will
+rather be roused thereby to cooperate with his intelligence and energy
+in a work which is not one man's task alone, and to improve it.</p>
+
+<p>Have I not explained obvious things and overlooked important
+objections?</p>
+
+<p>I have tried to meet certain objections; but I know that many more
+will be made, based on high grounds and low.</p>
+
+<p>To the first class of objections belongs the remark that the Jews are
+not the only people in the world who are in a condition of distress.
+Here I would reply that we may as well begin by removing a little of
+this misery, even if it should at first be no more than our own.</p>
+
+<p>It might further be said that we ought not to create new distinctions
+between people; we ought not to raise fresh barriers, we should rather
+make the old disappear. But men who think in this way are amiable
+visionaries; and the idea of a native land will still flourish when
+the dust of their bones will have vanished tracelessly in the winds.
+Universal brotherhood is not even a beautiful dream. Antagonism is
+essential to man's greatest efforts.</p>
+
+<p>But the Jews, once settled in their own State, would probably have no
+more enemies. As for those who remain behind, since prosperity
+enfeebles and causes them to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>diminish, they would soon disappear
+altogether. I think the Jews will always have sufficient enemies, such
+as every nation has. But once fixed in their own land, it will no
+longer be possible for them to scatter all over the world. The
+diaspora cannot be reborn, unless the civilization of the whole earth
+should collapse; and such a consummation could be feared by none but
+foolish men. Our present civilization possesses weapons powerful
+enough for its self-defence.</p>
+
+<p>Innumerable objections will be based on low grounds, for there are
+more low men than noble in this world. I have tried to remove some of
+these narrow-minded notions; and whoever is willing to fall in behind
+our white flag with its seven stars, must assist in this campaign of
+enlightenment. Perhaps we shall have to fight first of all against
+many an evil-disposed, narrow-hearted, short-sighted member of our own
+race.</p>
+
+<p>Again, people will say that I am furnishing the Anti-Semites with
+weapons. Why so? Because I admit the truth? Because I do not maintain
+that there are none but excellent men against us?</p>
+
+<p>Will not people say that I am showing our enemies the way to injure
+us? This I absolutely dispute. My proposal could only be carried out
+with the free consent of a majority of Jews. Action may be taken
+against individuals or even against groups of the most powerful Jews,
+but Governments will never take action against all Jews. The equal
+rights of the Jew before the law cannot be withdrawn where they have
+once been conceded; for the first attempt at withdrawal would
+immediately drive all Jews, rich and poor alike, into the ranks of
+revolutionary parties. The beginning of any official acts of injustice
+against the Jews invariably brings about economic crises. Therefore,
+no weapons can be effectually used against us, because these <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>injure
+the hands that wield them. Meantime hatred grows apace. The rich do
+not feel it much, but our poor do. Let us ask our poor, who have been
+more severely proletarized since the last removal of Anti-Semitism
+than ever before.</p>
+
+<p>Some of our prosperous men may say that the pressure is not yet severe
+enough to justify emigration, and that every forcible expulsion shows
+how unwilling our people are to depart. True, because they do not know
+where to go; because they only pass from one trouble into another. But
+we are showing them the way to the Promised Land; and the splendid
+force of enthusiasm must fight against the terrible force of habit.</p>
+
+<p>Persecutions are no longer so malignant as they were in the Middle
+Ages? True, but our sensitiveness has increased, so that we feel no
+diminution in our sufferings; prolonged persecution has overstrained
+our nerves.</p>
+
+<p>Will people say, again, that our enterprise is hopeless, because even
+if we obtained the land with supremacy over it, the poor only would go
+with us? It is precisely the poorest whom we need at first. Only the
+desperate make good conquerors.</p>
+
+<p>Will some one say: Were it feasible it would have been done long ago?</p>
+
+<p>It has never yet been possible; now it is possible. A hundred&mdash;or even
+fifty years ago it would have been nothing more than a dream. Today it
+may become a reality. Our rich, who have a pleasurable acquaintance
+with all our technical achievements, know full well how much money can
+do. And thus it will be; just the poor and simple, who do not know
+what power man already exercises over the forces of Nature, just these
+will have the firmest faith in the new message. For these have never
+lost their hope of the Promised Land.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>Here it is, fellow Jews! Neither fable nor deception! Every man may
+test its reality for himself, for every man will carry over with him a
+portion of the Promised Land&mdash;one in his head, another in his arms,
+another in his acquired possessions.</p>
+
+<p>Now, all this may appear to be an interminably long affair. Even in
+the most favorable circumstances, many years might elapse before the
+commencement of the foundation of the State. In the meantime, Jews in
+a thousand different places would suffer insults, mortifications,
+abuse, blows, depredation, and death. No; if we only begin to carry
+out the plans, Anti-Semitism would stop at once and for ever. For it
+is the conclusion of peace.</p>
+
+<p>The news of the formation of our Jewish Company will be carried in a
+single day to the remotest ends of the earth by the lightning speed of
+our telegraph wires.</p>
+
+<p>And immediate relief will ensue. The intellects which we produce so
+superabundantly in our middle classes will find an outlet in our first
+organizations, as our first technicians, officers, professors,
+officials, lawyers, and doctors; and thus the movement will continue
+in swift but smooth progression.</p>
+
+<p>Prayers will be offered up for the success of our work in temples and
+in churches also; for it will bring relief from an old burden, which
+all have suffered.</p>
+
+<p>But we must first bring enlightenment to men's minds. The idea must
+make its way into the most distant, miserable holes where our people
+dwell. They will awaken from gloomy brooding, for into their lives
+will come a new significance. Every man need think only of himself,
+and the movement will assume vast proportions.</p>
+
+<p>And what glory awaits those who fight unselfishly for the cause!</p>
+
+<p>Therefore I believe that a wondrous generation of Jews <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>will spring
+into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again.</p>
+
+<p>Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who wish for a
+State will have it.</p>
+
+<p>We shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully
+in our own homes.</p>
+
+<p>The world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our wealth,
+magnified by our greatness.</p>
+
+<p>And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare, will
+react powerfully and beneficially for the good of humanity.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
+
+<h2><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p class="hang">THE CONGRESS ADDRESSES. New York, Federation of American Zionists,
+1917. 40p.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">EXCERPTS FROM HERZL'S DIARIES. New York, Scopus pub. co. 1941. 122p.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">GESAMELTE SHRIFTEN (In Yiddish). New York, Literarishe Verlag, 1920. 2
+vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">GESAMMELTE ZIONISTISCHE WERKE. 3rd ed. Berlin. Juedisher Verlag (1934)
+5 vols. Contents: vol. I Zionistische shriften; vol. 2, 3, 4,
+Taegebuecher, vol. 5 Das neue Ghetto; Altneuland, Aus dem Nachlass.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">DAS JUDENSTAAT; Versuch einer modernen L&ouml;sung der Judenfrage. Neue
+Auflage mit einem Vorwort von Otto Warburg. Berlin, Juedischer
+Verlag, 1918. 88p. Various editions.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">OLD-NEW LAND tr. by Lotta Levensohn with a preface by Stephen S. Wise.
+New York, Bloch pub. co. 1941. 296p.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">THE TRAGEDY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION. 2nd ed. New York, Zionist
+organization of America, 1920. 47p.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>ABOUT THEODOR HERZL</h4>
+
+<div class="block"><p class="hang">Bein, Alex. Theodore Herzl tr. by Maurice Samuel. Phil. Jewish. pub.
+society, 1940. 545p.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Brainin, Ruben. A Life of Herzl. Vol. I, New York, 1919. (Hebrew)</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Buber, Martin and Weltsch, Robert. Theodor Herzl and we. New York,
+Hitachduth of America, 1929. 28p.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">De Haas, Jacob. Theodor Herzl, a biographical study. New York, 1927. 2
+vols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Hoffman, Martha. The young Herzl (In Hebrew) Jerusalem, 1941. 103p.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Neumann, Emanuel. The birth of statesmanship; a story of Theodor
+Herzl's life, New York, Youth dept. Jewish National Fund of America.
+48p.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">New Palestine. Theodor Herzl, a memorial; ed. by Meyer W. Weisgal. New
+York, 1929. 320p.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Zionist Organization Executive. Theodor Herzl, ein Gedenkbuch. Berlin,
+Juedischer Verlag, 1929. 79p.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chronology" id="Chronology"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>
+
+<h2><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>CHRONOLOGY</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="Chronology">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="20%">1860-May 2</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">Wolf Theodor (Benjamin Zev) Herzl is born in
+                  the Tabakgasse, Budapest, the son of Jakob and
+                  Jeanette (Diamant) Herzl.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1885-May 27</td>
+  <td class="tdl">First feuilleton published in Wiener Allgemeine
+                  Zeitung.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1894-Oct. 21</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Arrest of Dreyfus.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Oct. 21-Nov. 8</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Writes Das Neue Ghetto. This is an attempt to
+                  express himself on the Jewish question.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1895-June 2</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Interviews Baron de Hirsch, submits plan for
+                  political action. Not favorably received.
+                  Immediately after this interview, which he later
+                  designates the beginning of his Zionist work, Herzl
+                  begins his Diaries.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">June-July</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Composes first draft of Der Judenstaat.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">November 17</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Explains idea of Jewish State to Dr. Nordau in
+                  Paris. Meets with instant understanding. Nordau
+                  gives Herzl introduction to Zangwill and London
+                  Maccabean Club.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">November 21</td>
+  <td class="tdl">London. First meeting with Zangwill.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1895-Nov. 24</td>
+  <td class="tdl">London. First address before Maccabean Club.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1896-Feb. 14</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Der Judenstaat published in Vienna.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">May</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Herzl recognized as leader by Zionist students of
+                  Vienna.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">July 13</td>
+  <td class="tdl">London. Proclaimed leader of Jewry at meeting
+                  of Whitechapel Jews. Conflict with Chovevei Zion.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">July 18</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Paris. Meeting with Baron Edmond Rothschild,
+                  who considers plan impracticable.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">November 8</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Writes to British Zionists suggesting collection
+                  of a national fund.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1897-March 6</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Zionsverein decides upon Zionist Congress in
+                  Munich on August 25.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">June 4</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Publication of first issue of Die Welt.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">June 17</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Zionist Actions Committee decides to hold Congress
+                  in Basle.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Aug. 29-31</td>
+  <td class="tdl">First Zionist Congress convenes in Basle.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>1898-Aug. 28-30</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Second Zionist Congress meets at Basle.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">October 26</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Herzl party lands at Jaffa; tours Jewish colonies
+                  of Palestine.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">November 2</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Formal audience with German Emperor at his
+                  headquarters outside Jerusalem. Problems of colonization
+                  discussed.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1899-March 20</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Registration of name of Jewish Colonial Trust,
+                  Ltd.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">August 15-17</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Third Zionist Congress held at Basle.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1900-Aug. 2</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Fourth Zionist Congress opens in London. Herzl
+                  attends though he has barely recovered from serious
+                  illness.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1901-May 18</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Formal audience with Abdul Hamid II at Yildiz
+                  Kiosk. Herzl is promised pro-Jewish proclamation.
+                  Receives Grand Cordon of the Order of Medjidje,
+                  First Class.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Dec. 29-31</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Fifth Congress convenes at Basle. Zangwill attacks
+                  ICA. Conflict between Herzl and Russian
+                  "cultural" Zionists. Discussion of National Fund.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1902-Feb. 17</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Constantinople. Sultan offers Herzl charter, but
+                  not for Palestine.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">July 5</td>
+  <td class="tdl">London. Conference with Lord Rothschild.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">July 7</td>
+  <td class="tdl">London. Herzl appears before Royal Commission
+                  on Alien Immigration.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">October</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Publication of Altneuland.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1903-Jan.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">El Arish expedition organized.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">May 11</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Permission for El Arish colonization refused by
+                  Egypt.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">August 16</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Vilna. Great ovations. There receives letter from
+                  Sir Clement Hill of British Foreign Office offering
+                  Uganda.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Aug. 22-28</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Sixth Zionist Congress held at Basle. Uganda
+                  conflict.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1904-May 16</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Last entry in Diaries&mdash;letter to Schiff.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">July 3</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Death of Theodor Herzl.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p>
+<br />
+Page 14: &nbsp;Duhring replaced with D&uuml;hring<br />
+Page 73: &nbsp;exaggerted replaced with exaggerated<br />
+Page 48: &nbsp;Maccabbeans replaced with Maccabeans<br />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Jewish State
+
+Author: Theodor Herzl
+
+Commentator: Louis Lipsky
+             Alex Bein
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2008 [EBook #25282]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH STATE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Jeannie Howse and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original     |
+    | document have been preserved.                             |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For     |
+    | a complete list, please see the end of this document.     |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE
+JEWISH STATE
+
+Theodor Herzl
+
+
+
+
+THE
+JEWISH
+STATE
+
+
+_by_
+_Theodor Herzl_
+
+
+
+Dover Publications, Inc., New York
+
+
+
+
+    This Dover edition, first published in 1988, is an unabridged,
+    unaltered republication of the work originally published in 1946
+    by the American Zionist Emergency Council, New York, based on a
+    revised translation published by the Scopus Publishing Company,
+    New York, 1943, which was, in turn, based on the first
+    English-language edition, _A Jewish State_, translated by Sylvie
+    d'Avigdor, and published by Nutt, London, England, 1896. The
+    Herzl text was originally published under the title _Der
+    Judenstaat_ in Vienna, 1896. Please see the note on the facing
+    page for further details.
+
+
+
+
+"_THE JEWISH STATE_" is published by the American Zionist Emergency
+Council for its constituent organizations on the occasion of the 50th
+Anniversary of the publication of "DER JUDENSTAAT" in Vienna, February
+14, 1896.
+
+The translation of "THE JEWISH STATE" based on a revised translation
+published by the Scopus Publishing Company was further revised by
+Jacob M. Alkow, editor of this book. The biography was condensed from
+Alex Bein's Theodor Herzl, published by the Jewish Publication Society
+of America. The bibliography and the chronology were prepared by the
+Zionist Archives and Library. To Mr. Louis Lipsky and to all of the
+above mentioned contributors, the American Zionist Emergency Council
+is deeply indebted.
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+Introduction--Louis Lipsky                                      9
+
+Biography--Alex Bein                                           21
+
+The Jewish State--Theodor Herzl                                67
+
+  Preface                                                      69
+
+   I. Introduction                                             73
+
+  II. The Jewish Question                                      85
+
+ III. The Jewish Company                                       98
+
+  IV. Local Groups                                            123
+
+   V. Society of Jews and Jewish State                        136
+
+  VI. Conclusion                                              153
+
+Bibliography                                                  158
+
+Chronology                                                    159
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+by
+
+_Louis Lipsky_
+
+
+
+
+_Introduction_
+
+
+Theodore Herzl was the first Jew who projected the Jewish question as
+an international problem. "The Jewish State," written fifty years ago,
+was the first public expression, in a modern language, by a modern
+Jew, of a dynamic conception of how the solution of the problem could
+be accelerated and the ancient Jewish hope, slumbering in Jewish
+memory for two thousand years, could be fulfilled.
+
+In 1882, Leo Pinsker, a Jewish physician of Odessa, disturbed by the
+pogroms of 1881, made a keen analysis of the position of the Jews,
+declared that anti-Semitism was a psychosis and incurable, that the
+cause of it was the abnormal condition of Jewish life, and that the
+only remedy for it was the removal of the cause through self-help and
+self-liberation. The Jewish people must become an independent nation,
+settled on the soil of their own land and leading the life of a normal
+people. Moses Hess in his "Rome and Jerusalem" classified the Jewish
+question as one of the nationalist struggles inspired by the French
+Revolution. Perez Smolenskin and E. Ben-Yehuda urged the revival of
+Hebrew and the resettlement of Palestine as the foundation for the
+rebirth of the Jewish people. Herzl was unaware of the existence of
+these works. His eyes were not directed to the problem in the same
+manner. When he wrote "The Jewish State" he was a journalist, living
+in Paris, sending his letters to the leading newspaper of Vienna, the
+_Neue Freie Presse_, and writing on a great variety of subjects. He
+was led to see Jewish life as a phenomenon in a changing world. He had
+adapted himself to a worldly outlook on all life. Through his efforts,
+the Jewish problem was raised to the higher level of an international
+question which, in his judgment, should be given consideration by
+enlightened statesmanship. He was inspired to give his pamphlet a
+title that arrested attention.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He wrote "The Jewish State" in a mood of restless agitation. His ideas
+were thrown pell-mell into the white heat of a spontaneous revelation.
+What was revealed dazzled and blinded him. Alex Bein, in his excellent
+biography, gives an intriguing description, drawn from Herzl's
+"Diaries," of how "The Jewish State" was born. It was the revelation
+of a mystic vision with flashes and overtones of prophecy. This is
+what Bein says:
+
+    "Then suddenly the storm breaks upon him. The clouds open. The
+    thunder rolls. The lightning flashes about him. A thousand
+    impressions beat upon him at the same time--a gigantic vision.
+    He cannot think; he is unable to move; he can only write;
+    breathless, unreflecting, unable to control himself or to
+    exercise his critical faculties lest he dam the eruption, he
+    dashes down his thoughts on scraps of paper--walking, standing,
+    lying down, on the street, at the table, in the night--as if
+    under unceasing command. So furiously did the cataract of his
+    thoughts rush through him, that he thought he was going out of
+    his mind. He was not working out the idea. The idea was working
+    him out. It would have been an hallucination had it not been so
+    informed by reason from first to last."
+
+Not only did the Magic Title evoke a widespread interest among the
+intellectuals of the day, but it brought Jews out of the ghettos and
+made them conscious of their origin and destiny. It made them feel
+that there was a world that might be won for their cause, hitherto
+never communicated to strangers. Through Herzl, Jews were taught not
+to fear the consequences of an international movement to demand their
+national freedom. Thereafter, with freedom, they were to speak of a
+Zionist Congress, of national funds, of national schools, of a flag
+and a national anthem, and the redemption of their land. Their spirits
+were liberated and in thought they no longer lived in ghettos. Herzl
+taught them not to hide in corners. At the First Congress he said, "We
+have nothing to do with conspiracy, secret intervention or indirect
+methods. We wish to put the question in the arena and under the
+control of free public opinion." The Jews were to be active factors in
+their emancipation and, if they wished it, what was described in "The
+Jewish State" would not be a dream but a reality.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The beginnings of the Jewish renaissance preceded the appearance of
+"The Jewish State" by several decades. In every section of Russian
+Jewry and extending to wherever the Jews clung to their Hebraic
+heritage, there was an active Zionist life. The reborn Hebrew was
+becoming an all-pervading influence. There were scores of Hebrew
+schools and academies. Hebrew journals of superior quality had a wide
+circulation. Ever since the pogroms of 1881, the ideas of Pinsker and
+Smolenskin and Gordon were discussed with great interest and deep
+understanding. There were many Zionist societies in Russia, in Poland,
+in Rumania, in Galicia and even in the United States. In "The Jewish
+State" Herzl alludes to the language of The Jewish State and passes
+Hebrew by as a manifestation of no great significance. He has a poorer
+opinion of Yiddish, the common language of Jews, which he regards as
+"the furtive language of prisoners." This was obviously an oversight.
+With the advent of Herzl, however, Zionism was no more a matter of
+domestic concern only. It was no longer internal Jewish problem only,
+not a theme for discussion only at Zionist meetings, not a problem to
+heat the spirits of Jewish writers. The problem of Jewish exile now
+occupied a place on the agenda of international affairs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Herzl was not so distant from his people as many of the Russian
+Zionists at first surmised. He was familiar with the social
+anti-Semitism of Austria and Germany. He knew of the disabilities of
+the Jews in Russia. There are many references in his feuilletons to
+matters of Jewish interest. He had read an anti-Semitic book written
+by Eugen Duehring called "The Jewish Problem as a Problem of Race,
+Morals and Culture." One of his closest friends had gone to Brazil for
+a Jewish committee to investigate the possibility of settling Jews in
+that part of South America. In 1892 he wrote an article on French
+anti-Semitism in which he considered the solution of a return to Zion
+and seemed to reject it. He wrote "The New Ghetto" two years before
+"The Jewish State" appeared. He was present at the trial of Alfred
+Dreyfus in December, 1894. He witnessed the degradation of Dreyfus and
+heard the cries of "Down with the Jews" in the streets of Paris. He
+read Edouard Drumont's anti-Semitic journal "La France Juive" and
+said, "I have to thank Drumont for much of the freedom of my present
+conception of the Jewish problem." While he was in Paris he was
+stirred as never before by the feeling that the plight of the Jews was
+a problem which would have to have the cooperation of enlightened
+statesmanship. What excited him in the strangest way was the
+unaccountable indifference of Jews themselves to what seemed to him
+the menace of the existing situation. He saw the Jews in every land
+encircled by enemies, hostility to them growing with the increase of
+their numbers. In his excitement he thought first of Jewish
+philanthropists. He sought an interview with Baron Maurice de Hirsch
+in May, 1895. He planned an address to the Rothschilds. He talked of
+his ideas to friends in literary circles. His mind was obsessed by a
+gigantic problem which gave him no rest. He was struggling to pierce
+the veils of revelation. He saw a world in which the Jewish people
+lacked a fulcrum for national action and therefore had to seek to
+create it through beneficence. He had a remarkably resourceful and
+agile imagination. He weighed ideas, balanced them, discarded them,
+reflected, reconsidered, tried to reconcile contradictions, and
+finally came to what seemed to him at the moment the synthesis of the
+issue which seemed acceptable to reason and sentiment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Obviously, "The Jewish State" was not a dogmatic finality. Most of the
+plans for settlement and migration are improvisations. The pamphlet
+was not a rigid plan or a blueprint. It was not a description of a
+Utopia, although some parts of it give that impression. It had an
+indicated destiny but was not bound by a rigid line. It was the
+illumination of a dynamic thought and followed the light with the hope
+that it might lead to fulfillment. There was room for detours and
+variations. It was to be rewritten, as he knew, not by its author but
+by the Jewish people on their way to freedom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In fact, it was revised from the moment the Zionist movement was
+organized on an international basis. The "Society of Jews" became the
+Zionist Organization, with its statutes, its procedures, its public
+excitement and controversies. "The Jewish Company" became the Bank;
+then more specifically, the Jewish Colonial Trust and later the
+Anglo-Palestine Bank. The description of the _Gestor_, which appears
+in the final chapter of the pamphlet, was never referred to again,
+but in effect it was incorporated in the idea of a state
+in-the-process-of-becoming. Its legitimate successor is the Jewish
+Agency referred to in the Mandate for Palestine. He was first led by
+the idea that the way to the charter was through the Sultan and that
+the Sultan would be influenced by Kaiser Wilhelm. But both princes
+failing him, he turned to England and Joseph Chamberlain, and came to
+the Uganda proposal. This was Herzl's one political success although
+the project was, in effect, rejected by the Zionist Congress. But
+this encounter with England was a precedent which led to much
+speculation in Zionist circles and gave a turn to Zionist thought
+away from Germany and Turkey. It served to inspire Dr. Chaim Weizman
+to make his home in England with the express purpose of seeking
+English sympathy for the Zionist ideal. The successor of Joseph
+Chamberlain was Arthur James Balfour. When Herzl opened Chamberlain's
+door, Zionism had an easier access to the England of Balfour.
+
+When Herzl first appeared on the political scene, he thought of
+courtiers and statesmen, of princes and kings. He found that they
+could not be relied upon for truth or stability. They were encircled
+by favorites and mercenaries. Enormous responsibilities rested upon
+their shoulders but they seemed to behave with regard to these
+responsibilities as if they were gamblers or amateurs. Herzl soon
+realized that these were frail reeds that would break under the
+slightest pressure. He came to put his trust in the Jewish people,
+the only real source of strength for the purpose of redemption.
+Confidence in themselves would give them power to breach their prison
+walls. His aristocratic republic had to become a movement of
+democracy. Only in "The Jewish State" will you find reference to a
+movement based upon Jews who endorse a "fixed program," and then
+become members under the "discipline" of leadership. When Herzl faced
+the First Congress, he saw that this conception of Zionism was foreign
+to the nature and character of the Jewish people. The shekel was the
+registry of a name. It led the way to the elevation of the individual
+in Zionist affairs, first as a member of a democratic army "willing"
+the fulfillment, and then settling in Palestine to become the hands
+that built the Homeland.
+
+Arrayed in the armor of democracy, the Zionist movement made the
+self-emancipation ideal of Pinsker live in the soul of Herzl. At a
+number of Congresses, in his articles in Die Welt, Herzl showed how
+that idea had become an integral part of his life, although his first
+thoughts ran in quite another direction.
+
+But his analysis of anti-Semitism and how to approach the problem
+remains true today after Hitler, as it was true then after Dreyfus.
+This was the authentic revelation that in his last days was fixed in
+his mind. The homelessness of the Jewish people must come to an end.
+That tragedy is a world problem. It is to be solved by world
+statesmanship in cooperation with the reawakened Jewish people. It is
+to be solved by the establishment of a free Jewish State in their
+historic Homeland. Herzl manifested his utter identification with the
+destiny of his own people at the Uganda Congress when he faced the
+rebellious Russian Zionists, spoke words of consolation to them and
+gave them assurances of his fealty to Zion. He died a few months
+later.
+
+"The Jewish State" was not regarded by Herzl as a piece of literature.
+It was a political document. It was to serve as the introduction to
+political action. It was to lead to the conversion of leaders in
+political life. It was to win converts to the idea of a Jewish State.
+Although a shy man at first, he did not hesitate to make his way
+through the corridors of the great and suffer the humiliations of the
+suppliant. Through that remarkable friend and Christian, the Reverend
+William H. Hechler, he met the Grand Duke of Baden; he made the rounds
+of German statesmen, Count zu Eulenburg, Foreign Minister, Von Buelow
+and Reichschancellor Hohenlohe; then he met the favorites who
+encircled Sultan Abdul Hamid and the Sultan himself. He placed the
+dramatic personae of his drama on the stage. The plan involved the
+Turkish debt, the German interest in the Orient. It involved
+stimulating the Russians and visiting the Pope. At first his political
+activities were conducted as the author of a startling pamphlet, then
+as the leader of his people. He became conscious of his leadership,
+and played his part with superb dignity. He had ease of manner and
+correct form. He created the impression of a regal personality; his
+noble appearance hid his hesitations and fears. With the Sultan he
+played the most remarkable game of diplomacy. He believed that once a
+mutual interest could be arrived at, he would be able to secure the
+funds, although at the time of speaking he had no funds at all.
+Adjusting himself to the wily Turk, he had to change and diminish his
+demands and finally, when he was dangerously near a disclosure, he was
+saved by the Sultan's transferring his interest to the French and
+obtaining his funds from them. With Kaiser Wilhelm, he soon
+appreciated the fact that he had to deal with a great theatrical
+personality who spoke of plans and purpose with great fire, but had
+no courage and whose convictions melted away in the face of
+obstacles.
+
+The world Herzl dealt with has passed away. The Turkish Empire now
+occupies a small part of the Near East. Its former provinces have now
+become "sovereign" states struggling to establish harmony between
+themselves and feeding on their animus towards the Jewish people
+returning home. The methods of diplomacy have changed. Loudness of
+speech is no longer out of order. Frankness and brutality may be
+expected at any international gathering. It is now felt as never
+before that behind political leaders, rulers, princes, statesmen, the
+people are advancing and soon will be able to push aside those who
+make of the relations of peoples a game and a gamble, a struggle for
+power, which, when achieved, dissolves into the nothingness of vanity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The Jewish State" should be regarded as one of a series of books,
+variations on the same theme, composed by the same author. The first
+was "The New Ghetto" (1894). That was a play which dealt with the
+social life of the upper class of Jews in Vienna. Then came the
+"Address to the Rothschilds." That was a memorandum which contained a
+proposal to Jewish philanthropists. "The Jewish State" was the third
+effort of an agitated mind, wavering between the projection of a
+Utopia or a thesis, and containing the political solution of the
+Jewish problem. The final variant of the original theme was the novel
+"Altneuland." Here he pictured the Promised Land as it might become
+twenty years after the beginning of the Zionist movement. In the
+interims, he played on the exciting stage of the Zionist Congresses.
