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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Newfoundland and the Jingoes, by John Fretwell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Newfoundland and the Jingoes
+       An Appeal to England's Honor
+
+Author: John Fretwell
+
+Release Date: May 3, 2008 [EBook #25264]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE JINGOES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by two www.PGDP.net Volunteers and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Our Roots: Canada's Local Histories Online
+(http://www.ourroots.ca/))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE
+JINGOES
+
+
+_AN APPEAL TO ENGLAND'S HONOR_
+
+
+BY
+JOHN FRETWELL
+
+
+
+
+BOSTON MASS.: GEO H. ELLIS
+TORONTO, CANADA: HUNTER ROSE & CO.
+WESTMINSTER ENGLAND: ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO.
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT 1895 BY JOHN FRETWELL.
+
+COPYRIGHTED IN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES
+RIGHT OF TRANSLATION AND REPUBLICATION RESERVED
+
+GEO. H. ELLIS, PRINTER, 141 FRANKLIN STREET, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+  "To be taken into the American Union is to be adopted into a
+  partnership. To belong as a Crown Colony to the British Empire, as
+  things stand, is no partnership at all.
+
+  "It is to belong to a power which sacrifices, as it has always
+  sacrificed, the interest of its dependencies to its own. The blood
+  runs freely through every vein and artery of the American body
+  corporate. Every single citizen feels his share in the life of his
+  nation. Great Britain leaves her Colonies to take care of
+  themselves, refuses what they ask, and forces on them what they
+  had rather be without.
+
+  "If I were a West Indian, I should feel that under the stars and
+  stripes I should be safer than I was at present from political
+  experimenting. I should have a market in which to sell my produce
+  where I should be treated as a friend. I should have a power
+  behind me and protecting me, and I should have a future to which I
+  could look forward with confidence. America would restore me to
+  hope and life: Great Britain allows me to sink, contenting herself
+  with advising me to be patient. Why should I continue loyal when
+  my loyalty was so contemptuously valued?"--JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE
+  (from "The English in the West Indies," Nov. 15, 1887).
+
+  "In the United States is Canada's natural market for buying as
+  well as for selling, the market which her productions are always
+  struggling to enter through every opening in the tariff wall, for
+  exclusion from which no distant market either in England or
+  elsewhere can compensate her, the want of which brings on her
+  commercial atrophy, and drives the flower of her youth by
+  thousands and tens of thousands over the line.
+
+  "The Canadian North-west remains unpeopled while the neighboring
+  States of the Union are peopled, because it is cut off from the
+  continent to which it belongs by a fiscal and political
+  line."--GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L., in "Questions of the Day," page
+  159. (Macmillan & Co., London, 1893).
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It would be evidence of gross ignorance, or something worse, to
+pretend that the United States, under like conditions, would have
+treated the Newfoundlanders better than England has done. It would be
+especially so after the humiliating spectacle presented to the world
+by our Democratic majorities last year in Congress and in the State
+and city of New York.
+
+With material resources superior to those of any other country in the
+world, we are obliged to appeal to the European money-lender for gold.
+
+Even the chosen head of our Tory Democracy tells Congress that we must
+sacrifice $16,000,000 to obtain gold on the terms offered by his
+Secretary of the Treasury.
+
+England's past blunders have been singularly favorable to American
+interests, when real statesmen were at the helm in Washington. Any
+strategist can see that, if Lord Palmerston, instead of bullying weak
+Greece and China, had done justice to Newfoundland, his government
+might have acquired so strong a position in America as to seriously
+imperil the preservation of the Union some thirty years ago. That he
+failed to do his duty was as fortunate for the United States as it was
+unfortunate for Newfoundland. To-day, but for the emasculating
+influence of our Tory Democracy, England's blunders in the same island
+would be profitable to the United States.
+
+Even for our small and expensive navy we cannot find sufficient able
+seamen among our citizens; and the starving fishermen of Newfoundland
+are just the men we need. But there is no money in the national
+treasury to pay them; while our ridiculous immigration and suffrage
+laws exclude the men we need, and enable the scum of Europe to
+influence our legislation.
+
+I trust this tract may suggest to some Englishmen the best way to
+prevent a repetition of the present distress, and so show the world
+that, after all, loyalty is sometimes appreciated in imperial circles.
+The old project of a rapid line of steamers from Bay St. George to
+Chaleurs Bay, giving England communication via Newfoundland with
+Montreal in less than five days, has been revived; but the route is
+closed by winter ice, and too far north for the United States.
+
+A better route, open all the year round, is that from Port aux Basques
+to Neil's Cove, a distance of only fifty-two miles by sea against two
+hundred and fifty miles from Bay St. George to Paspebiac or Shippegan;
+and still better is the route via Port aux Basques and Louisbourg,
+which will soon be connected with the American lines, with a single
+break of three miles at the Gut of Canso Ferry. With all its faults,
+British rule has one advantage over that of all other colonial powers:
+it gives the foreigner, no matter what his faith or nation, exactly
+the same commercial rights as the British subject; and so, although
+Newfoundland will lose by the exclusion of its fish from our protected
+markets, and by the diplomatic inability of the British government to
+protect it from the effects of French bounties and treaty rights, the
+enlightened selfishness of the New Englander will find that, "there is
+money for him" in the development of those resources which have been
+so singularly neglected by the British capitalists who invest their
+money in the most rotten schemes that Yankee ingenuity can invent.
+
+                                                        J.F.
+
+Feb. 11, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHORITIES.
+
+
+In the following pages I have drawn largely on the well-known works of
+Hatton and Harvey, Bonnycastle, Pedley, Bishop Howley, and Spearman's
+article in the _Westminster Review_ for 1892, concerning Newfoundland;
+and, on the general question, on Froude's "England to the Defeat of
+the Spanish Armada," Lecky's "History of England in the Eighteenth
+Century," Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress," Hansard's Debates, "The
+Annual Register," McCarthy's "History of our own Times," and the Blue
+Books of the British government.
+
+To the tourist who proposes to visit the island I can recommend Rev.
+Moses Harvey's "Newfoundland in 1894," published in St. John's, as the
+best guide to the island. Mr. Harvey has also written an excellent
+article on the island for Baedeker's "Canada." For the hunter,
+painter, photographer, angler, yachtsman, or geologist, there is not a
+more attractive excursion, for from one to three months, along the
+whole American coast than that through and round Newfoundland.
+
+                                                        J.F.
+
+
+
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE JINGOES.
+
+BY JOHN FRETWELL.
+
+
+The most prominent and able intellectual representative of the money
+power in the world, the London _Times_, writes of Newfoundland:--
+
+"Even if we were disposed to do so, we cannot in our position as a
+naval power view with indifference the disaster to, and possibly the
+ruin of, a colony we may sometimes regard as amongst the most valuable
+of our naval stations. Neither can we view the position without
+consideration for the wide-spread suffering that an absolute refusal
+to grant assistance would entail. It is probable that a cheaper system
+of administration would retrieve the position without casting an
+overwhelmingly heavy burden upon the imperial tax-payers. If we
+interpret public feeling aright, it will be in favor of giving the
+colony the help that may be found essential; but, if the assistance
+required takes anything like the radical proportion that at present
+seems necessary, it can only be granted at a price,--the surrender of
+the Constitution and the return of Newfoundland to the condition of a
+crown colony."
+
+While we may safely concede to the editors of the _Times_ as much
+"consideration for wide-spread suffering" as to a Jay Gould or a
+Napoleon, the above-quoted words are significant, because they show
+that what the ruling powers in England would never concede to charity
+or justice they will give to self-interest, now that the _Times_ has
+discovered "there is money in it."
+
+But to us Americans the words have their lessons also. Newfoundland
+not only belongs to our Continental system, but it can never be
+really prosperous until it becomes a State in our Union. What it is
+to-day, New England might have been, had it not been delivered by the
+Continental forces, and by the French navy, from the rule of British
+Tories. And, as a member of our Union, this island, five times the
+size of Massachusetts, might not only be as prosperous as Rhode Island
+or Connecticut, but also the chief training ground for our future
+navy, which, checked by the piracies of the British-built "Alabama,"
+will become in the near future an indispensable necessity of our
+national existence.
+
+Since the English people seem to have taken to heart, far more than
+his own countrymen have done, the lesson taught by our Captain Mahan
+in his "Influence of the Sea-power in History," it is well that we
+should consider the past history of England's relations to that
+first-born colony which she has so infamously sacrificed, and for
+whose misfortunes she alone is responsible.
+
+The lesson that we may learn from that history is quite as much needed
+by the American as by the Briton. Edmund R. Spearman, writing in the
+_Westminster Review_ (Vol. 137, page 403, 1892), says:--
+
+"No English Homer has yet risen to tell the tale of Newfoundland,
+shrouded in mystery and romance, the daring invasion and vicissitudes
+of those exhaustless fisheries, the battle of life in that seething
+cauldron of the North Atlantic, where the swelling billows never rest,
+and the hurricane only slumbers to bring forth the worse dangers of
+the fog-bank and the iceberg. Fierce as has been during the four
+centuries the fight for the fisheries by European rivals, their petty
+racial quarrels sink into insignificance before the general struggle
+for the harvest. The Atlantic roar hides all minor pipings. The breed
+of fisher-folk from these deep-sea voyagings consist of the toughest
+specimens of human endurance. All other dangers which lure men to
+venture everything for excitement or for fortune, the torrid heat or
+arctic cold, the battle against man or beast, the desert or the
+jungle, all land adventures are as nothing compared to the daring of
+the hourly existence of the heroic souls whose lives are cast upon the
+banks of Newfoundland. The fishermen may seem wild and reckless, rough
+and illiterate; but supreme danger and superlative sacrifice breed
+noble qualities, and beneath the rough exterior of the fisherman you
+will never fail to find a MAN, and no cheap imitation of the genuine
+article. None but a man can face for a second time the frown of the
+North Atlantic, that exhibition of mighty, all-consuming power, beside
+the sober reality of which all the ecstasies of poets and painters are
+puny failures. Among these heroes of the sea England's children have
+always been foremost. We should expect England to be especially proud
+of such an offspring, familiar with their struggles, and ever heedful
+of their welfare, lending an ear to their claims or complaints above
+all others. Strange to say, it has always been the exact reverse."
+
+Though discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot in 1494, "the
+twenty-fourth of June at five o'clock in the morning," it was not
+until ninety years later that the island was formally organized as an
+English colony (Aug. 5, 1582, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert).
+
+The persecutions of Bloody Mary and the massacre of St. Bartholomew
+had roused the indignation of Englishmen to the highest pitch. They
+were ready for any risk in open war against France and Spain, but
+Queen Elizabeth was always trying to shirk responsibility; and so the
+sea-captains who would avenge the wrongs done to the Protestants were
+obliged to run the risk of being condemned as pirates.
+
+One of them wrote to Queen Elizabeth, Nov. 6, 1577, offering to fit
+out ships, well armed, for the Banks of Newfoundland, where some
+twenty-five thousand fishermen went out from France, Spain, and
+Portugal every summer to catch the food of their Catholic fast days.
+He proposed to treat these fishermen as the Huguenots of France had
+been treated,--to bring away the best of their ships, and to burn the
+rest. Nine days after the date of this letter Francis Drake sailed
+from Plymouth, commanding a fleet of five ships, equipped by a company
+of private adventurers, of whom Queen Elizabeth was the largest
+shareholder. Fortunately, they never committed the horrible crime
+suggested in that letter. In those five ships, says Froude, lay the
+germ of Great Britain's ocean empire.
+
+In 1585 Sir John Hawkins, who had meanwhile annexed Newfoundland to
+the English Dominion, proposed again to take a fleet to the Fishing
+Banks, whither half the sailors of Spain and Portugal went annually to
+fish for cod.
+
+He would destroy them all at one fell swoop, cripple the Spanish
+marine for years, and leave the galleons to rot in the harbors for
+want of sailors to man them.
+
+Had this been done, Philip of Spain would never have been able to
+threaten England with his "Invincible Armada." But the brave
+Englishmen of those days had to deal with a treacherous queen. The
+Hollanders who had engaged in a desperate struggle that they might
+have done with lies, and serve God with honesty and sincerity, were
+willing and eager to be annexed to England, and in union with her
+would have formed so strong a power as to be able to resist any
+Continental league against them.
+
+But Elizabeth cared more for herself than for her country and her
+cause, and thus made warlike measures necessary which an Oliver
+Cromwell would have avoided.
+
+Her duplicity may have provoked those republican ideas that were
+brought by Brewster and the other Pilgrim Fathers to America. Brewster
+was the friend and companion of Davison, Queen Elizabeth's Secretary
+of State, who was sent on an embassy to the Netherlands by her; and
+the contrast between these brave citizens and the treachery of the
+"good Queen Bess" must have given him a profound sense of the injury
+done to a great nation by the vices and follies of royalty.
+
+The infamous manner in which the queen afterwards used her faithful
+secretary, Davison, as her scapegoat, and the sycophancy of Sandys,
+Archbishop of York, at Davison's mock trial, were strong arguments
+both against royalty and prelacy.
+
+Under the cowardly, childish, and pedantic king who succeeded
+Elizabeth, Newfoundland was the bone of contention between the
+factions at his court, between Catholics and Protestants, and men who
+were neither, and men who were both.
+
+Among the latter was the gallant Yorkshireman, Sir George Calvert, who
+was Secretary of State to James, but was compelled to resign his
+office in 1624, because he became a Catholic.
+
+The British and Irish Catholics who came over seem to have been the
+men who came out to Newfoundland with the most honest intent of
+any,--to better themselves without injury to others, and to seek there
+"freedom to worship God" at a time when that freedom was denied in
+England, both to the Catholic and the Puritan. In 1620 Calvert had
+bought a patent conveying to him the lordship of all the south-eastern
+peninsula, which he called Avalon, the ancient name of Glastonbury in
+England.
+
+He proposed to found there an asylum for the persecuted Catholics; and
+at a little harbor on the eastern shore, just south of Cape Broyle,
+which he called Verulam, a name since corrupted to Ferryland, he built
+a noble mansion, and spent altogether some $150,000, a much larger sum
+in those days than it seems now. But the site was ill chosen; and the
+imbecility of King James encouraged the French to attack the colony,
+so that at last Calvert wrote to Burleigh, "I came here to plant and
+set and sow, but have had to fall to fighting Frenchmen." He went
+home, and in the last year of his life he obtained a grant of land,
+which is now occupied by the States of Delaware and Maryland; and to
+its chief city his son gave the name of the wild Irish headland and
+fishing village, whence he took his own name of Lord Baltimore in the
+Irish peerage.
+
+After Calvert's departure, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland sent out a
+number of settlers; and in 1638 Sir David Kirke, one of the bravest of
+England's sea-captains, who had taken Quebec, received from Charles I.
+a grant of all Newfoundland, and settled at Verulam, or Ferryland, the
+place founded by Calvert. Under Kirke the colony prospered; but, as he
+took the part of Charles in the civil war, his possessions were
+confiscated by the victorious Commonwealth.
+
+At that time there were nearly two thousand settlers along the eastern
+shore of Avalon; and the great Protector, Oliver Cromwell, protected
+the rights of the Newfoundland settlers as he did those of the
+Waldensians.
+
+After his death came what Mr. Spearman calls the "blots in the English
+history known as the reigns of Charles II. and his deposed brother."
+
+Mr. Spearman continues, "Frenchmen must understand that no Englishman
+will for a moment accept as a precedent anything in those two reigns
+affecting the relations of France and of England."
+
+But here Mr. Spearman counts without his host. He should recollect
+that the British government has, since the death of Charles II., paid
+an annual pension to the Dukes of Richmond simply because they were
+descended from the Frenchwoman, Louise de la Querouaille, whose
+influence induced Charles II. to betray English interests to France,
+and that but the other day the Salisbury government recognized that
+precedent by paying the Duke of Richmond a very large sum of money to
+buy off this infamous claim. So long as the names of the Dukes of
+Richmond and Saint Alban's (both descendant of Charles II.'s
+mistresses) remain on the roll of the British Peerage, the Frenchman
+will have a right to laugh at Mr. Spearman's claim; for we cannot
+ignore a precedent in our intercourse with foreigners, so long as we
+act upon it in our domestic affairs.
+
+Scarcely was Charles the Libertine seated on the throne of England,
+when the Frenchmen, in 1660, settled on the southern shore of
+Newfoundland, at a place which they called La Plaisance (now known as
+Placentia).
+
+They were certainly either wiser or more fortunate in their choice of
+a location than the English; for, while St. John's and Ferryland, on
+the straight shore of Avalon, are exposed to the wildest gales of the
+Atlantic, and shut out by the arctic ice from all communication with
+the ocean for a part of the winter, Placentia is a protected harbor,
+open all the year round, and having a sheltered waterway navigable for
+the largest ships to the northernmost and narrowest part of the
+Isthmus of Avalon.
+
+We must believe that the French would have managed Newfoundland better
+than the English if they had kept the island; for the men who cut the
+Isthmus of Suez would surely long ago have made a passage, three miles
+long, by which the ships of Trinity Bay might have found their way at
+the close of autumn to the safe winter harbors of the southern coast.
+
+All along the southern shore the names on the map tell us of French
+occupation.
+
+Port aux Basques, Harbor Breton, Rencontre Bay (called by the English
+Round Counter), Cape La Hune, Bay d'Espoir, are but a few of them.
+
+The name which the English have given to this last is strangely
+characteristic. The Bay of Hope (Baie d'Espoir) of the French has been
+changed into the Bay of Despair of the English. It was really a Bay of
+Hope to the French; for from the head of one of its fiords, deep
+enough for the largest of our modern ships, an Indian trail goes
+northwards in less than 100 miles to the fertile valley of the
+Exploits River. Can we suppose that the French engineers would have
+allowed 200 years to elapse without building a road along this trail?
+And yet not a single road was built by the English conquerors before
+the year 1825; and even to-day, to reach the point where the Indian
+trail crosses the Exploits, we must travel 260 miles by rail from
+Placentia or St. John's instead of 100 from Bay d'Espoir, simply
+because the English holders of property in St. John's, like dogs in
+the manger, will not permit any improvement in the country, unless it
+can be made tributary to their special interests.
+
+That the English were worse enemies of Newfoundland than the French,
+even in King Charles's time, may be seen from the advice given by Sir
+Josiah Child, the chairman of that great monopoly, the East India
+Company, that the island "was to have no government, nor inhabitants
+permitted to reside at Newfoundland, nor any passengers or private
+boat-keepers permitted to fish at Newfoundland."
+
+The Lords of the Committee for Trade and Plantations adopted the
+suggestion of Sir Josiah; and in 1676, just a century before the
+American Declaration of Independence, the west country adventurers
+began to drive away the resident inhabitants, and to take possession
+of their houses and fishing stages, and did so much damage in three
+weeks that Thomas Oxford declared 1,500 men could not make it good.
+
+We should be unjust if we were to regard this infamous dishonesty as
+simply an accident of the Restoration time. Many of my American
+readers have doubtless heard of an island called Ireland, which is
+much nearer to England than Newfoundland. Lecky tells us how the
+English land-owners, always foremost in selfishness, procured the
+enactment of laws, in 1665 and 1680, absolutely prohibiting the
+importation into England from Ireland of all cattle, sheep, and swine,
+of beef, pork, bacon, and mutton, and even of butter and cheese, with
+the natural result that the French were enabled to procure these
+provisions at lower prices, and their work of settling their sugar
+plantations was much facilitated thereby.
+
+In the Navigation Act of 1663 Ireland was deprived of all the
+advantages accorded to English ones, and thus lost her colonial trade;
+and, after the Revolution, the commercial influence, which then became
+supreme in the councils of England, was almost as hostile to Ireland
+as that of the Tory landlords. A Parliament was summoned in Dublin, in
+1698, for the express purpose of destroying Irish industry; and a year
+later the Irish were prohibited from exporting their manufactured wool
+to any other country whatever. Prohibitive duties were imposed on
+Irish sail-cloth imported into England. Irish checked, striped, and
+dyed linens were absolutely excluded from the colonies, and burdened
+with a duty of 30 per cent. if imported into England. Ireland was not
+allowed to participate in the bounties granted for the exportation of
+these descriptions of linen from Great Britain to foreign countries.
+In 1698, two petitions, from Folkestone and Aldborough, were presented
+to Parliament, complaining of the injury done to the fishermen of
+those towns "by the Irish catching herrings at Waterford and Wexford,
+and sending them to the Straits, and thereby forestalling and ruining
+petitioners' markets"; and there was even a party in England who
+desired to prohibit all fisheries on the Irish shore except by boats
+built and manned by Englishmen.
+
+Not only were the Irish prevented from earning money, but they were
+forced to pay large sums to the mistresses of English kings. Lecky
+tells us that the Duke of Saint Alban's, the bastard son of Charles
+II., enjoyed an Irish pension of £800 a year. Catherine Sedley, the
+mistress of James II., had another of £5,000 a year. William III.
+bestowed a considerable Irish estate on his mistress, Elizabeth
+Villiers. The Duchess of Kendall and the Countess of Darlington, two
+mistresses of the German Protestant George I., had Irish pensions of
+the united value of £5,000. Lady Walsingham, daughter of the
+first-named of these mistresses, had an Irish pension of £1,500; and
+Lady Howe, daughter of the second, had a pension of £500. Madame de
+Walmoden, mistress of the German Protestant King George II., had an
+Irish pension of £3,000. This king's sister, the queen dowager of
+Prussia, Count Bernsdorff, a prominent German politician, and a number
+of other German names may be found on the Irish pension list.
+
+Lecky's description of the Protestant Church of Ireland is just as
+revolting. Archbishop Bolton wrote, "A true Irish bishop [meaning
+bishops of English birth and of the Protestant Church] has nothing
+more to do than to eat, drink, grow fat and rich, and die."
+
+The English primate of Ireland ordained and placed in an Irish living
+a Hampshire deer-stealer, who had only saved himself from the gallows
+by turning informer against his comrades. Archbishop King wrote to
+Addison, "You make nothing in England of ordering us to provide for
+such and such a man £200 per annum, and, when he has it, by favor of
+the government, he thinks he may be excused attendance; but you do not
+consider that such a disposition takes up, perhaps, a tenth part of
+the diocese, and turns off the cure of ten parishes to one curate."
+
+From the very highest appointment to the lowest, in secular and sacred
+things, all departments of administration in Ireland were given over
+as a prey to rapacious jobbers. Charles Lucas, M.P. for Dublin, wrote
+in 1761 to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, "Your excellency will often
+find the most infamous of men, the very outcasts of Britain, put into
+the highest employments or loaded with exorbitant pensions; while all
+that ministered and gave sanction to the most shameful and destructive
+measures of such viceroys never failed of an ample share in the spoils
+of a plundered people."
+
+Arthur Young, in 1779, estimated the rents of absentee landlords alone
+at £732,000; and Hutchinson, in the same year, stated that the sums
+remitted from Ireland to Great Britain for rents, interest of money,
+pensions, salaries, and profit of offices amounted, on the lowest
+computation (from 1668 to 1773), to £1,110,000 yearly.
+
+If, in treating of Newfoundland, I have made many extracts from Mr.
+Lecky's references to Ireland, it is in order that I may show Mr.
+Spearman the danger of laying too much stress on the French claims as
+the cause of the present distress in England's oldest colony.
+
+France had no claims in Ireland, and yet the conduct of the British
+government and the British tradesman to that unfortunate island is one
+of the blackest infamies of the eighteenth century.
+
+Mr. Lecky says in Chapter V., page 11, of his history: "To a sagacious
+observer of colonial politics two facts were becoming evident. The one
+was that the deliberate and malignant selfishness of English
+commercial legislation was digging a chasm between the mother country
+and the colonies which must inevitably, when the latter had become
+sufficiently strong, lead to separation. The other was that the
+presence of the French in Canada was an essential condition of the
+maintenance of the British empire in America."
+
+If Mr. Lecky had studied Newfoundland's history, he might have added a
+third fact; namely, that the French claims in Newfoundland have been
+for the Jingoes of the last half-century a convenient means of excuse
+for shirking their own responsibility to the unfortunate island, and
+for covering up the malignant selfishness of those tradesmen in Canada
+and England to whose private interests the island has been sacrificed
+by the government.
+
+It is interesting to observe how, at the time of the Peace of Utrecht,
+on Article XIII. of which the modern claims of France are based, the
+conditions were similar to those of Tory intrigue to-day.
+
+King Louis of France, encouraged by the momentary supremacy of the
+Tories in England, had insulted the English people by recognizing the
+Pretender as King of England.
+
+The popular indignation roused by this insult enabled King William, by
+dissolving Parliament, to overthrow the Tory power, and obtain a large
+majority pledged to war with France. The Whigs carried this war to a
+victorious conclusion; but, most unfortunately for both England and
+its colonies, Abigail Masham, by her influence over the queen, secured
+the overthrow of the Whigs. And her cousin Harley, a Tory, became
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, thus permitting the Tories to reap the
+fruits of Whig victories. In reference to the conclusion of the peace
+with France Lecky says, "The tortuous proceedings that terminated in
+the Peace of Utrecht form, beyond all question, one of the most
+shameful pages in English history."
+
+The greatest of England's generals was removed from the head of the
+army, and replaced by a Tory of no military ability. The allies of
+England were most basely deserted; and a clause was inserted in the
+treaty respecting Newfoundland to the following effect:--
+
+"But it is allowed to the subjects of France to practise fishing and
+to dry fish on land in that part only which stretches from the place
+called Bonavista to the Northern Point of the said Island, and from
+thence, running down by the Western Side, reaches as far as the place
+called Point Riche."
+
+What compensation was given by France in return for this right to
+catch and dry fish on a part of the Newfoundland shore?
+
+That was the immense accession of guilty wealth acquired by the
+Assiento Treaty, by which England obtained the monopoly of the
+slave-trade to the Spanish colonies.
+
+In the one hundred and six years from 1680 to 1786 England sent
+2,130,000 slaves to America and the West Indies.
+
+On this point Lecky writes: "It may not be uninteresting to observe
+that, among the few parts of the Peace of Utrecht which appear to have
+given unqualified satisfaction at home, was the Assiento contract,
+which made of England the great slave-trader of the world. _The last
+prelate who took a leading part in English_ politics affixed his
+signature to the treaty. A Te Deum, composed by Handel, was sung in
+thanksgiving in the churches. Theological passions had been recently
+more vehemently aroused; and theological controversies had for some
+years acquired a wider and more absorbing interest in England than in
+any period since the Commonwealth. But it does not yet appear to have
+occurred to any class that a national policy, which made it its main
+object to encourage the kidnapping of tens of thousands of negroes,
+and their consignment to the most miserable slavery, might be at least
+as inconsistent with the spirit of the Christian religion as either
+the establishment of Presbyterianism or the toleration of prelacy in
+Scotland."
+
+Is it not characteristic that, just as the Tories of Queen Anne's time
+were willing to prejudice the rights of a colony in return for the
+infamous profits of the slave-trade, so the Tory of 1862, Lord Robert
+Cecil, was among the chief Englishmen who sympathized with the
+slaveholders who were then attacking the American Union?
+
+It is equally characteristic that this first of the Primrose Dames,
+Abigail Masham, quarrelled with her cousin Harley about the share
+which this lady of High Church principles was to receive out of the
+profits of the infamous trade.
+
+Surely, the country that made so much profit out of the slave-trade is
+bound to compensate Newfoundland for the losses caused by its weakness
+in the French shore question rather than that France which in 1713
+abandoned the infamous traffic to the British Tories.
+
+The next treaty between France and England, that of Aix-la-Chapelle,
+in 1748, made no alteration in the Newfoundland question; but the
+government of England, in returning Louisbourg to the French, gave
+another of those proofs of the selfish indifference of the home
+government to the rights of the colonies which was one of the most
+potent causes that led the New Englanders, with the aid of France, to
+achieve their independence.
+
+At the south-eastern extremity of Cape Breton Island the strong
+fortress of Louisbourg, which it was once the fashion to call the
+Gibraltar of America, threatened the safety of the New England and
+Newfoundland fisheries alike. Governor Shirley of Massachusetts
+induced the legislature to undertake an expedition against this
+fortress, and intrusted its command to Colonel William Pepperell. The
+New England forces, raw troops, commanded by untrained officers,
+astonished the world by capturing a fortress which was deemed
+impregnable. This was the most brilliant and decisive achievement of
+nine years of otherwise useless bloodshed and treachery.
+
+It is well that the people of the United States propose to celebrate
+its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary this year; for, more than any
+other event in their colonial history, it gave them confidence in the
+power of untrained men of spirit to overcome the hireling soldiers of
+the European governments.
+
+But the action of the British government at the Treaty of
+Aix-la-Chapelle, in restoring this fortress to the French, gave the
+colonists an equally necessary lesson. What did England get in
+exchange? The already mentioned Assiento, that famous compact which
+gave to England the right to ship slaves to the Spanish colonies, was
+confirmed for the four years it still had to run; and the fortress of
+Madras, which had been taken by the French in 1746, was restored to
+England in 1748 by the treaty. Even the most selfish and heartless of
+British politicians may doubt whether the true interests of his
+country were served by abandoning the American fortress for that of
+India; but the American statesman will not fail to see in the conduct
+of England towards her American colonists in this transaction a
+justification not alone for the Declaration of Independence, but also
+for that Monroe doctrine which, in its fullest application, will
+prevent the interference of any European power in the affairs of any
+part of America, not excluding Newfoundland. The Treaty of Paris, in
+1763, which made Great Britain practically master of North America,
+produced no change in the position of the 13,000 settlers then in
+Newfoundland. For them the London government cared nothing. The
+provisions of the treaty, by which France gave up Canada to England,
+only served to emphasize more strongly the injustice done by England
+to her Catholic population, both in Ireland and in Newfoundland.
+
+In 1719 the Irish Privy Council, all tools of England; actually
+proposed to the London government that every unregistered priest or
+friar remaining in Ireland after the 1st of May, 1720, should be
+castrated; and, although the English ministers did not accept this
+suggestion, they adopted one that such priests should have a large P
+branded with a red-hot iron on their cheeks. It can be hardly wondered
+at that the more honest Irishmen sought refuge from such infamies
+either in foreign service or in the colonies; and many of them came to
+Newfoundland, only to find that the Church of England spirit of
+persecution was rampant there also.
+
+Every government official was obliged to abjure the special tenets of
+Catholicism. In 1755 Governor Darrell commanded all masters of vessels
+who brought out Irish passengers to carry them back at the close of
+the fishing season. A special tax was levied on Roman Catholics, and
+the celebration of mass was made a penal offence. At Harbor Main,
+Sept. 25, 1755, the magistrates were ordered to fine a certain man £50
+because he had allowed a priest to celebrate mass in one of his
+fishing-rooms. The room was ordered to be demolished, and the owner to
+sell his possessions and quit the harbor. Another who was present at
+the same mass was fined £20, and his house and stage destroyed by
+fire. Other Catholics who had not been present, were fined £10 each,
+and ordered to leave the settlement. These infamies were not altered
+until the Tory government was humiliated by the victory of the United
+States and their allies. But even then the Newfoundland settlers were
+taught that England treats her loyal colonist more harshly than the
+possible rebel.
+
+The Newfoundland settlers, Catholic or Protestant, had proved the most
+loyal men in the colony.
+
+When the French, under D'Iberville, captured St. John's, and all
+Newfoundland lay at their feet, the solitary exception was the little
+Island of Carbonear in Conception Bay, where the persecuted settler
+John Pynn and his gallant band still held aloft the British flag. In
+1704-5 St. John's was again laid waste by the French, under Subercase;
+and, although Colonel Moody successfully defended the fort, the town
+was burned, and all the settlements about Conception Bay were raided
+by the French and their Indian allies. But Pynn and Davis bravely and
+successfully defended their island Gibraltar in Conception Bay.
+
+In 1708 Saint Ovide surprised and captured St. John's, but again old
+John Pynn held the fort at Carbonear.
+
+In the American War one of Pynn's descendants, a clerk at Harbor
+Grace, raised a company of grenadiers from Conception Bay; and they
+fought with such success in Canada that he was knighted as Sir Henry
+Pynn, and raised to the rank of general. But the selfish government at
+home cared nothing for Newfoundland. The first Congress of the United
+States, Sept. 5, 1774, forbade all exports to the British possessions.
+This would not have hurt Newfoundland if the settlers had been allowed
+to carry on agricultural pursuits there. But these had always been
+discouraged by the English; and so they were dependent on the New
+England States for their supplies, and were threatened with absolute
+famine as soon as the war broke out. Had they been disloyal, they
+might have gained their rights from England; but their very loyalty to
+such a government was their worst misfortune.
+
+Even in 1783 the Englishman had not learned the evil results of
+permitting royal interference in British politics. It is not merely in
+the reigns of the libertine kings that we see this. Queen Elizabeth
+injured England by interfering with the policy of its wisest
+statesmen. The ascendency of Harley and Saint John Bolingbroke, who
+deserted England's allies and threw away the fruits of Marlborough's
+victories, was due to the influence of a High Church waiting-woman
+over Queen Anne; and now, when even Lord North, to say nothing of the
+better class of Englishmen, disapproved of George III.'s obstinate
+resistance to the just claims of the American colonies, the support
+given to the king by the Tories led to the loss of a dominion far more
+valuable to England than all the trade of India or China.
+
+He was obliged to call on a Liberal minister to undo, as far as
+possible, the evil done by himself and the Tories, just as in later
+days Mr. Gladstone had to settle with the United States the damage
+done by the Tories in the "Alabama" question.
+
+The death of Rockingham left the direction of the negotiations with
+France and the United States in the hands of Lord Shelburne; and that
+he was extremely liberal in his arrangements with both countries was
+not to be wondered at. The wrong had been done by England; and the
+innocent English had to suffer, as well as the guilty ones.
