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diff --git a/25116.txt b/25116.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a9d163 --- /dev/null +++ b/25116.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3738 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 5, +Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 5, May, 1886, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 5, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 5, May, 1886 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 21, 2008 [EBook #25116] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, MAY 1886 *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Anne Storer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + + Transcriber's Note: Table of Contents / Illustrations added. + + * * * * * + + TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD. + BY SAMUEL HART, D.D., PROFESSOR OF LATIN. + Illustrations: + Trinity College In 1869. + T. C. Brownell. + Trinity College In 1828. + J. Williams. + Statue Of Bishop Brownell, On The Campus. + Proposed New College Buildings. + Geo Williamson Smith. + James Williams, Forty Years Janitor Of Trinity College. + Bishop Seabury's Mitre, In The Library. + Chair Of Gov. Wanton, Of Rhode Island, In The Library. + Trinity College In 1885. + (Signature) N. S. Wheaton + (Signature) Silas Totten + (Signature) D. R. Goodwin + (Signature) Samuel Eliot + (Signature) J. B. Kerfoot + (Signature) A. Jackson + (Signature) T. R. Pynchon + The New Gymnasium. + College Logo. + + THE WEBSTER FAMILY. + BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN. + Illustration: + Marshfield--Residence Of Daniel Webster. + + TO OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. + ON HIS DEPARTURE FOR EUROPE. + BY EDWARD P. GUILD. + + A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP'S WAR. + BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN. + + THE PICTURE. + BY MARY D. BRINE. + + NEW BEDFORD. + BY HERBERT L. ALDRICH. + Illustrations: + Old Whalers And Barrels Of Oil. + City Hall And Depot. + Front Street And Fish Markets Along The Wharves. + The Head Of The River. + Along The Wharfs And Relics Of The Last Century. + New Station Of The Old Colony Railroad. + Custom House. + Court House. + Grace Episcopal Church. + Looking Down Union Street. + Unitarian Church, Union Street. + Mandell's House, Hawthorne Street. + Residence Of Mayor Rotch. + The Stone Church And Yacht Club House. + Fish Island. + Seamen's Bethel And Sailor's Home. + Merchants' And Mechanics' Bank. + Residence Of Joseph Grinnell. + Friends Meeting-House. + Public Library. + + HENRY BARNARD--THE AMERICAN EDUCATOR. + BY THE LATE HON. JOHN D. PHILBRICK. + + A DAUGHTER OF THE PURITANS. + BY ANNA B. BENSEL. + + JUDICIAL FALSIFICATIONS OF HISTORY. + BY CHARLES COWLEY, LL.D. + + DORRIS'S HERO. + A ROMANCE OF THE OLDEN TIME. + BY MARJORIE DAW. + + EDITOR'S TABLE. + + HISTORICAL RECORD. + + NECROLOGY. + + LITERATURE. + + INDEX TO MAGAZINE LITERATURE. + + Illustration: + MARK HOPKINS, D.D., LL.D. + + + * * * * * + + + + + THE + + NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE + + AND + + BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + OLD SERIES, MAY, 1886. NEW SERIES, +VOL. IV. NO. 5. VOL. I. NO. 5. +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved. + + +#TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD.# + +BY SAMUEL HART, D.D., PROFESSOR OF LATIN. + +[Illustration: TRINITY COLLEGE IN 1869.] + + +The plan for the establishment of a second college in Connecticut was +not carried into effect until after the time of the political and +religious revolution which secured the adoption of a State Constitution +in 1818. Probably no such plan was seriously entertained till after the +close of the war of Independence. The Episcopal church in Connecticut +had, one may almost say, been born in the library of Yale College; and +though Episcopalians, with other dissenters from the "standing order," +had been excluded from taking any part in the government or the +instruction of the institution, they did not forget how much they owed +to it as the place where so many of their clergy had received their +education. In fact, when judged by the standards of that day, it would +appear that they had at first little cause to complain of illiberal +treatment, while on the other hand they did their best to assist the +college in the important work which it had in hand. But Yale College, +under the presidency of Dr. Clap, assumed a more decidedly theological +character than before, and set itself decidedly in opposition to those +who dissented from the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Saybrook +Platform of Discipline. Besides, King's College, which had been lately +founded in New York, drew away some Episcopal students from Connecticut +and made others dissatisfied; and had not the war with the mother +country rudely put a stop to the growth of Episcopacy in the colony, it +would seem that steps might have been soon taken for the establishment +of some institution of learning, at least a school of theology, under +the care of the clergy of the Church of England. + +[Illustration: (signature) T. C. Brownell] + +[Illustration: TRINITY COLLEGE IN 1828.] + +At any rate no sooner was it known that the war was ended than the +churchmen of Connecticut sent the Rev. Dr. Seabury across the ocean +to seek consecration as a bishop; and it was not long after his return +that the diocese, now fully organized, set on foot a plan for the +establishment of an institution of sound learning, and in 1795 the +Episcopal Academy of Connecticut was founded at Cheshire. It was +sometimes called Seabury College, and, under its learned principals, it +fitted many young men for entrance upon their theological studies, and +gave them part at least of their professional training. But its charter, +which was granted by the General Assembly of the State in 1801, did not +give it the power of conferring degrees, and the frequent petitions for +an extension of charter rights, so as to make of the academy a +collegiate institution, were refused. For a time, owing to determined +opposition in the State, to the vacancy in the episcopate, and to other +causes, the project was postponed. But a combination of events, social, +political, and religious, led at length to the great revolution in +Connecticut, in which all dissenters from the standing order united +in opposition to it, and secured in 1818, though it was by a small +majority, the adoption of a State Constitution containing a clause which +admitted of "secession" from any ecclesiastical society and secured +perfect religious equality before the law. + +[Illustration: (signature) J. Williams] + +[Illustration: STATUE OF BISHOP BROWNELL, ON THE CAMPUS.] + +In the following year, while the enthusiasm of the victory was still +felt, the vacant episcopate was filled by the election of the Rev. Dr. +Thomas Church Brownell, who had been for ten years tutor and professor +in Union College, a man of learning, profoundly interested in education, +and qualified for the varied duties which lay upon him as Bishop of +Connecticut. He soon availed himself of this favorable opportunity for +renewing the plans for the establishment of a college. There was much +strong opposition to be encountered, and the student of the pamphlet +literature of the day finds much to excite his interest and his wonder +in the attacks upon the proposed "Second College in Connecticut"--"Seabury +College," as it was sometimes called. The whole matter was curiously +complicated with discussions as to political and financial matters, the +many questions between the recently disestablished order and its opponents +not having been fully settled as yet. At last, on the 13th day of May, +1823, a petition for a college charter was presented to the General +Assembly, and the act of incorporation of Washington College passed the +lower house three days later, and soon received the assent of the senate +and the approval of the governor. The name selected for the institution was +not that which its friends would have preferred; but the honored name of +Washington was adopted partly, as it would appear, because others than +Episcopalians united in the establishment of the college, and partly that +there could be no ground of opposition to it on account of its name. Among +the corporators associated with Bishop Brownell were some of the prominent +clergy and laity of the diocese, such as the Rev. Drs. Harry Croswell +and N. S. Wheaton, Gov. John S. Peters, the Hon. Nathan Smith, the Hon. +Elijah Boardman, the Hon. Asa Chapman, Com. McDonough, and Mr. Charles +Sigourney; and there were added to them representatives of the other +opponents of the old establishment, among them the Rev. Samuel Merwin +and the Rev. Elisha Cushman. It was expressly provided in the charter +that no religious test whatever should be required of any president, +professor, or other officer, and that the religious tenets of no person +should be made a condition of admission to any privilege in the college. +Even before the charter containing this clause was granted, it produced +a most important effect; for, on the 12th day of May, 1823,--it was +believed, as a last effort of opposition,--the corporation of Yale +College met in Hartford, and repealed the test act which required of all +its officers, even of professors in the medical school, a subscription +to the Saybrook Platform. + +[Illustration: PROPOSED NEW COLLEGE BUILDINGS.] + +[Illustration: (signature) Geo. Williamson Smith] + +The trustees of the new college were authorized to locate it in any town +in the State as soon as $30,000 should be secured for its support; and +when it was found that more than three-fourths of the sum of $50,000, +which was soon subscribed, was the gift of citizens of Hartford, who +thus manifested in a substantial way the interest which they had +previously expressed, it was decided to establish Washington College in +that city. A site of fourteen acres on an elevation, then described as +about half a mile from the city, was secured for the buildings, and in +June, 1824, Seabury Hall and Jarvis Hall (as they were afterwards +called) were begun. They were of brown stone, following the Ionic order +of architecture, well proportioned, and well adapted to the purposes for +which they were designed. The former, containing rooms for the chapel, +the library, the cabinet, and for recitations, was designed by Prof. S. +F. B. Morse, and the latter, having lodging-rooms for nearly a hundred +students, was designed by Mr. Solomon Millard, the architect of Bunker +Hill Monument. The buildings were not completed when, on the 23d of +September, 1824, one senior, one sophomore, six freshmen, and one +partial student were admitted members of the college; and work was begun +in rooms in the city. The faculty had been organized by the election of +Bishop Brownell as president, the Rev. George W. Doane (afterwards +Bishop of New Jersey), as professor of _belles-lettres_ and oratory, Mr. +Frederick Hall as professor of chemistry and mineralogy, Mr. Horatio +Hickok as professor of agriculture and political economy (he was, by the +way, the first professor of this latter science in this country), and +Dr. Charles Sumner as professor of botany. The instruction in the +ancient languages was intrusted to the Rev. Hector Humphreys, who was +soon elected professor, and who left the college in 1830 to become +President of St. John's College, Maryland. The chair of mathematics and +natural philosophy was filled in 1828 by the election of the Rev. +Horatio Potter, now the venerable Bishop of New York. The learned Rev. +Dr. S. F. Jarvis soon began his work in and for the college, under the +title of Professor of Oriental Literature; and the Hon. W. W. Ellsworth +was chosen professor of law. The provision which was announced in the +first statement published by the trustees, that students would be +allowed to enter in partial courses without becoming candidates for a +degree, was a new feature in collegiate education, and a considerable +number of young men were found who were glad to avail themselves of it. +It is believed, also, that practical instruction in the natural sciences +was given here to a larger extent than in most other colleges. + +[Illustration: JAMES WILLIAMS, +Forty Years Janitor of Trinity College; died 1878.] + +[Illustration: BISHOP SEABURY'S MITRE, IN THE LIBRARY.] + +In 1826 there were fifty undergraduates. A library had been obtained +which, in connection with Dr. Jarvis's, was called second in magnitude +and first in value of all in the country. The professor of mineralogy +had collected a good cabinet. There was a greenhouse and an arboretum; +and, besides gifts from friends at home, the Rev. Dr. Wheaton had been +successful in securing books and apparatus in England for the use of the +college. + +[Illustration: CHAIR OF GOV. WANTON, OF RHODE ISLAND, IN THE LIBRARY.] + +A doctor's degree was conferred in 1826 upon Bishop Jolly ("Saint Jolly" +he was called), of Scotland, but the first commencement was held in +1827, when ten young men were graduated. Of these, three died in early +life, and but one, the Rev. Oliver Hopson, survives. To a member of this +class, the Hon. Isaac E. Crary, the first president of the alumni, is +due no small share of the credit of organizing the educational system of +Michigan, which he represented both as a territory and as a State in the +Federal Congress. The Athenaeum Literary Society was organized in 1825, +and the Parthenon, the first president of which was the poet Park +Benjamin, in 1827. The Missionary Society, still in successful +operation, was founded in 1831, its first president being George Benton, +afterwards missionary to Greece and Crete, and from it, primarily +through the efforts of Augustus F. Lyde, of the class of 1830, came the +establishment of the foreign missions of the Episcopal Church of this +country. + +[Illustration: TRINITY COLLEGE IN 1885.] + +When Bishop Brownell retired from the presidency of the college in 1831, +in order to devote all his time to the work of the diocese, he was +succeeded by the Rev. Dr. N. S. Wheaton, an early, steadfast, and +liberal friend of the institution. He secured the endowment of two +professorships, and among the many good things which he planned and did +for the college should not be forgotten the taste with which he laid out +and beautified its grounds. To him succeeded, in 1837, the Rev. Dr. +Silas Totten, professor of mathematics. During his presidency of eleven +years, additions were made to the scholarship fund, and the foundation +of a library fund was laid; and in 1845 a third building, Brownell Hall, +was built, corresponding in appearance to Jarvis Hall, and, like it, +designed for occupation by students. In the same year, on the petition +of the corporation, who acted in the matter at the desire of the alumni, +the General Assembly of the State changed the name of the college to +TRINITY COLLEGE. The change was intended in part to prevent the +confusion which arose from the use of a name which the college had in +common with other institutions, in part to attest the faith of those who +had founded and who maintained the college, and in part to secure a name +which (especially at Cambridge in England) had been long associated with +sound learning. At the same time the alumni were organized into a +convocation as a constituent part of the academic body. + +[Illustration: (signature) N. S. Wheaton] + +[Illustration: (signature) Silas Totten] + +In 1848 the Rev. Dr. John Williams, a graduate in the class of 1835, +who, though he was less than thirty-one years of age, had given ample +promise of extraordinary abilities, was chosen president, and he held +the office until 1854, when the duties of assistant bishop, to which he +had been consecrated in 1851, forced him to resign. He did much to +increase the library funds and to develop the course of academic +instruction. He also began instruction in theology, and an informal +theological department grew up, which was organized in 1854 as the +Berkeley Divinity School and located in Middletown. He was succeeded by +the Rev. Dr. D. R. Goodwin. In 1860 Prof. Samuel Eliot was chosen +president, and in 1864, the Rev. Dr. J. B. Kerfoot, who was called in +1866 to the bishopric of Pittsburgh. Under the care of these scholarly +men the college maintained and strengthened its position as a seat of +learning (though in the time of the civil war it suffered from depletion +in numbers), additions were made to the funds, and a new professorship +was founded. Among those whom the college gave to the war were Generals +G. A. Stedman and Strong Vincent, and the "battle-laureate of America," +Henry H. Brownell. + +[Illustration: (signature) D. R. Goodwin] + +[Illustration: (signature) Samuel Eliot] + +[Illustration: (signature) J. B. Kerfoot] + +[Illustration: (signature) A. Jackson] + +In June, 1867, the Rev. Dr. Abner Jackson, of the class of 1837, +formerly professor here, then President of Hobart College, was elected +president. Under his administration, in 1871-72, the number of +undergraduates, for the first time, reached a hundred. In 1871 the +legacy of Mr. Chester Adams, of Hartford, brought to the college some +$65,000, the largest gift thus far from any individual. In 1872, after +much discussion and hesitation, the trustees decided to accept the offer +of the city of Hartford, which desired to purchase the college campus +for a liberal sum, that it might be offered to the State as a site for +the new capitol, the college reserving the right to occupy for five or +six years so much of the buildings as it should not be necessary to +remove. In 1873 a site of about eighty acres, on a bluff of trap-rock in +the southern part of the city, commanding a magnificent view in every +direction, was purchased for the college, and President Jackson secured +elaborate plans for extensive ranges of buildings in great quadrangles. +The work, to which he devoted much time and thought, was deferred by his +death in April, 1874, but the Rev. Dr. T. R. Pynchon, of the class of +1841, who succeeded him in the presidency, entered vigorously upon the +labor of providing the college with a new home. Ground was broken in +1875, and in the autumn of 1878 two blocks of buildings, each three +hundred feet long, bearing the old names of Seabury and Jarvis Halls, +were completed. They stand on the brow of the cliff, having a broad +plateau before them on the east, and, with the central tower, erected in +1882 by the munificence of Col. C. H. Northam, they form the west side +of the proposed great quadrangle. Under Dr. Pynchon's direction the +former plans had been much modified, in order that this one range of +buildings might suffice for the urgent needs of the college, provision +being made for suitable rooms for the chapel, the library, and the +cabinet, as well as for lecture-rooms and for suites of students' +apartments. During his presidency the endowments were largely increased +by the generous legacies of Col. and Mrs. Northam, whose gifts to the +college amount to nearly a quarter of a million of dollars; large and +valuable additions were made to the library and the cabinet, and the +number of students was, in 1877-80, greater than ever before. By a +change in the charter, made in 1883, the election of three of the +trustees was put into the hands of the alumni. + +[Illustration: (signature) T. R. Pynchon] + +In 1883 the Rev. Dr. George Williamson Smith was elected to the +presidency, and was welcomed to his duties with much enthusiasm. In +the following year considerable changes were made in the course of +instruction, including arrangements for four distinct schemes of study, +introducing elective studies into the work of the junior and senior +years, and providing for practical work in the applied sciences. An +observatory has been built, for which a telescope and other apparatus +have been presented; and the funds have been secured for the erection of +an ample gymnasium, with a theatre or lecture-hall. + +Of the nearly nine hundred men who have received the bachelor's degree +from Trinity College no small number have attained eminence in their +respective walks in life. The class of 1829 gave a governor to Michigan +and a judge to Illinois; the class of 1830, a member of Congress to +Tennessee, a judge to Louisiana, and two prominent divines to Ohio; the +class of 1831, a bishop to Kansas; the class of 1832, three members of +Congress, one to North Carolina, one to Missouri (who has also been +governor of the State), and one to New York, a distinguished clergyman +to Connecticut, and a chaplain to West Point; the class of 1835, an +archbishop to the Roman Catholic Church, and a chairman to the house of +bishops of the American Episcopal Church; the class of 1840, a president +to St. Stephen's College and a supreme-court judge to Connecticut; the +class of 1846, a member of Congress to New York, another (also +lieutenant-governor) to Minnesota, and a president to Norwich +University; the class of 1848, a bishop to Massachusetts, a lecturer, a +tutor, and three trustees to the college; and this list seems as a +sample of what the college has done and is doing, in the spirit of her +motto, for the Church and the country. The bishops of Connecticut, +Kansas, Georgia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Washington +Territory, and Indiana are among her alumni; with them some three +hundred others have entered the ministry of the Christian Church; and +representatives of the college are found holding honored positions in +the State, in institutions of learning, in the professions of law and +medicine, and in the business of life. Her course of instruction unites +the conservatism of experience with adaptation to the needs of modern +scholarship, all under the acknowledged influence of religious nurture; +her well-stocked library and ample museum, with her unrivalled +accommodations for students, furnish her for her work, so that she is, +in reality as well as in name, in the affections of her members as well +as in her profession, a home of sound learning. And as her needs are +supplied by the generosity of alumni and friends, she will be still +better qualified for her work and will draw still closer to herself +those who are entrusted to her care. + +The elaborate plans for the new buildings, prepared by the eminent +English architect the late Mr. Burgess, were such as to provide for all +the present and prospective needs of the