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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Letter from Major Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker', by Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Letter from Major Robert Carmichael-Smyth to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker'
+
+Author: Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+
+Release Date: April 15, 2008 [EBook #25075]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, The Philatelic Digital
+Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net, Anne Storer and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned
+images of public domain material from the Google Print
+project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Map of the North Atlantic Ocean]
+
+
+                   A LETTER
+                     FROM
+         MAJOR ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH
+                      TO
+                  HIS FRIEND
+        THE AUTHOR OF "THE CLOCKMAKER,"
+
+                  CONTAINING
+            Thoughts on the Subject
+                      OF
+               A BRITISH COLONIAL
+             RAILWAY COMMUNICATION
+                   BETWEEN
+         THE ATLANTIC AND THE PACIFIC,
+                     FROM
+      THE MAGNIFICENT HARBOUR OF HALIFAX,
+                      IN
+                  NOVA SCOTIA
+            (NORTH-EASTERN AMERICA),
+                      TO
+          THE MOUTH OF FRAZER'S RIVER,
+                      IN
+                 NEW CALEDONIA
+            (NORTH-WESTERN AMERICA),
+  OR SUCH OTHER PORT AS MAY BE DETERMINED UPON.
+
+              *       *       *
+
+"Let those, who discard speculations like these as wild and improbable,
+recur to the state of public opinion at no very remote period on the
+subject of Steam Navigation.
+
+"Within the memory of persons not yet past the meridian of life the
+impossibility of traversing by Steam Engine the channels and seas that
+surround and intersect these islands was regarded as the dream of
+enthusiasts."
+
+                DR. LARDNER, 1840.
+
+              *       *       *
+
+                 LONDON:
+  W. P. METCHIM, 20, PARLIAMENT STREET.
+
+                  1849.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+"It is the duty--the imperative duty--of every individual (however
+humble) to express conscientiously, but calmly, his public opinions, for
+by such means truth is elicited."[1] Hence it may be permitted the
+writer of the annexed Letter to observe, that a momentous question is
+now brought to the notice of the people of Great Britain,--that it ought
+not to be neglected, until perhaps a voice from her colonial children
+may go forth proclaiming "it is too late,"[see Note 64]--for then the
+opportunity of uniting in firm and friendly bonds of union "this
+wondrous empire on which the solar orb never sets" will have passed away
+for ever.
+
+      ----"Dum loquimur fugerit invida
+      Ætas: carpe diem quàm minimùm credula postero."
+
+              *       *       *
+
+  [1] Montgomery Martin's History of the British Colonies, 1843;
+  and to that work the writer of the following pages begs to refer all
+  those who take an interest in the British North American Colonies. And
+  if so humble an individual might be allowed to offer his advice, he
+  would strongly recommend the republication, in a volume by itself, of
+  the part connected with the North American Colonies.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+                          "I shall tell you
+      A pretty tale; it may be, you have heard it;
+      But, since it serves my purpose, I will venture
+      To scale't again."
+
+
+"The duty of Government is first to regulate the stream of Emigration,
+so that if a man be determined on leaving the United Kingdom he may
+settle in one of its Colonies."--_Montgomery Martin, 1843._
+
+"At this moment, when renewed attention is turned to all the Routes
+which, during ages past, have from time to time been talked about, as
+best fitted for a link of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific
+Oceans,"--we call upon the people of Great Britain and her Government to
+reflect, that--the best and shortest link of communication--the great
+link required to unite all her dominions in one powerful chain--is now
+in her own possession,--that--"it _is_ in vain to inculcate feelings of
+brotherhood among mankind by moral influence alone; a sense of community
+of interest _must_ be also established,"--that Great Britain can, in the
+opening of the Route proposed, at the same time employ her own Children
+at home and abroad, as well as her own continually increasing Capital.
+
+That--"we have superabundance of Capital--a plethora of
+Talent--Scientific and Commercial--they only want an outlet to be
+beneficially employed."--_Morning Herald, 7th February, 1849._
+
+That--"the Expansion of Capital would soon reach its ultimate boundary,
+if that boundary itself did not continually increase."
+
+That--"what the Legislature should desire and promote is not a greater
+saving, but a greater return to savings, either by improved cultivation,
+or by access to more fertile lands in other quarters of the globe."
+
+That--"the Railway operations of the various nations of the world may be
+looked upon as a sort of competition for the overflowing Capital of the
+countries where Profits are low and Capital abundant."--_J. S. Mill,
+Polit. Econ._
+
+That--"each nation derives greater benefit from having an increasing
+market in one of its own provinces, than in a foreign country."
+
+That--"the possession of remote territories, is the only thing which can
+secure to the population of a country those advantages derived from an
+easy outlet, or prospect of outlet, to those persons who may be ill
+provided for at home."--_Lord Brougham._
+
+That--"we have an immense Colonial Empire. To its resources and
+exigencies we now seem for the first time to awaken.[see Note 46]
+Hitherto we have been content to consider it as a magnificent
+incumbrance, that testified to our greatness but had nothing to do
+with our interests or the welfare of our population."--_The Times,
+20th January, 1849._
+
+And that--"it must be acknowledged as a principle, that the Colonies of
+England are an integral part of this country."--_D'Israeli._
+
+              *       *       *
+
+Again--"In certain parts of the Empire transportation was a very
+valuable punishment, but there ought to be natural limits to it.