+Unfortunately for Newfoundland, Shelburne did not cede this island to
+the United States; and so it had to bear more than its share in the
+misfortunes which the policy of King George had brought upon the
+British empire.
+
+Mr. Spearman (page 411) writes that "Adams, the United States envoy,
+himself bred up among the New England fishermen, said 'he would fight
+the war all over again' rather than give up the ancestral right of the
+New Englanders to the Newfoundland fisheries"; but that Shelburne
+should be able, when France and America were victorious, to take away
+from the former power the concessions made to it by the Tories in 1713
+and in 1763 was not to be expected.
+
+There was a slight alteration in the shore line on which the French
+might fish. They abandoned that right between Cape Bonavista and Cape
+St. John, in consideration of being allowed to catch and dry their
+fish along the shore between Point Riche and Cape Ray. That was all;
+and that is precisely the reason why the Beaconsfield-Salisbury
+cabinet, in 1878, refused their sanction to the Bay St. George
+Railroad.
+
+The only advantage that the poor Newfoundlanders gained from the war
+which caused them so much distress was the fact that the English
+government was _whipped_ into conceding to their Roman Catholic
+population some of the rights which for many years afterwards it
+obstinately withheld from their brethren in Ireland.
+
+In 1784 Vice-Admiral John Campbell, a man of liberal, enlightened
+spirit, was appointed governor, and issued an order that all persons
+inhabiting the island were to have full liberty of conscience, and the
+free exercise of all such modes of religious worship _as were not
+prohibited by law_.
+
+In the same year the Rev. Dr. O'Donnell came out to Newfoundland as
+its prefect apostolic. But the liberal movement did not last long.
+Lord Shelburne retired, and from 1784 till the passing of the Reform
+Bill in 1832 the Tories mismanaged the affairs of Great Britain and
+her colonies.
+
+One great advantage of American independence was that it gave the
+world a fair chance of judging between the results of republican and
+royal government in colonial affairs.
+
+We have certainly much that is rotten in the United States; but, when
+we compare our republic at its worst with British colonial
+administration, we can find good reason to be thankful for the
+crowning mercy of 1781, when Washington, Lafayette, and De Grasse
+gained their decisive victory over the troops of King George.
+
+I will not now refer to England's use of her immense power in India,
+China, and Japan. As I watched the course of the Congress of Religions
+at Chicago in 1893, I could not help thinking that the impressions
+taken from that Congress by our Oriental visitors would bear fruit
+that in due course may teach even his Grace, the Archbishop of
+Canterbury, something about England's criminal neglect of Christian
+duty to these people. For us it is enough to compare our position with
+that of the two unfortunate islands nearer our own shores, Ireland and
+Newfoundland.
+
+Suppose we had been cursed with the rule of British Tories since 1783,
+is it likely that our condition would have been better than that of
+these islands?
+
+Even such small instalments of justice as Mr. Gladstone has been able
+to secure through his splendid fight for "justice to Ireland" are due
+far more to the pressure exercised on England by the Irish in America
+than to British sense of right. Poor Newfoundland has had no Ireland
+in America to help her. She has been among the most loyal of England's
+colonies, and because of her loyalty she has been the most shamefully
+treated.
+
+It might be expected that Irish Catholics would emigrate in large
+numbers to Newfoundland to escape the infamous penal laws by which
+King George oppressed them in Ireland, and that sailors from all parts
+of Great Britain would seek there a shelter from the press-gangs at
+home. Dr. O'Donnell, the first regularly authorized Catholic priest on
+the island, applied in 1790 for leave to build a chapel in an outport;
+and, the Tories being in power, Governor Milbanke replied: "The
+Governor acquaints Mr. O'Donnell [omitting the title of Rev.] that, so
+far from being disposed to allow of an increase of places of religious
+worship for the Roman Catholics of the island, he very seriously
+intends next year to lay those established already under particular
+restrictions. Mr. O'Donnell must be aware that it is not the interest
+of Great Britain to encourage people to winter in Newfoundland; and he
+cannot be ignorant that many of the lower order who would now stay
+would, if it were not for the convenience with which they obtain
+absolution here, go home for it, at least once in two or three years.
+And the Governor has been misinformed, if Mr. O'Donnell, instead of
+advising his hearers to return to Ireland, does not rather encourage
+them to winter in this country. On board the 'Salisbury,' Nov. 2,
+1790."
+
+Do we need clearer proofs than that to show us who is responsible for
+the misery both of Newfoundland and of Ireland? This Catholic priest,
+to whom the Tory governor refuses both his religious rights and the
+titles given him by his church and university, knew how to return good
+for evil.
+
+In 1800 a mutinous plot was concocted among the soldiers of the Royal
+Newfoundland Regiment to desert with their arms, and, being joined by
+their friends outside, to plunder St. John's, and afterwards escape to
+the United States. Fortunately, Dr. O'Donnell, who had meanwhile
+become bishop of St. John's, discovered the plot, and not only warned
+the commanding officer, but exerted all his own influence among the
+Catholics of the town to prevent outbreak.
+
+The British government gave him the miserable pension of £50 a year,
+while they pay one of £6,000 a year to the Duke of Richmond, for no
+better reason than that he was descended from the bastard son of that
+Louise de la Querouaille who was the French mistress of King Charles
+II.
+
+Chief Justice Reeves had been sent out from England to report on the
+condition of the country; and his "History of the Government of
+Newfoundland" shows that the ascendency so long maintained by a
+mercantile monopoly for narrow and selfish purpose had prevented the
+settlement of the country, the development of its resources, and the
+establishment of a proper system for the administration of government.
+Soon afterwards, in 1796, Admiral Waldegrave was appointed governor.
+The merchants of Burin complained to him that some of their fishermen
+wanted to emigrate to Nova Scotia. The merchants desired to prevent
+this.
+
+Admiral Waldegrave reported thereon: "Unless these poor wretches
+emigrate, they must starve; for how can it be otherwise, while the
+merchant has the power of setting his own price on the supplies issued
+to the fishermen and on the fish that the people catch for him? Thus
+we see a set of unfortunate beings worked like slaves, and hazarding
+their lives, when at the expiration of their term (_however successful
+their exertions_) they find themselves not only without gain, but so
+deeply indebted as forces them to emigrate or drive them to despair."
+He further relates how the merchants refused to allow a tax of
+sixpence per gallon on rum, to help them to defray administrative
+expenses; and he describes the merchants as "opposed to every measure
+of government which a governor may think proper to propose for the
+general benefit of the island."
+
+But even this Governor Waldegrave, though he so clearly saw the true
+cause of the evil, sternly refused the only remedy within reach, which
+was to grant the poor wretches the right to use the waste,
+uncultivated land which existed in so great abundance round about
+them.
+
+He was so far from doing this that, when about to leave, he put on
+record, in 1799, for the use of his successor, that he had made no
+promise of any grant of land, save one to the officer commanding the
+troops, and that was not to be held by any other person. That is the
+way in which Britain's Tories have cared for her colonies.
+
+Hatton and Harvey say: "In many of the smaller and more remote
+settlements successive generations lived and died without education
+and religious teaching of any kind. The lives of the people were
+rendered hard and miserable for the express purpose of driving them
+away. The governors of those days considered that loyalty to England
+rendered it imperative on them to depopulate Newfoundland."
+
+How did England stand meanwhile towards the other nation, that of
+France, which had claims on Newfoundland? This country had exercised
+its right to replace the Bourbons by the republic, just as England had
+replaced the Stuarts by the Guelphs.
+
+But the Germans and Austrians had insolently interfered in the private
+affairs of France, and so made a military leader, in the person of
+Napoleon Bonaparte, absolutely indispensable for the protection of the
+country against foreign foes.
+
+No sooner was Napoleon seated on the consular throne--he had not then
+become emperor--than he addressed a letter to King George III., urging
+the restoration of peace. "The war which has ravaged for eight years
+the four quarters of the globe, is it," he asks, "to be eternal?"
+"France and England," he concludes, "may, by the abuse of their
+strength, still for a time retard the period of their exhaustion; but
+I will venture to say the fate of all civilized nations is attached to
+the termination of a war which involves the whole world."
+
+And what did England's Tory king answer? He intrusted the reply to
+Grenville, who was then the British minister for foreign affairs, and
+wrote to the Consul Bonaparte that, while his Britannic Majesty did
+not positively make the restoration of the Bourbons an indispensable
+condition of peace, nor claim to prescribe to France her form of
+government, he would intimate that only the one was likely to secure
+the other, and that he had not sufficient respect for her new ruler to
+entertain his proposals. Can we wonder that after so insolent a letter
+the first consul became emperor?
+
+France is quite as proud as England; and the insolence of the Guelph,
+in presuming to insinuate that her first consul was not as good as he,
+was quite enough to provoke her into making the consul her emperor,
+and doing her best to chastise her insulters. Charles James Fox, in
+Parliament, pronounced the royal answer "odiously and absurdly wrong";
+but the squires and borough-mongers of the House of Commons supported
+the action of the king by a majority of 265 to 64. It is for such
+infamies as this that Newfoundland has even to-day to bear all the
+inconveniences of the French claims on their shores. I do not blame
+the French for insisting that England shall scuttle out of Egypt
+before she yields her claims in Newfoundland; but it is the
+responsible English, and not the innocent Newfoundlanders, who ought
+to pay the cost, and the conduct of England in insisting that
+Newfoundland shall bear the burden is cowardly and mean beyond all
+expression.
+
+While the Tories were thus hurling England into war, it is interesting
+to observe how the Guelphs conducted it. The Duke of York, with a
+generalship worthy of his family, led an army of British and Russian
+soldiers into a captivity from which they could only be redeemed by
+the surrender of prisoners taken on the sea by _real_ Englishmen.
+
+Englishmen were taxed in order to give the German despots money
+wherewith to fight the French. Austria received for one campaign more
+money than England had to pay even for the "Alabama" claims, and the
+czar of Russia received £900,000 for the eight months his troops were
+in the field. During the same war the king's second son, the same Duke
+of York who had given so characteristic a sample of Guelph generalship
+in leading his forces to defeat, gave an equally characteristic
+specimen of Guelph morality. He had for mistress one Mary Ann Clarke,
+a woman of low origin, who transferred her intimacy to a Colonel
+Wardle, and confided to him many of the secrets of her relations to
+the royal duke. Wardle, on Jan. 27, 1809, affirmed in the House of
+Commons that the Duke of York had permitted Mrs. Clarke to carry on a
+traffic in commissions and promotions, and demanded a public inquiry.
+Mrs. Clarke was examined at the bar of the House of Commons for
+several weeks, displaying a shameless, witty impudence that drew
+continual applause and laughter from a mob of English _gentlemen_,
+many of whom knew her too well. The charges were proved, and the Duke
+of York resigned his position as commander-in-chief; and the
+disclosures made--doctors of divinity suing for bishoprics, and
+priests for preferment, at the feet of a harlot, kissing her palm with
+coin--may teach Englishmen what they have to guard against even to-day
+on the part of that Tory party that has religion, conscience, and
+morality much more on its lips than in its heart.
+
+It is not altogether irrelevant in this connection to mention that in
+1825, when the Catholic relief bill had passed the House of Commons by
+268 votes against 241, the Duke of York opposed the repeal of the
+Catholic disabilities by the common Tory appeal to what they call
+conscience, saying "these were the principles to which he would
+adhere, and which he would maintain and act up to, to the latest
+moment of his life existence, whatever might be his situation in life,
+_so help him God_."
+
+England has indeed had to pay dearly for her hereditary monarchy, and
+for the awful hypocrisy which permits the appeal to God by such State
+Churchmen as the Duke of York to have any effect on politics. I need
+hardly say that the House of Lords did with the Catholic Emancipation
+Bill what it has lately done with the House of Commons Bill for Home
+Rule in Ireland, and threw it out.
+
+While England was fighting France, she had also to fight the United
+States. It is an episode of which neither country has any reason to be
+proud. The New Englanders were mostly opposed to the declaration of
+war. The average Englishman knows little about it. He is taught by his
+history books that the victory of the "Shannon" over the "Chesapeake"
+destroyed the prestige of the American navy; and he is wrong even in
+that.
+
+The "Shannon" had a brave and able commander, and had been many weeks
+at sea, so that Captain Broke had been able to train his men
+thoroughly, and, above all things, to prevent them from getting
+drunk.
+
+Captain Lawrence had to engage many men who had never been on a
+war-vessel before, and did not know how to work the guns. Many of the
+sailors had bottles of rum in their pockets, and were too drunk to
+stand when their ship got within fighting distance of the "Shannon."
+
+I wish our present Secretary of the Navy would learn the lesson, and
+now, when the need of the Newfoundlanders is so great, and when we
+require sober men to man our navy, give the brave fishermen of that
+island every reasonable inducement to enlist in our service.
+
+The war closed unsatisfactorily, by the mediation of the Emperor
+Alexander of Russia; and the Treaty of Ghent left England mistress of
+the seas.
+
+The treaties of 1814 and 1815 gave England another opportunity for
+relieving Newfoundland from the French control of her shore; but the
+Tories were at the helm, and became fellow-conspirators with other
+tyrants of Europe in perpetrating the most monstrous wrong and the
+completest restoration of despotism that was conceivable, in Germany,
+Austria, Italy, Spain, everywhere.
+
+They insulted France by imposing upon her the rule of a Bourbon, and
+to this Bourbon they guaranteed those rights over Newfoundland on
+which the French republic bases its claims to-day.
+
+Let us now turn to Newfoundland itself. While the nations were
+fighting, its merchants had enjoyed the monopoly of the cod-fisheries.
+Some of the capitalists had secured profits between £20,000 and
+£40,000 a year each, but they made the poor fishermen pay eight pounds
+a barrel for flour and twelve pounds a barrel for pork. They took
+their fortunes to England. No effort was made to open up roads or
+extend agriculture; for, if it had been done, the landlords of England
+would not have been able to sell their pork and wheat at such
+exorbitant prices there.
+
+So, when the war ceased and other nations were enabled to compete in
+the fisheries, the colony had to pass through some years of disaster
+and suffering, while the merchants were spending their exorbitant
+profits in England.
+
+The planters and fishermen had been in the habit of leaving their
+savings in the hands of the St. John's merchants. Many of these
+failed, and the hardly won money of the fishermen was swept away by
+the insolvency of their bankers. It is estimated that the working
+class lost a sum little short of £400,000 sterling.
+
+Now, eighty years later, we have another instance of the same
+misfortunes, proceeding from the same cause,--the fact that the money
+made by the fishery has been taken off to England; that the banks,
+which are altogether in the hands of the mercantile, or English,
+party, have been unfaithful to their trust; and that the fishermen who
+hold the bankers' notes get, from the one bank, 80 cents, and, from
+the other, only 20 cents on the dollar.
+
+The merchants applied for aid to the British government; and in June,
+1817, a committee of the House of Commons met. The merchants had only
+two remedies to propose. One was the granting of a bounty, to enable
+them to compete with the French and the Americans, who were sustained
+by bounties; but, although England was a protectionist country at that
+time, it gave only bounties in favor of rich men, and not of the poor.
+The other was the deportation of the principal part of the
+inhabitants, now numbering 70,000, to the neighboring colonies.
+
+The honest, sensible, easy plan, that of opening up the land to
+cultivation, so that the starving people might be able to grow their
+own food and breed their own cattle, was the one thing that these
+so-called practical Englishmen would not permit, because it might
+interfere with the profits of the British land-owner and merchant.
+
+At that very time the local authorities of Massachusetts were giving a
+bounty for each Newfoundland fisherman brought into the State.
+
+When Sir Thomas Cochrane was made governor in 1825, his government
+made the first road in the island. For one hundred and forty-five
+years England had been master of the island, and not a single road had
+been built suitable for wheeled carriages. Is it conceivable that the
+French would so completely have neglected the colony if they had been
+its masters?
+
+In 1832, when the Reform Bill put an end to the malign influence of
+Tory ascendency in England, Newfoundland also gained the boon of
+representative government; but it was only a merchants' government.
+The people who elected the House of Assembly did not dare to vote
+against the will of the merchants for fear of losing employment; and,
+while their representatives had the power of debating, passing
+measures, and voting moneys, the Council, which was composed of
+nominees of the crown, selected exclusively from the merchant class,
+could throw out all their measures, and were irresponsible to the
+people.
+
+In England King George IV. had rendered only one service to the
+people,--he had brought royalty into contempt, and so strengthened the
+feeling which resulted in the passage of many necessary measures which
+his father and brothers had opposed. But the selfish interests of the
+merchants and land-owners of England were still in the way of many
+reforms. Benjamin Disraeli, who did his worst to prevent the starving
+people from having cheap bread, became the flunkey and afterward the
+master of the Tory squires; and it was not until thousands had died of
+famine in Ireland that the selfish land-owners agreed to that
+reduction of duty on grain which made free trade so popular in
+England.
+
+Now, by a wise colonization policy, the government might have helped
+both Ireland and Newfoundland.
+
+By passing a law to the effect that, so long as the French gave a
+bounty on the export of salt fish, the English government would give
+their own fishermen exactly the same amount of protection, the French
+would soon have been brought to terms; and, by opening up Newfoundland
+to settlement by roads and railways, many of the starving Irish would
+have been provided with homes under the British flag far more
+comfortable than any that they could find in their native land. So a
+more prosperous Ireland would have risen on this side of the Atlantic,
+and England would have gained thereby. The Irish and the Catholic were
+really quite as loyal to the empire as any others. The difference was
+that the English High Churchman and the Scotch Presbyterian got all
+the privileges; and the Irishman and the Catholic were taught by the
+action of the British government that insurrection was their only hope
+of getting simple justice.
+
+India, China, Newfoundland, Ireland, were simply sweaters' dens for
+the profit of England and Scotland.
+
+Just as in Newfoundland the British merchant insisted on keeping out
+every trace of free trade that would enable the poor fisherman to sell
+his fish in the highest market and buy his provisions in the lowest,
+so in China the British in 1838 insisted on forcing the Chinaman to
+buy the poisonous opium of India, although in 1834 the China
+government had warned the British of their intention to prohibit the
+infamous traffic. The war that England thereupon proclaimed against
+China was one of the most infamous and cowardly of the century, and
+made British Christianity more hateful even than its opium to the
+rulers of the Celestial Empire. £4,375,000 was extorted from the
+Chinese emperor for the expenses of the war ($20,000,000), and
+£1,250,000 ($5,000,000) for the opium which, with perfect justice, he
+had confiscated from the smugglers. The mob of London cheered the
+wagons which brought the ill-gotten treasure through the streets; and
+the mob in Parliament thanked the officers who had murdered the
+helpless and unoffending Chinese, while the parsons congratulated the
+people on the opening of China to British commerce, British
+civilization, and British religion.
+
+The brutalizing influence of this method of carrying on the foreign
+trade of England was shown by a later altogether unnecessary war with
+China about the Lorcha "Arrow." This was a Chinese pirate vessel,
+which had obtained, by false pretences, the temporary possession of
+the British flag. On Oct. 8, 1856, the Chinese police boarded it in
+the Canton River, and took off twelve Chinamen on a charge of piracy.
+This they had a perfect right to do; but the British consul, Mr.
+Parkes, instead of thanking them, demanded the instant restoration of
+men who had been flying a British flag under false pretences. He
+applied to Sir John Bowring, the British plenipotentiary at Hong Kong,
+for assistance. Sir John was an able and experienced man. He had been
+editor of the _Westminster Review_, had a bowing, if not a speaking
+acquaintance with a dozen languages, had been one of the leaders of
+the free trade party, and had a thorough acquaintance with the Chinese
+trade. For many years he had been secretary of the Peace Society.
+
+He was the author of several hymns. In fact, an American hymn-book
+contains not less than seventeen from his pen. One of them, found in
+most modern hymn-books, was that commencing,--
+
+    "In the cross of Christ I glory";
+
+and its author proceeded to glory in the cross of the Prince of Peace
+by making war on the Chinese, although the governor, Yeh, had sent
+back all the men whose return was demanded by Mr. Parkes.
+
+Mr. Justin McCarthy, in his "History of our own Times," says, "During
+the whole business Sir John Bowring contrived to keep himself almost
+invariably in the wrong; and, even where his claim happened to be in
+itself good, he managed to assert it in a manner at once untimely,
+imprudent, and indecent."
+
+One of the highest legal authorities in England, Lord Lyndhurst,
+declared Sir John Bowring's action, and that of the British
+authorities who aided him, to be unjustifiable on any principle either
+of law or reason; and Mr. Cobden, himself an old friend of Sir John
+Bowring, moved in the House of Commons that "the papers which have
+been laid upon the table fail to establish satisfactory grounds for
+the violent measures resorted to at Canton in the late affair of the
+'Arrow.'"
+
+Nearly all the best men in the House of Commons--Gladstone, Roundell
+Palmer, Sydney Herbert, Milner Gibson, Sir Frederick Thesiger, as well
+as many of the chief Tories--supported Mr. Cobden; and the vote of
+censure was carried against Lord Palmerston's government by 263 to
+247. But Lord Palmerston, then the hero of the Evangelical Church
+party,--"Palmerston, the true Protestant," "Palmerston, the only
+Christian Prime Minister,"--knew exactly the strength of British
+Christianity when it interfered with the sale of British beer, or
+Indian opium, or Manchester cotton, and appealed to the shop-keeper
+instincts of the British people. He dissolved Parliament; and Cobden,
+Bright, Milner Gibson, W.J. Fox, Layard, and many others were left
+without seats. Manchester rejected John Bright because he had spoken
+in the interests of peace and honor, and condemned one of the most
+cowardly, brutal, and unprovoked wars of the century.
+
+We see the same cause at work in Ireland. One British bishop, Dr.
+Thirlwall, of St. David's, had the manliness to favor Mr. Gladstone's
+bill for the disestablishment of the Irish Church; but most of them
+acted in this matter in direct opposition to the teachings of Him whom
+they profess to worship as their God. Mr. John Bright warned the Lords
+that, by throwing themselves athwart the national course, they might
+meet with "accidents not pleasant to think of"; and there is no doubt
+that the warning had its effect. And even now I do not think that the
+people of Ireland will ever get from the House of Lords that measure
+of right which even the House of Commons has unwillingly and
+grudgingly, accorded to them, unless the Irishmen of America come to
+their aid in a more effective manner than they have ever yet done.
+
+Newfoundland, unlike Ireland, has few friends in the United States,
+and therefore is wholly at England's mercy. What it suffered in the
+past I have already told. Let us see how England has treated it in the
+last few years.
+
+It was from Lord Palmerston, of all men, that the Newfoundlander might
+hope for redress.
+
+He had said in the Don Pacifico case, "As the Roman in the days of old
+held himself free from indignity when he could say, 'Civis Romanus
+sum,' so also a British subject, in whatever land he be, shall feel
+confident that the watchful eye and the strong arm of England shall
+protect him against injustice and wrong."
+
+Surely, the 200,000 Newfoundlanders had more right to expect that Lord
+Palmerston would maintain this principle in their defence than the
+extortionate Portuguese Jew or the Chinese pirates who were taken from
+the Lorcha "Arrow."
+
+And Lord Palmerston had the best opportunity of helping the
+Newfoundlander; for he was the intimate friend of Louis Napoleon and
+Persigny. By his approbation of Louis Napoleon's _coup d'état_ he
+became the creator of the Anglo-French Alliance; and, since this
+alliance was a matter of life and death to the Second Empire, he might
+have used the opportunity, after the Crimean War, of exercising such
+pressure upon Louis Napoleon as to secure justice to Newfoundland.
+
+But he neglected it, and thereby, he lost the opportunity of
+strengthening the position of England and Canada towards the United
+States at the time of the "Trent" and "Alabama" affairs.
+
+We may be glad of this; but, from a British point of view, it was not
+merely an injustice to Newfoundland, but also a political blunder.
+
+One would suppose that, simply as a matter of imperial policy, the
+British government would long ago have built a railroad across this
+island, in order to have the quickest possible connection with its
+Canadian dependency. The Fenian raids into Canada, the Confederate
+raids from Canada, the Red River Rebellion, the possibility of war
+arising from the "Trent" incident, the necessity of securing a rapid
+means of communication with the Pacific, should all, on purely
+strategic grounds, have induced the British government to establish a
+safe naval station in some southern harbor of Newfoundland, with a
+railroad communication to the west shores of the island.
+
+But the government left the Newfoundlanders, impoverished by the
+consequences of British misrule, to take the initiative; and it was
+not until 1878 that they were able to do anything. Then the Hon.
+William V. Whiteway induced the Newfoundland government to offer an
+annual subsidy of $120,000 per annum and liberal grants of crown lands
+to any company which would construct and operate a railway across
+Newfoundland, connecting by steamers with Britain or Ireland on the
+one hand, and the Intercolonial and Canadian lines on the other. Of
+the immense advantage of such a line to Great Britain, constructed as
+it would be at the expense of Newfoundland, I need hardly speak, and
+every patriotic ministry would have greeted the proposal with
+enthusiasm; but, most unfortunately both for England and for
+Newfoundland, the Premier was Mr. Disraeli, and the Foreign Secretary
+Lord Salisbury. What Lord Salisbury was may be learned from Mr. James
+G. Blaine's account of his speeches and conduct as Lord Robert Cecil
+in 1862. I know of no sermon preached within the last thirty years
+that inculcates a more necessary moral and religious lesson for Lords
+and Commons and parsons of England than that taught in the twentieth
+chapter of the Hon. James G. Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress." From
+it we may learn, first of all, that the right of secession of Ireland
+or Newfoundland from the British empire is already virtually conceded
+by many of the Tory leaders of England. Mr. Blaine gives us in that
+chapter a list of twenty-four members of the British House of Commons,
+ten members of the British Peerage, one admiral, one vice-admiral, one
+captain, one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, and a host of knights
+and baronets who subscribed money to the Confederate Cotton Loan,
+while he gives extracts from the speeches of Bernal Osborne, Lord John
+Russell, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Gregory, M.P., Mr. G.W. Bentinck, M.P.,
+Lord Robert Cecil, now Marquis of Salisbury, M. Lindsy, M.P., Lord
+Campbell, Earl Malmesbury, Mr. Laird, M.P. (the builder of the
+"Alabama" and the rebel rams), Mr. Horsman, M.P. for Stroud, the
+Marquis of Clanricarde (a name familiar to all Irishmen from its
+connection with the evictions), Mr. Peacocke, M.P., Mr. Clifforde,
+M.P., Mr. Haliburton, M.P., Lord Robert Montague, Sir James Ferguson,
+the Earl of Donoughmore, Mr. Alderman Rose, Lord Brougham, and the
+Right Hon. William Ewart Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+breathing hostility to the cause of the Union States and friendship
+for the slaveholder; while the few honest men in the House of Commons,
+who, like John Bright, Foster, Charles Villiers, Milner Gibson, and
+Cobden, spoke for the cause of the North, were reviled, not alone by
+their colleagues, but even by many of their constituents, because they
+defended the side of liberty, truth, and justice.
+
+Why should we withhold from the just cause of Ireland and Newfoundland
+the sympathy which England gave to the secessionist slaveholder?
+
+Of course the London _Times_ was on the slaveholder's side. On the
+last day of December, 1864, it said that "Mr. Seward and other
+teachers and flatterers of the multitude still affect to anticipate
+the early restoration of the Union"; and in three months from that
+date the rebels were conquered.
+
+It was on March 7, 1862, that Lord Robert Cecil said in Parliament:
+"The plain fact is that the Northern States of America can never be
+our sure friends, because we are rivals politically, rivals
+commercially. We aspire to the same position. We both aspire to the
+government of the seas. We are both manufacturing people, and, in
+every port as well as at every court we are rivals of each other....
+With the Southern States the case is entirely reversed. The people are
+an agricultural people. They furnish the raw material of our industry,
+and they consume the products which we make from it. With them,
+therefore, every interest must lead us to cultivate friendly
+relations; and we have seen that, when the war began, they at once
+recurred to England as their natural ally."
+
+It was easy enough for the most cowardly man, in Lord Robert Cecil's
+position, to use such words, even were he naught more than a lath
+painted over to imitate steel. Even if England is ruined, he is safe.
+But it was quite another matter when, sixteen years later, the poor
+Newfoundlander applied to him and Disraeli-Beaconsfield for the right
+to build a railroad.
+
+Russia had just declared her intention of demolishing the last
+unpleasant clause in the treaty forced upon her by France and England
+at the close of the Crimean War; and Russia was a more dangerous foe
+than the Northern States. And the story of the Beaconsfield-Salisbury
+connection with that affair excited the laughter of all other
+diplomatists in Europe.
+
+They pretended to have brought peace with honor from the Conference of
+Berlin. But what did the rest of Europe think about it?
+
+It made the Christian populations of the South believe that Russia was
+their especial friend, and their enemies were England and the
+unspeakable Turk; it strengthened among the Greeks the impression
+already made by Palmerston's action in the Don Pacifico case,--that
+France was their friend, and England their enemy; and it created
+everywhere the impression that the Congress was a theatrical piece of
+business, merely enacted as a pageant on the Berlin stage.
+
+England has not yet paid the full penalty of her stupid acquiescence
+in the rule of Disraeli and Salisbury; and it will cost her yet far
+more than she paid for the results of Tory infamy and Whig senility in
+the "Alabama" business, for she has enemies to deal with who are far
+less generous and far slyer than the people of the United States. It
+was under the Beaconsfield-Salisbury cabinet that Sir Bartle Frere
+made that infamous declaration of war against Cetewayo which led to
+the defeat of Lord Chelmsford's British troops by a lot of half-naked
+savages. It was under this ministry that the stupid expedition to
+Afghanistan led to the massacre of Sir Louis Cavagnari and the members
+of his staff. It was under this ministry that the soul-stirring anthem
+of Thompson,
+
+    "When Britain first at Heaven's command,"
+
+was superseded by the rant of the Tory street-walker,--
+
+    "We don't want to fight;
+      But, by jingo, if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men,
+      We've got the money, too."
+
+And the manner in which the government used the ships, the men, and
+the money, proved that there was one thing needful which the Jingoes
+had not got; and that is manhood.
+
+To this Jingo ministry it was, then, that Sir William V. Whiteway had
+to apply for the imperial sanction to the railway; and sanction was
+_refused_. For what reason? The _pretended reason_ was that the
+western terminus of the line at Bay St. George would be on that part
+of the coast affected by the French treaty rights. It may be open to
+doubt whether the French claims which interfered with the
+establishment of a railroad terminus at Bay St. George were just or
+not; but there is not the slightest doubt that Lord Palmerston, in his
+note of July 10, 1838, to Count Sebastiani, had maintained that they
+were not justified, and that the Tories were and are of the same
+opinion.
+
+But when a whole colony of Englishmen were wronged according to the
+statements both of Palmerston and Salisbury, the Beaconsfield-Salisbury
+administration _dare_ not maintain the rights of these Englishmen
+against the French. That is the courage and the bravery of British
+Jingoism, which bullies weak China and little Greece in support of a
+Sir John Bowring or Don Pacifico, but dares not maintain an
+Englishman's rights against the French republic.
+
+The question might easily have been settled without offending France
+by making Port aux Basques, which is less than eighty miles south-west
+of Bay St. George and beyond the French treaty limits, the terminus of
+the line.
+
+There must, then, have been some concealed reason behind the pretended
+one. It is absolutely certain that there were two influences at work
+in London which were directly antagonistic to the true interest both
+of Great Britain and Newfoundland. One was that of the Canadian party,
+who are determined to boycott every scheme that would make any
+Newfoundland port a rival of Halifax. The other is the British, or
+mercantile, party, who for two hundred years past have consistently
+and successfully opposed the introduction of any industry into the
+island that would enable the fishermen to escape from their present
+bondage.
+
+If either Beaconsfield or Salisbury had really cared for England's
+interests, they must have foreseen that, even if they were willing to
+sacrifice Newfoundland, the position they took in this matter must in
+the highest degree be damaging to the European prestige of Great
+Britain. When republican France was threatened by all the tyrants of
+Europe, the terrible Danton said, "Il nous faut de l'audace, et encore
+de l'audace, et toujours de l'audace." To-day the Frenchman requires
+no Danton to teach him the lesson; for the extraordinary confession of
+weakness made by the Jingo government of 1878 in refusing to sanction
+a line that could have been built without touching the French shore
+question at all was a direct encouragement to the French to persevere
+in that policy which they have since so successfully pursued in
+Madagascar, in Siam, in Africa, and in Newfoundland.
+
+No matter whether the French claims in Newfoundland be right or wrong,
+the Beaconsfield-Salisbury government have practically surrendered the
+matter; and the only thing left for the British government is to
+compensate Newfoundland for its loss, as America was compensated for
+the "Alabama" damages. But they will not do it.
+
+Mr. Whiteway had to find another means of helping the colony. He was
+obliged to choose between two alternatives,--either to build no
+railway at all or only one which would avoid the very districts which,
+for the benefit of the settler, ought to opened for settlement.
+
+So the line to Harbor Grace was built. But even this the wealthy
+British did not build. It was left to an American syndicate. P.T.
+McG., writing of this line to the New York _Weekly Post_ of Jan. 2,
+1895, says, "The contract was given to an enterprising Yankee, who
+built a few miles, swindled the shareholders, fleeced the colony, and
+then decamped, leaving as a legacy an unfinished road, an interminable
+lawsuit, and a damaged colonial credit."
+
+I happen to know another side of the question; and it does not become
+the Englishmen interested in that railway matter to talk of "Yankee
+swindlers."
+
+When Sir Robert Thorburn became Premier of Newfoundland, he took the
+first step necessary to make this line of some value to the tax-payers
+by extending it twenty-seven miles to Placentia, the old French "La
+Plaisance." This line was of immense value to St. John's, because it
+gave the people of that city a convenient winter harbor which is
+always open, by which they have an easy communication with Canada and
+the United States; and I hope the time will soon come when we shall
+have steamers running from Boston, touching at the French Island of
+St. Pierre, and then going to Placentia.