+He paid court to princes and their satellites. He led in the
+organization of the Jewish Colonial Trust and the Jewish National
+Fund. He delivered political addresses and engaged in political
+controversy. He began the writing of his "Diaries" after he had
+written "The Jewish State." His whole personality is reflected in that
+remarkable book. There you see his ideas in the process of becoming
+clear. There you see his sharp reactions; the reflection of his hopes,
+his disappointments, his shifts from untenable positions to positions
+possible after defeat. There you read his penetrating analysis of the
+figures on the Zionist stage upon whom he had to rely. There you are
+made to feel his doubts, his dread of death. In the midst of life he
+felt himself encircled by the Shadow of Death. There you found the
+explanation of his great haste, why he was so anxious to bring a
+measure of practical reality to the Jewish people even if it
+necessitated a detour from the land which was becoming more and more a
+part of his hopes and desires. The "Diaries" are unrestrained and
+unstudied. They were written hurriedly in the heat of the moment. They
+reveal the making of the great personality who gave only a glimpse of
+himself in "The Jewish State." They show the writer evolving as the
+hero of a great and lasting legend. The pamphlet is one of the
+chapters in the story of his struggle to achieve in eight years what
+his people had not been able to achieve in two thousand years. He gave
+his life to write it.
+
+
+
+
+_Theodor Herzl_
+
+A BIOGRAPHY
+based on the work of
+
+_Alex Bein_
+
+
+Theodor Herzl was born on Wednesday, May 2, 1860, in the city of
+Budapest.
+
+Almost next door to his father's house was the liberal-reform temple.
+To this house of worship the little boy went regularly with his father
+on Sabbaths and Holy Days. At home, too, the essentials of the ritual
+were observed. One ceremony which Theodor learned in childhood
+remained with him; before every important event and decision he sought
+the blessing of his parents.
+
+Even stronger than these impressions, however, was the influence of
+his mother. Her education had been German through and through; there
+was not a day on which she did not slip into German literature,
+especially the classics.
+
+The Jewish world, not alien to her, did not find expression through
+her; her conscious efforts were all directed toward implanting the
+German cultural heritage in her children. Of even deeper significance
+was her sympathetic attitude toward the pride which showed early in
+her son, and her skill in transferring to him her sense of form, of
+bearing, of tactfulness and of simple grace.
+
+At about the age of twelve he read in a German book about the
+Messiah-King whom many Jews still awaited and who would come riding,
+like the poorest of the poor on an ass. The history of the Exodus and
+the legend of the liberation by the King-Messiah ran together in the
+boy's mind, inspiring in him the theme of a wonderful story which he
+sought in vain to put into literary form.
+
+A little while thereafter Herzl had the following dream: "The
+King-Messiah came, a glorious and majestic old man, took me in his
+arms, and swept off with me on the wings of the wind. On one of the
+iridescent clouds we encountered the figure of Moses. The features
+were those familiar to me out of my childhood in the statue by
+Michelangelo. The Messiah called to Moses: It is for this child that I
+have prayed. But to me he said: Go, declare to the Jews that I shall
+come soon and perform great wonders and great deeds for my people and
+for the whole world."
+
+It may be to this period (of his _Bar Mitzvah_) of reawakened Jewish
+sensitivity, of heightened responsiveness to the expectations of his
+elders, of resurgent interest in Jewish historical studies--it may be
+to this period that the dream of a dedicated life belonged. It is
+almost certain, too, that for the great event of the _Bar Mitzvah_ the
+old grandfather of Semlin came to Pest. About this time, again,
+Alkalai, that early, all-but-forgotten Zionist, passed through Vienna
+and Budapest on his final journey to Palestine. Whether or not each
+one of these circumstances had a direct effect on the boy, the whole
+complex surrounds his _Bar Mitzvah_ with the suggestion of the mission
+of his life, and, certainly, occasion was given for the awakening in
+him of the feeling of dedication to a great enterprise.
+
+The attention, energy and time which Herzl devoted to literature, at
+fifteen, his absorption in himself, his activity in the school
+literary society meant of course so much less given to his school
+work. He found no time at all for science; Jewish questions likewise
+disappeared from his interests; he was completely absorbed by German
+literary culture. This is all the more astonishing when we reflect
+that anti-Semitism continued to increase steadily. As a grown man
+Herzl could recall that one of his teachers, in defining the word
+"heathen," had said, "such as idolators, Mohammedans and Jews."
+Whether it was this incident,--as the memory of the grown man always
+insisted--which enraged him beyond endurance, or the increasingly bad
+school reports, or both circumstances together, the fact remains that
+on February 4, 1875 Herzl left the Technical School.
+
+At sixteen to eighteen in High School, he struggled to define the
+basic principles of various literary art forms in order that he might
+see more clearly what he himself wanted to say. He took an active and
+eager part in the work of the "German Self-Education Society" created
+by the students of his school. The Jewish world, whose inferior
+position always wounded his pride, and whose obstinate separatism
+seemed to him utterly meaningless, drifted further and further out of
+his mind.
+
+At eighteen, after the sudden death of his only sister, the family
+moved to Vienna where Herzl entered the University as a law student.
+Herzl, who accounted himself a liberal and an Austrian patriot,
+plunged eagerly into the activities of a large student Cultural
+Association, attended its discussions and directed its literary
+evenings. He had occasion, there, to deride certain Jewish fellow
+members who, in his view, displayed an excessive eagerness in their
+loyalty to various movements.
+
+This was the extent to which, in these days, he occupied himself with
+the Jewish question--at least externally. He concerned himself little
+or not at all with the official Jewish world which was seeking to
+submerge itself in the surrounding world. He seldom visited the
+synagogue.
+
+He was an omnivorous reader. His extraordinary knowledge of books was
+evident in his conversation, for he liked to adorn his speech with
+quotations, which came readily to his memory. Herzl read Eugen
+Duehring's book _The Jewish-Problem as a Problem of Race, Morals and
+Culture_--the first and most important effort to find a "scientific,"
+philosophic, biologic and historical basis for the anti-Semitism which
+was sweeping through Europe in those days (1881). Duehring saw the
+Jewish question as a purely racial question, and for him the Jewish
+race was without any worth whatsoever. Those peoples which, out of a
+false sentiment of humanity, had permitted the Jews to live among them
+with equal and sometimes even with superior rights, had to be
+liberated from the harmful intruder, had to be de-Judaized.
+
+The reading of this book had the effect upon him of a blow between the
+eyes. The observations set down in his diary burn with indignation:
+"An infamous book.... If Duehring, who unites so much undeniable
+intelligence with so much universality of knowledge, can write like
+this, what are we to expect from the ignorant masses?"
+
+This passionate reaction to Duehring's book shows us how deeply he had
+been moved, and how fearfully he had been shaken in his belief that
+the Jewish question was on the point of disappearing. We shall find
+echoes of this experience in the pages of the _Judenstaat_. For the
+time being, however, he shrank from the logical consequences of his
+reactions. His inner pride began to build itself up.
+
+The more immediate reaction was undoubtedly a sharpened perception and
+evaluation of his fellow-members in the Fraternity. Herzl had joined
+and been active in a duelling Fraternity. Here, too, anti-Semitism was
+breaking through; student after student expressed himself favorably
+toward the Jew-baiting speeches of Schoenerer, who was making a
+special effort to win over the universities. In the Fraternity debates
+Herzl expressed himself sharply against any open or covert
+manifestation of such sympathy. But he was already known for the
+sharpness of his tongue and the individuality of his views. Thus he
+won to himself neither the few co-religionists who belonged to the
+Fraternity nor the mass of the Germanic students.
+
+He had learned from newspaper reports that the Wagner Memorial
+meeting, in which his Fraternity had taken a part, had been
+transformed into an anti-Semitic demonstration. His Fraternity had,
+therefore, identified itself with a movement which he, as a believer
+in liberty, was bound to condemn, even if he had not been a Jew. "It
+is pretty clear that, handicapped as I am by my Semitism (the word was
+not yet known at the time of my entry), I would today refrain from
+seeking a membership which would, indeed, probably be refused me; it
+must also be clear to every decent person that under these
+circumstances I cannot wish to retain my membership." Herzl withdrew
+from the organization.
+
+On July 30, 1884, Herzl was admitted to the bar in Vienna. His student
+days were over. A new era opened for him, with its challenge to prove
+whether or not there was something in him to establish and proclaim to
+the world.
+
+In August, he entered on his law practice in the service of the state
+and was soon transferred to the court of Salzburg. Though he may at
+that time have been so far from Judaism that only pride and a decent
+respect for the feelings of his parents stood between him and baptism,
+he could not help perceiving that as a Jew he would find the higher
+levels of the civil service hierarchy closed to him. On August 5,
+1885, he withdrew from the service, determined to seek fame and
+fortune as a writer.
+
+Brimming with hope, he set out on a journey which was to be the
+introduction to his literary life. He visited Belgium and Holland and
+in Berlin made valuable connections and became a regular contributor
+to several important newspapers. Thus the range of his connections and
+relationships widened from year to year, and when he travelled again
+it was an ever-widening audience that waited for his impressions and
+observations.
+
+In a book of reprinted feuilletons of Herzl which appeared in the
+first years of his success as a journalist a total of seven or eight
+lines is devoted to Jews. His impressions of the Ghetto in Rome. "What
+a steaming in the air, what a street! Countless open doors and windows
+thronged with innumerable pallid and worn-out faces. The ghetto! With
+what base and persistent hatred these unfortunates have been
+persecuted for the sole crime of faithfulness to their religion. We've
+travelled a long way since those times: nowadays the Jew is despised
+only for having a crooked nose, or for being a plutocrat even when he
+happens to be a pauper." Pity and bitterness abound in these lines,
+but they are written by a detached spectator. He did not know how much
+of the Jew there was in him even in this feeling of remoteness from a
+world which offered him not living reality but folly.
+
+By 1892, Herzl had achieved great success as a dramatist and as a
+journalist; his plays had been performed on the stage of the leading
+theatre of Vienna and, to cap the climax, came an appointment to the
+staff of the _Neue Freie Presse_, one of the most distinguished papers
+on the continent.
+
+Early in October he received a telegram from the _Neue Freie Presse_
+asking whether he would accept the post of Paris correspondent. He
+replied at once in the affirmative, and proceeded to the French
+capital at the end of the same month. He wrote to his parents: "The
+position of Paris correspondent is the springboard to great things,
+and I shall achieve them, to your great joy, my dear beloved parents."
+
+Herzl sustained successfully the comparison with his great models and
+predecessors. In style as well as in substance his reports and
+articles were masterpieces of their kind. He came to his task with the
+equipment of a perfect feuilletonist; his style was polished and
+musical; he possessed in an exceptional degree the capacity to
+describe natural scenery in a few fine clear strokes and of hinting
+at, rather than of reproducing, a mood with a minimum of language.
+Everything was there, background, mood and development of action in
+plastic balance. It was only now, when a great opportunity provoked
+him to the highest effort, that all the lessons of the years of his
+apprenticeship built up a many-sided perfection.
+
+He threw himself seriously and diligently into the journalistic craft.
+He observed with close attention all that went on about him, and
+listened with sharpened ears. But the moment had not yet come for the
+unveiling of a mission within him. He was on the way; the process of
+preparation had begun.
+
+How, in this mood of his, could he possibly have avoided clashing with
+the Jewish question? As far back as the time of his Spanish journey,
+when he had sought healing from his domestic and spiritual torments,
+the question had presented itself to him and had cried for artistic
+expression. His call to Paris had been a welcome pretext, perhaps,
+putting off the writing of his Jewish novel--the more so as he
+probably was not ripe enough for such an undertaking. Now that he was
+in Paris, where his eyes were opened to the full range of the social
+process, he began to draw nearer in spirit to his fellow-Jews, and to
+look upon them more warmly and with less inhibition. He found them as
+difficult aesthetically as before, but he tried hard to grasp the
+essence of their character and substance, and to judge them without
+prejudice.
+
+When Herzl arrived in Paris anti-Semitism, had not--in spite of
+Drumont's exertions, and in spite of his paper, _la Libre Parole_,
+founded in 1892--achieved the dimensions of a genuine movement, nor
+was it destined to become one in the German sense. But it served as
+the focus for all kinds of discontents and resentments; it attracted
+certain serious critical spirits, too; its influence grew from day to
+day, and the position of the Jews became increasingly uncomfortable.
+
+Herzl's contact with anti-Semitism dated back to his student days,
+when it had first taken on the form of a social political movement. He
+had been aware of it as a writer, though the contact had never ripened
+into a serious inner struggle or compelled him to give utterance to
+it.
+
+Now he read Drumont, as he had read Duehring. The impression was again
+a profound one. What moved him most in the work was the totality of a
+world picture based on a considered hostility to the Jews.
+
+A ritual-murder trial was in progress in the town of Xanten, in the
+Rhineland. On August 31, 1892, Herzl, dealing with this subject as
+with all other subjects of public interest, summed up the general
+situation in a long report entitled "French anti-Semitism."
+
+By now Herzl was no longer content with a simple acceptance of the
+facts; he was looking for the deeper significance of the universal
+enmity directed against the Jews. For the world it is a lightning
+conductor. But so far it was only a flash of insight which ended in
+nothing more than a literary paradox. However, from now on it gave him
+no peace.
+
+At the turn of the year 1892-93 there came a sharp clarification in
+his ideas. He had followed closely the evasive debates in the Austrian
+Reichstag--debates which forever dodged the reality by turning the
+question into one of religion. "It is no longer--and it has not been
+for a long time--a theological matter. It has nothing whatsoever to do
+with religion and conscience," declared Herzl. "What is more, everyone
+knows it. The Jewish question is neither nationalistic nor religious.
+It is a social question."
+
+Then came the summer, 1894, and at its close Herzl took a much needed
+vacation. He spent the month of September in Baden, near Vienna, in
+the company of his fellow-feuilletonist on the _Neue Freie Presse_,
+Ludwig Speidel. Herzl has left a record of their conversation. What he
+gave Speidel was more or less what he had felt, many years before,
+after his reading of Duehring. He admitted the substance of the
+anti-Semitic accusation which linked the Jew with money; he defended
+the Jew as the victim of a long historic process for which the Jew was
+not responsible. "It is not our fault, not the fault of the Jews, that
+we find ourselves forced into the role of alien bodies in the midst of
+various nations. The ghetto, which was not of our making, bred in us
+certain anti-social qualities.... Our original character cannot have
+been other than magnificent and proud; we were men who knew how to
+face war and how to defend the state; had we not started out with such
+gifts, how could we have survived two thousand years of unrelenting
+persecution?"
+
+At that time Herzl came across the Zionist solution, and definitely
+rejected it. Discussing the novel _Femme de Claude_, by Dumas the
+younger, he says of one of its characters: "The good Jew Daniel wants
+to rediscover the homeland of his race and gather his scattered
+brothers into it. But a man like Daniel would surely know that the
+historic homeland of the Jews no longer has any value for them. It is
+childish to go in search of the geographic location of this homeland.
+And if the Jews really 'returned home' one day, they would discover
+on the next day that they do not belong together. For centuries they
+have been rooted in diverse nationalisms; they differ from each other,
+group by group; the only thing they have in common is the pressure
+which holds them together. All humiliated peoples have Jewish
+characteristics, and as soon as the pressure is removed they react
+like liberated men."
+
+The inner apotheosis was drawing nearer and nearer for Herzl. In
+October, 1894, Herzl was in the studio of the sculptor, Samuel
+Friedrich Beer, who was making a bust of him. The conversation turned
+to the Jewish question and to the growth of the anti-Semitic movement
+in Vienna, the hometown of both Herzl and Beer. It was useless for the
+Jew to turn artist and to dissociate himself from money, said Herzl.
+"The blot sticks. We can't break away from the ghetto." A great
+excitement seized Herzl, and he left the atelier, and on the way home
+the inspiration came on him like a hammerblow. What was it? The
+complete outline of a play, "like a block of basalt."
+
+With this play Herzl completed his inner return to his people. Until
+then, with all his emotional involvement in the question, he had stood
+outside it as the observer, the student, the clarifier, or even the
+defender. He had provided the world-historic background for the
+problem, he had diagnosed it and given the prognosis for the future.
+Now he was immersed in it and identified with it.
+
+He had become its spokesman and attorney, as he was spokesman and
+attorney for other victims of injustice. It was no accident that the
+hero of the play was a lawyer by vocation and avocation. For the hero
+was Herzl himself, and the transformation which unfolded in Dr. Jacob
+Samuel was the transformation which was unfolding in Theodore Herzl.
+
+He belongs utterly to the Jews; it is for them that he fights, and,
+dying, he still sees himself as the fighter for their future. What
+future Jacob Samuel foresaw for the Jews in his dying moments remained
+unclear. It would appear that Herzl himself still believed that a
+deepening of mutual understanding between Jews and non-Jews might
+bring the solution.
+
+But Herzl had travelled so much further by this time that he could not
+have in mind the "reconciliation" which would come by the capitulation
+of baptism. Indeed, the play emphasizes as a first prerequisite in
+human relations the element of self-respect. "If you become untrue to
+yourself," says the clever mother to the son, in the play, "you musn't
+complain if others become untrue to you." It was like a fresh wind
+blowing suddenly through the choking atmosphere of a lightless room.
+It was a new attitude: decent pride!
+
+It called for a frightful effort to descend from the intoxicating
+heights of creativity to the ordinary round of work. For weeks now his
+regular employment had filled Herzl with revulsion. The first reports
+of the Dreyfus trial, which appeared while he was working on his _New
+Ghetto_, therefore made no particular impression on him. It looked
+like a sordid espionage affair in which a foreign power--before long
+it was revealed that the foreign power was Germany, acting through
+Major von Schwartzkoppen--had been buying up through its agent secret
+documents of the French general staff. An officer by the name of
+Alfred Dreyfus was named as the culprit, and no one had reason to
+doubt that he was guilty, even though Drumont's _Libre Parole_ was
+exploiting the fact that the man was a Jew.
+
+But, after the degradation of Dreyfus, Herzl became more and more
+convinced of his innocence. "A Jew who, as an officer on the general
+staff, has before him an honorable career, cannot commit such a
+crime.... The Jews, who have so long been condemned to a state of
+civic dishonor, have, as a result, developed an almost pathological
+hunger for honor, and a Jewish officer is in this respect specifically
+Jewish."
+
+"The Dreyfus case," he wrote in 1899, "embodies more than a judicial
+error; it embodies the desire of the vast majority of the French to
+condemn a Jew, and to condemn all Jews in this one Jew. Death to the
+Jews! howled the mob, as the decorations were being ripped from the
+captain's coat.... Where? In France. In republican, modern, civilized
+France, a hundred years after the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
+The French people, or at any rate the greater part of the French
+people, does not want to extend the rights of man to Jews. The edict
+of the great Revolution had been revoked."
+
+Illumined thus in retrospect, the "curious excitement" which gripped
+Herzl on that occasion takes on a special significance. "Until that
+time most of us believed that the solution of the Jewish question was
+to be patiently waited for as part of the general development of
+mankind. But when a people which in every other respect is so
+progressive and so highly civilized can take such a turn, what are we
+to expect from other peoples, which have not even attained the level
+which France attained a hundred years ago?"
+
+In that fateful moment, when he heard the howling of the mob outside
+the gates of the _Ecole Militaire_, the realization flashed upon Herzl
+that anti-Semitism was deep-rooted in the heart of the people--so
+deep, indeed, that it was impossible to hope for its disappearance
+within a measurable period of time. Precisely because he was so
+sensitive to his honor as a Jew, precisely because he had proclaimed,
+in the _New Ghetto_, the ideal of human reconciliation, and had taken
+the ultimate decision to stand by his Jewishness, the ghastly
+spectacle of that winter morning must have shaken him to the depths of
+his being. It was as if the ground had been cut away from under his
+feet. In this sense Herzl could say later that the Dreyfus affair had
+made him a Zionist.
+
+He saw all about him the ever fiercer light of a blazing
+anti-Semitism. In the French Chamber of Deputies the deputy Denis made
+an interpellation on the influence of the Jews in the political
+administration of the country. In Vienna a Jewish member of the
+Reichstag rose to speak and was howled down. On April 2, 1895, were
+held the municipal elections of Vienna, and there was an enormous
+increase in the number of anti-Semitic aldermen. Changing plans passed
+tumultuously through his mind. He wanted to write a book on "The
+Condition of the Jews," consisting of reports on all the important
+Jewish colonization enterprises in Russia, Galicia, Hungary, Bohemia,
+the Orient, and those more recently founded in Palestine, about which
+he had heard from a relative. Alphonse Daudet, the famous French
+author with whom he had discussed the whole matter, felt that Herzl
+ought to write a novel; it would carry further than a play. "Look at
+_Uncle Tom's Cabin_."
+
+He returned to his former plan of a Jewish novel which he had
+abandoned when he was called to his assignment on the _Neue Freie
+Presse_ in Paris. His friend Kana, the suicide, was no longer to be
+the central figure. He was instead to be "the weaker one, the beloved
+friend of the hero," and would take his own life after a series of
+misfortunes, while the Promised Land was being discovered or rather
+founded. When the hero aboard the ship which was taking him to the
+Promised Land would receive the moving farewell letter of his friend,
+his first reaction after his horror would be one of rage: "Idiot!
+Fool! Miserable hopeless weakling! A life lost which belonged to us!"
+
+We can see the Zionist idea arising. Its outlines are still
+indefinite, but the decisive idea is clearly visible; only by
+migration can this upright human type be given its chance to emerge.
+In _The New Ghetto_ Jacob Samuel is a hero because he knows how to
+choose an honorable death. Now the death of a useful man is criminally
+wasteful. For there are great tasks to be undertaken.
+
+In essence it is the Act and not the Word that confronts us. What last
+impulse it was that actually carried Herzl from the Word to the Act it
+will be difficult to tell--he himself could not have given the answer.
+Little things may play a dramatic role not less effectively than great
+ones when a man is so charged with purpose as Herzl then was.
+
+In the early days of May, Herzl addressed to Baron de Hirsch (the
+sponsor of Jewish colonization in Argentina), the letter which opens
+his Jewish political career. His request for an interview was granted.
+Herzl prepared an outline of his position in notes, lest he omit
+something important during their conversation.
+
+In these notes he writes: "If the Jews are to be transformed into men
+of character in a reasonable period of time, say ten or twenty years,
+or even forty--the interval needed by Moses--it cannot be done without
+migration. Who is going to decide whether conditions are bad enough
+today to warrant our migration? And whether the situation is hopeless?
+And the Congress which you (i.e. Hirsch) have convened for the first
+of August in a hotel in Switzerland? You will preside over this
+Congress of notables. Your call will be heard and answered in every
+part of the world.
+
+"And what will be the message given to the men assembled 'You are
+pariahs! You must forever tremble at the thought that you are about
+to be deprived of your rights and stripped of your possessions. You
+will be insulted when you walk in the street. If you are poor, you
+suffer doubly. If you are rich, you must conceal the fact. You are not
+admitted to any honorable calling, and if you deal in money you are
+made the special focus of contempt.... The situation will not change
+for the better, but rather for the worse.... There is only way out:
+into the Promised Land.'"
+
+Where the Promised Land was to be located, how it was to be acquired,
+is not yet mentioned. Herzl does not seem to have thought this
+question of decisive significance; it was a scientific matter. It was
+the organization of the migration which held his attention, the
+political preparations among the Powers, the preliminary changes to be
+brought about among the masses by training, by "tremendous propaganda,
+the popularization of the idea through newspapers, books, pamphlets,
+lectures, pictures, songs."
+
+On the day of his conversation with Baron de Hirsch, Herzl wrote him a
+long letter in which he sought to supplement the information and
+impressions which had been the result of the meeting. "Please believe
+me, the political life of an entire people--particularly when that
+people is scattered throughout the entire world--can be set in motion
+only with imponderables floating high in the air. Do you know what the
+German Reich sprang from? From dreams, songs, fantasies, and
+gold-black bands worn by students. And that in a brief period of time.
+What? You do not understand imponderables? And what is religion?
+Bethink yourself what the Jews have endured for two thousand years for
+the sake of this fantasy....
+
+"The exodus to the Promised Land presents itself as a tremendous
+enterprise in transportation, unparalleled in the modern world. What
+transportation? It is a complex of all human enterprises which we
+shall fit Into each other like cog-wheels. And in the very first
+stages of the enterprise we shall find employment for the ambitious
+younger masses of our people: all the engineers, architects,
+technologists, chemists, doctors, and lawyers, those who have emerged
+in the last thirty years from the ghetto and who have been moved by
+the faith that they can win their bread and a little honor outside the
+framework of our Jewish business futilities. Today they must be filled
+with despair, they constitute the foundation of a frightful
+over-educated proletariat. But it is to these that all my love
+belongs, and I am just as set on increasing their number as you are
+set on diminishing it. It is in them that I perceive the latent power
+of the Jewish people. In brief, my kind."
+
+In this letter of June 3, 1895, Herzl for the first time imparted his
+new Jewish policy to a stranger. The writing down of his views, as
+well as his conversation on the subject, had had a stronger effect on
+himself than on Hirsch. He had obtained a clear vision of the new and
+revolutionary character of his proposals. On the same day or shortly
+thereafter he began a diary under the title of _The Jewish Question_.
+
+"For some time now, I have been engaged upon a work of indescribable
+greatness. I do not know yet whether I shall carry it through. It has
+assumed the aspect of some mighty dream. But days and weeks have
+passed since it has filled me utterly, it has overflown into my
+unconscious self, it accompanies me wherever I go, it broods above all
+my commonplace conversation, it peeps over my shoulder at the comical
+little journalistic work which I must carry out. It disturbs and
+intoxicates me."
+
+Then suddenly the storm breaks upon him. The clouds open, the thunder
+rolls and the lightning flashes about him. A thousand impressions beat
+upon him simultaneously, a gigantic vision. He cannot think, he cannot
+act, he can only write; breathless, unreflecting, unable to control
+himself, unable to exercise the critical faculty lest he dam the
+eruption, he dashes down his thoughts on scraps of paper--"Walking,
+standing, lying down, in the street, at table, in the night," as if
+under unceasing command.
+
+And then doubts rise up from the depths. He dines with well-to-do,
+educated, oppressed people who confront the question of anti-Semitism
+in a state of complete helplessness: "They do not suspect it, but they
+are ghetto-natures, quiet, decent, timid. That is what most of us are.
+Will they understand the call to freedom and to manhood? When I left
+them my spirits were very low. Again, my plan appeared to me to be
+crazy." Then at once he comes to "Today I am again as firm as steel."
+He notes the next morning. "The flabbiness of the people I met
+yesterday gives me all the more grounds for action."
+
+Clearer and clearer becomes the picture which he has of himself and of
+his task in the history of his people. "I picked up once again the
+torn thread of the tradition of our people. I lead it into the
+Promised Land."
+
+"The Promised Land, where we can have hooked noses, black or red
+beards, and bow legs, without being despised for it; where we can live
+at last as free men on our own soil, and where we can die peacefully
+in our own fatherland. There we can expect the award of honor for
+great deeds, so that the offensive cry of 'Jew!' may become an
+honorable appellation, like German, Englishman, Frenchman--in brief,
+like all civilized peoples; so that we may be able to form our state
+to educate our people for the tasks which at present still lie beyond
+our vision. For surely God would not have kept us alive so long if
+there were not assigned to us a specific role in the history of
+mankind." He adds: "The Jewish state is a world need." He draws the
+logical consequence for himself: "I believe that for me life has ended
+and world history begun."
+
+He let the first storm pass over him, yielding to its imperious will,
+making no effort to stem its fury lest he interrupt the inspiration.
+When it had had its way with him, he took hold of himself again, and
+gathered up his energies for the effort to reconstruct everything
+logically and in ordered fashion. He was afraid that death might come
+upon him before he had succeeded in reducing to transferable form his
+historic vision. Thus, in the course of five days, he added to his
+diary a sixty-five page pamphlet--in effect the outline of _Der
+Judenstaat_--which he called: _Address to the Rothschilds_.