college. As finally arranged +they included a large quadrangle six hundred feet by three hundred, at +either end of which should be a quadrangle three hundred feet square. It +was not expected that all of the great pile could be built at once, and, +in fact, all that has been erected as yet is the west side of the great +"quad." This includes, as has been said above, two long blocks of +buildings connected by a large tower some seventy feet square. The style +of architecture is that known as French secular Gothic; the buildings +are of brown Portland stone, liberally trimmed with white sandstone from +Ohio. Jarvis Hall contains forty-four suites of rooms for the students +and the junior professors, unsurpassed for beauty and convenience by +students' quarters elsewhere; they are so arranged that each suite of +rooms runs through the buildings, and that there is plenty of sunlight +and air in every study and bedroom. The Northam tower is also fitted +for students' apartments. In Seabury Hall, the plan of which was +modified under Mr. Kimball, the American architect, are the spacious +lecture-rooms, finished, as is all the rest of the buildings, in ash and +with massive Ohio stone mantel-pieces; and also the other public rooms. +The chapel is arranged choir-wise, after the English custom, and will +accommodate about two hundred people; the wood-work here is particularly +handsome. It is provided with a fine organ, the gift of a recent +graduate. The museum contains a full set of Ward's casts of famous +fossils, including the huge megatherium, a large collection of mounted +skeletons, and cases filled with minerals and shells; while the +galleries afford room for other collections. The library extends through +three stories, and is overrunning with its twenty-six thousand books and +thirteen thousand pamphlets; large and valuable additions have been made +to its shelves within a few years. The erection of a separate library +building, probably at the south end of the great quadrangle, will be a +necessity before many years. The laboratories for practical work in +physics and chemistry are at present in Seabury Hall; but there is a +demand for larger accommodations. The St. John observatory is a small, +but well-furnished building on the south campus. The present gymnasium +is a plain structure on the north campus, between the dormitories and +the president's house; but the funds have already been obtained for a +handsome and spacious gymnasium, and the generous gift of Mr. J. S. +Morgan, of London, has provided for the erection of an "annex," under +cover of which base-ball and other games may be practised in the +winter. As new buildings rise from time to time, the spacious grounds +will doubtless be laid out and beautified to correspond with the lawn in +front of the present buildings. Mention should also be made of the halls +of the college fraternities, three of which are already erected. + +[Illustration: THE NEW GYMNASIUM] + +Thus the college, though it needs an increase in its funds for various +purposes, is well fitted for its work. In its courses of instruction it +provides for those who wish to secure degrees in arts and in science, +and also for special students. The prizes offered in the several +departments and the honors which may be attained by excellence in the +work of the curriculum serve as incentives to scholarship. Nor is it +least among the attractions of Trinity College that it stands in the +city of Hartford. + +[Illustration] + + + + +[Webster Historical Society Papers.] + +THE WEBSTER FAMILY. + +BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN. + +II. + + +The feeling between the settlers and the Indians, as narrated by Dr. +Moore Russell Fletcher, became so bitter that the Indians determined +on the total annihilation of the villagers, and with that intent +seventy-five or eighty Indians left their tribe in the vicinity of +Canada, and came down the head waters of the Pemigewassett as far as +Livermore Falls, and there camped for the night. All were soon sound in +sleep except one Indian, who was friendly to the settlers. He made his +way to Plymouth, aroused the villagers, and informed them of their +dangerous situation. The settlers, in dismay, asked each other, "What +can be done?" The Indian heard their inquiries, saw their alarm, and in +his Indian way, said, "Harkee me, Indian,--you no run away, no fight so +many Indians. Go up river a mile, quick, make um up fires by camp-ground +(holding up his fingers, five, ten, twenty), cut um sticks, like Indian +roast him meat on, lay um ends in fires, put fires out. When Indians see +and count um sticks he shake his head,--no fight so many pale-faces; +they go back home to camp-grounds." Next morning the villagers waited in +great excitement, fear, and hope. No Indians appeared, and there was +little trouble from them afterwards. Comparative peace reigned, although +the Indians at times (three or four in number) passed through the quiet +town of Plymouth on their way to their old camping-grounds. The +villagers buried their animosity, having been told of the ill-treatment +of the Indians by the State, and, instead of driving them from their +houses, they fed and kept them over night when they signified a desire +to stop and rest. + +After many years other settlers went there; passable roads and bridges +were made, and the settlement was extended up along Baker's River almost +to Rumney, and down the river nearly to Bridgewater, now called Lower +Intervale. They brought in from the lower towns oxen, cows, horses, +pigs, geese, and turkeys. Their furs and moose and bear-skins found +ready sale in the lower towns, and afforded them the means of the most +common luxuries and groceries, which could not be provided in their +incomplete rural settlement. + +[Illustration: MARSHFIELD--RESIDENCE OF DANIEL WEBSTER.] + +A Mr. Brown, of that part of the settlement known as the Lower +Intervale, was one night returning from a neighbor's house. In the +darkness he lost the footpath, and dropped upon his hands and knees to +feel for it. Instantly he felt the hair of some animal touch his face. A +quick thought told him that his companion was none other than an immense +bear. Mr. Brown's presence of mind did not desert him. He knew that all +domestic animals like to be rubbed or scratched, so he began rubbing up +and down his companion's breast and neck, continuing as far as the +throat, while with his other hand he drew out his long hunting-knife +and plunged it in to the handle, at the same instant jumping backwards +with all his might. As soon as he could he made his way back to his +neighbor's house; his neighbor and another man, armed with gun, axe, +long hay-fork and lantern, returned to the place of encounter, where +they found Bruin already dead. Bear-steak was served all around the next +morning. + +Ebenezer Webster, the father of Daniel, settled at Salisbury about the +time that Stephen went to Plymouth, and the hardships they underwent +were very similar. + +Daniel was born ten years after the Revolutionary War, and had to pass +through many of the privations of the first settlers. + +The clearing of the land was a tedious process, in which all boys had +to participate. The forest trees were felled generally when in full +foliage, about the first of June, and laid thus until the next March, +when the "lopping of the limbs," as it was called, went on, in which +boys, with their small hatchets, took part. + +About the middle of May, when perfectly dry, they were set on fire, and +the small limbs, with the leaves, were burned. In the midst of the +tree-trunks, as they lay, corn was planted in the burnt ground, and +usually yielded some sixty bushels, shelled, to the acre. + +In the early autumn, when the corn was in milk, bears, hedgehogs, and +coons were very troublesome, for they trampled down a great deal more +than they ate. Later in the autumn the chopping was infested by +squirrels. All practicable means were used for killing these visitors. +Bears were caught in log traps, hedgehogs were hunted with clubs, and +coons were caught in steel traps. Squirrels generally visited the +chopping in the daytime, and were killed with bows and arrows, and +sometimes caught in box traps. All of these animals were considered good +food. + +Just before the frost came the corn was gathered and shucked, and +afterwards husked and put into the granary. During the winter the felled +trees were sometimes cut for firewood, and those remaining in the spring +were "junked," as it was called, and rolled into immense piles and +burned, after which a crop of rye or wheat was sown, and hacked in with +hoes, the roots of the trees preventing the movement of the harrow. The +process of "junking" was a tedious one, as the burnt logs soon covered +the axe-handle with smut, drying up the skin of the hands so they would +often crack and bleed. + +It is said that young Daniel disliked this toil very much, and was among +the earliest to devise "niggering," as it was called. In this process a +stick of wood was laid across the log and lighted with fire, so it would +burn down through the larger log, when fanned by the breeze, cutting it +in two. + +In the early spring great preparation was made for tapping the +maple-trees and boiling the sap down to sugar, which was always an +agreeable employment for young Daniel. Another occupation of the boy on +the farm was in weeding, pulling, and spreading flax, which boys +generally dislike very much. + +After sheep were introduced in this locality there was a general washing +of them in the brook about the first of May, after which sheep-shearing +came on. + +Planting, hoeing, and haying was very hard work for the boys, and very +few liked it. After the harvest something was done in lumbering, and the +Websters, having a small saw-mill on their farm, made shingles and +boards; although for many years shingles and clapboards were mostly +split by hand. Daniel was peculiarly fond of hunting and fishing, a +passion which lasted his whole lifetime. Minks, musk-rats, and now and +then a fox, were caught in traps, though the latter was oftener shot. +Small game, such as partridges and squirrels, were very plenty in the +woods, and the skins of gray squirrels were most always used for winter +caps for the boys. Larger game, like moose, deer, bears, wolves, and +sometimes panthers, were taken. + +The schooling of boys was often among these scenes, where at home the +evenings were spent in studying by the light of a pitch-pine knot. + +Itinerant ministers, in those days, mostly supplied the rustic pulpit, +and visited their scattered flocks through many miles of travel. + +The boys were expected to be very decorous not only to the visiting +ministers but to all older than themselves. Reverence was natural to +Daniel Webster, and was not with him a mere matter of cultivation. + + + + +TO OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. + +ON HIS DEPARTURE FOR EUROPE. + + + Good Doctor, what has put it in your head + To sail away across the ocean blue? + Have you got tired of Boston? or, instead, + Do you mistrust that we are tired of you? + + You wanted to see England, and you thought + That you might go for once in fifty years: + Well, your own way--just make your visit short; + So here's _bon voyage_,--and also a few tears. + + We hope that you will have a joyful time, + Meet hosts of friends, and sit at many a feast; + And when, with all your wit and all your rhyme, + You once are back in this your native clime, + Don't ask to sail again off to the East + For--well, for five times fifty years at least. + + _Edward P. Guild._ + + + + +A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP'S WAR. + +BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN. + +CHAPTER II. + + +The first day or two after her meeting with the captain Millicent worked +with a light heart and renewed strength, and though Ninigret now never +assisted her in carrying water, as he had formerly done, the thought of +her new friend and of freedom sustained her. When after a week, however, +there was no sign of the approach of friends, she grew restless. Her +work tired her more than it ever had; the water-bucket seemed to hold +twice the usual quantity; there was double the amount of food to +prepare, and the women all seemed to want clothing made. Doubtless all +was as it had been in her surroundings, only the hope that had dawned +one June day in her heart had died out. She tried to reason with +herself. Why was she so impatient? Did it not take time in this season +of war to accomplish anything? Why, after all, should he return? Her +story may have interested him at the time, even aroused his sympathies; +but, afterwards, it was but natural he should, on returning to his +duties, forget about her and her misery. What did she know of him? They +had met but once; still her belief in him was strong, though wavering at +the same time. Had he not said the unfortunate had a claim on all +honorable men, and surely he was a man an _unfortunate_ might apply to, +if any man was? Such is the effect of imagination upon all poor mortals; +it may be a grand gift, but is often a most uncomfortable one. + +Upon the tenth night after the meeting with the captain quiet reigned at +the Indian camp, where all slumbered except Millicent, to whom, in her +anxiety, sleep was denied. She sat meditating upon recent events, her +bosom stirred with the hope of speedy deliverance, and fear lest +untoward circumstances should prevent the captain from executing his +plan for her rescue. After a time her attention was attracted by +peculiar sounds breaking upon the stillness of the night. These, at +first faint and distant, gradually grew nearer and louder, till, +trembling, she recognized the yells of the savages, who were returning +through the woods rejoicing over the atrocities they had committed. She +aroused the women to prepare for the wanderers, who, bounding like deer +through the forest, soon burst into the clearing and threw themselves on +the ground in front of the wigwam, calling upon the women for food and +drink. In order to help the squaws provide for their impatient lords +Millicent offered to carry out some provisions. As she appeared the +warriors greeted her with a shout, calling her Philip's pretty maid. She +did not reply, but moved about silently among them, horrified at their +revolting account of an attack upon a lone country-house, where, having +murdered the inmates, they had possessed themselves of all of value in +the house. Exultingly they told their tale of horror, their painted +faces and blood-stained garments looking ghastly in the moonlight. One +man threw an ornament, torn from the person of a white woman, to his +squaw, who had brought his supper; and another, with a fiendish laugh, +tossed a scalp to Millicent, calling out in coarse tones, "Here little +white-skin, take that for a remembrance of your race." + +With loathing she crept back to her tent, and, stopping her ears, tried +to keep out the sound of their diabolical cries. + +Toward morning the noise ceased, as they, weary with carousing, one +after another, fell into a heavy slumber. Allured by the silence, +Millicent slipped out into the forest to quiet her aching brow in the +fresh morning air. What if the English should come now, when these +warriors are all at home? Would they be prepared for the fierce +resistance they would encounter, she murmured, and, lost in thought, +gazed mournfully at the waters of the lake, cold and gray in the early +daylight. Suddenly she was startled by the tall form of Ninigret +appearing like a phantom at her side. + +"I have come to join you in your morning walk, Millicent," he said, with +meaning in his dark eyes, as he watched her narrowly. + +"You need not have come; I prefer to be alone," she answered, drawing +herself up haughtily. + +"I know you do; but you are out early, and need a protector." + +A look of disgust swept over her face as he spoke the word protector. As +if comprehending the expression, he said, hurriedly:-- + +"Have you considered what I said to you? Have you had enough of this +life, and are you ready to come with me?" + +"No, never! I would rather die at the hands of the warriors up +there"--but the words died on her lips, for, as she spoke, the sounds +of fire-arms reached their ears, mingled with the war-cry of the +half-aroused Indians. With an exclamation of joy Millicent started in +the direction of the firing, but had advanced but a step before the +lithe Indian had her in his grasp. + +"You shall not escape me now. Resign yourself. The white men have found +the camp, but they will not rescue you. Dare to utter a cry, and I will +kill you," he added, brandishing a gleaming knife before her eyes. + +Terrified at this menace she allowed herself to be dragged unresistingly +into the forest. + +Immediately after his interview with Millicent Captain Merwin returned +to Boston to secure the force necessary to his purpose. This required +some days, during which he found himself becoming very restless. The +story of the fair captive had strongly excited his sympathy, and her +sweet face had made a deep impression upon his imagination, and he +longed, with an impatience he could hardly control, to be again by her +side. He was also fearful lest harm should befall her during his +absence. + +All this gave him a stimulus to action, and caused him to use every +endeavor to prepare for his undertaking. When everything was at last +ready he departed with all possible despatch. + +In the evening after leaving Boston, as the English approached Lake +Quinsigamond, when more than a mile from the Indian head-quarters, they +heard the shouting of the warriors above described. + +Merwin commanded his men to conceal themselves in a thicket in the dense +wood, whence they could observe the Indians as they passed. He found +they considerably outnumbered his own force. As they evidently had no +suspicion of the presence of an enemy, he determined to follow them +cautiously, wait until weary with revelling they should fall asleep, and +then surprise them after their own mode of warfare. He deployed his men, +and held them in readiness. Toward day dawn, when the Indians had sunk +into a profound slumber, he ordered the attack. + +The English advanced stealthily, and were almost in the camp before they +were discovered by the sentinel, who gave the alarm. + +This came too late. The English rushed forward with cheers, and were +among the surprised Indians before they were fairly awake. The latter +hurriedly seized their weapons and made what resistance they could; but +this was ineffectual. The struggle was sharp and brief. Many of the best +warriors were soon killed, and the rest fled precipitately, following +the women and children who escaped into the woods when the combat began. + +Merwin, as soon as he saw that his men were fairly engaged with the +Indians, called a few trusty fellows, and went in search of Millicent. +Not finding her at the wigwam, he plunged into the wood, following +luckily the path taken by Ninigret. + +After dragging the girl ruthlessly with him, until she fainted with +fright, Ninigret laid her on the ground for a moment, in order to +arrange his weapons, so that he might bear her away in his arms. While +doing this he espied Merwin advancing, and, taking hasty aim at him with +his musket, fired. The ball missed its mark and struck one of Merwin's +companions. As the Indian bounded off Merwin raised his rifle and fired +in return, with deadly effect. Ninigret, leaping high in the air, fell +dead, pierced through the heart. The English bore his body a short +distance into the forest, and, leaving it to such a burial as nature +might grant, hurried back to Millicent, who still lay in a swoon. They +then carried her to the scene of battle and placed her in one of the +wigwams lately occupied by the Indians. + +For a week Capt. Merwin and his men remained in the vicinity to +intercept any band of Indians that might be passing westward. Merwin, +although often away upon scouting expeditions, found ample time to +improve his acquaintance with his rescued charge, in whom he was fast +becoming deeply interested. It was the evening before their departure +for Boston. The air was soft and laden with the fragrance of flowers; +the lake, its surface unruffled by a ripple, lay spread like a great +mirror, reflecting the lustre of the full moon. Two persons stood near +the water's edge contemplating the beauty of the scene. The quiet +harmony of nature seemed to possess their souls, and for a time neither +spoke. Millicent was the first to break the silence. + +"What serenity after the strife of last week!" + +"It is, indeed, a contrast this night. Let us sit here awhile and enjoy +its beauty," said Merwin; and, assisting Millicent to a seat upon the +trunk of a fallen tree, he placed himself at her feet. + +"How strange it all seems! Here I am in the forest, as I was a week ago, +yet under such different circumstances,--free from my enemies and +surrounded by only friends." + +"And another week will change your surroundings entirely; and the new +friends made now will, like the Indians, be present but in memory. You +know to-morrow we are to leave here." + +"I can hardly realize it. Ah, Captain Merwin! can it be that I shall so +soon leave Wigwam Hill, the scene of my trying life of captivity, behind +me?" + +"Yes; by to-morrow at this time, I trust, you will be far from this spot +where you have suffered so much. This beautiful lake will always recall +unpleasant associations to your mind, I fear, while to mine it will +recall some of the pleasantest hours of my life." + +"No; I, too, shall have pleasant recollections of these shores. The +memory of your noble kindness to me will not be effaced. But tell me, +where do we go then?" Millicent asked, rather seriously. + +"It cannot matter to you where I and my men go; but you I hope to take +to your sister." + +"To Martha, Captain Merwin? Is my dear sister then alive? Is there no +doubt of it?" + +"None." + +"Is it possible? What happiness!" breathed Millicent, with tears in her +eyes. "I cannot believe it. I cannot believe that I shall again see my +dear sister, whom I have so long supposed dead. How did you know she was +alive; and why have you not told me this before?" + +"Because I wished to surprise you just before our departure. You will +not deprive me of that last pleasure, would you?" asked the captain in a +low voice, smiling faintly. "I made all possible inquiry when in Boston, +and, just as about to depart with the troops, received accurate news of +her whereabouts." + +"I see; and so she is safe, and we shall meet before many days. Where is +she, please?" asked Millicent, smiling divinely upon Merwin. + +Drinking in the sweetness of the smile the captain gave her an account +of her sister's fortune, and of her surroundings. + +"The Stantons, with whom she is, are friends of mine," he observed, +rather gloomily. + +"Ah, indeed; then it will be a pleasant meeting all around!" and she +clapped her hands with joy. Then, noticing the captain's gravity, she +said, "Why are you so sad, Captain Merwin?" + +"Oh, I don't know. I did not mean to be," and he tried to smile. "Yes, I +think I do appear rather glum,--don't mind the word, it is so expressive +of my feelings. You see, this last week has been so pleasant, we have +become such good friends, and learned to know each other's tastes so +well, and I have enjoyed so intensely giving you your freedom and +sharing it with you, that the thought that it must all end, that I must +take you back to interests which I can know nothing of and have no share +in, is just a little hard to bear at present. You will think me selfish; +forgive me, I did not mean to mention it, but you asked me." + +She held out her hand to him and said, "You are my trusted friend, and +will be my sister's when she knows what you have done for me; so do not +say you will have no share in our interests." + +"You are very kind," he replied, pressing her hand tightly in his, then +dropping it suddenly. + +"Captain Merwin," said Millicent, in turn looking grave, "the past year +I have lived in an atmosphere of treachery and revenge; the minds of +those with whom I have been associated were filled with anything but +Christian thoughts. Unkindness and ill-feeling have found a fertile soil +upon which to thrive in their hearts; but deep in my own I ever kept a +spot green, where the plant of gratitude could again grow should the +occasion offer. It did offer. The seeds were sown by a kind and generous +hand; the plant grew quickly, and to-day it blossomed in full. Deeply +grateful for what you have done for me, I beg you to accept its +flowers." And, with tears in her eyes, she held toward him a small +exquisitely selected bunch of fragrant white azalias. + +Taking the blossoms tenderly he lifted them to his lips. "What a pretty +idea! Who but you would have thought of rewarding a common deed of +kindness so sweetly? I shall cherish these flowers, they are so like +you. Did you really pick them for me?" + +"Yes, and selected them out of many. It was all I had. If ever I can +reward you better tell me, for I would willingly do you any favor to pay +the debt of gratitude I owe you. I assure you I feel my obligation +deeply," said Millicent, blushing. + +"There is a reward you could give me now; but I scarcely dare ask it, +for I know it to be more than I deserve." And the captain gazed at +Millicent with a look that brought a bright blush to the young girl's +cheek. + +"Perhaps it is not," she replied, hesitatingly. "I don't think I +understand you." + +"Well, then, Millicent,--may I call you that?