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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:15:45 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:15:45 -0700 |
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diff --git a/25116-h/25116-h.htm b/25116-h/25116-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36cbd21 --- /dev/null +++ b/25116-h/25116-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4271 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 5, May, 1886, by Various. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + + .notes {background-color: #eeeeee; color: #000; padding: .5em; + margin-left: 30%; margin-right: 30%; text-align: center;} + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + h1 { text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; font-size: 300%; + } + + h2,h3,h5 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + a { text-decoration: none; } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + ul { line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; } + ul li { list-style-type: none; } + + .tdp {padding: 20px;} + + .smlf { font-size: .8em; } + .fn { font-variant: normal; font-size: .8em;} + + .box { width: 700px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + .box1 { width: 300px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + .box2 { width: 250px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + .box4 { width: 500px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: left; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .center1 {text-align: center; font-size: .9em;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcap1 {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: .8em;} + .smcap2 {font-variant: normal; font-size: .8em;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .volumeline { width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em; } + .volumeleft { float:left; width:33%; text-align:left; } + .volumeright { float:right; text-align:right; width:33%; } + .spacer { clear: both; } + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 5, +Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 5, May, 1886, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 5, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 5, May, 1886 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 21, 2008 [EBook #25116] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, MAY 1886 *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Anne Storer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class="notes">Transcriber’s Note: Table of Contents / Illustrations added.</p> + + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<div class="box4"> + +<p><a href="#Page_393">TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY SAMUEL HART, D.D., PROFESSOR OF LATIN.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Illustrations:</i></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img1">trinity college in 1869.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img2">t. c. brownell.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img3">trinity college in 1828.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img4">j. williams.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img5">statue of bishop brownell, on the campus.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img6">proposed new college buildings.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img7">geo williamson smith.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img8">james williams, forty years janitor of trinity college.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img9a">bishop seabury's mitre, in the library.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img9b">chair of gov. wanton, of rhode island, in the library.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img10">trinity college in 1885.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap2">(Signature) <a href="#img11a">N. S. Wheaton</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap2">(Signature) <a href="#img11b">Silas Totten</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap2">(Signature) <a href="#img12a">D. R. Goodwin</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap2">(Signature) <a href="#img12b">Samuel Eliot</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap2">(Signature) <a href="#img12c">J. B. Kerfoot</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap2">(Signature) <a href="#img12d">A. Jackson</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap2">(Signature) <a href="#img13">T. R. Pynchon</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img16a">the new gymnasium.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img16b">college logo.</a></span></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_409">THE WEBSTER FAMILY.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Illustration:</i></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img18">marshfield—residence of daniel webster.</a></span></p> + +<p><a href="#HOLMES">TO OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.</a><br /> +<a href="#HOLMES">ON HIS DEPARTURE FOR EUROPE.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY EDWARD P. GUILD.</span></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_414">A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP'S WAR.</a>--414<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN.</span></p> + +<p><a href="#PICTURE">THE PICTURE.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY MARY D. BRINE.</span></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_423">NEW BEDFORD.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY HERBERT L. ALDRICH.</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Illustrations:</i></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img31">old whalers and barrels of oil.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img32">city hall and depot.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img33">front street and fish markets along the wharves.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img34">the head of the river.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img35">along the wharfs and relics of the last century.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img36">new station of the old colony railroad.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img37a">custom house.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img37b">court house.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img38">grace episcopal church.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img39">looking down union street.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img40a">unitarian church, union street.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img40b">mandell's house, hawthorne street.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img41">residence of mayor rotch.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img42">the stone church and yacht club house.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img43a">fish island.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img43b">seamen's bethel and sailor's home.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img44">merchants' and mechanics' bank.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img45a">residence of joseph grinnell.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img45b">friends meeting-house.</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img46">public library.</a></span></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_445">HENRY BARNARD—THE AMERICAN EDUCATOR.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY THE LATE HON. JOHN D. PHILBRICK.</span></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_452">A DAUGHTER OF THE PURITANS.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY ANNA B. BENSEL.</span></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_457">JUDICIAL FALSIFICATIONS OF HISTORY.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY CHARLES COWLEY, LL.D.</span></p> + +<p><a href="#DORRISS">DORRIS'S HERO.</a><br /> +<a href="#DORRISS">A ROMANCE OF THE OLDEN TIME.</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY MARJORIE DAW.</span></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_475">EDITOR'S TABLE.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_477">HISTORICAL RECORD.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#NECROLOGY">NECROLOGY.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_482">LITERATURE.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_483">INDEX TO MAGAZINE LITERATURE.</a></p> + + <p><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Illustration:</i></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img94">mark hopkins, d.d., ll.d.</a></span></p> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE</h3> + +<h1><span class="smcap">New England Magazine</span></h1> + +<h5>AND</h5> + +<h2>BAY STATE MONTHLY.</h2> + +<div class="box"> +<div class="volumeline"> +<div class="volumeleft"><span class="smcap1">Old Series</span>,<br /><span class="smcap">Vol. IV. No. 5</span>.</div> +<div class="volumeright"><span class="smcap1">New Series</span>,<br /><span class="smcap">Vol. I. No. 5</span>.</div> +<div class="center" style="margin-top: .7em"><span class="smcap">May</span>, 1886.</div> +<div class="spacer"><!-- empty for spacing purposes --></div> +</div></div> + +<p class="center"><span class="smlf">Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.</span></p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<h2>TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD.</h2> + +<p class="center1">BY SAMUEL HART, D.D., PROFESSOR OF LATIN.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><a name="img1" id="img1"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img1.png" width="500" height="240" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">trinity college in 1869.</span> +</div> + +<p>The plan for the establishment of a second college in Connecticut was +not carried into effect until after the time of the political and +religious revolution which secured the adoption of a State Constitution +in 1818. Probably no such plan was seriously entertained till after the +close of the war of Independence. The Episcopal church in Connecticut +had, one may almost say, been born in the library of Yale College; and +though Episcopalians, with other dissenters from the “standing order,” +had been excluded from taking +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> +any part in the government or the +instruction of the institution, they did not forget how much they owed +to it as the place where so many of their clergy had received their +education. In fact, when judged by the standards of that day, it would +appear that they had at first little cause to complain of illiberal +treatment, while on the other hand they did their best to assist the +college in the important work which it had in hand. But Yale College, +under the presidency of Dr. Clap, assumed a more decidedly theological +character than before, and set itself decidedly in opposition to those +who dissented from the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Saybrook +Platform of Discipline. Besides, King’s College, which had been lately +founded in New York, drew away some Episcopal students from Connecticut +and made others dissatisfied; and had not the war with the mother +country rudely put a stop to the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> +growth of Episcopacy in the colony, it +would seem that steps might have been soon taken for the establishment +of some institution of learning, at least a school of theology, under +the care of the clergy of the Church of England.</p> + +<p><a name="img2" id="img2"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img2.png" width="400" height="390" alt="T C Brownell" title="" /> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img3" id="img3"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img3.png" width="400" height="256" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">trinity college in 1828.</span> +</div> + +<p>At any rate no sooner was it known that the war was ended than the +churchmen of Connecticut sent the Rev. Dr. Seabury across the ocean +to seek consecration as a bishop; and it was not long after his return +that the diocese, now fully organized, set on foot a plan for the +establishment of an institution of sound learning, and in 1795 the +Episcopal Academy of Connecticut was founded at Cheshire. It was +sometimes called Seabury College, and, under its learned principals, it +fitted many young men for entrance upon their theological studies, and +gave them part at least of their professional training. But its charter, +which was granted by the General Assembly of the State in 1801, did not +give it the power of conferring degrees, and the frequent petitions for +an extension of charter rights, so as to make of the academy a +collegiate institution, were refused. For a time, owing to determined +opposition in the State, to the vacancy in the episcopate, and to other +causes, the project was postponed. But a combination of events, social, +political, and religious, led at length to the great revolution in +Connecticut, in which all dissenters from the standing order united +in opposition to it, and secured in 1818, though it was by a small +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> +majority, the adoption of a State Constitution containing a clause which +admitted of “secession” from any ecclesiastical society and secured +perfect religious equality before the law.</p> + +<p><a name="img4" id="img4"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 345px;"> +<img src="images/img4.png" width="345" height="400" alt="J Williams" title="" /> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img5" id="img5"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 255px;"> +<img src="images/img5.png" width="255" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">statue of bishop brownell,<br /> +on the campus.</span> +</div> + +<p>In the following year, while the enthusiasm of the victory was still +felt, the vacant episcopate was filled by the election of the Rev. Dr. +Thomas Church Brownell, who had been for ten years tutor and professor +in Union College, a man of learning, profoundly interested in education, +and qualified for the varied duties which lay upon him as Bishop of +Connecticut. He soon availed himself of this favorable opportunity for +renewing the plans for the establishment of a college. There was much +strong opposition to be encountered, and the student of the pamphlet +literature of the day finds much to excite his interest and his +wonder in the attacks upon the proposed “Second College in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> +Connecticut”—“Seabury College,” as it was sometimes called. The whole +matter was curiously complicated with discussions as to political +and financial matters, the many questions between the recently +disestablished order and its opponents not having been fully settled as +yet. At last, on the 13th day of May, 1823, a petition for a college +charter was presented to the General Assembly, and the act of +incorporation of Washington College passed the lower house three days +later, and soon received the assent of the senate and the approval of +the governor. The name selected for the institution was not that which +its friends would have preferred; but the honored name of Washington was +adopted partly, as it would appear, because others than Episcopalians +united in the establishment of the college, and partly that there could +be no ground of opposition to it on account of its name. Among the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> +corporators associated with Bishop Brownell were some of the prominent +clergy and laity of the diocese, such as the Rev. Drs. Harry Croswell +and N. S. Wheaton, Gov. John S. Peters, the Hon. Nathan Smith, the Hon. +Elijah Boardman, the Hon. Asa Chapman, Com. McDonough, and Mr. Charles +Sigourney; and there were added to them representatives of the other +opponents of the old establishment, among them the Rev. Samuel Merwin +and the Rev. Elisha Cushman. It was expressly provided in the charter +that no religious test whatever should be required of any president, +professor, or other officer, and that the religious tenets of no person +should be made a condition of admission to any privilege in the college. +Even before the charter containing this clause was granted, it produced +a most important effect; for, on the 12th day of May, 1823,—it was +believed, as a last effort of opposition,—the corporation of Yale +College met in Hartford, and repealed the test act which required of all +its officers, even +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> +of professors in the medical school, a subscription +to the Saybrook Platform.</p> + +<p><a name="img6" id="img6"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/img6.png" width="450" height="352" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">proposed new college buildings.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img7" id="img7"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 375px;"> +<img src="images/img7.png" width="375" height="400" alt="Geo Williamson Smith" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>The trustees of the new college were authorized to locate it in any town +in the State as soon as $30,000 should be secured for its support; and +when it was found that more than three-fourths of the sum of $50,000, +which was soon subscribed, was the gift of citizens of Hartford, who +thus manifested in a substantial way the interest which they had +previously expressed, it was decided to establish Washington College in +that city. A site of fourteen acres on an elevation, then described as +about half a mile from the city, was secured for the buildings, and in +June, 1824, Seabury Hall and Jarvis Hall (as they were afterwards +called) were begun. They were of brown stone, following the Ionic order +of architecture, well proportioned, and well adapted to the purposes for +which they were designed. The former, containing +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> +rooms for the chapel, +the library, the cabinet, and for recitations, was designed by Prof. S. +F. B. Morse, and the latter, having lodging-rooms for nearly a hundred +students, was designed by Mr. Solomon Millard, the architect of Bunker +Hill Monument. The buildings were not completed when, on the 23d of +September, 1824, one senior, one sophomore, six freshmen, and one +partial student were admitted members of the college; and work was begun +in rooms in the city. The faculty had been organized by the election of +Bishop Brownell as president, the Rev. George W. Doane (afterwards +Bishop of New Jersey), as professor of <em>belles-lettres</em> and oratory, Mr. +Frederick Hall as professor of chemistry and mineralogy, Mr. Horatio +Hickok as professor of agriculture and political economy (he was, by the +way, the first professor of this latter science in this country), and +Dr. Charles Sumner as professor of botany. The instruction in the +ancient languages was intrusted to the Rev. Hector Humphreys, who was +soon elected professor, and who left the college in 1830 to become +President of St. John’s College, Maryland. The chair of mathematics and +natural philosophy was filled in 1828 by the election of the Rev. +Horatio Potter, now the venerable Bishop of New York. The learned Rev. +Dr. S. F. Jarvis soon began his work in and for the college, under the +title of Professor of Oriental Literature; and the Hon. W. W. Ellsworth +was chosen professor of law. The provision which was announced in the +first statement published by the trustees, that students would be +allowed to enter in partial courses without becoming candidates for a +degree, was a new feature in collegiate education, and a considerable +number of young men were found +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> +who were glad to avail themselves of it. +It is believed, also, that practical instruction in the natural sciences +was given here to a larger extent than in most other colleges.</p> + +<p><a name="img8" id="img8"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 188px;"> +<img src="images/img8.png" width="188" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">james williams,<br /> +forty years janitor<br /> +of trinity college;<br /> +died 1878.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img9a" id="img9a"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 337px;"> +<img src="images/img9a.png" width="337" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">bishop seabury’s mitre,<br /> +in the library.</span> +</div> + +<p>In 1826 there were fifty undergraduates. A library had been obtained +which, in connection with Dr. Jarvis’s, was called second in magnitude +and first in value of all in the country. The professor of mineralogy +had collected a good cabinet. There was a greenhouse and an arboretum; +and, besides gifts from friends at home, the Rev. Dr. Wheaton had been +successful in securing books and apparatus in England for the use of the +college.</p> + +<p><a name="img9b" id="img9b"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 174px;"> +<img src="images/img9b.png" width="174" height="200" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">chair of gov. wanton,<br /> +of rhode island,<br /> +in the library.</span> +</div> + +<p>A doctor’s degree was conferred in 1826 upon Bishop Jolly (“Saint Jolly” +he was called), of Scotland, but the first commencement was held in +1827, when ten young men were graduated. Of these, three died in early +life, and but one, the Rev. Oliver Hopson, survives. To a member of this +class, the Hon. Isaac E. Crary, the first president of the alumni, is +due no small share of the credit of organizing the educational system of +Michigan, which he represented both as a territory and as a State in the +Federal Congress. The Athenæum Literary Society was organized in 1825, +and the Parthenon, the first president of which was the poet Park +Benjamin, in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> +1827. The Missionary Society, still in successful +operation, was founded in 1831, its first president being George Benton, +afterwards missionary to Greece and Crete, and from it, primarily +through the efforts of Augustus F. Lyde, of the class of 1830, came the +establishment of the foreign missions of the Episcopal Church of this +country.</p> + +<p><a name="img10" id="img10"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img10.png" width="500" height="316" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">trinity college in 1885.</span> +</div> + +<p>When Bishop Brownell retired from the presidency of the college in 1831, +in order to devote all his time to the work of the diocese, he was +succeeded by the Rev. Dr. N. S. Wheaton, an early, steadfast, and +liberal friend of the institution. He secured the endowment of two +professorships, and among the many good things which he planned and did +for the college should not be forgotten the taste with which he laid out +and beautified its grounds. To him succeeded, in 1837, the Rev. Dr. +Silas Totten, professor of mathematics. During his presidency of eleven +years, additions were made to the scholarship fund, and the foundation +of a library fund was laid; and in 1845 a third building, Brownell Hall, +was built, corresponding in appearance to Jarvis Hall, and, like it, +designed for occupation by students. In the same year, on the petition +of the corporation, who acted in the matter at the desire of the alumni, +the General Assembly of the State changed the name of the college to +<span class="smcap">Trinity College</span>. The change was intended in part to prevent the +confusion which arose from the use of a name which the college had in +common with other institutions, in part to attest the faith of those who +had founded and who maintained the college, and in part to secure a name +which (especially at Cambridge in England) had been long associated with +sound learning. At the same time the alumni were organized into a +convocation as a constituent part of the academic body.</p> + +<p><a name="img11a" id="img11a"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/img11a.png" width="200" height="66" alt="signature of N S Wheaton" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><a name="img11b" id="img11b"></a></p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img11b.png" width="350" height="161" alt="signature of Silas Totten" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>In 1848 the Rev. Dr. John Williams, a graduate in the class of 1835, +who, though he was less than thirty-one years of age, had given ample +promise of extraordinary abilities, was chosen president, and he held +the office until 1854, when the duties of assistant bishop, to which he +had been consecrated in 1851, forced him to resign. He did much to +increase the library funds and to develop the course +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span> +of academic +instruction. He also began instruction in theology, and an informal +theological department grew up, which was organized in 1854 as the +Berkeley Divinity School and located in Middletown. He was succeeded by +the Rev. Dr. D. R. Goodwin. In 1860 Prof. Samuel Eliot was chosen +president, and in 1864, the Rev. Dr. J. B. Kerfoot, who was called in +1866 to the bishopric of Pittsburgh. Under the care of these scholarly +men the college maintained and strengthened its position as a seat of +learning (though in the time of the civil war it suffered from depletion +in numbers), additions were made to the funds, and a new professorship +was founded. Among those whom the college gave to the war were Generals +G. A. Stedman and Strong Vincent, and the “battle-laureate of America,” +Henry H. Brownell.