+
+In the address he writes, "I have the solution to the Jewish question.
+I know it sounds mad; and at the beginning I shall be called mad more
+than once--until the truth of what I am saying is recognized in all
+its shattering force."
+
+He wrote to Bismarck asking for an interview in order to submit his
+plan for a solution to the Jewish problem but he received no reply.
+
+He wrote to Rabbi Gudemann, Chief Rabbi of Vienna, the occasion being
+the anti-Jewish excesses which had occurred in Vienna. "This plan ...
+is a reserve against more evil days."
+
+Herzl, in his first visit to England, met and talked with Israel
+Zangwill, the novelist, whom he impressed without quite winning him
+over. But Zangwill made it possible for him to meet more than a few
+prominent, influential Jews of whom he made immediate converts. None
+of them wanted to know anything about the Argentine, and on this point
+the practical men were united with the dreamers: Palestine alone came
+into the picture for a national concentration of the Jews.
+
+After his experiences in England, Herzl resolved to present his plan
+to the public at large. The _Address to the Rothschilds_ which was the
+first complete writing of his plan, forged in the heat of inspiration
+was thoroughly reworked and emerged as his great book _Der
+Judenstaat_. Its title was: _The Jewish State: An Attempt at a Modern
+Solution of the Jewish Problem. Der Judenstaat_ may properly be called
+Herzl's life work; his philosophy of the world, his views on the
+state, on the Jewish people, on science and technology, as we have
+seen them developing to this, his thirty-fifth year are concentrated
+in the book.
+
+The "Jewish State" was published in an edition of three thousand. It
+was read by small circles in various European capitals. It was sent to
+leading personalities in the press and political circles. It was soon
+translated into several languages. Herzl received many letters from
+authors and statesmen in which the work was praised. But the general
+German press, especially the Jewish-controlled press, took a negative
+attitude. A number of journalists alluded to the adventurer who would
+like to become Prime Minister or King of the Jews. No mention of the
+"Jewish State" appeared in the Neue Freie Presse, then or ever. The
+Algemeine Zeitung of Vienna said that Zionism was a madness born of
+despair, The Algemeine Zeitung of Munich described it as a fantastic
+dream of a feuilletonist whose mind had been unhinged by Jewish
+enthusiasm.
+
+It was upon the Jewish masses that Herzl made a tremendous impression.
+He dawned upon Jews of Eastern Europe as a mystic figure rising out of
+the past. Little was known of his pamphlet, for it was kept out of the
+country by censorship in Russia. Only its title got their attention
+and the stories told of Herzl--the Western Jew returning to his
+people--gripped their hearts and stirred their imagination. He was
+greeted by one of the Galician Zionist societies as the leader who,
+like Moses, had returned from Midian to liberate the Jews. Max Nordau,
+that devastating critic of art and literature, was swept off his feet
+and described the pamphlet as a revelation, Richard Beer Hoffman, the
+poet, wrote to Herzl saying "At last there comes again a man, who does
+not carry his Judaism with resignation as if it were a burden or a
+misfortune, but is proud to be the legal heir of an immemorial
+culture."
+
+It became clear to Herzl that he would have to take an active part in
+the task he had set forth in "The Jewish State." He no longer felt
+that he stood alone. He was not inclined to appear on a public
+platform. He had the shyness of the man who had always written what he
+had to say. He also felt that it would do more harm than good if his
+ideas were to be obscured by his personal presence. Through
+correspondence he set in motion Zionist activities--in London, in
+Paris, in Berlin, in the United States. The amount of letter-writing
+he developed was enormous.
+
+He decided that there were three tasks to be undertaken at once. The
+first was the organization of the Society of Jews. The second was to
+continue diplomatic work in Constantinople and among interested
+Powers. The third was the creation of a press to influence public
+opinion and to prepare the Jewish masses for the great migration.
+
+Through the Rev. Hechler, a chaplain of the British Embassy in Vienna,
+who believed in the Jewish return to the Holy Land, Herzl was
+introduced to the Grand Duke of Baden, a Christian of great piety and
+influence in political circles.
+
+Herzl intended to use the influence of the Germans to affect the
+Sultan and make him more sympathetic to Zionist proposals. Herzl told
+the Grand Duke that he would like to have Zionism included within the
+cultural sphere of German interests. The Grand Duke said that the
+Kaiser seemed inclined to take Jewish migration under German
+protection. The great powers were interested in maintaining certain
+extra territorial rights within the Turkish Empire. If they had
+nationals in any part of the Empire, they claimed the right to protect
+them over and above Turkish law. It was, therefore, not the Kaiser's
+interest in the Jews, but in extending German jurisdiction within the
+Turkish Empire that persuaded him to suggest the adoption of Jews in
+Palestine for that purpose. Germany had a special relationship to
+Turkey. Most of the western powers were openly discussing the
+impending partition of the Turkish Empire, but Germany was opposed to
+it.
+
+Herzl was told that the Kaiser was prepared to see him at the head of
+a delegation when he visited Palestine, but Herzl was anxious to see
+the Kaiser without delay. He suggested an audience before the trip to
+Palestine in order that the Kaiser might be in a position to discuss
+the Jewish question with the Sultan. The Grand Duke advised Herzl to
+see Count Philip Zu Eulenberg, the German Ambassador at Vienna. Herzl
+was given an opportunity to see Count Eulenberg in Vienna. Herzl told
+him that he wanted His Imperial Majesty to persuade the Sultan to open
+negotiations with the Jews.
+
+The Count passed Herzl over to the German Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+Von Buelow, who happened to be in Vienna at the same time. Van Buelow
+knew a great deal about the Zionist movement. He said that the
+difficulty lay in persuading the Sultan to deal with the Jews. He felt
+certain that the Sultan could be impressed if he was properly advised
+by the Kaiser. A week later Herzl was informed of the Kaiser's
+inclination to take the Jews of Palestine under his protection, and
+repeated that he would like to see Herzl at the head of a delegation
+in Jerusalem, later on.
+
+Herzl was afraid of going further in this direction without having in
+existence the financial instrument without which neither negotiations
+nor colonization could be carried on. Herzl urged David Wolffsohn and
+Jacobus Kahn to proceed with the utmost speed to incorporate the
+Jewish Colonial Trust. He foresaw the possibility that a demand might
+be made at any time to show the color of his money. Although the
+affairs of the Bank were in the hands of Wolffsohn and Kahn, Herzl
+himself worried over every detail, urging and driving and complaining
+about the slowness of the action. On March 28, 1899 the subscription
+lists were opened. Herzl's expectations were not fulfilled. Only about
+200,000 shares had been sold, three-quarters of them in Russia. The
+Bank could not be opened until it had at least 250,000 paid-up shares.
+After a great deal of effort, the minimum was finally obtained and the
+Trust was officially opened in time for the opening of the third
+Congress in August, 1899.
+
+Herzl addressed a mass meeting in London in October, 1899, under Dr.
+Gastner's chairmanship. In his address at this meeting, Herzl said
+that he believed the time was not far off when the Jewish people would
+be set in motion. He asked the audience to accept his word even if he
+could not speak more definitely. "When I return to you again," he
+said, "we shall, I hope, be still further on our path." At this
+meeting Father Ignatius, a Catholic believer in Zionism, referred to
+Herzl "as a new Joshua who had come to fulfill the words of the
+Prophet Ezekiel." The effect produced upon the audience was not useful
+to Herzl's purposes at that time. He had always tried to discourage
+the impression of himself as a Messianic figure. The meeting in London
+was the only occasion where he lost his self-mastery in public.
+
+When Herzl met the Foreign Minister, Von Buelow, again, it was in the
+presence of the Reich Chancellor, Hohenlohe. At once he perceived a
+different nuance in the conversation and a dissonance in comparison
+with the conversation he had had with Count Eulenberg. He thought that
+the Chancellor and the Foreign Minister were not in agreement with the
+Kaiser and did not dare to say it openly; or, on the other hand, they
+might be favorably inclined but would not be willing to say it to him.
+
+Finally, Herzl saw the Kaiser in Constantinople. After Herzl had
+introduced the subject of his visit, the Kaiser broke in and explained
+why the Zionist movement attracted him.
+
+"There are among your people," said the Kaiser, "certain elements whom
+it would be a good thing to move to Palestine."
+
+He asked Herzl to submit, in advance, the address he intended to
+present to him in Jerusalem. When he was asked what the Kaiser should
+place before the Sultan as the gist of the Jewish proposals, Herzl
+replied "a chartered company under German protection."
+
+Herzl met the Kaiser, as arranged, in Palestine. Herzl arrived in
+Jaffa on October 6, 1898. On a Friday morning, he awaited the coming
+of the Kaiser and his entourage on the road that ran by the Colony of
+Mikveh Israel. The Kaiser recognized him from a distance. He said a
+few words about the weather, about the lack of water in Palestine, and
+that it was a land that had a future.
+
+In the petition Herzl later submitted to the Kaiser, many of the
+pregnant passages were deleted by the Kaiser's advisers. All passages
+that referred specifically to the aims of the Zionist movement, to the
+desperate need of the Jewish people and asking for the Kaiser's
+protection of a projected Jewish land company for Syria and Palestine,
+had been removed. The audience with the Kaiser took place on Monday,
+November 2nd. The Kaiser thanked Herzl for the address which, he said,
+had interested him extremely. It was the Kaiser's opinion that the
+soil was cultivable. What the land lacked was water and shade.
+
+"That we can supply," said Herzl. "It would cost billions, but it will
+bring in billions too."
+
+"Well, you certainly have enough money, more than all of us," said the
+Kaiser.
+
+It was a brief interview. It was vague and seemed to lead nowhere.
+Herzl was under the impression that certain influences had been
+exerted between the interview in Constantinople and the audience in
+Jerusalem.
+
+When the official German communique was issued, the encounter with
+Herzl was hid in a closing paragraph and deprived of all significance.
+This is how it read:
+
+"Later the Kaiser received the French Consul, also a Jewish deputation
+which presented him with an album of pictures of the Jewish colonies
+in Palestine. In reply to an address by the leader of the deputation,
+His Majesty remarked he viewed with benevolent interest all efforts
+directed to the improvement of agriculture in Palestine as long as
+these accorded with the welfare of the Turkish Empire and were
+conducted in a spirit of complete respect for the sovereignty of the
+Sultan."
+
+It was a sudden descent from hope into a closed road. Herzl refused to
+be discouraged. It was hard for him to realize that the Kaiser's
+enthusiasm in Constantinople could have cooled off so quickly in
+Jerusalem, but it seemed that there was no way to continue contact
+with the people he had interested in Germany. He tried to pick up the
+broken threads, but, once broken, they could not be revived. The Grand
+Duke of Baden remained ever constant and loyal, but he could do
+nothing. Herzl never saw the Kaiser again. In a letter to the Grand
+Duke, closing this chapter of Zionist history, Herzl said:
+
+"I can only assume that a hope especially dear to me has faded away
+and that we shall not achieve our Zionist goal under a German
+protectorate."
+
+At about the same time, Herzl met Philip Michael Von Nevlinski, a
+descendant of a long line of Polish noblemen who had entered the
+diplomatic service and became a diplomatic agent-at-large and a French
+journalist. In the first stages, Nevlinski guided Herzl in all the
+work he did in Constantinople. When Herzl came to Constantinople in
+June, 1896 he was under the impression that Nevlinski had already
+arranged an audience with the Sultan. It was not so easy, however. But
+whether such an audience had been arranged or not, Herzl was able to
+meet, a number of highly-placed Turkish officials, including the Grand
+Vizier. At first, the line of action was not clear, but by now Herzl
+had formulated his proposals to the Sultan.
+
+Ever since the middle of the nineteenth century, Turkish finances had
+been in a shocking condition. The Empire was being badly managed. The
+Sultan was regarded as "the sick man of Europe." In 1891 the total
+external debt, including unpaid interest, reached the figure of two
+hundred and fifty-three million pounds sterling. In 1881 there was a
+consolidation of the debt. It was reduced to one hundred and six
+million pounds, but the finances of Turkey were placed under the
+control of a committee representing the creditors, to whom was
+transferred certain domestic Turkish monopolies and the collection of
+several categories of taxes. This enabled the European powers to
+intervene in the affairs of Turkey. Only by the removal of this
+foreign tutelage could Turkey hope to regain its independence. It was
+to achieve this end, Herzl thought, that the Jews, and the Jews alone,
+could be useful. For this service, he intended to ask for a Jewish
+State in Palestine. Herzl followed this line until finally the need
+for refunding the Turkish debt disappeared.
+
+But at this time Herzl was not able to obtain an audience with the
+Sultan. Nevlinski reported that such an audience had been refused
+because the Sultan declined to discuss sovereignty over Palestine.
+Doubt was expressed as to the accuracy of the report. Whatever the
+fact may be, the first venture of Herzl in Constantinople was not
+successful.
+
+Herzl moved along the lines that led to Constantinople and Berlin, but
+he did not overlook the importance of maintaining contact with Jewish
+philanthropies. A letter sent to the Baron de Hirsch came a day after
+his death.
+
+Herzl went to London where matters had been arranged for him to meet
+the leaders of British Jewry. He met Claude Montefiore and Frederick
+Mocatte, representatives of the Anglo-Jewish Association. They were
+not sympathetic. Herzl fared no better at a banquet given to him by
+the Maccabbeans. The personal impression Herzl made was profound. But
+there was no practical issue nor did he make any progress during the
+time he spent in England. He got Sir Samuel Montagu and Colonel
+Goldsmith to agree to cooperate with him in an endeavor to establish a
+vassal Jewish State under the sovereignty of Turkey if the Powers
+would agree; provided, the Baron de Hirsch Fund placed L10,000,000 at
+his disposal for the plan; and Baron Edmund de Rothschild became a
+member of the Executive Committee of the proposed Society of Jews.
+These conditions were fantastic at that time and Herzl could not meet
+them.
+
+He went to Paris and had a talk with Baron Edmund. Baron Edmund was
+older than Herzl and felt ill at ease in the presence of a calm critic
+of all he had done for Jewish colonization in Palestine. Herzl made
+the impression on him of an undisciplined enthusiast. Baron Edmund did
+not believe it possible to create political conditions favorable for a
+mass immigration of Jews. Even if that could be done, an uncontrolled
+mass immigration into Palestine would have the effect of landing tens
+of thousands of Jews to be fed and looked after by the small Jewish
+community in Palestine. He clung to his idea of slow colonization
+attracting no attention and careful not to provoke hostility. Every
+reply of Herzl fell upon a closed mind. Baron Edmund's refusal to
+cooperate was decisive.
+
+This was a decision of historic significance. It turned Herzl away
+from the thought that the Zionist movement should be built upon the
+support of Jewish philanthropy. All his hopes in this connection were
+dissolved by the contacts he had made in London and in Paris. Baron
+Edmund's refusal to cooperate carried with it the refusal of the Baron
+de Hirsch Fund and of the circle of leading Jews in London.
+
+Reluctantly, Herzl came to the conclusion that there was only one
+reply to this situation. The Jewish masses must be organized for the
+support of the Zionist movement.
+
+The organization he had in mind was not a popular democratic
+organization. What he meant was to assemble the upper "cadres" to take
+charge of the organization of the masses for the great migration. At
+the same time, he wanted to prove to the philanthropists that a
+popular organization was possible. He felt that they would be greatly
+influenced by the development of a widespread popular movement.
+Whatever his thoughts were at that time, his decision to turn to the
+Jewish masses, to abandon reliance upon the wealthy led to the
+organization of the modern Zionist movement.
+
+He organized his followers in Vienna. He was the center of a circle in
+which were included the men who later became the members of the first
+Zionist Actions Committee. In November 1896 he, for the first time,
+addressed a public meeting in Vienna. In this address he did not use
+the term "The Jewish State," nor did he use it in most of his public
+utterances at that time. He had become cautious. He did not want to
+prejudice his political work in Constantinople.
+
+He was still thinking of issuing a newspaper, but there were no funds
+for that purpose. The report that he intended to issue a newspaper
+drew the attention of a number of personalities and groups in Berlin.
+There were the Russian Jewish students, led by Leo Motzkin, and a
+group called "Young Israel," headed by Reinrich Loewe. A conference
+was held on March 6 and 7, 1897, called by Dr. Osias Thon Willy Bambus
+and Nathan Birnbaum. They had come together to talk about a newspaper
+but the First Zionist Congress was launched at this meeting Herzl's
+proposal for the calling of a General Zionist Conference in Munich was
+agreed to. In the preliminary announcement of the calling of this
+Conference or Congress, Herzl said:
+
+"The Jewish question must be removed from the control of the
+benevolent individual. There must be created a forum before which
+everyone acting for the Jewish people should appear and to which he
+should be responsible."
+
+Every one of Herzl's ideas was met by protests and public excitement.
+The protests were usually launched by Jews. The calling of the
+Congress aroused a great deal of indignation in conservative circles.
+The Rabbis of Germany protested not only to the holding of the
+Congress but also the choice of Munich.
+
+The Congress controversy persuaded Herzl to begin the publication of
+the weekly Die Welt. The first issue appeared on June 4, 1897, Herzl
+provided the funds. The journal was something new in Jewish life. It
+was, in fact, the organ of the Congress. Throughout Herzl's life, Die
+Welt served as the exponent of his ideas. At first, Herzl contributed
+numerous articles. He sent in a regular weekly review of all
+activities connected with the movement. He was responsible for many
+unsigned articles and notices. He directed the paper in all its
+details, although he refused to figure as its official editor and
+publisher. The amount of work he did during the months preceding the
+Congress was amazing. He was completely absorbed in every aspect of
+the Congress. The man of the pen revealed himself as a first-class man
+of action.
+
+On August 29, 1897, the First Zionist Congress was assembled, not in
+Munich but in Basle, Switzerland. The majority of the delegates to the
+First Zionist Congress, drawn to Basle from all parts of the world,
+saw Herzl for the first time. The total number of delegates at the
+first session was 197.
+
+The first act of the Congress was the adoption of a resolution of
+thanks to the Sultan of Turkey. Then Herzl rose and walked over to the
+pulpit. It was no longer the elegant Dr. Herzl of Vienna, it was no
+longer the easy-going literary man, the critic, the feuilletonist. As
+one reporter said: "It was a scion of the House of David, risen from
+among the dead, clothed in legend and fantasy and beauty." The first
+words uttered by Herzl were: "We are here to lay the foundation stone
+of the house which is to shelter the Jewish nation." "We Zionists," he
+stressed, "seek for the solution of the Jewish question, not an
+international society, but an international discussion.... We have
+nothing to do with conspiracy, secret intervention or indirect
+methods. We wish to place the question under the control of free
+public opinion."
+
+His First Congress address contained the ideas which he had already
+expressed in previous speeches and articles, but there was a great
+difference between the views in "The Jewish State" and the address
+delivered at the first session of the Zionist Congress. The latter is
+the carefully considered public statement of one who knew he
+represented tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, of
+followers. His words were not those of a seer, but of a statesman.
+Almost as profound was the effect produced. It was at this Congress
+that the Basle Program was adopted.... "Zionism seeks to secure for
+the Jewish people a publicly recognized, legally secured home (or
+homeland) in Palestine."
+
+The second important task of the First Congress was the creation of an
+organization. The Congress was declared to be "the chief organ of the
+Zionist movement." The basis of electoral right was to be the payment
+of a shekel, which at that time was equivalent to twenty-five cents.
+There was to be an Executive Committee with its permanent seat in
+Vienna. Everything which was to unfold later in Zionism, both in the
+way of affirmative forces and inner contradictions, was already
+visible or latent in the first Congress. There was discussion of a
+bank, of a land redemption fund to be called The National Fund, the
+creation of a Hebrew University, and the clashes between practical and
+political Zionism.
+
+On his return to Vienna, Herzl made the following entry in his diary:
+"If I were to sum up the Basle Congress in a single phrase I would
+say: In Basle I created the Jewish State. Were I to say this aloud I
+would be greeted by universal laughter. But perhaps five years hence,
+in any case, certainly fifty years hence, everyone will perceive it.
+The state exists as essence in the will-to-the-state of a people, yes,
+even in that will in a single powerful person.... The territory is
+only the concrete basis, and the state itself, with a territory
+beneath it, is still in the nature of an abstract thing ... In Basle I
+created the abstraction which, as such, is invisible to the great
+majority."
+
+All that Herzl did in the political field--his conversations in
+Constantinople, his interview with the Grand Duke of Baden in advance
+of the holding of the First Congress, was undertaken as author of a
+political pamphlet. He was now aware of the fact that he was called
+upon to act as President of the World Zionist Organization. It was
+difficult to draw a line between the movement and its leader. Herzl
+insisted that his leadership in the movement was impersonal and that
+now its direction was vested in its instruments--the Congress and the
+Actions Committee. But he had all the authority of an accepted leader.
+
+The evolution of Herzl's conception of the Jewish problem since he saw
+the degradation of Dreyfus can be measured by a study of the articles
+he wrote after the First Congress. He himself was quite aware of the
+transformation. He had seen the Jewish people face to face. "Brothers
+have found each other again," he said. He wrote with great
+appreciation of the quality of the Russian delegates. He said, "They
+possess that inner unity which has disappeared from among the
+westerners. They are steeped in Jewish national sentiment without
+betraying any national narrowness and intolerance. They are not
+tortured by the idea of assimilation. They do not assimilate into
+other nations, but exert themselves to learn the best in other
+peoples. In this way they manage to remain erect and genuine. Looking
+on them, we understood where our forefathers got the strength to
+endure through the bitterest times."
+
+Immediately after the First Congress, Herzl grappled with his second
+task, the creation of the Jewish Colonial Bank. He wrote of the bank
+in _Die Welt_ in November, 1898, "The task of the Colonial Bank is to
+eliminate philanthropy. The settler on the land who increases its
+value by his labor merits more than a gift. He is entitled to credit.
+The prospective bank could therefore begin by extending the needed
+credits to the colonists; later it would expand into the instrument
+for the bringing in of Jews and would supply credits for
+transportation, agriculture, commerce and construction."
+
+The seat of the bank was to be London. There were to be two billion
+shares at L1 each. The bank was to be directed by men acquainted with
+banking affairs, but the movement would be placed in a position to
+control its policy. The hopes of Herzl grew from week to week. As he
+approached the practical situation he became less and less confident
+of the cooperation of men of wealth. Differences arose in the
+preliminary discussions as to the scope of the bank. In the first
+draft of the Articles of Incorporation the Orient alone was named as
+the area of work for the bank. Menachem Ussishkin insisted that the
+words "Syria and Palestine" should be substituted. After a great deal
+of discussion, the proposals for the formation of the bank were
+brought to the second Zionist Congress and the Articles of
+Incorporation, as amended, were adopted by acclamation.
+
+Herzl clung to the idea which had come to him when he was thinking of
+the Jewish State as a pamphlet, that it might be better for him to
+write a novel. The impulse to write such a novel became irresistible
+after his visit to Palestine. It was to be called "Altneuland." He
+began to write it in 1899. It was completed in April 1902, and
+published six months later. It is remarkable that he could write such
+a novel while engaged in varied political activities in
+Constantinople, in London and in Berlin; and while he had to deal with
+the many troublesome internal Zionist problems.
+
+"Altneuland" was a novel with a purpose. It described the Palestine of
+the near future as it would develop through the Zionist Movement. It
+had the weaknesses of every propaganda novel. The entire work has
+something of the state about it and proceeds in the form of scenes
+rather than by way of narrative. Each type has a specific outlook.
+Most of the characters are portraits of living personalities. It was
+his purpose to memorialize his friends and his opponents.
+
+"Altneuland" tells of a Jew who visits Palestine in 1898 and then
+comes again in 1923 when he finds the Promised Land developed under
+Jewish influence. Its territory lies East and West of the Jordan. The
+dead land of 1898 is now thoroughly alive. Its real creators were the
+irrigation engineers. Technology had given a new form to labor, a new
+social and economic system had been created which is described as
+"mutualistic," a huge cooperative, a mediate form between
+individualism and collectivism. Haifa had become a world city. Around
+the Holy City of Jerusalem, modern suburbs had arisen, shaded
+boulevards and parks, institutes of learning, places of amusement,
+markets--"a world city in the spirit of the twentieth century." In
+this new land, the Arabs live side by side in friendship with the
+Jews.
+
+"Altneuland" did not produce the effect Herzl had expected. Within the
+Zionist Movement it did more harm than good. Many of Herzl's friends
+were disappointed that the novel should have so little of the Jewish
+spirit. It ignored the Hebraic renaissance. The novel evoked the
+sharpest criticism from Achad Haam.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While Herzl was immersed in political action, visiting European
+capitals, carrying on correspondence with leading persons whose
+interest in Zionism he had engaged, and submitting reports to the
+Zionist Congress or to the Actions Committee, often facing critical
+situations in his struggle with growing Zionist parties, the Zionist
+Organization was gradually becoming an accepted institution in Jewish
+life. It was the international sounding board for the discussion of
+the Jewish question. The Jewish National Fund was founded at the
+Fourth Congress held in London in 1900. The Jewish Colonial Trust was
+finally established with headquarters in London.
+
+The first Zionist party in the Congress was the Democratic faction led
+by Leo Motzkin, but soon there were added the Mizrachi party and the
+beginnings of a labor party. Not only Dr. Nordau's stirring addresses,
+but many controversies "made" Congresses. The cultural issue was a
+Congress perennial. Many discussions also took place around what was
+called the issue of "practical" and "political" Zionism. The Russians,
+under the leadership of Ussishkin, were all heartily against the
+"charter" emphasis and drove with maddening persistence for immediate
+work in Palestine. In the course of these debates, continued over the
+years, the Congress became a forum for the discussion of international
+Jewish problems and developed speakers and theorists of varying
+degrees of talent. It also produced men with hobbies. The Jewish
+National Fund and the Hebrew University was the hobby of Dr. Herman
+Schapiro. Colonization in Cyprus was the hobby of Davis Trietsch, who
+created many scenes on the floor of the Congress. Dr. Chaim Weizmann
+was not only a leader of the Democratic faction, crossing swords time
+and again with Herzl, but devoted much time and thought to the idea of
+a Hebrew University. The procedure of the Congress, based on
+Continental models, was gradually worked out and became fixed, and
+many of the delegates were adepts in the art of procedural sparring.
+The language in Congresses used during Herzl's life was German, but
+gradually the imperfect use of German by East European Zionists led to
+the development of what was called "Congress German." This was a form
+of German that was easy to use, because respect for grammar and
+pronunciation was not required.
+
+During the Congresses Herzl maintained throughout the role of leader
+and moderator. His manner was gracious and he never lost his sense of
+dignity. He was capable of sharp retort, but always bore in mind that
+it was high duty to hold a balance and to seek compromise rather than
+sharp division. He developed it in a most remarkable way on the
+platform. His appearances were dramatic. His interventions were
+arresting. The man of the writing desk developed as one of the ablest
+in the parliamentary arts. After some of the Congresses he had to
+retire to a health resort, having exhausted his strength and bringing
+on a recurrence of his heart trouble. On a number of occasions his
+close friends feared for his life. But after a few weeks of rest he
+usually returned stronger than before and with greater determination
+to pursue his course, regardless of the consequences to himself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At this point it is important to refer to his family life. He had
+married Julie Naschauer on July 25, 1889. She was the daughter of
+wealthy parents and grew up in a conventional social circle. When she
+married Herzl he was already a rising young author who was highly
+regarded among those with whom she associated. He was attractive,
+aristocratic in bearing, a keen conversationalist and had all the
+qualities of being a conventional partner of a conventional wife. But
+Herzl threw himself into Zionist affairs with such tremendous dynamic
+activity and was so completely absorbed in the idea which his thinking
+had given birth to, that except for occasional interim periods, his
+family played a secondary part in his life ever after he had taken up
+the Jewish problems his special task in life. Julie Herzl also
+suffered by reason of Herzl's devotion to his own mother. Herzl never
+rid himself of his filial dependence which made it very hard for his
+wife to understand. They had three children. In 1890 a daughter was
+born and named Paula or Pauline. In 1891 his son, Hans, was born,
+whose life after his father's death became a serious problem. There
+was a third child, a daughter Margaret, known as Trude, who was born
+in May 1893. During this period there were many separations from his
+family. There were disagreements and reconciliations, but the cup of
+unhappiness for Julie Herzl overflowed when Herzl became the official
+leader of a public movement. From that time on her home was constantly
+overrun with unwelcome visitors. Not only did Herzl give his life to
+the movement in the literal sense, but he gave his reserve of funds
+and sacrificed the welfare of his family for the sake of the movement
+he had brought to life. His domestic affairs as well as his failing
+heart, made all the years of Herzl's brief Zionist life pain and
+struggle.