--the drawing-room term of +Miss does not suit our simple life here." And, as she nodded assent, he +continued, "Will you answer a question, even a hard one?" + +"I will try." + +"Tell me, then, if ever in the heart where the plant of gratitude grew +another far sweeter flower has grown?" + +"That of friendship do you mean?" + +"Yes; the plant might be called friendship, but its blossom is love. Ah, +Millicent! may I not take the fairest of these sweet flowers, and, +placing it in the centre, call it love surrounded by gratitude? Then +would my nosegay be perfect indeed." + +Millicent looked, beyond the ardent gaze of the captain, into the lake, +and made no reply. + +"Throwing off the language of flowers, and all language but that of +simple truth, the reward I desire above all on earth is yourself. I know +my request is a bold one, and I ought, I suppose, not to make it for +months, if ever. But come it must, and to-night my heart has forced it +to my lips." + +"It is very sudden," Millicent answered, faintly. + +"I know that, but, after all, most deep feelings are sudden. In the +savages, with whom you have been associated, have you not seen hate and +other strong passions develop in a moment? Why, then, should not love, +in a more appropriate soil, spring to life? It certainly has taken deep +root in my heart. Give me some answer, Millicent, if it be but that of +hope deferred. Can you ever love me?" + +"What if I do now?" said Millicent, demurely. + +"Do you really, Millicent? Then I am the proudest, happiest man alive," +said Merwin. And, possessing himself of both her hands, kissed them +vehemently. + +"I trust I am doing right, Captain Merwin; I am almost sure I love you." + +"Thank you, dearest, thank you, for your sweet words. Your reward for +them shall be my life devoted to your service." And he drew her to him +and kissed her lips. + +"You deserve a whole life of thanks, Captain Merwin"-- + +"Call me Harold." + +"--for releasing me from such a captivity, Harold, and, lastly, from +death, or worse than death." And weeping, she threw her arms about his +neck and buried her head on his shoulder. + +"My brave darling, I hope and believe your troubles are at an end. I +only wonder your strength has survived the hardships of such a life as +yours has been the past year." + +"Think of how much has happened in the last short weeks!" + +"True, ours has been a courtship in which the bitter and the sweet have +been equally mingled, but now the peace complete is coning love, for +King Philip is dead and the war is over." + + + + +THE PICTURE. + +BY MARY D. BRINE. + + + It was only a simple picture, + The simplest, perhaps, of all + The many and costly paintings + That hung on the parlor wall; + But it held my gaze the longest, + And it touched my inmost heart + With a pathos in which the others + Held neither place nor part. + + It showed me a lonely hill-side, + Where the light of the day had fled, + And the clouds of an angry twilight + Were gathering overhead; + And under the deepening shadows, + Tired and sore afraid, + A sheep and her lamb were grieving, + Far from the sheepfold strayed. + + Only a simple picture; + But oh, how full of truth, + Which silently spoke from the canvas + Its lesson of age and youth! + For are we not sheep, sore needing + The safety of Christ's own fold? + And do we not often wander + Far from his loving hold, + + Heedless of where we are straying + Till the light of day has fled, + And perchance a storm is gathering + With the shadow of night o'erhead? + My little one came beside me, + And climbed to my waiting knee, + And lifted her gaze to the picture, + Which told its story to me. + + "Tell me about it, mamma; + Why does the sheep wait there?"-- + So I told my own wee lammie + (So tender, and sweet, and fair), + How the poor white sheep had wandered + Far from its fold away, + And was tired, and sad, and lonely, + And afraid, at the close of day. + + "But the _lamb_ couldn't help it, mamma, + 'Cause its _mother_ led it, you see."-- + Oh! there was another lesson + Brought silently home to me: + We mothers, who love our babies, + Guarding them day and night,-- + Are we always careful to lead them + In ways that are best and right? + + I gathered my darling closer, + With an earnest unspoken prayer, + That the tender Shepherd above us + Would help me with special care + To lead my little lamb onward + Thro' pastures prepared by him, + That naught could harm or afflict us + When the light of our day grew dim. + + And I know he will graciously answer, + And, though come storms and cold, + He will gather his own in safety + Within one blessed fold. + And my baby still talks of the picture, + And pities the lamb so white, + Which was led by its careless mother + Out into the dark, cold night. + + + + +NEW BEDFORD. + +BY HERBERT L. ALDRICH. + + +No visitor to the shore of Buzzard's Bay has really done his duty, or +shown due respect to the inhabitants, who has not learned to say in one +breath, and without a break or hesitation,-- + + Nashawena, Pesquinese, + Cuttyhunk and Penekese, + Naushon, Nonamesset, + Onkatonka and Wepecket. + +[Illustration: OLD WHALERS AND BARRELS OF OIL.] + +These are the names of the islands along the south entrance to the bay +which Bartholomew Gosnold, the English navigator, named for his queen +the Elizabeth Islands when he entered the bay in 1602. Fortunately his +attempt to substitute his own English names for these of the Indians was +futile. When Gosnold landed at Cuttyhunk in the early summer of that +year he found it densely wooded and abounding in game. To-day there is +hardly a tree there. In the west part of this island is a pond of fresh +water, in the waters of which is a considerable island, and it was on +this that these adventurers built the first habitation in this section +of New England of which there is any authentic account. There they were, +in a sense, safe from the Indians and from wild animals. + +When Gosnold prepared to return to England in his vessel, the "Concord," +with a cargo of native products, such as sassafras, cedar, etc., those +who had planned to remain and settle returned with him, fearing that +they might not share in the expected profits. But they could not take +back with them the cellar to the house they had built, and what little +vestige of the hole that still remains in that island within an island +is to-day pointed out as the spot where the first white settler's house +was built hereabouts. Unfortunately for the picturesqueness and poetry +of this historic incident, modern civilization has utilized the island +as a hen-yard, and the historic cellar as a chicken-roost. + +[Illustration: City Hall] + +[Illustration: Depot] + +[Illustration: Front St.] + +[Illustration: FISH MARKETS ALONG THE WHARVES.] + +The real history of Southern Massachusetts began in June, 1664, when the +General Court of the Plymouth Colony passed an order that "all that +tracte of land called and known by the name of Acushena,[1] Ponogansett, +and Coaksett, is allowed by the court to bee a townshipe, and said towne +bee henceforth ... called and knowne by the name of Dartmouth." In +November, 1652, Wamsutta and his father, Massasoit, had signed a deed +conveying to William Bradford, Capt. Standish, Thomas Southworth, John +Winslow, John Cooke, and their associates all the land lying three miles +eastward from a river called the Coshenegg to Acoaksett, to a flat rock +on the western side of the said harbor, the conveyance including all +that land from the sea upward "so high that the English may not be +annoyed by the hunting of the Indians, in any sort, of their cattle." +The price paid for this tract was, thirty yards of cloth, eight +moose-skins, fifteen axes, fifteen hoes, fifteen pairs of breeches, +eight blankets, two kettles, one cloak, two pounds wampum, eight pairs +stockings, eight pairs shoes, one iron pot, and ten shillings in other +commodities. This immense tract had twenty miles of sea-coast, not to +mention harbors, etc., and represents, besides the present township of +Dartmouth, New Bedford, Fairhaven, Westport, and Acushnet.[2] + + [1] In the old records this name is variously spelled Acushena, + Accushnutt, Cushnet, Acushnett, Acushnet, etc. The spelling now always + used is Acushnet. Apponegansett was often spelled without the initial A. + + [2] The original township of Dartmouth was owned by thirty-six + proprietors at the time of its settlement. This old proprietorship was a + _quasi_ corporation, which existed for 170 years. It conveyed all the + lands sold until at last nothing remained. Its meetings were then mere + formalities, and they finally died for lack of attendance. + +[Illustration: THE HEAD OF THE RIVER] + +In a brief article it is impossible to give more than the cream of the +whole story of the growth and existence of this settlement. It +experienced the vicissitudes of Indian depredations and wars. In the +King Philip war it was nearly obliterated, only the little settlement of +Apponegansett surviving. But at the return of peace the settlers took up +their old avocations, and gradually, but surely, made the old town of +Dartmouth. The story of nearly every other outlying settlement in those +days is the story of this one, so that all that concerns us are the +historical events peculiar to this. + +[Illustration: Along the Wharfs] + +[Illustration: RELICS OF THE LAST CENTURY.] + +These early inhabitants combined tilling the soil and extracting the +wealth of the sea, only, however, as shore fishermen, and an occasional +off-shore whaling voyage in small boats. One event in early history +shows that the people were possessed of something more than the +traditional courage and bold seamanship for which southern Massachusetts +was ever famed, and shows a spiritual courage as well as that deliberate +manly determination to overcome all physical obstacles to existence with +which the early settlers were permeated. + +[Illustration: NEW STATION OF THE OLD COLONY RAILROAD.] + +[Illustration: CUSTOM HOUSE.] + +[Illustration: COURT HOUSE] + +This was the dispute between the General Court at Plymouth and the town +authorities regarding a settled minister. A good two-thirds of the +people were Friends, and one of their number provided for their +spiritual wants without compensation. Those remaining were mostly +Baptists, who also had among them a _quasi_ minister who acted as +pastor. But the General Court at Plymouth wanted the settlers to have +_their_ kind of a minister; so in 1671 they ordered the settlers to +raise L15 by taxation "to help towards the support of such as may +dispense the word of God." But as the settlers were satisfied with their +own ministers they refused to obey the order. Fortunately they were far +away from the court. Then about that time King Philip's war broke out, +and absorbed the whole attention of the court; although time enough was +found to warn the people that the calamity of war was due to the "lack +of a dispenser of the word of God" among them. But no sooner had the war +ended than the old dispute was taken up just where it was left off. The +court pleaded and persuaded, then commanded, and finally threatened; +but year after year the colonists continued doing as they pleased, +regardless of the court. Finally, in 1722, as a last resort, the court +ingeniously combined the provincial and ministerial tax, L181 12s. in +all, with the intention of providing a minister by that means. The town +called a meeting, and, after promptly voting the provincial tax of L81 +12s., as promptly refused to raise the extra L100, which they recognized +as the ministerial tax in a new garb. Such defiance led to the arrest of +the selectmen, and they were imprisoned at Taunton. This thoroughly +aroused the town. A meeting was immediately held, and L700 was +unanimously voted to support the selectmen. This enormous sum for those +days was used partly to support the selectmen and their families, but +mostly to send an embassy to England to seek redress from the King and +his council. In this the colonists were successful, for not only were +the selectmen ordered released from prison, but the province of +Massachusetts Bay was ordered to remit the obnoxious taxes which it had +in vain tried for thirty-one years to collect. It was not until about +this time that what is now New Bedford was settled. Joseph Russell had +been practically the sole inhabitant. He was succeeded by his twin sons +John and Joseph. The latter lived near the heart of the site of the +present city, and is regarded as its real founder. For some time vessels +of all classes had fitted out in the Apponegansett river, but he sent +his from the Acushnet. His merchantmen sailed all over the seas. At the +same time he fitted out whaling vessels. These whalers were small sloops +and schooners, which only went off-shore, captured a whale or two, then +returned to try out the oil. In connection with this business Mr. +Russell had built try works, and he started a sperm-oil factory. The +infant whaling industry began about 1760 to attract a boat-builder, then +a carpenter, a blacksmith, and so on until gradually there became quite +a little settlement. Larger vessels were built, voyages were extended +to some two or three weeks, and sometimes to as many months, the seas +being scoured from Newfoundland to Virginia for whales. + +[Illustration: GRACE EPISCOPAL CHURCH.] + +The year 1765 was an eventful one, as it brought Joseph Rotch, a man of +means and experience, from Nantucket,--or Sherburn as it was called up +to 1790,--to carry on the whaling business here; and his vessels, +together with those of other new-comers, materially increased the size +of the little fleet sailing from the Acushnet river. The settlement had +now become quite a little village, and needed a distinctive name, as it +had always been regarded as a part of the village of Acushnet; so it was +christened Bedford, and in after years the New was added to distinguish +it from the Bedford near Boston. + +[Illustration: LOOKING DOWN UNION STREET.] + +Being deeper, broader, and a safer harbor than the Apponegansett, the +Acushnet river gradually absorbed most of the fleet that had sailed from +there, so that the little fleet of a few vessels in 1765 had become one +of fifty vessels in 1773. Among these vessels was one owned by Mr. +Rotch,--the "Dartmouth,"--which will be remembered as long as the +American republic stands, for it was this vessel that took the tea to +Boston which was thrown overboard at the time of the famous Tea Party in +1773. + +[Illustration: UNITARIAN CHURCH, UNION STREET.] + +[Illustration: MANDELL'S HOUSE, HAWTHORNE STREET.] + +But the Revolution put a stop to a continuance of this marvellous +growth, and during the following eight years in the struggle for +liberty, decay, fire, and the English did fatal destruction to the +vessels in Buzzard's Bay. Mr. Rotch returned to his off-shore island +home, taking his vessels with him, and one or two other merchants +followed his example and moved away. What vessels remained after these +desertions were moored along the wharves. But the people did not settle +down in idleness to wait for the war to be over. While the women were +working for the soldiers, in providing them clothing, etc., the men +young and old proved that their sea-training in the catching of whales +was invaluable in manning the little navy of the colonies. With such men +behind him, John Paul Jones scoured the ocean and even defied the +English in their own harbors, and the little navy became a powerful +and dangerous foe to the proud mistress of the seas. Not the least +destructive vessels of the brave American navy were the whaling +vessels from Buzzard's Bay made over into men-of-war. The frequent and +astonishing victories of these vessels caused many valuable prizes to be +brought into the bay, and the natural consequence was the raid of Major +Gen. Gray, accompanied by the ill-fated Andre, on the fourth day of +September, and the day following, in 1778, by which nearly the whole +town of Bedford was laid in ashes and property to the value of over half +a million of dollars destroyed, together with seventy vessels, including +eight large ships with their cargoes, and four privateers. + +[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF MAYOR ROTCH.] + +At the first whisperings of peace, Capt. Moores, of the good ship +"Bedford," with a cargo of oil, set sail for London, and first displayed +to the defeated English, in their great metropolis, the stars and +stripes of the infant republic of the western world. This promptness of +Capt. Moores is a fair sample of the manner in which the village of +Bedford grasped the return of peace and rushed into its former +industries. The greater part of the village had been rebuilt; the +vessels that survived the war--most of them as men-of-war--were +refitted, and whaling and commerce resumed, although it was years before +whaling fairly got on its feet again. This was owing to the lack of a +market for oil, as England and France had passed laws practically +prohibiting its importation. Some merchants were forced to live in +French or English territory and sail under those flags, in order to +pursue whaling with any profit. + +[Illustration: THE "STONE" (CONGREGATIONAL) CHURCH.] + +[Illustration: YACHT CLUB HOUSE.] + +In 1787 the General Court of Massachusetts incorporated the town of New +Bedford, and in 1847 it became a city. The census of 1790 reported a +population of 3,313 in the new town. But there was nothing at this time +to cause the town to grow, nor was there until 1804, when, through the +intercessions of William Rotch, Sr., Great Britain remitted her alien +duty on oil. From that year New Bedford began to assume her distinctive +character as the whaling port preeminent of the world. The stock in +trade to begin with was no meagre one, as it consisted of fifty-nine +vessels of 19,146 tons' burden, about thirty of them being brigs and +ships employed in the merchant service with Europe, South America, and +the West Indies. This fleet suffered terribly from the impressment of +seamen, then the embargo, and finally by the second war with England, +during which many vessels were captured. This over, the place began in +earnest its distinctive career. + +[Illustration: FISH ISLAND.] + +[Illustration: SEAMEN'S BETHEL AND SAILOR'S HOME.] + +[Illustration: MERCHANTS' AND MECHANICS' BANK.] + +A few words as to the history of whaling in America. Capt. John Smith +makes mention of catching a few whales on some of his voyages, and it is +known that the Indians had quite a passion for hunting the whale, or +_powdawe_ as they called it. The Montauk Indians regarded the fin or +tail of a whale as a rare sacrifice to their deity. As the early +settlers began to spread throughout New England, it became quite an +industry along the sea-shore to hunt stranded whales for their oil and +blubber. This naturally led to hunting them in their native element, and +the industry extended along Cape Cod and Long Island, and, about 1672, +was introduced on the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. About +fifty years later the brave Nantucket seamen began whaling in large +boats, and within the following twenty-five years Nantucket had direct +communication with England in her ships. These brave early mariners were +the first who understood and made use of the Gulf Stream, and