+
+What were the English diplomatists doing meanwhile? In 1890 they were
+arranging a _modus vivendi_ with the French government about the
+lobster fisheries. The Tories were in power, and Sir James Ferguson
+was the Under-secretary of State. This gentleman's sentiments towards
+the United States have been recorded by the Hon. James G. Blaine. In
+his "Twenty Years of Congress," Vol. II., page 481, foot-note, he
+writes: Sir James Ferguson declared in the House of Commons, March 14,
+1864, that "wholesale peculations and robberies have been perpetrated
+under the form of war by the generals of the Federal States; and worse
+horrors than, I believe, have ever in the present century disgraced
+European armies have been perpetrated under the eyes of the Federal
+government, and yet remain unpunished. These things are as notorious
+as the proceedings of a government which seems anxious to rival one
+despotic and irresponsible power of Europe in its contempt for the
+public opinion of mankind." These words need no commentary to-day.
+They show us pretty clearly the character of the man who then spoke
+them, and will prepare us for his treatment of the Newfoundland
+question. On March 20, 1890, he made the following statement in the
+House of Commons:--
+
+"The Newfoundland government was consulted as to the terms of the
+_modus vivendi, which was modified to some extent to meet their
+views_; but it was necessary to conclude it without referring it to
+them in its final shape."
+
+Five days later the Governor of Newfoundland telegraphed to the
+Secretary of State:--
+
+"My ministers request that incorrect statement made by Under-secretary
+of State for foreign affairs be immediately contradicted, _as the
+terms of modus vivendi were not modified in accordance with their
+views_. Ministers protested against any claims of French, and desired
+time to be changed till January for reasons given; but that was
+ignored, and _modus vivendi_ entered into without regard to their
+wishes. Ministers much embarrassed by incorrect statement made by
+Under-secretary of State."
+
+Of course the Secretary of State supported the statement of Sir James
+Ferguson, and refused to correct it. But on page 54 of the case for
+the colony, published June, 1890, we find the words:--
+
+"Two facts are placed beyond dispute by the above-quoted
+correspondence: (1) that the consent of the 'community' of
+Newfoundland to the _modus vivendi_ was not obtained by laying it
+before the legislature, which the 'Labouchere' despatch declared to be
+the proper action to be taken in such cases; (2) and that even the
+government of Newfoundland was not consulted as to the adoption of the
+_modus vivendi_ as settled."
+
+The Labouchere despatch alluded to above, and called by the
+Newfoundlanders their "Magna Charta," had been sent by the Right Hon.
+Henry Labouchere on March 26, 1857. But Mr. Labouchere was not a Tory;
+and there is the whole difference. So Newfoundland still has to suffer
+for the criminal negligence which British Tories have displayed from
+1743 until to-day.
+
+There was one Englishman, and that the Governor of Newfoundland
+itself, who had a clear and honorable notion of the imperial
+government's duty to its unfortunate colony. Sir G. William des Voeux,
+writing from the government House, St. John's, Jan. 14, 1887, to the
+Colonial Office in London, after reciting the circumstances, says: "If
+this be so, as indeed there are other reasons for believing, I would
+respectfully urge that in fairness the heavy resulting loss should
+not, or, at all events, not exclusively, fall upon this colony, and
+that if in the national interest a right is to be withheld from
+Newfoundland which naturally belongs to it, and the possession of
+which makes to it all the difference between wealth and penury, there
+is involved on the part of the nation a corresponding obligation to
+grant compensation of a value equal or nearly equal to that of the
+right withheld."
+
+Nothing can be fairer than that, and it is written by the trusted
+official of the British government.
+
+Sir G. William des Voeux continues, "In conclusion, I would
+respectfully express on behalf of this suffering colony the earnest
+hope that the vital interests of 200,000 British subjects will not be
+disregarded out of deference to the susceptibilities of any foreign
+power," etc.
+
+The best interests of those 200,000 inhabitants can be served without
+touching the French shore at all. Even if France concedes all that
+Newfoundland demands, the bounty question is in the way; and
+Newfoundland cannot compete with that.
+
+France gives this bounty--and quite rightly--as a protection to her
+sailors. A similar protection to England's fishermen would not be
+permitted by the Manchester men.
+
+The other way is to build a railroad connecting the mining and
+agricultural districts along the French shore with Port aux Basques.
+Of course I do not mean such railroads as are built in England. They
+have been taxed to the extent of more than seventy millions of pounds
+sterling over and above the real value of the land sold to them by the
+rapacious land monopolists. They have been taxed to the extent of many
+millions more for legal expenses, which, if the House of Commons were
+equal to its duties, could have been saved. They have been taxed in
+many cases to find sinecure berths for the dependants of rich men; and
+so, in order to pay a fair dividend to their stockholders, they must
+reduce wages to the lowest point, and screw the utmost penny out of
+their customers.
+
+It is, then, the American way which I recommend as a model, and which
+the Newfoundland government have tried to imitate in their contract
+with Mr. Reid, of Montreal. They could have made a far more
+advantageous contract with him if England had done her duty; but
+neither Mr. Reid nor Newfoundland is to be blamed for England's fault.
+
+The contract signed on May 16, 1893, by Mr. R.G. Reid binds him to
+construct a line about five hundred miles in length, connecting
+Placentia Junction and the chief eastern ports of Newfoundland with
+Port aux Basques, and to operate this line as well as the Placentia
+Branch Railway for a period of ten years, commencing Sept. 1, 1893.
+After that the line is to become the property of the Newfoundland
+government, and will be an interesting experiment in the State
+ownership of railroads. For every mile of single 42-inch gauge built
+by Mr. Reid he is to receive the sum of $15,600 in Newfoundland
+government bonds, bearing interest at 3-1/2 per cent., and eight
+square miles of land. The increase in rental value of this land will
+give a large revenue, even if the line should not pay its working
+expenses.
+
+The land grant for 500 miles of railroad would amount to 2,500,000
+acres. If Newfoundland were one of the United States, capital enough
+would be subscribed to enable Mr. Reid to finish his contract in the
+allotted time; but, as it is under England, and must therefore suffer
+from the awful burden of England's diplomatic incapacity, capital
+holds aloof from it.
+
+Where does British money go? The Tory of 1878 sang,--
+
+    "We don't want to fight;
+      But, by jingo, if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men,
+      We've got the money, too."
+
+It is interesting to see how that money, which is withheld from
+Britain's oldest colony, has been spent.
+
+We will begin with Mr. Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress." On page
+479 he quotes Lord Campbell as saying in Parliament on March 23, 1863,
+"Swelling with omnipotence, Mr. Lincoln and his colleagues dictate
+insurrection to the slaves of Alabama." (That fatal word, "Alabama"!
+Will it ever cease to trouble the British conscience?) And he spoke of
+the administration as "ready to let loose 4,000,000 negroes on their
+compulsory owners, and to renew from sea to sea the horrors and crimes
+of San Domingo." Mr. Blaine says, further, that Lord Campbell argued
+earnestly in favor of the British government joining the government of
+France in acknowledging Southern independence. He boasted that within
+the last few days a Southern loan of £3,000,000 sterling had been
+offered in London, and of that £9,000,000, or three times the amount,
+had been subscribed.
+
+Here, then, we have a means of accounting for $15,000,000. Another
+$15,000,000 is accounted for by the money which America forced England
+to pay for the "Alabama" depredations. On that point Mr. Laird, the
+builder of the "Alabama," deserves to be immortalized. According to
+Mr. Blaine, on March 27, 1863, Mr. Laird was loudly cheered in the
+House of Commons when he declared that "the institutions of the United
+States are of no value whatever, and have reduced the name of liberty
+to an utter absurdity."
+
+Another large lump of Jingo money has gone into the Russian loan; and,
+of this loan, $4,000,000 is coming to Bethlehem in Pennsylvania. O
+shade of John Roebuck, look back to the earth you have left, and see
+what your words have done for the armor plate manufacturers of your
+Sheffield constituency. While still among us in the flesh, you said on
+April 23, 1863, on some trouble: "It may lead to war; and I, speaking
+for the English people, am prepared for war. I know that language will
+strike the heart of the peace party in this country, but it will also
+strike the heart of the insolent people who govern America."
+
+And on June 30, 1863, you said: "The South will never come into the
+Union; and, what is more, I hope it never may. I will tell you why I
+say so. America while she was united ran a race of prosperity
+unparalleled in the world. Eighty years made the republic such a power
+that, if she had continued as she was a few years longer, she would
+have been the great bully of the world.
+
+"As far as my influence goes, I am determined to do all I can to
+prevent the reconstruction of the Union.... I say, then, that the
+Southern States have indicated their right to recognition. They hold
+out to us advantages such as the world has never seen before. I hold
+that it will be of the greatest importance that the reconstruction of
+the Union _should not take place_."
+
+The United States have given England the war you hoped for,--not a war
+against soldiers and sailors, who, unlike those who followed Colonel
+Pepperell and Washington and Isaac Hull and Grant and De Grasse to
+victory, require the protection of a contagious diseases act, but a
+war of protective tariffs.
+
+The State which gave its name to the pirate ship "Alabama" now votes
+for tariffs to exclude the iron, steel, and coal of England. Sheffield
+is in sackcloth and ashes because Pennsylvania has taken away from her
+the Russian order for armor plates, and countless millions of British
+dollars are invested in American factories, giving high wages to
+tariff-protected American workmen instead of sweaters' wages to the
+beer-sodden lunatics who sing to your honor the Tory strain,--
+
+      "By jingo, if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men,
+      We've got the money, too."
+
+In almost every case in which a British investor has lost his money in
+the United States it can be proved that some British expert or
+financial agent earned a large sum by inducing him to invest.
+
+At any rate, these immense investments in American railroads, loans,
+and lands, have one great advantage for the United States. They bind
+over England to keep the peace toward us. There is no more
+unpatriotic, no more unmoral, no more cowardly man than the British
+financial agent and money-lender. If only the security is good, he
+will rather lend money at 4-1/8 per cent. for the most devilish than
+at 4 per cent. for the most divine purpose. It is due to the influence
+of the money-lending class that England has so completely lost the
+grip of heart and brain on her imperial duties.
+
+It is said that John Bull pays a tax of $700,000,000 a year to the
+liquor interest, to say nothing of the indirect damages resulting from
+the fact that the liquor interest is the chief supporter of the
+brothel, the baccarat table, and the Tory Democracy. The beerage has
+proved of late years also a highway to the peerage; and it has also
+served to deplete the pockets of a good many British fools, who were
+misled into the insane delusion that they could earn as much from the
+profits of American guzzling as from those of British beer-drinking.
+America has been infested for some time by a crowd of Englishmen, who
+came here hunting options on American breweries, which they sold at a
+high price to their English dupes. In one case some breweries, which
+cost the owners less than $2,000,000, were sold in England for
+$6,000,000, the Englishmen and Americans who managed the transaction
+making enormous profits at the expense of their dupes.
+
+On investigating the published accounts of some twelve American
+brewery companies in which Englishmen have been induced to invest more
+than $41,808,000, I find that the depreciation in selling price of
+shares, taking the highest rates of November, 1894, was no less than
+$21,917,280, or 52.42 per cent. on the paid-up capital; and, taking
+the common stock alone, the loss exceeds over seventy per cent. on
+the paid-up capital.
+
+I am glad of it. The Englishman who, knowing the influence of this
+infernal traffic on his own countrymen, would make money by extending
+its curse to the United States, deserves to lose his money quite as
+much as the Tory investors in the Confederate Loan deserved their
+loss. Now suppose this $70,000,000 thus invested in "Alabama damages,"
+Confederate Loan, and American breweries had been put into
+Newfoundland roads and railways, what would have been the result? An
+immense amount of traffic which now must pay toll to American
+railroads would have gone over purely British lines, all the way
+through British America to China and Japan. All the mining and
+agricultural lands of Newfoundland might have been developed. The
+French shore question would have ceased to occupy the diplomatic
+wiseacres, because the people would have found so much profit in other
+employments as to care nothing about French competition in the cod and
+lobster fishery. Newfoundland itself would have become an impregnable
+arsenal for the British navy, commanding the entrances to the St.
+Lawrence, and, in case of war with the United States, giving that navy
+the power of practically blockading all the Atlantic coast.
+
+All this has been thrown away, because the British Jingo supports a
+Tory cabinet, which, while making theatrical demonstrations of
+imperialism, neglects imperial duties and betrays imperial interests.
+
+And look even at sober free trade Manchester, the community which is
+supposed to understand the worth of money better than any other in the
+world. Has it really gained by its Jingo policy? Professing to be the
+stronghold of free trade, it rejected the great free-trader, John
+Bright, when in Sir John Bowring's war he asked for justice to China.
+It rejected Mr. Gladstone when he sought the suffrages of South-east
+Lancashire that he might relieve Ireland from the insolent domination
+of an alien church.
+
+And now the great makers of cotton machinery are coming from
+Lancashire to establish factories in New England, and her spinning and
+weaving mill corporations are losing their markets and their profits.
+Of eighteen such corporations whose shares are quoted in the
+_Economist_, the highest November prices of common stock show a loss
+of $2,553,294 on the paid-up capital. Supposing that, instead of
+supporting the Jingoes, Manchester had sent men to Parliament who
+would support a wise and conservative policy in the colonies,
+Newfoundland included, would it not have been better for her
+interests, to say nothing of principle?
+
+The Newfoundlanders in Boston, Mass., held a public meeting there on
+the 16th of February, at which the Rev. Frederick Woods, their
+chairman, said: "If we could only take our old island, and lay her at
+the feet of Uncle Sam! I wish we could." And every suggestion of
+annexation to the United States was applauded by the Newfoundlanders
+present.
+
+The Newfoundlanders on the island desire annexation just as much, but
+they dare not say so, for they are starving; and those who venture to
+suggest separation from England would be punished by the withdrawal of
+charity, if not by even sterner means.
+
+They are justified in their desire; for England has been disloyal to
+them, and holds the island by no better right than that by which
+Turkey holds Armenia.
+
+Let that England, who expects every man to do his duty, do her own.
+Let her, first of all, relieve the suffering.
+
+Second. Let her press on the completion of the railroad at English
+expense to Port aux Basques as quickly as possible, and subsidize a
+mail line between England and the American Continent by way of a
+Newfoundland port, holding the railroad property as security for money
+expended.
+
+Third. Let her modify her fiscal system so as to give a real _free
+trade_, not only to the Newfoundland fisherman, but also to those of
+Great Britain and Ireland, so that the foreigner shall not be able to
+deprive British subjects either of their home or foreign markets. A
+small import duty on all fish imported into the British Isles, except
+from Newfoundland, and a bounty on the exports equal to that given by
+France, will suffice.
+
+Fourth. Let her aid the unfortunate victims of her Lord Clan-Rackrents
+to find comfortable farms and holdings in those parts of the French
+shore and along the railroad which are suitable for settlement.
+
+If she does this, she may derive some comfort from at least one
+passage in her Prayer Book,--"When the wicked man turneth away from
+the wickedness that he has committed, and doeth that which is lawful
+and right, he shall save his soul alive."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND'S RESOURCES.
+
+
+                    PROVIDENCE, R.I., U.S.A., Feb. 18, 1895.
+
+Since I wrote the foregoing pages, some papers have come into my hands
+referring to Major-general Dashwood's attacks upon the credibility of
+those who are trying to make the resources of Newfoundland known in
+Great Britain.
+
+Much depends on the point of view from which a man writes; and I can
+only say that, if the distinguished Major-general is right, _from a
+purely British point of view_, in depreciating the island and its
+resources, he thereby furnishes a _very strong argument why Great
+Britain should, for a reasonable compensation, cede this island to the
+United States_. I am perfectly sure that the majority of the 200,000
+inhabitants would not have the slightest objection to exchange the
+Union Jack for the stars and stripes. But I do not think that, in
+making this exchange myself, I have abandoned my old English habits of
+thought; and so I would mention some reasons why, even if I were still
+a fellow-citizen (or should I say subject?) of Major-general Dashwood,
+and were as much bound as he is to place the interests of the British
+crown above every other interest of my life, I should for that very
+reason differ with him in opinion, first of all, from a strategic
+point of view. We must not, because my distinguished fellow-citizen,
+Captain Mahan, has so brilliantly painted the sea-power of England,
+forget also her _man-power_. Most certainly, Viscount Wolseley would
+not do so; and I think Major-general Dashwood, from whose interesting
+little book, "Chipplequorgan," I have learned that he came with his
+regiment to Halifax after the "Trent" affair, will agree with me that
+it would then, in case of a war with the United States of America,
+have been very convenient if Newfoundland had been peopled by half a
+million hardy farmers, woodmen, and miners, in addition to its few
+fisher-folk. England has to take undergrown and underfed boys into her
+army now; but, if the sturdy Irishmen who have been driven to the
+United States by famine and eviction had been provided each with the
+"three acres and a cow" of Joseph Chamberlain's speeches in the
+valleys of the Humber or Codroy Rivers, surely the experience of
+Louisbourg and a hundred well-fought battles since then may tell us
+how much more they would have contributed to Britain's honor and
+interest than they do now as American voters. The south-western part
+of Newfoundland reminds one very much of old Ireland in its climate
+and its physical features, and certainly is quite as well fitted to
+sustain a sturdy peasantry of small land-owners.
+
+The best answer to the distinguished officer's objections may be found
+in the official reports of the geological survey of Newfoundland,
+published by Edward Stanford, Charing Cross, London. The present
+director of that survey, Mr. James P. Howley, F.R.G.S., has replied in
+part to Major-general Dashwood's remarks in a letter written a
+fortnight ago, from which I extract a few passages. The Major-general
+said at the Royal Geographical Society that the timber of Newfoundland
+is all scrub, and fit only for firing. Mr. Howley writes: "Our
+lumbering industry is in a most flourishing condition. Ten large
+saw-mills are in full swing, besides several smaller ones, around our
+northern and western bays. Large shipments of lumber were made last
+summer to the English markets. Messrs. Watson & Todd, of Liverpool,
+England, purchased 3,000,000 feet of lumber in the island last summer;
+and the market quotations in the Liverpool trade journals will be the
+best index to the value of the lumber. The Exploits Milling Company
+at Botwoodsville purchased $25,000 worth of stores in Montreal to be
+used in the winter's lumber-felling operations. They calculate on
+cutting 100,000 pine logs. Though the mill has been ten years in
+operation, the lumber shows no signs of exhaustion; while the other
+and far more abundant products of the Newfoundland forests, such as
+fir, spruce, birch, tamarack, etc., have scarcely been touched.
+
+"The Benton Mill, owned by Messrs. Reid, contractors for the Northern
+& Western Railroad, though scarcely a year in existence, has put out
+3,000,000 feet of first-class lumber."
+
+As to the coal fields, Mr. Howley, referring to his own official
+reports for 1889, 1891, and 1892, as published by Stanford, writes:--
+
+In the Bay St. George coal fields 16 distinct seams were discovered,
+ranging from a few inches up to several feet in thickness: the Cleary
+seam has 26 inches good coal; Juke's seam, 4.6 feet; Murray seam, 5.4
+feet; Howley seam, 4.2 feet.
+
+In the Grand Lake carboniferous area 15 distinct seams were
+discovered, also ranging from a few inches to several feet. Two seams
+on Coal Brook show 2.4 and 3.5 feet. On Aldery Brook, three seams show
+2.6 feet, 3.8 feet, and 14 feet of coal. At Kelvin Brook 3 seams
+contain 2.6 feet, 3.8 feet, and 7 feet.
+
+Specimens have been submitted to experts in connection with the
+Colonial Office, and have been found, in some cases, superior to the
+Cape Breton coal. So much for the report of a man who understands his
+business, and has had better opportunities than any other living man
+of studying the question.
+
+For myself, I may say that during twenty years of travel, in which I
+have been from the Gulf of Mexico to Ottawa, and from the Straight
+Shore of Avalon to the Muir Glacier of Alaska, I have studied every
+State which I have visited with a view to its attractions for British
+emigrants, and, before the passing of our present absurd immigration
+laws, have been instrumental in transferring many skilled operatives
+from the foul slums of Manchester and Salford to the healthy and
+pleasant factory villages of New England.
+
+I need hardly say that Newfoundland is not the right place for such
+men; but, under a just and wise imperial government, it can be made a
+happy home for thousands of hardy Scotch and Irish peasants, who need
+not, in crossing the ocean, change their political allegiance. But
+England must first do her duty.
+
+She must build her railroad from Port aux Basques along the French
+shore to Bonne Bay, or further north, so as to give the people a means
+of communication which shall not be impeded by the French treaty
+rights; and she must arrange her tariffs so as to defend her fishermen
+against the unjust discrimination of foreign bounties. As an American,
+I can have no interest in saying these things to Englishmen. If
+Major-general Dashwood is right, so much the better for us.
+
+Our Whitneys are awakening new life amid the ruins of Louisbourg,
+although the Duke of York and those who followed him as proprietors of
+the Sydney coal fields could do so little with them; and so, if
+England cannot help Newfoundland, _America can_, and can serve herself
+well at the same time. Take the fishing for an instance. The French
+bounties do not hurt the Massachusetts fishermen, because we have a
+_home_ market which the Frenchmen cannot touch, and seek only a
+foreign market for the very small quantity that our own people do not
+consume. And to share in this American _home market_ alone would be
+more profitable to Newfoundland than all its connection with England
+can ever be.
+
+                                                        J.F.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Newfoundland and the Jingoes, by John Fretwell
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Newfoundland and the Jingoes, by John Fretwell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Newfoundland and the Jingoes
+       An Appeal to England's Honor
+
+Author: John Fretwell
+
+Release Date: May 3, 2008 [EBook #25264]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE JINGOES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by two www.PGDP.net Volunteers and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
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+(http://www.ourroots.ca/))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1>NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE<br />
+JINGOES</h1>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4><i>AN APPEAL TO ENGLAND'S HONOR</i></h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>JOHN FRETWELL</h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5 class="sc">Boston Mass.: Geo H. Ellis<br />
+Toronto, Canada: Hunter Rose &amp; Co.<br />
+Westminster England: Archibald Constable &amp; Co.</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4 class="sc">Copyright 1895 by John Fretwell.<br />
+<br />
+Copyrighted in England and the United States<br />
+Right of Translation and Republication Reserved</h4>
+
+<br />
+<h4>GEO. H. ELLIS, PRINTER, 141 FRANKLIN STREET, BOSTON.</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p>"To be taken into the American Union is to be adopted into a
+partnership. To belong as a Crown Colony to the British Empire, as
+things stand, is no partnership at all.</p>
+
+<p>"It is to belong to a power which sacrifices, as it has always
+sacrificed, the interest of its dependencies to its own. The blood
+runs freely through every vein and artery of the American body
+corporate. Every single citizen feels his share in the life of his
+nation. Great Britain leaves her Colonies to take care of
+themselves, refuses what they ask, and forces on them what they
+had rather be without.</p>
+
+<p>"If I were a West Indian, I should feel that under the stars and
+stripes I should be safer than I was at present from political
+experimenting. I should have a market in which to sell my produce
+where I should be treated as a friend. I should have a power
+behind me and protecting me, and I should have a future to which I
+could look forward with confidence. America would restore me to
+hope and life: Great Britain allows me to sink, contenting herself
+with advising me to be patient. Why should I continue loyal when
+my loyalty was so contemptuously valued?"&mdash;<span class="sc">James Anthony
+Froude</span> (from "The English in the West Indies," Nov. 15,
+1887).</p>
+
+<p>"In the United States is Canada's natural market for buying as
+well as for selling, the market which her productions are always
+struggling to enter through every opening in the tariff wall, for
+exclusion from which no distant market either in England or
+elsewhere can compensate her, the want of which brings on her
+commercial atrophy, and drives the flower of her youth by
+thousands and tens of thousands over the line.</p>
+
+<p>"The Canadian North-west remains unpeopled while the neighboring
+States of the Union are peopled, because it is cut off from the
+continent to which it belongs by a fiscal and political
+line."&mdash;<span class="sc">Goldwin Smith, D.C.L.</span>, in "Questions of the Day,"
+page 159. (Macmillan &amp; Co., London, 1893).</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>PREFACE.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>It would be evidence of gross ignorance, or something worse, to
+pretend that the United States, under like conditions, would have
+treated the Newfoundlanders better than England has done. It would be
+especially so after the humiliating spectacle presented to the world
+by our Democratic majorities last year in Congress and in the State
+and city of New York.</p>
+
+<p>With material resources superior to those of any other country in the
+world, we are obliged to appeal to the European money-lender for gold.</p>
+
+<p>Even the chosen head of our Tory Democracy tells Congress that we must
+sacrifice $16,000,000 to obtain gold on the terms offered by his
+Secretary of the Treasury.</p>
+
+<p>England's past blunders have been singularly favorable to American
+interests, when real statesmen were at the helm in Washington. Any
+strategist can see that, if Lord Palmerston, instead of bullying weak
+Greece and China, had done justice to Newfoundland, his government
+might have acquired so strong a position in America as to seriously
+imperil the preservation of the Union some thirty years ago. That he
+failed to do his duty was as fortunate for the United States as it was
+unfortunate for Newfoundland. To-day, but for the emasculating
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>influence of our Tory Democracy, England's blunders in the same island
+would be profitable to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Even for our small and expensive navy we cannot find sufficient able
+seamen among our citizens; and the starving fishermen of Newfoundland
+are just the men we need. But there is no money in the national
+treasury to pay them; while our ridiculous immigration and suffrage
+laws exclude the men we need, and enable the scum of Europe to
+influence our legislation.</p>
+
+<p>I trust this tract may suggest to some Englishmen the best way to
+prevent a repetition of the present distress, and so show the world
+that, after all, loyalty is sometimes appreciated in imperial circles.
+The old project of a rapid line of steamers from Bay St. George to
+Chaleurs Bay, giving England communication via Newfoundland with
+Montreal in less than five days, has been revived; but the route is
+closed by winter ice, and too far north for the United States.</p>
+
+<p>A better route, open all the year round, is that from Port aux Basques
+to Neil's Cove, a distance of only fifty-two miles by sea against two
+hundred and fifty miles from Bay St. George to Paspebiac or Shippegan;
+and still better is the route via Port aux Basques and Louisbourg,
+which will soon be connected with the American lines, with a single
+break of three miles at the Gut of Canso Ferry. With all its faults,
+British rule has one advantage over that of all other colonial powers:
+it gives the foreigner, no matter what his faith or nation, exactly
+the same commercial rights as the British subject; and so, although
+Newfoundland will lose by the exclusion of its fish from our protected
+markets, and by the diplomatic inability of the British government to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>protect it from the effects of French bounties and treaty rights, the
+enlightened selfishness of the New Englander will find that, "there is
+money for him" in the development of those resources which have been
+so singularly neglected by the British capitalists who invest their
+money in the most rotten schemes that Yankee ingenuity can invent.</p>
+
+<p class="right">J.F.</p>
+
+<p>Feb. 11, 1895.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>AUTHORITIES.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the following pages I have drawn largely on the well-known works of
+Hatton and Harvey, Bonnycastle, Pedley, Bishop Howley, and Spearman's
+article in the <i>Westminster Review</i> for 1892, concerning Newfoundland;
+and, on the general question, on Froude's "England to the Defeat of
+the Spanish Armada," Lecky's "History of England in the Eighteenth
+Century," Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress," Hansard's Debates, "The
+Annual Register," McCarthy's "History of our own Times," and the Blue
+Books of the British government.</p>
+
+<p>To the tourist who proposes to visit the island I can recommend Rev.
+Moses Harvey's "Newfoundland in 1894," published in St. John's, as the
+best guide to the island. Mr. Harvey has also written an excellent
+article on the island for Baedeker's "Canada." For the hunter,
+painter, photographer, angler, yachtsman, or geologist, there is not a
+more attractive excursion, for from one to three months, along the
+whole American coast than that through and round Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p class="right">J.F.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE JINGOES.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY JOHN FRETWELL.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The most prominent and able intellectual representative of the money
+power in the world, the London <i>Times</i>, writes of Newfoundland:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Even if we were disposed to do so, we cannot in our position as a
+naval power view with indifference the disaster to, and possibly the
+ruin of, a colony we may sometimes regard as amongst the most valuable
+of our naval stations. Neither can we view the position without
+consideration for the wide-spread suffering that an absolute refusal
+to grant assistance would entail. It is probable that a cheaper system
+of administration would retrieve the position without casting an
+overwhelmingly heavy burden upon the imperial tax-payers. If we
+interpret public feeling aright, it will be in favor of giving the
+colony the help that may be found essential; but, if the assistance
+required takes anything like the radical proportion that at present
+seems necessary, it can only be granted at a price,&mdash;the surrender of
+the Constitution and the return of Newfoundland to the condition of a
+crown colony."</p>
+
+<p>While we may safely concede to the editors of the <i>Times</i> as much
+"consideration for wide-spread suffering" as to a Jay Gould or a
+Napoleon, the above-quoted words are significant, because they show
+that what the ruling powers in England would never concede to charity
+or justice they will give to self-interest, now that the <i>Times</i> has
+discovered "there is money in it."</p>
+
+<p>But to us Americans the words have their lessons also. Newfoundland
+not only belongs to our Continental system, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>but it can never be
+really prosperous until it becomes a State in our Union. What it is
+to-day, New England might have been, had it not been delivered by the
+Continental forces, and by the French navy, from the rule of British
+Tories. And, as a member of our Union, this island, five times the
+size of Massachusetts, might not only be as prosperous as Rhode Island
+or Connecticut, but also the chief training ground for our future
+navy, which, checked by the piracies of the British-built "Alabama,"
+will become in the near future an indispensable necessity of our
+national existence.</p>
+
+<p>Since the English people seem to have taken to heart, far more than
+his own countrymen have done, the lesson taught by our Captain Mahan
+in his "Influence of the Sea-power in History," it is well that we
+should consider the past history of England's relations to that
+first-born colony which she has so infamously sacrificed, and for
+whose misfortunes she alone is responsible.</p>
+
+<p>The lesson that we may learn from that history is quite as much needed
+by the American as by the Briton. Edmund R. Spearman, writing in the
+<i>Westminster Review</i> (Vol. 137, page 403, 1892), says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"No English Homer has yet risen to tell the tale of Newfoundland,
+shrouded in mystery and romance, the daring invasion and vicissitudes
+of those exhaustless fisheries, the battle of life in that seething
+cauldron of the North Atlantic, where the swelling billows never rest,
+and the hurricane only slumbers to bring forth the worse dangers of
+the fog-bank and the iceberg. Fierce as has been during the four
+centuries the fight for the fisheries by European rivals, their petty
+racial quarrels sink into insignificance before the general struggle
+for the harvest. The Atlantic roar hides all minor pipings. The breed
+of fisher-folk from these deep-sea voyagings consist of the toughest
+specimens of human endurance. All other dangers which lure men to
+venture everything for excitement or for fortune, the torrid <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>heat or
+arctic cold, the battle against man or beast, the desert or the
+jungle, all land adventures are as nothing compared to the daring of
+the hourly existence of the heroic souls whose lives are cast upon the
+banks of Newfoundland. The fishermen may seem wild and reckless, rough
+and illiterate; but supreme danger and superlative sacrifice breed
+noble qualities, and beneath the rough exterior of the fisherman you
+will never fail to find a <span class="fakesc">MAN</span>, and no cheap imitation of the
+genuine article. None but a man can face for a second time the frown
+of the North Atlantic, that exhibition of mighty, all-consuming power,
+beside the sober reality of which all the ecstasies of poets and
+painters are puny failures. Among these heroes of the sea England's
+children have always been foremost. We should expect England to be
+especially proud of such an offspring, familiar with their struggles,
+and ever heedful of their welfare, lending an ear to their claims or
+complaints above all others. Strange to say, it has always been the
+exact reverse."</p>
+
+<p>Though discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot in 1494, "the
+twenty-fourth of June at five o'clock in the morning," it was not
+until ninety years later that the island was formally organized as an
+English colony (Aug. 5, 1582, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert).</p>
+
+<p>The persecutions of Bloody Mary and the massacre of St. Bartholomew
+had roused the indignation of Englishmen to the highest pitch. They
+were ready for any risk in open war against France and Spain, but
+Queen Elizabeth was always trying to shirk responsibility; and so the
+sea-captains who would avenge the wrongs done to the Protestants were
+obliged to run the risk of being condemned as pirates.</p>
+
+<p>One of them wrote to Queen Elizabeth, Nov. 6, 1577, offering to fit
+out ships, well armed, for the Banks of Newfoundland, where some
+twenty-five thousand fishermen went out from France, Spain, and
+Portugal every summer to catch the food of their Catholic fast days.