</p> + +<p><a name="img12a" id="img12a"></a></p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img12a.png" width="400" height="111" alt="signature of D R Goodwin" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><a name="img12b" id="img12b"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img12b.png" width="300" height="116" alt="signature of Samuel Eliot" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><a name="img12c" id="img12c"></a></p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img12c.png" width="350" height="90" alt="signature of J B Kerfoot" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><a name="img12d" id="img12d"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 370px;"> +<img src="images/img12d.png" width="370" height="183" alt="signature of A Jackson" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>In June, 1867, the Rev. Dr. Abner Jackson, of the class of 1837, +formerly professor here, then President of Hobart College, was elected +president. Under his administration, in 1871-72, the number of +undergraduates, for the first time, reached a hundred. In 1871 the +legacy of Mr. Chester Adams, of Hartford, brought to the college some +$65,000, the largest gift thus far from any individual. In 1872, after +much discussion and hesitation, the trustees decided to accept the offer +of the city of Hartford, which desired to purchase the college campus +for a liberal sum, that it might be offered to the State as a site for +the new capitol, the college reserving the right to occupy for five or +six years so much of the buildings as it should not be necessary to +remove. In 1873 a site of about eighty acres, on a bluff of trap-rock in +the southern +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span> +part of the city, commanding a magnificent view in every +direction, was purchased for the college, and President Jackson secured +elaborate plans for extensive ranges of buildings in great quadrangles. +The work, to which he devoted much time and thought, was deferred by his +death in April, 1874, but the Rev. Dr. T. R. Pynchon, of the class of +1841, who succeeded him in the presidency, entered vigorously upon the +labor of providing the college with a new home. Ground was broken in +1875, and in the autumn of 1878 two blocks of buildings, each three +hundred feet long, bearing the old names of Seabury and Jarvis Halls, +were completed. They stand on the brow of the cliff, having a broad +plateau before them on the east, and, with the central tower, erected in +1882 by the munificence of Col. C. H. Northam, they form the west side +of the proposed great quadrangle. Under Dr. Pynchon’s direction the +former plans had been much modified, in order that this one range of +buildings might suffice for the urgent needs of the college, provision +being made for suitable rooms for the chapel, the library, and the +cabinet, as well as for lecture-rooms and for suites of students’ +apartments. During his presidency the endowments were largely increased +by the generous legacies of Col. and Mrs. Northam, whose gifts to the +college amount to nearly a quarter of a million of dollars; large and +valuable additions were made to the library and the cabinet, and the +number of students was, in 1877-80, greater than ever before. By a +change in the charter, made in 1883, the election of three of the +trustees was put into the hands of the alumni.</p> + +<p><a name="img13" id="img13"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img13.png" width="350" height="102" alt="signature of T R Pynchon" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>In 1883 the Rev. Dr. George Williamson Smith was elected to the +presidency, and was welcomed to his duties with much enthusiasm. In the +following year considerable changes were made in the course of +instruction, including arrangements for four distinct schemes of study, +introducing elective studies into the work of the junior and senior +years, and providing for practical work in the applied sciences. An +observatory has been built, for which a telescope and other apparatus +have been presented; and the funds have been secured for the erection of +an ample gymnasium, with a theatre or lecture-hall.</p> + +<p>Of the nearly nine hundred men who have received the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span> +bachelor’s degree +from Trinity College no small number have attained eminence in their +respective walks in life. The class of 1829 gave a governor to Michigan +and a judge to Illinois; the class of 1830, a member of Congress to +Tennessee, a judge to Louisiana, and two prominent divines to Ohio; the +class of 1831, a bishop to Kansas; the class of 1832, three members of +Congress, one to North Carolina, one to Missouri (who has also been +governor of the State), and one to New York, a distinguished clergyman +to Connecticut, and a chaplain to West Point; the class of 1835, an +archbishop to the Roman Catholic Church, and a chairman to the house of +bishops of the American Episcopal Church; the class of 1840, a president +to St. Stephen’s College and a supreme-court judge to Connecticut; the +class of 1846, a member of Congress to New York, another (also +lieutenant-governor) to Minnesota, and a president to Norwich +University; the class of 1848, a bishop to Massachusetts, a lecturer, a +tutor, and three trustees to the college; and this list seems as a +sample of what the college has done and is doing, in the spirit of her +motto, for the Church and the country. The bishops of Connecticut, +Kansas, Georgia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Washington +Territory, and Indiana are among her alumni; with them some three +hundred others have entered the ministry of the Christian Church; and +representatives of the college are found holding honored positions in +the State, in institutions of learning, in the professions of law and +medicine, and in the business of life. Her course of instruction unites +the conservatism of experience with adaptation to the needs of modern +scholarship, all under the acknowledged influence of religious nurture; +her well-stocked library and ample museum, with her unrivalled +accommodations for students, furnish her for her work, so that she is, +in reality as well as in name, in the affections of her members as well +as in her profession, a home of sound learning. And as her needs are +supplied by the generosity of alumni and friends, she will be still +better qualified for her work and will draw still closer to herself +those who are entrusted to her care.</p> + +<p>The elaborate plans for the new buildings, prepared by the eminent +English architect the late Mr. Burgess, were such as to provide for all +the present and prospective needs of the college. As finally arranged +they included a large quadrangle six +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> +hundred feet by three hundred, at +either end of which should be a quadrangle three hundred feet square. It +was not expected that all of the great pile could be built at once, and, +in fact, all that has been erected as yet is the west side of the great +“quad.” This includes, as has been said above, two long blocks of +buildings connected by a large tower some seventy feet square. The style +of architecture is that known as French secular Gothic; the buildings +are of brown Portland stone, liberally trimmed with white sandstone from +Ohio. Jarvis Hall contains forty-four suites of rooms for the students +and the junior professors, unsurpassed for beauty and convenience by +students’ quarters elsewhere; they are so arranged that each suite of +rooms runs through the buildings, and that there is plenty of sunlight +and air in every study and bedroom. The Northam tower is also fitted for +students’ apartments. In Seabury Hall, the plan of which was modified +under Mr. Kimball, the American architect, are the spacious +lecture-rooms, finished, as is all the rest of the buildings, in ash and +with massive Ohio stone mantel-pieces; and also the other public rooms. +The chapel is arranged choir-wise, after the English custom, and will +accommodate about two hundred people; the wood-work here is particularly +handsome. It is provided with a fine organ, the gift of a recent +graduate. The museum contains a full set of Ward’s casts of famous +fossils, including the huge megatherium, a large collection of mounted +skeletons, and cases filled with minerals and shells; while the +galleries afford room for other collections. The library extends through +three stories, and is overrunning with its twenty-six thousand books and +thirteen thousand pamphlets; large and valuable additions have been made +to its shelves within a few years. The erection of a separate library +building, probably at the south end of the great quadrangle, will be a +necessity before many years. The laboratories for practical work in +physics and chemistry are at present in Seabury Hall; but there is a +demand for larger accommodations. The St. John observatory is a small, +but well-furnished building on the south campus. The present gymnasium +is a plain structure on the north campus, between the dormitories and +the president’s house; but the funds have already been obtained for a +handsome and spacious gymnasium, and the generous gift of Mr. J. S. +Morgan, of London, has provided for the erection of an “annex,” under +cover of which base-ball and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> +other games may be practised in the +winter. As new buildings rise from time to time, the spacious grounds +will doubtless be laid out and beautified to correspond with the lawn in +front of the present buildings. Mention should also be made of the halls +of the college fraternities, three of which are already erected.</p> + +<p><a name="img16a" id="img16a"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 513px;"> +<img src="images/img16a.png" width="513" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">the new gymnasium</span> +</div> + +<p>Thus the college, though it needs an increase in its funds for various +purposes, is well fitted for its work. In its courses of instruction it +provides for those who wish to secure degrees in arts and in science, +and also for special students. The prizes offered in the several +departments and the honors which may be attained by excellence in the +work of the curriculum serve as incentives to scholarship. Nor is it +least among the attractions of Trinity College that it stands in the +city of Hartford.</p> + +<p><a name="img16b" id="img16b"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 295px;"> +<img src="images/img16b.png" width="295" height="300" alt="college logo" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span></p> +<p class="center1">[Webster Historical Society Papers.]</p> + +<h2>THE WEBSTER FAMILY.</h2> + +<p class="center1">BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.</p> + +<p class="center"><strong>II.</strong></p> + + +<p>The feeling between the settlers and the Indians, as narrated by Dr. +Moore Russell Fletcher, became so bitter that the Indians determined on +the total annihilation of the villagers, and with that intent +seventy-five or eighty Indians left their tribe in the vicinity of +Canada, and came down the head waters of the Pemigewassett as far as +Livermore Falls, and there camped for the night. All were soon sound in +sleep except one Indian, who was friendly to the settlers. He made his +way to Plymouth, aroused the villagers, and informed them of their +dangerous situation. The settlers, in dismay, asked each other, “What +can be done?” The Indian heard their inquiries, saw their alarm, and in +his Indian way, said, “Harkee me, Indian,—you no run away, no fight so +many Indians. Go up river a mile, quick, make um up fires by camp-ground +(holding up his fingers, five, ten, twenty), cut um sticks, like Indian +roast him meat on, lay um ends in fires, put fires out. When Indians see +and count um sticks he shake his head,—no fight so many pale-faces; +they go back home to camp-grounds.” Next morning the villagers waited in +great excitement, fear, and hope. No Indians appeared, and there was +little trouble from them afterwards. Comparative peace reigned, although +the Indians at times (three or four in number) passed through the quiet +town of Plymouth on their way to their old camping-grounds. The +villagers buried their animosity, having been told of the ill-treatment +of the Indians by the State, and, instead of driving them from their +houses, they fed and kept them over night when they signified a desire +to stop and rest.</p> + +<p>After many years other settlers went there; passable roads and bridges +were made, and the settlement was extended up along Baker’s River almost +to Rumney, and down the river nearly to Bridgewater, now called Lower +Intervale. They brought in from the lower towns oxen, cows, horses, +pigs, geese, and turkeys. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> +Their furs and moose and bear-skins found +ready sale in the lower towns, and afforded them the means of the most +common luxuries and groceries, which could not be provided in their +incomplete rural settlement.</p> + +<p><a name="img18" id="img18"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img18.png" width="600" height="336" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">marshfield—residence of daniel webster.</span> +</div> + +<p>A Mr. Brown, of that part of the settlement known as the Lower +Intervale, was one night returning from a neighbor’s house. In the +darkness he lost the footpath, and dropped upon his hands and knees to +feel for it. Instantly he felt the hair of some animal touch his face. A +quick thought told him that his companion was none other than an immense +bear. Mr. Brown’s presence of mind did not desert him. He knew that all +domestic animals like to be rubbed or scratched, so he began rubbing up +and down his companion’s breast and neck, continuing as far as the +throat, while with his other hand he drew out his long hunting-knife and +plunged it in to the handle, at the same instant jumping backwards with +all his might. As soon as he could he made his way back to his +neighbor’s house; his neighbor and another man, armed with gun, axe, +long hay-fork and lantern, returned to the place of encounter, where +they found Bruin already dead. Bear-steak was served all around the next +morning.</p> + +<p>Ebenezer Webster, the father of Daniel, settled at Salisbury about the +time that Stephen went to Plymouth, and the hardships they underwent +were very similar.</p> + +<p>Daniel was born ten years after the Revolutionary War, and had to pass +through many of the privations of the first settlers.</p> + +<p>The clearing of the land was a tedious process, in which all boys had to +participate. The forest trees were felled generally when in full +foliage, about the first of June, and laid thus until the next March, +when the “lopping of the limbs,” as it was called, went on, in which +boys, with their small hatchets, took part.</p> + +<p>About the middle of May, when perfectly dry, they were set on fire, and +the small limbs, with the leaves, were burned. In the midst of the +tree-trunks, as they lay, corn was planted in the burnt ground, and +usually yielded some sixty bushels, shelled, to the acre.</p> + +<p>In the early autumn, when the corn was in milk, bears, hedgehogs, and +coons were very troublesome, for they trampled down a great deal more +than they ate. Later in the autumn the chopping was infested by +squirrels. All practicable means were used for killing these visitors. +Bears were caught in log traps, hedgehogs +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> +were hunted with clubs, and +coons were caught in steel traps. Squirrels generally visited the +chopping in the daytime, and were killed with bows and arrows, and +sometimes caught in box traps. All of these animals were considered good +food.</p> + +<p>Just before the frost came the corn was gathered and shucked, and +afterwards husked and put into the granary. During the winter the felled +trees were sometimes cut for firewood, and those remaining in the spring +were “junked,” as it was called, and rolled into immense piles and +burned, after which a crop of rye or wheat was sown, and hacked in with +hoes, the roots of the trees preventing the movement of the harrow. The +process of “junking” was a tedious one, as the burnt logs soon covered +the axe-handle with smut, drying up the skin of the hands so they would +often crack and bleed.</p> + +<p>It is said that young Daniel disliked this toil very much, and was among +the earliest to devise “niggering,” as it was called. In this process a +stick of wood was laid across the log and lighted with fire, so it would +burn down through the larger log, when fanned by the breeze, cutting it +in two.</p> + +<p>In the early spring great preparation was made for tapping the +maple-trees and boiling the sap down to sugar, which was always an +agreeable employment for young Daniel. Another occupation of the boy on +the farm was in weeding, pulling, and spreading flax, which boys +generally dislike very much.</p> + +<p>After sheep were introduced in this locality there was a general washing +of them in the brook about the first of May, after which sheep-shearing +came on.</p> + +<p>Planting, hoeing, and haying was very hard work for the boys, and very +few liked it. After the harvest something was done in lumbering, and the +Websters, having a small saw-mill on their farm, made shingles and +boards; although for many years shingles and clapboards were mostly +split by hand. Daniel was peculiarly fond of hunting and fishing, a +passion which lasted his whole lifetime. Minks, musk-rats, and now and +then a fox, were caught in traps, though the latter was oftener shot. +Small game, such as partridges and squirrels, were very plenty in the +woods, and the skins of gray squirrels were most always used for winter +caps for the boys. Larger game, like moose, deer, bears, wolves, and +sometimes panthers, were taken.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> +The schooling of boys was often among these scenes, where at home the +evenings were spent in studying by the light of a pitch-pine knot.</p> + +<p>Itinerant ministers, in those days, mostly supplied the rustic pulpit, +and visited their scattered flocks through many miles of travel.</p> + +<p>The boys were expected to be very decorous not only to the visiting +ministers but to all older than themselves. Reverence was natural to +Daniel Webster, and was not with him a mere matter of cultivation.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="HOLMES" id="HOLMES"></a>TO OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.</h2> + +<p class="center">ON HIS DEPARTURE FOR EUROPE.</p> + +<div class="box1"> + +<p>Good Doctor, what has put it in your head<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">To sail away across the ocean blue?</span><br /> +Have you got tired of Boston? or, instead,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Do you mistrust that we are tired of you?</span></p> + +<p>You wanted to see England, and you thought<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">That you might go for once in fifty years:</span><br /> +Well, your own way—just make your visit short;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">So here’s <em>bon voyage</em>,—and also a few tears.</span></p> + +<p>We hope that you will have a joyful time,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meet hosts of friends, and sit at many a feast;</span><br /> +And when, with all your wit and all your rhyme,<br /> +You once are back in this your native clime,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Don’t ask to sail again off to the East</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">For—well, for five times fifty years at least.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 10em;"><em>Edward P. Guild.</em></span></p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span></p> +<h2>A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP’S WAR.</h2> + +<p class="center1">BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN.</p> + +<p class="center"><strong>CHAPTER II.</strong></p> + + +<p>The first day or two after her meeting with the captain Millicent worked +with a light heart and renewed strength, and though Ninigret now never +assisted her in carrying water, as he had formerly done, the thought of +her new friend and of freedom sustained her. When after a week, however, +there was no sign of the approach of friends, she grew restless. Her +work tired her more than it ever had; the water-bucket seemed to hold +twice the usual quantity; there was double the amount of food to +prepare, and the women all seemed to want clothing made. Doubtless all +was as it had been in her surroundings, only the hope that had dawned +one June day in her heart had died out. She tried to reason with +herself. Why was she so impatient? Did it not take time in this season +of war to accomplish anything? Why, after all, should he return? Her +story may have interested him at the time, even aroused his sympathies; +but, afterwards, it was but natural he should, on returning to his +duties, forget about her and her misery. What did she know of him? They +had met but once; still her belief in him was strong, though wavering at +the same time. Had he not said the unfortunate had a claim on all +honorable men, and surely he was a man an <em>unfortunate</em> might apply to, +if any man was? Such is the effect of imagination upon all poor mortals; +it may be a grand gift, but is often a most uncomfortable one.</p> + +<p>Upon the tenth night after the meeting with the captain quiet reigned at +the Indian camp, where all slumbered except Millicent, to whom, in her +anxiety, sleep was denied. She sat meditating upon recent events, her +bosom stirred with the hope of speedy deliverance, and fear lest +untoward circumstances should prevent the captain from executing his +plan for her rescue. After a time her attention was attracted by +peculiar sounds breaking upon the stillness of the night. These, at +first faint and distant, gradually grew nearer and louder, till, +trembling, she recognized the yells of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> +the savages, who were returning +through the woods rejoicing over the atrocities they had committed. She +aroused the women to prepare for the wanderers, who, bounding like deer +through the forest, soon burst into the clearing and threw themselves on +the ground in front of the wigwam, calling upon the women for food and +drink. In order to help the squaws provide for their impatient lords +Millicent offered to carry out some provisions. As she appeared the +warriors greeted her with a shout, calling her Philip’s pretty maid. She +did not reply, but moved about silently among them, horrified at their +revolting account of an attack upon a lone country-house, where, having +murdered the inmates, they had possessed themselves of all of value in +the house. Exultingly they told their tale of horror, their painted +faces and blood-stained garments looking ghastly in the moonlight. One +man threw an ornament, torn from the person of a white woman, to his +squaw, who had brought his supper; and another, with a fiendish laugh, +tossed a scalp to Millicent, calling out in coarse tones, “Here little +white-skin, take that for a remembrance of your race.”</p> + +<p>With loathing she crept back to her tent, and, stopping her ears, tried +to keep out the sound of their diabolical cries.</p> + +<p>Toward morning the noise ceased, as they, weary with carousing, one +after another, fell into a heavy slumber. Allured by the silence, +Millicent slipped out into the forest to quiet her aching brow in the +fresh morning air. What if the English should come now, when these +warriors are all at home? Would they be prepared for the fierce +resistance they would encounter, she murmured, and, lost in thought, +gazed mournfully at the waters of the lake, cold and gray in the early +daylight. Suddenly she was startled by the tall form of Ninigret +appearing like a phantom at her side.</p> + +<p>“I have come to join you in your morning walk, Millicent,” he said, with +meaning in his dark eyes, as he watched her narrowly.</p> + +<p>“You need not have come; I prefer to be alone,” she answered, drawing +herself up haughtily.</p> + +<p>“I know you do; but you are out early, and need a protector.”</p> + +<p>A look of disgust swept over her face as he spoke the word protector. As +if comprehending the expression, he said, hurriedly:—</p> + +<p>“Have you considered what I said to you? Have you had enough of this +life, and are you ready to come with me?”</p> + +<p>“No, never! I would rather die at the hands of the warriors up +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> +there”—but the words died on her lips, for, as she spoke, the sounds of +fire-arms reached their ears, mingled with the war-cry of the +half-aroused Indians. With an exclamation of joy Millicent started in +the direction of the firing, but had advanced but a step before the +lithe Indian had her in his grasp.</p> + +<p>“You shall not escape me now. Resign yourself. The white men have found +the camp, but they will not rescue you. Dare to utter a cry, and I will +kill you,” he added, brandishing a gleaming knife before her eyes.</p> + +<p>Terrified at this menace she allowed herself to be dragged unresistingly +into the forest.</p> + +<p>Immediately after his interview with Millicent Captain Merwin returned +to Boston to secure the force necessary to his purpose. This required +some days, during which he found himself becoming very restless. The +story of the fair captive had strongly excited his sympathy, and her +sweet face had made a deep impression upon his imagination, and he +longed, with an impatience he could hardly control, to be again by her +side. He was also fearful lest harm should befall her during his +absence.</p> + +<p>All this gave him a stimulus to action, and caused him to use every +endeavor to prepare for his undertaking. When everything was at last +ready he departed with all possible despatch.</p> + +<p>In the evening after leaving Boston, as the English approached Lake +Quinsigamond, when more than a mile from the Indian head-quarters, they +heard the shouting of the warriors above described.