by them it +was explained to the English admiralty. At the opening of the Revolution +there were one hundred and fifty vessels that sailed from Nantucket; but +at the close of the war one hundred and thirty-four of these had been +captured and fifteen more wrecked. The war also cost this island twelve +hundred sailors, and was the making of two hundred and two widows and +three hundred and forty-two orphans. + +[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF JOSEPH GRINNELL.] + +[Illustration: FRIENDS MEETING-HOUSE.] + +In the year 1815 there sailed from Nantucket fifty whalers, while only +ten sailed from New Bedford. But the New Bedford fleet increased rapidly +year by year, reaching the climax in 1852, when two hundred and +seventy-eight sailed. From that date there has been an almost +uninterrupted decline in the whaling industry. Nantucket's decline +began many years earlier. In 1860 she had only very few vessels left, +and in 1872 her last whaler, the bark "Oak," was sold. In 1835 whaling +was at its height, the whole fleet of the United States consisting of +six hundred and seventy-eight ships and barks, thirty-five brigs, and +twenty-two schooners, valued at twenty-one millions of dollars; while +the foreign fleet consisted of only two hundred and thirty vessels of +various kinds. From the off-shore fishing as practised in the early days +of the industry, voyages had extended to all parts of the Atlantic, and +before the opening of the nineteenth century a considerable fleet was +cruising in the Pacific Ocean. By 1820 these voyages had extended to +Japan, and in 1836 they reached what is known as the Kodiak Grounds. In +1848 the wonderful field in the Arctic, by way of Behring's Strait, was +discovered by bark "Superior." Three years later two hundred and fifty +vessels took advantage of the "Superior's" discovery and entered the +same grounds. The largest catch in these grounds was in 1852, when two +hundred and seventy-eight vessels got three hundred and seventy-three +thousand, four hundred and fifty barrels of oil. Since then there has +been a very great decline; the Arctic fleet of 1876 consisting of only +twenty vessels, which caught five thousand, two hundred and fifty +barrels of oil. The fleet of 1885 consisted of forty-one vessels, more +than half hailing from New Bedford; but four of the fleet were lost. + +[Illustration: PUBLIC LIBRARY.] + +Seven years before the wonderful catch of 1852, disasters and other +reverses had caused many serious failures, and from that date really +begins the decline in whaling, which was rapid after 1860. But meantime +San Francisco had worked into the business. For years vessels had fitted +out from the Sandwich Islands, returning home only about once in five +years. But there were many abuses and disadvantages in this; hence San +Francisco as it grew in importance became the head-quarters for fitting, +and one ship after another was transferred from the New Bedford fleet to +that of San Francisco, until now she is next to New Bedford in the +whaling business. It is doubtful if the fleet sailing from Buzzard's Bay +twenty-five years hence is half the size of the fleet of to-day; for +vessels that are lost, sold, or broken up are seldom replaced. The +astonishing decline in this industry is shown by the fact that three +hundred and eleven whaling vessels were owned in New Bedford in 1855. +Thirty years later, in 1885, only one hundred and thirty-five such +vessels were owned in the whole United States, eighty-six of which +hailed from New Bedford, twenty from San Francisco, and the rest from +Provincetown, New London, Edgartown, Boston, Stonington, and Marion. + +The disasters which have befallen the whaling industry are many and +fearful. During the late war rebel cruisers captured fifty vessels, +forty-six of them, with their cargoes and outfits, being burned. +Twenty-eight of them were New Bedford vessels. These, with other losses, +show what New Bedford had at stake before the Court of Commissioners of +Alabama Claims. Her slice of the Geneva Award will approximate, when all +paid, three millions of dollars. The "stone fleets," sunk off Charleston +and Savannah harbors in 1861, drew heavily on whaling vessels; for more +money would be paid by the Government for vessels than they could earn +in whaling. In the first stone fleet were twelve New Bedford whalers, +and in the second, eight. Then there were the horrible calamities of +1871 and 1876. In the former year thirty-three vessels were crushed or +abandoned in the Arctic, twenty-two belonging in New Bedford. The direct +loss from this was one million, one hundred thousand dollars. Twelve +hundred and nineteen men were thrust out on the ice to perish from cold +and hunger. Nothing but the bravery of Capt. Frazier, of one of the +abandoned vessels, in journeying seventy miles over the ice-fields to +the fleet outside for rescue, prevented untold suffering and death. In +the calamity of 1876 twelve vessels were abandoned, causing a loss to +New Bedford merchants of about six hundred and sixty thousand dollars. +But a greater horror was added to this calamity, some fifty lives being +lost. + +The wealth that was brought to New Bedford by whaling in its palmiest +days was enormous, and gave the city the reputation of being the +wealthiest of its size in the world. The catch of 1853, the banner year, +was over one hundred and three thousand barrels of sperm oil, valued at +four millions, fifty thousand, five hundred and forty dollars; two +hundred and sixty thousand, one hundred and fourteen barrels of whale +oil, valued at four millions, seven hundred and sixty-two thousand, five +hundred and twenty-five dollars; and five millions, six hundred and +fifty-two thousand, three hundred pounds of bone, valued at one million, +nine hundred and fifty thousand, forty-four dollars,--bone that year +averaging only thirty-four and one-half cents per pound; while it now +sells at from $2 to $2.50 per pound. The catch of the one hundred and +thirteen vessels arriving in the following year brought into the city +some over six millions of dollars. In 1866, when prices were very high, +the cargoes of the forty vessels that arrived aggregated over four +millions of dollars. All was not always palmy, however. Forty-four of +the sixty-eight vessels that arrived home in 1858 made losing voyages, +causing a direct loss of a million of dollars. Other disasters of less +importance have never been uncommon. + +It is estimated that between seven hundred and twenty-five and seven +hundred and fifty whaling vessels have been owned and sailed from New +Bedford. Of these at least two hundred and fifty are known to have been +lost. This means immense losses, for not only did the vessels cost from +fifteen to seventy-five thousand dollars each, but the outfittings and +catches were also partially or wholly lost. At the beginning of this +century it cost somewhere about twelve to fifteen thousand dollars to +fit out a vessel for a good voyage. In 1858 the cost had increased to +about sixty-five thousand dollars, voyages were of longer duration, and +catches had increased only about twofold in value. To-day a good outfit +falls but little, if any, below fifty thousand dollars. The cost of +fitting out the sixty-five vessels that sailed in 1858 was estimated at +one million, nine hundred and fifty thousand dollars.[3] The catch since +1800 is believed to have been at least a quarter of a million of sperm +whales and nearly as many more right whales, the total value being +approximately one hundred and fifty millions of dollars. + + [3] This included, besides, $130,000 in advance wages, 13,650 barrels of + flour, 10,400 barrels of beef, 7,150 barrels of pork, 97,500 gallons of + molasses, 78,000 pounds of sugar, 39,000 pounds of rice, 39,000 pounds + of dried apples, 19,500 pounds of cheese, 16,300 pounds of ham, 32,500 + pounds of codfish, 18,000 pounds of coffee, 450 whale-boats, 205,000 + yards of canvas, etc. + +Volumes might be told of the experiences of whalemen, of their contests +with the natives of many an island in the Pacific, of wrecks, of the +bravery with which masters have stood by one another in times of need or +trouble, of the great benefits whaling has been to commerce, of the +discoveries by masters in their searches for new grounds, of the fields +opened for the missionaries, of the men rescued from danger and bondage, +etc., etc.[4] + + [4] The world will ever be grateful to whaling for having rescued from + penal servitude John Boyle O'Reilly, the gifted Irishman, who has given + to the world so many beautiful poems. + +Up to the time of the war, and perhaps till its close, the history of +New Bedford and the whaling industry was identical. But the discovery of +petroleum, the scarcity of whales, and at the same time the low price of +oil, necessitated an entirely new field for the capital and energy so +long devoted to whaling. For a period of ten years or so the city was +in a transition state, the conservative element contending for a +continuation of the old order of things, while the younger blood +demanded the necessary changes to keep abreast of the times. At one +time it did look as though the conservatives would succeed; but gradually +one industry after another got a foothold. Then the panic of 1872 +demonstrated that a man who has money must invest it where he can watch +it, instead of trusting to luck in some wild-cat railroad scheme out +West. By the concentration and investment at home of some of the money +saved from the wreck, the Wamsutta mills have become a corporation with +a capital of three million dollars. The Potomska mills have accumulated +a capital of fifteen hundred thousand, the Grinnell mill has eight +hundred thousand, the Acushnet mill six hundred thousand, the Yarn +mills three hundred thousand. In addition to these cotton mills other +industries have sprung up, so that the total capital represented by the +various corporations is over nine millions of dollars. Banking also +proved profitable. Of the five national banks three have a capital of a +million dollars each, another has six hundred thousand, and the fifth +half a million; making a total capital of four millions, one hundred +thousand. Add to this the surplus funds, premiums on the stock, etc., +and the amount of money represented by these five national banks falls +little short of ten millions of dollars. The Institution for Savings has +deposits of over ten millions, and, with over three millions of deposits +in the other savings-bank, the seven New Bedford banks represent some +twenty-three millions of dollars. + +But New Bedford is not, or never has been, devoted entirely to the +scramble for wealth. Her public schools have been given a place among +the best, their cost last year being one hundred thousand dollars. She +has given to the world many scholarly as well as smart men. During the +war she did her duty bravely, sending eleven hundred more men than her +quota. With all of her business she has not neglected her duties to her +country or to her own citizens. One of the prides of the city is the +Public Library, established under an act of the State Legislature of May +24, 1851, authorizing the incorporation of public libraries. A year and +twelve days afterward the common council appropriated fifteen hundred +dollars for its support. Before the action of the city government the +library had existed a long time as the old Social Library, and before +that time as the Library Society, but when the State authorized the +incorporation of such institutions it immediately entered the wider +field. To-day it has fifty thousand volumes. It has the income of the +Sylvia Ann Rowland fund of fifty thousand dollars, the Charles W. Morgan +fund of one thousand dollars, the George Rowland, Jr. fund of sixteen +hundred dollars, the Oliver Crocker fund of one thousand dollars, and +the James B. Congdon fund of five hundred dollars. Besides the culture +of books, New Bedford has always been blessed by the presence and words +of ministers far above the average in talent and earnestness. The +dispute of the early settlers with the General Court showed that the +people were particular as to the quality of their spiritual food, and +this fastidiousness seems to have been handed down from generation to +generation, judging from the _personnel_ of the men. Dr. Samuel West, +who preached at the Head of the River from 1761 to 1803, was of just +that material to satisfy the spiritual wants of his time. Especially +should his name be honored for the vigor and determination with which he +threw himself, body and soul, into the struggle for independence. Nor +should the names of George L. Prentiss, Moses How, and others be +forgotten. One branch of the parent church, the First Congregational +(Unitarian) Society, which built its present substantial edifice in +1836-7-8, has had a continuity of pastors hardly equalled anywhere for +real spiritual living, thinking, and teaching. Dr. Orville Dewey, who +was settled in 1823, was much beloved by everybody, and in his last +years, at his home in Sheffield, among the Berkshire hills, he won the +hearts of all there by his beauty of character, as he had done here. +While Dr. Dewey was abroad, in 1833, and a year or so following, Ralph +Waldo Emerson supplied the pulpit. The present church was dedicated in +1838, and Rev. Dr. Ephraim Peabody and Rev. J. H. Morison were installed +as pastors. The former remained with the society until 1845, and the +latter until 1844. In 1847 Rev. John Weiss became pastor, remaining +until ill-health compelled him to resign, in 1857. Two years later Rev. +William J. Potter, who is not only the typical preacher but the typical +practitioner of his preaching, was installed, and yet holds the +pastorate. The bell of this church, tradition says, was formerly in a +Spanish convent. Whether this be so or not, its clear, musical tone +gives evidence that it is of high pedigree. + +Nothing could more fittingly close this article than a notice of that +monument to the charitable souls of New Bedford, the Union for Good +Works. This is a noble institution, not only because it cares for the +poor, but because it aids them to be self-reliant and self-supporting by +tiding over times of need. It provides sewing or other work for needy +women; it maintains a sales-room for the handiwork of the indigent or +the gentlewoman reduced in circumstances, whether the work be preserves, +needle-work, or anything that is salable; it has a large reception-room +well stocked with the best papers, periodicals, and magazines, books, +all the parlor games, etc.; it provides throughout the winter season a +series of popular entertainments of high order and little cost; in +short, it endeavors to lighten the burdens of those in dependence of +distress, and to make pleasanter the life of those whose existence is a +continuous struggle. It has the spending of about three-quarters of the +income of the one hundred thousand dollars left by James Arnold for the +aid of the worthy poor of the city of New Bedford. Besides that it has +accumulated a fund of about thirty thousand dollars, by donation and +otherwise. This will not be touched, however, until it has reached at +least fifty thousand dollars. It will then provide sufficient income to +meet the expenses of the Union. There are the various branches of work, +the relief committee, the sewing-women's branch, the fruit and flour +committee, the prison committee, the hospitality section, and others. +The Union is the outgrowth of the sermon preached by Rev. William J. +Potter at his tenth anniversary, but it is not sectarian in any sense. + +[Illustration] + + + + +HENRY BARNARD--THE AMERICAN EDUCATOR. + +BY THE LATE HON. JOHN D. PHILBRICK.[5] + + +The career of Henry Barnard as a promoter of the cause of education has +no precedent and is without a parallel. We think of Page as a great +practical teacher; of Gallaudet as the founder of a new institution; +of Pestalozzi as the originator of a new method of instruction; of +Spurzheim as the expounder of the philosophy of education, and of Horace +Mann as its most eloquent advocate; but Mr. Barnard stands before the +world as the national educator. We know, indeed, that he has held +office, and achieved great success in the administration and improvement +of systems of public instruction in particular States. But these labors, +however important, constitute only a segment, so to speak, in the larger +sphere of his efforts. Declining numerous calls to high and lucrative +posts of local importance and influence, he has accepted the whole +country as the theatre of his operations, without regard to State lines, +and by the extent, variety, and comprehensiveness of his efforts has +earned the title of the American Educator. It is in this view that his +course has been patterned after no example, and admits of no comparison. +But if in his plan, equally beneficent and original, he had no example +to copy, he has furnished one worthy alike of admiration and imitation. + + [5] "Massachusetts Teacher," January, 1858. + +Mr. Barnard was a native of Hartford, Conn., where his family had lived +from the first settlement of the colony. He was born on the 24th of +January, 1811, in the fine mansion where he now resides. The son of a +wealthy farmer, and living within half a mile of the centre of a +considerable town and the State capital, he was placed in the most +favorable circumstances for early physical and mental development. + +His elementary instruction was received at the district school, which, +with all its imperfections, "as it was," he remembers with gratitude, +not indeed on account of the amount of learning acquired in it, but +because it was a common school, "a school of equal rights, where merit, +and not social position, was the acknowledged basis of distinction, and +therefore the fittest seminary to give the schooling essential to the +American citizen." + +While pursuing the studies preparatory for college at Monson Mass., +and at the Hopkins Grammar School in Hartford, his proficiency was +brilliant; and such was his eagerness for knowledge that, in addition to +the prescribed course, he extended his reading among the works of the +best English authors. + +Having entered Yale College in 1826, he graduated with honor in 1830. + +The five subsequent years were mainly devoted to a thorough professional +training for the practice of the law, the severer study of the legal +text-books being relieved by the daily reading of a portion of the +ancient and modern classics. This course of study was fortunately +interrupted for a few months to take charge of an academy, where he +improved the opportunity to acquire some knowledge of the theory and +practice of teaching. This experience had considerable influence in +determining some of the most important subsequent events of his life. + +Before entering on the practice of his profession he spent some time in +Europe, for the twofold purpose of study and travel. Already well fitted +by study and natural taste to profit by the opportunities of foreign +travel, he made further and special preparation by a tour through the +Southern and Western States, and a visit to all the most interesting +localities in New England. "Leaving home like a philosopher, to mend +himself and others," he returned with his mind enriched by observation +not only of nature and art but especially of the social condition and +institutions of the people. + +In the first public address which he had occasion to make after his +return he said, "Every man must at once make himself as good and as +useful as he can, and help at the same time to make everybody about him, +and all whom he can reach, better and happier." This was the sentiment +which controlled the motives of his conduct. Fidelity to this truly +grand and worthy aim induced him, not long afterwards, to abandon the +flattering prospects of professional eminence which were opening upon +his vision, to retire from all active participation in political +affairs, after a brief but brilliant career in the Legislature of his +native State, and to devote himself to the great work of educational +reform and improvement. To him the credit is due of originating and +securing the passage, by the Legislative Assembly, while a member, in +1837, of the resolution requiring the Comptroller to obtain from School +Visitors official returns respecting public schools in the several +School Societies, and in 1838, of an "Act to provide for the better +supervision of Common Schools." + +This was the first decisive step towards the revival of education in +Connecticut. The Board of Commissioners of Common Schools established by +this act, was immediately organized, and Mr. Barnard accepted the office +of secretary, Mr. Gallaudet, who was first elected on his motion, having +declined. He devoted his energies to the arduous duties of this office +till 1842, when the Board was abolished. These duties as prescribed by +the Board were:-- + + 1st. To ascertain, by personal inspection of the schools, and by + written communications from school officers and others, the actual + condition of the schools. + + 2d. To prepare an abstract of such information for the use of the + Board and the Legislature, with plans and suggestions for the + better organization and administration of the school system. + + 3d. To attend and address at least one meeting of such parents, + teachers, and school officers as were disposed to come together on + public notice, in each county, and as many local meetings as other + duties would allow. + + 4th. To edit and superintend the publication of a journal devoted + exclusively to the promotion of common-school education. And, + + 5th. To increase in any practicable way the interest and + intelligence of the community in relation to the whole subject of + popular education. + +Possessing fine powers of oratory, wielding a ready and able pen, +animated by a generous and indomitable spirit, willing to spend and +be spent in the cause of benevolence and humanity, he had every +qualification for the task but experience. Speaking of his fitness for +carrying out the measures of educational reform and improvement in +Connecticut, and of the results of his efforts, Horace Mann said, in the +"Massachusetts Common School Journal," "It is not extravagant to say +that, if a better man be required, we must wait, at least, until the +next generation, for a better one is not to be found in the present. +This agent entered upon his duties with unbounded