+He proposed to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>treat these fishermen as the Huguenots of France had
+been treated,&mdash;to bring away the best of their ships, and to burn the
+rest. Nine days after the date of this letter Francis Drake sailed
+from Plymouth, commanding a fleet of five ships, equipped by a company
+of private adventurers, of whom Queen Elizabeth was the largest
+shareholder. Fortunately, they never committed the horrible crime
+suggested in that letter. In those five ships, says Froude, lay the
+germ of Great Britain's ocean empire.</p>
+
+<p>In 1585 Sir John Hawkins, who had meanwhile annexed Newfoundland to
+the English Dominion, proposed again to take a fleet to the Fishing
+Banks, whither half the sailors of Spain and Portugal went annually to
+fish for cod.</p>
+
+<p>He would destroy them all at one fell swoop, cripple the Spanish
+marine for years, and leave the galleons to rot in the harbors for
+want of sailors to man them.</p>
+
+<p>Had this been done, Philip of Spain would never have been able to
+threaten England with his "Invincible Armada." But the brave
+Englishmen of those days had to deal with a treacherous queen. The
+Hollanders who had engaged in a desperate struggle that they might
+have done with lies, and serve God with honesty and sincerity, were
+willing and eager to be annexed to England, and in union with her
+would have formed so strong a power as to be able to resist any
+Continental league against them.</p>
+
+<p>But Elizabeth cared more for herself than for her country and her
+cause, and thus made warlike measures necessary which an Oliver
+Cromwell would have avoided.</p>
+
+<p>Her duplicity may have provoked those republican ideas that were
+brought by Brewster and the other Pilgrim Fathers to America. Brewster
+was the friend and companion of Davison, Queen Elizabeth's Secretary
+of State, who was sent on an embassy to the Netherlands by her; and
+the contrast between these brave citizens and the treachery of the
+"good Queen Bess" must have given him a profound sense of the injury
+done to a great nation by the vices and follies of royalty.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>The infamous manner in which the queen afterwards used her faithful
+secretary, Davison, as her scapegoat, and the sycophancy of Sandys,
+Archbishop of York, at Davison's mock trial, were strong arguments
+both against royalty and prelacy.</p>
+
+<p>Under the cowardly, childish, and pedantic king who succeeded
+Elizabeth, Newfoundland was the bone of contention between the
+factions at his court, between Catholics and Protestants, and men who
+were neither, and men who were both.</p>
+
+<p>Among the latter was the gallant Yorkshireman, Sir George Calvert, who
+was Secretary of State to James, but was compelled to resign his
+office in 1624, because he became a Catholic.</p>
+
+<p>The British and Irish Catholics who came over seem to have been the
+men who came out to Newfoundland with the most honest intent of
+any,&mdash;to better themselves without injury to others, and to seek there
+"freedom to worship God" at a time when that freedom was denied in
+England, both to the Catholic and the Puritan. In 1620 Calvert had
+bought a patent conveying to him the lordship of all the south-eastern
+peninsula, which he called Avalon, the ancient name of Glastonbury in
+England.</p>
+
+<p>He proposed to found there an asylum for the persecuted Catholics; and
+at a little harbor on the eastern shore, just south of Cape Broyle,
+which he called Verulam, a name since corrupted to Ferryland, he built
+a noble mansion, and spent altogether some $150,000, a much larger sum
+in those days than it seems now. But the site was ill chosen; and the
+imbecility of King James encouraged the French to attack the colony,
+so that at last Calvert wrote to Burleigh, "I came here to plant and
+set and sow, but have had to fall to fighting Frenchmen." He went
+home, and in the last year of his life he obtained a grant of land,
+which is now occupied by the States of Delaware and Maryland; and to
+its chief city his son gave the name of the wild Irish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>headland and
+fishing village, whence he took his own name of Lord Baltimore in the
+Irish peerage.</p>
+
+<p>After Calvert's departure, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland sent out a
+number of settlers; and in 1638 Sir David Kirke, one of the bravest of
+England's sea-captains, who had taken Quebec, received from Charles I.
+a grant of all Newfoundland, and settled at Verulam, or Ferryland, the
+place founded by Calvert. Under Kirke the colony prospered; but, as he
+took the part of Charles in the civil war, his possessions were
+confiscated by the victorious Commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>At that time there were nearly two thousand settlers along the eastern
+shore of Avalon; and the great Protector, Oliver Cromwell, protected
+the rights of the Newfoundland settlers as he did those of the
+Waldensians.</p>
+
+<p>After his death came what Mr. Spearman calls the "blots in the English
+history known as the reigns of Charles II. and his deposed brother."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Spearman continues, "Frenchmen must understand that no Englishman
+will for a moment accept as a precedent anything in those two reigns
+affecting the relations of France and of England."</p>
+
+<p>But here Mr. Spearman counts without his host. He should recollect
+that the British government has, since the death of Charles II., paid
+an annual pension to the Dukes of Richmond simply because they were
+descended from the Frenchwoman, Louise de la Querouaille, whose
+influence induced Charles II. to betray English interests to France,
+and that but the other day the Salisbury government recognized that
+precedent by paying the Duke of Richmond a very large sum of money to
+buy off this infamous claim. So long as the names of the Dukes of
+Richmond and Saint Alban's (both descendant of Charles II.'s
+mistresses) remain on the roll of the British Peerage, the Frenchman
+will have a right to laugh at Mr. Spearman's claim; for we cannot
+ignore a precedent in our intercourse <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>with foreigners, so long as we
+act upon it in our domestic affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely was Charles the Libertine seated on the throne of England,
+when the Frenchmen, in 1660, settled on the southern shore of
+Newfoundland, at a place which they called La Plaisance (now known as
+Placentia).</p>
+
+<p>They were certainly either wiser or more fortunate in their choice of
+a location than the English; for, while St. John's and Ferryland, on
+the straight shore of Avalon, are exposed to the wildest gales of the
+Atlantic, and shut out by the arctic ice from all communication with
+the ocean for a part of the winter, Placentia is a protected harbor,
+open all the year round, and having a sheltered waterway navigable for
+the largest ships to the northernmost and narrowest part of the
+Isthmus of Avalon.</p>
+
+<p>We must believe that the French would have managed Newfoundland better
+than the English if they had kept the island; for the men who cut the
+Isthmus of Suez would surely long ago have made a passage, three miles
+long, by which the ships of Trinity Bay might have found their way at
+the close of autumn to the safe winter harbors of the southern coast.</p>
+
+<p>All along the southern shore the names on the map tell us of French
+occupation.</p>
+
+<p>Port aux Basques, Harbor Breton, Rencontre Bay (called by the English
+Round Counter), Cape La Hune, Bay d'Espoir, are but a few of them.</p>
+
+<p>The name which the English have given to this last is strangely
+characteristic. The Bay of Hope (Baie d'Espoir) of the French has been
+changed into the Bay of Despair of the English. It was really a Bay of
+Hope to the French; for from the head of one of its fiords, deep
+enough for the largest of our modern ships, an Indian trail goes
+northwards in less than 100 miles to the fertile valley of the
+Exploits River. Can we suppose that the French engineers would have
+allowed 200 years to elapse without <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>building a road along this trail?
+And yet not a single road was built by the English conquerors before
+the year 1825; and even to-day, to reach the point where the Indian
+trail crosses the Exploits, we must travel 260 miles by rail from
+Placentia or St. John's instead of 100 from Bay d'Espoir, simply
+because the English holders of property in St. John's, like dogs in
+the manger, will not permit any improvement in the country, unless it
+can be made tributary to their special interests.</p>
+
+<p>That the English were worse enemies of Newfoundland than the French,
+even in King Charles's time, may be seen from the advice given by Sir
+Josiah Child, the chairman of that great monopoly, the East India
+Company, that the island "was to have no government, nor inhabitants
+permitted to reside at Newfoundland, nor any passengers or private
+boat-keepers permitted to fish at Newfoundland."</p>
+
+<p>The Lords of the Committee for Trade and Plantations adopted the
+suggestion of Sir Josiah; and in 1676, just a century before the
+American Declaration of Independence, the west country adventurers
+began to drive away the resident inhabitants, and to take possession
+of their houses and fishing stages, and did so much damage in three
+weeks that Thomas Oxford declared 1,500 men could not make it good.</p>
+
+<p>We should be unjust if we were to regard this infamous dishonesty as
+simply an accident of the Restoration time. Many of my American
+readers have doubtless heard of an island called Ireland, which is
+much nearer to England than Newfoundland. Lecky tells us how the
+English land-owners, always foremost in selfishness, procured the
+enactment of laws, in 1665 and 1680, absolutely prohibiting the
+importation into England from Ireland of all cattle, sheep, and swine,
+of beef, pork, bacon, and mutton, and even of butter and cheese, with
+the natural result that the French were enabled to procure these
+provisions at lower prices, and their work of settling their sugar
+plantations was much facilitated thereby.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>In the Navigation Act of 1663 Ireland was deprived of all the
+advantages accorded to English ones, and thus lost her colonial trade;
+and, after the Revolution, the commercial influence, which then became
+supreme in the councils of England, was almost as hostile to Ireland
+as that of the Tory landlords. A Parliament was summoned in Dublin, in
+1698, for the express purpose of destroying Irish industry; and a year
+later the Irish were prohibited from exporting their manufactured wool
+to any other country whatever. Prohibitive duties were imposed on
+Irish sail-cloth imported into England. Irish checked, striped, and
+dyed linens were absolutely excluded from the colonies, and burdened
+with a duty of 30 per cent. if imported into England. Ireland was not
+allowed to participate in the bounties granted for the exportation of
+these descriptions of linen from Great Britain to foreign countries.
+In 1698, two petitions, from Folkestone and Aldborough, were presented
+to Parliament, complaining of the injury done to the fishermen of
+those towns "by the Irish catching herrings at Waterford and Wexford,
+and sending them to the Straits, and thereby forestalling and ruining
+petitioners' markets"; and there was even a party in England who
+desired to prohibit all fisheries on the Irish shore except by boats
+built and manned by Englishmen.</p>
+
+<p>Not only were the Irish prevented from earning money, but they were
+forced to pay large sums to the mistresses of English kings. Lecky
+tells us that the Duke of Saint Alban's, the bastard son of Charles
+II., enjoyed an Irish pension of &pound;800 a year. Catherine Sedley, the
+mistress of James II., had another of &pound;5,000 a year. William III.
+bestowed a considerable Irish estate on his mistress, Elizabeth
+Villiers. The Duchess of Kendall and the Countess of Darlington, two
+mistresses of the German Protestant George I., had Irish pensions of
+the united value of &pound;5,000. Lady Walsingham, daughter of the
+first-named of these mistresses, had an Irish pension of &pound;1,500; and
+Lady <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>Howe, daughter of the second, had a pension of &pound;500. Madame de
+Walmoden, mistress of the German Protestant King George II., had an
+Irish pension of &pound;3,000. This king's sister, the queen dowager of
+Prussia, Count Bernsdorff, a prominent German politician, and a number
+of other German names may be found on the Irish pension list.</p>
+
+<p>Lecky's description of the Protestant Church of Ireland is just as
+revolting. Archbishop Bolton wrote, "A true Irish bishop [meaning
+bishops of English birth and of the Protestant Church] has nothing
+more to do than to eat, drink, grow fat and rich, and die."</p>
+
+<p>The English primate of Ireland ordained and placed in an Irish living
+a Hampshire deer-stealer, who had only saved himself from the gallows
+by turning informer against his comrades. Archbishop King wrote to
+Addison, "You make nothing in England of ordering us to provide for
+such and such a man &pound;200 per annum, and, when he has it, by favor of
+the government, he thinks he may be excused attendance; but you do not
+consider that such a disposition takes up, perhaps, a tenth part of
+the diocese, and turns off the cure of ten parishes to one curate."</p>
+
+<p>From the very highest appointment to the lowest, in secular and sacred
+things, all departments of administration in Ireland were given over
+as a prey to rapacious jobbers. Charles Lucas, M.P. for Dublin, wrote
+in 1761 to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, "Your excellency will often
+find the most infamous of men, the very outcasts of Britain, put into
+the highest employments or loaded with exorbitant pensions; while all
+that ministered and gave sanction to the most shameful and destructive
+measures of such viceroys never failed of an ample share in the spoils
+of a plundered people."</p>
+
+<p>Arthur Young, in 1779, estimated the rents of absentee landlords alone
+at &pound;732,000; and Hutchinson, in the same year, stated that the sums
+remitted from Ireland to Great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>Britain for rents, interest of money,
+pensions, salaries, and profit of offices amounted, on the lowest
+computation (from 1668 to 1773), to &pound;1,110,000 yearly.</p>
+
+<p>If, in treating of Newfoundland, I have made many extracts from Mr.
+Lecky's references to Ireland, it is in order that I may show Mr.
+Spearman the danger of laying too much stress on the French claims as
+the cause of the present distress in England's oldest colony.</p>
+
+<p>France had no claims in Ireland, and yet the conduct of the British
+government and the British tradesman to that unfortunate island is one
+of the blackest infamies of the eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lecky says in Chapter V., page 11, of his history: "To a sagacious
+observer of colonial politics two facts were becoming evident. The one
+was that the deliberate and malignant selfishness of English
+commercial legislation was digging a chasm between the mother country
+and the colonies which must inevitably, when the latter had become
+sufficiently strong, lead to separation. The other was that the
+presence of the French in Canada was an essential condition of the
+maintenance of the British empire in America."</p>
+
+<p>If Mr. Lecky had studied Newfoundland's history, he might have added a
+third fact; namely, that the French claims in Newfoundland have been
+for the Jingoes of the last half-century a convenient means of excuse
+for shirking their own responsibility to the unfortunate island, and
+for covering up the malignant selfishness of those tradesmen in Canada
+and England to whose private interests the island has been sacrificed
+by the government.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to observe how, at the time of the Peace of Utrecht,
+on Article XIII. of which the modern claims of France are based, the
+conditions were similar to those of Tory intrigue to-day.</p>
+
+<p>King Louis of France, encouraged by the momentary supremacy of the
+Tories in England, had insulted the English people by recognizing the
+Pretender as King of England.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>The popular indignation roused by this insult enabled King William, by
+dissolving Parliament, to overthrow the Tory power, and obtain a large
+majority pledged to war with France. The Whigs carried this war to a
+victorious conclusion; but, most unfortunately for both England and
+its colonies, Abigail Masham, by her influence over the queen, secured
+the overthrow of the Whigs. And her cousin Harley, a Tory, became
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, thus permitting the Tories to reap the
+fruits of Whig victories. In reference to the conclusion of the peace
+with France Lecky says, "The tortuous proceedings that terminated in
+the Peace of Utrecht form, beyond all question, one of the most
+shameful pages in English history."</p>
+
+<p>The greatest of England's generals was removed from the head of the
+army, and replaced by a Tory of no military ability. The allies of
+England were most basely deserted; and a clause was inserted in the
+treaty respecting Newfoundland to the following effect:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"But it is allowed to the subjects of France to practise fishing and
+to dry fish on land in that part only which stretches from the place
+called Bonavista to the Northern Point of the said Island, and from
+thence, running down by the Western Side, reaches as far as the place
+called Point Riche."</p>
+
+<p>What compensation was given by France in return for this right to
+catch and dry fish on a part of the Newfoundland shore?</p>
+
+<p>That was the immense accession of guilty wealth acquired by the
+Assiento Treaty, by which England obtained the monopoly of the
+slave-trade to the Spanish colonies.</p>
+
+<p>In the one hundred and six years from 1680 to 1786 England sent
+2,130,000 slaves to America and the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>On this point Lecky writes: "It may not be uninteresting to observe
+that, among the few parts of the Peace of Utrecht which appear to have
+given unqualified satisfaction at home, was the Assiento contract,
+which made of England <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>the great slave-trader of the world. <i>The last
+prelate who took a leading part in English</i> politics affixed his
+signature to the treaty. A Te Deum, composed by Handel, was sung in
+thanksgiving in the churches. Theological passions had been recently
+more vehemently aroused; and theological controversies had for some
+years acquired a wider and more absorbing interest in England than in
+any period since the Commonwealth. But it does not yet appear to have
+occurred to any class that a national policy, which made it its main
+object to encourage the kidnapping of tens of thousands of negroes,
+and their consignment to the most miserable slavery, might be at least
+as inconsistent with the spirit of the Christian religion as either
+the establishment of Presbyterianism or the toleration of prelacy in
+Scotland."</p>
+
+<p>Is it not characteristic that, just as the Tories of Queen Anne's time
+were willing to prejudice the rights of a colony in return for the
+infamous profits of the slave-trade, so the Tory of 1862, Lord Robert
+Cecil, was among the chief Englishmen who sympathized with the
+slaveholders who were then attacking the American Union?</p>
+
+<p>It is equally characteristic that this first of the Primrose Dames,
+Abigail Masham, quarrelled with her cousin Harley about the share
+which this lady of High Church principles was to receive out of the
+profits of the infamous trade.</p>
+
+<p>Surely, the country that made so much profit out of the slave-trade is
+bound to compensate Newfoundland for the losses caused by its weakness
+in the French shore question rather than that France which in 1713
+abandoned the infamous traffic to the British Tories.</p>
+
+<p>The next treaty between France and England, that of Aix-la-Chapelle,
+in 1748, made no alteration in the Newfoundland question; but the
+government of England, in returning Louisbourg to the French, gave
+another of those proofs of the selfish indifference of the home
+government to the rights of the colonies which was one of the most
+potent causes that led the New Englanders, with the aid of France, to
+achieve their independence.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>At the south-eastern extremity of Cape Breton Island the strong
+fortress of Louisbourg, which it was once the fashion to call the
+Gibraltar of America, threatened the safety of the New England and
+Newfoundland fisheries alike. Governor Shirley of Massachusetts
+induced the legislature to undertake an expedition against this
+fortress, and intrusted its command to Colonel William Pepperell. The
+New England forces, raw troops, commanded by untrained officers,
+astonished the world by capturing a fortress which was deemed
+impregnable. This was the most brilliant and decisive achievement of
+nine years of otherwise useless bloodshed and treachery.</p>
+
+<p>It is well that the people of the United States propose to celebrate
+its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary this year; for, more than any
+other event in their colonial history, it gave them confidence in the
+power of untrained men of spirit to overcome the hireling soldiers of
+the European governments.</p>
+
+<p>But the action of the British government at the Treaty of
+Aix-la-Chapelle, in restoring this fortress to the French, gave the
+colonists an equally necessary lesson. What did England get in
+exchange? The already mentioned Assiento, that famous compact which
+gave to England the right to ship slaves to the Spanish colonies, was
+confirmed for the four years it still had to run; and the fortress of
+Madras, which had been taken by the French in 1746, was restored to
+England in 1748 by the treaty. Even the most selfish and heartless of
+British politicians may doubt whether the true interests of his
+country were served by abandoning the American fortress for that of
+India; but the American statesman will not fail to see in the conduct
+of England towards her American colonists in this transaction a
+justification not alone for the Declaration of Independence, but also
+for that Monroe doctrine which, in its fullest application, will
+prevent the interference of any European power in the affairs of any
+part of America, not excluding Newfoundland. The Treaty of Paris, in
+1763, which made Great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>Britain practically master of North America,
+produced no change in the position of the 13,000 settlers then in
+Newfoundland. For them the London government cared nothing. The
+provisions of the treaty, by which France gave up Canada to England,
+only served to emphasize more strongly the injustice done by England
+to her Catholic population, both in Ireland and in Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>In 1719 the Irish Privy Council, all tools of England; actually
+proposed to the London government that every unregistered priest or
+friar remaining in Ireland after the 1st of May, 1720, should be
+castrated; and, although the English ministers did not accept this
+suggestion, they adopted one that such priests should have a large P
+branded with a red-hot iron on their cheeks. It can be hardly wondered
+at that the more honest Irishmen sought refuge from such infamies
+either in foreign service or in the colonies; and many of them came to
+Newfoundland, only to find that the Church of England spirit of
+persecution was rampant there also.</p>
+
+<p>Every government official was obliged to abjure the special tenets of
+Catholicism. In 1755 Governor Darrell commanded all masters of vessels
+who brought out Irish passengers to carry them back at the close of
+the fishing season. A special tax was levied on Roman Catholics, and
+the celebration of mass was made a penal offence. At Harbor Main,
+Sept. 25, 1755, the magistrates were ordered to fine a certain man &pound;50
+because he had allowed a priest to celebrate mass in one of his
+fishing-rooms. The room was ordered to be demolished, and the owner to
+sell his possessions and quit the harbor. Another who was present at
+the same mass was fined &pound;20, and his house and stage destroyed by
+fire. Other Catholics who had not been present, were fined &pound;10 each,
+and ordered to leave the settlement. These infamies were not altered
+until the Tory government was humiliated by the victory of the United
+States and their allies. But even then the Newfoundland <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>settlers were
+taught that England treats her loyal colonist more harshly than the
+possible rebel.</p>
+
+<p>The Newfoundland settlers, Catholic or Protestant, had proved the most
+loyal men in the colony.</p>
+
+<p>When the French, under D'Iberville, captured St. John's, and all
+Newfoundland lay at their feet, the solitary exception was the little
+Island of Carbonear in Conception Bay, where the persecuted settler
+John Pynn and his gallant band still held aloft the British flag. In
+1704-5 St. John's was again laid waste by the French, under Subercase;
+and, although Colonel Moody successfully defended the fort, the town
+was burned, and all the settlements about Conception Bay were raided
+by the French and their Indian allies. But Pynn and Davis bravely and
+successfully defended their island Gibraltar in Conception Bay.</p>
+
+<p>In 1708 Saint Ovide surprised and captured St. John's, but again old
+John Pynn held the fort at Carbonear.</p>
+
+<p>In the American War one of Pynn's descendants, a clerk at Harbor
+Grace, raised a company of grenadiers from Conception Bay; and they
+fought with such success in Canada that he was knighted as Sir Henry
+Pynn, and raised to the rank of general. But the selfish government at
+home cared nothing for Newfoundland. The first Congress of the United
+States, Sept. 5, 1774, forbade all exports to the British possessions.
+This would not have hurt Newfoundland if the settlers had been allowed
+to carry on agricultural pursuits there. But these had always been
+discouraged by the English; and so they were dependent on the New
+England States for their supplies, and were threatened with absolute
+famine as soon as the war broke out. Had they been disloyal, they
+might have gained their rights from England; but their very loyalty to
+such a government was their worst misfortune.</p>
+
+<p>Even in 1783 the Englishman had not learned the evil results of
+permitting royal interference in British politics. It is not merely in
+the reigns of the libertine kings that we <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>see this. Queen Elizabeth
+injured England by interfering with the policy of its wisest
+statesmen. The ascendency of Harley and Saint John Bolingbroke, who
+deserted England's allies and threw away the fruits of Marlborough's
+victories, was due to the influence of a High Church waiting-woman
+over Queen Anne; and now, when even Lord North, to say nothing of the
+better class of Englishmen, disapproved of George III.'s obstinate
+resistance to the just claims of the American colonies, the support
+given to the king by the Tories led to the loss of a dominion far more
+valuable to England than all the trade of India or China.</p>
+
+<p>He was obliged to call on a Liberal minister to undo, as far as
+possible, the evil done by himself and the Tories, just as in later
+days Mr. Gladstone had to settle with the United States the damage
+done by the Tories in the "Alabama" question.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Rockingham left the direction of the negotiations with
+France and the United States in the hands of Lord Shelburne; and that
+he was extremely liberal in his arrangements with both countries was
+not to be wondered at. The wrong had been done by England; and the
+innocent English had to suffer, as well as the guilty ones.
+Unfortunately for Newfoundland, Shelburne did not cede this island to
+the United States; and so it had to bear more than its share in the
+misfortunes which the policy of King George had brought upon the
+British empire.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Spearman (page 411) writes that "Adams, the United States envoy,
+himself bred up among the New England fishermen, said 'he would fight
+the war all over again' rather than give up the ancestral right of the
+New Englanders to the Newfoundland fisheries"; but that Shelburne
+should be able, when France and America were victorious, to take away
+from the former power the concessions made to it by the Tories in 1713
+and in 1763 was not to be expected.</p>
+
+<p>There was a slight alteration in the shore line on which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>the French
+might fish. They abandoned that right between Cape Bonavista and Cape
+St. John, in consideration of being allowed to catch and dry their
+fish along the shore between Point Riche and Cape Ray. That was all;
+and that is precisely the reason why the Beaconsfield-Salisbury
+cabinet, in 1878, refused their sanction to the Bay St. George
+Railroad.</p>
+
+<p>The only advantage that the poor Newfoundlanders gained from the war
+which caused them so much distress was the fact that the English
+government was <i>whipped</i> into conceding to their Roman Catholic
+population some of the rights which for many years afterwards it
+obstinately withheld from their brethren in Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>In 1784 Vice-Admiral John Campbell, a man of liberal, enlightened
+spirit, was appointed governor, and issued an order that all persons
+inhabiting the island were to have full liberty of conscience, and the
+free exercise of all such modes of religious worship <i>as were not
+prohibited by law</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year the Rev. Dr. O'Donnell came out to Newfoundland as
+its prefect apostolic. But the liberal movement did not last long.
+Lord Shelburne retired, and from 1784 till the passing of the Reform
+Bill in 1832 the Tories mismanaged the affairs of Great Britain and
+her colonies.</p>
+
+<p>One great advantage of American independence was that it gave the
+world a fair chance of judging between the results of republican and
+royal government in colonial affairs.</p>
+
+<p>We have certainly much that is rotten in the United States; but, when
+we compare our republic at its worst with British colonial
+administration, we can find good reason to be thankful for the
+crowning mercy of 1781, when Washington, Lafayette, and De Grasse
+gained their decisive victory over the troops of King George.</p>
+
+<p>I will not now refer to England's use of her immense power in India,
+China, and Japan. As I watched the course of the Congress of Religions
+at Chicago in 1893, I could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>not help thinking that the impressions
+taken from that Congress by our Oriental visitors would bear fruit
+that in due course may teach even his Grace, the Archbishop of
+Canterbury, something about England's criminal neglect of Christian
+duty to these people. For us it is enough to compare our position with
+that of the two unfortunate islands nearer our own shores, Ireland and
+Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose we had been cursed with the rule of British Tories since 1783,
+is it likely that our condition would have been better than that of
+these islands?</p>
+
+<p>Even such small instalments of justice as Mr. Gladstone has been able
+to secure through his splendid fight for "justice to Ireland" are due
+far more to the pressure exercised on England by the Irish in America
+than to British sense of right. Poor Newfoundland has had no Ireland
+in America to help her. She has been among the most loyal of England's
+colonies, and because of her loyalty she has been the most shamefully
+treated.</p>
+
+<p>It might be expected that Irish Catholics would emigrate in large
+numbers to Newfoundland to escape the infamous penal laws by which
+King George oppressed them in Ireland, and that sailors from all parts
+of Great Britain would seek there a shelter from the press-gangs at
+home. Dr. O'Donnell, the first regularly authorized Catholic priest on
+the island, applied in 1790 for leave to build a chapel in an outport;
+and, the Tories being in power, Governor Milbanke replied: "The
+Governor acquaints Mr. O'Donnell [omitting the title of Rev.] that, so
+far from being disposed to allow of an increase of places of religious
+worship for the Roman Catholics of the island, he very seriously
+intends next year to lay those established already under particular
+restrictions. Mr. O'Donnell must be aware that it is not the interest
+of Great Britain to encourage people to winter in Newfoundland; and he
+cannot be ignorant that many of the lower order who would now stay
+would, if it were not for the convenience with which they obtain
+absolution here, go home <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>for it, at least once in two or three years.
+And the Governor has been misinformed, if Mr. O'Donnell, instead of
+advising his hearers to return to Ireland, does not rather encourage
+them to winter in this country. On board the 'Salisbury,' Nov. 2,
+1790."</p>
+
+<p>Do we need clearer proofs than that to show us who is responsible for
+the misery both of Newfoundland and of Ireland? This Catholic priest,
+to whom the Tory governor refuses both his religious rights and the
+titles given him by his church and university, knew how to return good
+for evil.</p>
+
+<p>In 1800 a mutinous plot was concocted among the soldiers of the Royal
+Newfoundland Regiment to desert with their arms, and, being joined by
+their friends outside, to plunder St. John's, and afterwards escape to
+the United States. Fortunately, Dr. O'Donnell, who had meanwhile
+become bishop of St. John's, discovered the plot, and not only warned
+the commanding officer, but exerted all his own influence among the
+Catholics of the town to prevent outbreak.</p>
+
+<p>The British government gave him the miserable pension of &pound;50 a year,
+while they pay one of &pound;6,000 a year to the Duke of Richmond, for no
+better reason than that he was descended from the bastard son of that
+Louise de la Querouaille who was the French mistress of King Charles
+II.</p>
+
+<p>Chief Justice Reeves had been sent out from England to report on the
+condition of the country; and his "History of the Government of
+Newfoundland" shows that the ascendency so long maintained by a
+mercantile monopoly for narrow and selfish purpose had prevented the
+settlement of the country, the development of its resources, and the
+establishment of a proper system for the administration of government.
+Soon afterwards, in 1796, Admiral Waldegrave was appointed governor.
+The merchants of Burin complained to him that some of their fishermen
+wanted to emigrate to Nova Scotia. The merchants desired to prevent
+this.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>Admiral Waldegrave reported thereon: "Unless these poor wretches
+emigrate, they must starve; for how can it be otherwise, while the
+merchant has the power of setting his own price on the supplies issued
+to the fishermen and on the fish that the people catch for him? Thus
+we see a set of unfortunate beings worked like slaves, and hazarding
+their lives, when at the expiration of their term (<i>however successful
+their exertions</i>) they find themselves not only without gain, but so
+deeply indebted as forces them to emigrate or drive them to despair."
+He further relates how the merchants refused to allow a tax of
+sixpence per gallon on rum, to help them to defray administrative
+expenses; and he describes the merchants as "opposed to every measure
+of government which a governor may think proper to propose for the
+general benefit of the island."</p>
+
+<p>But even this Governor Waldegrave, though he so clearly saw the true
+cause of the evil, sternly refused the only remedy within reach, which
+was to grant the poor wretches the right to use the waste,
+uncultivated land which existed in so great abundance round about
+them.</p>
+
+<p>He was so far from doing this that, when about to leave, he put on
+record, in 1799, for the use of his successor, that he had made no
+promise of any grant of land, save one to the officer commanding the
+troops, and that was not to be held by any other person. That is the
+way in which Britain's Tories have cared for her colonies.</p>
+
+<p>Hatton and Harvey say: "In many of the smaller and more remote
+settlements successive generations lived and died without education
+and religious teaching of any kind. The lives of the people were
+rendered hard and miserable for the express purpose of driving them
+away. The governors of those days considered that loyalty to England
+rendered it imperative on them to depopulate Newfoundland."</p>
+
+<p>How did England stand meanwhile towards the other nation, that of
+France, which had claims on Newfoundland? <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>This country had exercised
+its right to replace the Bourbons by the republic, just as England had
+replaced the Stuarts by the Guelphs.</p>
+
+<p>But the Germans and Austrians had insolently interfered in the private
+affairs of France, and so made a military leader, in the person of
+Napoleon Bonaparte, absolutely indispensable for the protection of the
+country against foreign foes.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner was Napoleon seated on the consular throne&mdash;he had not then
+become emperor&mdash;than he addressed a letter to King George III., urging
+the restoration of peace. "The war which has ravaged for eight years
+the four quarters of the globe, is it," he asks, "to be eternal?"
+"France and England," he concludes, "may, by the abuse of their
+strength, still for a time retard the period of their exhaustion; but
+I will venture to say the fate of all civilized nations is attached to
+the termination of a war which involves the whole world."</p>
+
+<p>And what did England's Tory king answer? He intrusted the reply to
+Grenville, who was then the British minister for foreign affairs, and
+wrote to the Consul Bonaparte that, while his Britannic Majesty did
+not positively make the restoration of the Bourbons an indispensable
+condition of peace, nor claim to prescribe to France her form of
+government, he would intimate that only the one was likely to secure
+the other, and that he had not sufficient respect for her new ruler to
+entertain his proposals. Can we wonder that after so insolent a letter
+the first consul became emperor?</p>
+
+<p>France is quite as proud as England; and the insolence of the Guelph,
+in presuming to insinuate that her first consul was not as good as he,
+was quite enough to provoke her into making the consul her emperor,
+and doing her best to chastise her insulters. Charles James Fox, in
+Parliament, pronounced the royal answer "odiously and absurdly wrong";
+but the squires and borough-mongers of the House <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>of Commons supported
+the action of the king by a majority of 265 to 64. It is for such
+infamies as this that Newfoundland has even to-day to bear all the
+inconveniences of the French claims on their shores. I do not blame
+the French for insisting that England shall scuttle out of Egypt
+before she yields her claims in Newfoundland; but it is the
+responsible English, and not the innocent Newfoundlanders, who ought
+to pay the cost, and the conduct of England in insisting that
+Newfoundland shall bear the burden is cowardly and mean beyond all
+expression.</p>
+
+<p>While the Tories were thus hurling England into war, it is interesting
+to observe how the Guelphs conducted it. The Duke of York, with a
+generalship worthy of his family, led an army of British and Russian
+soldiers into a captivity from which they could only be redeemed by
+the surrender of prisoners taken on the sea by <i>real</i> Englishmen.</p>
+
+<p>Englishmen were taxed in order to give the German despots money
+wherewith to fight the French. Austria received for one campaign more
+money than England had to pay even for the "Alabama" claims, and the
+czar of Russia received &pound;900,000 for the eight months his troops were
+in the field. During the same war the king's second son, the same Duke
+of York who had given so characteristic a sample of Guelph generalship
+in leading his forces to defeat, gave an equally characteristic
+specimen of Guelph morality. He had for mistress one Mary Ann Clarke,
+a woman of low origin, who transferred her intimacy to a Colonel
+Wardle, and confided to him many of the secrets of her relations to
+the royal duke. Wardle, on Jan. 27, 1809, affirmed in the House of
+Commons that the Duke of York had permitted Mrs. Clarke to carry on a
+traffic in commissions and promotions, and demanded a public inquiry.