</p> + +<p>Merwin commanded his men to conceal themselves in a thicket in the dense +wood, whence they could observe the Indians as they passed. He found +they considerably outnumbered his own force. As they evidently had no +suspicion of the presence of an enemy, he determined to follow them +cautiously, wait until weary with revelling they should fall asleep, and +then surprise them after their own mode of warfare. He deployed his men, +and held them in readiness. Toward day dawn, when the Indians had sunk +into a profound slumber, he ordered the attack.</p> + +<p>The English advanced stealthily, and were almost in the camp before they +were discovered by the sentinel, who gave the alarm.</p> + +<p>This came too late. The English rushed forward with cheers, and were +among the surprised Indians before they were fairly awake. The latter +hurriedly seized their weapons and made what +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span> +resistance they could; but +this was ineffectual. The struggle was sharp and brief. Many of the best +warriors were soon killed, and the rest fled precipitately, following +the women and children who escaped into the woods when the combat began.</p> + +<p>Merwin, as soon as he saw that his men were fairly engaged with the +Indians, called a few trusty fellows, and went in search of Millicent. +Not finding her at the wigwam, he plunged into the wood, following +luckily the path taken by Ninigret.</p> + +<p>After dragging the girl ruthlessly with him, until she fainted with +fright, Ninigret laid her on the ground for a moment, in order to +arrange his weapons, so that he might bear her away in his arms. While +doing this he espied Merwin advancing, and, taking hasty aim at him with +his musket, fired. The ball missed its mark and struck one of Merwin’s +companions. As the Indian bounded off Merwin raised his rifle and fired +in return, with deadly effect. Ninigret, leaping high in the air, fell +dead, pierced through the heart. The English bore his body a short +distance into the forest, and, leaving it to such a burial as nature +might grant, hurried back to Millicent, who still lay in a swoon. They +then carried her to the scene of battle and placed her in one of the +wigwams lately occupied by the Indians.</p> + +<p>For a week Capt. Merwin and his men remained in the vicinity to +intercept any band of Indians that might be passing westward. Merwin, +although often away upon scouting expeditions, found ample time to +improve his acquaintance with his rescued charge, in whom he was fast +becoming deeply interested. It was the evening before their departure +for Boston. The air was soft and laden with the fragrance of flowers; +the lake, its surface unruffled by a ripple, lay spread like a great +mirror, reflecting the lustre of the full moon. Two persons stood near +the water’s edge contemplating the beauty of the scene. The quiet +harmony of nature seemed to possess their souls, and for a time neither +spoke. Millicent was the first to break the silence.</p> + +<p>“What serenity after the strife of last week!”</p> + +<p>“It is, indeed, a contrast this night. Let us sit here awhile and enjoy +its beauty,” said Merwin; and, assisting Millicent to a seat upon the +trunk of a fallen tree, he placed himself at her feet.</p> + +<p>“How strange it all seems! Here I am in the forest, as I was a week ago, +yet under such different circumstances,—free from my enemies and +surrounded by only friends.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span> +“And another week will change your surroundings entirely; and the new +friends made now will, like the Indians, be present but in memory. You +know to-morrow we are to leave here.”</p> + +<p>“I can hardly realize it. Ah, Captain Merwin! can it be that I shall so +soon leave Wigwam Hill, the scene of my trying life of captivity, behind +me?”</p> + +<p>“Yes; by to-morrow at this time, I trust, you will be far from this spot +where you have suffered so much. This beautiful lake will always recall +unpleasant associations to your mind, I fear, while to mine it will +recall some of the pleasantest hours of my life.”</p> + +<p>“No; I, too, shall have pleasant recollections of these shores. The +memory of your noble kindness to me will not be effaced. But tell me, +where do we go then?” Millicent asked, rather seriously.</p> + +<p>“It cannot matter to you where I and my men go; but you I hope to take +to your sister.”</p> + +<p>“To Martha, Captain Merwin? Is my dear sister then alive? Is there no +doubt of it?”</p> + +<p>“None.”</p> + +<p>“Is it possible? What happiness!” breathed Millicent, with tears in her +eyes. “I cannot believe it. I cannot believe that I shall again see my +dear sister, whom I have so long supposed dead. How did you know she was +alive; and why have you not told me this before?”</p> + +<p>“Because I wished to surprise you just before our departure. You will +not deprive me of that last pleasure, would you?” asked the captain in a +low voice, smiling faintly. “I made all possible inquiry when in Boston, +and, just as about to depart with the troops, received accurate news of +her whereabouts.”</p> + +<p>“I see; and so she is safe, and we shall meet before many days. Where is +she, please?” asked Millicent, smiling divinely upon Merwin.</p> + +<p>Drinking in the sweetness of the smile the captain gave her an account +of her sister’s fortune, and of her surroundings.</p> + +<p>“The Stantons, with whom she is, are friends of mine,” he observed, +rather gloomily.</p> + +<p>“Ah, indeed; then it will be a pleasant meeting all around!” and she +clapped her hands with joy. Then, noticing the captain’s gravity, she +said, “Why are you so sad, Captain Merwin?”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span> +“Oh, I don’t know. I did not mean to be,” and he tried to smile. “Yes, I +think I do appear rather glum,—don’t mind the word, it is so expressive +of my feelings. You see, this last week has been so pleasant, we have +become such good friends, and learned to know each other’s tastes so +well, and I have enjoyed so intensely giving you your freedom and +sharing it with you, that the thought that it must all end, that I must +take you back to interests which I can know nothing of and have no share +in, is just a little hard to bear at present. You will think me selfish; +forgive me, I did not mean to mention it, but you asked me.”</p> + +<p>She held out her hand to him and said, “You are my trusted friend, and +will be my sister’s when she knows what you have done for me; so do not +say you will have no share in our interests.”</p> + +<p>“You are very kind,” he replied, pressing her hand tightly in his, then +dropping it suddenly.</p> + +<p>“Captain Merwin,” said Millicent, in turn looking grave, “the past year +I have lived in an atmosphere of treachery and revenge; the minds of +those with whom I have been associated were filled with anything but +Christian thoughts. Unkindness and ill-feeling have found a fertile soil +upon which to thrive in their hearts; but deep in my own I ever kept a +spot green, where the plant of gratitude could again grow should the +occasion offer. It did offer. The seeds were sown by a kind and generous +hand; the plant grew quickly, and to-day it blossomed in full. Deeply +grateful for what you have done for me, I beg you to accept its +flowers.” And, with tears in her eyes, she held toward him a small +exquisitely selected bunch of fragrant white azalias.</p> + +<p>Taking the blossoms tenderly he lifted them to his lips. “What a pretty +idea! Who but you would have thought of rewarding a common deed of +kindness so sweetly? I shall cherish these flowers, they are so like +you. Did you really pick them for me?”</p> + +<p>“Yes, and selected them out of many. It was all I had. If ever I can +reward you better tell me, for I would willingly do you any favor to pay +the debt of gratitude I owe you. I assure you I feel my obligation +deeply,” said Millicent, blushing.</p> + +<p>“There is a reward you could give me now; but I scarcely dare ask it, +for I know it to be more than I deserve.” And the captain gazed at +Millicent with a look that brought a bright blush to the young girl’s +cheek.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> +“Perhaps it is not,” she replied, hesitatingly. “I don’t think I +understand you.”</p> + +<p>“Well, then, Millicent,—may I call you that?—the drawing-room term of +Miss does not suit our simple life here.” And, as she nodded assent, he +continued, “Will you answer a question, even a hard one?”</p> + +<p>“I will try.”</p> + +<p>“Tell me, then, if ever in the heart where the plant of gratitude grew +another far sweeter flower has grown?”</p> + +<p>“That of friendship do you mean?”</p> + +<p>“Yes; the plant might be called friendship, but its blossom is love. Ah, +Millicent! may I not take the fairest of these sweet flowers, and, +placing it in the centre, call it love surrounded by gratitude? Then +would my nosegay be perfect indeed.”</p> + +<p>Millicent looked, beyond the ardent gaze of the captain, into the lake, +and made no reply.</p> + +<p>“Throwing off the language of flowers, and all language but that of +simple truth, the reward I desire above all on earth is yourself. I know +my request is a bold one, and I ought, I suppose, not to make it for +months, if ever. But come it must, and to-night my heart has forced it +to my lips.”</p> + +<p>“It is very sudden,” Millicent answered, faintly.</p> + +<p>“I know that, but, after all, most deep feelings are sudden. In the +savages, with whom you have been associated, have you not seen hate and +other strong passions develop in a moment? Why, then, should not love, +in a more appropriate soil, spring to life? It certainly has taken deep +root in my heart. Give me some answer, Millicent, if it be but that of +hope deferred. Can you ever love me?”</p> + +<p>“What if I do now?” said Millicent, demurely.</p> + +<p>“Do you really, Millicent? Then I am the proudest, happiest man alive,” +said Merwin. And, possessing himself of both her hands, kissed them +vehemently.</p> + +<p>“I trust I am doing right, Captain Merwin; I am almost sure I love you.”</p> + +<p>“Thank you, dearest, thank you, for your sweet words. Your reward for +them shall be my life devoted to your service.” And he drew her to him +and kissed her lips.</p> + +<p>“You deserve a whole life of thanks, Captain Merwin”—</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span> +“Call me Harold.”</p> + +<p>“—for releasing me from such a captivity, Harold, and, lastly, from +death, or worse than death.” And weeping, she threw her arms about his +neck and buried her head on his shoulder.</p> + +<p>“My brave darling, I hope and believe your troubles are at an end. I +only wonder your strength has survived the hardships of such a life as +yours has been the past year.”</p> + +<p>“Think of how much has happened in the last short weeks!”</p> + +<p>“True, ours has been a courtship in which the bitter and the sweet have +been equally mingled, but now the peace complete is coning love, for +King Philip is dead and the war is over.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PICTURE" id="PICTURE"></a>THE PICTURE.</h2> + +<p class="center1">BY MARY D. BRINE.</p> + +<div class="box2"> + +<p>It was only a simple picture,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The simplest, perhaps, of all</span><br /> +The many and costly paintings<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">That hung on the parlor wall;</span><br /> +But it held my gaze the longest,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And it touched my inmost heart</span><br /> +With a pathos in which the others<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Held neither place nor part.</span></p> + +<p>It showed me a lonely hill-side,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the light of the day had fled,</span><br /> +And the clouds of an angry twilight<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Were gathering overhead;</span><br /> +And under the deepening shadows,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tired and sore afraid,</span><br /> +A sheep and her lamb were grieving,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far from the sheepfold strayed.</span></p> + +<p>Only a simple picture;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">But oh, how full of truth,</span><br /> +Which silently spoke from the canvas<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Its lesson of age and youth!</span><br /> +For are we not sheep, sore needing<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The safety of Christ’s own fold?</span><br /> +And do we not often wander<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far from his loving hold,</span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> +Heedless of where we are straying<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till the light of day has fled,</span><br /> +And perchance a storm is gathering<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">With the shadow of night o’erhead?</span><br /> +My little one came beside me,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And climbed to my waiting knee,</span><br /> +And lifted her gaze to the picture,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which told its story to me.</span></p> + +<p>“Tell me about it, mamma;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Why does the sheep wait there?”—</span><br /> +So I told my own wee lammie<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">(So tender, and sweet, and fair),</span><br /> +How the poor white sheep had wandered<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far from its fold away,</span><br /> +And was tired, and sad, and lonely,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And afraid, at the close of day.</span></p> + +<p>“But the <em>lamb</em> couldn’t help it, mamma,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">’Cause its <em>mother</em> led it, you see.”—</span><br /> +Oh! there was another lesson<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brought silently home to me:</span><br /> +We mothers, who love our babies,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guarding them day and night,—</span><br /> +Are we always careful to lead them<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">In ways that are best and right?</span></p> + +<p>I gathered my darling closer,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">With an earnest unspoken prayer,</span><br /> +That the tender Shepherd above us<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Would help me with special care</span><br /> +To lead my little lamb onward<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thro’ pastures prepared by him,</span><br /> +That naught could harm or afflict us<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">When the light of our day grew dim.</span></p> + +<p>And I know he will graciously answer,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And, though come storms and cold,</span><br /> +He will gather his own in safety<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Within one blessed fold.</span><br /> +And my baby still talks of the picture,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And pities the lamb so white,</span><br /> +Which was led by its careless mother<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Out into the dark, cold night.</span></p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span></p> +<h2>NEW BEDFORD.</h2> + +<p class="center1">BY HERBERT L. ALDRICH.</p> + + +<p>No visitor to the shore of Buzzard’s Bay has really done his duty, or +shown due respect to the inhabitants, who has not learned to say in one +breath, and without a break or hesitation,—</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;">Nashawena, Pesquinese,<br /> +Cuttyhunk and Penekese,<br /> +Naushon, Nonamesset,<br /> +Onkatonka and Wepecket.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><a name="img31" id="img31"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px; margin-top: -3em;"> +<img src="images/img31.png" width="450" height="367" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">old whalers and barrels of oil.</span> +</div> + +<p>These are the names of the islands along the south entrance to the bay +which Bartholomew Gosnold, the English navigator, named for his queen +the Elizabeth Islands when he entered the bay in 1602. Fortunately his +attempt to substitute his own English names for these of the Indians was +futile. When Gosnold landed at Cuttyhunk in the early summer of that +year he found it densely wooded and abounding in game. To-day there is +hardly a tree there. In the west part of this island is a pond of fresh +water, in the waters of which is a considerable island, and it was on +this that +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> +these adventurers built the first habitation in this section +of New England of which there is any authentic account. There they were, +in a sense, safe from the Indians and from wild animals.</p> + +<p>When Gosnold prepared to return to England in his vessel, the “Concord,” +with a cargo of native products, such as sassafras, cedar, etc., those +who had planned to remain and settle returned with him, fearing that +they might not share in the expected profits. But they could not take +back with them the cellar to the house they had built, and what little +vestige of the hole that still remains in that island within an island +is to-day pointed out as the spot where the first white settler’s house +was built hereabouts. Unfortunately for the picturesqueness and poetry +of this historic incident, modern civilization has utilized the island +as a hen-yard, and the historic cellar as a chicken-roost.</p> + +<p><a name="img32" id="img32"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;"> +<img src="images/img32.png" width="446" height="600" alt="City Hall and Depot" title="" /> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img33" id="img33"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img33.png" width="500" height="480" alt="front street and fish markets" title="" /> +<span class="caption">fish markets along the wharves.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span> +The real history of Southern Massachusetts began in June, 1664, when the +General Court of the Plymouth Colony passed an order that “all that +tracte of land called and known by the name of Acushena, +<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +Ponogansett, and Coaksett, is allowed by the court to bee a townshipe, and said towne +bee henceforth ... called and knowne by the name of Dartmouth.” In +November, 1652, Wamsutta and his father, Massasoit, had signed a deed +conveying to William Bradford, Capt. Standish, Thomas Southworth, John +Winslow, John Cooke, and their associates all the land lying three miles +eastward from a river called the Coshenegg to Acoaksett, to a flat rock +on the western side of the said harbor, the conveyance including all +that land from the sea upward “so high that the English may not be +annoyed by the hunting of the Indians, in any sort, of their cattle.” +The price paid for this tract was, thirty yards of cloth, eight +moose-skins, fifteen axes, fifteen hoes, fifteen pairs of breeches, +eight blankets, two kettles, one cloak, two pounds wampum, eight pairs +stockings, eight pairs shoes, one iron pot, and ten +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span> +shillings in other +commodities. This immense tract had twenty miles of sea-coast, not to +mention harbors, etc., and represents, besides the present township of +Dartmouth, New Bedford, Fairhaven, Westport, and Acushnet. +<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p><a name="img34" id="img34"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img34.png" width="400" height="433" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">the head of the river.</span> +</div> + +<p>In a brief article it is impossible to give more than the cream of the +whole story of the growth and existence of this settlement. It +experienced the vicissitudes of Indian depredations and wars. In the +King Philip war it was nearly obliterated, only the little settlement of +Apponegansett surviving. But at the return of peace the settlers took up +their old avocations, and gradually, but surely, made the old town of +Dartmouth. The story of nearly every other outlying settlement in those +days is the story of this one, so that all that concerns us are the +historical events peculiar to this.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span></p> + +<p><a name="img35" id="img35"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img35.png" width="500" height="779" alt="Along the wharfs and relics" title="" /> +<span class="caption">relics of the last century.</span> +</div> + +<p>These early inhabitants combined tilling the soil and extracting the +wealth of the sea, only, however, as shore fishermen, and an occasional +off-shore whaling voyage in small boats. One event in early history +shows that the people were possessed of something more than the +traditional courage and bold seamanship for which southern Massachusetts +was ever famed, and shows a spiritual courage as well as that deliberate +manly determination to overcome all physical obstacles to existence with +which the early settlers were permeated.</p> + +<p><a name="img36" id="img36"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img36.png" width="600" height="160" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">new station of the old colony railroad.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img37a" id="img37a"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<img src="images/img37a.png" width="436" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">custom house.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img37b" id="img37b"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 474px;"> +<img src="images/img37b.png" width="474" height="400" alt="Court House" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> +This was the dispute between the General Court at Plymouth and the town +authorities regarding a settled minister. A good two-thirds of the +people were Friends, and one of their number provided for their +spiritual wants without compensation. Those remaining were mostly +Baptists, who also had among them a <em>quasi</em> minister who acted as +pastor. But the General Court at Plymouth wanted the settlers to have +<em>their</em> kind of a minister; so in 1671 they ordered the settlers to +raise £15 by taxation “to help towards the support of such as may +dispense the word of God.” But as the settlers were satisfied with their +own ministers they refused to obey the order. Fortunately they were far +away from the court. Then about that time King Philip’s war broke out, +and absorbed the whole attention of the court; although time enough was +found to warn the people that the calamity of war was due to the “lack +of a dispenser of the word of God” among them. But no sooner had the war +ended than the old dispute was taken up just where it was left off. The +court pleaded and persuaded, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> +then commanded, and finally threatened; +but year after year the colonists continued doing as they pleased, +regardless of the court. Finally, in 1722, as a last resort, the court +ingeniously combined the provincial and ministerial tax, £181 12s. in +all, with the intention of providing a minister by that means. The town +called a meeting, and, after promptly voting the provincial tax of £81 +12s., as promptly refused to raise the extra £100, which they recognized +as the ministerial tax in a new garb. Such defiance led to the arrest of +the selectmen, and they were imprisoned at Taunton. This thoroughly +aroused the town. A meeting was immediately held, and £700 was +unanimously voted to support the selectmen. This enormous sum for those +days was used partly to support the selectmen and their families, but +mostly to send an embassy to England to seek redress from the King and +his council. In this the colonists were successful, for not only were +the selectmen ordered released from prison, but the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span> +province of +Massachusetts Bay was ordered to remit the obnoxious taxes which it had +in vain tried for thirty-one years to collect. It was not until about +this time that what is now New Bedford was settled. Joseph Russell had +been practically the sole inhabitant. He was succeeded by his twin sons +John and Joseph. The latter lived near the heart of the site of the +present city, and is regarded as its real founder. For some time vessels +of all classes had fitted out in the Apponegansett river, but he sent +his from the Acushnet. His merchantmen sailed all over the seas. At the +same time he fitted out whaling vessels. These whalers were small sloops +and schooners, which only went off-shore, captured a whale or two, then +returned to try out the oil. In connection with this business Mr. +Russell had built try works, and he started a sperm-oil factory. The +infant whaling industry began about 1760 to attract a boat-builder, then +a carpenter, a blacksmith, and so on until gradually there became quite +a little settlement. Larger vessels were built, voyages were extended to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span> +some two or three weeks, and sometimes to as many months, the seas +being scoured from Newfoundland to Virginia for whales.</p> + +<p><a name="img38" id="img38"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img38.png" width="400" height="339" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">grace episcopal church.</span> +</div> + +<p>The year 1765 was an eventful one, as it brought Joseph Rotch, a man of +means and experience, from Nantucket,—or Sherburn as it was called up +to 1790,—to carry on the whaling business here; and his vessels, +together with those of other new-comers, materially increased the size +of the little fleet sailing from the Acushnet river. The settlement had +now become quite a little village, and needed a distinctive name, as it +had always been regarded as a part of the village of Acushnet; so it was +christened Bedford, and in after years the New was added to distinguish +it from the Bedford near Boston.