+
+The tragic position of Jews in various parts of Europe, greatly
+agitated Herzl during the time he was carrying on negotiations with
+the Kaiser and the Sultan. He was constantly being led to the thought
+that it would become necessary to find a temporary haven of refuge for
+Jews. In 1899 a series of pogroms broke out in Galicia. In his diary
+at the time, he had references to England and Cyprus, "we may even
+have to consider South Africa or America." But he banished these
+thoughts from his mind because he knew that the Zionists would place
+serious obstacles in the way of considering any project other than
+Palestine. When his hopes with regard to Germany had collapsed,
+however, he thought of these alternative proposals again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On October 22, 1902 a Conference between Joseph Chamberlain, the
+Colonial Secretary, and Herzl took place. Chamberlain had been in the
+Colonial Office since 1895. He held an influential position in the
+councils of the British Government. He was a man of strong will and
+political integrity. Herzl submitted his plan for the colonization of
+Cyprus and the Sinai Peninsula, which included El Arish--"Jewish
+settlers under a Jewish administration."
+
+Chamberlain said that he could speak definitely only about Cyprus. The
+Sinai Peninsula came under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Office. As
+far as Cyprus was concerned, he believed that it was not promising
+because the Greeks and Moslems would object, and it would be his
+official duty to side with them. He took a more favorable view,
+however, of El Arish. In that connection, it was necessary for Herzl
+to talk to Lord Lansdowne of the Foreign Office. A great deal would
+depend upon the good-will of Lord Cromer, the British Consul General
+in Egypt, and actually the Vice Regent of that country. Through the
+good offices of Chamberlain, it became possible for Herzl to meet
+Lord Lansdowne a few days later. He was well received and was
+listened to with a great deal of attention.
+
+Herzl was asked to submit a written expose. Then he asked for
+permission to have Leopold J. Greenberg go to Egypt and confer with
+Lord Cromer. Lord Lansdowne said that he would arrange for such a
+meeting. Greenberg discussed the matter with Lord Cromer in Cairo.
+There were objections raised by both Lord Cromer and the Egyptian
+Prime Minister on the ground that an attempted Jewish economy,
+undertaken in 1891-2 in the region of ancient Midian, had been a
+pitiful failure. There had been political complications and border
+disputes with Turkey.
+
+A definitive reply was received by Herzl on December 18, 1902 written
+on behalf of Lord Lansdowne by Sir T.H. Sanderson, permanent
+Undersecretary. Lord Lansdowne had heard from Lord Cromer, who favored
+the sending of a small commission to the Sinai Peninsula to report on
+conditions and prospects, but Lord Cromer feared that no sanguine
+hopes of success should be entertained, but if the report of the
+Commission turned out favorable, the Egyptian Government would
+certainly offer liberal terms for Jewish colonization.
+
+On the other hand, however, the Zionists should understand that they
+would be expected to meet the cost of a defense corps and to guarantee
+the administration. In Lord Cromer's opinion, the most important
+question was that of the rights which Herzl expected for the projected
+settlement. He wrote: "In your letter of the 12th ult. you remark that
+you will become great and promising by the granting of this right of
+colonization. Your letter does not make clear what is to be understood
+by these words, and what kind of rights the colonists will expect."
+
+Lord Lansdowne also touched on the question of the new citizenship of
+the settlers. Herzl had believed that he would have only Englishmen to
+deal with, since England had become more and more the master of Egypt.
+It was apparent, however, that the Egyptian Government also played an
+important part in the discussions.
+
+Lord Cromer confirmed that the Egyptian Government would make it an
+essential condition that the new settlers become Turkish subjects
+bound by Egyptian law, but while the British occupation continued the
+settlers would always be certain of fair treatment.
+
+Herzl was satisfied with this letter and described it as a historic
+document. The British Government had recognized Herzl as the Zionist
+leader, and the movement represented by him as a negotiating party. He
+already saw the "Egyptian province of Judea" under a Jewish Governor,
+with its own defense corps under Anglo-Egyptian officers.
+
+As a result of the English negotiations, Lord Rothschild seemed to be
+won over by Herzl. The old banker, who had refused two years before to
+meet the Zionist leader, now visited him in his hotel. The next task
+before Herzl was the organization of the Commission. The Commission
+was composed of the South African engineer, Kessler; the Chief
+Inspector of the Egyptian Survey Department, Humphreys; Col. Goldsmith
+was to report on the land; and Dr. Soskin was to study agricultural
+possibilities. Oscar Marmorek was to investigate building and housing
+problems and act as General Secretary. Dr. Hillel Jaffe of the Jaffe
+Hospital was to deal with the problems of climate and hygiene.
+
+The Commission met with great difficulties. There was opposition by
+the Turks. There was misunderstandings between Herzl and Greenberg.
+Herzl himself went to Egypt in order to bring the negotiations to a
+conclusion and to straighten out difficulties. His intervention in no
+way improved the situation. Lord Cromer had become very cool toward
+him. He received the general report of the Commission, which observed
+that "under existing conditions the land is quite unsuitable for
+settlers from European countries, but if sufficient irrigation were
+introduced, the agricultural, hygienic and climatic conditions are
+such that part of the land, which is at present wilderness, could
+support a considerable population."
+
+An application for the concession was made by Herzl on the advice of
+Lord Cromer, having as his legal representative a Belgian lawyer of
+high standing. The Egyptian Government did not receive with favor the
+outline of the concession. Herzl was received on April 23rd by
+Chamberlain, who had just returned from his African journey.
+Chamberlain listened to the report given by Herzl on the work of the
+Commission. Both regarded the report as unfavorable. Then Chamberlain
+made this remark:
+
+"On my travels I saw a country for you, Uganda. On the coast it is
+hot, but in the interior the climate is excellent for Europeans. You
+can plant cotton and sugar. I thought to myself, that is just the
+country for Dr. Herzl. But _he_ must have Palestine, and will move
+only into its vicinity."
+
+This was the first reference to Uganda which became the center of
+attention in Zionist circles.
+
+Herzl was told that the Egyptian Government would reject the plan. It
+was found that the area would require five times as much water as had
+been first estimated. The Egyptian Government could not permit the
+diversion of such a quantity of water from the Nile.
+
+An attempt to have Chamberlain intervene with Egypt was not
+successful. "That being the case," said Chamberlain, "What about
+Uganda?" Self-administration would be accorded. The Governor could
+definitely be a Jew. Although the matter belonged to the Foreign
+Office, he would have it transferred under his jurisdiction in the
+colonial office. The territory would be the permanent property of a
+colonization company created for the purpose. After five years, the
+settlers would be given complete autonomy. The name of the settlement
+was to be "New Palestine."
+
+Herzl pressed for a reply from the government in order that the
+project might be presented to the Zionist Congress on August 14, 1903.
+The official proposal came from Sir Clement Hill, permanent head of
+the Foreign Office. In this letter it was stated that Lord Landsdowne
+had studied the question with the interest which His Majesty's
+Government always felt bound to take in every serious plan destined to
+better the condition of the Jewish race. The time had been too short
+for a closer examination of the plan and for its submission to the
+British representative for the East African (Uganda) Protectorate.
+"Lord Landsdowne assumes," the letter continues, "that the Bank
+desires to send a number of gentlemen to the East African Protectorate
+to establish whether there is in that territory land suitable for the
+purpose in view; should this prove to be the case, he will be happy to
+give them every assistance in bringing them together with His
+Majesty's Congress, the conditions under which the settlement could be
+carried out. Should an area be found which the bank and His Majesty's
+representative consider suitable, and His Majesty's government
+consider desirable, Lord Lansdowne will be glad to consider favorably
+proposals for the creation of a Jewish colony or settlement under such
+conditions as will seem to the members to guarantee the retention of
+their national customs...."
+
+The document went on with an offer--subject to the consent of the
+relevant officials--of a Jewish governorship and internal autonomy.
+
+This was the first official proposal in connection with the Zionist
+movement which Herzl was able to submit to a Zionist Congress. When
+the letter of Sir Clement Hill was submitted to the Sixth Zionist
+Congress in 1903, it split the Zionist movement wide open. It arrayed
+the overwhelming majority of Zionists in Russia against Herzl and he
+was called upon to defend himself against a general attack which
+preceded the convening of the Congress. When the Congress was convened
+in an atmosphere of great excitement and partisan controversy, the
+Uganda project was submitted in the form of an official resolution
+calling for the appointment of a commission of nine to be sent to
+investigate conditions in East Africa. The final decision on the
+report of the investigating committee was to be left to a special
+Congress. Although the vote showed a majority in favor of the official
+resolution--the tally was 295 for, 177 against, and 100 absentees--the
+debate on the resolution revealed an overwhelming opposition to the
+project. It was regarded as an abandonment of Palestine in favor of a
+diversion. After the vote, the Russian delegates left the Congress in
+a body. All the opposition delegates left with them and met in
+conference to discuss the situation. When Herzl heard of the deep
+feeling that prevailed in the conference, he asked for the privilege
+of speaking to the opposition. He gave them his solemn assurance that
+the Basle Program would be unaffected by the resolution. He swore
+fealty to the Basle Program, to Zion and Jerusalem. His speech
+revealed the great transformation that had taken place in Herzl's
+organic relation to the Zionist movement. The opposition delegates
+felt that in spite of Herzl's seeking alternately one or another
+substitute for Palestine, his heart responded without reserve to the
+appeal of Zion. The opposition reappeared in the Congress the
+following day. They exacted assurances that the funds of the Jewish
+Colonial Trust, of the Jewish National Fund and the Shekel Income,
+should not be used for the commission investigating East Africa, and
+that the commission should report to the Greater Actions Committee
+before it appeared to submit its report to the Congress.
+
+Herzl's experience at what is called the "Uganda Congress" drew him
+nearer to the older Zionists. He realized now that the ultimate goal
+could not be reached within the near future, that Uganda was merely a
+compromise achievement, providing the field of preparation for a
+second attempt to reach Zion. The Congress of 1903 was the climax of
+Herzl's career. It was, in effect, the end of his quest.
+
+Later, the East African project became a matter of lesser importance
+in the eyes of the English. The English colonists in East Africa
+declared their opposition to a Jewish settlement. A Zionist opposition
+was organized, led by Menahem Ussishkin, who was not present at the
+Uganda Congress. The Charkov Conference of Russian Zionists was
+called. Herzl was charged with having violated the Basle Program. The
+Charkov Conference disclaimed responsibility for all actions in the
+direction of East Africa. It appointed a committee of three to
+communicate their demands to Herzl. They asked that he promise that he
+would not place before the Congress any territorial projects other
+than those connected with Palestine or Syria, and that he would take
+East Africa off the agenda. By now Herzl would have been pleased to
+let the East African project disappear from the agenda; it was clear
+that the English government was not greatly interested and was seeking
+a way out; but the devious route of political action, once started,
+could not so easily be halted; Herzl found himself chained to a
+political reality.
+
+Throughout his Zionist life, Herzl suffered from a heart ailment
+which became more and more acute as he was taken up by the excitements
+and activities of the Movement. He became aware of his illness soon
+after he had written "The Jewish State." He had premonitions of the
+fatal consequences but persisted in carrying the burden of the
+Movement himself, consuming all his strength in the process. At
+intervals he was forced to take rest cures. On a number of occasions
+it was thought that he had reached the end of his strength. When he
+was grappling with the Uganda project, York-Steiner, an intimate
+friend, wrote of his appearance: "The imposing figure is now stooped,
+the face sallow, the eyes--the mirrors of a fine soul--were darkened,
+the mouth was drawn in pain and marked by passion."
+
+He was almost at the brink of the grave. In May, an alarming change
+for the worse occurred in the condition of his heart muscles. He was
+ordered to Franzienbad for six weeks, but the rest did him no good. On
+June 3, he left with his wife and several friends for Edlach in
+Semmering. He knew that this was his last journey. Then there was a
+slight improvement and he returned to his desk. But he rapidly grew
+worse. To the faithful Hechler he said, "Give them all my greetings
+and tell them that I have given my heart's blood for my people." On
+July 3, pneumonia set in and there were signs of approaching
+exhaustion. His mother arrived, then his two younger children, Hans
+and Trude. At five in the afternoon, his physician who had taken his
+eyes off the patient for a moment, heard a deep sigh. When he turned,
+he saw Herzl's head sunk on his breast.
+
+In his will Herzl asked that his body be buried next to his father,
+"to remain there until the Jewish people will carry my remains to
+Palestine." When the Russians entered Vienna in 1945 the remains of
+Herzl were still there.
+
+
+
+
+_The Jewish State_
+
+by
+
+_Theodor Herzl_
+
+
+
+
+_Preface_
+
+
+The idea which I have developed in this pamphlet is a very old one: it
+is the restoration of the Jewish State.
+
+The world resounds with outcries against the Jews, and these outcries
+have awakened the slumbering idea.
+
+I wish it to be clearly understood from the outset that no portion of
+my argument is based on a new discovery. I have discovered neither the
+historic condition of the Jews nor the means to improve it. In fact,
+every man will see for himself that the materials of the structure I
+am designing are not only in existence, but actually already in hand.
+If, therefore, this attempt to solve the Jewish Question is to be
+designated by a single word, let it be said to be the result of an
+inescapable conclusion rather than that of a flighty imagination.
+
+I must, in the first place, guard my scheme from being treated as
+Utopian by superficial critics who might commit this error of judgment
+if I did not warn them. I should obviously have done nothing to be
+ashamed of if I had described a Utopia on philanthropic lines; and I
+should also, in all probability, have obtained literary success more
+easily if I had set forth my plan in the irresponsible guise of a
+romantic tale. But this Utopia is far less attractive than any one of
+those portrayed by Sir Thomas More and his numerous forerunners and
+successors. And I believe that the situation of the Jews in many
+countries is grave enough to make such preliminary trifling
+superfluous.
+
+An interesting book, "Freiland," by Dr. Theodor Hertzka, which
+appeared a few years ago, may serve to mark the distinction I draw
+between my conception and a Utopia. His is the ingenious invention of
+a modern mind thoroughly schooled in the principles of political
+economy, it is as remote from actuality as the Equatorial mountain on
+which his dream State lies. "Freiland" is a complicated piece of
+mechanism with numerous cogged wheels fitting into each other; but
+there is nothing to prove that they can be set in motion. Even
+supposing "Freiland societies" were to come into existence, I should
+look on the whole thing as a joke.
+
+The present scheme, on the other hand, includes the employment of an
+existent propelling force. In consideration of my own inadequacy, I
+shall content myself with indicating the cogs and wheels of the
+machine to be constructed, and I shall rely on more skilled
+mechanicians than myself to put them together.
+
+Everything depends on our propelling force. And what is that force?
+The misery of the Jews.
+
+Who would venture to deny its existence? We shall discuss it fully in
+the chapter on the causes of Anti-Semitism.
+
+Everybody is familiar with the phenomenon of steam-power, generated by
+boiling water, which lifts the kettle-lid. Such tea-kettle phenomena
+are the attempts of Zionist and kindred associations to check
+Anti-Semitism.
+
+I believe that this power, if rightly employed, is powerful enough to
+propel a large engine and to move passengers and goods: the engine
+having whatever form men may choose to give it.
+
+I am absolutely convinced that I am right, though I doubt whether I
+shall live to see myself proved to be so. Those who are the first to
+inaugurate this movement will scarcely live to see its glorious close.
+But the inauguration of it is enough to give them a feeling of pride
+and the joy of spiritual freedom.
+
+I shall not be lavish in artistically elaborated descriptions of my
+project, for fear of incurring the suspicion of painting a Utopia. I
+anticipate, in any case, that thoughtless scoffers will caricature my
+sketch and thus try to weaken its effect. A Jew, intelligent in other
+respects, to whom I explained my plan, was of the opinion that "a
+Utopia was a project whose future details were represented as already
+extant." This is a fallacy. Every Chancellor of the Exchequer
+calculates in his Budget estimates with assumed figures, and not only
+with such as are based on the average returns of past years, or on
+previous revenues in other States, but sometimes with figures for
+which there is no precedent whatever; as for example, in instituting a
+new tax. Everybody who studies a Budget knows that this is the case.
+But even if it were known that the estimates would not be rigidly
+adhered to, would such a financial draft be considered Utopian?
+
+But I am expecting more of my readers. I ask the cultivated men whom I
+am addressing to set many preconceived ideas entirely aside. I shall
+even go so far as to ask those Jews who have most earnestly tried to
+solve the Jewish Question to look upon their previous attempts as
+mistaken and futile.
+
+I must guard against a danger in setting forth my idea. If I describe
+future circumstances with too much caution I shall appear to doubt
+their possibility. If, on the other hand, I announce their realization
+with too much assurance I shall appear to be describing a chimera.
+
+I shall therefore clearly and emphatically state that I believe in the
+practical outcome of my scheme, though without professing to have
+discovered the shape it may ultimately take. The Jewish State is
+essential to the world; it will therefore be created.
+
+The plan would, of course, seem absurd if a single individual
+attempted to do it; but if worked by a number of Jews in co-operation
+it would appear perfectly rational, and its accomplishment would
+present no difficulties worth mentioning. The idea depends only on the
+number of its supporters. Perhaps our ambitious young men, to whom
+every road of progress is now closed, seeing in this Jewish State a
+bright prospect of freedom, happiness and honors opening to them, will
+ensure the propagation of the idea.
+
+I feel that with the publication of this pamphlet my task is done. I
+shall not again take up the pen, unless the attacks of noteworthy
+antagonists drive me to do so, or it becomes necessary to meet
+unforeseen objections and to remove errors.
+
+Am I stating what is not yet the case? Am I before my time? Are the
+sufferings of the Jews not yet grave enough? We shall see.
+
+It depends on the Jews themselves whether this political pamphlet
+remains for the present a political romance. If the present generation
+is too dull to understand it rightly, a future, finer and a better
+generation will arise to understand it. The Jews who wish for a State
+shall have it, and they will deserve to have it.
+
+
+
+
+_Chapter I. Introduction_
+
+
+It is astonishing how little insight into the science of economics
+many of the men who move in the midst of active life possess. Hence it
+is that even Jews faithfully repeat the cry of the Anti-Semites: "We
+depend for sustenance on the nations who are our hosts, and if we had
+no hosts to support us we should die of starvation." This is a point
+that shows how unjust accusations may weaken our self-knowledge. But
+what are the true grounds for this statement concerning the nations
+that act as "hosts"? Where it is not based on limited physiocratic
+views it is founded on the childish error that commodities pass from
+hand to hand in continuous rotation. We need not wake from long
+slumber, like Rip van Winkle, to realize that the world is
+considerably altered by the production of new commodities. The
+technical progress made during this wonderful era enables even a man
+of most limited intelligence to note with his short-sighted eyes the
+appearance of new commodities all around him. The spirit of enterprise
+has created them.
+
+Labor without enterprise is the stationary labor of ancient days; and
+typical of it is the work of the husbandman, who stands now just where
+his progenitors stood a thousand years ago. All our material welfare
+has been brought about by men of enterprise. I feel almost ashamed of
+writing down so trite a remark. Even if we were a nation of
+entrepreneurs--such as absurdly exaggerated accounts make us out to
+be--we should not require another nation to live on. We do not depend
+on the circulation of old commodities, because we produce new ones.
+
+The world possesses slaves of extraordinary capacity for work, whose
+appearance has been fatal to the production of handmade goods: these
+slaves are the machines. It is true that workmen are required to set
+machinery in motion; but for this we have men in plenty, in
+super-abundance. Only those who are ignorant of the conditions of Jews
+in many countries of Eastern Europe would venture to assert that Jews
+are either unfit or unwilling to perform manual labor.
+
+But I do not wish to take up the cudgels for the Jews in this
+pamphlet. It would be useless. Everything rational and everything
+sentimental that can possibly be said in their defence has been said
+already. If one's hearers are incapable of comprehending them, one is
+a preacher in a desert. And if one's hearers are broad and high-minded
+enough to have grasped them already, then the sermon is superfluous. I
+believe in the ascent of man to higher and yet higher grades of
+civilization; but I consider this ascent to be desperately slow. Were
+we to wait till average humanity had become as charitably inclined as
+was Lessing when he wrote "Nathan the Wise," we should wait beyond our
+day, beyond the days of our children, of our grandchildren, and of our
+great-grandchildren. But the world's spirit comes to our aid in
+another way.
+
+This century has given the world a wonderful renaissance by means of
+its technical achievements; but at the same time its miraculous
+improvements have not been employed in the service of humanity.
+Distance has ceased to be an obstacle, yet we complain of insufficient
+space. Our great steamships carry us swiftly and surely over hitherto
+unvisited seas. Our railways carry us safely into a mountain-world
+hitherto tremblingly scaled on foot. Events occurring in countries
+undiscovered when Europe confined the Jews in Ghettos are known to us
+in the course of an hour. Hence the misery of the Jews is an
+anachronism--not because there was a period of enlightenment one
+hundred years ago, for that enlightenment reached in reality only the
+choicest spirits.
+
+I believe that electric light was not invented for the purpose of
+illuminating the drawing-rooms of a few snobs, but rather for the
+purpose of throwing light on some of the dark problems of humanity.
+One of these problems, and not the least of them, is the Jewish
+question. In solving it we are working not only for ourselves, but
+also for many other over-burdened and oppressed beings.
+
+The Jewish question still exists. It would be foolish to deny it. It
+is a remnant of the Middle Ages, which civilized nations do not even
+yet seem able to shake off, try as they will. They certainly showed a
+generous desire to do so when they emancipated us. The Jewish question
+exists wherever Jews live in perceptible numbers. Where it does not
+exist, it is carried by Jews in the course of their migrations. We
+naturally move to those places where we are not persecuted, and there
+our presence produces persecution. This is the case in every country,
+and will remain so, even in those highly civilized--for instance,
+France--until the Jewish question finds a solution on a political
+basis. The unfortunate Jews are now carrying the seeds of
+Anti-Semitism into England; they have already introduced it into
+America.
+
+I believe that I understand Anti-Semitism, which is really a highly
+complex movement. I consider it from a Jewish standpoint, yet without
+fear or hatred. I believe that I can see what elements there are in it
+of vulgar sport, of common trade jealousy, of inherited prejudice, of
+religious intolerance, and also of pretended self-defence. I think the
+Jewish question is no more a social than a religious one,
+notwithstanding that it sometimes takes these and other forms. It is a
+national question, which can only be solved by making it a political
+world-question to be discussed and settled by the civilized nations of
+the world in council.
+
+We are a people--one people.
+
+We have honestly endeavored everywhere to merge ourselves in the
+social life of surrounding communities and to preserve the faith of
+our fathers. We are not permitted to do so. In vain are we loyal
+patriots, our loyalty in some places running to extremes; in vain do
+we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our
+fellow-citizens; in vain do we strive to increase the fame of our
+native land in science and art, or her wealth by trade and commerce.
+In countries where we have lived for centuries we are still cried down
+as strangers, and often by those whose ancestors were not yet
+domiciled in the land where Jews had already had experience of
+suffering. The majority may decide which are the strangers; for this,
+as indeed every point which arises in the relations between nations,
+is a question of might. I do not here surrender any portion of our
+prescriptive right, when I make this statement merely in my own name
+as an individual. In the world as it now is and for an indefinite
+period will probably remain, might precedes right. It is useless,
+therefore, for us to be loyal patriots, as were the Huguenots who were
+forced to emigrate. If we could only be left in peace....
+
+But I think we shall not be left in peace.
+
+Oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us. No nation on earth
+has survived such struggles and sufferings as we have gone through.
+Jew-baiting has merely stripped off our weaklings; the strong among us
+were invariably true to their race when persecution broke out against
+them. This attitude was most clearly apparent in the period
+immediately following the emancipation of the Jews. Those Jews who
+were advanced intellectually and materially entirely lost the feeling
+of belonging to their race. Wherever our political well-being has
+lasted for any length of time, we have assimilated with our
+surroundings. I think this is not discreditable. Hence, the statesman
+who would wish to see a Jewish strain in his nation would have to
+provide for the duration of our political well-being; and even a
+Bismarck could not do that.
+
+For old prejudices against us still lie deep in the hearts of the
+people. He who would have proofs of this need only listen to the
+people where they speak with frankness and simplicity: proverb and
+fairy-tale are both Anti-Semitic. A nation is everywhere a great
+child, which can certainly be educated; but its education would, even
+in most favorable circumstances, occupy such a vast amount of time
+that we could, as already mentioned, remove our own difficulties by
+other means long before the process was accomplished.
+
+Assimilation, by which I understood not only external conformity in
+dress, habits, customs, and language, but also identity of feeling and
+manner--assimilation of Jews could be effected only by intermarriage.
+But the need for mixed marriages would have to be felt by the
+majority; their mere recognition by law would certainly not suffice.
+
+The Hungarian Liberals, who have just given legal sanction to mixed
+marriages, have made a remarkable mistake which one of the earliest
+cases clearly illustrates; a baptized Jew married a Jewess. At the
+same time the struggle to obtain the present form of marriage
+accentuated distinctions between Jews and Christians, thus hindering
+rather than aiding the fusion of races.
+
+Those who really wished to see the Jews disappear through intermixture
+with other nations, can only hope to see it come about in one way. The
+Jews must previously acquire economic power sufficiently great to
+overcome the old social prejudice against them. The aristocracy may
+serve as an example of this, for in its ranks occur the
+proportionately largest numbers of mixed marriages. The Jewish
+families which regild the old nobility with their money become
+gradually absorbed. But what form would this phenomenon assume in the
+middle classes, where (the Jews being a bourgeois people) the Jewish
+question is mainly concentrated? A previous acquisition of power could
+be synonymous with that economic supremacy which Jews are already
+erroneously declared to possess. And if the power they now possess
+creates rage and indignation among the Anti-Semites, what outbreaks
+would such an increase of power create? Hence the first step towards
+absorption will never be taken, because this step would involve the
+subjection of the majority to a hitherto scorned minority, possessing
+neither military nor administrative power of its own. I think,
+therefore, that the absorption of Jews by means of their prosperity is
+unlikely to occur. In countries which now are Anti-Semitic my view
+will be approved. In others, where Jews now feel comfortable, it will
+probably be violently disputed by them. My happier co-religionists
+will not believe me till Jew-baiting teaches them the truth; for the
+longer Anti-Semitism lies in abeyance the more fiercely will it break
+out. The infiltration of immigrating Jews, attracted to a land by
+apparent security, and the ascent in the social scale of native Jews,
+combine powerfully to bring about a revolution. Nothing is plainer
+than this rational conclusion.
+
+Because I have drawn this conclusion with complete indifference to
+everything but the quest of truth, I shall probably be contradicted
+and opposed by Jews who are in easy circumstances. Insofar as private
+interests alone are held by their anxious or timid possessors to be in
+danger, they can safely be ignored, for the concerns of the poor and
+oppressed are of greater importance than theirs. But I wish from the
+outset to prevent any misconception from arising, particularly the
+mistaken notion that my project, if realized, would in the least
+degree injure property now held by Jews. I shall therefore explain
+everything connected with rights of property very fully. Whereas, if
+my plan never becomes anything more than a piece of literature, things
+will merely remain as they are. It might more reasonably be objected
+that I am giving a handle to Anti-Semitism when I say we are a
+people--one people; that I am hindering the assimilation of Jews where
+it is about to be consummated, and endangering it where it is an
+accomplished fact, insofar as it is possible for a solitary writer to
+hinder or endanger anything.
+
+This objection will be especially brought forward in France. It will
+probably also be made in other countries, but I shall answer only the
+French Jews beforehand, because these afford the most striking example
+of my point.