zeal. He devoted to +their discharge his time, talents, and means. + +"The cold torpidity of the State soon felt the sensations of returning +vitality. Its half-suspended animation began to quicken with a warmer +life. Much and most valuable information was diffused. Many parents +began to appreciate more adequately what it was to be a parent; teachers +were awakened; associations for mutual improvement were formed; system +began to supersede confusion; some salutary laws were enacted; all +things gave favorable augury of a prosperous career, and it may be +further affirmed that the cause was so administered as to give occasion +of offence to no one. The whole movement was kept aloof from political +strife. All religious men had reason to rejoice that a higher tone of +moral and religious feeling was making its way into schools, without +giving occasion of jealousy to the one-sided views of any denomination. +But all these auguries were delusive. In an evil hour the whole fabric +was overthrown." + +The four volumes of the "Common School Journal," issued during this +period, and the four reports presented by him to the Legislature, with +other contemporary documents, justify the remarks quoted from Mr. Mann. +The reports have been eagerly read and highly prized by the soundest +educators. Chancellor Kent, in his "Commentaries on American Law" +(edition of 1844), after devoting nearly two pages to an analysis of +his first report, characterizes it as "a bold and startling document, +founded on the most painstaking and critical inquiry, and containing a +minute, accurate, comprehensive, and instructive exhibition of the +practical condition and operation of the common-school system of +education." In referring to his subsequent reports, the same +distinguished jurist speaks of him as "the most able, efficient, and +best-informed officer that could, perhaps, be engaged in the service;" +and of his publications as containing "a digest of the fullest and most +valuable information that is to be obtained on the subject of common +schools, both in Europe and the United States." + +It should be stated in this connection, as evidence of the +disinterestedness of his motives, that these labors were performed +without any pecuniary compensation; for although the amount allowed him +out of the treasury of the State, for the service of nearly four years, +was $3,747, this sum he expended back again in promoting the prosperity +and usefulness of the schools. + +The year following the abolition of the Board of Commissioners of Common +Schools in Connecticut he spent in visiting every section of the +country, to collect the material for a "History of Public Schools and +the Means of Popular Education in the United States." Just as he was +about to commence this history of education he was invited to go to +Rhode Island, and there achieve a work which is destined to form one of +the most interesting and instructive chapters in the history of +education in America, when it shall be written. Reluctant to accept the +invitation, as it would make it necessary to postpone the work in +contemplation, Gov. Fenner met his objection with the reply, "Better +make history than write it." He accepted the task, and soon organized a +system of agencies which, in four years, brought about an entire +revolution in the condition of the schools in the State. It is not +easy to fully appreciate the difficulties and magnitude of the work +undertaken in Rhode Island. From the foundation of the colony the common +school had been excluded from the care and patronage of the government, +and for more than a century and a half there is not the slightest trace +of any legislation whatever for this great interest. + +To compel a citizen to support a school or educate his children was +regarded as a violation of the rights of conscience. Twenty years ago an +old Rhode Islander, well to do in the world, assigned as a reason for +refusing to aid in supporting a district school, "It is a Connecticut +custom, and I don't like it." + +The plan of operations adopted was substantially the same as that +pursued in Connecticut. The first great work was to enlighten the +popular mind on the subject of common schools, and create a public +opinion in favor of right action. The next step was to frame and secure +the enactment of an efficient school code, adapted to the wants of the +State, which was accomplished in 1845. Then came the difficult task of +organizing the new system and of carrying out its provisions; in a word, +of bringing into existence in every school district the conditions of a +good school. This process was progressing with a rapidity scarcely ever +realized elsewhere, in the erection of better school-houses, in the +employment of better teachers, in the establishment of school libraries, +and in the increase of the means provided by law for the support of +schools. But before accomplishing all his plans for the improvement of +public education in Rhode Island the state of Mr. Barnard's health +rendered it imperatively necessary for him to resign his office. On his +retirement the Legislature, by a unanimous vote, adopted a resolution, +giving him their thanks for the "able, faithful, and judicious manner" +in which he had for five years fulfilled the duties of his office. The +teachers of the State, through a committee appointed at the several +institutes, presented him a handsome testimonial of their "respect and +friendship, and of their appreciation of his services in the cause of +education, and the interest which he had ever taken in their +professional improvement and individual welfare."[6] + + [6] Mr. Mann, in his Report to the Board of Education in Massachusetts, + in 1846, refers to this work as follows: "Within the last year the State + of Rhode Island has entirely renovated her school system. Under the + auspices of that distinguished and able friend of common schools, Henry + Barnard, she is preparing to take her place among the foremost of the + States." In 1856 he speaks of Mr. Barnard's work in Rhode Island "as the + greatest legacy he had left to American Educators; the best working + model of school agitation and legal organization for the schools of the + whole country which had yet been furnished." + +Mr. Barnard returned to his old home in Connecticut. He was soon invited +to professorships in two colleges, and to the superintendence of public +schools in three different cities. But a more congenial work in his +own State awaited his restored health. In 1849 an act was passed to +establish a State Normal School, the principal of which should be the +superintendent of common schools. Mr. Barnard was elected to this +office, and accepted on condition that an assistant should be appointed +to take the immediate charge of the Normal School. He soon had the +satisfaction of seeing long-cherished hopes fulfilled. After many +struggles and efforts he saw his own State taking her appropriate place +among the foremost of the educating and educated States. + +Our limited space will not allow even a glance at the particulars of his +doings while in office from 1850 till he resigned, at the close of the +year 1854, to give himself exclusively to labors of a more general and +national character. He had already accomplished as much perhaps as any +other individual for the promotion of education in every part of the +country. By repeated visits to the chief points of influence, by +extensive correspondence and numerous personal conferences with +the leading persons connected with the management of systems and +institutions of education, by addresses before popular assemblies, +literary associations, teachers, and legislative bodies throughout the +country, he had done more than any other man to shape the educational +policy of the nation. His publications had been numerous, important, and +widely disseminated. Besides the "Common School Journal" and reports +above alluded to, his work on "School Architecture" had been circulated +by tens of thousands, not only throughout America but in Europe, +creating a general revolution in public opinion on the subject. His work +on "Normal Schools" had been published several years, from which the +substance of nearly all documents on the subject since published have +been drawn. The volume entitled "National Education in Europe," begun in +1840, and containing about nine hundred closely printed pages, had been +published in 1854, a work well described as an "Encyclopaedia of +Educational Systems and Methods," and of which the "Westminster Review" +speaks as "containing more valuable information and statistics than can +be found in any one volume in the English language." But his +contributions to educational literature did not stop here. + +Scarcely did he find himself relieved from the routine of official life +when he projected and immediately entered upon the publication of a +still more valuable and important work, viz., the "American Journal of +Education." Four large octavo volumes of this Journal are now before the +public, and we may safely affirm of it that it is the most valuable and +comprehensive educational publication ever printed in the English +language, and it will be a lasting disgrace to the teachers and +educators of America if it has to be prematurely suspended for want of +sufficient patronage. Besides conducting this Journal, he has found time +for other labors of a general nature. As president of the American +Association for the Advancement of Education, his influence has been +widely and beneficially exerted. That his services to the cause of good +letters and education have been appreciated in high places may be +inferred from the fact that in 1851 he received the honorary degree of +Doctor of Law, from the corporation of Yale College, and in the same +year from Union College, and in the year following from Harvard +University. + + * * * * * + +[Mr. Barnard's subsequent labors and successes, including his services +in connection with the United States Bureau of Education, will be the +subject of another article, which will be accompanied by a portrait from +a photograph recently taken.--ED.] + + + + +A DAUGHTER OF THE PURITANS. + +BY ANNA B. BENSEL. + + "Have you known sorrow?" + "No." + "Then this sketch is not for you." + + +In one of the loveliest towns in New England there stood, many years +ago, a large, old-fashioned, rambling house, known to all the villagers +as the old Vincent Manor. It was such an old place, full of strange, +dark corners and winding halls; a place that would have been famous for +a game of hide-and-seek; but there were no children to roam at will over +the house, to laugh out of its dusky corners, or to set the high rafters +a-ring with noise. It had stood there--the house--before and after the +Revolution. It had been turned into a small garrison more than once. Its +walls had heard anxious councils, as men of strong nerve and resolute +will made their vows of independence. Stately dames and grand gentlemen, +in powder and ball dress, in ruffles and periwigs, had paced its weird +corridors, or danced the slow minuet in its great salon. + +But now all was changed, and Mistress Marjory--as the neighbors called +her--lived alone in the old manor, the last of all her kin. She was a +tall, pale woman, bearing in her stately, gracious ways all the trace of +her proud ancestry, living alone, yet living for others, helping the +poor and the suffering, answering the call of sorrow everywhere it +reached her, loving and beloved. And her story--The story I learned one +day in the great drawing-room at Vincent Manor! Ah, well, after all, +perhaps it will not interest you as much as it did me. All lives have +their sorrows; does the telling of _one_ matter, after all? + +But perhaps the charm and the pathos lay in the way Mistress Marjory +told it, sitting in the shadows before the open wood fire, with her +hands, so seldom idle, folded listlessly in her lap, and her beautiful +gray eyes looking far into the past. What a pretty picture she was in +her black silk dress, with its lace kerchief crossed on her bosom, with +her hair, white as snow, drawn back high from her brow! I like to think +of her as she looked that night so long ago. + +And so it is that I think you may like the story best if I tell it to +you in her own words, just as she told it to me. So here it is:-- + +"My child-life was one full of excitement, yet little pleasure. What +with our struggles between hostile Indians and the soldiers of King +George, we had small time for play or serenity of living. Yet perhaps we +children enjoyed our play hours more than do those of the present time, +for they were so few and far between,--those peaceful, happy days,--they +were treasured all the more. Of the many strange events that happened in +those far-off years I have no time to tell you now. My parents had seven +children--there were six boys. I was the only daughter, and next to the +youngest, who was my favorite brother, one year my junior, sunny, +brave-hearted, and loyal in all things. + +"While the men were at work in the fields, and women busy in the house, +the children on different homesteads kept watch for Indians. My +brothers, of course, took turns on our place; and sometimes in the +harvest days, when many hands were needed out doors, and I was not +helping my mother in spinning the flax, I was set on the lookout. Those +were days when the stoutest heart among us would quail at times, for +danger and horror were on every side; and I--well, I was none of the +bravest. But on the days when Harold knew I would be most likely put on +guard he would contrive so as to have his work near the house, and so +watch over me. In order to do so he would rise before the rest, and +going alone in his far corner of the field,--his only defence a faithful +dog, and a trusty rifle over which the dog kept watch while his master +worked,--he would finish his field labor for the day by the time I was +ready for my task. It was a mutual understanding between himself and my +father that this should be; and I think that while my parents feared for +the boy's safety they were proud of his courage that dared so much for +love. + +"Well, we grew as children grow, through war and peace, through storm +and calm. And when the first gun of independence was fired on Bunker +Hill my father and brothers armed themselves and joined the numbers +there. Two of my brothers were killed outright in their first encounter +with Gage's men. In the third battle another was taken prisoner, and +with four others tried for 'treason against the king,' and shot. My +mother was a type of the bravest women of that period, but I thought she +would have died then, for he was her eldest born, upon whom she had +always looked with pride. + +"I was eighteen then, and my heart and hands were full; but so were +those of many another woman. In that time girls were _women_ and boys +were _men_; it was needed so, you may be sure. Well, after a while the +struggle was over, you know, and they came home,--father, Robert, +George, and Hal. We were expecting them, and stood at the door +watching,--mother and I. And then--and then--we saw them coming, not in +triumph, as we expected, but slowly, a mournful little procession. We +saw father, Robert, and George, and a few neighbors, and they were +bearing a burden we could not see. + +"They came nearer, and then I heard mother's awful shriek, that rings in +my dreams even now; but I stood there still; all my heart seemed turned +to stone. 'Seven wounds,' I heard them say, 'and the last was mortal.' O +Harry, my boy--my boy! He looked up and smiled faintly, as they bore him +past me into this very room, and laid him on that couch yonder. My boy! +I had never seen him so white and weak,--he who had been so strong +always. All my strength seemed gone, and I sank beside him as he held +out his hand for me to come to him. He was but a lad in years, but he +had a power of earnest courage many men of riper years do not possess. +Shot six times, he had insisted upon returning, after the dressing of +each wound, to the struggle going on so fiercely, heeding nothing, +fearing nothing, until, in that last battle, he had received the seventh +wound,--the seventh and the last. He lived two days after they brought +him home; and his sufferings! I shudder now when I think of them. He +died as he had lived,--strong and brave to the last. He was a handsome +lad, and he was beautiful in death. Oh, how I missed him! how I have +missed him all these years! Yet as I stood alone, bending over the +coffin, before they bore him out of the dear home forever, I knew all +his terrible pain was over, and through blinding tears I thanked God as +I have never thanked him since. I felt as if I should like to die too; +but soon the numb feeling passed away. Mother was failing, and she, +father, and the other boys leaned upon me as woman can be leaned on, and +I was beginning to be happier. In the train of the French general, +Lafayette, was a young soldier, Chevalier de Rosseau, and he had known +Harold, and loved him. He would come often to the house, and one day he +brought his sister Manon, who had followed him from France. She was the +loveliest little creature I ever saw. I call her little,--although she +was three years my senior,--she was so small and delicate. We became +great friends, and she told me, in her pretty, affectionate way, how she +had been afraid to cross the great ocean, but that she could not bear to +be separated from her brother, who was all she had, and so she had, +after trying in vain to live without seeing him for many months, +conquered her fear and crossed to America. But after a time La Fayette +prepared to return to France. Then it was that my life-trouble came to +me. Chevalier de Rosseau loved me, and I loved him; but when he asked my +father's consent to wed me he was sternly refused. My father had always +seemed to like the young count, and we had no fear of his opposition; +you can imagine, therefore, our dismay and grief. We sought in vain for +a reason for his refusal; he gave none. In vain my lover pleaded. I +could say nothing. In those times a daughter's obedience was in strict +command. Countess Manon wept in vain. They went back to France. I stayed +on. My brothers married and went away. My mother died, and then my +father, he commanding me on his death-bed not to marry Chevalier de +Rosseau. The latter, hearing of my father's death, came once more to +America, and sought again to woo me. What was the need of obeying the +dead? Why should we not be happy? He urged in vain. Dead, as living, my +father's word was law. I was very young still; and I was lonely in the +old house, from whence all joy had fled. The chevalier went back to +France. I never heard of him again but once, and then of his death. +Countess Manon was married, and came with her husband to America; here +she stayed four years, and we often saw each other. We might have been +sisters, and we loved each other as such. Ah, what narrow ways we have +to walk! Is it well in the end? God knows. Manon and her husband +returned to their own land in time, and once more I was left alone. I +had many suitors, but I cared for none; my love had not died, nor will +it ever. Perhaps, somewhere, some time, the life I could not have on +earth will be given in another world. I wait in patience. It will not be +long. The other day I heard of the death of Countess Manon. My brothers +are gone. I alone am left. Why is it so?--I ask myself over and over, I +have not cried for years; but the tears will come to-night as I think of +the past, and of beautiful Countess Manon lying cold and still in death +under the sunny skies of far-off Southern France. She may not have been +beautiful these later years. I forgot she was older even than I, and I +am very old; but to me she always was, and always will be, beautiful. +She was the last link of the old bygone years. What is the use of +remembering them? If Harold had only lived I could have been happy; but +I have not long to wait now. They will come for me. O Harry, +Harry!--across the long space of years the newer love has never dimmed +the older. Eternity waits. I shall see and know you again." + + * * * * * + +Is it much, after all is told? I have repeated it just as Marjory +Vincent said it, half to me, yet more to herself, for she scarcely +heeded my presence; it was better so. Poor Mistress Marjory! There is +nothing left now; even the old manor is gone. And Mistress Marjory is at +rest. + + + + +JUDICIAL FALSIFICATIONS OF HISTORY.[7] + +BY CHARLES COWLEY, LL.D. + + +Historical societies, magazines, and students are, in a real sense, the +guardians of historic truth. If a book is published which falsifies +history, it is our right, and, if the falsification is important, it may +be our duty, to expose the error. So, if those having the administration +of a government falsify history, as the Guizot ministry of France did, +when, vainly hoping to stem the tide of opposition to Louis Phillipe, it +covered Paris with handbills declaring "He is not a Bourbon, he is a +Valois," it is our privilege to "put the foot down firmly," as President +Lincoln said, upon any such falsification. So, too, if a court of +justice commits the indiscretion of falsifying history, as the Supreme +Court of the United States did in the legal-tender case, Guilliard _v._ +Greenman, 111 U.S., 421, it well becomes the historic student to step +into the arena, as Mr. Bancroft has done, and, logically speaking, put +that court to the sword. To permit such falsifications to pass unnoticed +and unchallenged is a species of connivance at error; for, to quote a +maxim which is recognized alike in morals and in law, _Qui tacet +consentire videtur:_ "Silence gives consent." + + [7] Substance of an address before the New England Historic-Genealogical + Society, April 7 1886. + +An able lawyer of the Granite State bar, commenting on the decision of +the Supreme Court of New Hampshire in the case of Eastman _v._ Moulton, +3 N.H., 156, remarked that "the Court, without knowing it, repealed +nearly two hundred years of history."