+Mrs. Clarke was examined at the bar of the House of Commons for
+several weeks, displaying a shameless, witty impudence that drew
+continual applause and laughter from a mob of English <i>gentlemen</i>,
+many of whom <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>knew her too well. The charges were proved, and the Duke
+of York resigned his position as commander-in-chief; and the
+disclosures made&mdash;doctors of divinity suing for bishoprics, and
+priests for preferment, at the feet of a harlot, kissing her palm with
+coin&mdash;may teach Englishmen what they have to guard against even to-day
+on the part of that Tory party that has religion, conscience, and
+morality much more on its lips than in its heart.</p>
+
+<p>It is not altogether irrelevant in this connection to mention that in
+1825, when the Catholic relief bill had passed the House of Commons by
+268 votes against 241, the Duke of York opposed the repeal of the
+Catholic disabilities by the common Tory appeal to what they call
+conscience, saying "these were the principles to which he would
+adhere, and which he would maintain and act up to, to the latest
+moment of his life existence, whatever might be his situation in life,
+<i>so help him God</i>."</p>
+
+<p>England has indeed had to pay dearly for her hereditary monarchy, and
+for the awful hypocrisy which permits the appeal to God by such State
+Churchmen as the Duke of York to have any effect on politics. I need
+hardly say that the House of Lords did with the Catholic Emancipation
+Bill what it has lately done with the House of Commons Bill for Home
+Rule in Ireland, and threw it out.</p>
+
+<p>While England was fighting France, she had also to fight the United
+States. It is an episode of which neither country has any reason to be
+proud. The New Englanders were mostly opposed to the declaration of
+war. The average Englishman knows little about it. He is taught by his
+history books that the victory of the "Shannon" over the "Chesapeake"
+destroyed the prestige of the American navy; and he is wrong even in
+that.</p>
+
+<p>The "Shannon" had a brave and able commander, and had been many weeks
+at sea, so that Captain Broke had been able to train his men
+thoroughly, and, above all things, to prevent them from getting
+drunk.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>Captain Lawrence had to engage many men who had never been on a
+war-vessel before, and did not know how to work the guns. Many of the
+sailors had bottles of rum in their pockets, and were too drunk to
+stand when their ship got within fighting distance of the "Shannon."</p>
+
+<p>I wish our present Secretary of the Navy would learn the lesson, and
+now, when the need of the Newfoundlanders is so great, and when we
+require sober men to man our navy, give the brave fishermen of that
+island every reasonable inducement to enlist in our service.</p>
+
+<p>The war closed unsatisfactorily, by the mediation of the Emperor
+Alexander of Russia; and the Treaty of Ghent left England mistress of
+the seas.</p>
+
+<p>The treaties of 1814 and 1815 gave England another opportunity for
+relieving Newfoundland from the French control of her shore; but the
+Tories were at the helm, and became fellow-conspirators with other
+tyrants of Europe in perpetrating the most monstrous wrong and the
+completest restoration of despotism that was conceivable, in Germany,
+Austria, Italy, Spain, everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>They insulted France by imposing upon her the rule of a Bourbon, and
+to this Bourbon they guaranteed those rights over Newfoundland on
+which the French republic bases its claims to-day.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now turn to Newfoundland itself. While the nations were
+fighting, its merchants had enjoyed the monopoly of the cod-fisheries.
+Some of the capitalists had secured profits between &pound;20,000 and
+&pound;40,000 a year each, but they made the poor fishermen pay eight pounds
+a barrel for flour and twelve pounds a barrel for pork. They took
+their fortunes to England. No effort was made to open up roads or
+extend agriculture; for, if it had been done, the landlords of England
+would not have been able to sell their pork and wheat at such
+exorbitant prices there.</p>
+
+<p>So, when the war ceased and other nations were enabled to compete in
+the fisheries, the colony had to pass through <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>some years of disaster
+and suffering, while the merchants were spending their exorbitant
+profits in England.</p>
+
+<p>The planters and fishermen had been in the habit of leaving their
+savings in the hands of the St. John's merchants. Many of these
+failed, and the hardly won money of the fishermen was swept away by
+the insolvency of their bankers. It is estimated that the working
+class lost a sum little short of &pound;400,000 sterling.</p>
+
+<p>Now, eighty years later, we have another instance of the same
+misfortunes, proceeding from the same cause,&mdash;the fact that the money
+made by the fishery has been taken off to England; that the banks,
+which are altogether in the hands of the mercantile, or English,
+party, have been unfaithful to their trust; and that the fishermen who
+hold the bankers' notes get, from the one bank, 80 cents, and, from
+the other, only 20 cents on the dollar.</p>
+
+<p>The merchants applied for aid to the British government; and in June,
+1817, a committee of the House of Commons met. The merchants had only
+two remedies to propose. One was the granting of a bounty, to enable
+them to compete with the French and the Americans, who were sustained
+by bounties; but, although England was a protectionist country at that
+time, it gave only bounties in favor of rich men, and not of the poor.
+The other was the deportation of the principal part of the
+inhabitants, now numbering 70,000, to the neighboring colonies.</p>
+
+<p>The honest, sensible, easy plan, that of opening up the land to
+cultivation, so that the starving people might be able to grow their
+own food and breed their own cattle, was the one thing that these
+so-called practical Englishmen would not permit, because it might
+interfere with the profits of the British land-owner and merchant.</p>
+
+<p>At that very time the local authorities of Massachusetts were giving a
+bounty for each Newfoundland fisherman brought into the State.</p>
+
+<p>When Sir Thomas Cochrane was made governor in 1825, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>his government
+made the first road in the island. For one hundred and forty-five
+years England had been master of the island, and not a single road had
+been built suitable for wheeled carriages. Is it conceivable that the
+French would so completely have neglected the colony if they had been
+its masters?</p>
+
+<p>In 1832, when the Reform Bill put an end to the malign influence of
+Tory ascendency in England, Newfoundland also gained the boon of
+representative government; but it was only a merchants' government.
+The people who elected the House of Assembly did not dare to vote
+against the will of the merchants for fear of losing employment; and,
+while their representatives had the power of debating, passing
+measures, and voting moneys, the Council, which was composed of
+nominees of the crown, selected exclusively from the merchant class,
+could throw out all their measures, and were irresponsible to the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>In England King George IV. had rendered only one service to the
+people,&mdash;he had brought royalty into contempt, and so strengthened the
+feeling which resulted in the passage of many necessary measures which
+his father and brothers had opposed. But the selfish interests of the
+merchants and land-owners of England were still in the way of many
+reforms. Benjamin Disraeli, who did his worst to prevent the starving
+people from having cheap bread, became the flunkey and afterward the
+master of the Tory squires; and it was not until thousands had died of
+famine in Ireland that the selfish land-owners agreed to that
+reduction of duty on grain which made free trade so popular in
+England.</p>
+
+<p>Now, by a wise colonization policy, the government might have helped
+both Ireland and Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>By passing a law to the effect that, so long as the French gave a
+bounty on the export of salt fish, the English government would give
+their own fishermen exactly the same amount of protection, the French
+would soon have been brought to terms; and, by opening up Newfoundland
+to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>settlement by roads and railways, many of the starving Irish would
+have been provided with homes under the British flag far more
+comfortable than any that they could find in their native land. So a
+more prosperous Ireland would have risen on this side of the Atlantic,
+and England would have gained thereby. The Irish and the Catholic were
+really quite as loyal to the empire as any others. The difference was
+that the English High Churchman and the Scotch Presbyterian got all
+the privileges; and the Irishman and the Catholic were taught by the
+action of the British government that insurrection was their only hope
+of getting simple justice.</p>
+
+<p>India, China, Newfoundland, Ireland, were simply sweaters' dens for
+the profit of England and Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>Just as in Newfoundland the British merchant insisted on keeping out
+every trace of free trade that would enable the poor fisherman to sell
+his fish in the highest market and buy his provisions in the lowest,
+so in China the British in 1838 insisted on forcing the Chinaman to
+buy the poisonous opium of India, although in 1834 the China
+government had warned the British of their intention to prohibit the
+infamous traffic. The war that England thereupon proclaimed against
+China was one of the most infamous and cowardly of the century, and
+made British Christianity more hateful even than its opium to the
+rulers of the Celestial Empire. &pound;4,375,000 was extorted from the
+Chinese emperor for the expenses of the war ($20,000,000), and
+&pound;1,250,000 ($5,000,000) for the opium which, with perfect justice, he
+had confiscated from the smugglers. The mob of London cheered the
+wagons which brought the ill-gotten treasure through the streets; and
+the mob in Parliament thanked the officers who had murdered the
+helpless and unoffending Chinese, while the parsons congratulated the
+people on the opening of China to British commerce, British
+civilization, and British religion.</p>
+
+<p>The brutalizing influence of this method of carrying on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>the foreign
+trade of England was shown by a later altogether unnecessary war with
+China about the Lorcha "Arrow." This was a Chinese pirate vessel,
+which had obtained, by false pretences, the temporary possession of
+the British flag. On Oct. 8, 1856, the Chinese police boarded it in
+the Canton River, and took off twelve Chinamen on a charge of piracy.
+This they had a perfect right to do; but the British consul, Mr.
+Parkes, instead of thanking them, demanded the instant restoration of
+men who had been flying a British flag under false pretences. He
+applied to Sir John Bowring, the British plenipotentiary at Hong Kong,
+for assistance. Sir John was an able and experienced man. He had been
+editor of the <i>Westminster Review</i>, had a bowing, if not a speaking
+acquaintance with a dozen languages, had been one of the leaders of
+the free trade party, and had a thorough acquaintance with the Chinese
+trade. For many years he had been secretary of the Peace Society.</p>
+
+<p>He was the author of several hymns. In fact, an American hymn-book
+contains not less than seventeen from his pen. One of them, found in
+most modern hymn-books, was that commencing,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"In the cross of Christ I glory";<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">and its author proceeded to glory in the cross of the Prince of Peace
+by making war on the Chinese, although the governor, Yeh, had sent
+back all the men whose return was demanded by Mr. Parkes.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Justin McCarthy, in his "History of our own Times," says, "During
+the whole business Sir John Bowring contrived to keep himself almost
+invariably in the wrong; and, even where his claim happened to be in
+itself good, he managed to assert it in a manner at once untimely,
+imprudent, and indecent."</p>
+
+<p>One of the highest legal authorities in England, Lord Lyndhurst,
+declared Sir John Bowring's action, and that of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>the British
+authorities who aided him, to be unjustifiable on any principle either
+of law or reason; and Mr. Cobden, himself an old friend of Sir John
+Bowring, moved in the House of Commons that "the papers which have
+been laid upon the table fail to establish satisfactory grounds for
+the violent measures resorted to at Canton in the late affair of the
+'Arrow.'"</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all the best men in the House of Commons&mdash;Gladstone, Roundell
+Palmer, Sydney Herbert, Milner Gibson, Sir Frederick Thesiger, as well
+as many of the chief Tories&mdash;supported Mr. Cobden; and the vote of
+censure was carried against Lord Palmerston's government by 263 to
+247. But Lord Palmerston, then the hero of the Evangelical Church
+party,&mdash;"Palmerston, the true Protestant," "Palmerston, the only
+Christian Prime Minister,"&mdash;knew exactly the strength of British
+Christianity when it interfered with the sale of British beer, or
+Indian opium, or Manchester cotton, and appealed to the shop-keeper
+instincts of the British people. He dissolved Parliament; and Cobden,
+Bright, Milner Gibson, W.J. Fox, Layard, and many others were left
+without seats. Manchester rejected John Bright because he had spoken
+in the interests of peace and honor, and condemned one of the most
+cowardly, brutal, and unprovoked wars of the century.</p>
+
+<p>We see the same cause at work in Ireland. One British bishop, Dr.
+Thirlwall, of St. David's, had the manliness to favor Mr. Gladstone's
+bill for the disestablishment of the Irish Church; but most of them
+acted in this matter in direct opposition to the teachings of Him whom
+they profess to worship as their God. Mr. John Bright warned the Lords
+that, by throwing themselves athwart the national course, they might
+meet with "accidents not pleasant to think of"; and there is no doubt
+that the warning had its effect. And even now I do not think that the
+people of Ireland will ever get from the House of Lords that measure
+of right which even the House of Commons has unwillingly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>and
+grudgingly, accorded to them, unless the Irishmen of America come to
+their aid in a more effective manner than they have ever yet done.</p>
+
+<p>Newfoundland, unlike Ireland, has few friends in the United States,
+and therefore is wholly at England's mercy. What it suffered in the
+past I have already told. Let us see how England has treated it in the
+last few years.</p>
+
+<p>It was from Lord Palmerston, of all men, that the Newfoundlander might
+hope for redress.</p>
+
+<p>He had said in the Don Pacifico case, "As the Roman in the days of old
+held himself free from indignity when he could say, 'Civis Romanus
+sum,' so also a British subject, in whatever land he be, shall feel
+confident that the watchful eye and the strong arm of England shall
+protect him against injustice and wrong."</p>
+
+<p>Surely, the 200,000 Newfoundlanders had more right to expect that Lord
+Palmerston would maintain this principle in their defence than the
+extortionate Portuguese Jew or the Chinese pirates who were taken from
+the Lorcha "Arrow."</p>
+
+<p>And Lord Palmerston had the best opportunity of helping the
+Newfoundlander; for he was the intimate friend of Louis Napoleon and
+Persigny. By his approbation of Louis Napoleon's <i>coup d'&eacute;tat</i> he
+became the creator of the Anglo-French Alliance; and, since this
+alliance was a matter of life and death to the Second Empire, he might
+have used the opportunity, after the Crimean War, of exercising such
+pressure upon Louis Napoleon as to secure justice to Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>But he neglected it, and thereby, he lost the opportunity of
+strengthening the position of England and Canada towards the United
+States at the time of the "Trent" and "Alabama" affairs.</p>
+
+<p>We may be glad of this; but, from a British point of view, it was not
+merely an injustice to Newfoundland, but also a political blunder.</p>
+
+<p>One would suppose that, simply as a matter of imperial <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>policy, the
+British government would long ago have built a railroad across this
+island, in order to have the quickest possible connection with its
+Canadian dependency. The Fenian raids into Canada, the Confederate
+raids from Canada, the Red River Rebellion, the possibility of war
+arising from the "Trent" incident, the necessity of securing a rapid
+means of communication with the Pacific, should all, on purely
+strategic grounds, have induced the British government to establish a
+safe naval station in some southern harbor of Newfoundland, with a
+railroad communication to the west shores of the island.</p>
+
+<p>But the government left the Newfoundlanders, impoverished by the
+consequences of British misrule, to take the initiative; and it was
+not until 1878 that they were able to do anything. Then the Hon.
+William V. Whiteway induced the Newfoundland government to offer an
+annual subsidy of $120,000 per annum and liberal grants of crown lands
+to any company which would construct and operate a railway across
+Newfoundland, connecting by steamers with Britain or Ireland on the
+one hand, and the Intercolonial and Canadian lines on the other. Of
+the immense advantage of such a line to Great Britain, constructed as
+it would be at the expense of Newfoundland, I need hardly speak, and
+every patriotic ministry would have greeted the proposal with
+enthusiasm; but, most unfortunately both for England and for
+Newfoundland, the Premier was Mr. Disraeli, and the Foreign Secretary
+Lord Salisbury. What Lord Salisbury was may be learned from Mr. James
+G. Blaine's account of his speeches and conduct as Lord Robert Cecil
+in 1862. I know of no sermon preached within the last thirty years
+that inculcates a more necessary moral and religious lesson for Lords
+and Commons and parsons of England than that taught in the twentieth
+chapter of the Hon. James G. Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress." From
+it we may learn, first of all, that the right of secession of Ireland
+or Newfoundland from the British empire is already virtually <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>conceded
+by many of the Tory leaders of England. Mr. Blaine gives us in that
+chapter a list of twenty-four members of the British House of Commons,
+ten members of the British Peerage, one admiral, one vice-admiral, one
+captain, one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, and a host of knights
+and baronets who subscribed money to the Confederate Cotton Loan,
+while he gives extracts from the speeches of Bernal Osborne, Lord John
+Russell, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Gregory, M.P., Mr. G.W. Bentinck, M.P.,
+Lord Robert Cecil, now Marquis of Salisbury, M. Lindsy, M.P., Lord
+Campbell, Earl Malmesbury, Mr. Laird, M.P. (the builder of the
+"Alabama" and the rebel rams), Mr. Horsman, M.P. for Stroud, the
+Marquis of Clanricarde (a name familiar to all Irishmen from its
+connection with the evictions), Mr. Peacocke, M.P., Mr. Clifforde,
+M.P., Mr. Haliburton, M.P., Lord Robert Montague, Sir James Ferguson,
+the Earl of Donoughmore, Mr. Alderman Rose, Lord Brougham, and the
+Right Hon. William Ewart Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+breathing hostility to the cause of the Union States and friendship
+for the slaveholder; while the few honest men in the House of Commons,
+who, like John Bright, Foster, Charles Villiers, Milner Gibson, and
+Cobden, spoke for the cause of the North, were reviled, not alone by
+their colleagues, but even by many of their constituents, because they
+defended the side of liberty, truth, and justice.</p>
+
+<p>Why should we withhold from the just cause of Ireland and Newfoundland
+the sympathy which England gave to the secessionist slaveholder?</p>
+
+<p>Of course the London <i>Times</i> was on the slaveholder's side. On the
+last day of December, 1864, it said that "Mr. Seward and other
+teachers and flatterers of the multitude still affect to anticipate
+the early restoration of the Union"; and in three months from that
+date the rebels were conquered.</p>
+
+<p>It was on March 7, 1862, that Lord Robert Cecil said in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>Parliament:
+"The plain fact is that the Northern States of America can never be
+our sure friends, because we are rivals politically, rivals
+commercially. We aspire to the same position. We both aspire to the
+government of the seas. We are both manufacturing people, and, in
+every port as well as at every court we are rivals of each other....
+With the Southern States the case is entirely reversed. The people are
+an agricultural people. They furnish the raw material of our industry,
+and they consume the products which we make from it. With them,
+therefore, every interest must lead us to cultivate friendly
+relations; and we have seen that, when the war began, they at once
+recurred to England as their natural ally."</p>
+
+<p>It was easy enough for the most cowardly man, in Lord Robert Cecil's
+position, to use such words, even were he naught more than a lath
+painted over to imitate steel. Even if England is ruined, he is safe.
+But it was quite another matter when, sixteen years later, the poor
+Newfoundlander applied to him and Disraeli-Beaconsfield for the right
+to build a railroad.</p>
+
+<p>Russia had just declared her intention of demolishing the last
+unpleasant clause in the treaty forced upon her by France and England
+at the close of the Crimean War; and Russia was a more dangerous foe
+than the Northern States. And the story of the Beaconsfield-Salisbury
+connection with that affair excited the laughter of all other
+diplomatists in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>They pretended to have brought peace with honor from the Conference of
+Berlin. But what did the rest of Europe think about it?</p>
+
+<p>It made the Christian populations of the South believe that Russia was
+their especial friend, and their enemies were England and the
+unspeakable Turk; it strengthened among the Greeks the impression
+already made by Palmerston's action in the Don Pacifico case,&mdash;that
+France was their friend, and England their enemy; and it created
+everywhere <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>the impression that the Congress was a theatrical piece of
+business, merely enacted as a pageant on the Berlin stage.</p>
+
+<p>England has not yet paid the full penalty of her stupid acquiescence
+in the rule of Disraeli and Salisbury; and it will cost her yet far
+more than she paid for the results of Tory infamy and Whig senility in
+the "Alabama" business, for she has enemies to deal with who are far
+less generous and far slyer than the people of the United States. It
+was under the Beaconsfield-Salisbury cabinet that Sir Bartle Frere
+made that infamous declaration of war against Cetewayo which led to
+the defeat of Lord Chelmsford's British troops by a lot of half-naked
+savages. It was under this ministry that the stupid expedition to
+Afghanistan led to the massacre of Sir Louis Cavagnari and the members
+of his staff. It was under this ministry that the soul-stirring anthem
+of Thompson,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"When Britain first at Heaven's command,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">was superseded by the rant of the Tory street-walker,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"We don't want to fight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But, by jingo, if we do,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We've got the ships, we've got the men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We've got the money, too."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">And the manner in which the government used the ships, the men, and
+the money, proved that there was one thing needful which the Jingoes
+had not got; and that is manhood.</p>
+
+<p>To this Jingo ministry it was, then, that Sir William V. Whiteway had
+to apply for the imperial sanction to the railway; and sanction was
+<i>refused</i>. For what reason? The <i>pretended reason</i> was that the
+western terminus of the line at Bay St. George would be on that part
+of the coast affected by the French treaty rights. It may be open to
+doubt whether the French claims which interfered with the
+establishment of a railroad terminus at Bay St. George <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>were just or
+not; but there is not the slightest doubt that Lord Palmerston, in his
+note of July 10, 1838, to Count Sebastiani, had maintained that they
+were not justified, and that the Tories were and are of the same
+opinion.</p>
+
+<p>But when a whole colony of Englishmen were wronged according to the
+statements both of Palmerston and Salisbury, the
+Beaconsfield-Salisbury administration <i>dare</i> not maintain the rights
+of these Englishmen against the French. That is the courage and the
+bravery of British Jingoism, which bullies weak China and little
+Greece in support of a Sir John Bowring or Don Pacifico, but dares not
+maintain an Englishman's rights against the French republic.</p>
+
+<p>The question might easily have been settled without offending France
+by making Port aux Basques, which is less than eighty miles south-west
+of Bay St. George and beyond the French treaty limits, the terminus of
+the line.</p>
+
+<p>There must, then, have been some concealed reason behind the pretended
+one. It is absolutely certain that there were two influences at work
+in London which were directly antagonistic to the true interest both
+of Great Britain and Newfoundland. One was that of the Canadian party,
+who are determined to boycott every scheme that would make any
+Newfoundland port a rival of Halifax. The other is the British, or
+mercantile, party, who for two hundred years past have consistently
+and successfully opposed the introduction of any industry into the
+island that would enable the fishermen to escape from their present
+bondage.</p>
+
+<p>If either Beaconsfield or Salisbury had really cared for England's
+interests, they must have foreseen that, even if they were willing to
+sacrifice Newfoundland, the position they took in this matter must in
+the highest degree be damaging to the European prestige of Great
+Britain. When republican France was threatened by all the tyrants of
+Europe, the terrible Danton said, "Il nous faut de l'audace, et encore
+de l'audace, et toujours de l'audace." <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>To-day the Frenchman requires
+no Danton to teach him the lesson; for the extraordinary confession of
+weakness made by the Jingo government of 1878 in refusing to sanction
+a line that could have been built without touching the French shore
+question at all was a direct encouragement to the French to persevere
+in that policy which they have since so successfully pursued in
+Madagascar, in Siam, in Africa, and in Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>No matter whether the French claims in Newfoundland be right or wrong,
+the Beaconsfield-Salisbury government have practically surrendered the
+matter; and the only thing left for the British government is to
+compensate Newfoundland for its loss, as America was compensated for
+the "Alabama" damages. But they will not do it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Whiteway had to find another means of helping the colony. He was
+obliged to choose between two alternatives,&mdash;either to build no
+railway at all or only one which would avoid the very districts which,
+for the benefit of the settler, ought to opened for settlement.</p>
+
+<p>So the line to Harbor Grace was built. But even this the wealthy
+British did not build. It was left to an American syndicate. P.T.
+McG., writing of this line to the New York <i>Weekly Post</i> of Jan. 2,
+1895, says, "The contract was given to an enterprising Yankee, who
+built a few miles, swindled the shareholders, fleeced the colony, and
+then decamped, leaving as a legacy an unfinished road, an interminable
+lawsuit, and a damaged colonial credit."</p>
+
+<p>I happen to know another side of the question; and it does not become
+the Englishmen interested in that railway matter to talk of "Yankee
+swindlers."</p>
+
+<p>When Sir Robert Thorburn became Premier of Newfoundland, he took the
+first step necessary to make this line of some value to the tax-payers
+by extending it twenty-seven miles to Placentia, the old French "La
+Plaisance." This line was of immense value to St. John's, because it
+gave the people of that city a convenient winter harbor which is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>always open, by which they have an easy communication with Canada and
+the United States; and I hope the time will soon come when we shall
+have steamers running from Boston, touching at the French Island of
+St. Pierre, and then going to Placentia.</p>
+
+<p>What were the English diplomatists doing meanwhile? In 1890 they were
+arranging a <i>modus vivendi</i> with the French government about the
+lobster fisheries. The Tories were in power, and Sir James Ferguson
+was the Under-secretary of State. This gentleman's sentiments towards
+the United States have been recorded by the Hon. James G. Blaine. In
+his "Twenty Years of Congress," Vol. II., page 481, foot-note, he
+writes: Sir James Ferguson declared in the House of Commons, March 14,
+1864, that "wholesale peculations and robberies have been perpetrated
+under the form of war by the generals of the Federal States; and worse
+horrors than, I believe, have ever in the present century disgraced
+European armies have been perpetrated under the eyes of the Federal
+government, and yet remain unpunished. These things are as notorious
+as the proceedings of a government which seems anxious to rival one
+despotic and irresponsible power of Europe in its contempt for the
+public opinion of mankind." These words need no commentary to-day.
+They show us pretty clearly the character of the man who then spoke
+them, and will prepare us for his treatment of the Newfoundland
+question. On March 20, 1890, he made the following statement in the
+House of Commons:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Newfoundland government was consulted as to the terms of the
+<i>modus vivendi, which was modified to some extent to meet their
+views</i>; but it was necessary to conclude it without referring it to
+them in its final shape."</p>
+
+<p>Five days later the Governor of Newfoundland telegraphed to the
+Secretary of State:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My ministers request that incorrect statement made by Under-secretary
+of State for foreign affairs be immediately <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>contradicted, <i>as the
+terms of modus vivendi were not modified in accordance with their
+views</i>. Ministers protested against any claims of French, and desired
+time to be changed till January for reasons given; but that was
+ignored, and <i>modus vivendi</i> entered into without regard to their
+wishes. Ministers much embarrassed by incorrect statement made by
+Under-secretary of State."</p>
+
+<p>Of course the Secretary of State supported the statement of Sir James
+Ferguson, and refused to correct it. But on page 54 of the case for
+the colony, published June, 1890, we find the words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Two facts are placed beyond dispute by the above-quoted
+correspondence: (1) that the consent of the 'community' of
+Newfoundland to the <i>modus vivendi</i> was not obtained by laying it
+before the legislature, which the 'Labouchere' despatch declared to be
+the proper action to be taken in such cases; (2) and that even the
+government of Newfoundland was not consulted as to the adoption of the
+<i>modus vivendi</i> as settled."</p>
+
+<p>The Labouchere despatch alluded to above, and called by the
+Newfoundlanders their "Magna Charta," had been sent by the Right Hon.
+Henry Labouchere on March 26, 1857. But Mr. Labouchere was not a Tory;
+and there is the whole difference. So Newfoundland still has to suffer
+for the criminal negligence which British Tories have displayed from
+1743 until to-day.</p>
+
+<p>There was one Englishman, and that the Governor of Newfoundland
+itself, who had a clear and honorable notion of the imperial
+government's duty to its unfortunate colony. Sir G. William des
+V[oe]ux, writing from the government House, St. John's, Jan. 14, 1887,
+to the Colonial Office in London, after reciting the circumstances,
+says: "If this be so, as indeed there are other reasons for believing,
+I would respectfully urge that in fairness the heavy resulting loss
+should not, or, at all events, not exclusively, fall upon this colony,
+and that if in the national interest a right is to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>be withheld from
+Newfoundland which naturally belongs to it, and the possession of
+which makes to it all the difference between wealth and penury, there
+is involved on the part of the nation a corresponding obligation to
+grant compensation of a value equal or nearly equal to that of the
+right withheld."</p>
+
+<p>Nothing can be fairer than that, and it is written by the trusted
+official of the British government.</p>
+
+<p>Sir G. William des V[oe]ux continues, "In conclusion, I would
+respectfully express on behalf of this suffering colony the earnest
+hope that the vital interests of 200,000 British subjects will not be
+disregarded out of deference to the susceptibilities of any foreign
+power," etc.</p>
+
+<p>The best interests of those 200,000 inhabitants can be served without
+touching the French shore at all. Even if France concedes all that
+Newfoundland demands, the bounty question is in the way; and
+Newfoundland cannot compete with that.</p>
+
+<p>France gives this bounty&mdash;and quite rightly&mdash;as a protection to her
+sailors. A similar protection to England's fishermen would not be
+permitted by the Manchester men.</p>
+
+<p>The other way is to build a railroad connecting the mining and
+agricultural districts along the French shore with Port aux Basques.
+Of course I do not mean such railroads as are built in England. They
+have been taxed to the extent of more than seventy millions of pounds
+sterling over and above the real value of the land sold to them by the
+rapacious land monopolists. They have been taxed to the extent of many
+millions more for legal expenses, which, if the House of Commons were
+equal to its duties, could have been saved. They have been taxed in
+many cases to find sinecure berths for the dependants of rich men; and
+so, in order to pay a fair dividend to their stockholders, they must
+reduce wages to the lowest point, and screw the utmost penny out of
+their customers.</p>
+
+<p>It is, then, the American way which I recommend as a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>model, and which
+the Newfoundland government have tried to imitate in their contract
+with Mr. Reid, of Montreal. They could have made a far more
+advantageous contract with him if England had done her duty; but
+neither Mr. Reid nor Newfoundland is to be blamed for England's fault.</p>
+
+<p>The contract signed on May 16, 1893, by Mr. R.G. Reid binds him to
+construct a line about five hundred miles in length, connecting
+Placentia Junction and the chief eastern ports of Newfoundland with
+Port aux Basques, and to operate this line as well as the Placentia
+Branch Railway for a period of ten years, commencing Sept. 1, 1893.
+After that the line is to become the property of the Newfoundland
+government, and will be an interesting experiment in the State
+ownership of railroads. For every mile of single 42-inch gauge built
+by Mr. Reid he is to receive the sum of $15,600 in Newfoundland
+government bonds, bearing interest at 3-1/2 per cent., and eight
+square miles of land. The increase in rental value of this land will
+give a large revenue, even if the line should not pay its working
+expenses.</p>
+
+<p>The land grant for 500 miles of railroad would amount to 2,500,000
+acres. If Newfoundland were one of the United States, capital enough
+would be subscribed to enable Mr. Reid to finish his contract in the
+allotted time; but, as it is under England, and must therefore suffer
+from the awful burden of England's diplomatic incapacity, capital
+holds aloof from it.</p>
+
+<p>Where does British money go? The Tory of 1878 sang,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"We don't want to fight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But, by jingo, if we do,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We've got the ships, we've got the men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We've got the money, too."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is interesting to see how that money, which is withheld from
+Britain's oldest colony, has been spent.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>We will begin with Mr. Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress." On page
+479 he quotes Lord Campbell as saying in Parliament on March 23, 1863,
+"Swelling with omnipotence, Mr. Lincoln and his colleagues dictate
+insurrection to the slaves of Alabama." (That fatal word, "Alabama"!
+Will it ever cease to trouble the British conscience?) And he spoke of
+the administration as "ready to let loose 4,000,000 negroes on their
+compulsory owners, and to renew from sea to sea the horrors and crimes
+of San Domingo." Mr. Blaine says, further, that Lord Campbell argued
+earnestly in favor of the British government joining the government of
+France in acknowledging Southern independence. He boasted that within
+the last few days a Southern loan of &pound;3,000,000 sterling had been
+offered in London, and of that &pound;9,000,000, or three times the amount,
+had been subscribed.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, we have a means of accounting for $15,000,000. Another
+$15,000,000 is accounted for by the money which America forced England
+to pay for the "Alabama" depredations. On that point Mr. Laird, the
+builder of the "Alabama," deserves to be immortalized. According to
+Mr. Blaine, on March 27, 1863, Mr. Laird was loudly cheered in the
+House of Commons when he declared that "the institutions of the United
+States are of no value whatever, and have reduced the name of liberty
+to an utter absurdity."</p>
+
+<p>Another large lump of Jingo money has gone into the Russian loan; and,
+of this loan, $4,000,000 is coming to Bethlehem in Pennsylvania. O
+shade of John Roebuck, look back to the earth you have left, and see
+what your words have done for the armor plate manufacturers of your
+Sheffield constituency. While still among us in the flesh, you said on
+April 23, 1863, on some trouble: "It may lead to war; and I, speaking
+for the English people, am prepared for war. I know that language will
+strike the heart of the peace party in this country, but it will also
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>strike the heart of the insolent people who govern America."</p>
+
+<p>And on June 30, 1863, you said: "The South will never come into the
+Union; and, what is more, I hope it never may. I will tell you why I
+say so. America while she was united ran a race of prosperity
+unparalleled in the world. Eighty years made the republic such a power
+that, if she had continued as she was a few years longer, she would
+have been the great bully of the world.</p>
+
+<p>"As far as my influence goes, I am determined to do all I can to
+prevent the reconstruction of the Union.... I say, then, that the
+Southern States have indicated their right to recognition. They hold
+out to us advantages such as the world has never seen before. I hold
+that it will be of the greatest importance that the reconstruction of
+the Union <i>should not take place</i>."</p>
+
+<p>The United States have given England the war you hoped for,&mdash;not a war
+against soldiers and sailors, who, unlike those who followed Colonel
+Pepperell and Washington and Isaac Hull and Grant and De Grasse to
+victory, require the protection of a contagious diseases act, but a
+war of protective tariffs.</p>
+
+<p>The State which gave its name to the pirate ship "Alabama" now votes
+for tariffs to exclude the iron, steel, and coal of England. Sheffield
+is in sackcloth and ashes because Pennsylvania has taken away from her
+the Russian order for armor plates, and countless millions of British
+dollars are invested in American factories, giving high wages to
+tariff-protected American workmen instead of sweaters' wages to the
+beer-sodden lunatics who sing to your honor the Tory strain,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"By jingo, if we do,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We've got the ships, we've got the men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We've got the money, too."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In almost every case in which a British investor has lost his money in
+the United States it can be proved that some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>British expert or
+financial agent earned a large sum by inducing him to invest.</p>
+
+<p>At any rate, these immense investments in American railroads, loans,
+and lands, have one great advantage for the United States. They bind
+over England to keep the peace toward us. There is no more
+unpatriotic, no more unmoral, no more cowardly man than the British
+financial agent and money-lender. If only the security is good, he
+will rather lend money at 4-1/8 per cent. for the most devilish than
+at 4 per cent. for the most divine purpose. It is due to the influence
+of the money-lending class that England has so completely lost the
+grip of heart and brain on her imperial duties.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that John Bull pays a tax of $700,000,000 a year to the
+liquor interest, to say nothing of the indirect damages resulting from
+the fact that the liquor interest is the chief supporter of the
+brothel, the baccarat table, and the Tory Democracy. The beerage has
+proved of late years also a highway to the peerage; and it has also
+served to deplete the pockets of a good many British fools, who were
+misled into the insane delusion that they could earn as much from the
+profits of American guzzling as from those of British beer-drinking.