</p> + +<p><a name="img39" id="img39"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 539px;"> +<img src="images/img39.png" width="539" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">looking down union street.</span> +</div> + +<p>Being deeper, broader, and a safer harbor than the Apponegansett, the +Acushnet river gradually absorbed most of the fleet that had sailed from +there, so that the little fleet of a few vessels in 1765 had become one +of fifty vessels in 1773. Among these vessels was one owned by Mr. +Rotch,—the “Dartmouth,”—which will be remembered as long as the +American republic stands, for it was this vessel that took the tea to +Boston which was thrown overboard at the time of the famous Tea Party in +1773.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span></p> + +<div class="box"> +<p><a name="img40a" id="img40a"></a></p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 269px;"> +<img src="images/img40a.png" width="269" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">unitarian church, union street.</span> +</div> + +<p><a name="img40b" id="img40b"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/img40b.png" width="480" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">mandell’s house, hawthorne street.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>But the Revolution put a stop to a continuance of this marvellous +growth, and during the following eight years in the struggle for +liberty, decay, fire, and the English did fatal destruction to the +vessels in Buzzard’s Bay. Mr. Rotch returned to his off-shore island +home, taking his vessels with him, and one or two other merchants +followed his example and moved away. What vessels remained after these +desertions were moored along the wharves. But the people did not settle +down in idleness to wait for the war to be over. While the women were +working for the soldiers, in providing them clothing, etc., the men +young and old proved that their sea-training in the catching of whales +was invaluable in manning the little navy of the colonies. With such men +behind him, John Paul Jones scoured the ocean and even defied the +English in their own harbors, and the little navy became a powerful and +dangerous foe to the proud mistress of the seas. Not the least +destructive vessels of the brave American navy were the whaling vessels from +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span> +Buzzard’s Bay made over into men-of-war. The frequent and +astonishing victories of these vessels caused many valuable prizes to be +brought into the bay, and the natural consequence was the raid of Major +Gen. Gray, accompanied by the ill-fated Andre, on the fourth day of +September, and the day following, in 1778, by which nearly the whole +town of Bedford was laid in ashes and property to the value of over half +a million of dollars destroyed, together with seventy vessels, including +eight large ships with their cargoes, and four privateers.</p> + +<p><a name="img41" id="img41"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 432px;"> +<img src="images/img41.png" width="432" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">residence of mayor rotch.</span> +</div> + +<p>At the first whisperings of peace, Capt. Moores, of the good ship +“Bedford,” with a cargo of oil, set sail for London, and first displayed +to the defeated English, in their great metropolis, the stars and +stripes of the infant republic of the western world. This promptness of +Capt. Moores is a fair sample of the manner in which the village of +Bedford grasped the return of peace and rushed into its former +industries. The greater part of the village had been rebuilt; the +vessels that survived the war—most of them as men-of-war—were +refitted, and whaling and commerce resumed, although it was years before +whaling fairly got on its feet again. This was +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> +owing to the lack of a +market for oil, as England and France had passed laws practically +prohibiting its importation. Some merchants were forced to live in +French or English territory and sail under those flags, in order to +pursue whaling with any profit.</p> + +<p><a name="img42" id="img42"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 383px;"> +<img src="images/img42.png" width="383" height="600" alt="the stone church and yacht club house" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>In 1787 the General Court of Massachusetts incorporated the town of New +Bedford, and in 1847 it became a city. The census of 1790 reported a +population of 3,313 in the new town. But there was nothing at this time +to cause the town to grow, nor was there until 1804, when, through the +intercessions of William Rotch, Sr., +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span> +Great Britain remitted her alien +duty on oil. From that year New Bedford began to assume her distinctive +character as the whaling port preëminent of the world. The stock in +trade to begin with was no meagre one, as it consisted of fifty-nine +vessels of 19,146 tons’ burden, about thirty of them being brigs and +ships employed in the merchant service with Europe, South America, and +the West Indies. This fleet suffered terribly from the impressment of +seamen, then the embargo, and finally by the second war with England, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span> +during which many vessels were captured. This over, the place began in +earnest its distinctive career.</p> + +<p><a name="img43a" id="img43a"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img43a.png" width="500" height="229" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">fish island.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img43b" id="img43b"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img43b.png" width="500" height="417" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">seamen’s bethel and sailor’s home.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img44" id="img44"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 375px;"> +<img src="images/img44.png" width="375" height="500" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">merchants’ and mechanics’ bank.</span> +</div> + +<p>A few words as to the history of whaling in America. Capt. John Smith +makes mention of catching a few whales on some of his voyages, and it is +known that the Indians had quite a passion for hunting the whale, or +<em>powdawe</em> as they called it. The Montauk Indians regarded the fin or +tail of a whale as a rare sacrifice to their deity. As the early +settlers began to spread throughout New England, it became quite an +industry along the sea-shore to hunt stranded whales for their oil and +blubber. This naturally led to hunting them in their native element, and +the industry extended along Cape Cod and Long Island, and, about 1672, +was introduced on the islands of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. About +fifty years later the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span> +brave Nantucket seamen began whaling in large +boats, and within the following twenty-five years Nantucket had direct +communication with England in her ships. These brave early mariners were +the first who understood and made use of the Gulf Stream, and by them it +was explained to the English admiralty. At the opening of the Revolution +there were one hundred and fifty vessels that sailed from Nantucket; but +at the close of the war one hundred and thirty-four of these had been +captured and fifteen more wrecked. The war also cost this island twelve +hundred sailors, and was the making of two hundred and two widows and +three hundred and forty-two orphans.</p> + +<p><a name="img45a" id="img45a"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 452px;"> +<img src="images/img45a.png" width="452" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">residence of joseph grinnell.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a name="img45b" id="img45b"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 461px;"> +<img src="images/img45b.png" width="461" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">friends meeting-house.</span> +</div> + +<p>In the year 1815 there sailed from Nantucket fifty whalers, while only +ten sailed from New Bedford. But the New Bedford fleet increased rapidly +year by year, reaching the climax in 1852, when two hundred and +seventy-eight sailed. From that date there has been an almost +uninterrupted decline in the whaling +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span> +industry. Nantucket’s decline +began many years earlier. In 1860 she had only very few vessels left, +and in 1872 her last whaler, the bark “Oak,” was sold. In 1835 whaling +was at its height, the whole fleet of the United States consisting of +six hundred and seventy-eight ships and barks, thirty-five brigs, and +twenty-two schooners, valued at twenty-one millions of dollars; while +the foreign fleet consisted of only two hundred and thirty vessels of +various kinds. From the off-shore fishing as practised in the early days +of the industry, voyages had extended to all parts of the Atlantic, and +before the opening of the nineteenth century a considerable fleet was +cruising in the Pacific Ocean. By 1820 these voyages had extended to +Japan, and in 1836 they reached what is known as the Kodiak Grounds. In +1848 the wonderful field in the Arctic, by way of Behring’s Strait, was +discovered by bark “Superior.” Three years later two hundred and fifty +vessels took advantage of the “Superior’s” discovery and entered the +same grounds. The largest catch in these grounds was in 1852, when two +hundred and seventy-eight vessels got three hundred and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span> +seventy-three +thousand, four hundred and fifty barrels of oil. Since then there has +been a very great decline; the Arctic fleet of 1876 consisting of only +twenty vessels, which caught five thousand, two hundred and fifty +barrels of oil. The fleet of 1885 consisted of forty-one vessels, more +than half hailing from New Bedford; but four of the fleet were lost.</p> + +<p><a name="img46" id="img46"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 515px;"> +<img src="images/img46.png" width="515" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">public library.</span> +</div> + +<p>Seven years before the wonderful catch of 1852, disasters and other +reverses had caused many serious failures, and from that date really +begins the decline in whaling, which was rapid after 1860. But meantime +San Francisco had worked into the business. For years vessels had fitted +out from the Sandwich Islands, returning home only about once in five +years. But there were many abuses and disadvantages in this; hence San +Francisco as it grew in importance became the head-quarters for fitting, +and one ship after another was transferred from the New Bedford fleet to +that of San Francisco, until now she is next to New Bedford in the +whaling business. It is doubtful if the fleet sailing from Buzzard’s Bay +twenty-five years hence is half the size of the fleet of to-day; for +vessels that are lost, sold, or broken up are seldom replaced. The +astonishing decline in this industry is shown by the fact that three +hundred and eleven whaling vessels were owned in New Bedford in 1855. +Thirty years later, in 1885, only one hundred and thirty-five such +vessels were owned in the whole United States, eighty-six of which +hailed from New Bedford, twenty from San Francisco, and the rest from +Provincetown, New London, Edgartown, Boston, Stonington, and Marion.</p> + +<p>The disasters which have befallen the whaling industry are many and +fearful. During the late war rebel cruisers captured fifty vessels, +forty-six of them, with their cargoes and outfits, being burned. +Twenty-eight of them were New Bedford vessels. These, with other losses, +show what New Bedford had at stake before the Court of Commissioners of +Alabama Claims. Her slice of the Geneva Award will approximate, when all +paid, three millions of dollars. The “stone fleets,” sunk off Charleston +and Savannah harbors in 1861, drew heavily on whaling vessels; for more +money would be paid by the Government for vessels than they could earn +in whaling. In the first stone fleet were twelve New Bedford whalers, +and in the second, eight. Then there were the horrible calamities of +1871 and 1876. In the former year +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span> +thirty-three vessels were crushed or +abandoned in the Arctic, twenty-two belonging in New Bedford. The direct +loss from this was one million, one hundred thousand dollars. Twelve +hundred and nineteen men were thrust out on the ice to perish from cold +and hunger. Nothing but the bravery of Capt. Frazier, of one of the +abandoned vessels, in journeying seventy miles over the ice-fields to +the fleet outside for rescue, prevented untold suffering and death. In +the calamity of 1876 twelve vessels were abandoned, causing a loss to +New Bedford merchants of about six hundred and sixty thousand dollars. +But a greater horror was added to this calamity, some fifty lives being +lost.</p> + +<p>The wealth that was brought to New Bedford by whaling in its palmiest +days was enormous, and gave the city the reputation of being the +wealthiest of its size in the world. The catch of 1853, the banner year, +was over one hundred and three thousand barrels of sperm oil, valued at +four millions, fifty thousand, five hundred and forty dollars; two +hundred and sixty thousand, one hundred and fourteen barrels of whale +oil, valued at four millions, seven hundred and sixty-two thousand, five +hundred and twenty-five dollars; and five millions, six hundred and +fifty-two thousand, three hundred pounds of bone, valued at one million, +nine hundred and fifty thousand, forty-four dollars,—bone that year +averaging only thirty-four and one-half cents per pound; while it now +sells at from $2 to $2.50 per pound. The catch of the one hundred and +thirteen vessels arriving in the following year brought into the city +some over six millions of dollars. In 1866, when prices were very high, +the cargoes of the forty vessels that arrived aggregated over four +millions of dollars. All was not always palmy, however. Forty-four of +the sixty-eight vessels that arrived home in 1858 made losing voyages, +causing a direct loss of a million of dollars. Other disasters of less +importance have never been uncommon.</p> + +<p>It is estimated that between seven hundred and twenty-five and seven +hundred and fifty whaling vessels have been owned and sailed from New +Bedford. Of these at least two hundred and fifty are known to have been +lost. This means immense losses, for not only did the vessels cost from +fifteen to seventy-five thousand dollars each, but the outfittings and +catches were also partially or wholly lost. At the beginning of this +century it cost +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> +somewhere about twelve to fifteen thousand dollars to +fit out a vessel for a good voyage. In 1858 the cost had increased to +about sixty-five thousand dollars, voyages were of longer duration, and +catches had increased only about twofold in value. To-day a good outfit +falls but little, if any, below fifty thousand dollars. The cost of +fitting out the sixty-five vessels that sailed in 1858 was estimated at +one million, nine hundred and fifty thousand dollars. +<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +The catch since +1800 is believed to have been at least a quarter of a million of sperm +whales and nearly as many more right whales, the total value being +approximately one hundred and fifty millions of dollars.</p> + +<p>Volumes might be told of the experiences of whalemen, of their contests +with the natives of many an island in the Pacific, of wrecks, of the +bravery with which masters have stood by one another in times of need or +trouble, of the great benefits whaling has been to commerce, of the +discoveries by masters in their searches for new grounds, of the fields +opened for the missionaries, of the men rescued from danger and bondage, +etc., etc. +<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Up to the time of the war, and perhaps till its close, the history of +New Bedford and the whaling industry was identical. But the discovery of +petroleum, the scarcity of whales, and at the same time the low price of +oil, necessitated an entirely new field for the capital and energy so +long devoted to whaling. For a period of ten years or so the city was in +a transition state, the conservative element contending for a +continuation of the old order of things, while the younger blood +demanded the necessary changes to keep abreast of the times. At one time +it did look as though the conservatives would succeed; but gradually one +industry after another got a foothold. Then the panic of 1872 +demonstrated that a man who has money must invest it where he can watch +it, instead of trusting to luck in some wild-cat railroad scheme out +West. By the concentration and investment at home of some of the money +saved from the wreck, the Wamsutta mills have become a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span> +corporation with +a capital of three million dollars. The Potomska mills have accumulated +a capital of fifteen hundred thousand, the Grinnell mill has eight +hundred thousand, the Acushnet mill six hundred thousand, the Yarn mills +three hundred thousand. In addition to these cotton mills other +industries have sprung up, so that the total capital represented by the +various corporations is over nine millions of dollars. Banking also +proved profitable. Of the five national banks three have a capital of a +million dollars each, another has six hundred thousand, and the fifth +half a million; making a total capital of four millions, one hundred +thousand. Add to this the surplus funds, premiums on the stock, etc., +and the amount of money represented by these five national banks falls +little short of ten millions of dollars. The Institution for Savings has +deposits of over ten millions, and, with over three millions of deposits +in the other savings-bank, the seven New Bedford banks represent some +twenty-three millions of dollars.</p> + +<p>But New Bedford is not, or never has been, devoted entirely to the +scramble for wealth. Her public schools have been given a place among +the best, their cost last year being one hundred thousand dollars. She +has given to the world many scholarly as well as smart men. During the +war she did her duty bravely, sending eleven hundred more men than her +quota. With all of her business she has not neglected her duties to her +country or to her own citizens. One of the prides of the city is the +Public Library, established under an act of the State Legislature of May +24, 1851, authorizing the incorporation of public libraries. A year and +twelve days afterward the common council appropriated fifteen hundred +dollars for its support. Before the action of the city government the +library had existed a long time as the old Social Library, and before +that time as the Library Society, but when the State authorized the +incorporation of such institutions it immediately entered the wider +field. To-day it has fifty thousand volumes. It has the income of the +Sylvia Ann Rowland fund of fifty thousand dollars, the Charles W. Morgan +fund of one thousand dollars, the George Rowland, Jr. fund of sixteen +hundred dollars, the Oliver Crocker fund of one thousand dollars, and +the James B. Congdon fund of five hundred dollars. Besides the culture +of books, New Bedford has always been blessed by the presence and words +of ministers far above the average in talent +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span> +and earnestness. The +dispute of the early settlers with the General Court showed that the +people were particular as to the quality of their spiritual food, and +this fastidiousness seems to have been handed down from generation to +generation, judging from the <em>personnel</em> of the men. Dr. Samuel West, +who preached at the Head of the River from 1761 to 1803, was of just +that material to satisfy the spiritual wants of his time. Especially +should his name be honored for the vigor and determination with which he +threw himself, body and soul, into the struggle for independence. Nor +should the names of George L. Prentiss, Moses How, and others be +forgotten. One branch of the parent church, the First Congregational +(Unitarian) Society, which built its present substantial edifice in +1836-7-8, has had a continuity of pastors hardly equalled anywhere for +real spiritual living, thinking, and teaching. Dr. Orville Dewey, who +was settled in 1823, was much beloved by everybody, and in his last +years, at his home in Sheffield, among the Berkshire hills, he won the +hearts of all there by his beauty of character, as he had done here. +While Dr. Dewey was abroad, in 1833, and a year or so following, Ralph +Waldo Emerson supplied the pulpit. The present church was dedicated in +1838, and Rev. Dr. Ephraim Peabody and Rev. J. H. Morison were installed +as pastors. The former remained with the society until 1845, and the +latter until 1844. In 1847 Rev. John Weiss became pastor, remaining +until ill-health compelled him to resign, in 1857. Two years later Rev. +William J. Potter, who is not only the typical preacher but the typical +practitioner of his preaching, was installed, and yet holds the +pastorate. The bell of this church, tradition says, was formerly in a +Spanish convent. Whether this be so or not, its clear, musical tone +gives evidence that it is of high pedigree.</p> + +<p>Nothing could more fittingly close this article than a notice of that +monument to the charitable souls of New Bedford, the Union for Good +Works. This is a noble institution, not only because it cares for the +poor, but because it aids them to be self-reliant and self-supporting by +tiding over times of need. It provides sewing or other work for needy +women; it maintains a sales-room for the handiwork of the indigent or +the gentlewoman reduced in circumstances, whether the work be preserves, +needle-work, or anything that is salable; it has a large reception-room +well stocked with +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span> +the best papers, periodicals, and magazines, books, +all the parlor games, etc.; it provides throughout the winter season a +series of popular entertainments of high order and little cost; in +short, it endeavors to lighten the burdens of those in dependence of +distress, and to make pleasanter the life of those whose existence is a +continuous struggle. It has the spending of about three-quarters of the +income of the one hundred thousand dollars left by James Arnold for the +aid of the worthy poor of the city of New Bedford. Besides that it has +accumulated a fund of about thirty thousand dollars, by donation and +otherwise. This will not be touched, however, until it has reached at +least fifty thousand dollars. It will then provide sufficient income to +meet the expenses of the Union. There are the various branches of work, +the relief committee, the sewing-women’s branch, the fruit and flour +committee, the prison committee, the hospitality section, and others. +The Union is the outgrowth of the sermon preached by Rev. William J. +Potter at his tenth anniversary, but it is not sectarian in any sense.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img52.png" width="600" height="182" alt="image" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span></p> +<h2>HENRY BARNARD—THE AMERICAN EDUCATOR.</h2> + +<p class="center1">BY THE LATE HON. JOHN D. PHILBRICK. +<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + + +<p>The career of Henry Barnard as a promoter of the cause of education has +no precedent and is without a parallel. We think of Page as a great +practical teacher; of Gallaudet as the founder of a new institution; of +Pestalozzi as the originator of a new method of instruction; of +Spurzheim as the expounder of the philosophy of education, and of Horace +Mann as its most eloquent advocate; but Mr. Barnard stands before the +world as the national educator. We know, indeed, that he has held +office, and achieved great success in the administration and improvement +of systems of public instruction in particular States. But these labors, +however important, constitute only a segment, so to speak, in the larger +sphere of his efforts. Declining numerous calls to high and lucrative +posts of local importance and influence, he has accepted the whole +country as the theatre of his operations, without regard to State lines, +and by the extent, variety, and comprehensiveness of his efforts has +earned the title of the American Educator. It is in this view that his +course has been patterned after no example, and admits of no comparison. +But if in his plan, equally beneficent and original, he had no example +to copy, he has furnished one worthy alike of admiration and imitation.</p> + +<p>Mr. Barnard was a native of Hartford, Conn., where his family had lived +from the first settlement of the colony. He was born on the 24th of +January, 1811, in the fine mansion where he now resides. The son of a +wealthy farmer, and living within half a mile of the centre of a +considerable town and the State capital, he was placed in the most +favorable circumstances for early physical and mental development.</p> + +<p>His elementary instruction was received at the district school, which, +with all its imperfections, “as it was,” he remembers with gratitude, +not indeed on account of the amount of learning acquired in it, but +because it was a common school, “a school of equal rights, where merit, +and not social position, was the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> +acknowledged basis of distinction, and +therefore the fittest seminary to give the schooling essential to the +American citizen.”