[8] In like manner, it may be said +that the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, in a decision recently +made, has falsified the juridical history of this Colony, Province, and +Commonwealth for more than two hundred years. We refer to its opinion in +the divorce suit of Robbins _v._ Robbins, printed, with the briefs of +counsel, in 1 New England Reporter, 434, and, without the briefs of +counsel, in 140 Mass., 528. + + [8] The Early Jurisprudence of New Hampshire. An address delivered + before the New Hampshire Historical Society, June 3, 1883. By John M. + Shirley, Esq. + +The only question presented to the court in that case was whether +certain conduct on the part of the husband amounted in law to connivance +at the infidelity imputed by him to his wife. For one hundred years a +statute has been in force in Massachusetts (which, however, is only a +reenactment of what had long previously been recognized here as +unwritten law) providing that, in all matters of divorce, the Supreme +Judicial Court shall follow "the course of proceedings in the +Ecclesiastical Courts." Various decisions of the Ecclesiastical Courts +were cited to this court by counsel, showing that, according to the law +which prevailed in those courts, the conduct of the husband amounted to +connivance, and ought to preclude him from obtaining a divorce. In order +to obviate the conclusion to which these decisions clearly tended, the +Supreme Judicial Court proceeded to minimize the authority of the +Ecclesiastical Courts, by suggesting that "the decisions of those Courts +upon questions of substantive law are _not_ of the same weight here as +are the decisions of the English Courts of Law and Chancery;" because +"the Ecclesiastical Courts proceeded according to the Canon Law as +allowed and adopted in England; but the Canon Law was never adopted by +the Colonists of Massachusetts: it was not suited to their opinions or +condition." + +Now it is true that the Ecclesiastical Courts of England were Canon-Law +Courts, as distinguished from Courts of Common Law and Courts of +Chancery; but this court here has erroneously assumed that the rules and +principles which governed the Ecclesiastical Courts in determining +questions of connivance were different from and inconsistent with the +rules and principles which governed the Courts of Common Law and +Chancery in determining similar questions. Nothing could be further from +the truth. In dealing with questions of this sort, the Canon-Law Courts, +the Common-Law Courts, and the Courts of Chancery sought and found rules +and principles in every system of morals and in every system of law +which had prevailed in any past time in any part of the civilized world, +and especially in the Civil Law of Ancient Rome. They all drank at the +same fountain. In the Roman Law they found the maxim already quoted, and +also the following, viz., _Qui alios cum potest ab errore non revocat, +se ipsum errore demonstrat:_ "He who, when he can, does not divert +another from wrong-doing, shows himself a wrong-doer." _Qui non prohibit +cum prohibere posset jubet:_ "He who does not forbid when he can forbid +seems to command." _Qui potest et debet vetare, tacens jubet:_ "He who +can and ought to forbid, and does not, assents." _Qui non obstat quod +obstare potest facere videtur:_ "He who does not prevent what he can +prevent seems, to commit the thing." Many others might be cited. In +short, the maxims of the Roman Law covered all questions of connivance +so completely that there was no need of devising any new rules in +relation thereto; and no new rules were devised. + +With respect to the Canon Law we are enabled to speak positively; for +the whole of the Canon Law is found in the _Corpus Juris Canonici_; and +the _Corpus Juris Canonici_ nowhere attempts to define connivance, and +nowhere lays down any rule by which to determine whether any particular +act, or series of acts, amounts to connivance. When a Canonist had to +grapple with any question of connivance of new impression, he sought, +and never sought but found, ample guidance in the Old and New Testaments +and in the Roman Civil Law. Perhaps the learned judges who promulgated +this disparagement of the Canon Law have given as little attention to it +as John Adams gave to it before he disparaged it in his treatise on the +Feudal Law. There is a remark in one of Fielding's novels which perhaps +applies here, that, "generally speaking, a man will write better for +having some knowledge of what he is writing about;" or words to that +effect. The notes penned by Mr. Adams, in his private copy of his +treatise, warrant the inference that, after that treatise was printed, +he acquired a better understanding of the Canon Law than he had when he +wrote it. _Verbum sapienti._ + +In the _Corpus Juris Canonici_ we find at the end of the decretals a +collection of ancient maxims, of general application, culled chiefly +from the Roman Law, and promulgated by Pope Boniface VIII. One of these +maxims touches this case, and is the one first quoted in this article; +and, singular to say, it has been twice quoted with approval by the very +court which has put forth this disparagement of the Canon Law.--2 +Pickering, 72; 119 Mass., 515. + +In the same opinion, the court says, "Marriage and divorce here have +always been regulated wholly by statute." So far as it relates to +divorce, this statement betrays a lack of information touching the +divorce legislation of Massachusetts, as a Colony, as a Province and as +a Commonwealth, which is simply amazing. It would be much nearer the +truth to say that divorce here has always been regulated wholly by the +common or unwritten law. Prior to 1658 not a word of Statute Law was +enacted touching divorce in the Old Bay Colony, and not a word of +Statute Law touching divorce was ever at any time enacted in Plymouth +Colony. It is understood, however, that the Court of Assistants, which +was established in Massachusetts in 1639, exercised the divorce power +before the same was conferred upon it by any express grant; though the +records of that court during the period from 1640 to 1673 have been +lost, having been burned, as is supposed, with the Town House, in 1747. + +In 1658 the Court of Assistants was expressly authorized to hear and +determine "all causes of divorce;" and nothing can be more certain than +that that court granted divorces in many cases.[9] + + [9] See Cowley's pamphlet, "Our Divorce Courts," &c., pp. 11, 13, 28-30. + In the last revision of his History of the United States, Mr. Bancroft + has corrected the errors which disfigured all the earlier editions of + that work, and which are exposed on p. 10. + +The leading members of the General Court (which then included the +Assistants), had been born and bred in England, and were familiar with +the general principles which governed the Ecclesiastical Courts, and the +High Court of Parliament, in granting divorces. They knew nothing of any +rules or principles applicable to divorce proceedings except those which +were recognized in the land of their birth, and of course they intended +that those rules and principles should be followed, as, in fact, they +were followed, by the Court of Assistants. + +Although the Plymouth Colony had no statute touching divorce, the +General Court of that colony granted divorces in at least six cases, as +follows, viz.: in 1661, to Elizabeth Burge, of Sandwich, from Thomas +Burge; in 1668, to William Tubbs, of Scituate, from Mary Tubbs; in 1670, +to James Skiff from Elizabeth Skiff; in 1673, to Ensign John Williams, +of Barnstable, from Sarah Williams; in 1675, to Mary Atkinson, of +Taunton, from Marmaduke Atkinson; in 1680, to Elizabeth Stevens from +Thomas Stevens; in 1686, to John Glover from Mary Glover.[10] + + [10] See the supplementary chapter in the late John A. Goodwin's + "Pilgrim Republic," soon to be published. Perhaps the case of Wade was + rather a decree of nullity than a divorce. + +In all these cases except one, the ground on which the divorce was +granted was infidelity to the marriage-vow. In the case of Mr. Atkinson, +the husband was presumed to have died, having been absent, and not heard +of, for seven years. + +Prior to 1785 there was no statute in Massachusetts which defined the +causes for which divorces should be granted, or which prescribed the +forms, the rules, or the principles which the court of divorce should +follow, or which specified whether the divorces granted should be from +bed and board only, or from the bond of matrimony; though, as a fact, +most, if not all, of the divorces granted under the first charter were +from the bond of matrimony. + +Thus the general principles which governed the Ecclesiastical Courts and +the High Court of Parliament, in relation to divorce proceedings, became +and formed a part of the common or unwritten law of Massachusetts at the +commencement of her history; and they have never ceased to form a part +of her common law. They have been reaffirmed again and again. Thus in +1692-3, after the abrogation of the colonial charter, and the +establishment of a provincial government, under the second charter, it +was enacted "that all controversies concerning marriage and divorce +should be heard and determined by the governor and council," which had +taken the place of the Court of Assistants. Again, in 1784-5, when the +province had become a commonwealth, when the divorce jurisdiction was +transferred to the Supreme Judicial Court, when the causes were defined +for which that court might grant divorces from bed and board, and +divorces from the bond of matrimony, respectively, it was enacted that +the court should hear and determine all causes of divorce and alimony, +"according to the course of proceeding in Ecclesiastical Courts and in +Courts of Equity;" and this provision has been reenacted at every +revision of our statutes, in 1836, 1860, and 1882. By force of this +statute the general principles which governed the Ecclesiastical Courts +are a part of the law of Massachusetts to-day. One short chapter of the +Public Statutes contains all her statutory law touching not only divorce +but several other incidental subjects. It is a chapter of fragments. +Connivance, collusion, condonation, recrimination, and other defences +are not even mentioned therein. + +In the case of Commonwealth _v._ Munson, 127 Mass., 459, Chief-Justice +Gray, referring to the requisites of a valid marriage ceremony, said +"the Canon Law was never adopted" in Massachusetts; and this is true in +respect to the particular subject which that learned judge had under +consideration. He never meant it as an unqualified statement, for as +such it would not be true. In 1691 the marriage between Hannah Owen and +Josiah Owen was declared null and void by the Court of Assistants, +because Hannah was the widow of Josiah's brother, and because by "the +Canon Law, as allowed and adopted in England," ever since Archbishop +Cranmer annulled the marriage between Henry VIII. and Catherine of +Aragon, no man could lawfully marry his brother's widow. We do not stop +to consider whether the Canon Law in this respect was right or wrong; we +merely cite this case to show that, as to some things, the Canon Law was +adopted here. In one marked instance the people of Massachusetts +deviated from "the Canon Law as allowed and adopted in England," to +follow the Canon Law as allowed and adopted by the Popes of Rome; they +enacted that, upon the marriage of the parents of any illegitimate +child, such child should thereby become legitimate. + +The colonists of Massachusetts had no such blind prejudice against the +Canon Law, or the Church of England, or the Church of Rome, as prevented +them from adopting whatever they found therein which their consciences +and their reason approved. So far from cherishing an unreasoning +prejudice against the Ecclesiastical Courts, the people of Massachusetts +have preserved, in their Probate Courts, substantially the same system +of law and substantially the same method of procedure which were +followed in the Consistory Court of London, and in the Consistory Court +of Rome; notwithstanding that system came to them associated with the +name of one of the most unpopular and yet one of the ablest of their +governors--Sir Edmund Andros. + +There were, indeed, two complaints which the Puritans of Old England and +of New England often made against the English Ecclesiastical Courts: +first, that they punished with merciless severity violations of certain +ecclesiastical regulations which involved no moral turpitude; second, +that they were too lax in the punishment of social sins, Sabbath +desecrations, etc., etc. But nowhere among the literary remains of the +Puritans do we find any suggestion that the system of morals which was +recognized by the Canon Law and administered by the Ecclesiastical +Courts was "not suited to their opinions or condition." We shall not be +understood as saying that the Canon Law in its entirety was ever adopted +in New England, or even in Old England; it was not. When Henry VIII. +assumed the prerogatives of supreme head of the Church of England, so +much of the Canon Law as relates to the jurisdiction of the Pope was +abrogated in that kingdom. So when the colonists of Massachusetts +established "a Church without a bishop and a State without a king," so +much of the Canon Law as relates to diocesan episcopacy also fell into +what President Cleveland would call "innocuous desuetude." But they +adopted the decalogue of Moses with as much reverence as did their +fathers before them. They knew as well as the poet Lowell that "The Ten +Commandments will not budge," but that, vitalized by the life of Christ, +those commandments stand "the same yesterday, to-day, and forever." + + + + +DORRIS'S HERO. + +A ROMANCE OF THE OLDEN TIME. + +BY MARJORIE DAW. + + +"Spin, spin, Clotho, spin," hummed a gay, masculine voice. "Methinks, +fair Mistress Dorris, even the Fates themselves could not be more +devoted to their task than are you to that busy little wheel." + +Pretty Dorris Gordon glanced up from her seat by the long window opening +into the cool, grassy orchard, where the sun played hide-and-seek with +the shadows and then came back to rest _caressingly_ on her bent head +crowned with its own sunshine of chestnut hair, but she stayed neither +busy hand nor foot as she answered,-- + +"Since your mighty mind is bent on mythological comparisons, Capt. +L'Estrange, 'tis but a poor compliment to a fair lady when a gallant +officer compares her to three old Fates,--unless he qualifies the remark +somewhat. Could you not add something about my fairy fingers weaving the +destiny of man? I fear your quick French wits have been dulled by that +cold British bullet in your arm." + +"Nay, 'tis not the British bullet, but yourself, _ma belle cousine_, +that bewilders my French wits and inspires me instead with American +patriotism," is the quick retort. + +"Far better than your last speech," laughs Dorris, taking from her belt +a deep-red rose fastened by a true-love knot of blue ribbon to a snowy +white bud. "So much better that I will bestow on you my colors. See! the +red, white, and blue! Wilt wear them like a brave and gallant knight?" + +"They shall be like Henri of Navarre's plume: ever foremost in the +struggle for right," the young officer answered, bending to kiss the +little hand which held the proffered treasure. "I well know no empty +compliment will please you as that promise, and indeed its sincerity +will soon be tested, for my arm is so much better that I am ready for +action, and next week I am off." + +"So soon?" cried Dorris. "Oh, that I were a man, to fight for the stars +and stripes!" + +"I am always sure to find the words here set to the tune of Yankee +Doodle," breaks in a new voice with a light laugh. "Still, you deserve a +laurel wreath for that enthusiastic wish. Will a humble offering of +roses be unworthy of notice, fair Goddess of Liberty?" and a shower of +sweet-scented blossoms fell over Dorris' head and shoulders. + +"O Mr. Endicott! goddesses are not crowned so unceremoniously. Imagine +Paris pelting Venus with that apple that made so much trouble," says +Dorris, glancing up half angrily, half mirthfully, at the tall intruder +leaning so easily against the window. "I am almost minded to make you +hold this skein of yarn, as a penance, while I wind it." + +"Alas! she descends from a goddess to the most prosaic of mortals," +sighs Endicott; then springing through the low window, "I am ready to +obey; but that skein is imposing. What _is_ its destiny?" + +"And why, oh, why this inseparable devotion to that unfeeling wheel?" +adds L'Estrange. "I came for a stroll, and, _voila!_ she cannot leave +her spinning. Is it a trousseau, that must be ready when some lover +comes home from the war?" + +Dorris's bright face saddens suddenly, the perfect mouth loses its arch +curves, and a shadow creeps into the brown eyes as the long lashes droop +over them. + +"The skein is to be knit into socks for the soldiers," she says simply; +"and as for my wheel, I love it because it is connected with one who has +been more to me than any lover. 'Tis but a homely story, but I will tell +it to such old friends as you. I need not tell you that I have a brother +in the army, but you do not--you cannot--know how dear he is to me, how +he has taken the place of both father and mother. It seems as if brother +and sister had never been bound by ties so close, and when this war came +upon us I watched him day by day, knowing well the thought in his heart, +and trembling for what I knew _must_ come; and yet when Rex came to me +and said, 'Little sister, my country needs me: can you be brave, and +bear it, if I go?' oh, then it seemed to me that I could not bear it! +But I thought of the brave Lafayette leaving his home and loved ones to +fight for us, a foreign nation, and my heart smote me that _I_ could not +be willing to offer my mite for my own dear country, and I bade my +brother, 'Go, and God-speed.' It was only a few weeks before that he had +given me this wheel, and almost his last words were, as he stood smiling +in the door-way, 'Remember, Dorris, I shall expect to find on my return +one dozen handkerchiefs spun and woven by yourself and that wonderful +wheel.' I have remembered that careless injunction, and have obeyed it. +There lies awaiting his return the pile of snowy linen, but we have not +heard from him for long, long weeks, and sometimes my heart seems +breaking, with the constant dread that haunts it. Do you wonder now that +I love my dear little wheel?" + +Impulsive, warm-hearted, patriotic Dorris ends with a little sob in her +voice, and L'Estrange welcomes the entrance of the host and hostess of +the old-time mansion, as it covers the awkward emotion of the moment. As +he advances to pay his _devoirs_ to them Keith Endicott seizes his +opportunity to say softly, as he bends over the head buried in the now +idle hands:-- + +"Sweet friend, you said you wished you were a man, to fight for the +flag; remember, even though 'tis hard, 'They also serve who only stand +and wait.'" + +Then, while Dorris tries to change the sob into words, he follows the +others into the wide, long hall, where the breezes, sweeping in through +the open doors at either end, fill the summer air with delicious +coolness, and the scent of roses mingles with that of newly-mown clover. +The breezes, too, bring to Dorris bits of conversation from the hall; +but they fall on unheeding ears until an abrupt speech from her uncle +claims her attention. + +"Endicott," says his voice, "why don't you join the army? Such men are +being called for,--young, strong, and able. Why don't you go?" + +Dorris almost holds her breath as she awaits the answer. She scarcely +knows how many times she has asked herself that very question. The +answer comes quietly, almost indolently, though she knows that +Endicott's reticent nature must be annoyed beyond measure. + +"Why don't I? Really, I do not know, sir. Young, strong, and able, an +idle fellow enough. I think it must be because it hurts, and I'm a +dreadfully selfish fellow." + +What reply could be made to his careless, easy tones? And the talk +drifted smoothly on--the more smoothly, perhaps, since no one believed a +word that he said, for Keith Endicott ere this had earned the name of +the soul of bravery and honor; but Dorris dropped to the ground the +roses that had lain all this time in her lap, as if an unseen thorn had +wounded her, and, rising, went away to her own cosey room, where she +flung herself into an arm-chair and fell into a deep study, looking from +her window through the trees to where the blue waters of the Charles +gleamed and rippled in the sunlight. It was a lovely spot, this home of +her aunt in the suburbs of Boston,--a home which Dorris had called her +own since her parents' death, years before, when she and her brother had +been confided to her aunt's tender care. And Dorris loved every spot of +this rambling, old, colonial mansion, from its spacious ballroom, and +its wide porches, to her own room, with its faded tapestry hangings, its +great fireplace and bright brass andirons, its hanging book-shelves with +their store of well-chosen volumes, the English titles varied here and +there by a Latin or French classic (for Dorris had studied with her +brother, and was quite proficient in both languages; indeed, L'Estrange +delighted in calling her a _bas-bleu_ in a vain attempt to tease her), +its tall, brass-handled secretary with its secret drawer, which Dorris +called so tantalizing, because she had no secret to hide in its depths, +and the eight-day clock ticking away in the corner, which now struck the +hour, waking Dorris from her revery into words:-- + +"I wonder why he does not go: he is no coward; it is not that. I verily +believe it is as he said: he is selfish, and does not want the trouble. +How he laughs, and disbelieves in everybody, even himself! and what a +narrow life he must lead! And yet, sometimes I think better, as I needs +must, of my old playmate. Just now he spoke to me with real feeling, and +truly, it was a sweet and comforting thought he offered me. And yet the +other day, after church, when Gen. Brewster spoke so cordially to Henri +L'Estrange and Lieut. Allen, and then bestowed rather a contemptuous +glance on Keith,--I mean Mr. Endicott,--I caught him quoting, under his +breath, 'The world is a farce, and its favors are follies; but farces +and follies are very dear to human hearts.' I could not help saying, +'When its favors are well-earned I think they cease to be follies.' It +was, at the best, bad taste to cavil in that way at Henri, who is so +brave and enthusiastic, and has come all the way from his own and his +father's native France because his mother's land needed brave, true men. +And he is going away next week; if he could only send us news of Roy!" + +"Dorris!" called her aunt's voice. "It is quite time you were ready for +dinner, dear. And do you not think you were failing in courtesy to your +guests to leave them so abruptly?" + +"Cousin Henri has had enough of my society, to-day, Aunt Dorothy, and +I've no patience with Keith Endicott; you heard how he answered uncle. +But I'll come in a moment, auntie," answers Dorris; and the arm-chair +loses its fair occupant. + +Quaint, dainty little Dorris! What would not I--I, your +great-granddaughter, in this degenerate year of 1885--give to see you +just as you looked then, thinking over this and that in a manner not so +very unlike the maidens of this generation! Ah, well! I must perforce +content myself with that miniature of you as "Madam," in your lavender +brocade, with the feathers in your powdered hair, and the row on row of +pearls about your throat. Very stately and dignified you look there; and +yet, Great-grandmother Dorris, I can see the spice of "innate +depravity," as I doubt not your grave pastor would have called it, and +catch a glimpse of the quick temper and warm heart in those bright eyes +and that saucy little nose. + +The evening before Capt. L'Estrange's departure has come, and a few of +the many friends he has made during his short furlough spent with the +Gordons are gathered there to make the last hours of his stay such as +shall afford him pleasant recollections in the future. Dorris makes a +charming little hostess as she flits from room to room, and at last +pauses on the porch before a group of three, L'Estrange, Endicott, and +Lieut. Allen, an old friend who is home on sick-leave, who welcome +warmly and admiringly the slight, graceful figure in its white dress, +with a bag of red, white, and blue hanging from her dimpled elbow, a +fancy of Dorris, enhanced by the red and white roses and blue +forget-me-nots in her hair,--flowers which she found on her +spinning-wheel, with no clew to the giver. + +"Mon Capitaine Henri, Aunt Dorothy wants you for a moment," she says +now. "They are all enjoying themselves, so I came out here to rest. +Lieut. Allen," she adds graciously, as her cousin disappears, "I am glad +that we are to have one representative of the army left after my cousin +leaves us." + +"I thank you, Miss Gordon," answers the young soldier, "but my stay is +limited; you see I hobble around now with the aid of a crutch. I only +wish I could go with your cousin." + +"L'Estrange is in your regiment, is he?" asks Endicott. + +"Yes, we fought side by side at Saratoga. You know what a close conflict +that was. Such a din of shot and shell that an order could be scarcely +heard in the tumult. It was hot work I can assure you." + +Dorris is leaning forward in breathless interest, and as he pauses asks +a characteristic question: "How did you feel then? What were your +thoughts?" + +"Well, it was a most absurd thing, but I found myself, though I could +scarcely hear my own voice, repeating a verse from one of the old +cavalier ballads:-- + + "'We were standing foot to foot, and giving shoot for shoot; + Hot and strong went our volleys at the blue; + We knelt, but not for grace, and the fuse lit up the face + Of the gunner, as the round shot by us flew.'" + +Endicott smiles. "But it was a good battle-cry, Allen. I remember your +reciting verses at Cambridge in your college-days, but it was generally +'A sonnet to your mistress' eyebrows,'--some fair one who had conquered +your heart for a week perhaps." + +Dorris is not to be diverted from the absorbing topic of ball and +bayonet, and returns to the charge. + +"But how did you feel when you were wounded?" she asks again. + +"Oh, I did not know where I was hit. In the midst of the fight I +wondered why I couldn't move my left foot; it was like lead in the +stirrup, and looking down I saw the mark where the ball had struck, and +the blood following it. It was a little quieter then, so I got the +sergeant near me to clip, and ease my foot a little. But you should have +seen L'Estrange: he was wounded then; and when the order came to charge +he rushed on, waving his sword, with the blood dripping from his arm. +How the men rushed after him! And when he came back supporting another +poor fellow, and insisting on his being cared for first, you should have +heard the men cheer him." + +"And you, Allen," suggests Endicott,--"how did you get on with that +wound of yours?" + +"Well, I was rather faint by the time we were ready to go back to camp; +but somebody set me straight in the saddle when I reeled, and I managed +to get back all right." + +"But where was the surgeon all the while?" + +"To tell the truth, I was so much better off than most of the poor +fellows, Keith, I made him help the rest. That was all." + +"So you took the chance of enjoying a British surgeon's tender mercies, +for the sake of men, who, perhaps, could not live anyway. Allen, you +always were a good-natured Don Quixote." + +Allen laughed as if he saw something beneath the words which excused +their lightness, but Dorris frowned, as she looked admiringly at the +manly fellow so ready to see his comrade's unselfish bravery, so +unconscious of his own. She often saw the wounded soldier leaning on +Endicott's arm, and their words seemed grave and earnest, while +Endicott's face seemed for a time to lose its cynical sneers. And then +Dorris had relented, only to harden again at some irreverent words of +this incorrigible Keith. A sharp retort was on her lip now, but she +restrained it as L'Estrange once more joined the group, and the talk +drifted into quieter channels, the young soldiers a little graver than +usual. At last L'Estrange spoke with tender regret of the peaceful +scenes he was to leave so soon behind him, and Endicott answered:-- + +"Yes; think of all the drives and walks and talks, and all the charms of +civilized life you forego, and then of the camp-life and forced marches, +and chances of broken arms and legs, which you endure, and all for that +one sweet virtue,--patriotism." + +This was too much for quick-tempered Dorris. Out flashed her words:-- + +"Mr. Endicott cares so little for that sweet virtue that he will enjoy +your pleasures while _you_ fight _his_ battles. If you will excuse me +now I will return to the parlors;" and with little head proudly erect, +Dorris started to enter the house, entertaining the fond hope that she +had at last paid Keith for all his trials of her patience and +patriotism. Alas! + + "The best laid plans o'mice and men gang aft a-gley;" + +and some one had carelessly left a footstool on the porch, and as +Dorris's foot struck it Endicott was the one to spring forward and save +her from falling. Lifting her eyes to acknowledge the courtesy, she met +such a look of quiet reproach that her "Thank you" came very humbly from +so proud a young lady; and when she reflected on the subject at that +trying moment which we have all experienced when we have regained our +temper, and are taking a mental retrospect of the occasion when we very +foolishly lost it, it was in vain that she tried to justify herself by +repeating his sneering words. Remembering the look that followed them, +she said, in self-abasement, "I had no right to judge him," and in her +humiliation avoided meeting him so successfully that for several days +after her cousin's departure she neither saw nor heard of him, until at +last she heard with relief that he had gone away for a short time, on +receiving news of the death of a cousin,--his nearest relative. But when +week after week passed, and Aunt Dorothy had several times wondered +aloud what had become of Mr. Endicott, Dorris began to wonder as well, +and to miss the magnetic presence that made him so charming to all; +indeed, she discovered, to her own uncontrollable disgust, that she +missed him even more than her cousin, whose warm and generous nature had +endeared him to all his new friends. + +In the meantime Lieut. Allen called to say farewell to his former +playmate, and the friend of his later years. What if Dame Rumor said he +cherished a latent desire for a nearer title than either of these. +Dorris said they were only firm and true friends; and the tenor of their +talk seemed to prove that she was right, for as she turned from the +old-time spinnet, where she had been singing the lovely little serenade +of Thomas Heywood:-- + + "Pack clouds away, and welcome day; + With night we banish sorrow; + Sweet airs, blow soft; mount, larks, aloft, + To give my love good-morrow. + Wings from the wind to please her mind, + Notes from the lark I'll borrow; + Bird, plume thy wing, nightingale, sing, + To give my love good-morrow!" + +Allen said abruptly, "Dorris, for what are you waiting?" + +"Waiting?" repeated Dorris, wonderingly. + +"Yes; don't you remember + + "While year by year the suitors come + To find her locked in silence dumb?" + +"If it was any one but my old friend Max I should make you a very low +courtesy, and say, 'By your leave, fair sir, it is a matter of not the +slightest consequence to _you_;' but I'll tell you the truth and nothing +but the truth: I'm waiting for my hero, Max." + +"For your hero? Yes; I thought you were. And what is he like? A fairy +prince like the Sleeping Beauty's?" + +"Don't be satirical: it doesn't suit you, Max," retorts Dorris. + +"Satirical? I'm in the deepest earnest. Won't you describe him? I really +wish to know." + +"Well," began Dorris, "it is not exactly an easy thing to describe an +imaginary person. He is no fairy prince, Max, but a strong and earnest +man, a true and noble soul; a man who, for a good cause, would peril +anything, a knight like Bayard of old: _sans peur et sans reproche_." + +"Do you think you will ever find this ideal?" questions Max. + +"No," is the prompt reply. "If there are such men, I have never met +them. But I would far rather wait for the dim ideal than try the +commonplace reality." + +"But is all the reality commonplace? Let me tell you a story, Dorris; I +shall not bore you, for it is not long: When I joined the army, in the +first of the war, I went to tell an old friend, and to take leave of +him. He was a peculiar fellow, seemingly cold, light and satirical, +half-sneering at the ardent blaze of patriotism that was burning all +around him, seeming to have no intention of serving his country in her +need. And yet I knew him to be the truest, noblest, tenderest, and most +loyal fellow among all my friends. He looked at me with real envy, and +then exclaimed: 'I wish to Heaven I could go with you, Allen!' and I +answered: 'Why don't you? I have never asked before because I knew you +had some worthy reason.' After some hesitation, he began: 'Because you +have never doubted or questioned me I will tell you why I am here, when +every feeling is against my inactivity. You will keep my secret?' Of +course I promised, and he went on: 'You know I am very wealthy, Max, +that my income is, for these times, extremely large; but you do not know +that, by my grandfather's will, the next heir, in case of my death, is +my cousin, a man who aids and abets the Tories in every possible way, a +man unscrupulous and unprincipled to the last degree. I have but one +life; I might lay it down in my first battle, and that property, over +which I have no control, would be worse than useless to my country. It +would aid her foes, and, much as she needs men, she needs money even +more. So I stay here, and put my income, as fast as I get it, to the +national use. You know what my income is. I'll show you my expenses'; +and he showed me the merest fraction--less than I spend myself, I began +to expostulate on his endurance of suspicion and blame for what might be +so nobly explained, but he would only say, 'Oh, it would sound quixotic +and sentimental; and, after all, what does it matter? I know _myself_ +that I am serving my country to the best of my poor ability.' But at +last, Dorris, he is rewarded, for he was born to be a soldier; and when, +three weeks ago, he received news of the sudden death of that cousin, he +immediately enlisted, and is now serving his country in the way he has +so long desired. What do you think of such a man as he?" + +"He is a hero," answered Dorris, steadily, though a suspicion, quick as +a ray of light, had flashed through her mind as to who this hero was. "A +hero as true as any my fancy could paint. Who is he--this noble friend +of yours?" + +"Keith Endicott," is the quiet answer, adding, quickly, as he rose to +take his leave. "Forgive me, sweet friend, that I could no longer bear +that you should do injustice to him, for those quick words of yours the +last evening we were all together have rankled in my heart, as I know +they have in his, ever since." + +Dorris was not too proud to acknowledge when she was in the wrong, and +with winning grace she said, as she gave him her hand:-- + +"I thank you for the lesson you have taught me, Max. I was wrong to +judge him so hardly, but be assured I will make full amends when we meet +again." + +Then the good-bys were said, the good wishes given, and the last of +Dorris's three cavaliers had left her. + + * * * * * + +Summer has gone, and snow lies white upon the ground, and we find Dorris +seated before the old desk, whose secret drawer is no longer empty, but +holds a faded cluster of roses and forget-me-nots, writing busily in her +diary a record not only of the day's doings but of the varying emotions +which each day brought to life. The words the busy hand is tracing are +these:-- + +"Jan. 2, 1779. Yesterday was the beginning of the New Year, and as I +wondered what it would bring me,--joy or grief, pleasure or pain,--I +saw a carriage come up the drive-way and then stop, while the driver +assisted to the door a figure in a soldier's uniform. In a moment I was +in the hall, and my arms around my brother--for it was my own bravest +Roy. He had often written us, but we received none of his letters: they +were either intercepted or lost. But, oh, how can I forgive myself when +I think to whom I owe my brother's life! that, when Roy was surrounded +by enemies, and desperately wounded, it was Keith Endicott who rushed to +his aid, and, fighting against fearful odds, bore him alive from the +field, at the cost of a sabre cut on his own hand. It was he who saw Roy +daily in his long struggle with death, and when that dreadful presence +was banished it was he who cared for his safe transportation home, to +enjoy the rest which is the only means of giving him back his old +strength and vigor. And Roy almost worships Keith, as well he may, +saying he is the idol of the soldiers, who have dubbed him the hero of +the regiment. + +"The New Year has truly brought me happiness, for my brother is with me +safe once more; our armies are fast gaining ground, our victories are +more numerous, and hope dawns that the flag of liberty will yet wave +triumphantly over a free and happy nation; and I can once more mingle a +song and not a sob with the busy hum of my wheel." + + * * * * * + +Two years have passed; Yorktown has been fought and won, and Dorris's +hopeful words are verified. The flag of liberty is unfurled over a free +and happy nation,--a nation with its history yet before it, with only +its darkest and yet most glorious record traced indelibly on the annals +of the world. The New Year has come again, and Dorris, with her +spinning-wheel, is wondering what it will bring her. The door opens +suddenly, and some one announces, "Col. Endicott, Miss Gordon." + +For a moment Dorris loses sight of everything but a tall figure in the +quaint Continental uniform, and only hears the old, light tones say, +"Will the fair Goddess of Liberty welcome the soldier as he comes back +from fighting his own battles, as she bade him?" + +And Dorris, with a blush for the memory he recalls, bravely confesses +her fault and her gratitude, and ends very humbly, "Can you forgive me, +Col. Endicott?" stealing a look up at the grave face. + +"Forgive you, dear child! Do you not know that I have loved you all the +time? Now that you know I am a little better than you thought me can you +trust me for the rest? Can you love me a little, sweet Dorris?" + +There was no lightness now, only deep, loving tenderness; and Dorris +answered trustingly:-- + +"I have been waiting for my hero, and I have found him, Keith." + +And there we will leave them, while the dancing fire-light shows us the +pretty scene beside Dorris's dear little spinning-wheel, and the silvery +beams of the rising moon bring to Dorris the beginning of a new and +happy life with the advent of a new year. + +But ah, Great-grandmother Dorris, stately and demure in your lavender +brocade, and your feathered and powdered hair, do you know you were not +so very unlike the Dorrises of to-day, after all? And they have +spinning-wheels, too, with their flax tied with blue ribbons. And think +you that these wheels see no romances? Ah, but they can't _tell_ them, +you know, pretty Grandmother Dorris. + + + + +EDITOR'S TABLE. + + +It often happens that the worst effects of wrong-doing are visited upon +neither the criminal nor upon those who have suffered in person or +property by his crime. This fact is emphasized by the recent suicide of +a convict's wife, in one of our New England States, after having killed +her two children. This incident furnishes a dreadful commentary on the +condition of those dependent upon convicted criminals who are paying the +penalty of their crimes. For the convict there is abundant sympathy. As +the _St. Louis Globe Democrat_ well puts it, societies are organized for +the purpose of improving his mind, and cooking-clubs toil and perspire +at Christmas and Thanksgiving to the end that his body may not suffer; +tract-distributors provide him with reading matter, and sewing-circles +warm him with flannel under-wear; doctors look after his health, and +legislators vie with each other in seeing that he is not overworked; +but, if there is any society organized for the purpose of helping the +wife whom he has disgraced, and most likely left penniless at home, its +name has not yet been made public; if any sewing-circle has undertaken +to clothe his children, the fact has not been heralded to the world. Yet +the heaviest part of the punishment falls not on the convict but on his +family, the members of which, by one of those unjust society decisions +from which there is no appeal, are stigmatized with disgrace on account +of an offence in which they had no part. This is grossly unjust, and +those who are benevolently inclined should take the matter in hand and +see what can be done for the wives and children of convicts. + + * * * * * + +New England has no representative in the national legislature upon whose +career she can look with more of pride and satisfaction than that of +Gen. Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut. A man of sound learning, and +many of the highest qualities of statesmanship; he is unpretentious in +manner, lives simply, is free from egotism, and full of the generous and +manly qualities which inspire confidence and compel friendliness. Few +men, of this generation at least,--as will be universally recognized a +little later if not now,--have approached nearer to the popular ideal of +a representative American in public life. There could be no better +evidence of the manly independence which he brings to the discussion of +measures of importance than his attitude with reference to the bill +intended to provide for the maintenance of an army of such size and +efficiency as to provide for all possible contingencies arising from +foreign aggression or internal troubles. In recognition of the fact that +we have lawless elements in all of our large cities always ready to +avail themselves of any pretext for riot and incendiarism, he urged the +wisdom of providing such safeguards against these uprisings as would be +afforded by disciplined and efficient troops ready for instant service +at any point. Some of the demagogues in the Senate, hypocritically +posing as friends of the working-men, endeavored to distort this +common-sense and patriotic view into an intention to use the army for +the crushing of the working-men. There have been few better speeches in +the Senate in recent times than Senator Hawley's temperate but cutting +reply to these pseudo-friends of labor. It affords sufficient evidence, +if any were wanting, that the true friends of the working-men are those +who have the courage of their convictions, even when to utter them may +afford opportunity for misrepresentation and abuse. + + * * * * * + +The report of a recent attempt to wreck a train on the Maine Central +Railroad is not so startling as it would be were this species of crime +of less frequent occurrence; but it is noteworthy as being the sixth +attempt of the kind at the same place within a few years. It is very +fortunate that so many of these dastardly efforts to bring innocent +people to destruction prove futile. In fact it is comparatively seldom +that the boldest attempts at train-wrecking result in loss of life. The +awful possibilities, however, which lie within the hands of the +train-wrecker suggest most forcibly that this crime should be treated +with unusual severity. The person who would indiscriminately bring the +passengers of a moving train to death must invariably, if sane, be a +criminal of the darkest dye. Murder of an individual, even when coming +within the first degree, is not often without some particular +aggravation on the part of the victim. But train-wrecking must always be +the result of the purest malice,--of diabolism unalloyed. No palliating +circumstance ever suggests itself. The villain attempts to kill not one +who has involved himself in a quarrel with him, but peaceable, +unsuspecting men, women, and children, without distinction. And attempts +of this kind have become so frequent, and the crime is at once so +cowardly, so insidious, and so dastardly, that no pains to apprehend the +villain can ever be too great, nor can any penalty that is allowed for +any crime be too severe for this. If capital punishment is to be on our +statute books for anything, it should certainly be for the +train-wrecker. Let there be a law which shall with certainty bring to +the hangman's noose every person who makes even an attempt to destroy a +moving train, and this fiendish crime may be less frequent than it now +is. + + + + +HISTORICAL RECORD. + + +March 19.