+America has been infested for some time by a crowd of Englishmen, who
+came here hunting options on American breweries, which they sold at a
+high price to their English dupes. In one case some breweries, which
+cost the owners less than $2,000,000, were sold in England for
+$6,000,000, the Englishmen and Americans who managed the transaction
+making enormous profits at the expense of their dupes.</p>
+
+<p>On investigating the published accounts of some twelve American
+brewery companies in which Englishmen have been induced to invest more
+than $41,808,000, I find that the depreciation in selling price of
+shares, taking the highest rates of November, 1894, was no less than
+$21,917,280, or 52.42 per cent. on the paid-up capital; and, taking
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>common stock alone, the loss exceeds over seventy per cent. on
+the paid-up capital.</p>
+
+<p>I am glad of it. The Englishman who, knowing the influence of this
+infernal traffic on his own countrymen, would make money by extending
+its curse to the United States, deserves to lose his money quite as
+much as the Tory investors in the Confederate Loan deserved their
+loss. Now suppose this $70,000,000 thus invested in "Alabama damages,"
+Confederate Loan, and American breweries had been put into
+Newfoundland roads and railways, what would have been the result? An
+immense amount of traffic which now must pay toll to American
+railroads would have gone over purely British lines, all the way
+through British America to China and Japan. All the mining and
+agricultural lands of Newfoundland might have been developed. The
+French shore question would have ceased to occupy the diplomatic
+wiseacres, because the people would have found so much profit in other
+employments as to care nothing about French competition in the cod and
+lobster fishery. Newfoundland itself would have become an impregnable
+arsenal for the British navy, commanding the entrances to the St.
+Lawrence, and, in case of war with the United States, giving that navy
+the power of practically blockading all the Atlantic coast.</p>
+
+<p>All this has been thrown away, because the British Jingo supports a
+Tory cabinet, which, while making theatrical demonstrations of
+imperialism, neglects imperial duties and betrays imperial interests.</p>
+
+<p>And look even at sober free trade Manchester, the community which is
+supposed to understand the worth of money better than any other in the
+world. Has it really gained by its Jingo policy? Professing to be the
+stronghold of free trade, it rejected the great free-trader, John
+Bright, when in Sir John Bowring's war he asked for justice to China.
+It rejected Mr. Gladstone when he sought the suffrages of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>South-east
+Lancashire that he might relieve Ireland from the insolent domination
+of an alien church.</p>
+
+<p>And now the great makers of cotton machinery are coming from
+Lancashire to establish factories in New England, and her spinning and
+weaving mill corporations are losing their markets and their profits.
+Of eighteen such corporations whose shares are quoted in the
+<i>Economist</i>, the highest November prices of common stock show a loss
+of $2,553,294 on the paid-up capital. Supposing that, instead of
+supporting the Jingoes, Manchester had sent men to Parliament who
+would support a wise and conservative policy in the colonies,
+Newfoundland included, would it not have been better for her
+interests, to say nothing of principle?</p>
+
+<p>The Newfoundlanders in Boston, Mass., held a public meeting there on
+the 16th of February, at which the Rev. Frederick Woods, their
+chairman, said: "If we could only take our old island, and lay her at
+the feet of Uncle Sam! I wish we could." And every suggestion of
+annexation to the United States was applauded by the Newfoundlanders
+present.</p>
+
+<p>The Newfoundlanders on the island desire annexation just as much, but
+they dare not say so, for they are starving; and those who venture to
+suggest separation from England would be punished by the withdrawal of
+charity, if not by even sterner means.</p>
+
+<p>They are justified in their desire; for England has been disloyal to
+them, and holds the island by no better right than that by which
+Turkey holds Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>Let that England, who expects every man to do his duty, do her own.
+Let her, first of all, relieve the suffering.</p>
+
+<p>Second. Let her press on the completion of the railroad at English
+expense to Port aux Basques as quickly as possible, and subsidize a
+mail line between England and the American Continent by way of a
+Newfoundland port, holding the railroad property as security for money
+expended.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>Third. Let her modify her fiscal system so as to give a real <i>free
+trade</i>, not only to the Newfoundland fisherman, but also to those of
+Great Britain and Ireland, so that the foreigner shall not be able to
+deprive British subjects either of their home or foreign markets. A
+small import duty on all fish imported into the British Isles, except
+from Newfoundland, and a bounty on the exports equal to that given by
+France, will suffice.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth. Let her aid the unfortunate victims of her Lord Clan-Rackrents
+to find comfortable farms and holdings in those parts of the French
+shore and along the railroad which are suitable for settlement.</p>
+
+<p>If she does this, she may derive some comfort from at least one
+passage in her Prayer Book,&mdash;"When the wicked man turneth away from
+the wickedness that he has committed, and doeth that which is lawful
+and right, he shall save his soul alive."</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<h3>NEWFOUNDLAND'S RESOURCES.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p class="right"><span class="sc">Providence, R.I., U.S.A.</span>, Feb. 18, 1895.</p>
+
+<p>Since I wrote the foregoing pages, some papers have come into my hands
+referring to Major-general Dashwood's attacks upon the credibility of
+those who are trying to make the resources of Newfoundland known in
+Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Much depends on the point of view from which a man writes; and I can
+only say that, if the distinguished Major-general is right, <i>from a
+purely British point of view</i>, in depreciating the island and its
+resources, he thereby furnishes a <i>very strong argument why Great
+Britain should, for a reasonable compensation, cede this island to the
+United States</i>. I am perfectly sure that the majority of the 200,000
+inhabitants would not have the slightest objection to exchange the
+Union Jack for the stars and stripes. But I do not think that, in
+making this exchange myself, I have abandoned my old English habits of
+thought; and so I would mention some reasons why, even if I were still
+a fellow-citizen (or should I say subject?) of Major-general Dashwood,
+and were as much bound as he is to place the interests of the British
+crown above every other interest of my life, I should for that very
+reason differ with him in opinion, first of all, from a strategic
+point of view. We must not, because my distinguished fellow-citizen,
+Captain Mahan, has so brilliantly painted the sea-power of England,
+forget also her <i>man-power</i>. Most certainly, Viscount Wolseley would
+not do so; and I think Major-general Dashwood, from whose interesting
+little book, "Chipplequorgan," I <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>have learned that he came with his
+regiment to Halifax after the "Trent" affair, will agree with me that
+it would then, in case of a war with the United States of America,
+have been very convenient if Newfoundland had been peopled by half a
+million hardy farmers, woodmen, and miners, in addition to its few
+fisher-folk. England has to take undergrown and underfed boys into her
+army now; but, if the sturdy Irishmen who have been driven to the
+United States by famine and eviction had been provided each with the
+"three acres and a cow" of Joseph Chamberlain's speeches in the
+valleys of the Humber or Codroy Rivers, surely the experience of
+Louisbourg and a hundred well-fought battles since then may tell us
+how much more they would have contributed to Britain's honor and
+interest than they do now as American voters. The south-western part
+of Newfoundland reminds one very much of old Ireland in its climate
+and its physical features, and certainly is quite as well fitted to
+sustain a sturdy peasantry of small land-owners.</p>
+
+<p>The best answer to the distinguished officer's objections may be found
+in the official reports of the geological survey of Newfoundland,
+published by Edward Stanford, Charing Cross, London. The present
+director of that survey, Mr. James P. Howley, F.R.G.S., has replied in
+part to Major-general Dashwood's remarks in a letter written a
+fortnight ago, from which I extract a few passages. The Major-general
+said at the Royal Geographical Society that the timber of Newfoundland
+is all scrub, and fit only for firing. Mr. Howley writes: "Our
+lumbering industry is in a most flourishing condition. Ten large
+saw-mills are in full swing, besides several smaller ones, around our
+northern and western bays. Large shipments of lumber were made last
+summer to the English markets. Messrs. Watson &amp; Todd, of Liverpool,
+England, purchased 3,000,000 feet of lumber in the island last summer;
+and the market quotations in the Liverpool trade journals will be the
+best index to the value of the lumber. The Exploits Milling Company
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>at Botwoodsville purchased $25,000 worth of stores in Montreal to be
+used in the winter's lumber-felling operations. They calculate on
+cutting 100,000 pine logs. Though the mill has been ten years in
+operation, the lumber shows no signs of exhaustion; while the other
+and far more abundant products of the Newfoundland forests, such as
+fir, spruce, birch, tamarack, etc., have scarcely been touched.</p>
+
+<p>"The Benton Mill, owned by Messrs. Reid, contractors for the Northern
+&amp; Western Railroad, though scarcely a year in existence, has put out
+3,000,000 feet of first-class lumber."</p>
+
+<p>As to the coal fields, Mr. Howley, referring to his own official
+reports for 1889, 1891, and 1892, as published by Stanford, writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>In the Bay St. George coal fields 16 distinct seams were discovered,
+ranging from a few inches up to several feet in thickness: the Cleary
+seam has 26 inches good coal; Juke's seam, 4.6 feet; Murray seam, 5.4
+feet; Howley seam, 4.2 feet.</p>
+
+<p>In the Grand Lake carboniferous area 15 distinct seams were
+discovered, also ranging from a few inches to several feet. Two seams
+on Coal Brook show 2.4 and 3.5 feet. On Aldery Brook, three seams show
+2.6 feet, 3.8 feet, and 14 feet of coal. At Kelvin Brook 3 seams
+contain 2.6 feet, 3.8 feet, and 7 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens have been submitted to experts in connection with the
+Colonial Office, and have been found, in some cases, superior to the
+Cape Breton coal. So much for the report of a man who understands his
+business, and has had better opportunities than any other living man
+of studying the question.</p>
+
+<p>For myself, I may say that during twenty years of travel, in which I
+have been from the Gulf of Mexico to Ottawa, and from the Straight
+Shore of Avalon to the Muir Glacier of Alaska, I have studied every
+State which I have visited with a view to its attractions for British
+emigrants, and, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>before the passing of our present absurd immigration
+laws, have been instrumental in transferring many skilled operatives
+from the foul slums of Manchester and Salford to the healthy and
+pleasant factory villages of New England.</p>
+
+<p>I need hardly say that Newfoundland is not the right place for such
+men; but, under a just and wise imperial government, it can be made a
+happy home for thousands of hardy Scotch and Irish peasants, who need
+not, in crossing the ocean, change their political allegiance. But
+England must first do her duty.</p>
+
+<p>She must build her railroad from Port aux Basques along the French
+shore to Bonne Bay, or further north, so as to give the people a means
+of communication which shall not be impeded by the French treaty
+rights; and she must arrange her tariffs so as to defend her fishermen
+against the unjust discrimination of foreign bounties. As an American,
+I can have no interest in saying these things to Englishmen. If
+Major-general Dashwood is right, so much the better for us.</p>
+
+<p>Our Whitneys are awakening new life amid the ruins of Louisbourg,
+although the Duke of York and those who followed him as proprietors of
+the Sydney coal fields could do so little with them; and so, if
+England cannot help Newfoundland, <i>America can</i>, and can serve herself
+well at the same time. Take the fishing for an instance. The French
+bounties do not hurt the Massachusetts fishermen, because we have a
+<i>home</i> market which the Frenchmen cannot touch, and seek only a
+foreign market for the very small quantity that our own people do not
+consume. And to share in this American <i>home market</i> alone would be
+more profitable to Newfoundland than all its connection with England
+can ever be.</p>
+
+<p class="right">J.F.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Newfoundland and the Jingoes, by John Fretwell
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@@ -0,0 +1,2320 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Newfoundland and the Jingoes, by John Fretwell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Newfoundland and the Jingoes
+       An Appeal to England's Honor
+
+Author: John Fretwell
+
+Release Date: May 3, 2008 [EBook #25264]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE JINGOES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by two www.PGDP.net Volunteers and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Our Roots: Canada's Local Histories Online
+(http://www.ourroots.ca/))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE
+JINGOES
+
+
+_AN APPEAL TO ENGLAND'S HONOR_
+
+
+BY
+JOHN FRETWELL
+
+
+
+
+BOSTON MASS.: GEO H. ELLIS
+TORONTO, CANADA: HUNTER ROSE & CO.
+WESTMINSTER ENGLAND: ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO.
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT 1895 BY JOHN FRETWELL.
+
+COPYRIGHTED IN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES
+RIGHT OF TRANSLATION AND REPUBLICATION RESERVED
+
+GEO. H. ELLIS, PRINTER, 141 FRANKLIN STREET, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+  "To be taken into the American Union is to be adopted into a
+  partnership. To belong as a Crown Colony to the British Empire, as
+  things stand, is no partnership at all.
+
+  "It is to belong to a power which sacrifices, as it has always
+  sacrificed, the interest of its dependencies to its own. The blood
+  runs freely through every vein and artery of the American body
+  corporate. Every single citizen feels his share in the life of his
+  nation. Great Britain leaves her Colonies to take care of
+  themselves, refuses what they ask, and forces on them what they
+  had rather be without.
+
+  "If I were a West Indian, I should feel that under the stars and
+  stripes I should be safer than I was at present from political
+  experimenting. I should have a market in which to sell my produce
+  where I should be treated as a friend. I should have a power
+  behind me and protecting me, and I should have a future to which I
+  could look forward with confidence. America would restore me to
+  hope and life: Great Britain allows me to sink, contenting herself
+  with advising me to be patient. Why should I continue loyal when
+  my loyalty was so contemptuously valued?"--JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE
+  (from "The English in the West Indies," Nov. 15, 1887).
+
+  "In the United States is Canada's natural market for buying as
+  well as for selling, the market which her productions are always
+  struggling to enter through every opening in the tariff wall, for
+  exclusion from which no distant market either in England or
+  elsewhere can compensate her, the want of which brings on her
+  commercial atrophy, and drives the flower of her youth by
+  thousands and tens of thousands over the line.
+
+  "The Canadian North-west remains unpeopled while the neighboring
+  States of the Union are peopled, because it is cut off from the
+  continent to which it belongs by a fiscal and political
+  line."--GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L., in "Questions of the Day," page
+  159. (Macmillan & Co., London, 1893).
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It would be evidence of gross ignorance, or something worse, to
+pretend that the United States, under like conditions, would have
+treated the Newfoundlanders better than England has done. It would be
+especially so after the humiliating spectacle presented to the world
+by our Democratic majorities last year in Congress and in the State
+and city of New York.
+
+With material resources superior to those of any other country in the
+world, we are obliged to appeal to the European money-lender for gold.
+
+Even the chosen head of our Tory Democracy tells Congress that we must
+sacrifice $16,000,000 to obtain gold on the terms offered by his
+Secretary of the Treasury.
+
+England's past blunders have been singularly favorable to American
+interests, when real statesmen were at the helm in Washington. Any
+strategist can see that, if Lord Palmerston, instead of bullying weak
+Greece and China, had done justice to Newfoundland, his government
+might have acquired so strong a position in America as to seriously
+imperil the preservation of the Union some thirty years ago. That he
+failed to do his duty was as fortunate for the United States as it was
+unfortunate for Newfoundland. To-day, but for the emasculating
+influence of our Tory Democracy, England's blunders in the same island
+would be profitable to the United States.
+
+Even for our small and expensive navy we cannot find sufficient able
+seamen among our citizens; and the starving fishermen of Newfoundland
+are just the men we need. But there is no money in the national
+treasury to pay them; while our ridiculous immigration and suffrage
+laws exclude the men we need, and enable the scum of Europe to
+influence our legislation.
+
+I trust this tract may suggest to some Englishmen the best way to
+prevent a repetition of the present distress, and so show the world
+that, after all, loyalty is sometimes appreciated in imperial circles.
+The old project of a rapid line of steamers from Bay St. George to
+Chaleurs Bay, giving England communication via Newfoundland with
+Montreal in less than five days, has been revived; but the route is
+closed by winter ice, and too far north for the United States.
+
+A better route, open all the year round, is that from Port aux Basques
+to Neil's Cove, a distance of only fifty-two miles by sea against two
+hundred and fifty miles from Bay St. George to Paspebiac or Shippegan;
+and still better is the route via Port aux Basques and Louisbourg,
+which will soon be connected with the American lines, with a single
+break of three miles at the Gut of Canso Ferry. With all its faults,
+British rule has one advantage over that of all other colonial powers:
+it gives the foreigner, no matter what his faith or nation, exactly
+the same commercial rights as the British subject; and so, although
+Newfoundland will lose by the exclusion of its fish from our protected
+markets, and by the diplomatic inability of the British government to
+protect it from the effects of French bounties and treaty rights, the
+enlightened selfishness of the New Englander will find that, "there is
+money for him" in the development of those resources which have been
+so singularly neglected by the British capitalists who invest their
+money in the most rotten schemes that Yankee ingenuity can invent.
+
+                                                        J.F.
+
+Feb. 11, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHORITIES.
+
+
+In the following pages I have drawn largely on the well-known works of
+Hatton and Harvey, Bonnycastle, Pedley, Bishop Howley, and Spearman's
+article in the _Westminster Review_ for 1892, concerning Newfoundland;
+and, on the general question, on Froude's "England to the Defeat of
+the Spanish Armada," Lecky's "History of England in the Eighteenth
+Century," Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress," Hansard's Debates, "The
+Annual Register," McCarthy's "History of our own Times," and the Blue
+Books of the British government.
+
+To the tourist who proposes to visit the island I can recommend Rev.
+Moses Harvey's "Newfoundland in 1894," published in St. John's, as the
+best guide to the island. Mr. Harvey has also written an excellent
+article on the island for Baedeker's "Canada." For the hunter,
+painter, photographer, angler, yachtsman, or geologist, there is not a
+more attractive excursion, for from one to three months, along the
+whole American coast than that through and round Newfoundland.
+
+                                                        J.F.
+
+
+
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE JINGOES.
+
+BY JOHN FRETWELL.
+
+
+The most prominent and able intellectual representative of the money
+power in the world, the London _Times_, writes of Newfoundland:--
+
+"Even if we were disposed to do so, we cannot in our position as a
+naval power view with indifference the disaster to, and possibly the
+ruin of, a colony we may sometimes regard as amongst the most valuable
+of our naval stations. Neither can we view the position without
+consideration for the wide-spread suffering that an absolute refusal
+to grant assistance would entail. It is probable that a cheaper system
+of administration would retrieve the position without casting an
+overwhelmingly heavy burden upon the imperial tax-payers. If we
+interpret public feeling aright, it will be in favor of giving the
+colony the help that may be found essential; but, if the assistance
+required takes anything like the radical proportion that at present
+seems necessary, it can only be granted at a price,--the surrender of
+the Constitution and the return of Newfoundland to the condition of a
+crown colony."
+
+While we may safely concede to the editors of the _Times_ as much
+"consideration for wide-spread suffering" as to a Jay Gould or a
+Napoleon, the above-quoted words are significant, because they show
+that what the ruling powers in England would never concede to charity
+or justice they will give to self-interest, now that the _Times_ has
+discovered "there is money in it."
+
+But to us Americans the words have their lessons also. Newfoundland
+not only belongs to our Continental system, but it can never be
+really prosperous until it becomes a State in our Union. What it is
+to-day, New England might have been, had it not been delivered by the
+Continental forces, and by the French navy, from the rule of British
+Tories. And, as a member of our Union, this island, five times the
+size of Massachusetts, might not only be as prosperous as Rhode Island
+or Connecticut, but also the chief training ground for our future
+navy, which, checked by the piracies of the British-built "Alabama,"
+will become in the near future an indispensable necessity of our
+national existence.
+
+Since the English people seem to have taken to heart, far more than
+his own countrymen have done, the lesson taught by our Captain Mahan
+in his "Influence of the Sea-power in History," it is well that we
+should consider the past history of England's relations to that
+first-born colony which she has so infamously sacrificed, and for
+whose misfortunes she alone is responsible.
+
+The lesson that we may learn from that history is quite as much needed
+by the American as by the Briton. Edmund R. Spearman, writing in the
+_Westminster Review_ (Vol. 137, page 403, 1892), says:--
+
+"No English Homer has yet risen to tell the tale of Newfoundland,
+shrouded in mystery and romance, the daring invasion and vicissitudes
+of those exhaustless fisheries, the battle of life in that seething
+cauldron of the North Atlantic, where the swelling billows never rest,
+and the hurricane only slumbers to bring forth the worse dangers of
+the fog-bank and the iceberg. Fierce as has been during the four
+centuries the fight for the fisheries by European rivals, their petty
+racial quarrels sink into insignificance before the general struggle
+for the harvest. The Atlantic roar hides all minor pipings. The breed
+of fisher-folk from these deep-sea voyagings consist of the toughest
+specimens of human endurance. All other dangers which lure men to
+venture everything for excitement or for fortune, the torrid heat or
+arctic cold, the battle against man or beast, the desert or the
+jungle, all land adventures are as nothing compared to the daring of
+the hourly existence of the heroic souls whose lives are cast upon the
+banks of Newfoundland. The fishermen may seem wild and reckless, rough
+and illiterate; but supreme danger and superlative sacrifice breed
+noble qualities, and beneath the rough exterior of the fisherman you
+will never fail to find a MAN, and no cheap imitation of the genuine
+article. None but a man can face for a second time the frown of the
+North Atlantic, that exhibition of mighty, all-consuming power, beside
+the sober reality of which all the ecstasies of poets and painters are
+puny failures. Among these heroes of the sea England's children have
+always been foremost. We should expect England to be especially proud
+of such an offspring, familiar with their struggles, and ever heedful
+of their welfare, lending an ear to their claims or complaints above
+all others. Strange to say, it has always been the exact reverse."
+
+Though discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot in 1494, "the
+twenty-fourth of June at five o'clock in the morning," it was not
+until ninety years later that the island was formally organized as an
+English colony (Aug. 5, 1582, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert).
+
+The persecutions of Bloody Mary and the massacre of St. Bartholomew
+had roused the indignation of Englishmen to the highest pitch. They
+were ready for any risk in open war against France and Spain, but
+Queen Elizabeth was always trying to shirk responsibility; and so the
+sea-captains who would avenge the wrongs done to the Protestants were
+obliged to run the risk of being condemned as pirates.
+
+One of them wrote to Queen Elizabeth, Nov. 6, 1577, offering to fit
+out ships, well armed, for the Banks of Newfoundland, where some
+twenty-five thousand fishermen went out from France, Spain, and
+Portugal every summer to catch the food of their Catholic fast days.
+He proposed to treat these fishermen as the Huguenots of France had
+been treated,--to bring away the best of their ships, and to burn the
+rest. Nine days after the date of this letter Francis Drake sailed
+from Plymouth, commanding a fleet of five ships, equipped by a company
+of private adventurers, of whom Queen Elizabeth was the largest
+shareholder. Fortunately, they never committed the horrible crime
+suggested in that letter. In those five ships, says Froude, lay the
+germ of Great Britain's ocean empire.
+
+In 1585 Sir John Hawkins, who had meanwhile annexed Newfoundland to
+the English Dominion, proposed again to take a fleet to the Fishing
+Banks, whither half the sailors of Spain and Portugal went annually to
+fish for cod.
+
+He would destroy them all at one fell swoop, cripple the Spanish
+marine for years, and leave the galleons to rot in the harbors for
+want of sailors to man them.
+
+Had this been done, Philip of Spain would never have been able to
+threaten England with his "Invincible Armada." But the brave
+Englishmen of those days had to deal with a treacherous queen. The
+Hollanders who had engaged in a desperate struggle that they might
+have done with lies, and serve God with honesty and sincerity, were
+willing and eager to be annexed to England, and in union with her
+would have formed so strong a power as to be able to resist any
+Continental league against them.
+
+But Elizabeth cared more for herself than for her country and her
+cause, and thus made warlike measures necessary which an Oliver
+Cromwell would have avoided.
+
+Her duplicity may have provoked those republican ideas that were
+brought by Brewster and the other Pilgrim Fathers to America. Brewster
+was the friend and companion of Davison, Queen Elizabeth's Secretary
+of State, who was sent on an embassy to the Netherlands by her; and
+the contrast between these brave citizens and the treachery of the
+"good Queen Bess" must have given him a profound sense of the injury
+done to a great nation by the vices and follies of royalty.
+
+The infamous manner in which the queen afterwards used her faithful
+secretary, Davison, as her scapegoat, and the sycophancy of Sandys,
+Archbishop of York, at Davison's mock trial, were strong arguments
+both against royalty and prelacy.
+
+Under the cowardly, childish, and pedantic king who succeeded
+Elizabeth, Newfoundland was the bone of contention between the
+factions at his court, between Catholics and Protestants, and men who
+were neither, and men who were both.
+
+Among the latter was the gallant Yorkshireman, Sir George Calvert, who
+was Secretary of State to James, but was compelled to resign his
+office in 1624, because he became a Catholic.
+
+The British and Irish Catholics who came over seem to have been the
+men who came out to Newfoundland with the most honest intent of
+any,--to better themselves without injury to others, and to seek there
+"freedom to worship God" at a time when that freedom was denied in
+England, both to the Catholic and the Puritan. In 1620 Calvert had
+bought a patent conveying to him the lordship of all the south-eastern
+peninsula, which he called Avalon, the ancient name of Glastonbury in
+England.
+
+He proposed to found there an asylum for the persecuted Catholics; and
+at a little harbor on the eastern shore, just south of Cape Broyle,
+which he called Verulam, a name since corrupted to Ferryland, he built
+a noble mansion, and spent altogether some $150,000, a much larger sum
+in those days than it seems now. But the site was ill chosen; and the
+imbecility of King James encouraged the French to attack the colony,
+so that at last Calvert wrote to Burleigh, "I came here to plant and
+set and sow, but have had to fall to fighting Frenchmen." He went
+home, and in the last year of his life he obtained a grant of land,
+which is now occupied by the States of Delaware and Maryland; and to
+its chief city his son gave the name of the wild Irish headland and
+fishing village, whence he took his own name of Lord Baltimore in the
+Irish peerage.
+
+After Calvert's departure, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland sent out a
+number of settlers; and in 1638 Sir David Kirke, one of the bravest of
+England's sea-captains, who had taken Quebec, received from Charles I.
+a grant of all Newfoundland, and settled at Verulam, or Ferryland, the
+place founded by Calvert. Under Kirke the colony prospered; but, as he
+took the part of Charles in the civil war, his possessions were
+confiscated by the victorious Commonwealth.
+
+At that time there were nearly two thousand settlers along the eastern
+shore of Avalon; and the great Protector, Oliver Cromwell, protected
+the rights of the Newfoundland settlers as he did those of the
+Waldensians.
+
+After his death came what Mr. Spearman calls the "blots in the English
+history known as the reigns of Charles II. and his deposed brother."
+
+Mr. Spearman continues, "Frenchmen must understand that no Englishman
+will for a moment accept as a precedent anything in those two reigns
+affecting the relations of France and of England."
+
+But here Mr. Spearman counts without his host. He should recollect
+that the British government has, since the death of Charles II., paid
+an annual pension to the Dukes of Richmond simply because they were
+descended from the Frenchwoman, Louise de la Querouaille, whose
+influence induced Charles II. to betray English interests to France,
+and that but the other day the Salisbury government recognized that
+precedent by paying the Duke of Richmond a very large sum of money to
+buy off this infamous claim. So long as the names of the Dukes of
+Richmond and Saint Alban's (both descendant of Charles II.'s
+mistresses) remain on the roll of the British Peerage, the Frenchman
+will have a right to laugh at Mr. Spearman's claim; for we cannot
+ignore a precedent in our intercourse with foreigners, so long as we
+act upon it in our domestic affairs.
+
+Scarcely was Charles the Libertine seated on the throne of England,
+when the Frenchmen, in 1660, settled on the southern shore of
+Newfoundland, at a place which they called La Plaisance (now known as
+Placentia).
+
+They were certainly either wiser or more fortunate in their choice of
+a location than the English; for, while St. John's and Ferryland, on
+the straight shore of Avalon, are exposed to the wildest gales of the
+Atlantic, and shut out by the arctic ice from all communication with
+the ocean for a part of the winter, Placentia is a protected harbor,
+open all the year round, and having a sheltered waterway navigable for
+the largest ships to the northernmost and narrowest part of the
+Isthmus of Avalon.
+
+We must believe that the French would have managed Newfoundland better
+than the English if they had kept the island; for the men who cut the
+Isthmus of Suez would surely long ago have made a passage, three miles
+long, by which the ships of Trinity Bay might have found their way at
+the close of autumn to the safe winter harbors of the southern coast.
+
+All along the southern shore the names on the map tell us of French
+occupation.
+
+Port aux Basques, Harbor Breton, Rencontre Bay (called by the English
+Round Counter), Cape La Hune, Bay d'Espoir, are but a few of them.
+
+The name which the English have given to this last is strangely
+characteristic. The Bay of Hope (Baie d'Espoir) of the French has been
+changed into the Bay of Despair of the English. It was really a Bay of
+Hope to the French; for from the head of one of its fiords, deep
+enough for the largest of our modern ships, an Indian trail goes
+northwards in less than 100 miles to the fertile valley of the
+Exploits River. Can we suppose that the French engineers would have
+allowed 200 years to elapse without building a road along this trail?
+And yet not a single road was built by the English conquerors before
+the year 1825; and even to-day, to reach the point where the Indian
+trail crosses the Exploits, we must travel 260 miles by rail from
+Placentia or St. John's instead of 100 from Bay d'Espoir, simply
+because the English holders of property in St. John's, like dogs in
+the manger, will not permit any improvement in the country, unless it
+can be made tributary to their special interests.
+
+That the English were worse enemies of Newfoundland than the French,
+even in King Charles's time, may be seen from the advice given by Sir
+Josiah Child, the chairman of that great monopoly, the East India
+Company, that the island "was to have no government, nor inhabitants
+permitted to reside at Newfoundland, nor any passengers or private
+boat-keepers permitted to fish at Newfoundland."
+
+The Lords of the Committee for Trade and Plantations adopted the
+suggestion of Sir Josiah; and in 1676, just a century before the
+American Declaration of Independence, the west country adventurers
+began to drive away the resident inhabitants, and to take possession
+of their houses and fishing stages, and did so much damage in three
+weeks that Thomas Oxford declared 1,500 men could not make it good.
+
+We should be unjust if we were to regard this infamous dishonesty as
+simply an accident of the Restoration time. Many of my American
+readers have doubtless heard of an island called Ireland, which is
+much nearer to England than Newfoundland. Lecky tells us how the
+English land-owners, always foremost in selfishness, procured the
+enactment of laws, in 1665 and 1680, absolutely prohibiting the
+importation into England from Ireland of all cattle, sheep, and swine,
+of beef, pork, bacon, and mutton, and even of butter and cheese, with
+the natural result that the French were enabled to procure these
+provisions at lower prices, and their work of settling their sugar
+plantations was much facilitated thereby.
+
+In the Navigation Act of 1663 Ireland was deprived of all the
+advantages accorded to English ones, and thus lost her colonial trade;
+and, after the Revolution, the commercial influence, which then became
+supreme in the councils of England, was almost as hostile to Ireland
+as that of the Tory landlords. A Parliament was summoned in Dublin, in
+1698, for the express purpose of destroying Irish industry; and a year
+later the Irish were prohibited from exporting their manufactured wool
+to any other country whatever. Prohibitive duties were imposed on
+Irish sail-cloth imported into England. Irish checked, striped, and
+dyed linens were absolutely excluded from the colonies, and burdened
+with a duty of 30 per cent. if imported into England. Ireland was not
+allowed to participate in the bounties granted for the exportation of
+these descriptions of linen from Great Britain to foreign countries.
+In 1698, two petitions, from Folkestone and Aldborough, were presented
+to Parliament, complaining of the injury done to the fishermen of
+those towns "by the Irish catching herrings at Waterford and Wexford,
+and sending them to the Straits, and thereby forestalling and ruining
+petitioners' markets"; and there was even a party in England who
+desired to prohibit all fisheries on the Irish shore except by boats
+built and manned by Englishmen.
+
+Not only were the Irish prevented from earning money, but they were
+forced to pay large sums to the mistresses of English kings. Lecky
+tells us that the Duke of Saint Alban's, the bastard son of Charles
+II., enjoyed an Irish pension of L800 a year. Catherine Sedley, the
+mistress of James II., had another of L5,000 a year. William III.
+bestowed a considerable Irish estate on his mistress, Elizabeth
+Villiers. The Duchess of Kendall and the Countess of Darlington, two
+mistresses of the German Protestant George I., had Irish pensions of
+the united value of L5,000. Lady Walsingham, daughter of the
+first-named of these mistresses, had an Irish pension of L1,500; and
+Lady Howe, daughter of the second, had a pension of L500. Madame de
+Walmoden, mistress of the German Protestant King George II., had an
+Irish pension of L3,000. This king's sister, the queen dowager of
+Prussia, Count Bernsdorff, a prominent German politician, and a number
+of other German names may be found on the Irish pension list.