</p> + +<p>While pursuing the studies preparatory for college at Monson Mass., and +at the Hopkins Grammar School in Hartford, his proficiency was +brilliant; and such was his eagerness for knowledge that, in addition to +the prescribed course, he extended his reading among the works of the +best English authors.</p> + +<p>Having entered Yale College in 1826, he graduated with honor in 1830.</p> + +<p>The five subsequent years were mainly devoted to a thorough professional +training for the practice of the law, the severer study of the legal +text-books being relieved by the daily reading of a portion of the +ancient and modern classics. This course of study was fortunately +interrupted for a few months to take charge of an academy, where he +improved the opportunity to acquire some knowledge of the theory and +practice of teaching. This experience had considerable influence in +determining some of the most important subsequent events of his life.</p> + +<p>Before entering on the practice of his profession he spent some time in +Europe, for the twofold purpose of study and travel. Already well fitted +by study and natural taste to profit by the opportunities of foreign +travel, he made further and special preparation by a tour through the +Southern and Western States, and a visit to all the most interesting +localities in New England. “Leaving home like a philosopher, to mend +himself and others,” he returned with his mind enriched by observation +not only of nature and art but especially of the social condition and +institutions of the people.</p> + +<p>In the first public address which he had occasion to make after his +return he said, “Every man must at once make himself as good and as +useful as he can, and help at the same time to make everybody about him, +and all whom he can reach, better and happier.” This was the sentiment +which controlled the motives of his conduct. Fidelity to this truly +grand and worthy aim induced him, not long afterwards, to abandon the +flattering prospects of professional eminence which were opening upon +his vision, to retire from all active participation in political +affairs, after a brief but brilliant career in the Legislature of his +native State, and to devote himself to the great work of educational +reform and improvement. To +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span> +him the credit is due of originating and +securing the passage, by the Legislative Assembly, while a member, in +1837, of the resolution requiring the Comptroller to obtain from School +Visitors official returns respecting public schools in the several +School Societies, and in 1838, of an “Act to provide for the better +supervision of Common Schools.”</p> + +<p>This was the first decisive step towards the revival of education in +Connecticut. The Board of Commissioners of Common Schools established by +this act, was immediately organized, and Mr. Barnard accepted the office +of secretary, Mr. Gallaudet, who was first elected on his motion, having +declined. He devoted his energies to the arduous duties of this office +till 1842, when the Board was abolished. These duties as prescribed by +the Board were:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>1st. To ascertain, by personal inspection of the schools, and by +written communications from school officers and others, the actual +condition of the schools.</p> + +<p>2d. To prepare an abstract of such information for the use of the +Board and the Legislature, with plans and suggestions for the +better organization and administration of the school system.</p> + +<p>3d. To attend and address at least one meeting of such parents, +teachers, and school officers as were disposed to come together on +public notice, in each county, and as many local meetings as other +duties would allow.</p> + +<p>4th. To edit and superintend the publication of a journal devoted +exclusively to the promotion of common-school education. And,</p> + +<p>5th. To increase in any practicable way the interest and +intelligence of the community in relation to the whole subject of +popular education.</p></div> + +<p>Possessing fine powers of oratory, wielding a ready and able pen, +animated by a generous and indomitable spirit, willing to spend and be +spent in the cause of benevolence and humanity, he had every +qualification for the task but experience. Speaking of his fitness for +carrying out the measures of educational reform and improvement in +Connecticut, and of the results of his efforts, Horace Mann said, in the +“Massachusetts Common School Journal,” “It is not extravagant to say +that, if a better man be required, we must wait, at least, until the +next generation, for a better one is not to be found in the present. +This agent entered upon his duties with unbounded zeal. He devoted to +their discharge his time, talents, and means.</p> + +<p>“The cold torpidity of the State soon felt the sensations of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span> +returning vitality. Its half-suspended animation began to quicken with a warmer +life. Much and most valuable information was diffused. Many parents +began to appreciate more adequately what it was to be a parent; teachers +were awakened; associations for mutual improvement were formed; system +began to supersede confusion; some salutary laws were enacted; all +things gave favorable augury of a prosperous career, and it may be +further affirmed that the cause was so administered as to give occasion +of offence to no one. The whole movement was kept aloof from political +strife. All religious men had reason to rejoice that a higher tone of +moral and religious feeling was making its way into schools, without +giving occasion of jealousy to the one-sided views of any denomination. +But all these auguries were delusive. In an evil hour the whole fabric +was overthrown.”</p> + +<p>The four volumes of the “Common School Journal,” issued during this +period, and the four reports presented by him to the Legislature, with +other contemporary documents, justify the remarks quoted from Mr. Mann. +The reports have been eagerly read and highly prized by the soundest +educators. Chancellor Kent, in his “Commentaries on American Law” +(edition of 1844), after devoting nearly two pages to an analysis of his +first report, characterizes it as “a bold and startling document, +founded on the most painstaking and critical inquiry, and containing a +minute, accurate, comprehensive, and instructive exhibition of the +practical condition and operation of the common-school system of +education.” In referring to his subsequent reports, the same +distinguished jurist speaks of him as “the most able, efficient, and +best-informed officer that could, perhaps, be engaged in the service;” +and of his publications as containing “a digest of the fullest and most +valuable information that is to be obtained on the subject of common +schools, both in Europe and the United States.”</p> + +<p>It should be stated in this connection, as evidence of the +disinterestedness of his motives, that these labors were performed +without any pecuniary compensation; for although the amount allowed him +out of the treasury of the State, for the service of nearly four years, +was $3,747, this sum he expended back again in promoting the prosperity +and usefulness of the schools.</p> + +<p>The year following the abolition of the Board of Commissioners of Common +Schools in Connecticut he spent in visiting every +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span> +section of the +country, to collect the material for a “History of Public Schools and +the Means of Popular Education in the United States.” Just as he was +about to commence this history of education he was invited to go to +Rhode Island, and there achieve a work which is destined to form one of +the most interesting and instructive chapters in the history of +education in America, when it shall be written. Reluctant to accept the +invitation, as it would make it necessary to postpone the work in +contemplation, Gov. Fenner met his objection with the reply, “Better +make history than write it.” He accepted the task, and soon organized a +system of agencies which, in four years, brought about an entire +revolution in the condition of the schools in the State. It is not easy +to fully appreciate the difficulties and magnitude of the work +undertaken in Rhode Island. From the foundation of the colony the common +school had been excluded from the care and patronage of the government, +and for more than a century and a half there is not the slightest trace +of any legislation whatever for this great interest.</p> + +<p>To compel a citizen to support a school or educate his children was +regarded as a violation of the rights of conscience. Twenty years ago an +old Rhode Islander, well to do in the world, assigned as a reason for +refusing to aid in supporting a district school, “It is a Connecticut +custom, and I don’t like it.”</p> + +<p>The plan of operations adopted was substantially the same as that +pursued in Connecticut. The first great work was to enlighten the +popular mind on the subject of common schools, and create a public +opinion in favor of right action. The next step was to frame and secure +the enactment of an efficient school code, adapted to the wants of the +State, which was accomplished in 1845. Then came the difficult task of +organizing the new system and of carrying out its provisions; in a word, +of bringing into existence in every school district the conditions of a +good school. This process was progressing with a rapidity scarcely ever +realized elsewhere, in the erection of better school-houses, in the +employment of better teachers, in the establishment of school libraries, +and in the increase of the means provided by law for the support of +schools. But before accomplishing all his plans for the improvement of +public education in Rhode Island the state of Mr. Barnard’s health +rendered it imperatively necessary for him to resign his office. On his +retirement the Legislature, by a unanimous vote, adopted a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span> resolution, +giving him their thanks for the “able, faithful, and judicious manner” +in which he had for five years fulfilled the duties of his office. The +teachers of the State, through a committee appointed at the several +institutes, presented him a handsome testimonial of their “respect and +friendship, and of their appreciation of his services in the cause of +education, and the interest which he had ever taken in their +professional improvement and individual welfare.” +<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Mr. Barnard returned to his old home in Connecticut. He was soon invited +to professorships in two colleges, and to the superintendence of public +schools in three different cities. But a more congenial work in his own +State awaited his restored health. In 1849 an act was passed to +establish a State Normal School, the principal of which should be the +superintendent of common schools. Mr. Barnard was elected to this +office, and accepted on condition that an assistant should be appointed +to take the immediate charge of the Normal School. He soon had the +satisfaction of seeing long-cherished hopes fulfilled. After many +struggles and efforts he saw his own State taking her appropriate place +among the foremost of the educating and educated States.</p> + +<p>Our limited space will not allow even a glance at the particulars of his +doings while in office from 1850 till he resigned, at the close of the +year 1854, to give himself exclusively to labors of a more general and +national character. He had already accomplished as much perhaps as any +other individual for the promotion of education in every part of the +country. By repeated visits to the chief points of influence, by +extensive correspondence and numerous personal conferences with the +leading persons connected with the management of systems and +institutions of education, by addresses before popular assemblies, +literary associations, teachers, and legislative bodies throughout the +country, he had done more than any other man to shape the educational +policy of the nation. His publications had been numerous, important, and widely +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span>disseminated. +Besides the “Common School Journal” and reports +above alluded to, his work on “School Architecture” had been circulated +by tens of thousands, not only throughout America but in Europe, +creating a general revolution in public opinion on the subject. His work +on “Normal Schools” had been published several years, from which the +substance of nearly all documents on the subject since published have +been drawn. The volume entitled “National Education in Europe,” begun in +1840, and containing about nine hundred closely printed pages, had been +published in 1854, a work well described as an “Encyclopædia of +Educational Systems and Methods,” and of which the “Westminster Review” +speaks as “containing more valuable information and statistics than can +be found in any one volume in the English language.” But his +contributions to educational literature did not stop here.</p> + +<p>Scarcely did he find himself relieved from the routine of official life +when he projected and immediately entered upon the publication of a +still more valuable and important work, viz., the “American Journal of +Education.” Four large octavo volumes of this Journal are now before the +public, and we may safely affirm of it that it is the most valuable and +comprehensive educational publication ever printed in the English +language, and it will be a lasting disgrace to the teachers and +educators of America if it has to be prematurely suspended for want of +sufficient patronage. Besides conducting this Journal, he has found time +for other labors of a general nature. As president of the American +Association for the Advancement of Education, his influence has been +widely and beneficially exerted. That his services to the cause of good +letters and education have been appreciated in high places may be +inferred from the fact that in 1851 he received the honorary degree of +Doctor of Law, from the corporation of Yale College, and in the same +year from Union College, and in the year following from Harvard +University.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>[Mr. Barnard’s subsequent labors and successes, including his services +in connection with the United States Bureau of Education, will be the +subject of another article, which will be accompanied by a portrait from +a photograph recently taken.—<span class="smcap">Ed.</span>]</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span></p> +<h2>A DAUGHTER OF THE PURITANS.</h2> + +<p class="center1">BY ANNA B. BENSEL.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;">“Have you known sorrow?”<br /> +“No.”<br /> +“Then this sketch is not for you.”</p> + + +<p>In one of the loveliest towns in New England there stood, many years +ago, a large, old-fashioned, rambling house, known to all the villagers +as the old Vincent Manor. It was such an old place, full of strange, +dark corners and winding halls; a place that would have been famous for +a game of hide-and-seek; but there were no children to roam at will over +the house, to laugh out of its dusky corners, or to set the high rafters +a-ring with noise. It had stood there—the house—before and after the +Revolution. It had been turned into a small garrison more than once. Its +walls had heard anxious councils, as men of strong nerve and resolute +will made their vows of independence. Stately dames and grand gentlemen, +in powder and ball dress, in ruffles and periwigs, had paced its weird +corridors, or danced the slow minuet in its great salon.</p> + +<p>But now all was changed, and Mistress Marjory—as the neighbors called +her—lived alone in the old manor, the last of all her kin. She was a +tall, pale woman, bearing in her stately, gracious ways all the trace of +her proud ancestry, living alone, yet living for others, helping the +poor and the suffering, answering the call of sorrow everywhere it +reached her, loving and beloved. And her story—The story I learned one +day in the great drawing-room at Vincent Manor! Ah, well, after all, +perhaps it will not interest you as much as it did me. All lives have +their sorrows; does the telling of <em>one</em> matter, after all?</p> + +<p>But perhaps the charm and the pathos lay in the way Mistress Marjory +told it, sitting in the shadows before the open wood fire, with her +hands, so seldom idle, folded listlessly in her lap, and her beautiful +gray eyes looking far into the past. What a pretty picture she was in +her black silk dress, with its lace kerchief crossed on her bosom, with +her hair, white as snow, drawn back high +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span> +from her brow! I like to think of her as she looked that night so long ago.</p> + +<p>And so it is that I think you may like the story best if I tell it to +you in her own words, just as she told it to me. So here it is:—</p> + +<p>“My child-life was one full of excitement, yet little pleasure. What +with our struggles between hostile Indians and the soldiers of King +George, we had small time for play or serenity of living. Yet perhaps we +children enjoyed our play hours more than do those of the present time, +for they were so few and far between,—those peaceful, happy days,—they +were treasured all the more. Of the many strange events that happened in +those far-off years I have no time to tell you now. My parents had seven +children—there were six boys. I was the only daughter, and next to the +youngest, who was my favorite brother, one year my junior, sunny, +brave-hearted, and loyal in all things.</p> + +<p>“While the men were at work in the fields, and women busy in the house, +the children on different homesteads kept watch for Indians. My +brothers, of course, took turns on our place; and sometimes in the +harvest days, when many hands were needed out doors, and I was not +helping my mother in spinning the flax, I was set on the lookout. Those +were days when the stoutest heart among us would quail at times, for +danger and horror were on every side; and I—well, I was none of the +bravest. But on the days when Harold knew I would be most likely put on +guard he would contrive so as to have his work near the house, and so +watch over me. In order to do so he would rise before the rest, and +going alone in his far corner of the field,—his only defence a faithful +dog, and a trusty rifle over which the dog kept watch while his master +worked,—he would finish his field labor for the day by the time I was +ready for my task. It was a mutual understanding between himself and my +father that this should be; and I think that while my parents feared for +the boy’s safety they were proud of his courage that dared so much for +love.</p> + +<p>“Well, we grew as children grow, through war and peace, through storm +and calm. And when the first gun of independence was fired on Bunker +Hill my father and brothers armed themselves and joined the numbers +there. Two of my brothers were killed outright in their first encounter +with Gage’s men. In the third battle another was taken prisoner, and +with four others tried for +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span> +‘treason against the king,’ and shot. My +mother was a type of the bravest women of that period, but I thought she +would have died then, for he was her eldest born, upon whom she had +always looked with pride.</p> + +<p>“I was eighteen then, and my heart and hands were full; but so were +those of many another woman. In that time girls were <em>women</em> and boys +were <em>men</em>; it was needed so, you may be sure. Well, after a while the +struggle was over, you know, and they came home,—father, Robert, +George, and Hal. We were expecting them, and stood at the door +watching,—mother and I. And then—and then—we saw them coming, not in +triumph, as we expected, but slowly, a mournful little procession. We +saw father, Robert, and George, and a few neighbors, and they were +bearing a burden we could not see.</p> + +<p>“They came nearer, and then I heard mother’s awful shriek, that rings in +my dreams even now; but I stood there still; all my heart seemed turned +to stone. ‘Seven wounds,’ I heard them say, ‘and the last was mortal.’ O +Harry, my boy—my boy! He looked up and smiled faintly, as they bore him +past me into this very room, and laid him on that couch yonder. My boy! +I had never seen him so white and weak,—he who had been so strong +always. All my strength seemed gone, and I sank beside him as he held +out his hand for me to come to him. He was but a lad in years, but he +had a power of earnest courage many men of riper years do not possess. +Shot six times, he had insisted upon returning, after the dressing of +each wound, to the struggle going on so fiercely, heeding nothing, +fearing nothing, until, in that last battle, he had received the seventh +wound,—the seventh and the last. He lived two days after they brought +him home; and his sufferings! I shudder now when I think of them. He +died as he had lived,—strong and brave to the last. He was a handsome +lad, and he was beautiful in death. Oh, how I missed him! how I have +missed him all these years! Yet as I stood alone, bending over the +coffin, before they bore him out of the dear home forever, I knew all +his terrible pain was over, and through blinding tears I thanked God as +I have never thanked him since. I felt as if I should like to die too; +but soon the numb feeling passed away. Mother was failing, and she, +father, and the other boys leaned upon me as woman can be leaned on, and +I was +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span> +beginning to be happier. In the train of the French general, +Lafayette, was a young soldier, Chevalier de Rosseau, and he had known +Harold, and loved him. He would come often to the house, and one day he +brought his sister Manon, who had followed him from France. She was the +loveliest little creature I ever saw. I call her little,—although she +was three years my senior,—she was so small and delicate. We became +great friends, and she told me, in her pretty, affectionate way, how she +had been afraid to cross the great ocean, but that she could not bear to +be separated from her brother, who was all she had, and so she had, +after trying in vain to live without seeing him for many months, +conquered her fear and crossed to America. But after a time La Fayette +prepared to return to France. Then it was that my life-trouble came to +me. Chevalier de Rosseau loved me, and I loved him; but when he asked my +father’s consent to wed me he was sternly refused. My father had always +seemed to like the young count, and we had no fear of his opposition; +you can imagine, therefore, our dismay and grief. We sought in vain for +a reason for his refusal; he gave none. In vain my lover pleaded. I +could say nothing. In those times a daughter’s obedience was in strict +command. Countess Manon wept in vain. They went back to France. I stayed +on. My brothers married and went away. My mother died, and then my +father, he commanding me on his death-bed not to marry Chevalier de +Rosseau. The latter, hearing of my father’s death, came once more to +America, and sought again to woo me. What was the need of obeying the +dead? Why should we not be happy? He urged in vain. Dead, as living, my +father’s word was law. I was very young still; and I was lonely in the +old house, from whence all joy had fled. The chevalier went back to +France. I never heard of him again but once, and then of his death. +Countess Manon was married, and came with her husband to America; here +she stayed four years, and we often saw each other. We might have been +sisters, and we loved each other as such. Ah, what narrow ways we have +to walk! Is it well in the end? God knows. Manon and her husband +returned to their own land in time, and once more I was left alone. I +had many suitors, but I cared for none; my love had not died, nor will +it ever. Perhaps, somewhere, some time, the life I could not +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span> +have on +earth will be given in another world. I wait in patience. It will not be +long. The other day I heard of the death of Countess Manon. My brothers +are gone. I alone am left. Why is it so?—I ask myself over and over, I +have not cried for years; but the tears will come to-night as I think of +the past, and of beautiful Countess Manon lying cold and still in death +under the sunny skies of far-off Southern France. She may not have been +beautiful these later years. I forgot she was older even than I, and I +am very old; but to me she always was, and always will be, beautiful. +She was the last link of the old bygone years. What is the use of +remembering them? If Harold had only lived I could have been happy; but +I have not long to wait now. They will come for me. O Harry, +Harry!—across the long space of years the newer love has never dimmed +the older. Eternity waits. I shall see and know you again.”</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>Is it much, after all is told? I have repeated it just as Marjory +Vincent said it, half to me, yet more to herself, for she scarcely +heeded my presence; it was better so. Poor Mistress Marjory! There is +nothing left now; even the old manor is gone. And Mistress Marjory is at +rest.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span></p> +<h2>JUDICIAL FALSIFICATIONS OF HISTORY. +<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></h2> + +<p class="center1">BY CHARLES COWLEY, LL.D.</p> + + +<p>Historical societies, magazines, and students are, in a real sense, the +guardians of historic truth. If a book is published which falsifies +history, it is our right, and, if the falsification is important, it may +be our duty, to expose the error. So, if those having the administration +of a government falsify history, as the Guizot ministry of France did, +when, vainly hoping to stem the tide of opposition to Louis Phillipe, it +covered Paris with handbills declaring “He is not a Bourbon, he is a +Valois,” it is our privilege to “put the foot down firmly,” as President +Lincoln said, upon any such falsification. So, too, if a court of +justice commits the indiscretion of falsifying history, as the Supreme +Court of the United States did in the legal-tender case, Guilliard <em>v.