+
+However much I may worship personality--powerful individual
+personality in statesmen, inventors, artists, philosophers, or
+leaders, as well as the collective personality of a historic group of
+human beings, which we call a nation--however much I may worship
+personality, I do not regret its disappearance. Whoever can, will, and
+must perish, let him perish. But the distinctive nationality of Jews
+neither can, will, nor must be destroyed. It cannot be destroyed,
+because external enemies consolidate it. It will not be destroyed;
+this is shown during two thousand years of appalling suffering. It
+must not be destroyed, and that, as a descendant of numberless Jews
+who refused to despair, I am trying once more to prove in this
+pamphlet. Whole branches of Judaism may wither and fall, but the trunk
+will remain.
+
+Hence, if all or any of the French Jews protest against this scheme on
+account of their own "assimilation," my answer is simple: The whole
+thing does not concern them at all. They are Jewish Frenchmen, well
+and good! This is a private affair for the Jews alone.
+
+The movement towards the organization of the State I am proposing
+would, of course, harm Jewish Frenchmen no more than it would harm the
+"assimilated" of other countries. It would, on the contrary, be
+distinctly to their advantage. For they would no longer be disturbed
+in their "chromatic function," as Darwin puts it, but would be able to
+assimilate in peace, because the present Anti-Semitism would have been
+stopped for ever. They would certainly be credited with being
+assimilated to the very depths of their souls, if they stayed where
+they were after the new Jewish State, with its superior institutions,
+had become a reality.
+
+The "assimilated" would profit even more than Christian citizens by
+the departure of faithful Jews; for they would be rid of the
+disquieting, incalculable, and unavoidable rivalry of a Jewish
+proletariat, driven by poverty and political pressure from place to
+place, from land to land. This floating proletariat would become
+stationary. Many Christian citizens--whom we call Anti-Semites--can
+now offer determined resistance to the immigration of foreign Jews.
+Jewish citizens cannot do this, although it affects them far more
+directly; for on them they feel first of all the keen competition of
+individuals carrying on similar branches of industry, who, in
+addition, either introduce Anti-Semitism where it does not exist, or
+intensify it where it does. The "assimilated" give expression to this
+secret grievance in "philanthropic" undertakings. They organize
+emigration societies for wandering Jews. There is a reverse to the
+picture which would be comic, if it did not deal with human beings.
+For some of these charitable institutions are created not for, but
+against, persecuted Jews; they are created to despatch these poor
+creatures just as fast and far as possible. And thus, many an apparent
+friend of the Jews turns out, on careful inspection, to be nothing
+more than an Anti-Semite of Jewish origin, disguised as a
+philanthropist.
+
+But the attempts at colonization made even by really benevolent men,
+interesting attempts though they were, have so far been unsuccessful.
+I do not think that this or that man took up the matter merely as an
+amusement, that they engaged in the emigration of poor Jews as one
+indulges in the racing of horses. The matter was too grave and tragic
+for such treatment. These attempts were interesting, in that they
+represented on a small scale the practical fore-runners of the idea of
+a Jewish State. They were even useful, for out of their mistakes may
+be gathered experience for carrying the idea out successfully on a
+larger scale. They have, of course, done harm also. The transportation
+of Anti-Semitism to new districts, which is the inevitable consequence
+of such artificial infiltration, seems to me to be the least of these
+evils. Far worse is the circumstance that unsatisfactory results tend
+to cast doubts on intelligent men. What is impractical or impossible
+to simple argument will remove this doubt from the minds of
+intelligent men. What is unpractical or impossible to accomplish on a
+small scale, need not necessarily be so on a larger one. A small
+enterprise may result in loss under the same conditions which would
+make a large one pay. A rivulet cannot even be navigated by boats, the
+river into which it flows carries stately iron vessels.
+
+No human being is wealthy or powerful enough to transplant a nation
+from one habitation to another. An idea alone can achieve that and
+this idea of a State may have the requisite power to do so. The Jews
+have dreamt this kingly dream all through the long nights of their
+history. "Next year in Jerusalem" is our old phrase. It is now a
+question of showing that the dream can be converted into a living
+reality.
+
+For this, many old, outgrown, confused and limited notions must first
+be entirely erased from the minds of men. Dull brains might, for
+instance, imagine that this exodus would be from civilized regions
+into the desert. That is not the case. It will be carried out in the
+midst of civilization. We shall not revert to a lower stage, we shall
+rise to a higher one. We shall not dwell in mud huts; we shall build
+new more beautiful and more modern houses, and possess them in safety.
+We shall not lose our acquired possessions; we shall realize them. We
+shall surrender our well earned rights only for better ones. We shall
+not sacrifice our beloved customs; we shall find them again. We shall
+not leave our old home before the new one is prepared for us. Those
+only will depart who are sure thereby to improve their position; those
+who are now desperate will go first, after them the poor; next the
+prosperous, and, last of all, the wealthy. Those who go in advance
+will raise themselves to a higher grade, equal to those whose
+representatives will shortly follow. Thus the exodus will be at the
+same time an ascent of the class.
+
+The departure of the Jews will involve no economic disturbances, no
+crises, no persecutions; in fact, the countries they abandon will
+revive to a new period of prosperity. There will be an inner migration
+of Christian citizens into the positions evacuated by Jews. The
+outgoing current will be gradual, without any disturbance, and its
+initial movement will put an end to Anti-Semitism. The Jews will leave
+as honored friends, and if some of them return, they will receive the
+same favorable welcome and treatment at the hands of civilized nations
+as is accorded to all foreign visitors. Their exodus will have no
+resemblance to a flight, for it will be a well-regulated movement
+under control of public opinion. The movement will not only be
+inaugurated with absolute conformity to law, but it cannot even be
+carried out without the friendly cooperation of interested
+Governments, who would derive considerable benefits from it.
+
+Security for the integrity of the idea and the vigor of its execution
+will be found in the creation of a body corporate, or corporation.
+This corporation will be called "The Society of Jews." In addition to
+it there will be a Jewish company, an economically productive body.
+
+An individual who attempted even to undertake this huge task alone
+would be either an impostor or a madman. The personal character of the
+members of the corporation will guarantee its integrity, and the
+adequate capital of the Company will prove its stability.
+
+These prefatory remarks are merely intended as a hasty reply to the
+mass of objections which the very words "Jewish State" are certain to
+arouse. Henceforth we shall proceed more slowly to meet further
+objections and to explain in detail what has been as yet only
+indicated; and we shall try in the interests of this pamphlet to
+avoid making it a dull exposition. Short aphoristic chapters will
+therefore best answer the purpose.
+
+If I wish to substitute a new building for an old one, I must demolish
+before I construct. I shall therefore keep to this natural sequence.
+In the first and general part I shall explain my ideas, remove all
+prejudices, determine essential political and economic conditions, and
+develop the plan.
+
+In the special part, which is divided into three principal sections, I
+shall describe its execution. These three sections are: The Jewish
+Company, Local Groups, and the Society of Jews. The Society is to be
+created first, the Company last; but in this exposition the reverse
+order is preferable, because it is the financial soundness of the
+enterprise which will chiefly be called into question, and doubts on
+this score must be removed first.
+
+In the conclusion, I shall try to meet every further objection that
+could possibly be made. My Jewish readers will, I hope, follow me
+patiently to the end. Some will naturally make their objections in an
+order of succession other than that chosen for their refutation. But
+whoever finds his doubts dispelled should give allegiance to the
+cause.
+
+Although I speak of reason, I am fully aware that reason alone will
+not suffice. Old prisoners do not willingly leave their cells. We
+shall see whether the youth whom we need are at our command--the
+youth, who irresistibly draw on the old, carry them forward on strong
+arms, and transform rational motives into enthusiasm.
+
+
+
+
+_II. The Jewish Question_
+
+
+No one can deny the gravity of the situation of the Jews. Wherever
+they live in perceptible numbers, they are more or less persecuted.
+Their equality before the law, granted by statute, has become
+practically a dead letter. They are debarred from filling even
+moderately high positions, either in the army, or in any public or
+private capacity. And attempts are made to thrust them out of business
+also: "Don't buy from Jews!"
+
+Attacks in Parliaments, in assemblies, in the press, in the pulpit, in
+the street, on journeys--for example, their exclusion from certain
+hotels--even in places of recreation, become daily more numerous. The
+forms of persecutions varying according to the countries and social
+circles in which they occur. In Russia, imposts are levied on Jewish
+villages; in Rumania, a few persons are put to death; in Germany, they
+get a good beating occasionally; in Austria, Anti-Semites exercise
+terrorism over all public life; in Algeria, there are travelling
+agitators; in Paris, the Jews are shut out of the so-called best
+social circles and excluded from clubs. Shades of anti-Jewish feeling
+are innumerable. But this is not to be an attempt to make out a
+doleful category of Jewish hardships.
+
+I do not intend to arouse sympathetic emotions on our behalf. That
+would be foolish, futile, and undignified proceeding. I shall content
+myself with putting the following questions to the Jews: Is it not
+true that, in countries where we live in perceptible numbers, the
+position of Jewish lawyers, doctors, technicians, teachers, and
+employees of all descriptions becomes daily more intolerable? Is it
+not true, that the Jewish middle classes are seriously threatened? Is
+it not true, that the passions of the mob are incited against our
+wealthy people? Is it not true, that our poor endure greater
+sufferings than any other proletariat? I think that this external
+pressure makes itself felt everywhere. In our economically upper
+classes it causes discomfort, in our middle classes continual and
+grave anxieties, in our lower classes absolute despair.
+
+Everything tends, in fact, to one and the same conclusion, which is
+clearly enunciated in that classic Berlin phrase: "_Juden Raus!_" (Out
+with the Jews!)
+
+I shall now put the Question in the briefest possible form: Are we to
+"get out" now and where to?
+
+Or, may we yet remain? And, how long?
+
+Let us first settle the point of staying where we are. Can we hope for
+better days, can we possess our souls in patience, can we wait in
+pious resignation till the princes and peoples of this earth are more
+mercifully disposed towards us? I say that we cannot hope for a change
+in the current of feeling. And why not? Even if we were as near to the
+hearts of princes as are their other subjects, they could not protect
+us. They would only feel popular hatred by showing us too much favor.
+By "too much," I really mean less than is claimed as a right by every
+ordinary citizen, or by every race. The nations in whose midst Jews
+live are all either covertly or openly Anti-Semitic.
+
+The common people have not, and indeed cannot have, any historic
+comprehension. They do not know that the sins of the Middle Ages are
+now being visited on the nations of Europe. We are what the Ghetto
+made us. We have attained pre-eminence in finance, because mediaeval
+conditions drove us to it. The same process is now being repeated. We
+are again being forced into finance, now it is the stock exchange, by
+being kept out of other branches of economic activity. Being on the
+stock exchange, we are consequently exposed afresh to contempt. At the
+same time we continue to produce an abundance of mediocre intellects
+who find no outlet, and this endangers our social position as much as
+does our increasing wealth. Educated Jews without means are now
+rapidly becoming Socialists. Hence we are certain to suffer very
+severely in the struggle between classes, because we stand in the most
+exposed position in the camps of both Socialists and capitalists.
+
+
+PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS AT A SOLUTION
+
+The artificial means heretofore employed to overcome the troubles of
+Jews have been either too petty--such as attempts at colonization--or
+attempts to convert the Jews into peasants in their present homes.
+
+What is achieved by transporting a few thousand Jews to another
+country? Either they come to grief at once, or prosper, and then their
+prosperity creates Anti-Semitism. We have already discussed these
+attempts to divert poor Jews to fresh districts. This diversion is
+clearly inadequate and futile, if it does not actually defeat its own
+ends; for it merely protracts and postpones a solution, and perhaps
+even aggravates difficulties.
+
+Whoever would attempt to convert the Jew into a husbandman would be
+making an extraordinary mistake. For a peasant is in a historical
+category, as proved by his costume which in some countries he has worn
+for centuries; and by his tools, which are identical with those used
+by his earliest forefathers. His plough is unchanged; he carries the
+seed in his apron; mows with the historical scythe, and threshes with
+the time-honored flail. But we know that all this can be done by
+machinery. The agrarian question is only a question of machinery.
+America must conquer Europe, in the same way as large landed
+possessions absorb small ones. The peasant is consequently a type
+which is in course of extinction. Whenever he is artificially
+preserved, it is done on account of the political interests which he
+is intended to serve. It is absurd, and indeed impossible, to make
+modern peasants on the old pattern. No one is wealthy or powerful
+enough to make civilization take a single retrograde step. The mere
+preservation of obsolete institutions is a task severe enough to
+require the enforcement of all the despotic measures of an
+autocratically governed State.
+
+Are we, therefore, to credit Jews who are intelligent with a desire to
+become peasants of the old type? One might just as well say to them:
+"Here is a cross-bow: now go to war!" What? With a cross-bow, while
+the others have rifles and long range guns? Under these circumstances
+the Jews are perfectly justified in refusing to stir when people try
+to make peasants of them. A cross-bow is a beautiful weapon, which
+inspires me with mournful feelings when I have time to devote to them.
+But it belongs by rights to a museum.
+
+Now, there certainly are districts to which desperate Jews go out, or
+at any rate, are willing to go out and till the soil. And a little
+observation shows that these districts--such as the enclave of Hesse
+in Germany, and some provinces in Russia--these very districts are the
+principal seats of Anti-Semitism.
+
+For the world's reformers, who send the Jews to the plough, forget a
+very important person, who has a great deal to say on the matter. This
+person is the agriculturist, and the agriculturist is also perfectly
+justified. For the tax on land, the risks attached to crops, the
+pressure of large proprietors who cheapen labor, and American
+competition in particular, combine to make his life hard enough.
+Besides, the duties on corn cannot go on increasing indefinitely. Nor
+can the manufacturer be allowed to starve; his political influence is,
+in fact, in the ascendant, and he must therefore be treated with
+additional consideration.
+
+All these difficulties are well known, therefore I refer to them only
+cursorily. I merely wanted to indicate clearly how futile had been
+past attempts--most of them well intentioned--to solve the Jewish
+Question. Neither a diversion of the stream, nor an artificial
+depression of the intellectual level of our proletariat, will overcome
+the difficulty. The supposed infallible expedient of assimilation has
+already been dealt with.
+
+We cannot get the better of Anti-Semitism by any of these methods. It
+cannot die out so long as its causes are not removed. Are they
+removable?
+
+
+CAUSES OF ANTI-SEMITISM
+
+We shall not again touch on those causes which are a result of
+temperament, prejudice and narrow views, but shall here restrict
+ourselves to political and economical causes alone. Modern
+Anti-Semitism is not to be confounded with the religious persecution
+of the Jews of former times. It does occasionally take a religious
+bias in some countries, but the main current of the aggressive
+movement has now changed. In the principal countries where
+Anti-Semitism prevails, it does so as a result of the emancipation of
+the Jews. When civilized nations awoke to the inhumanity of
+discriminatory legislation and enfranchised us, our enfranchisement
+came too late. It was no longer possible to remove our disabilities in
+our old homes. For we had, curiously enough, developed while in the
+Ghetto into a bourgeois people, and we stepped out of it only to enter
+into fierce competition with the middle classes. Hence, our
+emancipation set us suddenly within this middle-class circle, where we
+have a double pressure to sustain, from within and from without. The
+Christian bourgeoisie would not be unwilling to cast us as a sacrifice
+to Socialism, though that would not greatly improve matters.
+
+At the same time, the equal rights of Jews before the law cannot be
+withdrawn where they have once been conceded. Not only because their
+withdrawal would be opposed to the spirit of our age, but also because
+it would immediately drive all Jews, rich and poor alike, into the
+ranks of subversive parties. Nothing effectual can really be done to
+our injury. In olden days our jewels were seized. How is our movable
+property to be got hold of now? It consists of printed papers which
+are locked up somewhere or other in the world, perhaps in the coffers
+of Christians. It is, of course, possible to get at shares and
+debentures in railways, banks and industrial undertakings of all
+descriptions by taxation, and where the progressive income-tax is in
+force all our movable property can eventually be laid hold of. But all
+these efforts cannot be directed against Jews alone, and wherever they
+might nevertheless be made, severe economic crises would be their
+immediate consequences, which would be by no means confined to the
+Jews who would be the first affected. The very impossibility of
+getting at the Jews nourishes and embitters hatred of them.
+Anti-Semitism increases day by day and hour by hour among the nations;
+indeed, it is bound to increase, because the causes of its growth
+continue to exist and cannot be removed. Its remote cause is our loss
+of the power of assimilation during the Middle Ages; its immediate
+cause is our excessive production of mediocre intellects, who cannot
+find an outlet downwards or upwards--that is to say, no wholesome
+outlet in either direction. When we sink, we become a revolutionary
+proletariat, the subordinate officers of all revolutionary parties;
+and at the same time, when we rise, there rises also our terrible
+power of the purse.
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ANTI-SEMITISM
+
+The oppression we endure does not improve us, for we are not a whit
+better than ordinary people. It is true that we do not love our
+enemies; but he alone who can conquer himself dare reproach us with
+that fault. Oppression naturally creates hostility against oppressors,
+and our hostility aggravates the pressure. It is impossible to escape
+from this eternal circle.
+
+"No!" Some soft-hearted visionaries will say: "No, it is possible!
+Possible by means of the ultimate perfection of humanity."
+
+Is it necessary to point to the sentimental folly of this view? He who
+would found his hope for improved conditions on the ultimate
+perfection of humanity would indeed be relying upon a Utopia!
+
+I referred previously to our "assimilation". I do not for a moment
+wish to imply that I desire such an end. Our national character is too
+historically famous, and, in spite of every degradation, too fine to
+make its annihilation desirable. We might perhaps be able to merge
+ourselves entirely into surrounding races, if these were to leave us
+in peace for a period of two generations. But they will not leave us
+in peace. For a little period they manage to tolerate us, and then
+their hostility breaks out again and again. The world is provoked
+somehow by our prosperity, because it has for many centuries been
+accustomed to consider us as the most contemptible among the
+poverty-stricken. In its ignorance and narrowness of heart, it fails
+to observe that prosperity weakens our Judaism and extinguishes our
+peculiarities. It is only pressure that forces us back to the parent
+stem; it is only hatred encompassing us that makes us strangers once
+more.
+
+Thus, whether we like it or not, we are now, and shall henceforth
+remain, a historic group with unmistakable characteristics common to
+us all.
+
+We are one people--our enemies have made us one without our consent,
+as repeatedly happens in history. Distress binds us together, and,
+thus united, we suddenly discover our strength. Yes, we are strong
+enough to form a State, and, indeed, a model State. We possess all
+human and material resources necessary for the purpose.
+
+This is therefore the appropriate place to give an account of what has
+been somewhat roughly termed our "human material." But it would not be
+appreciated till the broad lines of the plan, on which everything
+depends, has first been marked out.
+
+
+THE PLAN
+
+The whole plan is in its essence perfectly simple, as it must
+necessarily be if it is to come within the comprehension of all.
+
+Let the sovereignty be granted us over a portion of the globe large
+enough to satisfy the rightful requirements of a nation; the rest we
+shall manage for ourselves.
+
+The creation of a new State is neither ridiculous nor impossible. We
+have in our day witnessed the process in connection with nations which
+were not largely members of the middle class, but poorer, less
+educated, and consequently weaker than ourselves. The Governments of
+all countries scourged by Anti-Semitism will be keenly interested in
+assisting us to obtain the sovereignty we want.
+
+The plan, simple in design, but complicated in execution, will be
+carried out by two agencies: The Society of Jews and the Jewish
+Company.
+
+The Society of Jews will do the preparatory work in the domains of
+science and politics, which the Jewish Company will afterwards apply
+practically.
+
+The Jewish Company will be the liquidating agent of the business
+interests of departing Jews, and will organize commerce and trade in
+the new country.
+
+We must not imagine the departure of the Jews to be a sudden one. It
+will be gradual, continuous, and will cover many decades. The poorest
+will go first to cultivate the soil. In accordance with a preconceived
+plan, they will construct roads, bridges, railways and telegraph
+installations; regulate rivers; and build their own dwellings; their
+labor will create trade, trade will create markets and markets will
+attract new settlers, for every man will go voluntarily, at his own
+expense and his own risk. The labor expended on the land will enhance
+its value, and the Jews will soon perceive that a new and permanent
+sphere of operation is opening here for that spirit of enterprise
+which has heretofore met only with hatred and obloquy.
+
+If we wish to found a State today, we shall not do it in the way which
+would have been the only possible one a thousand years ago. It is
+foolish to revert to old stages of civilization, as many Zionists
+would like to do. Supposing, for example, we were obliged to clear a
+country of wild beasts, we should not set about the task in the
+fashion of Europeans of the fifth century. We should not take spear
+and lance and go out singly in pursuit of bears; we would organize a
+large and active hunting party, drive the animals together, and throw
+a melinite bomb into their midst.
+
+If we wish to conduct building operations, we shall not plant a mass
+of stakes and piles on the shore of a lake, but we shall build as men
+build now. Indeed, we shall build in a bolder and more stately style
+than was ever adopted before, for we now possess means which men never
+yet possessed.
+
+The emigrants standing lowest in the economic scale will be slowly
+followed by those of a higher grade. Those who at this moment are
+living in despair will go first. They will be led by the mediocre
+intellects which we produce so superabundantly and which are
+persecuted everywhere.
+
+This pamphlet will open a general discussion on the Jewish Question,
+but that does not mean that there will be any voting on it. Such a
+result would ruin the cause from the outset, and dissidents must
+remember that allegiance or opposition is entirely voluntary. He who
+will not come with us should remain behind.
+
+Let all who are willing to join us, fall in behind our banner and
+fight for our cause with voice and pen and deed.
+
+Those Jews who agree with our idea of a State will attach themselves
+to the Society, which will thereby be authorized to confer and treat
+with Governments in the name of our people. The Society will thus be
+acknowledged in its relations with Governments as a State-creating
+power. This acknowledgment will practically create the State.
+
+Should the Powers declare themselves willing to admit our sovereignty
+over a neutral piece of land, then the Society will enter into
+negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two territories
+come under consideration, Palestine and Argentine. In both countries
+important experiments in colonization have been made, though on the
+mistaken principle of a gradual infiltration of Jews. An infiltration
+is bound to end badly. It continues till the inevitable moment when
+the native population feels itself threatened, and forces the
+Government to stop a further influx of Jews. Immigration is
+consequently futile unless we have the sovereign right to continue
+such immigration.
+
+The Society of Jews will treat with the present masters of the land,
+putting itself under the protectorate of the European Powers, if they
+prove friendly to the plan. We could offer the present possessors of
+the land enormous advantages, assume part of the public debt, build
+new roads for traffic, which our presence in the country would render
+necessary, and do many other things. The creation of our State would
+be beneficial to adjacent countries, because the cultivation of a
+strip of land increases the value of its surrounding districts in
+innumerable ways.
+
+
+PALESTINE OR ARGENTINE?
+
+Shall we choose Palestine or Argentine? We shall take what is given
+us, and what is selected by Jewish public opinion. The Society will
+determine both these points.
+
+Argentine is one of the most fertile countries in the world, extends
+over a vast area, has a sparse population and a mild climate. The
+Argentine Republic would derive considerable profit from the cession
+of a portion of its territory to us. The present infiltration of Jews
+has certainly produced some discontent, and it would be necessary to
+enlighten the Republic on the intrinsic difference of our new
+movement.
+
+Palestine is our ever-memorable historic home. The very name of
+Palestine would attract our people with a force of marvellous potency.
+If His Majesty the Sultan were to give us Palestine, we could in
+return undertake to regulate the whole finances of Turkey. We should
+there form a portion of a rampart of Europe against Asia, an outpost
+of civilization as opposed to barbarism. We should as a neutral State
+remain in contact with all Europe, which would have to guarantee our
+existence. The sanctuaries of Christendom would be safeguarded by
+assigning to them an extra-territorial status such as is well-known to
+the law of nations. We should form a guard of honor about these
+sanctuaries, answering for the fulfilment of this duty with our
+existence. This guard of honor would be the great symbol of the
+solution of the Jewish Question after eighteen centuries of Jewish
+suffering.
+
+
+DEMAND, MEDIUM, TRADE
+
+I said in the last chapter, "The Jewish Company will organize trade
+and commerce in the new country." I shall here insert a few remarks on
+that point.
+
+A scheme such as mine is gravely imperilled if it is opposed by
+"practical" people. Now "practical" people are as a rule nothing more
+than men sunk into the groove of daily routine, unable to emerge from
+a narrow circle of antiquated ideas. At the same time, their adverse
+opinion carries great weight, and can do considerable harm to a new
+project, at any rate until this new thing is sufficiently strong to
+throw the "practical" people and their mouldy notions to the winds.
+
+In the earliest period of European railway construction some
+"practical" people were of the opinion that it was foolish to build
+certain lines "because there were not even sufficient passengers to
+fill the mail-coaches." They did not realize the truth--which now
+seems obvious to us--that travellers do not produce railways, but,
+conversely, railways produce travellers, the latent demand, of course,
+is taken for granted.
+
+The impossibility of comprehending how trade and commerce are to be
+created in a new country which has yet to be acquired and cultivated,
+may be classed with those doubts of "practical" persons concerning the
+need of railways. A "practical" person would express himself somewhat
+in this fashion:
+
+"Granted that the present situation of the Jews is in many places
+unendurable, and aggravated day by day; granted that there exists a
+desire to emigrate; granted even that the Jews do emigrate to the new
+country; how will they earn their living there, and what will they
+earn? What are they to live on when there? The business of many people
+cannot be artificially organized in a day."
+
+To this I should reply: We have not the slightest intention of
+organizing trade artificially, and we should certainly not attempt to
+do it in a day. But, though the organization of it may be impossible,
+the promotion of it is not. And how is commerce to be encouraged?
+Through the medium of a demand. The demand recognized, the medium
+created, it will establish itself.
+
+If there is a real earnest demand among Jews for an improvement of
+their status; if the medium to be created--the Jewish Company--is
+sufficiently powerful, then commerce will extend itself freely in the
+new country.
+
+
+
+
+_III. The Jewish Company_
+
+OUTLINES
+
+
+The Jewish Company is partly modelled on the lines of a great
+land-acquisition company. It might be called a Jewish Chartered
+Company, though it cannot exercise sovereign power, and has other than
+purely colonial tasks.
+
+The Jewish Company will be founded as a joint stock company subject to
+English jurisdiction, framed according to English laws, and under the
+protection of England. Its principal center will be London. I cannot
+tell yet how large the Company's capital should be; I shall leave that
+calculation to our numerous financiers. But to avoid ambiguity, I
+shall put it at a thousand million marks (about L50,000,000 or
+$200,000,000); it may be either more or less than that sum. The form
+of subscription, which will be further elucidated, will determine what
+fraction of the whole amount must be paid in at once.
+
+The Jewish Company is an organization with a transitional character.
+It is strictly a business undertaking, and must be carefully
+distinguished from the Society of Jews.
+
+The Jewish Company will first of all convert into cash all vested
+interests left by departing Jews. The method adopted will prevent the
+occurrences of crises, secure every man's property, and facilitate
+that inner migration of Christian citizens which has already been
+indicated.
+
+
+NON-TRANSFERABLE GOODS
+
+The non-transferable goods which come under consideration are
+buildings, land, and local business connections. The Jewish Company
+will at first take upon itself no more than the necessary negotiations
+for effecting the sale of these goods. These Jewish sales will take
+place freely and without any serious fall in prices. The Company's
+branch establishments in various towns will become the central offices
+for the sale of Jewish estates, and will charge only so much
+commission on transactions as will ensure their financial stability.
+
+The development of this movement may cause a considerable fall in the
+prices of landed property, and may eventually make it impossible to
+find a market for it. At this juncture the Company will enter upon
+another branch of its functions. It will take over the management of
+abandoned estates till such time as it can dispose of them to the
+greatest advantage. It will collect house rents, let out land on
+lease, and install business managers--these, on account of the
+required supervision, being, if possible, tenants also. The Company
+will endeavor everywhere to facilitate the acquisition of land by its
+tenants, who are Christians. It will, indeed, gradually replace its
+own officials in the European branches by Christian substitutes
+(lawyers, etc.); and these are not by any means to become servants of
+the Jews; they are intended to be free agents to the Christian
+population, so that everything may be carried through in equity,
+fairness and justice, and without imperilling the internal welfare of
+the people.