+
+Lecky's description of the Protestant Church of Ireland is just as
+revolting. Archbishop Bolton wrote, "A true Irish bishop [meaning
+bishops of English birth and of the Protestant Church] has nothing
+more to do than to eat, drink, grow fat and rich, and die."
+
+The English primate of Ireland ordained and placed in an Irish living
+a Hampshire deer-stealer, who had only saved himself from the gallows
+by turning informer against his comrades. Archbishop King wrote to
+Addison, "You make nothing in England of ordering us to provide for
+such and such a man L200 per annum, and, when he has it, by favor of
+the government, he thinks he may be excused attendance; but you do not
+consider that such a disposition takes up, perhaps, a tenth part of
+the diocese, and turns off the cure of ten parishes to one curate."
+
+From the very highest appointment to the lowest, in secular and sacred
+things, all departments of administration in Ireland were given over
+as a prey to rapacious jobbers. Charles Lucas, M.P. for Dublin, wrote
+in 1761 to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, "Your excellency will often
+find the most infamous of men, the very outcasts of Britain, put into
+the highest employments or loaded with exorbitant pensions; while all
+that ministered and gave sanction to the most shameful and destructive
+measures of such viceroys never failed of an ample share in the spoils
+of a plundered people."
+
+Arthur Young, in 1779, estimated the rents of absentee landlords alone
+at L732,000; and Hutchinson, in the same year, stated that the sums
+remitted from Ireland to Great Britain for rents, interest of money,
+pensions, salaries, and profit of offices amounted, on the lowest
+computation (from 1668 to 1773), to L1,110,000 yearly.
+
+If, in treating of Newfoundland, I have made many extracts from Mr.
+Lecky's references to Ireland, it is in order that I may show Mr.
+Spearman the danger of laying too much stress on the French claims as
+the cause of the present distress in England's oldest colony.
+
+France had no claims in Ireland, and yet the conduct of the British
+government and the British tradesman to that unfortunate island is one
+of the blackest infamies of the eighteenth century.
+
+Mr. Lecky says in Chapter V., page 11, of his history: "To a sagacious
+observer of colonial politics two facts were becoming evident. The one
+was that the deliberate and malignant selfishness of English
+commercial legislation was digging a chasm between the mother country
+and the colonies which must inevitably, when the latter had become
+sufficiently strong, lead to separation. The other was that the
+presence of the French in Canada was an essential condition of the
+maintenance of the British empire in America."
+
+If Mr. Lecky had studied Newfoundland's history, he might have added a
+third fact; namely, that the French claims in Newfoundland have been
+for the Jingoes of the last half-century a convenient means of excuse
+for shirking their own responsibility to the unfortunate island, and
+for covering up the malignant selfishness of those tradesmen in Canada
+and England to whose private interests the island has been sacrificed
+by the government.
+
+It is interesting to observe how, at the time of the Peace of Utrecht,
+on Article XIII. of which the modern claims of France are based, the
+conditions were similar to those of Tory intrigue to-day.
+
+King Louis of France, encouraged by the momentary supremacy of the
+Tories in England, had insulted the English people by recognizing the
+Pretender as King of England.
+
+The popular indignation roused by this insult enabled King William, by
+dissolving Parliament, to overthrow the Tory power, and obtain a large
+majority pledged to war with France. The Whigs carried this war to a
+victorious conclusion; but, most unfortunately for both England and
+its colonies, Abigail Masham, by her influence over the queen, secured
+the overthrow of the Whigs. And her cousin Harley, a Tory, became
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, thus permitting the Tories to reap the
+fruits of Whig victories. In reference to the conclusion of the peace
+with France Lecky says, "The tortuous proceedings that terminated in
+the Peace of Utrecht form, beyond all question, one of the most
+shameful pages in English history."
+
+The greatest of England's generals was removed from the head of the
+army, and replaced by a Tory of no military ability. The allies of
+England were most basely deserted; and a clause was inserted in the
+treaty respecting Newfoundland to the following effect:--
+
+"But it is allowed to the subjects of France to practise fishing and
+to dry fish on land in that part only which stretches from the place
+called Bonavista to the Northern Point of the said Island, and from
+thence, running down by the Western Side, reaches as far as the place
+called Point Riche."
+
+What compensation was given by France in return for this right to
+catch and dry fish on a part of the Newfoundland shore?
+
+That was the immense accession of guilty wealth acquired by the
+Assiento Treaty, by which England obtained the monopoly of the
+slave-trade to the Spanish colonies.
+
+In the one hundred and six years from 1680 to 1786 England sent
+2,130,000 slaves to America and the West Indies.
+
+On this point Lecky writes: "It may not be uninteresting to observe
+that, among the few parts of the Peace of Utrecht which appear to have
+given unqualified satisfaction at home, was the Assiento contract,
+which made of England the great slave-trader of the world. _The last
+prelate who took a leading part in English_ politics affixed his
+signature to the treaty. A Te Deum, composed by Handel, was sung in
+thanksgiving in the churches. Theological passions had been recently
+more vehemently aroused; and theological controversies had for some
+years acquired a wider and more absorbing interest in England than in
+any period since the Commonwealth. But it does not yet appear to have
+occurred to any class that a national policy, which made it its main
+object to encourage the kidnapping of tens of thousands of negroes,
+and their consignment to the most miserable slavery, might be at least
+as inconsistent with the spirit of the Christian religion as either
+the establishment of Presbyterianism or the toleration of prelacy in
+Scotland."
+
+Is it not characteristic that, just as the Tories of Queen Anne's time
+were willing to prejudice the rights of a colony in return for the
+infamous profits of the slave-trade, so the Tory of 1862, Lord Robert
+Cecil, was among the chief Englishmen who sympathized with the
+slaveholders who were then attacking the American Union?
+
+It is equally characteristic that this first of the Primrose Dames,
+Abigail Masham, quarrelled with her cousin Harley about the share
+which this lady of High Church principles was to receive out of the
+profits of the infamous trade.
+
+Surely, the country that made so much profit out of the slave-trade is
+bound to compensate Newfoundland for the losses caused by its weakness
+in the French shore question rather than that France which in 1713
+abandoned the infamous traffic to the British Tories.
+
+The next treaty between France and England, that of Aix-la-Chapelle,
+in 1748, made no alteration in the Newfoundland question; but the
+government of England, in returning Louisbourg to the French, gave
+another of those proofs of the selfish indifference of the home
+government to the rights of the colonies which was one of the most
+potent causes that led the New Englanders, with the aid of France, to
+achieve their independence.
+
+At the south-eastern extremity of Cape Breton Island the strong
+fortress of Louisbourg, which it was once the fashion to call the
+Gibraltar of America, threatened the safety of the New England and
+Newfoundland fisheries alike. Governor Shirley of Massachusetts
+induced the legislature to undertake an expedition against this
+fortress, and intrusted its command to Colonel William Pepperell. The
+New England forces, raw troops, commanded by untrained officers,
+astonished the world by capturing a fortress which was deemed
+impregnable. This was the most brilliant and decisive achievement of
+nine years of otherwise useless bloodshed and treachery.
+
+It is well that the people of the United States propose to celebrate
+its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary this year; for, more than any
+other event in their colonial history, it gave them confidence in the
+power of untrained men of spirit to overcome the hireling soldiers of
+the European governments.
+
+But the action of the British government at the Treaty of
+Aix-la-Chapelle, in restoring this fortress to the French, gave the
+colonists an equally necessary lesson. What did England get in
+exchange? The already mentioned Assiento, that famous compact which
+gave to England the right to ship slaves to the Spanish colonies, was
+confirmed for the four years it still had to run; and the fortress of
+Madras, which had been taken by the French in 1746, was restored to
+England in 1748 by the treaty. Even the most selfish and heartless of
+British politicians may doubt whether the true interests of his
+country were served by abandoning the American fortress for that of
+India; but the American statesman will not fail to see in the conduct
+of England towards her American colonists in this transaction a
+justification not alone for the Declaration of Independence, but also
+for that Monroe doctrine which, in its fullest application, will
+prevent the interference of any European power in the affairs of any
+part of America, not excluding Newfoundland. The Treaty of Paris, in
+1763, which made Great Britain practically master of North America,
+produced no change in the position of the 13,000 settlers then in
+Newfoundland. For them the London government cared nothing. The
+provisions of the treaty, by which France gave up Canada to England,
+only served to emphasize more strongly the injustice done by England
+to her Catholic population, both in Ireland and in Newfoundland.
+
+In 1719 the Irish Privy Council, all tools of England; actually
+proposed to the London government that every unregistered priest or
+friar remaining in Ireland after the 1st of May, 1720, should be
+castrated; and, although the English ministers did not accept this
+suggestion, they adopted one that such priests should have a large P
+branded with a red-hot iron on their cheeks. It can be hardly wondered
+at that the more honest Irishmen sought refuge from such infamies
+either in foreign service or in the colonies; and many of them came to
+Newfoundland, only to find that the Church of England spirit of
+persecution was rampant there also.
+
+Every government official was obliged to abjure the special tenets of
+Catholicism. In 1755 Governor Darrell commanded all masters of vessels
+who brought out Irish passengers to carry them back at the close of
+the fishing season. A special tax was levied on Roman Catholics, and
+the celebration of mass was made a penal offence. At Harbor Main,
+Sept. 25, 1755, the magistrates were ordered to fine a certain man L50
+because he had allowed a priest to celebrate mass in one of his
+fishing-rooms. The room was ordered to be demolished, and the owner to
+sell his possessions and quit the harbor. Another who was present at
+the same mass was fined L20, and his house and stage destroyed by
+fire. Other Catholics who had not been present, were fined L10 each,
+and ordered to leave the settlement. These infamies were not altered
+until the Tory government was humiliated by the victory of the United
+States and their allies. But even then the Newfoundland settlers were
+taught that England treats her loyal colonist more harshly than the
+possible rebel.
+
+The Newfoundland settlers, Catholic or Protestant, had proved the most
+loyal men in the colony.
+
+When the French, under D'Iberville, captured St. John's, and all
+Newfoundland lay at their feet, the solitary exception was the little
+Island of Carbonear in Conception Bay, where the persecuted settler
+John Pynn and his gallant band still held aloft the British flag. In
+1704-5 St. John's was again laid waste by the French, under Subercase;
+and, although Colonel Moody successfully defended the fort, the town
+was burned, and all the settlements about Conception Bay were raided
+by the French and their Indian allies. But Pynn and Davis bravely and
+successfully defended their island Gibraltar in Conception Bay.
+
+In 1708 Saint Ovide surprised and captured St. John's, but again old
+John Pynn held the fort at Carbonear.
+
+In the American War one of Pynn's descendants, a clerk at Harbor
+Grace, raised a company of grenadiers from Conception Bay; and they
+fought with such success in Canada that he was knighted as Sir Henry
+Pynn, and raised to the rank of general. But the selfish government at
+home cared nothing for Newfoundland. The first Congress of the United
+States, Sept. 5, 1774, forbade all exports to the British possessions.
+This would not have hurt Newfoundland if the settlers had been allowed
+to carry on agricultural pursuits there. But these had always been
+discouraged by the English; and so they were dependent on the New
+England States for their supplies, and were threatened with absolute
+famine as soon as the war broke out. Had they been disloyal, they
+might have gained their rights from England; but their very loyalty to
+such a government was their worst misfortune.
+
+Even in 1783 the Englishman had not learned the evil results of
+permitting royal interference in British politics. It is not merely in
+the reigns of the libertine kings that we see this. Queen Elizabeth
+injured England by interfering with the policy of its wisest
+statesmen. The ascendency of Harley and Saint John Bolingbroke, who
+deserted England's allies and threw away the fruits of Marlborough's
+victories, was due to the influence of a High Church waiting-woman
+over Queen Anne; and now, when even Lord North, to say nothing of the
+better class of Englishmen, disapproved of George III.'s obstinate
+resistance to the just claims of the American colonies, the support
+given to the king by the Tories led to the loss of a dominion far more
+valuable to England than all the trade of India or China.
+
+He was obliged to call on a Liberal minister to undo, as far as
+possible, the evil done by himself and the Tories, just as in later
+days Mr. Gladstone had to settle with the United States the damage
+done by the Tories in the "Alabama" question.
+
+The death of Rockingham left the direction of the negotiations with
+France and the United States in the hands of Lord Shelburne; and that
+he was extremely liberal in his arrangements with both countries was
+not to be wondered at. The wrong had been done by England; and the
+innocent English had to suffer, as well as the guilty ones.
+Unfortunately for Newfoundland, Shelburne did not cede this island to
+the United States; and so it had to bear more than its share in the
+misfortunes which the policy of King George had brought upon the
+British empire.
+
+Mr. Spearman (page 411) writes that "Adams, the United States envoy,
+himself bred up among the New England fishermen, said 'he would fight
+the war all over again' rather than give up the ancestral right of the
+New Englanders to the Newfoundland fisheries"; but that Shelburne
+should be able, when France and America were victorious, to take away
+from the former power the concessions made to it by the Tories in 1713
+and in 1763 was not to be expected.
+
+There was a slight alteration in the shore line on which the French
+might fish. They abandoned that right between Cape Bonavista and Cape
+St. John, in consideration of being allowed to catch and dry their
+fish along the shore between Point Riche and Cape Ray. That was all;
+and that is precisely the reason why the Beaconsfield-Salisbury
+cabinet, in 1878, refused their sanction to the Bay St. George
+Railroad.
+
+The only advantage that the poor Newfoundlanders gained from the war
+which caused them so much distress was the fact that the English
+government was _whipped_ into conceding to their Roman Catholic
+population some of the rights which for many years afterwards it
+obstinately withheld from their brethren in Ireland.
+
+In 1784 Vice-Admiral John Campbell, a man of liberal, enlightened
+spirit, was appointed governor, and issued an order that all persons
+inhabiting the island were to have full liberty of conscience, and the
+free exercise of all such modes of religious worship _as were not
+prohibited by law_.
+
+In the same year the Rev. Dr. O'Donnell came out to Newfoundland as
+its prefect apostolic. But the liberal movement did not last long.
+Lord Shelburne retired, and from 1784 till the passing of the Reform
+Bill in 1832 the Tories mismanaged the affairs of Great Britain and
+her colonies.
+
+One great advantage of American independence was that it gave the
+world a fair chance of judging between the results of republican and
+royal government in colonial affairs.
+
+We have certainly much that is rotten in the United States; but, when
+we compare our republic at its worst with British colonial
+administration, we can find good reason to be thankful for the
+crowning mercy of 1781, when Washington, Lafayette, and De Grasse
+gained their decisive victory over the troops of King George.
+
+I will not now refer to England's use of her immense power in India,
+China, and Japan. As I watched the course of the Congress of Religions
+at Chicago in 1893, I could not help thinking that the impressions
+taken from that Congress by our Oriental visitors would bear fruit
+that in due course may teach even his Grace, the Archbishop of
+Canterbury, something about England's criminal neglect of Christian
+duty to these people. For us it is enough to compare our position with
+that of the two unfortunate islands nearer our own shores, Ireland and
+Newfoundland.
+
+Suppose we had been cursed with the rule of British Tories since 1783,
+is it likely that our condition would have been better than that of
+these islands?
+
+Even such small instalments of justice as Mr. Gladstone has been able
+to secure through his splendid fight for "justice to Ireland" are due
+far more to the pressure exercised on England by the Irish in America
+than to British sense of right. Poor Newfoundland has had no Ireland
+in America to help her. She has been among the most loyal of England's
+colonies, and because of her loyalty she has been the most shamefully
+treated.
+
+It might be expected that Irish Catholics would emigrate in large
+numbers to Newfoundland to escape the infamous penal laws by which
+King George oppressed them in Ireland, and that sailors from all parts
+of Great Britain would seek there a shelter from the press-gangs at
+home. Dr. O'Donnell, the first regularly authorized Catholic priest on
+the island, applied in 1790 for leave to build a chapel in an outport;
+and, the Tories being in power, Governor Milbanke replied: "The
+Governor acquaints Mr. O'Donnell [omitting the title of Rev.] that, so
+far from being disposed to allow of an increase of places of religious
+worship for the Roman Catholics of the island, he very seriously
+intends next year to lay those established already under particular
+restrictions. Mr. O'Donnell must be aware that it is not the interest
+of Great Britain to encourage people to winter in Newfoundland; and he
+cannot be ignorant that many of the lower order who would now stay
+would, if it were not for the convenience with which they obtain
+absolution here, go home for it, at least once in two or three years.
+And the Governor has been misinformed, if Mr. O'Donnell, instead of
+advising his hearers to return to Ireland, does not rather encourage
+them to winter in this country. On board the 'Salisbury,' Nov. 2,
+1790."
+
+Do we need clearer proofs than that to show us who is responsible for
+the misery both of Newfoundland and of Ireland? This Catholic priest,
+to whom the Tory governor refuses both his religious rights and the
+titles given him by his church and university, knew how to return good
+for evil.
+
+In 1800 a mutinous plot was concocted among the soldiers of the Royal
+Newfoundland Regiment to desert with their arms, and, being joined by
+their friends outside, to plunder St. John's, and afterwards escape to
+the United States. Fortunately, Dr. O'Donnell, who had meanwhile
+become bishop of St. John's, discovered the plot, and not only warned
+the commanding officer, but exerted all his own influence among the
+Catholics of the town to prevent outbreak.
+
+The British government gave him the miserable pension of L50 a year,
+while they pay one of L6,000 a year to the Duke of Richmond, for no
+better reason than that he was descended from the bastard son of that
+Louise de la Querouaille who was the French mistress of King Charles
+II.
+
+Chief Justice Reeves had been sent out from England to report on the
+condition of the country; and his "History of the Government of
+Newfoundland" shows that the ascendency so long maintained by a
+mercantile monopoly for narrow and selfish purpose had prevented the
+settlement of the country, the development of its resources, and the
+establishment of a proper system for the administration of government.
+Soon afterwards, in 1796, Admiral Waldegrave was appointed governor.
+The merchants of Burin complained to him that some of their fishermen
+wanted to emigrate to Nova Scotia. The merchants desired to prevent
+this.
+
+Admiral Waldegrave reported thereon: "Unless these poor wretches
+emigrate, they must starve; for how can it be otherwise, while the
+merchant has the power of setting his own price on the supplies issued
+to the fishermen and on the fish that the people catch for him? Thus
+we see a set of unfortunate beings worked like slaves, and hazarding
+their lives, when at the expiration of their term (_however successful
+their exertions_) they find themselves not only without gain, but so
+deeply indebted as forces them to emigrate or drive them to despair."
+He further relates how the merchants refused to allow a tax of
+sixpence per gallon on rum, to help them to defray administrative
+expenses; and he describes the merchants as "opposed to every measure
+of government which a governor may think proper to propose for the
+general benefit of the island."
+
+But even this Governor Waldegrave, though he so clearly saw the true
+cause of the evil, sternly refused the only remedy within reach, which
+was to grant the poor wretches the right to use the waste,
+uncultivated land which existed in so great abundance round about
+them.
+
+He was so far from doing this that, when about to leave, he put on
+record, in 1799, for the use of his successor, that he had made no
+promise of any grant of land, save one to the officer commanding the
+troops, and that was not to be held by any other person. That is the
+way in which Britain's Tories have cared for her colonies.
+
+Hatton and Harvey say: "In many of the smaller and more remote
+settlements successive generations lived and died without education
+and religious teaching of any kind. The lives of the people were
+rendered hard and miserable for the express purpose of driving them
+away. The governors of those days considered that loyalty to England
+rendered it imperative on them to depopulate Newfoundland."
+
+How did England stand meanwhile towards the other nation, that of
+France, which had claims on Newfoundland? This country had exercised
+its right to replace the Bourbons by the republic, just as England had
+replaced the Stuarts by the Guelphs.
+
+But the Germans and Austrians had insolently interfered in the private
+affairs of France, and so made a military leader, in the person of
+Napoleon Bonaparte, absolutely indispensable for the protection of the
+country against foreign foes.
+
+No sooner was Napoleon seated on the consular throne--he had not then
+become emperor--than he addressed a letter to King George III., urging
+the restoration of peace. "The war which has ravaged for eight years
+the four quarters of the globe, is it," he asks, "to be eternal?"
+"France and England," he concludes, "may, by the abuse of their
+strength, still for a time retard the period of their exhaustion; but
+I will venture to say the fate of all civilized nations is attached to
+the termination of a war which involves the whole world."
+
+And what did England's Tory king answer? He intrusted the reply to
+Grenville, who was then the British minister for foreign affairs, and
+wrote to the Consul Bonaparte that, while his Britannic Majesty did
+not positively make the restoration of the Bourbons an indispensable
+condition of peace, nor claim to prescribe to France her form of
+government, he would intimate that only the one was likely to secure
+the other, and that he had not sufficient respect for her new ruler to
+entertain his proposals. Can we wonder that after so insolent a letter
+the first consul became emperor?
+
+France is quite as proud as England; and the insolence of the Guelph,
+in presuming to insinuate that her first consul was not as good as he,
+was quite enough to provoke her into making the consul her emperor,
+and doing her best to chastise her insulters. Charles James Fox, in
+Parliament, pronounced the royal answer "odiously and absurdly wrong";
+but the squires and borough-mongers of the House of Commons supported
+the action of the king by a majority of 265 to 64. It is for such
+infamies as this that Newfoundland has even to-day to bear all the
+inconveniences of the French claims on their shores. I do not blame
+the French for insisting that England shall scuttle out of Egypt
+before she yields her claims in Newfoundland; but it is the
+responsible English, and not the innocent Newfoundlanders, who ought
+to pay the cost, and the conduct of England in insisting that
+Newfoundland shall bear the burden is cowardly and mean beyond all
+expression.
+
+While the Tories were thus hurling England into war, it is interesting
+to observe how the Guelphs conducted it. The Duke of York, with a
+generalship worthy of his family, led an army of British and Russian
+soldiers into a captivity from which they could only be redeemed by
+the surrender of prisoners taken on the sea by _real_ Englishmen.
+
+Englishmen were taxed in order to give the German despots money
+wherewith to fight the French. Austria received for one campaign more
+money than England had to pay even for the "Alabama" claims, and the
+czar of Russia received L900,000 for the eight months his troops were
+in the field. During the same war the king's second son, the same Duke
+of York who had given so characteristic a sample of Guelph generalship
+in leading his forces to defeat, gave an equally characteristic
+specimen of Guelph morality. He had for mistress one Mary Ann Clarke,
+a woman of low origin, who transferred her intimacy to a Colonel
+Wardle, and confided to him many of the secrets of her relations to
+the royal duke. Wardle, on Jan. 27, 1809, affirmed in the House of
+Commons that the Duke of York had permitted Mrs. Clarke to carry on a
+traffic in commissions and promotions, and demanded a public inquiry.
+Mrs. Clarke was examined at the bar of the House of Commons for
+several weeks, displaying a shameless, witty impudence that drew
+continual applause and laughter from a mob of English _gentlemen_,
+many of whom knew her too well. The charges were proved, and the Duke
+of York resigned his position as commander-in-chief; and the
+disclosures made--doctors of divinity suing for bishoprics, and
+priests for preferment, at the feet of a harlot, kissing her palm with
+coin--may teach Englishmen what they have to guard against even to-day
+on the part of that Tory party that has religion, conscience, and
+morality much more on its lips than in its heart.
+
+It is not altogether irrelevant in this connection to mention that in
+1825, when the Catholic relief bill had passed the House of Commons by
+268 votes against 241, the Duke of York opposed the repeal of the
+Catholic disabilities by the common Tory appeal to what they call
+conscience, saying "these were the principles to which he would
+adhere, and which he would maintain and act up to, to the latest
+moment of his life existence, whatever might be his situation in life,
+_so help him God_."
+
+England has indeed had to pay dearly for her hereditary monarchy, and
+for the awful hypocrisy which permits the appeal to God by such State
+Churchmen as the Duke of York to have any effect on politics. I need
+hardly say that the House of Lords did with the Catholic Emancipation
+Bill what it has lately done with the House of Commons Bill for Home
+Rule in Ireland, and threw it out.
+
+While England was fighting France, she had also to fight the United
+States. It is an episode of which neither country has any reason to be
+proud. The New Englanders were mostly opposed to the declaration of
+war. The average Englishman knows little about it. He is taught by his
+history books that the victory of the "Shannon" over the "Chesapeake"
+destroyed the prestige of the American navy; and he is wrong even in
+that.
+
+The "Shannon" had a brave and able commander, and had been many weeks
+at sea, so that Captain Broke had been able to train his men
+thoroughly, and, above all things, to prevent them from getting
+drunk.
+
+Captain Lawrence had to engage many men who had never been on a
+war-vessel before, and did not know how to work the guns. Many of the
+sailors had bottles of rum in their pockets, and were too drunk to
+stand when their ship got within fighting distance of the "Shannon."
+
+I wish our present Secretary of the Navy would learn the lesson, and
+now, when the need of the Newfoundlanders is so great, and when we
+require sober men to man our navy, give the brave fishermen of that
+island every reasonable inducement to enlist in our service.
+
+The war closed unsatisfactorily, by the mediation of the Emperor
+Alexander of Russia; and the Treaty of Ghent left England mistress of
+the seas.
+
+The treaties of 1814 and 1815 gave England another opportunity for
+relieving Newfoundland from the French control of her shore; but the
+Tories were at the helm, and became fellow-conspirators with other
+tyrants of Europe in perpetrating the most monstrous wrong and the
+completest restoration of despotism that was conceivable, in Germany,
+Austria, Italy, Spain, everywhere.
+
+They insulted France by imposing upon her the rule of a Bourbon, and
+to this Bourbon they guaranteed those rights over Newfoundland on
+which the French republic bases its claims to-day.
+
+Let us now turn to Newfoundland itself. While the nations were
+fighting, its merchants had enjoyed the monopoly of the cod-fisheries.
+Some of the capitalists had secured profits between L20,000 and
+L40,000 a year each, but they made the poor fishermen pay eight pounds
+a barrel for flour and twelve pounds a barrel for pork. They took
+their fortunes to England. No effort was made to open up roads or
+extend agriculture; for, if it had been done, the landlords of England
+would not have been able to sell their pork and wheat at such
+exorbitant prices there.
+
+So, when the war ceased and other nations were enabled to compete in
+the fisheries, the colony had to pass through some years of disaster
+and suffering, while the merchants were spending their exorbitant
+profits in England.
+
+The planters and fishermen had been in the habit of leaving their
+savings in the hands of the St. John's merchants. Many of these
+failed, and the hardly won money of the fishermen was swept away by
+the insolvency of their bankers. It is estimated that the working
+class lost a sum little short of L400,000 sterling.
+
+Now, eighty years later, we have another instance of the same
+misfortunes, proceeding from the same cause,--the fact that the money
+made by the fishery has been taken off to England; that the banks,
+which are altogether in the hands of the mercantile, or English,
+party, have been unfaithful to their trust; and that the fishermen who
+hold the bankers' notes get, from the one bank, 80 cents, and, from
+the other, only 20 cents on the dollar.
+
+The merchants applied for aid to the British government; and in June,
+1817, a committee of the House of Commons met. The merchants had only
+two remedies to propose. One was the granting of a bounty, to enable
+them to compete with the French and the Americans, who were sustained
+by bounties; but, although England was a protectionist country at that
+time, it gave only bounties in favor of rich men, and not of the poor.
+The other was the deportation of the principal part of the
+inhabitants, now numbering 70,000, to the neighboring colonies.
+
+The honest, sensible, easy plan, that of opening up the land to
+cultivation, so that the starving people might be able to grow their
+own food and breed their own cattle, was the one thing that these
+so-called practical Englishmen would not permit, because it might
+interfere with the profits of the British land-owner and merchant.
+
+At that very time the local authorities of Massachusetts were giving a
+bounty for each Newfoundland fisherman brought into the State.
+
+When Sir Thomas Cochrane was made governor in 1825, his government
+made the first road in the island. For one hundred and forty-five
+years England had been master of the island, and not a single road had
+been built suitable for wheeled carriages. Is it conceivable that the
+French would so completely have neglected the colony if they had been
+its masters?
+
+In 1832, when the Reform Bill put an end to the malign influence of
+Tory ascendency in England, Newfoundland also gained the boon of
+representative government; but it was only a merchants' government.
+The people who elected the House of Assembly did not dare to vote
+against the will of the merchants for fear of losing employment; and,
+while their representatives had the power of debating, passing
+measures, and voting moneys, the Council, which was composed of
+nominees of the crown, selected exclusively from the merchant class,
+could throw out all their measures, and were irresponsible to the
+people.
+
+In England King George IV. had rendered only one service to the
+people,--he had brought royalty into contempt, and so strengthened the
+feeling which resulted in the passage of many necessary measures which
+his father and brothers had opposed. But the selfish interests of the
+merchants and land-owners of England were still in the way of many
+reforms. Benjamin Disraeli, who did his worst to prevent the starving
+people from having cheap bread, became the flunkey and afterward the
+master of the Tory squires; and it was not until thousands had died of
+famine in Ireland that the selfish land-owners agreed to that
+reduction of duty on grain which made free trade so popular in
+England.
+
+Now, by a wise colonization policy, the government might have helped
+both Ireland and Newfoundland.
+
+By passing a law to the effect that, so long as the French gave a
+bounty on the export of salt fish, the English government would give
+their own fishermen exactly the same amount of protection, the French
+would soon have been brought to terms; and, by opening up Newfoundland
+to settlement by roads and railways, many of the starving Irish would
+have been provided with homes under the British flag far more
+comfortable than any that they could find in their native land. So a
+more prosperous Ireland would have risen on this side of the Atlantic,
+and England would have gained thereby. The Irish and the Catholic were
+really quite as loyal to the empire as any others. The difference was
+that the English High Churchman and the Scotch Presbyterian got all
+the privileges; and the Irishman and the Catholic were taught by the
+action of the British government that insurrection was their only hope
+of getting simple justice.
+
+India, China, Newfoundland, Ireland, were simply sweaters' dens for
+the profit of England and Scotland.
+
+Just as in Newfoundland the British merchant insisted on keeping out
+every trace of free trade that would enable the poor fisherman to sell
+his fish in the highest market and buy his provisions in the lowest,
+so in China the British in 1838 insisted on forcing the Chinaman to
+buy the poisonous opium of India, although in 1834 the China
+government had warned the British of their intention to prohibit the
+infamous traffic. The war that England thereupon proclaimed against
+China was one of the most infamous and cowardly of the century, and
+made British Christianity more hateful even than its opium to the
+rulers of the Celestial Empire. L4,375,000 was extorted from the
+Chinese emperor for the expenses of the war ($20,000,000), and
+L1,250,000 ($5,000,000) for the opium which, with perfect justice, he
+had confiscated from the smugglers. The mob of London cheered the
+wagons which brought the ill-gotten treasure through the streets; and
+the mob in Parliament thanked the officers who had murdered the
+helpless and unoffending Chinese, while the parsons congratulated the
+people on the opening of China to British commerce, British
+civilization, and British religion.
+
+The brutalizing influence of this method of carrying on the foreign
+trade of England was shown by a later altogether unnecessary war with
+China about the Lorcha "Arrow." This was a Chinese pirate vessel,
+which had obtained, by false pretences, the temporary possession of
+the British flag. On Oct. 8, 1856, the Chinese police boarded it in
+the Canton River, and took off twelve Chinamen on a charge of piracy.
+This they had a perfect right to do; but the British consul, Mr.
+Parkes, instead of thanking them, demanded the instant restoration of
+men who had been flying a British flag under false pretences. He
+applied to Sir John Bowring, the British plenipotentiary at Hong Kong,
+for assistance. Sir John was an able and experienced man. He had been
+editor of the _Westminster Review_, had a bowing, if not a speaking
+acquaintance with a dozen languages, had been one of the leaders of
+the free trade party, and had a thorough acquaintance with the Chinese
+trade. For many years he had been secretary of the Peace Society.
+
+He was the author of several hymns. In fact, an American hymn-book
+contains not less than seventeen from his pen. One of them, found in
+most modern hymn-books, was that commencing,--
+
+    "In the cross of Christ I glory";
+
+and its author proceeded to glory in the cross of the Prince of Peace
+by making war on the Chinese, although the governor, Yeh, had sent
+back all the men whose return was demanded by Mr. Parkes.
+
+Mr. Justin McCarthy, in his "History of our own Times," says, "During
+the whole business Sir John Bowring contrived to keep himself almost
+invariably in the wrong; and, even where his claim happened to be in
+itself good, he managed to assert it in a manner at once untimely,
+imprudent, and indecent."
+
+One of the highest legal authorities in England, Lord Lyndhurst,
+declared Sir John Bowring's action, and that of the British
+authorities who aided him, to be unjustifiable on any principle either
+of law or reason; and Mr. Cobden, himself an old friend of Sir John
+Bowring, moved in the House of Commons that "the papers which have
+been laid upon the table fail to establish satisfactory grounds for
+the violent measures resorted to at Canton in the late affair of the
+'Arrow.'"
+
+Nearly all the best men in the House of Commons--Gladstone, Roundell
+Palmer, Sydney Herbert, Milner Gibson, Sir Frederick Thesiger, as well
+as many of the chief Tories--supported Mr. Cobden; and the vote of
+censure was carried against Lord Palmerston's government by 263 to
+247. But Lord Palmerston, then the hero of the Evangelical Church
+party,--"Palmerston, the true Protestant," "Palmerston, the only
+Christian Prime Minister,"--knew exactly the strength of British
+Christianity when it interfered with the sale of British beer, or
+Indian opium, or Manchester cotton, and appealed to the shop-keeper
+instincts of the British people. He dissolved Parliament; and Cobden,
+Bright, Milner Gibson, W.J. Fox, Layard, and many others were left
+without seats. Manchester rejected John Bright because he had spoken
+in the interests of peace and honor, and condemned one of the most
+cowardly, brutal, and unprovoked wars of the century.