</em> +Greenman, 111 U.S., 421, it well becomes the historic student to step +into the arena, as Mr. Bancroft has done, and, logically speaking, put +that court to the sword. To permit such falsifications to pass unnoticed +and unchallenged is a species of connivance at error; for, to quote a +maxim which is recognized alike in morals and in law, <em>Qui tacet +consentire videtur:</em> “Silence gives consent.”</p> + +<p>An able lawyer of the Granite State bar, commenting on the decision of +the Supreme Court of New Hampshire in the case of Eastman <em>v.</em> Moulton, +3 N.H., 156, remarked that “the Court, without knowing it, repealed +nearly two hundred years of history.” +<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> In like manner, it may be said +that the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, in a decision recently +made, has falsified the juridical history of this Colony, Province, and +Commonwealth for more than two hundred years. We refer to its opinion in +the divorce suit of Robbins <em>v.</em> Robbins, printed, with the briefs of +counsel, in 1 New England Reporter, 434, and, without the briefs of +counsel, in 140 Mass., 528.</p> + +<p>The only question presented to the court in that case was +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span> whether +certain conduct on the part of the husband amounted in law to connivance +at the infidelity imputed by him to his wife. For one hundred years a +statute has been in force in Massachusetts (which, however, is only a +reënactment of what had long previously been recognized here as +unwritten law) providing that, in all matters of divorce, the Supreme +Judicial Court shall follow “the course of proceedings in the +Ecclesiastical Courts.” Various decisions of the Ecclesiastical Courts +were cited to this court by counsel, showing that, according to the law +which prevailed in those courts, the conduct of the husband amounted to +connivance, and ought to preclude him from obtaining a divorce. In order +to obviate the conclusion to which these decisions clearly tended, the +Supreme Judicial Court proceeded to minimize the authority of the +Ecclesiastical Courts, by suggesting that “the decisions of those Courts +upon questions of substantive law are <em>not</em> of the same weight here as +are the decisions of the English Courts of Law and Chancery;” because +“the Ecclesiastical Courts proceeded according to the Canon Law as +allowed and adopted in England; but the Canon Law was never adopted by +the Colonists of Massachusetts: it was not suited to their opinions or +condition.”</p> + +<p>Now it is true that the Ecclesiastical Courts of England were Canon-Law +Courts, as distinguished from Courts of Common Law and Courts of +Chancery; but this court here has erroneously assumed that the rules and +principles which governed the Ecclesiastical Courts in determining +questions of connivance were different from and inconsistent with the +rules and principles which governed the Courts of Common Law and +Chancery in determining similar questions. Nothing could be further from +the truth. In dealing with questions of this sort, the Canon-Law Courts, +the Common-Law Courts, and the Courts of Chancery sought and found rules +and principles in every system of morals and in every system of law +which had prevailed in any past time in any part of the civilized world, +and especially in the Civil Law of Ancient Rome. They all drank at the +same fountain. In the Roman Law they found the maxim already quoted, and +also the following, viz., <em>Qui alios cum potest ab errore non revocat, +se ipsum errore demonstrat:</em> “He who, when he can, does not divert +another from wrong-doing, shows himself a wrong-doer.” <em>Qui non prohibit +cum prohibere +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span> +posset jubet:</em> “He who does not forbid when he can forbid +seems to command.” <em>Qui potest et debet vetare, tacens jubet:</em> “He who +can and ought to forbid, and does not, assents.” <em>Qui non obstat quod +obstare potest facere videtur:</em> “He who does not prevent what he can +prevent seems, to commit the thing.” Many others might be cited. In +short, the maxims of the Roman Law covered all questions of connivance +so completely that there was no need of devising any new rules in +relation thereto; and no new rules were devised.</p> + +<p>With respect to the Canon Law we are enabled to speak positively; for +the whole of the Canon Law is found in the <em>Corpus Juris Canonici</em>; and +the <em>Corpus Juris Canonici</em> nowhere attempts to define connivance, and +nowhere lays down any rule by which to determine whether any particular +act, or series of acts, amounts to connivance. When a Canonist had to +grapple with any question of connivance of new impression, he sought, +and never sought but found, ample guidance in the Old and New Testaments +and in the Roman Civil Law. Perhaps the learned judges who promulgated +this disparagement of the Canon Law have given as little attention to it +as John Adams gave to it before he disparaged it in his treatise on the +Feudal Law. There is a remark in one of Fielding’s novels which perhaps +applies here, that, “generally speaking, a man will write better for +having some knowledge of what he is writing about;” or words to that +effect. The notes penned by Mr. Adams, in his private copy of his +treatise, warrant the inference that, after that treatise was printed, +he acquired a better understanding of the Canon Law than he had when he +wrote it. <em>Verbum sapienti.</em></p> + +<p>In the <em>Corpus Juris Canonici</em> we find at the end of the decretals a +collection of ancient maxims, of general application, culled chiefly +from the Roman Law, and promulgated by Pope Boniface VIII. One of these +maxims touches this case, and is the one first quoted in this article; +and, singular to say, it has been twice quoted with approval by the very +court which has put forth this disparagement of the Canon Law.—2 +Pickering, 72; 119 Mass., 515.</p> + +<p>In the same opinion, the court says, “Marriage and divorce here have +always been regulated wholly by statute.” So far as it relates to +divorce, this statement betrays a lack of information touching +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span> +the divorce legislation of Massachusetts, as a Colony, as a Province and as +a Commonwealth, which is simply amazing. It would be much nearer the +truth to say that divorce here has always been regulated wholly by the +common or unwritten law. Prior to 1658 not a word of Statute Law was +enacted touching divorce in the Old Bay Colony, and not a word of +Statute Law touching divorce was ever at any time enacted in Plymouth +Colony. It is understood, however, that the Court of Assistants, which +was established in Massachusetts in 1639, exercised the divorce power +before the same was conferred upon it by any express grant; though the +records of that court during the period from 1640 to 1673 have been +lost, having been burned, as is supposed, with the Town House, in 1747.</p> + +<p>In 1658 the Court of Assistants was expressly authorized to hear and +determine “all causes of divorce;” and nothing can be more certain than +that that court granted divorces in many cases. +<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>The leading members of the General Court (which then included the +Assistants), had been born and bred in England, and were familiar with +the general principles which governed the Ecclesiastical Courts, and the +High Court of Parliament, in granting divorces. They knew nothing of any +rules or principles applicable to divorce proceedings except those which +were recognized in the land of their birth, and of course they intended +that those rules and principles should be followed, as, in fact, they +were followed, by the Court of Assistants.</p> + +<p>Although the Plymouth Colony had no statute touching divorce, the +General Court of that colony granted divorces in at least six cases, as +follows, viz.: in 1661, to Elizabeth Burge, of Sandwich, from Thomas +Burge; in 1668, to William Tubbs, of Scituate, from Mary Tubbs; in 1670, +to James Skiff from Elizabeth Skiff; in 1673, to Ensign John Williams, +of Barnstable, from Sarah Williams; in 1675, to Mary Atkinson, of +Taunton, from Marmaduke Atkinson; in 1680, to Elizabeth Stevens from +Thomas Stevens; in 1686, to John Glover from Mary Glover. +<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<p>In all these cases except one, the ground on which the divorce +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span> was +granted was infidelity to the marriage-vow. In the case of Mr. Atkinson, +the husband was presumed to have died, having been absent, and not heard +of, for seven years.</p> + +<p>Prior to 1785 there was no statute in Massachusetts which defined the +causes for which divorces should be granted, or which prescribed the +forms, the rules, or the principles which the court of divorce should +follow, or which specified whether the divorces granted should be from +bed and board only, or from the bond of matrimony; though, as a fact, +most, if not all, of the divorces granted under the first charter were +from the bond of matrimony.</p> + +<p>Thus the general principles which governed the Ecclesiastical Courts and +the High Court of Parliament, in relation to divorce proceedings, became +and formed a part of the common or unwritten law of Massachusetts at the +commencement of her history; and they have never ceased to form a part +of her common law. They have been reaffirmed again and again. Thus in +1692-3, after the abrogation of the colonial charter, and the +establishment of a provincial government, under the second charter, it +was enacted “that all controversies concerning marriage and divorce +should be heard and determined by the governor and council,” which had +taken the place of the Court of Assistants. Again, in 1784-5, when the +province had become a commonwealth, when the divorce jurisdiction was +transferred to the Supreme Judicial Court, when the causes were defined +for which that court might grant divorces from bed and board, and +divorces from the bond of matrimony, respectively, it was enacted that +the court should hear and determine all causes of divorce and alimony, +“according to the course of proceeding in Ecclesiastical Courts and in +Courts of Equity;” and this provision has been reënacted at every +revision of our statutes, in 1836, 1860, and 1882. By force of this +statute the general principles which governed the Ecclesiastical Courts +are a part of the law of Massachusetts to-day. One short chapter of the +Public Statutes contains all her statutory law touching not only divorce +but several other incidental subjects. It is a chapter of fragments. +Connivance, collusion, condonation, recrimination, and other defences +are not even mentioned therein.</p> + +<p>In the case of Commonwealth <em>v.</em> Munson, 127 Mass., 459, Chief-Justice +Gray, referring to the requisites of a valid marriage ceremony, said +“the Canon Law was never adopted” in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span> +Massachusetts; and this is true in +respect to the particular subject which that learned judge had under +consideration. He never meant it as an unqualified statement, for as +such it would not be true. In 1691 the marriage between Hannah Owen and +Josiah Owen was declared null and void by the Court of Assistants, +because Hannah was the widow of Josiah’s brother, and because by “the +Canon Law, as allowed and adopted in England,” ever since Archbishop +Cranmer annulled the marriage between Henry VIII. and Catherine of +Aragon, no man could lawfully marry his brother’s widow. We do not stop +to consider whether the Canon Law in this respect was right or wrong; we +merely cite this case to show that, as to some things, the Canon Law was +adopted here. In one marked instance the people of Massachusetts +deviated from “the Canon Law as allowed and adopted in England,” to +follow the Canon Law as allowed and adopted by the Popes of Rome; they +enacted that, upon the marriage of the parents of any illegitimate +child, such child should thereby become legitimate.</p> + +<p>The colonists of Massachusetts had no such blind prejudice against the +Canon Law, or the Church of England, or the Church of Rome, as prevented +them from adopting whatever they found therein which their consciences +and their reason approved. So far from cherishing an unreasoning +prejudice against the Ecclesiastical Courts, the people of Massachusetts +have preserved, in their Probate Courts, substantially the same system +of law and substantially the same method of procedure which were +followed in the Consistory Court of London, and in the Consistory Court +of Rome; notwithstanding that system came to them associated with the +name of one of the most unpopular and yet one of the ablest of their +governors—Sir Edmund Andros.</p> + +<p>There were, indeed, two complaints which the Puritans of Old England and +of New England often made against the English Ecclesiastical Courts: +first, that they punished with merciless severity violations of certain +ecclesiastical regulations which involved no moral turpitude; second, +that they were too lax in the punishment of social sins, Sabbath +desecrations, etc., etc. But nowhere among the literary remains of the +Puritans do we find any suggestion that the system of morals which was +recognized by the Canon Law and administered by the Ecclesiastical +Courts was “not suited to their opinions or condition.” We shall +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> not be +understood as saying that the Canon Law in its entirety was ever adopted +in New England, or even in Old England; it was not. When Henry VIII. +assumed the prerogatives of supreme head of the Church of England, so +much of the Canon Law as relates to the jurisdiction of the Pope was +abrogated in that kingdom. So when the colonists of Massachusetts +established “a Church without a bishop and a State without a king,” so +much of the Canon Law as relates to diocesan episcopacy also fell into +what President Cleveland would call “innocuous desuetude.” But they +adopted the decalogue of Moses with as much reverence as did their +fathers before them. They knew as well as the poet Lowell that “The Ten +Commandments will not budge,” but that, vitalized by the life of Christ, +those commandments stand “the same yesterday, to-day, and forever.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="DORRISS" id="DORRISS"></a>DORRIS’S HERO.</h2> + +<p class="center">A ROMANCE OF THE OLDEN TIME.</p> + +<p class="center1"><span class="smcap">By Marjorie Daw.</span></p> + + +<p>“Spin, spin, Clotho, spin,” hummed a gay, masculine voice. “Methinks, +fair Mistress Dorris, even the Fates themselves could not be more +devoted to their task than are you to that busy little wheel.”</p> + +<p>Pretty Dorris Gordon glanced up from her seat by the long window opening +into the cool, grassy orchard, where the sun played hide-and-seek with +the shadows and then came back to rest <em>caressingly</em> on her bent head +crowned with its own sunshine of chestnut hair, but she stayed neither +busy hand nor foot as she answered,—</p> + +<p>“Since your mighty mind is bent on mythological comparisons, Capt. +L’Estrange, ’tis but a poor compliment to a fair lady when a gallant +officer compares her to three old Fates,—unless he qualifies the remark +somewhat. Could you not add something about my fairy fingers weaving the +destiny of man? I fear your +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span> +quick French wits have been dulled by that cold British bullet in your arm.”</p> + +<p>“Nay, ’tis not the British bullet, but yourself, <em>ma belle cousine</em>, +that bewilders my French wits and inspires me instead with American +patriotism,” is the quick retort.</p> + +<p>“Far better than your last speech,” laughs Dorris, taking from her belt +a deep-red rose fastened by a true-love knot of blue ribbon to a snowy +white bud. “So much better that I will bestow on you my colors. See! the +red, white, and blue! Wilt wear them like a brave and gallant knight?”</p> + +<p>“They shall be like Henri of Navarre’s plume: ever foremost in the +struggle for right,” the young officer answered, bending to kiss the +little hand which held the proffered treasure. “I well know no empty +compliment will please you as that promise, and indeed its sincerity +will soon be tested, for my arm is so much better that I am ready for +action, and next week I am off.”</p> + +<p>“So soon?” cried Dorris. “Oh, that I were a man, to fight for the stars +and stripes!”</p> + +<p>“I am always sure to find the words here set to the tune of Yankee +Doodle,” breaks in a new voice with a light laugh. “Still, you deserve a +laurel wreath for that enthusiastic wish. Will a humble offering of +roses be unworthy of notice, fair Goddess of Liberty?” and a shower of +sweet-scented blossoms fell over Dorris’ head and shoulders.</p> + +<p>“O Mr. Endicott! goddesses are not crowned so unceremoniously. Imagine +Paris pelting Venus with that apple that made so much trouble,” says +Dorris, glancing up half angrily, half mirthfully, at the tall intruder +leaning so easily against the window. “I am almost minded to make you +hold this skein of yarn, as a penance, while I wind it.”</p> + +<p>“Alas! she descends from a goddess to the most prosaic of mortals,” +sighs Endicott; then springing through the low window, “I am ready to +obey; but that skein is imposing. What <em>is</em> its destiny?”</p> + +<p>“And why, oh, why this inseparable devotion to that unfeeling wheel?” +adds L’Estrange. “I came for a stroll, and, <em>voilà!</em> she cannot leave +her spinning. Is it a trousseau, that must be ready when some lover +comes home from the war?”</p> + +<p>Dorris’s bright face saddens suddenly, the perfect mouth loses +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span> its arch +curves, and a shadow creeps into the brown eyes as the long lashes droop +over them.</p> + +<p>“The skein is to be knit into socks for the soldiers,” she says simply; +“and as for my wheel, I love it because it is connected with one who has +been more to me than any lover. ’Tis but a homely story, but I will tell +it to such old friends as you. I need not tell you that I have a brother +in the army, but you do not—you cannot—know how dear he is to me, how +he has taken the place of both father and mother. It seems as if brother +and sister had never been bound by ties so close, and when this war came +upon us I watched him day by day, knowing well the thought in his heart, +and trembling for what I knew <em>must</em> come; and yet when Rex came to me +and said, ‘Little sister, my country needs me: can you be brave, and +bear it, if I go?’ oh, then it seemed to me that I could not bear it! +But I thought of the brave Lafayette leaving his home and loved ones to +fight for us, a foreign nation, and my heart smote me that <em>I</em> could not +be willing to offer my mite for my own dear country, and I bade my +brother, ‘Go, and God-speed.’ It was only a few weeks before that he had +given me this wheel, and almost his last words were, as he stood smiling +in the door-way, ‘Remember, Dorris, I shall expect to find on my return +one dozen handkerchiefs spun and woven by yourself and that wonderful +wheel.’ I have remembered that careless injunction, and have obeyed it. +There lies awaiting his return the pile of snowy linen, but we have not +heard from him for long, long weeks, and sometimes my heart seems +breaking, with the constant dread that haunts it. Do you wonder now that +I love my dear little wheel?”</p> + +<p>Impulsive, warm-hearted, patriotic Dorris ends with a little sob in her +voice, and L’Estrange welcomes the entrance of the host and hostess of +the old-time mansion, as it covers the awkward emotion of the moment. As +he advances to pay his <em>devoirs</em> to them Keith Endicott seizes his +opportunity to say softly, as he bends over the head buried in the now +idle hands:—</p> + +<p>“Sweet friend, you said you wished you were a man, to fight for the +flag; remember, even though ’tis hard, ‘They also serve who only stand +and wait.’”</p> + +<p>Then, while Dorris tries to change the sob into words, he follows the +others into the wide, long hall, where the breezes, sweeping +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span> +in through +the open doors at either end, fill the summer air with delicious +coolness, and the scent of roses mingles with that of newly-mown clover. +The breezes, too, bring to Dorris bits of conversation from the hall; +but they fall on unheeding ears until an abrupt speech from her uncle +claims her attention.</p> + +<p>“Endicott,” says his voice, “why don’t you join the army? Such men are +being called for,—young, strong, and able. Why don’t you go?”</p> + +<p>Dorris almost holds her breath as she awaits the answer. She scarcely +knows how many times she has asked herself that very question. The +answer comes quietly, almost indolently, though she knows that +Endicott’s reticent nature must be annoyed beyond measure.</p> + +<p>“Why don’t I? Really, I do not know, sir. Young, strong, and able, an +idle fellow enough. I think it must be because it hurts, and I’m a +dreadfully selfish fellow.”</p> + +<p>What reply could be made to his careless, easy tones? And the talk +drifted smoothly on—the more smoothly, perhaps, since no one believed a +word that he said, for Keith Endicott ere this had earned the name of +the soul of bravery and honor; but Dorris dropped to the ground the +roses that had lain all this time in her lap, as if an unseen thorn had +wounded her, and, rising, went away to her own cosey room, where she +flung herself into an arm-chair and fell into a deep study, looking from +her window through the trees to where the blue waters of the Charles +gleamed and rippled in the sunlight. It was a lovely spot, this home of +her aunt in the suburbs of Boston,—a home which Dorris had called her +own since her parents’ death, years before, when she and her brother had +been confided to her aunt’s tender care. And Dorris loved every spot of +this rambling, old, colonial mansion, from its spacious ballroom, and +its wide porches, to her own room, with its faded tapestry hangings, its +great fireplace and bright brass andirons, its hanging book-shelves with +their store of well-chosen volumes, the English titles varied here and +there by a Latin or French classic (for Dorris had studied with her +brother, and was quite proficient in both languages; indeed, L’Estrange +delighted in calling her a <em>bas-bleu</em> in a vain attempt to tease her), +its tall, brass-handled secretary with its secret drawer, which Dorris +called so tantalizing, because she had no secret to hide in its +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span> depths, +and the eight-day clock ticking away in the corner, which now struck the +hour, waking Dorris from her revery into words:—</p> + +<p>“I wonder why he does not go: he is no coward; it is not that. I verily +believe it is as he said: he is selfish, and does not want the trouble. +How he laughs, and disbelieves in everybody, even himself! and what a +narrow life he must lead! And yet, sometimes I think better, as I needs +must, of my old playmate. Just now he spoke to me with real feeling, and +truly, it was a sweet and comforting thought he offered me. And yet the +other day, after church, when Gen. Brewster spoke so cordially to Henri +L’Estrange and Lieut. Allen, and then bestowed rather a contemptuous +glance on Keith,—I mean Mr. Endicott,—I caught him quoting, under his +breath, ‘The world is a farce, and its favors are follies; but farces +and follies are very dear to human hearts.’ I could not help saying, +‘When its favors are well-earned I think they cease to be follies.’ It +was, at the best, bad taste to cavil in that way at Henri, who is so +brave and enthusiastic, and has come all the way from his own and his +father’s native France because his mother’s land needed brave, true men. +And he is going away next week; if he could only send us news of Roy!”</p> + +<p>“Dorris!” called her aunt’s voice. “It is quite time you were ready for +dinner, dear. And do you not think you were failing in courtesy to your +guests to leave them so abruptly?”</p> + +<p>“Cousin Henri has had enough of my society, to-day, Aunt Dorothy, and +I’ve no patience with Keith Endicott; you heard how he answered uncle. +But I’ll come in a moment, auntie,” answers Dorris; and the arm-chair +loses its fair occupant.</p> + +<p>Quaint, dainty little Dorris! What would not I—I, your +great-granddaughter, in this degenerate year of 1885—give to see you +just as you looked then, thinking over this and that in a manner not so +very unlike the maidens of this generation! Ah, well! I must perforce +content myself with that miniature of you as “Madam,” in your lavender +brocade, with the feathers in your powdered hair, and the row on row of +pearls about your throat. Very stately and dignified you look there; and +yet, Great-grandmother Dorris, I can see the spice of “innate +depravity,” as I doubt not your grave pastor would have called it, and +catch a glimpse of the quick temper and warm heart in those bright eyes +and that saucy little nose.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span> +The evening before Capt. L’Estrange’s departure has come, and a few of +the many friends he has made during his short furlough spent with the +Gordons are gathered there to make the last hours of his stay such as +shall afford him pleasant recollections in the future. Dorris makes a +charming little hostess as she flits from room to room, and at last +pauses on the porch before a group of three, L’Estrange, Endicott, and +Lieut. Allen, an old friend who is home on sick-leave, who welcome +warmly and admiringly the slight, graceful figure in its white dress, +with a bag of red, white, and blue hanging from her dimpled elbow, a +fancy of Dorris, enhanced by the red and white roses and blue +forget-me-nots in her hair,—flowers which she found on her +spinning-wheel, with no clew to the giver.