+
+At the same time the Company will sell estates, or, rather, exchange
+them. For a house it will offer a house in the new country; and for
+land, land in the new country; everything being, if possible,
+transferred to the new soil in the same state as it was in the old.
+And this transfer will be a great and recognized source of profit to
+the Company. "Over there" the houses offered in exchange will be
+newer, more beautiful, and more comfortably fitted, and the landed
+estates of greater value than those abandoned; but they will cost the
+Company comparatively little, because it will have bought the ground
+very cheaply.
+
+
+PURCHASE OF LAND
+
+The land which the Society of Jews will have secured by international
+law must, of course, be privately acquired.
+
+Provisions made by individuals for their own settlement do not come
+within the province of this general account. But the Company will
+require large areas for its own needs and ours, and these it must
+secure by centralized purchase. It will negotiate principally for the
+acquisition of fiscal domains, with the great object of taking
+possession of this land "over there" without paying a price too high,
+in the same way as it sells here without accepting one too low. A
+forcing of prices is not to be considered, because the value of the
+land will be created by the Company through its organizing the
+settlement in conjunction with the supervising Society of Jews. The
+latter will see to it that the enterprise does not become a Panama,
+but a Suez.
+
+The Company will sell building sites at reasonable rates to its
+officials, and will allow them to mortgage these for the building of
+their homes, deducting the amount due from their salaries, or putting
+it down to their account as increased emolument. This will, in
+addition to the honors they expect, will be additional pay for their
+services.
+
+All the immense profits of this speculation in land will go to the
+Company, which is bound to receive this indefinite premium in return
+for having borne the risk of the undertaking. When the undertaking
+involves any risk, the profits must be freely given to those who have
+borne it. But under no other circumstances will profits be permitted.
+Financial morality consists in the correlation of risk and profit.
+
+
+BUILDINGS
+
+The Company will thus barter houses and estates. It must be plain to
+any one who has observed the rise in the value of land through its
+cultivation that the Company will be bound to gain on its landed
+property. This can best be seen in the case of enclosed pieces of land
+in town and country. Areas not built over increase in value through
+surrounding cultivation. The men who carried out the extension of
+Paris made a successful speculation in land which was ingenious in its
+simplicity; instead of erecting new buildings in the immediate
+vicinity of the last houses of the town, they bought up adjacent
+pieces of land, and began to build on the outskirts of these. This
+inverse order of construction raised the value of building sites with
+extraordinary rapidity, and, after having completed the outer ring,
+they built in the middle of the town on these highly valuable sites,
+instead of continually erecting houses at the extremity.
+
+Will the Company do its own building, or employ independent
+architects? It can, and will, do both. It has, as will be shown
+shortly, an immense reserve of working power, which will not be
+sweated by the Company, but, transported into brighter and happier
+conditions of life, will nevertheless not be expensive. Our geologists
+will have looked to the provision of building materials when they
+selected the sites of the towns.
+
+What is to be the principle of construction?
+
+
+WORKMEN'S DWELLINGS
+
+The workmen's dwellings (which include the dwellings of all
+operatives) will be erected at the Company's own risk and expense.
+They will resemble neither those melancholy workmen's barracks of
+European towns, not those miserable rows of shanties which surround
+factories; they will certainly present a uniform appearance, because
+the Company must build cheaply where it provides the building
+materials to a great extent; but the detached houses in little gardens
+will be united into attractive groups in each locality. The natural
+conformation of the land will rouse the ingenuity of our young
+architects, whose ideas have not yet been cramped by routine; and even
+if the people do not grasp the whole import of the plan, they will at
+any rate feel at ease in their loose clusters. The Temple will be
+visible from long distances, for it is only our ancient faith that has
+kept us together. There will be light, attractive, healthy schools for
+children, conducted on the most approved modern systems. There will be
+continuation-schools for workmen, which will educate them in greater
+technical knowledge and enable them to become intimate with the
+working of machinery. There will be places of amusement for the proper
+conduct of which the Society of Jews will be responsible.
+
+We are, however, speaking merely of the buildings at present, and not
+of what may take place inside of them.
+
+I said that the Company would build workmen's dwellings cheaply. And
+cheaply, not only because of the proximity of abundant building
+materials, not only because of the Company's proprietorship of the
+sites, but also because of the non-payment of workmen.
+
+American farmers work on the system of mutual assistance in the
+construction of houses. This childishly amicable system, which is as
+clumsy as the block-houses erected, can be developed on much finer
+lines.
+
+
+UNSKILLED LABORERS
+
+Our unskilled laborers, who will come at first from the great
+reservoirs of Russia and Rumania, must, of course, render each other
+assistance, in the construction of houses. They will be obliged to
+build with wood in the beginning, because iron will not be immediately
+available. Later on the original, inadequate, makeshift buildings will
+be replaced by superior dwellings.
+
+Our unskilled laborers will first mutually erect these shelters; and
+then they will earn their houses as permanent possessions by means of
+their work--not immediately, but after three years of good conduct. In
+this way we shall secure energetic and able men, and these men will be
+practically trained for life by three years of labor under good
+discipline.
+
+I said before that the Company would not have to pay these unskilled
+laborers. What will they live on?
+
+On the whole, I am opposed to the Truck system,[A] but it will have to
+be applied in the case of these first settlers. The Company provides
+for them in so many ways, that it may take charge of their
+maintenance. In any case the Truck system will be enforced only during
+the first few years, and it will benefit the workmen by preventing
+their being exploited by small traders, landlords, etc. The Company
+will thus make it impossible from the outset for those of our people,
+who are perforce hawkers and peddlers here, to reestablish themselves
+in the same trades over there. And the Company will also keep back
+drunkards and dissolute men. Then will there be no payment of wages at
+all during the first period of settlement. Certainly, there will be
+wages for overtime.
+
+
+THE SEVEN-HOUR DAY
+
+The seven-hour day is the regular working day.
+
+This does not imply that wood-cutting, digging, stone-breaking, and a
+hundred other daily tasks should only be performed during seven hours.
+Indeed not. There will be fourteen hours of labor, work being done in
+shifts of three and a half hours. The organization of all this will be
+military in character; there will be commands, promotions and
+pensions, the means by which these pensions are provided being
+explained further on.
+
+A sound man can do a great deal of concentrated work in three and a
+half hours. After an interval of the same length of time--which he
+will devote to rest, to his family, and to his education under
+guidance--he will be quite fresh for work again. Such labor can do
+wonders.
+
+The seven-hour day thus implies fourteen hours of joint labor--more
+than that cannot be put into a day.
+
+I am convinced that it is quite possible to introduce this seven-hour
+day with success. The attempts to do so in Belgium and England are
+well known. Some advanced political economists who have studied the
+subject, declare that a five-hour day would suffice. The Society of
+Jews and the Jewish Company will, in any case, make new and extensive
+experiments which will benefit the other nations of the world; and if
+the seven-hour day proves itself practicable, it will be introduced in
+our future State as the legal and regular working day.
+
+Meantime, the Company will always allow its employees the seven-hour
+day; and it will always be in a position to do so.
+
+The seven-hour day will be the call to summon our people in every part
+of the world. All must come voluntarily, for ours must indeed be the
+Promised Land....
+
+Whoever works longer than seven hours receives his additional pay for
+overtime in cash. Seeing that all his needs are supplied, and that
+those members of his family who are unable to work are provided for by
+transplanted and centralized philanthropic institutions, he can save a
+little money. Thrift, which is already a characteristic of our people,
+should be greatly encouraged, because it will, in the first place,
+facilitate the rise of individuals to higher grades; and secondly, the
+money saved will provide an immense reserve fund for future loans.
+Overtime will only be permitted on a doctor's certificate, and must
+not exceed three hours. For our men will crowd to work in the new
+country, and the world will see then what an industrious people we
+are.
+
+I shall not describe the mode of carrying out the Truck system, nor,
+in fact, the innumerable details of any process, for fear of confusing
+my readers. Women will not be allowed to perform any arduous labor,
+nor to work overtime.
+
+Pregnant women will be relieved of all work, and will be supplied with
+nourishing food by the Truck. We want our future generations to be
+strong men and women.
+
+We shall educate children as we wish from the commencement; but this I
+shall not elaborate either.
+
+My remarks on workmen's dwellings, and on unskilled laborers and their
+mode of life, are no more Utopian than the rest of my scheme.
+Everything I have spoken of is already being put into practice, only
+on an utterly small scale, neither noticed nor understood. The
+"Assistance par le Travail," which I learned to know and understand in
+Paris, was of great service to me in the solution of the Jewish
+question.
+
+
+RELIEF BY LABOR
+
+The system of relief by labor which, is now applied in Paris, in many
+other French towns, in England, in Switzerland, and in America, is a
+very small thing, but capable of the greatest expansion.
+
+What is the principle of relief by labor?
+
+The principle is: to furnish every needy man with easy, unskilled
+work, such as chopping wood, or cutting faggots used for lighting
+stoves in Paris households. This is a kind of prison-work before the
+crime, done without loss of character. It is meant to prevent men from
+taking to crime out of want, by providing them with work and testing
+their willingness to do it. Starvation must never be allowed to drive
+men to suicide; for such suicides are the deepest disgrace to a
+civilization which allows rich men to throw tid-bits to their dogs.
+
+Relief by labor thus provides every one with work. But the system has
+a great defect; there is not a sufficiently large demand for the
+production of the unskilled workers employed, hence there is a loss to
+those who employ them; though it is true that the organization is
+philanthropic, and therefore prepared for loss. But here the
+benefaction lies only in the difference between the price paid for the
+work and its actual value. Instead of giving the beggar two sous, the
+institution supplies him with work on which it loses two sous. But at
+the same time it converts the good-for-nothing beggar into an honest
+breadwinner, who has earned perhaps 1 franc 50 centimes. 150 centimes
+for 10! That is to say, the receiver of a benefaction in which there
+is nothing humiliating has increased it fifteenfold! That is to say,
+fifteen thousand millions for one thousand millions!
+
+The institution certainly loses 10 centimes. But the Jewish Company
+will not lose one thousand millions; it will draw enormous profits
+from this expenditure.
+
+There is a moral side also. The small system of relief by labor which
+exists now preserves rectitude through industry till such time as the
+man who is out of work finds a post suitable to his capacities, either
+in his old calling or in a new one. He is allowed a few hours daily
+for the purpose of looking for a place, in which task the institutions
+assist him.
+
+The defect of these small organizations, so far, has been that they
+have been prohibited from entering into competition with timber
+merchants, etc. Timber merchants are electors; they would protest, and
+would be justified in protesting. Competition with State prison-labor
+has also been forbidden, for the State must occupy and feed its
+criminals.
+
+In fact, there is very little room in an old-established society for
+the successful application of the system of "Assistance par le
+Travail."
+
+But there is room in a new society.
+
+For, above all, we require enormous numbers of unskilled laborers to
+do the first rough work of settlement, to lay down roads, plant trees,
+level the ground, construct railroads, telegraph installations, etc.
+All this will be carried out in accordance with a large and previously
+settled plan.
+
+
+COMMERCE
+
+The labor carried to the new country will naturally create trade. The
+first markets will supply only the absolute necessities of life;
+cattle, grain, working clothes, tools, arms--to mention just a few
+things. These we shall be obliged at first to procure from neighboring
+States, or from Europe; but we shall make ourselves independent as
+soon as possible. The Jewish entrepreneurs will soon realize the
+business prospects that the new country offers.
+
+The army of the Company's officials will gradually introduce more
+refined requirements of life. (Officials include officers of our
+defensive forces, who will always form about a tenth part of our male
+colonists. They will be sufficiently numerous to quell mutinies, for
+the majority of our colonists will be peaceably inclined.)
+
+The refined requirements of life introduced by our officials in good
+positions will create a correspondingly improved market, which will
+continue to better itself. The married man will send for wife and
+children, and the single for parents and relatives, as soon as a new
+home is established "over there." The Jews who emigrate to the United
+States always proceed in this fashion. As soon as one of them has
+daily bread and a roof over his head, he sends for his people; for
+family ties are strong among us. The Society of Jews and the Jewish
+Company will unite in caring for and strengthening the family still
+more, not only morally, but materially also. The officials will
+receive additional pay on marriage and on the birth of children, for
+we need all who are there, and all who will follow.
+
+
+OTHER CLASSES OF DWELLINGS
+
+I described before only workmen's dwellings built by themselves, and
+omitted all mention of other classes of dwellings. These I shall now
+touch upon. The Company's architects will build for the poorer classes
+of citizens also, being paid in kind or cash; about a hundred
+different types of houses will be erected, and, of course, repeated.
+These beautiful types will form part of our propaganda. The soundness
+of their construction will be guaranteed by the Company, which will,
+indeed, gain nothing by selling them to settlers at a fixed sum. And
+where will these houses be situated? That will be shown in the section
+dealing with Local Groups.
+
+Seeing that the Company does not wish to earn anything on the building
+works but only on the land, it will desire as many architects as
+possible to build by private contract. This system will increase the
+value of landed property, and it will introduce luxury, which serves
+many purposes. Luxury encourages arts and industries, paving the way
+to a future subdivision of large properties.
+
+Rich Jews who are now obliged carefully to secrete their valuables,
+and to hold their dreary banquets behind lowered curtains, will be
+able to enjoy their possessions in peace, "over there." If they
+cooperate in carrying out this emigration scheme, their capital will
+be rehabilitated and will have served to promote an unexampled
+undertaking. If in the new settlement rich Jews begin to rebuild their
+mansions which are stared at in Europe with such envious eyes, it will
+soon become fashionable to live over there in beautiful modern houses.
+
+
+SOME FORMS OF LIQUIDATION
+
+The Jewish Company is intended to be the receiver and administrator of
+the non-transferable goods of the Jews.
+
+Its methods of procedure can be easily imagined in the case of houses
+and estates, but what methods will it adopt in the transfer of
+businesses?
+
+Here numberless processes may be found practicable, which cannot all
+be enlarged on in this outline. But none of them will present any
+great difficulties, for in each case the business proprietor, when he
+voluntarily decides to emigrate, will settle with the Company's
+officers in his district on the most advantageous form of
+liquidation.
+
+This will most easily be arranged in the case of small employers, in
+whose trades the personal activity of the proprietor is of chief
+importance, while goods and organization are a secondary
+consideration. The Company will provide a certain field of operation
+for the emigrant's personal activity, and will substitute a piece of
+ground, with loan of machinery, for his goods. Jews are known to adapt
+themselves with remarkable ease to any form of earning a livelihood,
+and they will quickly learn to carry on a new industry. In this way a
+number of small traders will become small landholders. The Company
+will, in fact, be prepared to sustain what appears to be a loss in
+taking over the non-transferable property of the poorest emigrants;
+for it will thereby induce the free cultivation of tracts of land,
+which raises the value of adjacent tracts.
+
+In medium-sized businesses, where goods and organization equal, or
+even exceed, in importance, the personal activity of the manager,
+whose larger connection is also non-transferable, various forms of
+liquidation are possible. Here comes an opportunity for that inner
+migration of Christian citizens into positions evacuated by Jews. The
+departing Jew will not lose his personal business credit, but will
+carry it with him, and make good use of it in a new country to
+establish himself. The Jewish Company will open a current bank account
+for him. And he can sell the goodwill of his original business, or
+hand it over to the control of managers under supervision of the
+Company's officials. The managers may rent the business or buy it,
+paying for it by instalments. But the Company acts temporarily as
+curator for the emigrants, in superintending, through its officers and
+lawyers, the administration of their affairs, and seeing to the proper
+collection of all payments.
+
+If a Jew cannot sell his business, or entrust it to a proxy or wish to
+give up its personal management, he may stay where he is. The Jews who
+stay will be none the worse off, for they will be relieved of the
+competition of those who leave, and will no longer hear the
+Anti-Semitic cry: "Don't buy from Jews!"
+
+If the emigrating business proprietor wishes to carry on his old
+business in the new country, he can make his arrangements for it from
+the very commencement. An example will best illustrate my meaning. The
+firm X carries on a large business in dry goods. The head of the firm
+wishes to emigrate. He begins by setting up a branch establishment in
+his future place of residence, and sending out samples of his stock.
+The first poor settlers will be his first customers; these will be
+followed by emigrants of a higher class, who require superior goods. X
+then sends out newer goods, and eventually ships his newest. The
+branch establishment begins to pay while the principal one is still in
+existence, so that X ends by having two paying business-houses. He
+sells his original business or hands it over to his Christian
+representative to manage, and goes off to take charge of the new one.
+
+Another and greater example: Y and Son are large coal-traders, with
+mines and factories of their own. How is so huge and complex a
+property to be liquidated? The mines and everything connected with
+them might, in the first place, be bought up by the State, in which
+they are situated. In the second place, the Jewish Company might take
+them over, paying for them partly in land, partly in cash. A third
+method might be the conversion of "Y and Son" into a limited company.
+A fourth method might be the continued working of the business under
+the original proprietors, who would return at intervals to inspect
+their property, as foreigners, and as such, under the protection of
+law in every civilized State. All these suggestions are carried out
+daily. A fifth and excellent method, and one which might be
+particularly profitable, I shall merely indicate, because the existing
+examples of its working are at present few, however ready the modern
+consciousness may be to adopt them. Y and Son might sell their
+enterprise to the collective body of their employees, who would form a
+cooperative society, with limited liability, and might perhaps pay the
+requisite sum with the help of the State Treasury, which does not
+charge high interest.
+
+The employees would then gradually pay off the loan, which either the
+Government or the Jewish Company, or even Y and Son, would have
+advanced to them.
+
+The Jewish Company will be prepared to conduct the transfer of the
+smallest affairs equally with the largest. And whilst the Jews quietly
+emigrate and establish their new homes, the Company acts as the great
+controlling body, which organizes the departure, takes charge of
+deserted possessions, guarantees the proper conduct of the movement
+with its own visible and tangible property, and provides permanent
+security for those who have already settled.
+
+
+SECURITIES OF THE COMPANY
+
+What assurance will the Company offer that the abandonment of
+countries will not cause their impoverishment and produce economic
+crises?
+
+I have already mentioned that honest Anti-Semites, whilst preserving
+their independence, will combine with our officials in controlling the
+transfer of our estates.
+
+But the State revenues might suffer by the loss of a body of
+taxpayers, who, though little appreciated as citizens, are highly
+valued in finance. The State should, therefore, receive compensation
+for this loss. This we offer indirectly by leaving in the country
+businesses which we have built up by means of Jewish acumen and Jewish
+industry, by letting our Christian fellow-citizens move into our
+evacuated positions, and by this facilitating the rise of numbers of
+people to greater prosperity so peaceably and in so unparallelled a
+manner. The French Revolution had a somewhat similar result, on a
+small scale, but it was brought about by bloodshed on the guillotine
+in every province of France, and on the battlefields of Europe.
+Moreover, inherited and acquired rights were destroyed, and only
+cunning buyers enriched themselves by the purchase of State
+properties.
+
+The Jewish Company will offer to the States that come within its
+sphere of activity direct as well as indirect advantages. It will give
+Governments the first offer of abandoned Jewish property, and allow
+buyers most favorable conditions. Governments, again, will be able to
+make use of this friendly appropriation of land for the purpose of
+certain social improvements.
+
+The Jewish Company will give every assistance to Governments and
+Parliaments in their efforts to direct the inner migration of
+Christian citizens.
+
+The Jewish Company will also pay heavy taxes. Its central office will
+be in London, so as to be under the legal protection of a power which
+is not at present Anti-Semitic. But the Company, if it is supported
+officially and semi-officially, will everywhere provide a broad basis
+of taxation. To this end, it will establish taxable branch offices
+everywhere. Further, it will pay double duties on the two-fold
+transfer of goods which it accomplishes. Even in transactions where
+the Company is really nothing more than a real estate agency, it will
+temporarily appear as a purchaser, and will be set down as the
+momentary possessor in the register of landed property.
+
+These are, of course, purely calculable matters. It will have to be
+considered and decided in each place how far the Company can go
+without running any risks of failure. And the Company itself will
+confer freely with Finance Ministers on the various points at issue.
+Ministers will recognize the friendly spirit of our enterprise, and
+will consequently offer every facility in their power necessary for
+the successful achievement of the great undertaking.
+
+Further and direct profit will accrue to Governments from the
+transport of passengers and goods, and where railways are State
+property the returns will be immediately recognizable. Where they are
+held by private companies, the Jewish Company will receive favorable
+terms for transport, in the same way as does every transmitter of
+goods on a large scale. Freight and carriage must be made as cheap as
+possible for our people, because every traveller will pay his own
+expenses. The middle classes will travel with Cook's tickets, the
+poorer classes in emigrant trains. The Company might make a good deal
+by reductions on passengers and goods; but here, as elsewhere, it must
+adhere to its principle of not trying to raise its receipts to a
+greater sum than will cover its working expenses.
+
+In many places Jews have control of the transport; and the transport
+businesses will be the first needed by the Company and the first to be
+liquidated by it. The original owners of these concerns will either
+enter the Company's service, or establish themselves independently
+"over there." The new arrivals will certainly require their
+assistance, and theirs being a paying profession, which they may and
+indeed must exercise there to earn a living, numbers of these
+enterprising spirits will depart. It is unnecessary to describe all
+the business details of this monster expedition. They must be
+judiciously evolved out of the original plan by many able men, who
+must apply their minds to achieving the best system.
+
+
+SOME OF THE COMPANY'S ACTIVITIES
+
+Many activities will be interconnected. For example: the Company will
+gradually introduce the manufacture of goods into the settlements
+which will, of course, be extremely primitive at their inception.
+Clothing, linens, and shoes will first of all be manufactured for our
+own poor emigrants, who will be provided with new suits of clothing at
+the various European emigration centers. They will not receive these
+clothes as alms, which might hurt their pride, but in exchange for old
+garments: any loss the Company sustains by this transaction will be
+booked as a business loss. Those who are absolutely without means will
+pay off their debt to the Company by working overtime at a fair rate
+of wage.
+
+Existing emigration societies will be able to give valuable assistance
+here, for they will do for the Company's colonists what they did
+before for departing Jews. The forms of such cooperation will easily
+be found.
+
+Even the new clothing of the poor settlers will have the symbolic
+meaning. "You are now entering on a new life." The Society of Jews
+will see to it that long before the departure and also during the
+journey a serious yet festive spirit is fostered by means of prayers,
+popular lectures, instruction on the object of the expedition,
+instruction on hygienic matters for their new places of residence, and
+guidance in regard to their future work. For the Promised Land is the
+land of work. On their arrival, the emigrants will be welcomed by our
+chief officials with due solemnity, but without foolish exultation,
+for the Promised Land will not yet have been conquered. But these poor
+people should already see that they are at home.
+
+The clothing industries of the Company will, of course, not produce
+their goods without proper organization. The Society of Jews will
+obtain from the local branches information about the number,
+requirements and date of arrival of the settlers, and will communicate
+all such information in good time to the Jewish Company. In this way
+it will be possible to provide for them with every precaution.
+
+
+PROMOTION OF INDUSTRIES
+
+The duties of the Jewish Company and the Society of Jews cannot be
+kept strictly apart in this outline. These two great bodies will have
+to work constantly in unison, the Company depending on the moral
+authority and support of the Society, just as the Society cannot
+dispense with the material assistance of the Company. For example, in
+the organizing of the clothing industry, the quantity produced will at
+first be kept down so as to preserve an equilibrium between supply and
+demand; and wherever the Company undertakes the organization of new
+industries the same precaution must be exercised.
+
+But individual enterprise must never be checked by the Company with
+its superior force. We shall only work collectively when the immense
+difficulties of the task demand common action; we shall, wherever
+possible, scrupulously respect the rights of the individual. Private
+property, which is the economic basis of independence, shall be
+developed freely and be respected by us. Our first unskilled laborers
+will at once have the opportunity to work their way up to private
+proprietorship.
+
+The spirit of enterprise must, indeed, be encouraged in every possible
+way. Organization of industries will be promoted by a judicious system
+of duties, by the employment of cheap raw material, and by the
+institution of a board to collect and publish industrial statistics.
+
+But this spirit of enterprise must be wisely encouraged, and risky
+speculation must be avoided. Every new industry must be advertised for
+a long period before establishment, so as to prevent failure on the
+part of those who might wish to start a similar business six months
+later. Whenever a new industrial establishment is founded, the Company
+should be informed, so that all those interested may obtain
+information from it.
+
+Industrialists will be able to make use of centralized labor agencies,
+which will only receive a commission large enough to ensure their
+continuance. The industrialists might, for example, telegraph for 500
+unskilled laborers for three days, three weeks, or three months. The
+labor agency would then collect these 500 unskilled laborers from
+every possible source, and despatch them at once to carry out the
+agricultural or industrial enterprise. Parties of workmen will thus be
+systematically drafted from place to place like a body of troops.
+These men will, of course, not be sweated, but will work only a
+seven-hour day; and, in spite of their change of locality, they will
+preserve their organization, work out their term of service, and
+receive commands, promotions, and pensions. Some establishments may,
+of course, be able to obtain their workmen from other sources, if they
+wish, but they will not find it easy to do so. The Society will be
+able to prevent the introduction of non-Jewish work-slaves by
+boycotting obstinate employers, by obstructing traffic, and by
+various other methods. The seven-hour workers will therefore have to
+be taken, and we shall thus bring our people gradually, and without
+coercion, to adopt the normal seven-hour day.
+
+
+SETTLEMENT OF SKILLED LABORERS
+
+It is clear that what can be done for unskilled workers can be even
+more easily done for skilled laborers. These will work under similar
+regulations in the factories, and the central labor agency will
+provide them when required.
+
+Independent operatives and small employers, must be carefully taught
+on account of the rapid progress of scientific improvements, must
+acquire technical knowledge even if no longer very young men, must
+study the power of water, and appreciate the forces of electricity.
+Independent workers must also be discovered and supplied by the
+Society's agency. The local branch will apply, for example, to the
+central office: "We want so many carpenters, locksmiths, glaziers,
+etc." The central office will publish this demand, and the proper men
+will apply there for the work. These would then travel with their
+families to the place where they were wanted, and would remain there
+without feeling the pressure of undue competition. A permanent and
+comfortable home would thus be provided for them.
+
+
+METHOD OF RAISING CAPITAL
+
+The capital required for establishing the Company was previously put
+at what seemed an absurdly high figure. The amount actually necessary
+will be fixed by financiers, and will in any case be a very
+considerable sum. There are three ways of raising this sum, all of
+which the Society will take under consideration. This Society, the
+great "Gestor" of the Jews, will be formed by our best and most
+upright men, who must not derive any material advantage from their
+membership. Although the Society cannot at the outset possess any but
+moral authority, this authority will suffice to establish the credit
+of the Jewish Company in the nation's eyes. The Jewish Company will be
+unable to succeed in its enterprise unless it has received the
+Society's sanction; it will thus not be formed of any mere
+indiscriminate group of financiers. For the Society will weigh, select
+and decide, and will not give its approbation till it is sure of the
+existence of a sound basis for the conscientious carrying out of the
+scheme. It will not permit experiments with insufficient means, for
+this undertaking must succeed at the first attempt. Any initial
+failure would compromise the whole idea for many decades to come, or
+might even make its realization permanently impossible.
+
+The three methods of raising capital are: (1) Through big banks; (2)
+Through small and private banks; (3) Through public subscription.
+
+The first method of raising capital is: Through big banks. The
+required sum could then be raised in the shortest possible time among
+the large financial groups, after they had discussed the advisability
+of the course. The great advantage of this method would be that it
+would avoid the necessity of paying in the thousand millions (to keep
+to the original figure), immediately in its entirety. A further
+advantage would be that the credit of these powerful financiers would
+also be of service to the enterprise. Many latent political forces lie
+in our financial power, that power which our enemies assert to be so
+effective. It might be so, but actually it is not. Poor Jews feel only
+the hatred which this financial power provokes; its use in
+alleviating their lot as a body, they have not yet felt. The credit of
+our great Jewish financiers would have to be placed at the service of
+the National Idea. But should these gentlemen, who are quite satisfied
+with their lot, feel indisposed to do anything for their fellow-Jews
+who are unjustly held responsible for the large possessions of certain
+individuals, then the realization of this plan will afford an
+opportunity for drawing a clear line of distinction between them and
+the rest of Jewry.