+
+We see the same cause at work in Ireland. One British bishop, Dr.
+Thirlwall, of St. David's, had the manliness to favor Mr. Gladstone's
+bill for the disestablishment of the Irish Church; but most of them
+acted in this matter in direct opposition to the teachings of Him whom
+they profess to worship as their God. Mr. John Bright warned the Lords
+that, by throwing themselves athwart the national course, they might
+meet with "accidents not pleasant to think of"; and there is no doubt
+that the warning had its effect. And even now I do not think that the
+people of Ireland will ever get from the House of Lords that measure
+of right which even the House of Commons has unwillingly and
+grudgingly, accorded to them, unless the Irishmen of America come to
+their aid in a more effective manner than they have ever yet done.
+
+Newfoundland, unlike Ireland, has few friends in the United States,
+and therefore is wholly at England's mercy. What it suffered in the
+past I have already told. Let us see how England has treated it in the
+last few years.
+
+It was from Lord Palmerston, of all men, that the Newfoundlander might
+hope for redress.
+
+He had said in the Don Pacifico case, "As the Roman in the days of old
+held himself free from indignity when he could say, 'Civis Romanus
+sum,' so also a British subject, in whatever land he be, shall feel
+confident that the watchful eye and the strong arm of England shall
+protect him against injustice and wrong."
+
+Surely, the 200,000 Newfoundlanders had more right to expect that Lord
+Palmerston would maintain this principle in their defence than the
+extortionate Portuguese Jew or the Chinese pirates who were taken from
+the Lorcha "Arrow."
+
+And Lord Palmerston had the best opportunity of helping the
+Newfoundlander; for he was the intimate friend of Louis Napoleon and
+Persigny. By his approbation of Louis Napoleon's _coup d'etat_ he
+became the creator of the Anglo-French Alliance; and, since this
+alliance was a matter of life and death to the Second Empire, he might
+have used the opportunity, after the Crimean War, of exercising such
+pressure upon Louis Napoleon as to secure justice to Newfoundland.
+
+But he neglected it, and thereby, he lost the opportunity of
+strengthening the position of England and Canada towards the United
+States at the time of the "Trent" and "Alabama" affairs.
+
+We may be glad of this; but, from a British point of view, it was not
+merely an injustice to Newfoundland, but also a political blunder.
+
+One would suppose that, simply as a matter of imperial policy, the
+British government would long ago have built a railroad across this
+island, in order to have the quickest possible connection with its
+Canadian dependency. The Fenian raids into Canada, the Confederate
+raids from Canada, the Red River Rebellion, the possibility of war
+arising from the "Trent" incident, the necessity of securing a rapid
+means of communication with the Pacific, should all, on purely
+strategic grounds, have induced the British government to establish a
+safe naval station in some southern harbor of Newfoundland, with a
+railroad communication to the west shores of the island.
+
+But the government left the Newfoundlanders, impoverished by the
+consequences of British misrule, to take the initiative; and it was
+not until 1878 that they were able to do anything. Then the Hon.
+William V. Whiteway induced the Newfoundland government to offer an
+annual subsidy of $120,000 per annum and liberal grants of crown lands
+to any company which would construct and operate a railway across
+Newfoundland, connecting by steamers with Britain or Ireland on the
+one hand, and the Intercolonial and Canadian lines on the other. Of
+the immense advantage of such a line to Great Britain, constructed as
+it would be at the expense of Newfoundland, I need hardly speak, and
+every patriotic ministry would have greeted the proposal with
+enthusiasm; but, most unfortunately both for England and for
+Newfoundland, the Premier was Mr. Disraeli, and the Foreign Secretary
+Lord Salisbury. What Lord Salisbury was may be learned from Mr. James
+G. Blaine's account of his speeches and conduct as Lord Robert Cecil
+in 1862. I know of no sermon preached within the last thirty years
+that inculcates a more necessary moral and religious lesson for Lords
+and Commons and parsons of England than that taught in the twentieth
+chapter of the Hon. James G. Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress." From
+it we may learn, first of all, that the right of secession of Ireland
+or Newfoundland from the British empire is already virtually conceded
+by many of the Tory leaders of England. Mr. Blaine gives us in that
+chapter a list of twenty-four members of the British House of Commons,
+ten members of the British Peerage, one admiral, one vice-admiral, one
+captain, one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, and a host of knights
+and baronets who subscribed money to the Confederate Cotton Loan,
+while he gives extracts from the speeches of Bernal Osborne, Lord John
+Russell, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Gregory, M.P., Mr. G.W. Bentinck, M.P.,
+Lord Robert Cecil, now Marquis of Salisbury, M. Lindsy, M.P., Lord
+Campbell, Earl Malmesbury, Mr. Laird, M.P. (the builder of the
+"Alabama" and the rebel rams), Mr. Horsman, M.P. for Stroud, the
+Marquis of Clanricarde (a name familiar to all Irishmen from its
+connection with the evictions), Mr. Peacocke, M.P., Mr. Clifforde,
+M.P., Mr. Haliburton, M.P., Lord Robert Montague, Sir James Ferguson,
+the Earl of Donoughmore, Mr. Alderman Rose, Lord Brougham, and the
+Right Hon. William Ewart Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+breathing hostility to the cause of the Union States and friendship
+for the slaveholder; while the few honest men in the House of Commons,
+who, like John Bright, Foster, Charles Villiers, Milner Gibson, and
+Cobden, spoke for the cause of the North, were reviled, not alone by
+their colleagues, but even by many of their constituents, because they
+defended the side of liberty, truth, and justice.
+
+Why should we withhold from the just cause of Ireland and Newfoundland
+the sympathy which England gave to the secessionist slaveholder?
+
+Of course the London _Times_ was on the slaveholder's side. On the
+last day of December, 1864, it said that "Mr. Seward and other
+teachers and flatterers of the multitude still affect to anticipate
+the early restoration of the Union"; and in three months from that
+date the rebels were conquered.
+
+It was on March 7, 1862, that Lord Robert Cecil said in Parliament:
+"The plain fact is that the Northern States of America can never be
+our sure friends, because we are rivals politically, rivals
+commercially. We aspire to the same position. We both aspire to the
+government of the seas. We are both manufacturing people, and, in
+every port as well as at every court we are rivals of each other....
+With the Southern States the case is entirely reversed. The people are
+an agricultural people. They furnish the raw material of our industry,
+and they consume the products which we make from it. With them,
+therefore, every interest must lead us to cultivate friendly
+relations; and we have seen that, when the war began, they at once
+recurred to England as their natural ally."
+
+It was easy enough for the most cowardly man, in Lord Robert Cecil's
+position, to use such words, even were he naught more than a lath
+painted over to imitate steel. Even if England is ruined, he is safe.
+But it was quite another matter when, sixteen years later, the poor
+Newfoundlander applied to him and Disraeli-Beaconsfield for the right
+to build a railroad.
+
+Russia had just declared her intention of demolishing the last
+unpleasant clause in the treaty forced upon her by France and England
+at the close of the Crimean War; and Russia was a more dangerous foe
+than the Northern States. And the story of the Beaconsfield-Salisbury
+connection with that affair excited the laughter of all other
+diplomatists in Europe.
+
+They pretended to have brought peace with honor from the Conference of
+Berlin. But what did the rest of Europe think about it?
+
+It made the Christian populations of the South believe that Russia was
+their especial friend, and their enemies were England and the
+unspeakable Turk; it strengthened among the Greeks the impression
+already made by Palmerston's action in the Don Pacifico case,--that
+France was their friend, and England their enemy; and it created
+everywhere the impression that the Congress was a theatrical piece of
+business, merely enacted as a pageant on the Berlin stage.
+
+England has not yet paid the full penalty of her stupid acquiescence
+in the rule of Disraeli and Salisbury; and it will cost her yet far
+more than she paid for the results of Tory infamy and Whig senility in
+the "Alabama" business, for she has enemies to deal with who are far
+less generous and far slyer than the people of the United States. It
+was under the Beaconsfield-Salisbury cabinet that Sir Bartle Frere
+made that infamous declaration of war against Cetewayo which led to
+the defeat of Lord Chelmsford's British troops by a lot of half-naked
+savages. It was under this ministry that the stupid expedition to
+Afghanistan led to the massacre of Sir Louis Cavagnari and the members
+of his staff. It was under this ministry that the soul-stirring anthem
+of Thompson,
+
+    "When Britain first at Heaven's command,"
+
+was superseded by the rant of the Tory street-walker,--
+
+    "We don't want to fight;
+      But, by jingo, if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men,
+      We've got the money, too."
+
+And the manner in which the government used the ships, the men, and
+the money, proved that there was one thing needful which the Jingoes
+had not got; and that is manhood.
+
+To this Jingo ministry it was, then, that Sir William V. Whiteway had
+to apply for the imperial sanction to the railway; and sanction was
+_refused_. For what reason? The _pretended reason_ was that the
+western terminus of the line at Bay St. George would be on that part
+of the coast affected by the French treaty rights. It may be open to
+doubt whether the French claims which interfered with the
+establishment of a railroad terminus at Bay St. George were just or
+not; but there is not the slightest doubt that Lord Palmerston, in his
+note of July 10, 1838, to Count Sebastiani, had maintained that they
+were not justified, and that the Tories were and are of the same
+opinion.
+
+But when a whole colony of Englishmen were wronged according to the
+statements both of Palmerston and Salisbury, the Beaconsfield-Salisbury
+administration _dare_ not maintain the rights of these Englishmen
+against the French. That is the courage and the bravery of British
+Jingoism, which bullies weak China and little Greece in support of a
+Sir John Bowring or Don Pacifico, but dares not maintain an
+Englishman's rights against the French republic.
+
+The question might easily have been settled without offending France
+by making Port aux Basques, which is less than eighty miles south-west
+of Bay St. George and beyond the French treaty limits, the terminus of
+the line.
+
+There must, then, have been some concealed reason behind the pretended
+one. It is absolutely certain that there were two influences at work
+in London which were directly antagonistic to the true interest both
+of Great Britain and Newfoundland. One was that of the Canadian party,
+who are determined to boycott every scheme that would make any
+Newfoundland port a rival of Halifax. The other is the British, or
+mercantile, party, who for two hundred years past have consistently
+and successfully opposed the introduction of any industry into the
+island that would enable the fishermen to escape from their present
+bondage.
+
+If either Beaconsfield or Salisbury had really cared for England's
+interests, they must have foreseen that, even if they were willing to
+sacrifice Newfoundland, the position they took in this matter must in
+the highest degree be damaging to the European prestige of Great
+Britain. When republican France was threatened by all the tyrants of
+Europe, the terrible Danton said, "Il nous faut de l'audace, et encore
+de l'audace, et toujours de l'audace." To-day the Frenchman requires
+no Danton to teach him the lesson; for the extraordinary confession of
+weakness made by the Jingo government of 1878 in refusing to sanction
+a line that could have been built without touching the French shore
+question at all was a direct encouragement to the French to persevere
+in that policy which they have since so successfully pursued in
+Madagascar, in Siam, in Africa, and in Newfoundland.
+
+No matter whether the French claims in Newfoundland be right or wrong,
+the Beaconsfield-Salisbury government have practically surrendered the
+matter; and the only thing left for the British government is to
+compensate Newfoundland for its loss, as America was compensated for
+the "Alabama" damages. But they will not do it.
+
+Mr. Whiteway had to find another means of helping the colony. He was
+obliged to choose between two alternatives,--either to build no
+railway at all or only one which would avoid the very districts which,
+for the benefit of the settler, ought to opened for settlement.
+
+So the line to Harbor Grace was built. But even this the wealthy
+British did not build. It was left to an American syndicate. P.T.
+McG., writing of this line to the New York _Weekly Post_ of Jan. 2,
+1895, says, "The contract was given to an enterprising Yankee, who
+built a few miles, swindled the shareholders, fleeced the colony, and
+then decamped, leaving as a legacy an unfinished road, an interminable
+lawsuit, and a damaged colonial credit."
+
+I happen to know another side of the question; and it does not become
+the Englishmen interested in that railway matter to talk of "Yankee
+swindlers."
+
+When Sir Robert Thorburn became Premier of Newfoundland, he took the
+first step necessary to make this line of some value to the tax-payers
+by extending it twenty-seven miles to Placentia, the old French "La
+Plaisance." This line was of immense value to St. John's, because it
+gave the people of that city a convenient winter harbor which is
+always open, by which they have an easy communication with Canada and
+the United States; and I hope the time will soon come when we shall
+have steamers running from Boston, touching at the French Island of
+St. Pierre, and then going to Placentia.
+
+What were the English diplomatists doing meanwhile? In 1890 they were
+arranging a _modus vivendi_ with the French government about the
+lobster fisheries. The Tories were in power, and Sir James Ferguson
+was the Under-secretary of State. This gentleman's sentiments towards
+the United States have been recorded by the Hon. James G. Blaine. In
+his "Twenty Years of Congress," Vol. II., page 481, foot-note, he
+writes: Sir James Ferguson declared in the House of Commons, March 14,
+1864, that "wholesale peculations and robberies have been perpetrated
+under the form of war by the generals of the Federal States; and worse
+horrors than, I believe, have ever in the present century disgraced
+European armies have been perpetrated under the eyes of the Federal
+government, and yet remain unpunished. These things are as notorious
+as the proceedings of a government which seems anxious to rival one
+despotic and irresponsible power of Europe in its contempt for the
+public opinion of mankind." These words need no commentary to-day.
+They show us pretty clearly the character of the man who then spoke
+them, and will prepare us for his treatment of the Newfoundland
+question. On March 20, 1890, he made the following statement in the
+House of Commons:--
+
+"The Newfoundland government was consulted as to the terms of the
+_modus vivendi, which was modified to some extent to meet their
+views_; but it was necessary to conclude it without referring it to
+them in its final shape."
+
+Five days later the Governor of Newfoundland telegraphed to the
+Secretary of State:--
+
+"My ministers request that incorrect statement made by Under-secretary
+of State for foreign affairs be immediately contradicted, _as the
+terms of modus vivendi were not modified in accordance with their
+views_. Ministers protested against any claims of French, and desired
+time to be changed till January for reasons given; but that was
+ignored, and _modus vivendi_ entered into without regard to their
+wishes. Ministers much embarrassed by incorrect statement made by
+Under-secretary of State."
+
+Of course the Secretary of State supported the statement of Sir James
+Ferguson, and refused to correct it. But on page 54 of the case for
+the colony, published June, 1890, we find the words:--
+
+"Two facts are placed beyond dispute by the above-quoted
+correspondence: (1) that the consent of the 'community' of
+Newfoundland to the _modus vivendi_ was not obtained by laying it
+before the legislature, which the 'Labouchere' despatch declared to be
+the proper action to be taken in such cases; (2) and that even the
+government of Newfoundland was not consulted as to the adoption of the
+_modus vivendi_ as settled."
+
+The Labouchere despatch alluded to above, and called by the
+Newfoundlanders their "Magna Charta," had been sent by the Right Hon.
+Henry Labouchere on March 26, 1857. But Mr. Labouchere was not a Tory;
+and there is the whole difference. So Newfoundland still has to suffer
+for the criminal negligence which British Tories have displayed from
+1743 until to-day.
+
+There was one Englishman, and that the Governor of Newfoundland
+itself, who had a clear and honorable notion of the imperial
+government's duty to its unfortunate colony. Sir G. William des Voeux,
+writing from the government House, St. John's, Jan. 14, 1887, to the
+Colonial Office in London, after reciting the circumstances, says: "If
+this be so, as indeed there are other reasons for believing, I would
+respectfully urge that in fairness the heavy resulting loss should
+not, or, at all events, not exclusively, fall upon this colony, and
+that if in the national interest a right is to be withheld from
+Newfoundland which naturally belongs to it, and the possession of
+which makes to it all the difference between wealth and penury, there
+is involved on the part of the nation a corresponding obligation to
+grant compensation of a value equal or nearly equal to that of the
+right withheld."
+
+Nothing can be fairer than that, and it is written by the trusted
+official of the British government.
+
+Sir G. William des Voeux continues, "In conclusion, I would
+respectfully express on behalf of this suffering colony the earnest
+hope that the vital interests of 200,000 British subjects will not be
+disregarded out of deference to the susceptibilities of any foreign
+power," etc.
+
+The best interests of those 200,000 inhabitants can be served without
+touching the French shore at all. Even if France concedes all that
+Newfoundland demands, the bounty question is in the way; and
+Newfoundland cannot compete with that.
+
+France gives this bounty--and quite rightly--as a protection to her
+sailors. A similar protection to England's fishermen would not be
+permitted by the Manchester men.
+
+The other way is to build a railroad connecting the mining and
+agricultural districts along the French shore with Port aux Basques.
+Of course I do not mean such railroads as are built in England. They
+have been taxed to the extent of more than seventy millions of pounds
+sterling over and above the real value of the land sold to them by the
+rapacious land monopolists. They have been taxed to the extent of many
+millions more for legal expenses, which, if the House of Commons were
+equal to its duties, could have been saved. They have been taxed in
+many cases to find sinecure berths for the dependants of rich men; and
+so, in order to pay a fair dividend to their stockholders, they must
+reduce wages to the lowest point, and screw the utmost penny out of
+their customers.
+
+It is, then, the American way which I recommend as a model, and which
+the Newfoundland government have tried to imitate in their contract
+with Mr. Reid, of Montreal. They could have made a far more
+advantageous contract with him if England had done her duty; but
+neither Mr. Reid nor Newfoundland is to be blamed for England's fault.
+
+The contract signed on May 16, 1893, by Mr. R.G. Reid binds him to
+construct a line about five hundred miles in length, connecting
+Placentia Junction and the chief eastern ports of Newfoundland with
+Port aux Basques, and to operate this line as well as the Placentia
+Branch Railway for a period of ten years, commencing Sept. 1, 1893.
+After that the line is to become the property of the Newfoundland
+government, and will be an interesting experiment in the State
+ownership of railroads. For every mile of single 42-inch gauge built
+by Mr. Reid he is to receive the sum of $15,600 in Newfoundland
+government bonds, bearing interest at 3-1/2 per cent., and eight
+square miles of land. The increase in rental value of this land will
+give a large revenue, even if the line should not pay its working
+expenses.
+
+The land grant for 500 miles of railroad would amount to 2,500,000
+acres. If Newfoundland were one of the United States, capital enough
+would be subscribed to enable Mr. Reid to finish his contract in the
+allotted time; but, as it is under England, and must therefore suffer
+from the awful burden of England's diplomatic incapacity, capital
+holds aloof from it.
+
+Where does British money go? The Tory of 1878 sang,--
+
+    "We don't want to fight;
+      But, by jingo, if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men,
+      We've got the money, too."
+
+It is interesting to see how that money, which is withheld from
+Britain's oldest colony, has been spent.
+
+We will begin with Mr. Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress." On page
+479 he quotes Lord Campbell as saying in Parliament on March 23, 1863,
+"Swelling with omnipotence, Mr. Lincoln and his colleagues dictate
+insurrection to the slaves of Alabama." (That fatal word, "Alabama"!
+Will it ever cease to trouble the British conscience?) And he spoke of
+the administration as "ready to let loose 4,000,000 negroes on their
+compulsory owners, and to renew from sea to sea the horrors and crimes
+of San Domingo." Mr. Blaine says, further, that Lord Campbell argued
+earnestly in favor of the British government joining the government of
+France in acknowledging Southern independence. He boasted that within
+the last few days a Southern loan of L3,000,000 sterling had been
+offered in London, and of that L9,000,000, or three times the amount,
+had been subscribed.
+
+Here, then, we have a means of accounting for $15,000,000. Another
+$15,000,000 is accounted for by the money which America forced England
+to pay for the "Alabama" depredations. On that point Mr. Laird, the
+builder of the "Alabama," deserves to be immortalized. According to
+Mr. Blaine, on March 27, 1863, Mr. Laird was loudly cheered in the
+House of Commons when he declared that "the institutions of the United
+States are of no value whatever, and have reduced the name of liberty
+to an utter absurdity."
+
+Another large lump of Jingo money has gone into the Russian loan; and,
+of this loan, $4,000,000 is coming to Bethlehem in Pennsylvania. O
+shade of John Roebuck, look back to the earth you have left, and see
+what your words have done for the armor plate manufacturers of your
+Sheffield constituency. While still among us in the flesh, you said on
+April 23, 1863, on some trouble: "It may lead to war; and I, speaking
+for the English people, am prepared for war. I know that language will
+strike the heart of the peace party in this country, but it will also
+strike the heart of the insolent people who govern America."
+
+And on June 30, 1863, you said: "The South will never come into the
+Union; and, what is more, I hope it never may. I will tell you why I
+say so. America while she was united ran a race of prosperity
+unparalleled in the world. Eighty years made the republic such a power
+that, if she had continued as she was a few years longer, she would
+have been the great bully of the world.
+
+"As far as my influence goes, I am determined to do all I can to
+prevent the reconstruction of the Union.... I say, then, that the
+Southern States have indicated their right to recognition. They hold
+out to us advantages such as the world has never seen before. I hold
+that it will be of the greatest importance that the reconstruction of
+the Union _should not take place_."
+
+The United States have given England the war you hoped for,--not a war
+against soldiers and sailors, who, unlike those who followed Colonel
+Pepperell and Washington and Isaac Hull and Grant and De Grasse to
+victory, require the protection of a contagious diseases act, but a
+war of protective tariffs.
+
+The State which gave its name to the pirate ship "Alabama" now votes
+for tariffs to exclude the iron, steel, and coal of England. Sheffield
+is in sackcloth and ashes because Pennsylvania has taken away from her
+the Russian order for armor plates, and countless millions of British
+dollars are invested in American factories, giving high wages to
+tariff-protected American workmen instead of sweaters' wages to the
+beer-sodden lunatics who sing to your honor the Tory strain,--
+
+      "By jingo, if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men,
+      We've got the money, too."
+
+In almost every case in which a British investor has lost his money in
+the United States it can be proved that some British expert or
+financial agent earned a large sum by inducing him to invest.
+
+At any rate, these immense investments in American railroads, loans,
+and lands, have one great advantage for the United States. They bind
+over England to keep the peace toward us. There is no more
+unpatriotic, no more unmoral, no more cowardly man than the British
+financial agent and money-lender. If only the security is good, he
+will rather lend money at 4-1/8 per cent. for the most devilish than
+at 4 per cent. for the most divine purpose. It is due to the influence
+of the money-lending class that England has so completely lost the
+grip of heart and brain on her imperial duties.
+
+It is said that John Bull pays a tax of $700,000,000 a year to the
+liquor interest, to say nothing of the indirect damages resulting from
+the fact that the liquor interest is the chief supporter of the
+brothel, the baccarat table, and the Tory Democracy. The beerage has
+proved of late years also a highway to the peerage; and it has also
+served to deplete the pockets of a good many British fools, who were
+misled into the insane delusion that they could earn as much from the
+profits of American guzzling as from those of British beer-drinking.
+America has been infested for some time by a crowd of Englishmen, who
+came here hunting options on American breweries, which they sold at a
+high price to their English dupes. In one case some breweries, which
+cost the owners less than $2,000,000, were sold in England for
+$6,000,000, the Englishmen and Americans who managed the transaction
+making enormous profits at the expense of their dupes.
+
+On investigating the published accounts of some twelve American
+brewery companies in which Englishmen have been induced to invest more
+than $41,808,000, I find that the depreciation in selling price of
+shares, taking the highest rates of November, 1894, was no less than
+$21,917,280, or 52.42 per cent. on the paid-up capital; and, taking
+the common stock alone, the loss exceeds over seventy per cent. on
+the paid-up capital.
+
+I am glad of it. The Englishman who, knowing the influence of this
+infernal traffic on his own countrymen, would make money by extending
+its curse to the United States, deserves to lose his money quite as
+much as the Tory investors in the Confederate Loan deserved their
+loss. Now suppose this $70,000,000 thus invested in "Alabama damages,"
+Confederate Loan, and American breweries had been put into
+Newfoundland roads and railways, what would have been the result? An
+immense amount of traffic which now must pay toll to American
+railroads would have gone over purely British lines, all the way
+through British America to China and Japan. All the mining and
+agricultural lands of Newfoundland might have been developed. The
+French shore question would have ceased to occupy the diplomatic
+wiseacres, because the people would have found so much profit in other
+employments as to care nothing about French competition in the cod and
+lobster fishery. Newfoundland itself would have become an impregnable
+arsenal for the British navy, commanding the entrances to the St.
+Lawrence, and, in case of war with the United States, giving that navy
+the power of practically blockading all the Atlantic coast.
+
+All this has been thrown away, because the British Jingo supports a
+Tory cabinet, which, while making theatrical demonstrations of
+imperialism, neglects imperial duties and betrays imperial interests.
+
+And look even at sober free trade Manchester, the community which is
+supposed to understand the worth of money better than any other in the
+world. Has it really gained by its Jingo policy? Professing to be the
+stronghold of free trade, it rejected the great free-trader, John
+Bright, when in Sir John Bowring's war he asked for justice to China.
+It rejected Mr. Gladstone when he sought the suffrages of South-east
+Lancashire that he might relieve Ireland from the insolent domination
+of an alien church.
+
+And now the great makers of cotton machinery are coming from
+Lancashire to establish factories in New England, and her spinning and
+weaving mill corporations are losing their markets and their profits.
+Of eighteen such corporations whose shares are quoted in the
+_Economist_, the highest November prices of common stock show a loss
+of $2,553,294 on the paid-up capital. Supposing that, instead of
+supporting the Jingoes, Manchester had sent men to Parliament who
+would support a wise and conservative policy in the colonies,
+Newfoundland included, would it not have been better for her
+interests, to say nothing of principle?
+
+The Newfoundlanders in Boston, Mass., held a public meeting there on
+the 16th of February, at which the Rev. Frederick Woods, their
+chairman, said: "If we could only take our old island, and lay her at
+the feet of Uncle Sam! I wish we could." And every suggestion of
+annexation to the United States was applauded by the Newfoundlanders
+present.
+
+The Newfoundlanders on the island desire annexation just as much, but
+they dare not say so, for they are starving; and those who venture to
+suggest separation from England would be punished by the withdrawal of
+charity, if not by even sterner means.
+
+They are justified in their desire; for England has been disloyal to
+them, and holds the island by no better right than that by which
+Turkey holds Armenia.
+
+Let that England, who expects every man to do his duty, do her own.
+Let her, first of all, relieve the suffering.
+
+Second. Let her press on the completion of the railroad at English
+expense to Port aux Basques as quickly as possible, and subsidize a
+mail line between England and the American Continent by way of a
+Newfoundland port, holding the railroad property as security for money
+expended.
+
+Third. Let her modify her fiscal system so as to give a real _free
+trade_, not only to the Newfoundland fisherman, but also to those of
+Great Britain and Ireland, so that the foreigner shall not be able to
+deprive British subjects either of their home or foreign markets. A
+small import duty on all fish imported into the British Isles, except
+from Newfoundland, and a bounty on the exports equal to that given by
+France, will suffice.
+
+Fourth. Let her aid the unfortunate victims of her Lord Clan-Rackrents
+to find comfortable farms and holdings in those parts of the French
+shore and along the railroad which are suitable for settlement.
+
+If she does this, she may derive some comfort from at least one
+passage in her Prayer Book,--"When the wicked man turneth away from
+the wickedness that he has committed, and doeth that which is lawful
+and right, he shall save his soul alive."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND'S RESOURCES.
+
+
+                    PROVIDENCE, R.I., U.S.A., Feb. 18, 1895.
+
+Since I wrote the foregoing pages, some papers have come into my hands
+referring to Major-general Dashwood's attacks upon the credibility of
+those who are trying to make the resources of Newfoundland known in
+Great Britain.
+
+Much depends on the point of view from which a man writes; and I can
+only say that, if the distinguished Major-general is right, _from a
+purely British point of view_, in depreciating the island and its
+resources, he thereby furnishes a _very strong argument why Great
+Britain should, for a reasonable compensation, cede this island to the
+United States_. I am perfectly sure that the majority of the 200,000
+inhabitants would not have the slightest objection to exchange the
+Union Jack for the stars and stripes. But I do not think that, in
+making this exchange myself, I have abandoned my old English habits of
+thought; and so I would mention some reasons why, even if I were still
+a fellow-citizen (or should I say subject?) of Major-general Dashwood,
+and were as much bound as he is to place the interests of the British
+crown above every other interest of my life, I should for that very
+reason differ with him in opinion, first of all, from a strategic
+point of view. We must not, because my distinguished fellow-citizen,
+Captain Mahan, has so brilliantly painted the sea-power of England,
+forget also her _man-power_. Most certainly, Viscount Wolseley would
+not do so; and I think Major-general Dashwood, from whose interesting
+little book, "Chipplequorgan," I have learned that he came with his
+regiment to Halifax after the "Trent" affair, will agree with me that
+it would then, in case of a war with the United States of America,
+have been very convenient if Newfoundland had been peopled by half a
+million hardy farmers, woodmen, and miners, in addition to its few
+fisher-folk. England has to take undergrown and underfed boys into her
+army now; but, if the sturdy Irishmen who have been driven to the
+United States by famine and eviction had been provided each with the
+"three acres and a cow" of Joseph Chamberlain's speeches in the
+valleys of the Humber or Codroy Rivers, surely the experience of
+Louisbourg and a hundred well-fought battles since then may tell us
+how much more they would have contributed to Britain's honor and
+interest than they do now as American voters. The south-western part
+of Newfoundland reminds one very much of old Ireland in its climate
+and its physical features, and certainly is quite as well fitted to
+sustain a sturdy peasantry of small land-owners.
+
+The best answer to the distinguished officer's objections may be found
+in the official reports of the geological survey of Newfoundland,
+published by Edward Stanford, Charing Cross, London. The present
+director of that survey, Mr. James P. Howley, F.R.G.S., has replied in
+part to Major-general Dashwood's remarks in a letter written a
+fortnight ago, from which I extract a few passages. The Major-general
+said at the Royal Geographical Society that the timber of Newfoundland
+is all scrub, and fit only for firing. Mr. Howley writes: "Our
+lumbering industry is in a most flourishing condition. Ten large
+saw-mills are in full swing, besides several smaller ones, around our
+northern and western bays. Large shipments of lumber were made last
+summer to the English markets. Messrs. Watson & Todd, of Liverpool,
+England, purchased 3,000,000 feet of lumber in the island last summer;
+and the market quotations in the Liverpool trade journals will be the
+best index to the value of the lumber. The Exploits Milling Company
+at Botwoodsville purchased $25,000 worth of stores in Montreal to be
+used in the winter's lumber-felling operations. They calculate on
+cutting 100,000 pine logs. Though the mill has been ten years in
+operation, the lumber shows no signs of exhaustion; while the other
+and far more abundant products of the Newfoundland forests, such as
+fir, spruce, birch, tamarack, etc., have scarcely been touched.
+
+"The Benton Mill, owned by Messrs. Reid, contractors for the Northern
+& Western Railroad, though scarcely a year in existence, has put out
+3,000,000 feet of first-class lumber."
+
+As to the coal fields, Mr. Howley, referring to his own official
+reports for 1889, 1891, and 1892, as published by Stanford, writes:--
+
+In the Bay St. George coal fields 16 distinct seams were discovered,
+ranging from a few inches up to several feet in thickness: the Cleary
+seam has 26 inches good coal; Juke's seam, 4.6 feet; Murray seam, 5.4
+feet; Howley seam, 4.2 feet.
+
+In the Grand Lake carboniferous area 15 distinct seams were
+discovered, also ranging from a few inches to several feet. Two seams
+on Coal Brook show 2.4 and 3.5 feet. On Aldery Brook, three seams show
+2.6 feet, 3.8 feet, and 14 feet of coal. At Kelvin Brook 3 seams
+contain 2.6 feet, 3.8 feet, and 7 feet.
+
+Specimens have been submitted to experts in connection with the
+Colonial Office, and have been found, in some cases, superior to the
+Cape Breton coal. So much for the report of a man who understands his
+business, and has had better opportunities than any other living man
+of studying the question.
+
+For myself, I may say that during twenty years of travel, in which I
+have been from the Gulf of Mexico to Ottawa, and from the Straight
+Shore of Avalon to the Muir Glacier of Alaska, I have studied every
+State which I have visited with a view to its attractions for British
+emigrants, and, before the passing of our present absurd immigration
+laws, have been instrumental in transferring many skilled operatives
+from the foul slums of Manchester and Salford to the healthy and
+pleasant factory villages of New England.
+
+I need hardly say that Newfoundland is not the right place for such
+men; but, under a just and wise imperial government, it can be made a
+happy home for thousands of hardy Scotch and Irish peasants, who need
+not, in crossing the ocean, change their political allegiance. But
+England must first do her duty.
+
+She must build her railroad from Port aux Basques along the French
+shore to Bonne Bay, or further north, so as to give the people a means
+of communication which shall not be impeded by the French treaty
+rights; and she must arrange her tariffs so as to defend her fishermen
+against the unjust discrimination of foreign bounties. As an American,
+I can have no interest in saying these things to Englishmen. If
+Major-general Dashwood is right, so much the better for us.
+
+Our Whitneys are awakening new life amid the ruins of Louisbourg,
+although the Duke of York and those who followed him as proprietors of
+the Sydney coal fields could do so little with them; and so, if
+England cannot help Newfoundland, _America can_, and can serve herself
+well at the same time. Take the fishing for an instance. The French
+bounties do not hurt the Massachusetts fishermen, because we have a
+_home_ market which the Frenchmen cannot touch, and seek only a
+foreign market for the very small quantity that our own people do not
+consume. And to share in this American _home market_ alone would be
+more profitable to Newfoundland than all its connection with England
+can ever be.
+
+                                                        J.F.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Newfoundland and the Jingoes, by John Fretwell
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