</p> + +<p>“Mon Capitaine Henri, Aunt Dorothy wants you for a moment,” she says +now. “They are all enjoying themselves, so I came out here to rest. +Lieut. Allen,” she adds graciously, as her cousin disappears, “I am glad +that we are to have one representative of the army left after my cousin +leaves us.”</p> + +<p>“I thank you, Miss Gordon,” answers the young soldier, “but my stay is +limited; you see I hobble around now with the aid of a crutch. I only +wish I could go with your cousin.”</p> + +<p>“L’Estrange is in your regiment, is he?” asks Endicott.</p> + +<p>“Yes, we fought side by side at Saratoga. You know what a close conflict +that was. Such a din of shot and shell that an order could be scarcely +heard in the tumult. It was hot work I can assure you.”</p> + +<p>Dorris is leaning forward in breathless interest, and as he pauses asks +a characteristic question: “How did you feel then? What were your +thoughts?”</p> + +<p>“Well, it was a most absurd thing, but I found myself, though I could +scarcely hear my own voice, repeating a verse from one of the old +cavalier ballads:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 10em;"> +<span style="margin-left: -.5em;">“‘We were standing foot to foot, and giving shoot for shoot;</span><br /> + Hot and strong went our volleys at the blue;<br /> + We knelt, but not for grace, and the fuse lit up the face<br /> + Of the gunner, as the round shot by us flew.’”</p> + +<p>Endicott smiles. “But it was a good battle-cry, Allen. I remember your +reciting verses at Cambridge in your college-days, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> +but it was generally +‘A sonnet to your mistress’ eyebrows,’—some fair one who had conquered +your heart for a week perhaps.”</p> + +<p>Dorris is not to be diverted from the absorbing topic of ball and +bayonet, and returns to the charge.</p> + +<p>“But how did you feel when you were wounded?” she asks again.</p> + +<p>“Oh, I did not know where I was hit. In the midst of the fight I +wondered why I couldn’t move my left foot; it was like lead in the +stirrup, and looking down I saw the mark where the ball had struck, and +the blood following it. It was a little quieter then, so I got the +sergeant near me to clip, and ease my foot a little. But you should have +seen L’Estrange: he was wounded then; and when the order came to charge +he rushed on, waving his sword, with the blood dripping from his arm. +How the men rushed after him! And when he came back supporting another +poor fellow, and insisting on his being cared for first, you should have +heard the men cheer him.”</p> + +<p>“And you, Allen,” suggests Endicott,—“how did you get on with that +wound of yours?”</p> + +<p>“Well, I was rather faint by the time we were ready to go back to camp; +but somebody set me straight in the saddle when I reeled, and I managed +to get back all right.”</p> + +<p>“But where was the surgeon all the while?”</p> + +<p>“To tell the truth, I was so much better off than most of the poor +fellows, Keith, I made him help the rest. That was all.”</p> + +<p>“So you took the chance of enjoying a British surgeon’s tender mercies, +for the sake of men, who, perhaps, could not live anyway. Allen, you +always were a good-natured Don Quixote.”</p> + +<p>Allen laughed as if he saw something beneath the words which excused +their lightness, but Dorris frowned, as she looked admiringly at the +manly fellow so ready to see his comrade’s unselfish bravery, so +unconscious of his own. She often saw the wounded soldier leaning on +Endicott’s arm, and their words seemed grave and earnest, while +Endicott’s face seemed for a time to lose its cynical sneers. And then +Dorris had relented, only to harden again at some irreverent words of +this incorrigible Keith. A sharp retort was on her lip now, but she +restrained it as L’Estrange once more joined the group, and the talk +drifted into quieter channels, the young soldiers a little graver than +usual. At last +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span> +L’Estrange spoke with tender regret of the peaceful +scenes he was to leave so soon behind him, and Endicott answered:—</p> + +<p>“Yes; think of all the drives and walks and talks, and all the charms of +civilized life you forego, and then of the camp-life and forced marches, +and chances of broken arms and legs, which you endure, and all for that +one sweet virtue,—patriotism.”</p> + +<p>This was too much for quick-tempered Dorris. Out flashed her words:—</p> + +<p>“Mr. Endicott cares so little for that sweet virtue that he will enjoy +your pleasures while <em>you</em> fight <em>his</em> battles. If you will excuse me +now I will return to the parlors;” and with little head proudly erect, +Dorris started to enter the house, entertaining the fond hope that she +had at last paid Keith for all his trials of her patience and +patriotism. Alas!</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 10em;"> +“The best laid plans o’mice and men gang aft a-gley;”</p> + +<p>and some one had carelessly left a footstool on the porch, and as +Dorris’s foot struck it Endicott was the one to spring forward and save +her from falling. Lifting her eyes to acknowledge the courtesy, she met +such a look of quiet reproach that her “Thank you” came very humbly from +so proud a young lady; and when she reflected on the subject at that +trying moment which we have all experienced when we have regained our +temper, and are taking a mental retrospect of the occasion when we very +foolishly lost it, it was in vain that she tried to justify herself by +repeating his sneering words. Remembering the look that followed them, +she said, in self-abasement, “I had no right to judge him,” and in her +humiliation avoided meeting him so successfully that for several days +after her cousin’s departure she neither saw nor heard of him, until at +last she heard with relief that he had gone away for a short time, on +receiving news of the death of a cousin,—his nearest relative. But when +week after week passed, and Aunt Dorothy had several times wondered +aloud what had become of Mr. Endicott, Dorris began to wonder as well, +and to miss the magnetic presence that made him so charming to all; +indeed, she discovered, to her own uncontrollable disgust, that she +missed him even more than her cousin, whose warm and generous nature had +endeared him to all his new friends.</p> + +<p>In the meantime Lieut. Allen called to say farewell to his +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span> former +playmate, and the friend of his later years. What if Dame Rumor said he +cherished a latent desire for a nearer title than either of these. +Dorris said they were only firm and true friends; and the tenor of their +talk seemed to prove that she was right, for as she turned from the +old-time spinnet, where she had been singing the lovely little serenade +of Thomas Heywood:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 10em;"> +<span style="margin-left: -.5em;">“Pack clouds away, and welcome day;</span><br /> + With night we banish sorrow;<br /> + Sweet airs, blow soft; mount, larks, aloft,<br /> + To give my love good-morrow.<br /> + Wings from the wind to please her mind,<br /> + Notes from the lark I’ll borrow;<br /> + Bird, plume thy wing, nightingale, sing,<br /> + To give my love good-morrow!”</p> + +<p>Allen said abruptly, “Dorris, for what are you waiting?”</p> + +<p>“Waiting?” repeated Dorris, wonderingly.</p> + +<p>“Yes; don’t you remember</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 10em;"> +<span style="margin-left: -.5em;">“While year by year the suitors come</span><br /> + To find her locked in silence dumb?”</p> + +<p>“If it was any one but my old friend Max I should make you a very low +courtesy, and say, ‘By your leave, fair sir, it is a matter of not the +slightest consequence to <em>you</em>;’ but I’ll tell you the truth and nothing +but the truth: I’m waiting for my hero, Max.”</p> + +<p>“For your hero? Yes; I thought you were. And what is he like? A fairy +prince like the Sleeping Beauty’s?”</p> + +<p>“Don’t be satirical: it doesn’t suit you, Max,” retorts Dorris.</p> + +<p>“Satirical? I’m in the deepest earnest. Won’t you describe him? I really +wish to know.”</p> + +<p>“Well,” began Dorris, “it is not exactly an easy thing to describe an +imaginary person. He is no fairy prince, Max, but a strong and earnest +man, a true and noble soul; a man who, for a good cause, would peril +anything, a knight like Bayard of old: <em>sans peur et sans reproche</em>.”</p> + +<p>“Do you think you will ever find this ideal?” questions Max.</p> + +<p>“No,” is the prompt reply. “If there are such men, I have never met +them. But I would far rather wait for the dim ideal than try the +commonplace reality.”</p> + +<p>“But is all the reality commonplace? Let me tell you a story, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span> Dorris; I +shall not bore you, for it is not long: When I joined the army, in the +first of the war, I went to tell an old friend, and to take leave of +him. He was a peculiar fellow, seemingly cold, light and satirical, +half-sneering at the ardent blaze of patriotism that was burning all +around him, seeming to have no intention of serving his country in her +need. And yet I knew him to be the truest, noblest, tenderest, and most +loyal fellow among all my friends. He looked at me with real envy, and +then exclaimed: ‘I wish to Heaven I could go with you, Allen!’ and I +answered: ‘Why don’t you? I have never asked before because I knew you +had some worthy reason.’ After some hesitation, he began: ‘Because you +have never doubted or questioned me I will tell you why I am here, when +every feeling is against my inactivity. You will keep my secret?’ Of +course I promised, and he went on: ‘You know I am very wealthy, Max, +that my income is, for these times, extremely large; but you do not know +that, by my grandfather’s will, the next heir, in case of my death, is +my cousin, a man who aids and abets the Tories in every possible way, a +man unscrupulous and unprincipled to the last degree. I have but one +life; I might lay it down in my first battle, and that property, over +which I have no control, would be worse than useless to my country. It +would aid her foes, and, much as she needs men, she needs money even +more. So I stay here, and put my income, as fast as I get it, to the +national use. You know what my income is. I’ll show you my expenses’; +and he showed me the merest fraction—less than I spend myself, I began +to expostulate on his endurance of suspicion and blame for what might be +so nobly explained, but he would only say, ‘Oh, it would sound quixotic +and sentimental; and, after all, what does it matter? I know <em>myself</em> +that I am serving my country to the best of my poor ability.’ But at +last, Dorris, he is rewarded, for he was born to be a soldier; and when, +three weeks ago, he received news of the sudden death of that cousin, he +immediately enlisted, and is now serving his country in the way he has +so long desired. What do you think of such a man as he?”</p> + +<p>“He is a hero,” answered Dorris, steadily, though a suspicion, quick as +a ray of light, had flashed through her mind as to who this hero was. “A +hero as true as any my fancy could paint. Who is he—this noble friend +of yours?”</p> + +<p>“Keith Endicott,” is the quiet answer, adding, quickly, as he +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span> rose to +take his leave. “Forgive me, sweet friend, that I could no longer bear +that you should do injustice to him, for those quick words of yours the +last evening we were all together have rankled in my heart, as I know +they have in his, ever since.”</p> + +<p>Dorris was not too proud to acknowledge when she was in the wrong, and +with winning grace she said, as she gave him her hand:—</p> + +<p>“I thank you for the lesson you have taught me, Max. I was wrong to +judge him so hardly, but be assured I will make full amends when we meet +again.”</p> + +<p>Then the good-bys were said, the good wishes given, and the last of +Dorris’s three cavaliers had left her.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>Summer has gone, and snow lies white upon the ground, and we find Dorris +seated before the old desk, whose secret drawer is no longer empty, but +holds a faded cluster of roses and forget-me-nots, writing busily in her +diary a record not only of the day’s doings but of the varying emotions +which each day brought to life. The words the busy hand is tracing are +these:—</p> + +<p>“Jan. 2, 1779. Yesterday was the beginning of the New Year, and as I +wondered what it would bring me,—joy or grief, pleasure or pain,—I saw +a carriage come up the drive-way and then stop, while the driver +assisted to the door a figure in a soldier’s uniform. In a moment I was +in the hall, and my arms around my brother—for it was my own bravest +Roy. He had often written us, but we received none of his letters: they +were either intercepted or lost. But, oh, how can I forgive myself when +I think to whom I owe my brother’s life! that, when Roy was surrounded +by enemies, and desperately wounded, it was Keith Endicott who rushed to +his aid, and, fighting against fearful odds, bore him alive from the +field, at the cost of a sabre cut on his own hand. It was he who saw Roy +daily in his long struggle with death, and when that dreadful presence +was banished it was he who cared for his safe transportation home, to +enjoy the rest which is the only means of giving him back his old +strength and vigor. And Roy almost worships Keith, as well he may, +saying he is the idol of the soldiers, who have dubbed him the hero of +the regiment.</p> + +<p>“The New Year has truly brought me happiness, for my brother is with me +safe once more; our armies are fast gaining ground, our +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span> +victories are +more numerous, and hope dawns that the flag of liberty will yet wave +triumphantly over a free and happy nation; and I can once more mingle a +song and not a sob with the busy hum of my wheel.”</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>Two years have passed; Yorktown has been fought and won, and Dorris’s +hopeful words are verified. The flag of liberty is unfurled over a free +and happy nation,—a nation with its history yet before it, with only +its darkest and yet most glorious record traced indelibly on the annals +of the world. The New Year has come again, and Dorris, with her +spinning-wheel, is wondering what it will bring her. The door opens +suddenly, and some one announces, “Col. Endicott, Miss Gordon.”</p> + +<p>For a moment Dorris loses sight of everything but a tall figure in the +quaint Continental uniform, and only hears the old, light tones say, +“Will the fair Goddess of Liberty welcome the soldier as he comes back +from fighting his own battles, as she bade him?”</p> + +<p>And Dorris, with a blush for the memory he recalls, bravely confesses +her fault and her gratitude, and ends very humbly, “Can you forgive me, +Col. Endicott?” stealing a look up at the grave face.</p> + +<p>“Forgive you, dear child! Do you not know that I have loved you all the +time? Now that you know I am a little better than you thought me can you +trust me for the rest? Can you love me a little, sweet Dorris?”</p> + +<p>There was no lightness now, only deep, loving tenderness; and Dorris +answered trustingly:—</p> + +<p>“I have been waiting for my hero, and I have found him, Keith.”</p> + +<p>And there we will leave them, while the dancing fire-light shows us the +pretty scene beside Dorris’s dear little spinning-wheel, and the silvery +beams of the rising moon bring to Dorris the beginning of a new and +happy life with the advent of a new year.</p> + +<p>But ah, Great-grandmother Dorris, stately and demure in your lavender +brocade, and your feathered and powdered hair, do you know you were not +so very unlike the Dorrises of to-day, after all? And they have +spinning-wheels, too, with their flax tied with blue ribbons. And think +you that these wheels see no romances? Ah, but they can’t <em>tell</em> them, +you know, pretty Grandmother Dorris.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span></p> +<h2>EDITOR’S TABLE.</h2> + + +<p>It often happens that the worst effects of wrong-doing are visited upon +neither the criminal nor upon those who have suffered in person or +property by his crime. This fact is emphasized by the recent suicide of +a convict’s wife, in one of our New England States, after having killed +her two children. This incident furnishes a dreadful commentary on the +condition of those dependent upon convicted criminals who are paying the +penalty of their crimes. For the convict there is abundant sympathy. As +the <em>St. Louis Globe Democrat</em> well puts it, societies are organized for +the purpose of improving his mind, and cooking-clubs toil and perspire +at Christmas and Thanksgiving to the end that his body may not suffer; +tract-distributors provide him with reading matter, and sewing-circles +warm him with flannel under-wear; doctors look after his health, and +legislators vie with each other in seeing that he is not overworked; +but, if there is any society organized for the purpose of helping the +wife whom he has disgraced, and most likely left penniless at home, its +name has not yet been made public; if any sewing-circle has undertaken +to clothe his children, the fact has not been heralded to the world. Yet +the heaviest part of the punishment falls not on the convict but on his +family, the members of which, by one of those unjust society decisions +from which there is no appeal, are stigmatized with disgrace on account +of an offence in which they had no part. This is grossly unjust, and +those who are benevolently inclined should take the matter in hand and +see what can be done for the wives and children of convicts.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>New England has no representative in the national legislature upon whose +career she can look with more of pride and satisfaction than that of +Gen. Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut. A man of sound learning, and many +of the highest qualities of statesmanship; he is unpretentious in +manner, lives simply, is free from egotism, and full of the generous and +manly qualities which inspire confidence and compel friendliness. Few +men, of this generation at least,—as will be universally recognized a +little later if not now,—have approached nearer to the popular ideal of +a representative American in public life. There could be no better +evidence of the manly independence which he brings to the discussion of +measures of importance than his attitude with reference to the bill +intended to provide for the maintenance of an army of such size and +efficiency as to provide for +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span> +all possible contingencies arising from +foreign aggression or internal troubles. In recognition of the fact that +we have lawless elements in all of our large cities always ready to +avail themselves of any pretext for riot and incendiarism, he urged the +wisdom of providing such safeguards against these uprisings as would be +afforded by disciplined and efficient troops ready for instant service +at any point. Some of the demagogues in the Senate, hypocritically +posing as friends of the working-men, endeavored to distort this +common-sense and patriotic view into an intention to use the army for +the crushing of the working-men. There have been few better speeches in +the Senate in recent times than Senator Hawley’s temperate but cutting +reply to these pseudo-friends of labor. It affords sufficient evidence, +if any were wanting, that the true friends of the working-men are those +who have the courage of their convictions, even when to utter them may +afford opportunity for misrepresentation and abuse.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>The report of a recent attempt to wreck a train on the Maine Central +Railroad is not so startling as it would be were this species of crime +of less frequent occurrence; but it is noteworthy as being the sixth +attempt of the kind at the same place within a few years. It is very +fortunate that so many of these dastardly efforts to bring innocent +people to destruction prove futile. In fact it is comparatively seldom +that the boldest attempts at train-wrecking result in loss of life. The +awful possibilities, however, which lie within the hands of the +train-wrecker suggest most forcibly that this crime should be treated +with unusual severity. The person who would indiscriminately bring the +passengers of a moving train to death must invariably, if sane, be a +criminal of the darkest dye. Murder of an individual, even when coming +within the first degree, is not often without some particular +aggravation on the part of the victim. But train-wrecking must always be +the result of the purest malice,—of diabolism unalloyed. No palliating +circumstance ever suggests itself. The villain attempts to kill not one +who has involved himself in a quarrel with him, but peaceable, +unsuspecting men, women, and children, without distinction. And attempts +of this kind have become so frequent, and the crime is at once so +cowardly, so insidious, and so dastardly, that no pains to apprehend the +villain can ever be too great, nor can any penalty that is allowed for +any crime be too severe for this. If capital punishment is to be on our +statute books for anything, it should certainly be for the +train-wrecker. Let there be a law which shall with certainty bring to +the hangman’s noose every person who makes even an attempt to destroy a +moving train, and this fiendish crime may be less frequent than it now +is.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span></p> +<h2>HISTORICAL RECORD.</h2> + + +<p>March 19.—Under this date Mayor Chapman, chairman of the Committee on +Invitation for the Centennial Celebration at Portland, Maine, which is +to occur on the 4th of July next, issued a circular saying: “The +Committee on Invitation of the Centennial Committee desire to have a +record prepared of the names of Sons and Daughters of Portland who are +residents in other places, to whom invitations to attend the Centennial +Anniversary can be sent. For that purpose they request information of +such absentees, including those who were born here—those whose parents, +or husbands, or wives were natives of our city, and also those not +natives who were former residents. Such information can be communicated +by letter or otherwise to John T. Hull, Clerk of Committee, at Room No. +18, City Hall.”</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>March 21.—Fire at Newburyport destroyed two shoe factories and a +three-tenement block; another block was nearly destroyed, and other +buildings were damaged. Total loss, $75,000.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 1.—Celebration at Lowell of the fiftieth anniversary of the +incorporation of the city. In the forenoon an historical address was +given by C. C. Chase, formerly principal of the High School; in the +afternoon Mayor Abbott gave an address, followed by an oration by Hon. +F. T. Greenhalge.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 4.—Fire at Westboro’, Mass., destroyed shoe factories and damaged +other buildings, with a total loss of $90,000.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 7.—The State election in Rhode Island resulted in the election +for governor of George Peabody Wetmore for a second term. The +prohibitory constitutional amendment was adopted.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 7.—Quarterly meeting of the New England Historic Genealogical +Society. Judge Cowley, of Lowell, read a paper on “Judicial +Falsification of History.”</p> + +<p>Rev. Increase N. Tarbox, D.D., the historiographer, reported that since +Jan. 1 there had been fifteen deaths among the members. Memorial +sketches of seven deceased members were reported, namely: Nicholas +Hoppin, D.D., a resident member, born in Providence R.I., +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span> +Dec. 3, 1812, +died in Cambridge, Mass., March 8, 1886. Ex-president William Smith +Clark, resident member, born in Ashfield, Mass., July 31, 1826, died in +Amherst, Mass., March 9, 1886. George H. Allan, a resident member, born +in Boston, Mass., June 16, 1832, died in Boston, March 15, 1886. William +Temple, a resident member, born in Reading, Mass., Sept. 15, 1801, died +in Woburn, Mass., March 18, 1886. Archbishop Richard Chenevix French, +corresponding member, born in Dublin, Ireland, Sept. 7, 1807, died March +27, 1886. John Bostwick Morean, corresponding member, born in New York +City, Oct. 12, 1812, died in same city, March 10, 1886. John Gerrish +Webster, life member, born in Portsmouth, N.H., April 8, 1811, died in +Boston, Feb. 7, 1886. Francis Minot Weld, life member and benefactor, +born in Boston, April 27, 1815, died in Jamaica Plain, Feb. 4, 1886.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 7.—Terrible disaster to a Fitchburg Railroad train near +Bardwell’s Ferry, on the State road. Ten persons were killed and +twenty-two injured.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 13.—Regular meeting of the Bostonian Society. The following life +members were admitted: Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Thomas Mack, William +Minot, Jr., Jonathan A. Lane, Clarence J. Blake, M.D., Amos A. Lawrence, +Nahum Chapin, William Caleb Loring, J. A. Woolson. The essay was by +Alexander S. Porter, on “Real Estate Values in Boston During the Present +Century.” The highest priced land which the essayist had heard of in +Boston is the estate bought by H. D. Parker at the corner of Tremont and +School streets, 1,984 square feet, for $200,000, or about $100 per foot. +The cheapest he had heard of was that of Harrison Gray Otis, on the west +slope of Beacon Hill, he having obtained it by squatter sovereignty. In +closing he said that real estate has proved to be a safe investment in +Boston, and many wealthy families have gained a large share of their +wealth simply by the rise of real-estate values.