+
+The great financiers, moreover, will certainly not be asked to raise
+an amount so enormous out of pure philanthropic motives; that would be
+expecting too much. The promoters and stock holders of the Jewish
+Company are, on the contrary, expected to do a good piece of business,
+and they will be able to calculate beforehand what their chances of
+success are likely to be. For the Society of Jews will be in
+possession of all documents and references which may serve to define
+the prospects of the Jewish Company. The Society will in particular
+have investigated with exactitude the extent of the new Jewish
+movement, so as to provide the Company promoters with thoroughly
+reliable information on the amount of support they may expect. The
+Society will also supply the Jewish Company with comprehensive modern
+Jewish statistics, thus doing the work of what is called in France a
+"societe d'etudes," which undertakes all preliminary research previous
+to the financing of a great undertaking. Even so, the enterprise may
+not receive the valuable assistance of our moneyed magnates. These
+might, perhaps, even try to oppose the Jewish movement by means of
+their secret agents. Such opposition we shall meet with relentless
+determination.
+
+Supposing that these magnates are content simply to turn this scheme
+down with a smile:
+
+Is it, therefore, done for?
+
+No.
+
+For then the money will be raised in another way--by an appeal to
+moderately rich Jews. The smaller Jewish banks would have to be united
+in the name of the National Idea against the big banks till they were
+gathered into a second and formidable financial force. But,
+unfortunately, this would require a great deal of financing at
+first--for the L50,000,000 would have to be subscribed in full before
+starting work; and, as this sum could only be raised very slowly, all
+sorts of banking business would have to be done and loans made during
+the first few years. It might even occur that, in the course of all
+these transactions, their original object would be forgotten; the
+moderately rich Jews would have created a new and large business, and
+Jewish emigration would be forgotten.
+
+The notion of raising money in this way is not by any means
+impracticable. The experiment of collecting Christian money to form an
+opposing force to the big banks has already been tried; that one could
+also oppose them with Jewish money has not been thought of until now.
+
+But these financial conflicts would bring about all sorts of crises;
+the countries in which they occurred would suffer, and Anti-Semitism
+would become rampant.
+
+This method is therefore not to be recommended. I have merely
+suggested it, because it comes up in the course of the logical
+development of the idea.
+
+I also do not know whether smaller private banks would be willing to
+adopt it.
+
+In any case, even the refusal of moderately rich Jews would not put an
+end to the scheme. On the contrary, it would then have to be taken up
+in real earnest.
+
+The Society of Jews, whose members are not business men, might try to
+found the Company on a national subscription.
+
+The Company's capital might be raised, without the intermediary of a
+syndicate, by means of direct subscription on the part of the public.
+Not only poor Jews, but also Christians who wanted to get rid of them,
+would subscribe a small amount to this fund. A new and peculiar form
+of the plebiscite would thus be established, whereby each man who
+voted for this solution of the Jewish Question would express his
+opinion by subscribing a stipulated amount. This stipulation would
+produce security. The funds subscribed would only be paid in if their
+sum total reached the required amount, otherwise the initial payments
+would be returned.
+
+But if the whole of the required sum is raised by popular
+subscription, then each little amount would be secured by the great
+numbers of other small amounts.
+
+All this would, of course, need the express and definite assistance of
+interested Governments.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] The practice of paying the workman's wages in goods instead of
+money.
+
+
+
+
+_IV. Local Groups_
+
+OUR TRANSMIGRATION
+
+
+Previous chapters explained only how the emigration scheme might be
+carried out without creating any economic disturbance. But so great a
+movement cannot take place without inevitably rousing many deep and
+powerful feelings. There are old customs, old memories that attach us
+to our homes. We have cradles, we have graves, and we alone know how
+Jewish hearts cling to the graves. Our cradles we shall carry with
+us--they hold our future, rosy and smiling. Our beloved graves we must
+abandon--and I think this abandonment will cost us more than any other
+sacrifice. But it must be so.
+
+Economic distress, political pressure, and social obloquy have already
+driven us from our homes and from our graves. We Jews are even now
+constantly shifting from place to place, a strong current actually
+carrying us westward over the sea to the United States, where our
+presence is also not desired. And where will our presence be desired,
+so long as we are a homeless nation?
+
+But we shall give a home to our people. And we shall give it, not by
+dragging them ruthlessly out of their sustaining soil, but rather by
+transplanting them carefully to a better ground. Just as we wish to
+create new political and economic relations, so we shall preserve as
+sacred all of the past that is dear to our people's hearts.
+
+Hence a few suggestions must suffice, as this part of my scheme will
+most probably be condemned as visionary. Yet even this is possible and
+real, though it now appears to be something vague and aimless.
+Organization will make of it something rational.
+
+
+EMIGRATION IN GROUPS
+
+Our people should emigrate in groups of families and friends. But no
+man will be forced to join the particular group belonging to his
+former place of residence. Each will be able to journey in his chosen
+fashion as soon as he has settled his affairs. Seeing that each man
+will pay his own expenses by rail and boat, he will naturally travel
+by whatever class suits him best. Possibly there will even be no
+subdivision for classes on board train and boat, so as to avoid making
+the poor feel their position too keenly during their long journey.
+Though we are not exactly organizing a pleasure trip, it is as well to
+keep them in good humor on the way.
+
+None will travel in penury; on the other hand, all who desire to
+travel in luxurious ease will be able to follow their bent. Even under
+favorable circumstances, the movement may not touch certain classes of
+Jews for several years to come; the intervening period can therefore
+be employed in selecting the best modes of organizing the journeys.
+Those who are well off can travel in parties if they wish, taking
+their personal friends and connections with them. Jews, with the
+exception of the richest, have, after all, very little intercourse
+with Christians. In some countries their acquaintance with them is
+confined to a few spongers, borrowers, and dependents; of a better
+class of Christian they know nothing. The Ghetto continues though its
+walls are broken down.
+
+The middle classes will therefore make elaborate and careful
+preparations for departure. A group of travellers will be formed in
+each locality, large towns being divided into districts with a group
+in each district, who will communicate by means of representatives
+elected for the purpose. This division into districts need not be
+strictly adhered to; it is merely intended to alleviate the discomfort
+and home-sickness of the poor during their journey outwards. Everybody
+is free to travel either alone or attached to any local group he
+prefers. The conditions of travel--regulated according to
+classes--will apply to all alike. Any sufficiently numerous travelling
+party can charter a special train and special boat from the Company.
+
+The Company's housing agency will provide quarters for the poorest on
+their arrival. Later on, when more prosperous emigrants follow, their
+obvious need for lodgings on first landing will have to be supplied by
+hotels built by private enterprise. Some of these more prosperous
+colonists will, indeed, have built their houses before becoming
+permanent settlers, so that they will merely move from an old home
+into a new one.
+
+It would be an affront to our intelligent elements to point out
+everything that they have to do. Every man who attaches himself to the
+National Idea will know how to spread it, and how to make it real
+within his sphere of influence. We shall first of all ask for the
+cooperation of our Rabbis.
+
+
+OUR RABBIS
+
+Every group will have its Rabbi, travelling with his congregation.
+Local groups will afterwards form voluntarily about their Rabbi, and
+each locality will have its spiritual leader. Our Rabbis, on whom we
+especially call, will devote their energies to the service of our
+idea, and will inspire their congregations by preaching it from the
+pulpit. They will not need to address special meetings for the
+purpose; an appeal such as this may be uttered in the synagogue. And
+thus it must be done. For we feel our historic affinity only through
+the faith of our fathers as we have long ago absorbed the languages of
+different nations to an ineradicable degree.
+
+The Rabbis will receive communications regularly from both Society and
+Company, and will announce and explain these to their congregations.
+Israel will pray for us and for itself.
+
+
+REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LOCAL GROUPS
+
+The local groups will appoint small committees of representative men
+under the Rabbi's presidency, for discussion and settlement of local
+affairs.
+
+Philanthropic institutions will be transferred by their local groups,
+each institution remaining "over there" the property of the same set
+of people for whom it was originally founded. I think the old
+buildings should not be sold, but rather devoted to the assistance of
+indigent Christians in the forsaken towns. The local groups will
+receive compensation by obtaining free building sites and every
+facility for reconstruction in the new country.
+
+This transfer of philanthropic institutions will give another of those
+opportunities, which occur at different points of my scheme, for
+making an experiment in the service of humanity. Our present
+unsystematic private philanthropy does little good in proportion to
+the great expenditure it involves. But these institutions can and must
+form part of a system by which they will eventually supplement one
+another. In a new society these organizations can be evolved out of
+our modern consciousness, and may be based on all previous social
+experiments. This matter is of great importance to us, on account of
+our large number of paupers. The weaker characters among us,
+discouraged by external pressure, spoilt by the soft-hearted charity
+of our rich men, easily sink until they take to begging.
+
+The Society, supported by the local groups, will give greatest
+attention to popular education with regard to this particular. It will
+create a fruitful soil for many powers which now wither uselessly
+away. Whoever shows a genuine desire to work will be suitably
+employed. Beggars will not be endured. Whoever refuses to do anything
+as a free man will be sent to the workhouse.
+
+On the other hand, we shall not relegate the old to an almshouse. An
+almshouse is one of the cruelest charities which our stupid good
+nature ever invented. There our old people die out of pure shame and
+mortification. There they are already buried. But we will leave even
+to those who stand on the lowest grade of intelligence the consoling
+illusion of their utility in the world. We will provide easy tasks for
+those who are incapable of physical labor; for we must allow for
+diminished vitality in the poor of an already enfeebled generation.
+But future generations shall be dealt with otherwise; they shall be
+brought up in liberty for a life of liberty.
+
+We will seek to bestow the moral salvation of work on men of every age
+and of every class; and thus our people will find their strength again
+in the land of the seven-hour day.
+
+
+PLANS OF THE TOWNS
+
+The local groups will delegate their authorized representatives to
+select sites for towns. In the distribution of land every precaution
+will be taken to effect a careful transfer with due consideration for
+acquired rights.
+
+The local groups will have plans of the towns, so that our people may
+know beforehand where they are to go, in which towns and in which
+houses they are to live. Comprehensive drafts of the building plans
+previously referred to will be distributed among the local groups.
+
+The principle of our administration will be strict centralization of
+our local groups' autonomy. In this way the transfer will be
+accomplished with the minimum of pain.
+
+I do not imagine all this to be easier than it actually is; on the
+other hand, people must not imagine it to be more difficult than it is
+in reality.
+
+
+THE DEPARTURE OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES
+
+The middle classes will involuntarily be drawn into the outgoing
+current, for their sons will be officials of the Society or employees
+of the Company "over there." Lawyers, doctors, technicians of every
+description, young business people--in fact, all Jews who are in
+search of opportunities, who now escape from oppression in their
+native country to earn a living in foreign lands--will assemble on a
+soil so full of fair promise. The daughters of the middle classes will
+marry these ambitious men. One of them will send for his wife or
+fiancee to come out to him, another for his parents, brothers and
+sisters. Members of a new civilization marry young. This will promote
+general morality and ensure sturdiness in the new generation; and thus
+we shall have no delicate offspring of late marriages, children of
+fathers who spent their strength in the struggle for life.
+
+Every middle-class emigrant will draw more of his kind after him.
+
+The bravest will naturally get the best out of the new world.
+
+But there we seem undoubtedly to have touched on the crucial
+difficulty of my plan.
+
+Even if we succeeded in opening a world discussion on the Jewish
+Question in a serious manner--
+
+Even if this debate led us to a positive conclusion that the Jewish
+State were necessary to the world--
+
+Even if the Powers assisted us in acquiring the sovereignty over a
+strip of territory--
+
+How are we to transport masses of Jews without undue compulsion from
+their present homes to this new country?
+
+Their emigration is surely intended to be voluntary.
+
+
+THE PHENOMENON OF MULTITUDES
+
+Great exertions will hardly be necessary to spur on the movement.
+Anti-Semites provide the requisite impetus. They need only do what
+they did before, and then they will create a desire to emigrate where
+it did not previously exist, and strengthen it where it existed
+before. Jews who now remain in Anti-Semitic countries do so chiefly
+because even those among them who are most ignorant of history know
+that numerous changes of residence in bygone centuries never brought
+them any permanent good. Any land which welcomed the Jews today, and
+offered them even fewer advantages than that which the Jewish State
+would guarantee them, would immediately attract a great influx of our
+people. The poorest, who have nothing to lose would drag themselves
+there. But I maintain, and every man may ask himself whether I am not
+right, that the pressure weighing on us arouses a desire to emigrate
+even among prosperous strata of society. Now our poorest strata alone
+would suffice to found a State; these form the strongest human
+material for acquiring a land, because a little despair is
+indispensable to the formation of a great undertaking.
+
+But when our "desperados" increase the value of the land by their
+presence and by the labor they expend on it, they make it at the same
+time increasingly attractive as a place of settlement to people who
+are better off.
+
+Higher and yet higher strata will feel tempted to go over. The
+expedition of the first and poorest settlers will be conducted by
+Company and Society conjointly, and will probably be additionally
+supported by existing emigration and Zionist societies.
+
+How may a number of people be directed to a particular spot without
+being given express orders to go there? There are certain Jewish
+benefactors on a large scale who try to alleviate the sufferings of
+the Jews by Zionist experiments. To them this problem also presented
+itself, and they thought to solve it by giving the emigrants money or
+means of employment. Thus the philanthropists said: "We pay these
+people to go there."
+
+Such a procedure is utterly wrong, and all the money in the world will
+not achieve its purpose.
+
+On the other hand, the Company will say: "We shall not pay them, we
+shall let them pay us. We shall merely offer them some inducements to
+go."
+
+A fanciful illustration will make my meaning more explicit: One of
+those philanthropists (whom we will call "The Baron") and myself both
+wish to get a crowd of people on to the plain of Longchamps near
+Paris, on a hot Sunday afternoon. The Baron, by promising them 10
+francs each, will, for 200,000 francs, bring out 20,000 perspiring and
+miserable people, who will curse him for having given them so much
+annoyance. Whereas I will offer these 200,000 francs as a prize for
+the swiftest racehorse--and then I shall have to put up barriers to
+keep the people off Longchamps. They will pay to go in: 1 franc, 5
+francs, 20 francs.
+
+The consequence will be that I shall get the half-a-million of people
+out there; the President of the Republic will drive up "a la Daumont";
+and the crowds will enjoy and amuse themselves. Most of them will
+think it an agreeable walk in the open air in spite of heat and dust;
+and I shall have made by my 200,000 francs about a million in entrance
+money and taxes on gaming. I shall get the same people out there
+whenever I like but the Baron will not--not on any account.
+
+I will give a more serious illustration of the phenomenon of
+multitudes where they are earning a livelihood. Let any man attempt to
+cry through the streets of a town: "Whoever is willing to stand all
+day long through a winter's terrible cold, through a summer's
+tormenting heat, in an iron hall exposed on all sides, there to
+address every passer-by, and to offer him fancy wares, or fish, or
+fruit, will receive two florins, or four francs or something similar."
+
+How many people would go to the hall? How many days would they hold
+out when hunger drove them there? And if they held out, what energy
+would they display in trying to persuade passers-by to buy fish, fruit
+and fancy wares?
+
+We shall set about it in a different way. In places where trade is
+active, and these places we shall the more easily discover, since we
+ourselves direct trade withersoever we wish, in these places we shall
+build large halls, and call them markets. These halls might be worse
+built and more unwholesome than those above mentioned, and yet people
+would stream towards them. But we shall use our best efforts, and we
+shall build them better, and make them more beautiful than the first.
+And the people, to whom we had promised nothing, because we cannot
+promise anything without deceiving them, these excellent, keen
+business men will gaily create most active commercial intercourse.
+They will harangue the buyers unweariedly; they will stand on their
+feet, and scarcely think of fatigue. They will hurry off at dawn, so
+as to be first on the spot; they will form unions, cartels, anything
+to continue bread-winning undisturbed. And if they find at the end of
+the day that all their hard work has produced only 1 florin, 50
+kreutzer, or 3 francs, or something similar, they will yet look
+forward hopefully to the next day, which may, perhaps, bring them
+better luck.
+
+We have given them hope.
+
+Would any one ask whence the demand comes which creates the market? Is
+it really necessary to tell them again?
+
+I pointed out that by means of the system "Assistance par le Travail"
+the return could be increased fifteenfold. One million would produce
+fifteen millions; and one thousand millions, fifteen thousand
+millions.
+
+This may be the case on a small scale; is it so on a large one?
+Capital surely yields a return diminishing in inverse ratio to its own
+growth. Inactive and inert capital yields this diminishing return, but
+active capital brings in a marvellously increasing return. Herein lies
+the social question.
+
+Am I stating a fact? I call on the richest Jews as witnesses of my
+veracity. Why do they carry on so many different industries? Why do
+they send men to work underground and to raise coal amid terrible
+dangers for meagre pay? I cannot imagine this to be pleasant, even for
+the owners of the mines. For I do not believe that capitalists are
+heartless, and I do not pretend that I believe it. My desire is not to
+accentuate, but to smooth differences.
+
+Is it necessary to illustrate the phenomenon of multitudes, and their
+concentration on a particular spot by references to pious pilgrimages?
+
+I do not want to hurt anyone's religious sensibility by words which
+might be wrongly interpreted.
+
+I shall merely refer quite briefly to the Mohammedan pilgrimages to
+Mecca, the Catholic pilgrimages to Lourdes, and to many other spots
+whence men return comforted by their faith, and to the holy Hock at
+Trier. Thus we shall also create a center for the deep religious needs
+of our people. Our ministers will understand us first, and will be
+with us in this.
+
+We shall let every man find salvation "over there" in his own
+particular way. Above and before all we shall make room for the
+immortal band of our Freethinkers, who are continually making new
+conquests for humanity.
+
+No more force will be exercised on any one than is necessary for the
+preservation of the State and order; and the requisite force will not
+be arbitrarily defined by one or more shifting authorities; it will be
+fixed by iron laws.
+
+Now, if the illustrations I gave make people draw the inference that a
+multitude can be only temporarily attracted to centers of faith, of
+business, or of amusement, the reply to their objection is simple.
+Whereas one of these objects by itself would certainly only attract
+the masses, all these centers of attraction combined would be
+calculated permanently to hold and satisfy them. For all these centers
+together form a single, great, long-sought object, which our people
+has always longed to attain, for which it has kept itself alive, for
+which it has been kept alive by external pressure--a free home! When
+the movement commences, we shall draw some men after us and let others
+follow; others again will be swept into the current, and the last will
+be thrust after us.
+
+These last hesitating settlers will be the worst off, both here and
+there.
+
+But the first, who go over with faith, enthusiasm, and courage will
+have the best positions.
+
+
+OUR HUMAN MATERIAL
+
+There are more mistaken notions abroad concerning Jews than concerning
+any other people. And we have become so depressed and discouraged by
+our historic sufferings that we ourselves repeat and believe these
+mistakes. One of these is that we have an immoderate love of business.
+Now it is well known that wherever we are permitted to take part in
+the rising of classes, we give up our business as soon as possible.
+The great majority of Jewish business men give their sons a superior
+education. Hence, the so-called "Judaizing" of all intellectual
+professions. But even in economically feebler grades of society, our
+love of trade is not so predominant as is generally supposed. In the
+Eastern countries of Europe there are great numbers of Jews who are
+not traders, and who are not afraid of hard work either. The Society
+of Jews will be in a position to prepare scientifically accurate
+statistics of our human forces. The new tasks and prospects that await
+our people in the new country will satisfy our present handicraftsmen,
+and will transform many present small traders into manual workers.
+
+A peddler who travels about the country with a heavy pack on his back
+is not so contented as his persecutors imagine. The seven-hour day
+will convert all of his kind into workmen. They are good,
+misunderstood people, who now suffer perhaps more severely than any
+others. The Society of Jews will, moreover, busy itself from the
+outset with their training as artisans. Their love of gain will be
+encouraged in a healthy manner. Jews are of a thrifty and adaptable
+disposition, and are qualified for any means of earning a living, and
+it will therefore suffice to make small trading unremunerative, to
+cause even present peddlers to give it up altogether. This could be
+brought about, for example, by encouraging large department stores
+which provide all necessaries of life. These general stores are
+already crushing small trading in large cities. In a land of new
+civilization they will absolutely prevent its existence. The
+establishment of these stores is further advantageous, because it
+makes the country immediately habitable for people who require more
+refined necessaries of life.
+
+
+HABITS
+
+Is a reference to the little habits and comforts of the ordinary man
+in keeping with the serious nature of this pamphlet?
+
+I think it is in keeping, and, moreover, very important. For these
+little habits are the thousand and one fine delicate threads which
+together go to make up an unbreakable rope.
+
+Here certain limited notions must be set aside. Whoever has seen
+anything of the world knows that just these little daily customs can
+easily be transplanted everywhere. The technical contrivances of our
+day, which this scheme intends to employ in the service of humanity,
+have heretofore been principally used for our little habits. There are
+English hotels in Egypt and on the mountain-crest in Switzerland,
+Vienna cafes in South Africa, French theatres in Russia, German operas
+in America, and best Bavarian beer in Paris.
+
+When we journey out of Egypt again we shall not leave the fleshpots
+behind.
+
+Every man will find his customs again in the local groups, but they
+will be better, more beautiful, and more agreeable than before.
+
+
+
+
+_V. Society of Jews and Jewish State_
+
+NEGOTIORUM GESTIO
+
+
+This pamphlet is not intended for lawyers. I can therefore touch only
+cursorily, as on so many other things, upon my theory of the legal
+basis of a State.
+
+I must, nevertheless, lay some stress on my new theory, which could be
+maintained, I believe, even in discussion with men well versed in
+jurisprudence.
+
+According to Rousseau's now antiquated view, a State is formed by a
+social contract. Rousseau held that: "The conditions of this contract
+are so precisely defined by the nature of the agreement that the
+slightest alteration would make them null and void. The consequence is
+that, even where they are not expressly stated, they are everywhere
+identical, and everywhere tacitly accepted and recognized," etc.
+
+A logical and historic refutation of Rousseau's theory was never, nor
+is now, difficult, however terrible and far-reaching its effects may
+have been. The question whether a social contract with "conditions not
+expressly stated, yet unalterable," existed before the framing of a
+constitution, is of no practical interest to States under modern forms
+of government. The legal relationship between government and citizen
+is in any case clearly established now.
+
+But previous to the framing of a constitution, and during the creation
+of a new State, these principles assume great practical importance. We
+know and see for ourselves that States still continue to be created.
+Colonies secede from the mother country. Vassals fall away from their
+suzerain; newly opened territories are immediately formed into free
+States. It is true that the Jewish State is conceived as a peculiarly
+modern structure on unspecified territory. But a State is formed, not
+by pieces of land, but rather by a number of men united under
+sovereign rule.
+
+The people is the subjective, land the objective foundation of a
+State, and the subjective basis is the more important of the two. One
+sovereignty, for example, which has no objective basis at all, is
+perhaps the most respected one in the world. I refer to the
+sovereignty of the Pope.
+
+The theory of rationality is the one at present accepted in political
+science. This theory suffices to justify the creation of a State, and
+cannot be historically refuted in the same way as the theory of a
+contract. Insofar as I am concerned only with the creation of a Jewish
+State, I am well within the limits of the theory of rationality. But
+when I touch upon the legal basis of the State, I have exceeded them.
+The theories of a divine institution, or of superior power, or of a
+contract, and the patriarchal and patrimonial theories do not accord
+with modern views. The legal basis of a State is sought either too
+much within men (patriarchal theory, and theories of superior force
+and contract), or too far above them (divine institution), or too far
+below them (objective patrimonial theory). The theory of rationality
+leaves this question conveniently and carefully unanswered. But a
+question which has seriously occupied doctors of jurisprudence in
+every age cannot be an absolutely idle one. As a matter of fact, a
+mixture of human and superhuman goes to the making of a State. Some
+legal basis is indispensable to explain the somewhat oppressive
+relationship in which subjects occasionally stand to rulers. I believe
+it is to be found in the _negotiorum gestio_, wherein the body of
+citizens represents the _dominus negotiorum_, and the government
+represents the _gestor_.
+
+The Romans, with their marvellous sense of justice, produced that
+noble masterpiece, the _negotiorum gestio_. When the property of an
+oppressed person is in danger, any man may step forward to save it.
+This man is the _gestor_, the director of affairs not strictly his
+own. He has received no warrant--that is, no human warrant; higher
+obligations authorize him to act. The higher obligations may be
+formulated in different ways for the State, and so as to respond to
+individual degrees of culture attained by a growing general power of
+comprehension. The _gestio_ is intended to work for the good of the
+_dominus_--the people, to whom the _gestor_ himself belongs.
+
+The _gestor_ administers property of which he is joint-owner. His
+joint proprietorship teaches him what urgency would warrant his
+intervention, and would demand his leadership in peace or war; but
+under no circumstances is his authority valid _qua_ joint
+proprietorship. The consent of the numerous joint-owners is even under
+most favorable conditions a matter of conjecture.
+
+A State is created by a nation's struggle for existence. In any such
+struggle it is impossible to obtain proper authority in circumstantial
+fashion beforehand. In fact, any previous attempt to obtain a regular
+decision from the majority would probably ruin the undertaking from
+the outset. For internal schisms would make the people defenceless
+against external dangers. We cannot all be of one mind; the _gestor_
+will therefore simply take the leadership into his hands and march in
+the van.
+
+The action of the _gestor_ of the State is sufficiently warranted if
+the common cause is in danger, and the _dominus_ is prevented, either
+by want of will or by some other reason, from helping itself.
+
+But the _gestor_ becomes similar to the _dominus_ by his intervention,
+and is bound by the agreement _quasi ex contractu_. This is the legal
+relationship existing before, or, more correctly, created
+simultaneously with the State.
+
+The _gestor_ thus becomes answerable for every form of negligence,
+even for the failure of business undertakings, and the neglect of such
+affairs as are intimately connected with them, etc. I shall not
+further enlarge on the _negotiorum gestio_, but rather leave it to the
+State, else it would take us too far from the main subject. One remark
+only: "Business management, if it is approved by the owner, is just as
+effectual as if it had originally been carried on by his authority."
+
+And how does all this affect our case?
+
+The Jewish people are at present prevented by the Diaspora from
+conducting their political affairs themselves. Besides, they are in a
+condition of more or less severe distress in many parts of the world.
+They need, above all things a _gestor_. This _gestor_ cannot, of
+course, be a single individual. Such a one would either make himself
+ridiculous, or--seeing that he would appear to be working for his own
+interests--contemptible.
+
+The _gestor_ of the Jews must therefore be a body corporate.
+
+And that is the Society of Jews.
+
+
+THE GESTOR OF THE JEWS
+
+This organ of the national movement, the nature and functions of which
+we are at last dealing with, will, in fact, be created before
+everything else. Its formation is perfectly simple. It will take shape
+among those energetic Jews to whom I imparted my scheme in London.[B]
+
+The Society will have scientific and political tasks, for the founding
+of a Jewish State, as I conceive it, presupposes the application of
+scientific methods. We cannot journey out of Egypt today in the
+primitive fashion of ancient times. We shall previously obtain an
+accurate account of our number and strength. The undertaking of that
+great and ancient _gestor_ of the Jews in primitive days bears much
+the same relation to ours that some wonderful melody bears to a modern
+opera. We are playing the same melody with many more violins, flutes,
+harps, violoncellos, and bass viols; with electric light, decorations,
+choirs, beautiful costumes, and with the first singers of their day.
+
+This pamphlet is intended to open a general discussion on the Jewish
+Question. Friends and foes will take part in it; but it will no
+longer, I hope, take the form of violent abuse or of sentimental
+vindication, but of a debate, practical, large, earnest, and
+political.