--Under this date Mayor Chapman, chairman of the Committee on +Invitation for the Centennial Celebration at Portland, Maine, which is +to occur on the 4th of July next, issued a circular saying: "The +Committee on Invitation of the Centennial Committee desire to have a +record prepared of the names of Sons and Daughters of Portland who are +residents in other places, to whom invitations to attend the Centennial +Anniversary can be sent. For that purpose they request information of +such absentees, including those who were born here--those whose parents, +or husbands, or wives were natives of our city, and also those not +natives who were former residents. Such information can be communicated +by letter or otherwise to John T. Hull, Clerk of Committee, at Room No. +18, City Hall." + + * * * * * + +March 21.--Fire at Newburyport destroyed two shoe factories and a +three-tenement block; another block was nearly destroyed, and other +buildings were damaged. Total loss, $75,000. + + * * * * * + +April 1.--Celebration at Lowell of the fiftieth anniversary of the +incorporation of the city. In the forenoon an historical address was +given by C. C. Chase, formerly principal of the High School; in the +afternoon Mayor Abbott gave an address, followed by an oration by Hon. +F. T. Greenhalge. + + * * * * * + +April 4.--Fire at Westboro', Mass., destroyed shoe factories and damaged +other buildings, with a total loss of $90,000. + + * * * * * + +April 7.--The State election in Rhode Island resulted in the election +for governor of George Peabody Wetmore for a second term. The +prohibitory constitutional amendment was adopted. + + * * * * * + +April 7.--Quarterly meeting of the New England Historic Genealogical +Society. Judge Cowley, of Lowell, read a paper on "Judicial +Falsification of History." + +Rev. Increase N. Tarbox, D.D., the historiographer, reported that since +Jan. 1 there had been fifteen deaths among the members. Memorial +sketches of seven deceased members were reported, namely: Nicholas +Hoppin, D.D., a resident member, born in Providence R.I., Dec. 3, 1812, +died in Cambridge, Mass., March 8, 1886. Ex-president William Smith +Clark, resident member, born in Ashfield, Mass., July 31, 1826, died in +Amherst, Mass., March 9, 1886. George H. Allan, a resident member, born +in Boston, Mass., June 16, 1832, died in Boston, March 15, 1886. William +Temple, a resident member, born in Reading, Mass., Sept. 15, 1801, died +in Woburn, Mass., March 18, 1886. Archbishop Richard Chenevix French, +corresponding member, born in Dublin, Ireland, Sept. 7, 1807, died March +27, 1886. John Bostwick Morean, corresponding member, born in New York +City, Oct. 12, 1812, died in same city, March 10, 1886. John Gerrish +Webster, life member, born in Portsmouth, N.H., April 8, 1811, died in +Boston, Feb. 7, 1886. Francis Minot Weld, life member and benefactor, +born in Boston, April 27, 1815, died in Jamaica Plain, Feb. 4, 1886. + + * * * * * + +April 7.--Terrible disaster to a Fitchburg Railroad train near +Bardwell's Ferry, on the State road. Ten persons were killed and +twenty-two injured. + + * * * * * + +April 13.--Regular meeting of the Bostonian Society. The following life +members were admitted: Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Thomas Mack, William +Minot, Jr., Jonathan A. Lane, Clarence J. Blake, M.D., Amos A. Lawrence, +Nahum Chapin, William Caleb Loring, J. A. Woolson. The essay was by +Alexander S. Porter, on "Real Estate Values in Boston During the Present +Century." The highest priced land which the essayist had heard of in +Boston is the estate bought by H. D. Parker at the corner of Tremont and +School streets, 1,984 square feet, for $200,000, or about $100 per foot. +The cheapest he had heard of was that of Harrison Gray Otis, on the west +slope of Beacon Hill, he having obtained it by squatter sovereignty. In +closing he said that real estate has proved to be a safe investment in +Boston, and many wealthy families have gained a large share of their +wealth simply by the rise of real-estate values. + + * * * * * + +April 13.--At an adjourned meeting of the people of Lexington who are +interested in the formation of an historical society, an organization +was effected by the choice of the following-named officers: president +Hon. A. E. Scott; vice-presidents, M. H. Merriam, W. A. Tower, Miss K. +Whitman, Miss M. E. Hudson; treasurer, L. A. Saville; recording +secretary, A. E. Locke; corresponding secretary, Rev. E. G. Porter; +historian, Rev. C. A. Staples; custodian, Dr. R. M. Lawrence. + +April 13.--Celebration of the incorporation of the new town of Hopedale. +At sunset a salute of eighty-six guns was fired by Battery B, of +Worcester, Hopedale being the eighty-sixth town incorporated in +Massachusetts during this century. Joy bells were then rung for one +hour. Then followed an illumination with fireworks. This town was set +off from Milford after a hard struggle in the Legislature. + + * * * * * + +April 13.--Dedicatory exercises of the new county building in Ellsworth, +Me. The Rev. Dr. Tenney opened the exercises by prayer, and Hon. John B. +Redman introduced Hon. N. B. Coolidge, chairman of the county +commissioners, who presented the buildings to the court and county in +appropriate remarks. Mr. Coolidge was followed by C. A. Spofford, +president of the Hancock county bar; Chief-Justice Peters, who reviewed +the history of the county in an interesting speech; Judge Haskell, of +Portland, and Hon. Eugene Hale. + + + + +NECROLOGY. + + +March 21.--Death from apoplexy of Col. B. W. Hoyt, secretary and +treasurer of the New Hampshire Club, treasurer of the B. W. Hoyt Shoe +Company of Epping, and special commissioner of the Boston & Maine +Railroad. + + * * * * * + +March 23.--Judge Joseph McKean Churchill, of the Central Municipal Court +of Boston, died at his home in Milton, aged 64 years. He was graduated +from Harvard in 1840, and from the Law School in 1845. He served as +captain in the Forty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment during the war. He was +appointed to the bench in December, 1870. + + * * * * * + +April 3.--Death at Philadelphia of Theodore C. Hersey of Portland, Me. +He was born in Gorham, Me., in 1812. He early went to Portland, where he +formed a partnership with St. John Smith in the West India trade. Mr. +Hersey was one of the proprietors of the International line of steamers, +and for many years was its president, resigning, on account of ill +health, about a year ago. He was one of the founders of the Board of +Trade, and its president in 1863-68 and 1873-74, and a charter member of +the Merchant's Exchange. + +April 4.--Death of George L. Claflin, a prominent wholesale druggist, of +Providence, R.I., aged 63 years. He had been a member of the Common +Council and the General Assembly, and took an active part in banking and +insurance corporations. + + * * * * * + +April 5.--Death of Dr. George A. Bethune, of Boston. He was born there, +in 1812, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1831. He studied +medicine in the Harvard Medical School, and also abroad, and having made +eye and ear diseases a specialty, practised until about ten or fifteen +years ago, when he retired. He was at one time connected with the +Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. + + * * * * * + +April 6.--Death, at Brunswick, Me., of Hon. William G. Barrows. He was +born in Bridgton, Me., January, 1821, and was graduated from Bowdoin +College in the class of 1839. He was admitted to the bar in 1842, and +settled for practice in his profession at Brunswick, where ever since he +had resided. From 1853 to 1855 he edited with marked ability the +_Brunswick Telegraph_. In 1856 he was selected judge of Probate Court +for Cumberland County, and reelected in 1860. In 1863 he was appointed +associate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court and reappointed in 1870 +and 1877, serving three terms of seven years each. At the expiration of +the latter term he declined a reappointment, preferring the retirement +of private life. He was a member of the Maine Historical Society, and +one of its most earnest supporters. He was warmly interested in the +establishment of the Brunswick Public Library, and one of its most +liberal supporters. + + * * * * * + +April 7.--Unexpected death of Prof. Thomas Anthony Thatcher, LL.D., +professor in Yale College of the Latin Language and Literature. He was +born in Hartford, Jan. 11, 1815. He was fitted for Yale at the Hartford +Hopkins Grammar School, and entered the college in 1831, graduating four +years later. Then he taught in the New Canaan, Conn., Seminary for two +years, and then in the Oglethorpe University, Georgia. He became a Latin +tutor in Yale in 1838, and four years later was made a professor. In +1843 he went to Germany and studied two years. While there he was +offered and accepted a position as tutor to the Crown Prince of Prussia +and his royal cousin, Prince Frederick Charles. His "De Officiis" of +Cicero and Madvig's Latin Grammar are widely known. + + * * * * * + +April 8.--Dan Stone Smalley died at his residence, on Green street, +Jamaica Plain, at the age of 75 years. He was for many years teacher of +the Eliot Commercial School in Jamaica Plain. + +April 9.--Death at Bement, Ill., of Hon. Lewis Bodman, formerly of +Williamsburg, Mass., and senator from Hampshire county. + + * * * * * + +April 10.--Sudden death of Hon. Elbridge Gerry of Portland, Me. He was +born in Waterford, Oxford county, Me., Dec. 6, 1815. He received an +academical education. After its completion he studied law, and was +admitted to the bar in his twenty-fourth year. In the following year +he was appointed clerk of the House of Representatives of Maine. At +twenty-seven he was chosen state attorney for his native county. At +thirty-one he was elected to the State Legislature as a Democratic +representative. In 1849 his political career culminated in his election +to Congress. He retired from public life in 1851, and settled down to +the practice of his profession in Portland. His son is vice-consul at +Havre, France. + + * * * * * + +April 10.--Sudden death at Dallas, Texas, of John T. Ferris, manager of +the Union Mutual Life Insurance Co., of Portland, Me. He was a man +greatly esteemed in his large circle of acquaintances. + + * * * * * + +April 12.--Death of Thaddeus Fairbanks of St. Johnsbury, Vt. He was born +at Brimfield, Mass., Jan. 17, 1796, and went with his father to St. +Johnsbury when he was twenty years old. His many inventions in the line +of weighing-machines are too familiar to need enumeration. He was the +only American who was honored at the Vienna Exhibition by being made a +Knight of Imperial Order of Francis Joseph. To his munificent gifts the +academy at St. Johnsbury owes its worth. + + * * * * * + +April 12.--Dr. Abram M. Shew, superintendent of the Connecticut Hospital +for the Insane at Middletown, died suddenly at the age of 45. He was +appointed assistant physician of the New York Asylum for Insane Convicts +at Auburn in 1862; in 1866 he went to Middletown, to superintend the +building of the Connecticut Hospital for the Insane, and had since +remained in charge of that institution. He was a native of Watertown, +N.Y. + + + + +LITERATURE. + + +It is with a much more than ordinary degree of expectancy that the +literary public has awaited a complete and adequate biography of the +poet Longfellow. It comes to us at last as the work[11] of the poet's +own brother, Samuel, who has, however, modestly assumed to have only +edited the elaborate volumes which have recently come from the +publisher's hands. This is true to a large extent, for the Life is for +the greater part composed of portions of Longfellow's voluminous diary +and correspondence; but these are interspersed throughout with his +brother's own narrative, full of reminiscences and charming comments. + + [11] Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. With extracts from his Journals + and Correspondence. Edited by Samuel Longfellow. 2 volumes. Boston: + Ticknor & Co. + +The work is not to hardly any degree analytical in its character; it is +a vivid panorama of a most deeply and widely interesting career. We are +made familiar by means of these volumes with the daily life of Henry W. +Longfellow. Much of this insight is afforded, as has already been seen, +through the published letters and diary. The interest of these is far +greater than is usually the case with such compilations. Longfellow's +life was to such a degree an intellectual one, that those who would know +him best must find his own pen his best biographer. The comments in his +journal are delightful, and the letters are highly interesting reading. +They are from and to a host of friends, including Sumner, Hawthorne, +Samuel Ward, Park Benjamin, Carlyle, and many others of equal note. Of +course there is much in both letters and journal of personal matters, +even such as regarding an invitation to dine, or some other passing +slight event; but there is no apparent reason why anything should have +been omitted that has been inserted in this work. Not only the poetry +but the every-day life, the experiences, and the associations of +Longfellow are worth knowing to those far beyond the pale of his own +particular group of friends. Nothing has been inserted here, however, +that seems to offend the sense of propriety, and the editor has +certainly given evidence of the best of wisdom, care, and delicacy. +Where he becomes the biographer he confines himself mostly to simple +narrative; indeed, his final "summing up," after the last has been told +that could be told of his illustrious brother's earthly career, is given +in a single page. + +There is very little to criticise regarding this Life. Of its kind it +could not be more satisfactory. It is not the work of the theorist, the +analyst, critic, or the eulogist. It is the full, plain, unvarnished +story of the life of "the good son, devoted husband, affectionate +father; the generous, faithful friend; the urbane and cultivated host; +the lover of children; the lover of his country; the lover of liberty +and of peace." + + + + +INDEX TO MAGAZINE LITERATURE. + +(_APRIL 1886._) + + +ART, ARCHITECTURE. Slyfield Surrey. _Basil Champneys._ 22.--A Chapter +on Fireplaces. _I. H. Pollen._ 22.--The Romance of Art. _F. Mabel +Robinson._ 22.--The Annunciation in Art. _Julia Cartwright._ +22.--American Embroideries. _S. R. Koehler._ 22.--Art in Phoenicia. +_Wm. Holmden._ 22.--Boydell's Shakespeare. _Alfred Beaver._ 22. + +BIOGRAPHY, GENEALOGY. Sketch of Christian Huygens. 5.--Tribute to +General Hancock. _Wm. L. Keese._ 6.--Elizabeth, Empress of Austria and +Queen of Hungary. _Margaret Deane._ 7.--Glimpses of Longfellow in Social +Life. _Annie Fields._ 1.--Gouverneur Morris. _Henry Cabot Lodge._ +11.--Memoir of Ashbel Woodward, M.D. _P. H. Woodward, Esq._ +12.--Descendants of Josiah Upton. _William H. Upton._ 12.--Genealogical +Gleanings in England. _Henry F. Waters._ 12.--Notes and Documents +concerning Hugh Peters. _G. D. Scull._ 12.--John Harvard. _John. T. +Hassam._ 12.--Early American Engravers. _Richard C. Lichtenstein._ +12.--Letters of Governor Greene. 13.--Journal of Lieut. John Trevett. +13.--Fanny Davenport. _Lisle Lester._ 16.--Franz Defreygar. _Helen +Zimmem._ 22.--James Otis, Jr. _Rev. H. Hewitt._ 23. + +EDUCATION. The Elective System of the University of Virginia. _Prof. +James M. Garnett._ 3.--National Aid to Common Schools. _Senator J. J. +Ingalls._ 4.--The Hand-work of School Children. _Rebecca J. Rickoff._ +5.--Relation of the Secondary School to the College. _H. M. Willard._ +8.--The Evolution of a College Republic. _Louise Seymour Houghton._ +8.--The Philosophical Phase of a System of Education. _Charles E. +Lowrey._ 8.--Physical Education. _A. T. Bruce._ 8.--The First day in +the Georgics. _Miss A. A. Knight._ 8.--Moral Education in the Public +Schools. _Kate Gannett Wells._ 18. + +HISTORY. A Famous Diplomatic Dispatch. _Allen Thorndike Rice._ 4.--The +Newgate of Connecticut. _N. H. Egleston._ 6.--The Convention of North +Carolina 1788. _A. W. Clason._ 6.--Church Records of Farmington, Ct. +_Julius Gay._ 12.--Papers in Egerton MS. 2395. _Henry F. Waters._ +12.--Soldiers in King Philip's War. XIV. _Rev. Geo. M. Bodge._ +12.--Newbury and the Bartlett Family. _John C. J. Brown._ 12.--Memoirs +of Rhode Island. _Henry Bull._ 13.--The Militia of Rhode Island, 1767. +_Mrs. E. H. L. Barker._ 13.--Records of Trinity Church, Newport, R.I. +_H. E. Turner, M.D._ 13.--Friends Records, Newport, R.I. _H. E. Turner, +M.D._ 13.--Lafayette's Visit to Rhode Island, 1784. 13.--Memoirs of +Hampton Court. _Henry C. Wilson._ 16.--The Virginia Cavaliers. _K. M. +Rowland._ 17.--The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799. _R. T. +Durrett._ 17.--The Reign of Terror in Tennessee. _J. A. Trousdale._ +17.--An Illustrious Town. Andover. _Rev. F. B. Makepeace._ 23.--Webster +Historical Society Papers. I. _Hon. Stephen M. Allen._ 23.--The New +England Library and its Founder. _Victoria Reed._ 23. + +LITERATURE. Our Experience Meetings. _Julian Hawthorne, Edgar Fawcett, +Joel Chandler Harris._ 9.--Shylock _vs._ Antonio. _Charles Henry +Phelps._ 11.--Problems of the Scarlet Letter. _Julian Hawthorne._ +11.--Mr. Howell and the Poets. _Robert Burns Wilson._ 17.--Poe's Last +Poem. _Henry W. Austin._ 17.--Tennyson's Later Poems. _P. B. Semple._ +17. + +MILITARY. Sherman and McPherson. _Gen. U. S. Grant._ 4.--Plan of the +Tennessee Campaign. _Anna Ella Carroll._ 4.--Chancellorsville. _William +Howard Sicles._ 6.--Shiloh. _Gen. W. F. Smith._ 6.--Our First Battle. +_Alfred E. Lee._ 6.--The War in Missouri. _Richard H. Musser._ 17. + +NAVAL. Life on the Alabama. _P. D. Haywood._ 1.--Cruise and Combats of +the Alabama. _Capt. John McIntosh Kell._ 1.--The Duel between the +Alabama and the Kearsarge. _Dr. John M. Brown._ 1. + +MISCELLANEOUS. An Arctic Journal. _Dr. Octave Pavy._ 4.--The +Whipping-post. _Lewis Hocheimer._ 5.--The Overcrowding of Cities. _Dr. +Prosper Bender._ 6.--Smoking from College-girls' Point of View. +_Elizabeth Porter Gould._ 8.--The Query Club. _Frances E. Sparhawk._ +8.--Leaves from a '49 Ledger. _C. F. Degelman._ 10.--Creole Slave Songs. +_Geo. W. Cable._ 1.--Toy Dogs. _James Watson._ 1.--Scores and Tallies. +_Grant Allen._ 9.--Children, Past and Present. _Agnes Repplier._ +11.--Various articles on Young Women and Marriage. 16.--American Fame +Abroad. _Edith Langdon._ 16.--Generalities of Washington Society. _Flora +Adams Darling._ 16.--The Modern Barber: A Study. _Henry M. Gallaher, +D.D._ 16.--Modern Woman and Dress. _Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher._ 16.--New +England Manners and Customs in Time of Bryant's early Life. _Mrs. H. G. +Rowe._ 23.--New England Characteristics. _Lizzie M. Whittlesey._ 23. + +POLITICS, ECONOMICS, PUBLIC AFFAIRS. Gambetta's Electoral Tour. _Madame +Adam._ 4.--Constitutional Reform in Rhode Island. _Abraham Payne, W. P. +Sheffield._ 4.--More about American Landlordism. _Henry George._ 4.--An +Economic Study of Mexico. _David A. Wells._ 5.--The Land Question +Stated. _Alex. G. Eels._ 10.--The Taxation of Land. _John H. Durst._ +10.--The Progress of Kansas. _Gov. John A. Martin._ 4.--English Rule in +India. _Annita Lal Roy._ 4.--The French Problem in Canada. _Geo. H. +Clarke._ 5.--The Consolidation of Canada. _Watson Griffin._ 6.--A +Shoemaker's Contribution to the Chinese Discussion. _Patrick J. Healy._ +10.--The Future Influence of China. _Irving McDowell._ 10.--Certain +Phases of the Chinese Question. _John F. Miller._ 10.--Strikes, +Lockouts, and Arbitration. _George May Powell._ 1.--Responsible +Government under the Constitution. _Woodrow Wilson._ 11.--The Speaker of +the National House. _J. Lawrence Laughlin._ 18.--Present Conditions in +Georgia. _Henry Wadsworth Reed._ 18.--Civics and Economics. _Alexander +Johnston._ 18. + +RECREATION, SPORTS. Botany as a Recreation for Invalids. _Miss E. F. +Andrews._ 5.--Ranch Life and Game Shooting in the West. _Theodore +Roosevelt._ 7.--American Steam Yachting. _E. S. Jaffray._ 7.--What Steam +Yachting costs in England. _Dixon Kemp._ 7.--Sport in Florida. _James A. +Henschall._ A Chat about Driving. _S. Sidney._ 7. + +RELIGION, MORALS. The Spiritual Problem of the Manufacturing Town. +_William W. Adams, D.D._ 3.--The possibilities of Religious Reform in +Italy. _Wm. Chauncy Langdon, D.D._ 3.--Christianity and Popular +Education. _Washington Gladden._ 1.--Reformation of Charity. _D. O. +Kellogg._ 11. + +SCIENCE, NATURAL HISTORY, DISCOVERY, INVENTIONS. External Form of the +Manlike Apes. _R. Hartmann._ 5.--The Factors of Organic Evolution. +_Herbert Spencer._ 5.--The Teeth of the Coming Man. _Oscar Schmidt._ +5.--Earthquakes in Central America. _M. De Montessus._ 5.--The Gems of +the National Museum. _George F. Kunz._ 5.--The Cotton-Harvester. _Hugh +N. Starnes._ 17. + +THEOLOGY, POLEMICS. The Rite of Blood-Covenanting and the Doctrine of +Atonement. _Rev. J. Max Hark._ 3.--Mr. Gladstone and Genesis. _Prof. +Huxley._ 5.--Comments. _Prof. Henry Drummond._ 5. + +TRAVEL, ADVENTURE, DESCRIPTION. Around the World on a Bicycle. _Thomas +Stevens._ 7.--Crossing the Atlantic in a Blockade Runner. _Capt. Roland +F. Coffin._ 7.--After Geronimo. _Lieut. John Bigelow, Jr._ 7.--Work and +Sport on the Congo. _Henry M. Stanley._ 7.--On the Trail of Geronimo. +_Fred W. Stowell._ 10.--Reminiscences of Calaveras. 10.--Italy from a +Tricycle. II. _Elizabeth Robins Pennell._ 1.--Two Days in Utah. _Alice +W. Rollins._ 9.--The Tiber + + 1 _The Century._ + 2 _Harper's Monthly._ + 3 _Andover Review._ + 4 _North American Review._ + 5 _Popular Science Monthly._ + 6 _Magazine of Am. History._ + 7 _Outing._ + 8 _Education._ + 9 _Lippincott's Magazine._ + 10 _Overland Monthly._ + 11 _Atlantic Monthly._ + 12 _New England Historical and Genealogical Register._ + 13 _Rhode Island Historical Magazine._ + 14 _The Forum._ + 15 _New Princeton Review._ + 16 _The Brooklyn Magazine._ + 17 _The Southern Bivouac._ + 18 _The Citizen._ + 19 _Political Science Quarterly._ + 20 _Unitarian Review._ + 21 _New Englander._ + 22 _Magazine of Art._ + 23 _New England Magazine._ + + + + + [Illustration: + FROM HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER & BROTHERS, + MARK HOPKINS, D.D., LL.D., + + Ex-President of Williams College.] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, +No. 5, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 5, May, 1886, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, MAY 1886 *** + +***** This file should be named 25116.txt or 25116.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/1/1/25116/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Anne Storer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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