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 13.—At an adjourned meeting of the people of Lexington who are +interested in the formation of an historical society, an organization +was effected by the choice of the following-named officers: president +Hon. A. E. Scott; vice-presidents, M. H. Merriam, W. A. Tower, Miss K. +Whitman, Miss M. E. Hudson; treasurer, L. A. Saville; recording +secretary, A. E. Locke; corresponding secretary, Rev. E. G. Porter; +historian, Rev. C. A. Staples; custodian, Dr. R. M. Lawrence.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span> +April 13.—Celebration of the incorporation of the new town of Hopedale. +At sunset a salute of eighty-six guns was fired by Battery B, of +Worcester, Hopedale being the eighty-sixth town incorporated in +Massachusetts during this century. Joy bells were then rung for one +hour. Then followed an illumination with fireworks. This town was set +off from Milford after a hard struggle in the Legislature.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 13.—Dedicatory exercises of the new county building in Ellsworth, +Me. The Rev. Dr. Tenney opened the exercises by prayer, and Hon. John B. +Redman introduced Hon. N. B. Coolidge, chairman of the county +commissioners, who presented the buildings to the court and county in +appropriate remarks. Mr. Coolidge was followed by C. A. Spofford, +president of the Hancock county bar; Chief-Justice Peters, who reviewed +the history of the county in an interesting speech; Judge Haskell, of +Portland, and Hon. Eugene Hale.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NECROLOGY" id="NECROLOGY"></a>NECROLOGY.</h2> + + +<p>March 21.—Death from apoplexy of Col. B. W. Hoyt, secretary and +treasurer of the New Hampshire Club, treasurer of the B. W. Hoyt Shoe +Company of Epping, and special commissioner of the Boston & Maine +Railroad.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>March 23.—Judge Joseph McKean Churchill, of the Central Municipal Court +of Boston, died at his home in Milton, aged 64 years. He was graduated +from Harvard in 1840, and from the Law School in 1845. He served as +captain in the Forty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment during the war. He was +appointed to the bench in December, 1870.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 3.—Death at Philadelphia of Theodore C. Hersey of Portland, Me. +He was born in Gorham, Me., in 1812. He early went to Portland, where he +formed a partnership with St. John Smith in the West India trade. Mr. +Hersey was one of the proprietors of the International line of steamers, +and for many years was its president, resigning, on account of ill +health, about a year ago. He was one of the founders of the Board of +Trade, and its president in 1863-68 and 1873-74, and a charter member of +the Merchant’s Exchange.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span> +April 4.—Death of George L. Claflin, a prominent wholesale druggist, of +Providence, R.I., aged 63 years. He had been a member of the Common +Council and the General Assembly, and took an active part in banking and +insurance corporations.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 5.—Death of Dr. George A. Bethune, of Boston. He was born there, +in 1812, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1831. He studied +medicine in the Harvard Medical School, and also abroad, and having made +eye and ear diseases a specialty, practised until about ten or fifteen +years ago, when he retired. He was at one time connected with the +Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 6.—Death, at Brunswick, Me., of Hon. William G. Barrows. He was +born in Bridgton, Me., January, 1821, and was graduated from Bowdoin +College in the class of 1839. He was admitted to the bar in 1842, and +settled for practice in his profession at Brunswick, where ever since he +had resided. From 1853 to 1855 he edited with marked ability the +<em>Brunswick Telegraph</em>. In 1856 he was selected judge of Probate Court +for Cumberland County, and reëlected in 1860. In 1863 he was appointed +associate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court and reappointed in 1870 +and 1877, serving three terms of seven years each. At the expiration of +the latter term he declined a reappointment, preferring the retirement +of private life. He was a member of the Maine Historical Society, and +one of its most earnest supporters. He was warmly interested in the +establishment of the Brunswick Public Library, and one of its most +liberal supporters.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 7.—Unexpected death of Prof. Thomas Anthony Thatcher, LL.D., +professor in Yale College of the Latin Language and Literature. He was +born in Hartford, Jan. 11, 1815. He was fitted for Yale at the Hartford +Hopkins Grammar School, and entered the college in 1831, graduating four +years later. Then he taught in the New Canaan, Conn., Seminary for two +years, and then in the Oglethorpe University, Georgia. He became a Latin +tutor in Yale in 1838, and four years later was made a professor. In +1843 he went to Germany and studied two years. While there he was +offered and accepted a position as tutor to the Crown Prince of Prussia +and his royal cousin, Prince Frederick Charles. His “De Officiis” of +Cicero and Madvig’s Latin Grammar are widely known.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 8.—Dan Stone Smalley died at his residence, on Green street, +Jamaica Plain, at the age of 75 years. He was for many years teacher of +the Eliot Commercial School in Jamaica Plain.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span> +April 9.—Death at Bement, Ill., of Hon. Lewis Bodman, formerly of +Williamsburg, Mass., and senator from Hampshire county.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 10.—Sudden death of Hon. Elbridge Gerry of Portland, Me. He was +born in Waterford, Oxford county, Me., Dec. 6, 1815. He received an +academical education. After its completion he studied law, and was +admitted to the bar in his twenty-fourth year. In the following year he +was appointed clerk of the House of Representatives of Maine. At +twenty-seven he was chosen state attorney for his native county. At +thirty-one he was elected to the State Legislature as a Democratic +representative. In 1849 his political career culminated in his election +to Congress. He retired from public life in 1851, and settled down to +the practice of his profession in Portland. His son is vice-consul at +Havre, France.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 10.—Sudden death at Dallas, Texas, of John T. Ferris, manager of +the Union Mutual Life Insurance Co., of Portland, Me. He was a man +greatly esteemed in his large circle of acquaintances.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 12.—Death of Thaddeus Fairbanks of St. Johnsbury, Vt. He was born +at Brimfield, Mass., Jan. 17, 1796, and went with his father to St. +Johnsbury when he was twenty years old. His many inventions in the line +of weighing-machines are too familiar to need enumeration. He was the +only American who was honored at the Vienna Exhibition by being made a +Knight of Imperial Order of Francis Joseph. To his munificent gifts the +academy at St. Johnsbury owes its worth.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>April 12.—Dr. Abram M. Shew, superintendent of the Connecticut Hospital +for the Insane at Middletown, died suddenly at the age of 45. He was +appointed assistant physician of the New York Asylum for Insane Convicts +at Auburn in 1862; in 1866 he went to Middletown, to superintend the +building of the Connecticut Hospital for the Insane, and had since +remained in charge of that institution. He was a native of Watertown, +N.Y.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span></p> +<h2>LITERATURE.</h2> + + +<p>It is with a much more than ordinary degree of expectancy that the +literary public has awaited a complete and adequate biography of the +poet Longfellow. It comes to us at last as the work +<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> of the poet’s +own brother, Samuel, who has, however, modestly assumed to have only +edited the elaborate volumes which have recently come from the +publisher’s hands. This is true to a large extent, for the Life is for +the greater part composed of portions of Longfellow’s voluminous diary +and correspondence; but these are interspersed throughout with his +brother’s own narrative, full of reminiscences and charming comments.</p> + +<p>The work is not to hardly any degree analytical in its character; it is +a vivid panorama of a most deeply and widely interesting career. We are +made familiar by means of these volumes with the daily life of Henry W. +Longfellow. Much of this insight is afforded, as has already been seen, +through the published letters and diary. The interest of these is far +greater than is usually the case with such compilations. Longfellow’s +life was to such a degree an intellectual one, that those who would know +him best must find his own pen his best biographer. The comments in his +journal are delightful, and the letters are highly interesting reading. +They are from and to a host of friends, including Sumner, Hawthorne, +Samuel Ward, Park Benjamin, Carlyle, and many others of equal note. Of +course there is much in both letters and journal of personal matters, +even such as regarding an invitation to dine, or some other passing +slight event; but there is no apparent reason why anything should have +been omitted that has been inserted in this work. Not only the poetry +but the every-day life, the experiences, and the associations of +Longfellow are worth knowing to those far beyond the pale of his own +particular group of friends. Nothing has been inserted here, however, +that seems to offend the sense of propriety, and the editor has +certainly given evidence of the best of wisdom, care, and delicacy. +Where he becomes the biographer he confines himself mostly to simple +narrative; indeed, his final “summing up,” after the last has been told +that could be told of his illustrious brother’s earthly career, is given +in a single page.</p> + +<p>There is very little to criticise regarding this Life. Of its kind it +could not be more satisfactory. It is not the work of the theorist, the +analyst, critic, or the eulogist. It is the full, plain, unvarnished +story of the life of “the good son, devoted husband, affectionate +father; the generous, faithful friend; the urbane and cultivated host; +the lover of children; the lover of his country; the lover of liberty +and of peace.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX TO MAGAZINE LITERATURE.</h2> + +<p class="center">(<em>APRIL 1886.</em>)</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Art, Architecture.</span> Slyfield Surrey. <em>Basil Champneys.</em> 22.—A Chapter on +Fireplaces. <em>I. H. Pollen.</em> 22.—The Romance of Art. <em>F. Mabel +Robinson.</em> 22.—The Annunciation in Art. <em>Julia Cartwright.</em> +22.—American Embroideries. <em>S. R. Koehler.</em> 22.—Art in Phœnicia. +<em>Wm. Holmden.</em> 22.—Boydell’s Shakespeare. <em>Alfred Beaver.</em> 22.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Biography, Genealogy.</span> Sketch of Christian Huygens. 5.—Tribute to +General Hancock. <em>Wm. L. Keese.</em> 6.—Elizabeth, Empress of Austria and +Queen of Hungary. <em>Margaret Deane.</em> 7.—Glimpses of Longfellow in Social +Life. <em>Annie Fields.</em> 1.—Gouverneur Morris. <em>Henry Cabot Lodge.</em> +11.—Memoir of Ashbel Woodward, M.D. <em>P. H. Woodward, Esq.</em> +12.—Descendants of Josiah Upton. <em>William H. Upton.</em> 12.—Genealogical +Gleanings in England. <em>Henry F. Waters.</em> 12.—Notes and Documents +concerning Hugh Peters. <em>G. D. Scull.</em> 12.—John Harvard. <em>John. T. +Hassam.</em> 12.—Early American Engravers. <em>Richard C. Lichtenstein.</em> +12.—Letters of Governor Greene. 13.—Journal of Lieut. John Trevett. +13.—Fanny Davenport. <em>Lisle Lester.</em> 16.—Franz Defreygar. <em>Helen +Zimmem.</em> 22.—James Otis, Jr. <em>Rev. H. Hewitt.</em> 23.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Education.</span> The Elective System of the University of Virginia. <em>Prof. +James M. Garnett.</em> 3.—National Aid to Common Schools. <em>Senator J. J. +Ingalls.</em> 4.—The Hand-work of School Children. <em>Rebecca J. Rickoff.</em> +5.—Relation of the Secondary School to the College. <em>H. M. Willard.</em> +8.—The Evolution of a College Republic. <em>Louise Seymour Houghton.</em> +8.—The Philosophical Phase of a System of Education. <em>Charles E. +Lowrey.</em> 8.—Physical Education. <em>A. T. Bruce.</em> 8.—The First day in the +Georgics. <em>Miss A. A. Knight.</em> 8.—Moral Education in the Public +Schools. <em>Kate Gannett Wells.</em> 18.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">History.</span> A Famous Diplomatic Dispatch. <em>Allen Thorndike Rice.</em> 4.—The +Newgate of Connecticut. <em>N. H. Egleston.</em> 6.—The Convention of North +Carolina 1788. <em>A. W. Clason.</em> 6.—Church Records of Farmington, Ct. +<em>Julius Gay.</em> 12.—Papers in Egerton MS. 2395. <em>Henry F. Waters.</em> +12.—Soldiers in King Philip’s War. XIV. <em>Rev. Geo. M. Bodge.</em> +12.—Newbury and the Bartlett Family. <em>John C. J. Brown.</em> 12.—Memoirs +of Rhode Island. <em>Henry Bull.</em> 13.—The Militia of Rhode Island, 1767. +<em>Mrs. E. H. L. Barker.</em> 13.—Records of Trinity Church, Newport, R.I. +<em>H. E. Turner, M.D.</em> 13.—Friends Records, Newport, R.I. <em>H. E. Turner, +M.D.</em> 13.—Lafayette’s Visit to Rhode Island, 1784. 13.—Memoirs of +Hampton Court. <em>Henry C. Wilson.</em> 16.—The Virginia Cavaliers. <em>K. M. +Rowland.</em> 17.—The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799. <em>R. T. +Durrett.</em> 17.—The Reign of Terror in Tennessee. <em>J. A. Trousdale.</em> +17.—An Illustrious Town. Andover. <em>Rev. F. B. Makepeace.</em> 23.—Webster +Historical Society Papers. I. <em>Hon. Stephen M. Allen.</em> 23.—The New +England Library and its Founder. <em>Victoria Reed.</em> 23.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Literature.</span> Our Experience Meetings. <em>Julian Hawthorne, Edgar Fawcett, +Joel Chandler Harris.</em> 9.—Shylock <em>vs.</em> Antonio. <em>Charles Henry +Phelps.</em> 11.—Problems of the Scarlet Letter. <em>Julian Hawthorne.</em> +11.—Mr. Howell and the Poets. <em>Robert Burns Wilson.</em> 17.—Poe’s Last +Poem. <em>Henry W. Austin.</em> 17.—Tennyson’s Later Poems. <em>P. B. Semple.</em> +17.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Military.</span> Sherman and McPherson. <em>Gen. U. S. Grant.</em> 4.—Plan of the +Tennessee Campaign. <em>Anna Ella Carroll.</em> 4.—Chancellorsville. <em>William +Howard Sicles.</em> 6.—Shiloh. <em>Gen. W. F. Smith.</em> 6.—Our First Battle. +<em>Alfred E. Lee.</em> 6.—The War in Missouri. <em>Richard H. Musser.</em> 17.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Naval.</span> Life on the Alabama. <em>P. D. Haywood.</em> 1.—Cruise and Combats of +the Alabama. <em>Capt. John McIntosh Kell.</em> 1.—The Duel between the +Alabama and the Kearsarge. <em>Dr. John M. Brown.</em> 1.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous.</span> An Arctic Journal. <em>Dr. Octave Pavy.</em> 4.—The +Whipping-post. <em>Lewis Hocheimer.</em> 5.—The Overcrowding of Cities. <em>Dr. +Prosper Bender.</em> 6.—Smoking from College-girls’ Point of View. +<em>Elizabeth Porter +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span> +Gould.</em> 8.—The Query Club. <em>Frances E. Sparhawk.</em> +8.—Leaves from a ’49 Ledger. <em>C. F. Degelman.</em> 10.—Creole Slave Songs. +<em>Geo. W. Cable.</em> 1.—Toy Dogs. <em>James Watson.</em> 1.—Scores and Tallies. +<em>Grant Allen.</em> 9.—Children, Past and Present. <em>Agnes Repplier.</em> +11.—Various articles on Young Women and Marriage. 16.—American Fame +Abroad. <em>Edith Langdon.</em> 16.—Generalities of Washington Society. <em>Flora +Adams Darling.</em> 16.—The Modern Barber: A Study. <em>Henry M. Gallaher, +D.D.</em> 16.—Modern Woman and Dress. <em>Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher.</em> 16.—New +England Manners and Customs in Time of Bryant’s early Life. <em>Mrs. H. G. +Rowe.</em> 23.—New England Characteristics. <em>Lizzie M. Whittlesey.</em> 23.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Politics, Economics, Public Affairs.</span> Gambetta’s Electoral Tour. <em>Madame +Adam.</em> 4.—Constitutional Reform in Rhode Island. <em>Abraham Payne, W. P. +Sheffield.</em> 4.—More about American Landlordism. <em>Henry George.</em> 4.—An +Economic Study of Mexico. <em>David A. Wells.</em> 5.—The Land Question +Stated. <em>Alex. G. Eels.</em> 10.—The Taxation of Land. <em>John H. Durst.</em> +10.—The Progress of Kansas. <em>Gov. John A. Martin.</em> 4.—English Rule in +India. <em>Annita Lal Roy.</em> 4.—The French Problem in Canada. <em>Geo. H. +Clarke.</em> 5.—The Consolidation of Canada. <em>Watson Griffin.</em> 6.—A +Shoemaker’s Contribution to the Chinese Discussion. <em>Patrick J. Healy.</em> +10.—The Future Influence of China. <em>Irving McDowell.</em> 10.—Certain +Phases of the Chinese Question. <em>John F. Miller.</em> 10.—Strikes, +Lockouts, and Arbitration. <em>George May Powell.</em> 1.—Responsible +Government under the Constitution. <em>Woodrow Wilson.</em> 11.—The Speaker of +the National House. <em>J. Lawrence Laughlin.</em> 18.—Present Conditions in +Georgia. <em>Henry Wadsworth Reed.</em> 18.—Civics and Economics. <em>Alexander +Johnston.</em> 18.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Recreation, Sports.</span> Botany as a Recreation for Invalids. <em>Miss E. F. +Andrews.</em> 5.—Ranch Life and Game Shooting in the West. <em>Theodore +Roosevelt.</em> 7.—American Steam Yachting. <em>E. S. Jaffray.</em> 7.—What Steam +Yachting costs in England. <em>Dixon Kemp.</em> 7.—Sport in Florida. <em>James A. +Henschall.</em> A Chat about Driving. <em>S. Sidney.</em> 7.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Religion, Morals.</span> The Spiritual Problem of the Manufacturing Town. +<em>William W. Adams, D.D.</em> 3.—The possibilities of Religious Reform in +Italy. <em>Wm. Chauncy Langdon, D.D.</em> 3.—Christianity and Popular +Education. <em>Washington Gladden.</em> 1.—Reformation of Charity. <em>D. O. +Kellogg.</em> 11.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Science, Natural History, Discovery, Inventions.</span> External Form of the +Manlike Apes. <em>R. Hartmann.</em> 5.—The Factors of Organic Evolution. +<em>Herbert Spencer.</em> 5.—The Teeth of the Coming Man. <em>Oscar Schmidt.</em> +5.—Earthquakes in Central America. <em>M. De Montessus.</em> 5.—The Gems of +the National Museum. <em>George F. Kunz.</em> 5.—The Cotton-Harvester. <em>Hugh +N. Starnes.</em> 17.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Theology, Polemics.</span> The Rite of Blood-Covenanting and the Doctrine of +Atonement. <em>Rev. J. Max Hark.</em> 3.—Mr. Gladstone and Genesis. <em>Prof. +Huxley.</em> 5.—Comments. <em>Prof. Henry Drummond.</em> 5.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Travel, Adventure, Description.</span> Around the World on a Bicycle. <em>Thomas +Stevens.</em> 7.—Crossing the Atlantic in a Blockade Runner. <em>Capt. Roland +F. Coffin.</em> 7.—After Geronimo. <em>Lieut. John Bigelow, Jr.</em> 7.—Work and +Sport on the Congo. <em>Henry M. Stanley.</em> 7.—On the Trail of Geronimo. +<em>Fred W. Stowell.</em> 10.—Reminiscences of Calaveras. 10.—Italy from a +Tricycle. II. <em>Elizabeth Robins Pennell.</em> 1.—Two Days in Utah. <em>Alice +W. Rollins.</em> 9.—The Tiber</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr> <td align='right'>1</td> <td align='left'><em>The Century.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>13</td> <td align='left'><em>Rhode Island Historical Magazine.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>2</td> <td align='left'><em>Harper’s Monthly.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>14</td> <td align='left'><em>The Forum.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>3</td> <td align='left'><em>Andover Review.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>15</td> <td align='left'><em>New Princeton Review.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>4</td> <td align='left'><em>North American Review.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>16</td> <td align='left'><em>The Brooklyn Magazine.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>5</td> <td align='left'><em>Popular Science Monthly.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>17</td> <td align='left'><em>The Southern Bivouac.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>6</td> <td align='left'><em>Magazine of Am. History.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>18</td> <td align='left'><em>The Citizen.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>7</td> <td align='left'><em>Outing.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>19</td> <td align='left'><em>Political Science Quarterly.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>8</td> <td align='left'><em>Education.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>20</td> <td align='left'><em>Unitarian Review.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>9</td> <td align='left'><em>Lippincott’s Magazine.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>21</td> <td align='left'><em>New Englander.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>10</td> <td align='left'><em>Overland Monthly.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>22</td> <td align='left'><em>Magazine of Art.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>11</td> <td align='left'><em>Atlantic Monthly.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'>23</td> <td align='left'><em>New England Magazine.</em></td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='right'>12</td> <td align='left'><em>New England Historical and Genealogical Register.</em></td> <td class="tdp"></td> + <td align='right'></td> <td align='left'></td> </tr> + +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span></p> +<p><a name="img94" id="img94"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img94.png" width="500" height="716" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">mark hopkins, d.d., ll.d.,<br /> +<span class="fn">Ex-President of Williams College.</span></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In the old records this name is variously spelled Acushena, +Accushnutt, Cushnet, Acushnett, Acushnet, etc. The spelling now always +used is Acushnet. Apponegansett was often spelled without the initial +A.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The original township of Dartmouth was owned by thirty-six +proprietors at the time of its settlement. This old proprietorship was a +<em>quasi</em> corporation, which existed for 170 years. It conveyed all the +lands sold until at last nothing remained. Its meetings were then mere +formalities, and they finally died for lack of attendance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +This included, besides, $130,000 in advance wages, 13,650 +barrels of flour, 10,400 barrels of beef, 7,150 barrels of pork, 97,500 +gallons of molasses, 78,000 pounds of sugar, 39,000 pounds of rice, +39,000 pounds of dried apples, 19,500 pounds of cheese, 16,300 pounds of +ham, 32,500 pounds of codfish, 18,000 pounds of coffee, 450 whale-boats, +205,000 yards of canvas, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +The world will ever be grateful to whaling for having +rescued from penal servitude John Boyle O’Reilly, the gifted Irishman, +who has given to the world so many beautiful poems.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +“Massachusetts Teacher,” January, 1858.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +Mr. Mann, in his Report to the Board of Education in +Massachusetts, in 1846, refers to this work as follows: “Within the last +year the State of Rhode Island has entirely renovated her school system. +Under the auspices of that distinguished and able friend of common +schools, Henry Barnard, she is preparing to take her place among the +foremost of the States.” In 1856 he speaks of Mr. Barnard’s work in +Rhode Island “as the greatest legacy he had left to American Educators; +the best working model of school agitation and legal organization for +the schools of the whole country which had yet been furnished.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +Substance of an address before the New England +Historic-Genealogical Society, April 7 1886.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +The Early Jurisprudence of New Hampshire. An address +delivered before the New Hampshire Historical Society, June 3, 1883. By +John M. Shirley, Esq.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +See Cowley’s pamphlet, “Our Divorce Courts,” &c., pp. 11, +13, 28-30. In the last revision of his History of the United States, Mr. +Bancroft has corrected the errors which disfigured all the earlier +editions of that work, and which are exposed on p. 10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +See the supplementary chapter in the late John A. +Goodwin’s “Pilgrim Republic,” soon to be published. Perhaps the case of +Wade was rather a decree of nullity than a divorce.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. With extracts from his +Journals and Correspondence. Edited by Samuel Longfellow. 2 volumes. +Boston: Ticknor & Co.</p></div> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, +No. 5, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 5, May, 1886, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, MAY 1886 *** + +***** This file should be named 25116-h.htm or 25116-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/1/1/25116/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Anne Storer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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