+
+The Society of Jews will gather all available declarations of
+statesmen, parliaments, Jewish communities, societies, whether
+expressed in speeches or writings, in meetings, newspapers or books.
+
+Thus the Society will find out for the first time whether the Jews
+really wish to go to the Promised Land, and whether they must go
+there. Every Jewish community in the world will send contributions to
+the Society towards a comprehensive collection of Jewish statistics.
+
+Further tasks, such as investigation by experts of the new country and
+its natural resources, the uniform planning of migration and
+settlement, preliminary work for legislation and administration,
+etc., must be rationally evolved out of the original scheme.
+
+Externally, the Society will attempt, as I explained before in the
+general part, to be acknowledged as a State-forming power. The free
+assent of many Jews will confer on it the requisite authority in its
+relations with Governments.
+
+Internally, that is to say, in its relation with the Jewish people,
+the Society will create all the first indispensable institutions; it
+will be the nucleus out of which the public institutions of the Jewish
+State will later on be developed.
+
+Our first object is, as I said before, supremacy, assured to us by
+international law, over a portion of the globe sufficiently large to
+satisfy our just requirements.
+
+What is the next step?
+
+
+THE OCCUPATION OF THE LAND
+
+When nations wandered in historic times, they let chance carry them,
+draw them, fling them hither and thither, and like swarms of locusts
+they settled down indifferently anywhere. For in historic times the
+earth was not known to man. But this modern Jewish migration must
+proceed in accordance with scientific principles.
+
+Not more than forty years ago gold-digging was carried on in an
+extraordinarily primitive fashion. What adventurous days were those in
+California! A report brought desperados together from every quarter of
+the earth; they stole pieces of land, robbed each other of gold, and
+finally gambled it away, as robbers do.
+
+But today! What is gold-digging like in the Transvaal today?
+Adventurous vagabonds are not there; sedate geologists and engineers
+alone are on the spot to regulate its gold industry, and to employ
+ingenious machinery in separating the ore from surrounding rock.
+Little is left to chance now.
+
+Thus we must investigate and take possession of the new Jewish country
+by means of every modern expedient.
+
+As soon as we have secured the land, we shall send over a ship, having
+on board the representatives of the Society, of the Company, and of
+the local groups, who will enter into possession at once.
+
+These men will have three tasks to perform: (1) An accurate,
+scientific investigation of all natural resources of the country; (2)
+the organization of a strictly centralized administration; (3) the
+distribution of land. These tasks intersect one another, and will all
+be carried out in conformity with the now familiar object in view.
+
+One thing remains to be explained--namely, how the occupation of land
+according to local groups is to take place.
+
+In America the occupation of newly opened territory is set about in
+naive fashion. The settlers assemble on the frontier, and at the
+appointed time make a simultaneous and violent rush for their
+portions.
+
+We shall not proceed thus to the new land of the Jews. The lots in
+provinces and towns will be sold by auction, and paid for, not in
+money, but in work. The general plan will have settled on streets,
+bridges, waterworks, etc., necessary for traffic. These will be united
+into provinces. Within these provinces sites for towns will be
+similarly sold by auction. The local groups will pledge themselves to
+carry the business property through, and will cover the cost by means
+of self-imposed assessments. The Society will be in a position to
+judge whether the local groups are not venturing on sacrifices too
+great for their means. The large communities will receive large sites
+for their activity. Great sacrifices will thus be rewarded by the
+establishment of universities, technical schools, academies, research
+institutes, etc., and these Government institutes, which do not have
+to be concentrated in the capital, will be distributed over the
+country.
+
+The personal interest of the buyers, and, if necessary, the local
+assessment, will guarantee the proper working of what has been taken
+over. In the same way, as we cannot, and indeed do not wish to
+obliterate distinctions between single individuals, so the differences
+between local groups will also continue. Everything will shape itself
+quite naturally. All acquired rights will be protected, and every new
+development will be given sufficient scope.
+
+Our people will be made thoroughly acquainted with all these matters.
+
+We shall not take others unawares or mislead them, any more than we
+shall deceive ourselves.
+
+Everything must be systematically settled beforehand. I merely
+indicate this scheme: our keenest thinkers will combine in elaborating
+it. Every social and technical achievement of our age and of the more
+advanced age which will be reached before the slow execution of my
+plan is accomplished must be employed for this object. Every valuable
+invention which exists now, or lies in the future, must be used. By
+these means a country can be occupied and a State founded in a manner
+as yet unknown to history, and with possibilities of success such, as
+never occurred before.
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+One of the great commissions which the Society will have to appoint
+will be the council of State jurists. These must formulate the best,
+that is, the best modern constitution possible. I believe that a good
+constitution should be of moderately elastic nature. In another work I
+have explained in detail what forms of government I hold to be the
+best. I think a democratic monarchy and an aristocratic republic are
+the finest forms of a State, because in them the form of State and the
+principle of government are opposed to each other, and thus preserve a
+true balance of power. I am a staunch supporter of monarchial
+institutions, because these allow of a continuous policy, and
+represent the interests of a historically famous family born and
+educated to rule, whose desires are bound up with the preservation of
+the State. But our history has been too long interrupted for us to
+attempt direct continuity of ancient constitutional forms, without
+exposing ourselves to the charge of absurdity.
+
+A democracy without a sovereign's useful counterpoise is extreme in
+appreciation and condemnation, tends to idle discussion in Parliaments,
+and produces that objectionable class of men--professional politicians.
+Nations are also really not fit for unlimited democracy at present, and
+will become less and less fitted for it in the future. For a pure
+democracy presupposes a predominance of simple customs, and our customs
+become daily more complex with the growth of commerce and increase of
+culture. "_Le ressort d'une democratic est la vertu_," said wise
+Montesquieu. And where is this virtue, that is to say, this political
+virtue, to be met with? I do not believe in our political virtue;
+first, because we are no better than the rest of modern humanity; and,
+secondly, because freedom will make us show our fighting qualities at
+first. I also hold a settling of questions by the referendum to be an
+unsatisfactory procedure, because there are no simple political
+questions which can be answered merely by Yes and No. The masses are
+also more prone even than Parliaments to be led away by heterodox
+opinions, and to be swayed by vigorous ranting. It is impossible to
+formulate a wise internal or external policy in a popular assembly.
+
+Politics must take shape in the upper strata and work downwards. But
+no member of the Jewish State will be oppressed, every man will be
+able and will wish to rise in it. Thus a great upward tendency will
+pass through our people; every individual by trying to raise himself,
+raising also the whole body of citizens. The ascent will take a normal
+form, useful to the State and serviceable to the National Idea.
+
+Hence I incline to an aristocratic republic. This would satisfy the
+ambitious spirit in our people, which has now degenerated into petty
+vanity. Many of the institutions of Venice pass through my mind; but
+all that which caused the ruin of Venice must be carefully avoided. We
+shall learn from the historic mistakes of others, in the same way as
+we learn from our own; for we are a modern nation, and wish to be the
+most modern in the world. Our people, who are receiving the new
+country from the Society, will also thankfully accept the new
+constitution it offers them. Should any opposition manifest itself,
+the Society will suppress it. The Society cannot permit the exercise
+of its functions to be interpreted by short-sighted or ill-disposed
+individuals.
+
+
+LANGUAGE
+
+It might be suggested that our want of a common current language would
+present difficulties. We cannot converse with one another in Hebrew.
+Who amongst us has a sufficient acquaintance with Hebrew to ask for a
+railway ticket in that language? Such a thing cannot be done. Yet the
+difficulty is very easily circumvented. Every man can preserve the
+language in which his thoughts are at home. Switzerland affords a
+conclusive proof of the possibility of a federation of tongues. We
+shall remain in the new country what we now are here, and we shall
+never cease to cherish with sadness the memory of the native land out
+of which we have been driven.
+
+We shall give up using those miserable stunted jargons, those Ghetto
+languages which we still employ, for these were the stealthy tongues
+of prisoners. Our national teachers will give due attention to this
+matter; and the language which proves itself to be of greatest utility
+for general intercourse will be adopted without compulsion as our
+national tongue. Our community of race is peculiar and unique, for we
+are bound together only by the faith of our fathers.
+
+
+THEOCRACY
+
+Shall we end by having a theocracy? No, indeed. Faith unites us,
+knowledge gives us freedom. We shall therefore prevent any theocratic
+tendencies from coming to the fore on the part of our priesthood. We
+shall keep our priests within the confines of their temples in the
+same way as we shall keep our professional army within the confines of
+their barracks. Army and priesthood shall receive honors high as their
+valuable functions deserve. But they must not interfere in the
+administration of the State which confers distinction upon them, else
+they will conjure up difficulties without and within.
+
+Every man will be as free and undisturbed in his faith or his
+disbelief as he is in his nationality. And if it should occur that men
+of other creeds and different nationalities come to live amongst us,
+we should accord them honorable protection and equality before the
+law. We have learnt toleration in Europe. This is not sarcastically
+said; for the Anti-Semitism of today could only in a very few places
+be taken for old religious intolerance. It is for the most part a
+movement among civilized nations by which they try to chase away the
+spectres of their own past.
+
+
+LAWS
+
+When the idea of a State begins to approach realization, the Society
+of Jews will appoint a council of jurists to do the preparatory work
+of legislation. During the transition period these must act on the
+principle that every emigrant Jew is to be judged according to the
+laws of the country which he has left. But they must try to bring
+about a unification of these various laws to form a modern system of
+legislation based on the best portions of previous systems. This might
+become a typical codification, embodying all the just social claims of
+the present day.
+
+
+THE ARMY
+
+The Jewish State is conceived as a neutral one. It will therefore
+require only a professional army, equipped, of course, with every
+requisite of modern warfare, to preserve order internally and
+externally.
+
+
+THE FLAG
+
+We have no flag, and we need one. If we desire to lead many men, we
+must raise a symbol above their heads.
+
+I would suggest a white flag, with seven golden stars. The white field
+symbolizes our pure new life; the stars are the seven golden hours of
+our working-day. For we shall march into the Promised Land carrying
+the badge of honor.
+
+
+RECIPROCITY AND EXTRADITION TREATIES
+
+The new Jewish State must be properly founded, with due regard to our
+future honorable position in the world. Therefore every obligation in
+the old country must be scrupulously fulfilled before leaving. The
+Society of Jews and the Jewish Company will grant cheap passage and
+certain advantages in settlement to those only who can present an
+official testimonial from the local authorities, certifying that they
+have left their affairs in good order.
+
+Every just private claim originating in the abandoned countries will
+be heard more readily in the Jewish State than anywhere else. We shall
+not wait for reciprocity; we shall act purely for the sake of our own
+honor. We shall thus perhaps find, later on, that law courts will be
+more willing to hear our claims than now seems to be the case in some
+places.
+
+It will be inferred, as a matter of course, from previous remarks,
+that we shall deliver up Jewish criminals more readily than any other
+State would do, till the time comes when we can enforce our penal code
+on the same principles as every other civilized nation does. There
+will therefore be a period of transition, during which we shall
+receive our criminals only after they have suffered due penalties.
+But, having made amends, they will be received without any
+restrictions whatever, for our criminals also must enter upon a new
+life.
+
+Thus emigration may become to many Jews a crisis with a happy issue.
+Bad external circumstances, which ruin many a character, will be
+removed, and this change may mean salvation to many who are lost.
+
+Here I should like briefly to relate a story I came across in an
+account of the gold mines of Witwatersrand. One day a man came to the
+Rand, settled there, tried his hand at various things, with the
+exception of gold mining, till he founded an ice factory, which did
+well. He soon won universal esteem by his respectability, but after
+some years he was suddenly arrested. He had committed some
+defalcations as banker in Frankfort, had fled from there, and had
+begun a new life under an assumed name. But when he was led away as
+prisoner, the most respected people in the place appeared at the
+station, bade him a cordial farewell and _au revoir_--for he was
+certain to return.
+
+How much this story reveals! A new life can regenerate even criminals,
+and we have a proportionately small number of these. Some interesting
+statistics on this point are worth reading, entitled "The Criminality
+of Jews in Germany," by Dr. P. Nathan, of Berlin, who was commissioned
+by the "Society for Defense against Anti-Semitism" to make a
+collection of statistics based on official returns. It is true that
+this pamphlet, which teems with figures, has been prompted, as many
+another "defence," by the error that Anti-Semitism can be refuted by
+reasonable arguments. We are probably disliked as much for our gifts
+as we are for our faults.
+
+
+BENEFITS OF THE EMIGRATION OF THE JEWS
+
+I imagine that Governments will, either voluntarily or under pressure
+from the Anti-Semites, pay certain attention to this scheme, and they
+may perhaps actually receive it here and there with a sympathy which
+they will also show to the Society of Jews.
+
+For the emigration which I suggest will not create any economic
+crises. Such crises as would follow everywhere in consequence of
+Jew-baiting would rather be prevented by the carrying out of my plan.
+A great period of prosperity would commence in countries which are
+now Anti-Semitic. For there will be, as I have repeatedly said, an
+internal migration of Christian citizens into the positions slowly and
+systematically evacuated by the Jews. If we are not merely suffered,
+but actually assisted to do this, the movement will have a generally
+beneficial effect. That is a narrow view, from which one should free
+oneself, which sees in the departure of many Jews a consequent
+impoverishment of countries. It is different from a departure which is
+a result of persecution, for then property is indeed destroyed, as it
+is ruined in the confusion of war. Different again is the peaceable
+voluntary departure of colonists, wherein everything is carried out
+with due consideration for acquired rights, and with absolute
+conformity to law, openly and by light of day, under the eyes of the
+authorities and the control of public opinion. The emigration of
+Christian proletarians to different parts of the world would be
+brought to a standstill by the Jewish movement.
+
+The States would have a further advantage in the enormous increase of
+their export trade; for, since the emigrant Jews "over there" would
+depend for a long time to come on European productions, they would
+necessarily have to import them. The local groups would keep up a just
+balance, and the customary needs would have to be supplied for a long
+time at the accustomed places.
+
+Another, and perhaps one of the greatest advantages, would be the
+ensuing social relief. Social dissatisfaction would be appeased during
+the twenty or more years which the emigration of the Jews would
+occupy, and would in any case be set at rest during the whole
+transition period.
+
+The shape which the social question may take depends entirely on the
+development of our technical resources. Steampower concentrated men in
+factories about machinery where they were overcrowded, and where they
+made one another miserable by overcrowding. Our present enormous,
+injudicious, and unsystematic rate of production is the cause of
+continual severe crises which ruin both employers and employees. Steam
+crowded men together; electricity will probably scatter them again,
+and may perhaps bring about a more prosperous condition of the labor
+market. In any case our technical inventors, who are the true
+benefactors of humanity, will continue their labors after the
+commencement of the emigration of the Jews, and they will discover
+things as marvellous as those we have already seen, or indeed more
+wonderful even than these.
+
+The word "impossible" has ceased to exist in the vocabulary of
+technical science. Were a man who lived in the last century to return
+to the earth, he would find the life of today full of incomprehensible
+magic. Wherever the moderns appear with our inventions, we transform
+the desert into a garden. To build a city takes in our time as many
+years as it formerly required centuries; America offers endless
+examples of this. Distance has ceased to be an obstacle. The spirit of
+our age has gathered fabulous treasures into its storehouse. Every day
+this wealth increases. A hundred thousand heads are occupied with
+speculations and research at every point of the globe, and what any
+one discovers belongs the next moment to the whole world. We ourselves
+will use and carry on every new attempt in our Jewish land; and just
+as we shall introduce the seven-hour day as an experiment for the good
+of humanity, so we shall proceed in everything else in the same humane
+spirit, making of the new land a land of experiments and a model
+State.
+
+After the departure of the Jews the undertakings which they have
+created will remain where they originally were found. And the Jewish
+spirit of enterprise will not even fail where people welcome it. For
+Jewish capitalists will be glad to invest their funds where they are
+familiar with surrounding conditions. And whereas Jewish money is now
+sent out of countries on account of existing persecutions, and is sunk
+in most distant foreign undertakings, it will flow back again in
+consequence of this peaceable solution, and will contribute to the
+further progress of the countries which the Jews have left.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] Dr. Herzl addressed a meeting of the Maccabean Club, at which
+Israel Zangwill presided, on November 24th, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+_VI. Conclusion_
+
+
+How much has been left unexplained, how many defects, how many harmful
+superficialities, and how many useless repetitions in this pamphlet,
+which I have thought over so long and so often revised!
+
+But a fair-minded reader, who has sufficient understanding to grasp
+the spirit of my words, will not be repelled by these defects. He will
+rather be roused thereby to cooperate with his intelligence and energy
+in a work which is not one man's task alone, and to improve it.
+
+Have I not explained obvious things and overlooked important
+objections?
+
+I have tried to meet certain objections; but I know that many more
+will be made, based on high grounds and low.
+
+To the first class of objections belongs the remark that the Jews are
+not the only people in the world who are in a condition of distress.
+Here I would reply that we may as well begin by removing a little of
+this misery, even if it should at first be no more than our own.
+
+It might further be said that we ought not to create new distinctions
+between people; we ought not to raise fresh barriers, we should rather
+make the old disappear. But men who think in this way are amiable
+visionaries; and the idea of a native land will still flourish when
+the dust of their bones will have vanished tracelessly in the winds.
+Universal brotherhood is not even a beautiful dream. Antagonism is
+essential to man's greatest efforts.
+
+But the Jews, once settled in their own State, would probably have no
+more enemies. As for those who remain behind, since prosperity
+enfeebles and causes them to diminish, they would soon disappear
+altogether. I think the Jews will always have sufficient enemies, such
+as every nation has. But once fixed in their own land, it will no
+longer be possible for them to scatter all over the world. The
+diaspora cannot be reborn, unless the civilization of the whole earth
+should collapse; and such a consummation could be feared by none but
+foolish men. Our present civilization possesses weapons powerful
+enough for its self-defence.
+
+Innumerable objections will be based on low grounds, for there are
+more low men than noble in this world. I have tried to remove some of
+these narrow-minded notions; and whoever is willing to fall in behind
+our white flag with its seven stars, must assist in this campaign of
+enlightenment. Perhaps we shall have to fight first of all against
+many an evil-disposed, narrow-hearted, short-sighted member of our own
+race.
+
+Again, people will say that I am furnishing the Anti-Semites with
+weapons. Why so? Because I admit the truth? Because I do not maintain
+that there are none but excellent men against us?
+
+Will not people say that I am showing our enemies the way to injure
+us? This I absolutely dispute. My proposal could only be carried out
+with the free consent of a majority of Jews. Action may be taken
+against individuals or even against groups of the most powerful Jews,
+but Governments will never take action against all Jews. The equal
+rights of the Jew before the law cannot be withdrawn where they have
+once been conceded; for the first attempt at withdrawal would
+immediately drive all Jews, rich and poor alike, into the ranks of
+revolutionary parties. The beginning of any official acts of injustice
+against the Jews invariably brings about economic crises. Therefore,
+no weapons can be effectually used against us, because these injure
+the hands that wield them. Meantime hatred grows apace. The rich do
+not feel it much, but our poor do. Let us ask our poor, who have been
+more severely proletarized since the last removal of Anti-Semitism
+than ever before.
+
+Some of our prosperous men may say that the pressure is not yet severe
+enough to justify emigration, and that every forcible expulsion shows
+how unwilling our people are to depart. True, because they do not know
+where to go; because they only pass from one trouble into another. But
+we are showing them the way to the Promised Land; and the splendid
+force of enthusiasm must fight against the terrible force of habit.
+
+Persecutions are no longer so malignant as they were in the Middle
+Ages? True, but our sensitiveness has increased, so that we feel no
+diminution in our sufferings; prolonged persecution has overstrained
+our nerves.
+
+Will people say, again, that our enterprise is hopeless, because even
+if we obtained the land with supremacy over it, the poor only would go
+with us? It is precisely the poorest whom we need at first. Only the
+desperate make good conquerors.
+
+Will some one say: Were it feasible it would have been done long ago?
+
+It has never yet been possible; now it is possible. A hundred--or even
+fifty years ago it would have been nothing more than a dream. Today it
+may become a reality. Our rich, who have a pleasurable acquaintance
+with all our technical achievements, know full well how much money can
+do. And thus it will be; just the poor and simple, who do not know
+what power man already exercises over the forces of Nature, just these
+will have the firmest faith in the new message. For these have never
+lost their hope of the Promised Land.
+
+Here it is, fellow Jews! Neither fable nor deception! Every man may
+test its reality for himself, for every man will carry over with him a
+portion of the Promised Land--one in his head, another in his arms,
+another in his acquired possessions.
+
+Now, all this may appear to be an interminably long affair. Even in
+the most favorable circumstances, many years might elapse before the
+commencement of the foundation of the State. In the meantime, Jews in
+a thousand different places would suffer insults, mortifications,
+abuse, blows, depredation, and death. No; if we only begin to carry
+out the plans, Anti-Semitism would stop at once and for ever. For it
+is the conclusion of peace.
+
+The news of the formation of our Jewish Company will be carried in a
+single day to the remotest ends of the earth by the lightning speed of
+our telegraph wires.
+
+And immediate relief will ensue. The intellects which we produce so
+superabundantly in our middle classes will find an outlet in our first
+organizations, as our first technicians, officers, professors,
+officials, lawyers, and doctors; and thus the movement will continue
+in swift but smooth progression.
+
+Prayers will be offered up for the success of our work in temples and
+in churches also; for it will bring relief from an old burden, which
+all have suffered.
+
+But we must first bring enlightenment to men's minds. The idea must
+make its way into the most distant, miserable holes where our people
+dwell. They will awaken from gloomy brooding, for into their lives
+will come a new significance. Every man need think only of himself,
+and the movement will assume vast proportions.
+
+And what glory awaits those who fight unselfishly for the cause!
+
+Therefore I believe that a wondrous generation of Jews will spring
+into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again.
+
+Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who wish for a
+State will have it.
+
+We shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully
+in our own homes.
+
+The world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our wealth,
+magnified by our greatness.
+
+And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare, will
+react powerfully and beneficially for the good of humanity.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+THE CONGRESS ADDRESSES. New York, Federation of American Zionists,
+  1917. 40p.
+
+EXCERPTS FROM HERZL'S DIARIES. New York, Scopus pub. co. 1941. 122p.
+
+GESAMELTE SHRIFTEN (In Yiddish). New York, Literarishe Verlag, 1920. 2
+  vols.
+
+GESAMMELTE ZIONISTISCHE WERKE. 3rd ed. Berlin. Juedisher Verlag (1934)
+  5 vols. Contents: vol. I Zionistische shriften; vol. 2, 3, 4,
+  Taegebuecher, vol. 5 Das neue Ghetto; Altneuland, Aus dem Nachlass.
+
+DAS JUDENSTAAT; Versuch einer modernen Loesung der Judenfrage. Neue
+  Auflage mit einem Vorwort von Otto Warburg. Berlin, Juedischer
+  Verlag, 1918. 88p. Various editions.
+
+OLD-NEW LAND tr. by Lotta Levensohn with a preface by Stephen S. Wise.
+  New York, Bloch pub. co. 1941. 296p.
+
+THE TRAGEDY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION. 2nd ed. New York, Zionist
+  organization of America, 1920. 47p.
+
+
+ABOUT THEODOR HERZL
+
+Bein, Alex. Theodore Herzl tr. by Maurice Samuel. Phil. Jewish. pub.
+  society, 1940. 545p.
+
+Brainin, Ruben. A Life of Herzl. Vol. I, New York, 1919. (Hebrew)
+
+Buber, Martin and Weltsch, Robert. Theodor Herzl and we. New York,
+  Hitachduth of America, 1929. 28p.
+
+De Haas, Jacob. Theodor Herzl, a biographical study. New York, 1927. 2
+  vols.
+
+Hoffman, Martha. The young Herzl (In Hebrew) Jerusalem, 1941. 103p.
+
+Neumann, Emanuel. The birth of statesmanship; a story of Theodor
+  Herzl's life, New York, Youth dept. Jewish National Fund of America.
+  48p.
+
+New Palestine. Theodor Herzl, a memorial; ed. by Meyer W. Weisgal. New
+  York, 1929. 320p.
+
+Zionist Organization Executive. Theodor Herzl, ein Gedenkbuch. Berlin,
+  Juedischer Verlag, 1929. 79p.
+
+
+CHRONOLOGY
+
+1860-May 2        Wolf Theodor (Benjamin Zev) Herzl is born in
+                  the Tabakgasse, Budapest, the son of Jakob and
+                  Jeanette (Diamant) Herzl.
+
+1885-May 27       First feuilleton published in Wiener Allgemeine
+                  Zeitung.
+
+1894-Oct. 21      Arrest of Dreyfus.
+
+Oct. 21-Nov. 8    Writes Das Neue Ghetto. This is an attempt to
+                  express himself on the Jewish question.
+
+1895-June 2       Interviews Baron de Hirsch, submits plan for
+                  political action. Not favorably received.
+                  Immediately after this interview, which he later
+                  designates the beginning of his Zionist work, Herzl
+                  begins his Diaries.
+
+June-July         Composes first draft of Der Judenstaat.
+
+November 17       Explains idea of Jewish State to Dr. Nordau in
+                  Paris. Meets with instant understanding. Nordau
+                  gives Herzl introduction to Zangwill and London
+                  Maccabean Club.
+
+November 21       London. First meeting with Zangwill.
+
+1895-Nov. 24      London. First address before Maccabean Club.
+
+1896-Feb. 14      Der Judenstaat published in Vienna.
+
+May               Herzl recognized as leader by Zionist students of
+                  Vienna.
+
+July 13           London. Proclaimed leader of Jewry at meeting
+                  of Whitechapel Jews. Conflict with Chovevei Zion.
+
+July 18           Paris. Meeting with Baron Edmond Rothschild,
+                  who considers plan impracticable.
+
+November 8        Writes to British Zionists suggesting collection
+                  of a national fund.
+
+1897-March 6      Zionsverein decides upon Zionist Congress in
+                  Munich on August 25.
+
+June 4            Publication of first issue of Die Welt.
+
+June 17           Zionist Actions Committee decides to hold Congress
+                  in Basle.
+
+Aug. 29-31        First Zionist Congress convenes in Basle.
+
+1898-Aug. 28-30   Second Zionist Congress meets at Basle.
+
+October 26        Herzl party lands at Jaffa; tours Jewish colonies
+                  of Palestine.
+
+November 2        Formal audience with German Emperor at his
+                  headquarters outside Jerusalem. Problems of colonization
+                  discussed.
+
+1899-March 20     Registration of name of Jewish Colonial Trust,
+                  Ltd.
+
+August 15-17      Third Zionist Congress held at Basle.
+
+1900-Aug. 2       Fourth Zionist Congress opens in London. Herzl
+                  attends though he has barely recovered from serious
+                  illness.
+
+1901-May 18       Formal audience with Abdul Hamid II at Yildiz
+                  Kiosk. Herzl is promised pro-Jewish proclamation.
+                  Receives Grand Cordon of the Order of Medjidje,
+                  First Class.
+
+Dec. 29-31        Fifth Congress convenes at Basle. Zangwill attacks
+                  ICA. Conflict between Herzl and Russian
+                  "cultural" Zionists. Discussion of National Fund.
+
+1902-Feb. 17      Constantinople. Sultan offers Herzl charter, but
+                  not for Palestine.
+
+July 5            London. Conference with Lord Rothschild.
+
+July 7            London. Herzl appears before Royal Commission
+                  on Alien Immigration.
+
+October           Publication of Altneuland.
+
+1903-Jan.         El Arish expedition organized.
+
+May 11            Permission for El Arish colonization refused by
+                  Egypt.
+
+August 16         Vilna. Great ovations. There receives letter from
+                  Sir Clement Hill of British Foreign Office offering
+                  Uganda.
+
+Aug. 22-28        Sixth Zionist Congress held at Basle. Uganda
+                  conflict.
+
+1904-May 16       Last entry in Diaries--letter to Schiff.
+
+July 3            Death of Theodor Herzl.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page 14: Duhring replaced with Duehring                    |
+    | Page 73: exaggerted replaced with exaggerated             |
+    | Page 48: Maccabbeans replaced with Maccabeans             |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl
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