+Transportation was very well in the infancy of a Colony, but as it
+became more peopled and civilized, it was undesirable to deluge it
+with a convict population. The subject of abolishing the penalty of
+transportation was one of very great importance."--_Lord Brougham,
+1849._
+
+                        "But what mean I
+      To speak so true at first? My office is
+      To noise abroad....
+      I have the letter here; yes, here it is:"
+
+
+
+
+
+"The time has come when the great American and Colonial route of
+travelling must commence at Halifax."[2]--_Great Western Letter Bag._
+Yes! and be carried on to Frazer's River.[3]
+
+  [2] Nova Scotia.
+
+  [3] New Caledonia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+      TO MY WORTHY AND MUCH ESTEEMED FRIEND,
+         THE AUTHOR OF "THE CLOCKMAKER."
+
+MY DEAR FRIEND,
+
+Often have I looked back to the pleasant hours we passed on board the
+good brig Tyrian, when, in the spring of 1838, we were quietly floating
+over the waves of the broad Atlantic.[see Note 1] Never do I remember to
+have crossed them so smoothly, and never certainly with more agreeable
+companions. One of our party has long since departed for that country
+from whose bourn no traveller returns. Poor Fairbanks! you knew him well
+and valued his friendship--knew him to be a kind and a good man, and
+that he loved his country well. Had he been as anxious to introduce
+Railways into it as he was zealous about his Shubenacadie Canal, he
+might perhaps have served it more effectually.[see Notes 2 and 37]
+Another of our party, a true and hearty lover of his country, is still
+amongst you; may his powerful mind so direct his great abilities as to
+enable him to use them for his country's good; for much may yet be done
+for Nova Scotia. Both he and you, I know well, have a friendly feeling
+towards me, and you may perhaps have sometimes regretted, though not so
+warmly as I have done (living as you both have been for years in the
+midst of political excitement), that we have been so completely
+separated. With this short preface, as an excuse for introducing your
+names, I will now proceed, by recalling that moment so full of
+excitement at the time and never to be forgotten,--when, to our
+astonishment, we first saw the great ship Syrius steaming down directly
+in the wake of the Tyrian. She was the first steamer, I believe, that
+ever crossed the Atlantic for New York, and was then on her way back to
+England. You will, I dare say, recollect the prompt decision of
+Commander Jennings to carry his mail bags on board the steamer, and our
+equally prompt decision not to quit our sailing craft, commanded as she
+was by so kind and so excellent an officer. You will, I dare say,
+recollect how soon flew the question through the captain's trumpet,
+"Will you take charge of the mail?" "Yes, but be quick;" and the
+trembling anxiety with which we watched mail bag after mail bag hoisted
+up the deep waist of the Tyrian; then lowered into the small boat
+below,--tossed about between the vessels, and finally all safely placed
+on board the Syrius. It was a bold measure; for had one mail bag been
+lost, our gallant commander would in all probability have been severely
+censured, if it had not cost him his commission: as it was, I believe,
+he received the thanks of the Admiralty. You will also, no doubt,
+remember well the lively discussion the sight of this great steam ship
+caused amongst us, and how earnestly I expressed my wish, that the
+people of Halifax should bestir themselves, and not allow, without a
+struggle, British mails and British passengers thus to be taken past
+their very doors.[see Note 3] And now that we have lived to see
+established what we then discussed (and about which the pen of the
+Clockmaker's companion was not idle),[see Note 4] the great steam ship
+road from and to Liverpool and Halifax, you will not perhaps be
+astonished that (like the fly on the wheel) so humble an individual as
+your old fellow passenger should have fancied when steaming (as he has
+since often done) over the waves of that same Atlantic, that he too[see
+Note 5] had had something to say in creating all the smoke he saw rising
+before him. Of one thing, however, he is certain--that his companions,
+Fairbanks, Howe and Haliburton (no insignificant names), had determined,
+before leaving the Tyrian, that as soon as they reached London they
+would wait upon the Colonial minister--point out to him the necessity
+and importance of a steam communication from the mother country to her
+children in the west, and plead the cause of Halifax;[see Note 6] and,
+if I am not mistaken, Fairbanks and Howe proceeded first to Liverpool to
+make some inquiries about expense, &c. &c. Be this however as it may, it
+is all now matter of no consequence--the great nautical high road
+between England and her North American Colonies has long been
+established beyond a question, and the enterprising Cunard has shown by
+his splendid steam vessels, that it may be depended upon beyond a doubt,
+as a regular, a safe and an easy communication.[see Note 38] To him,
+therefore, are due the thanks of the public, and the credit of
+accomplishing this much wished-for route.
+
+      "Whilst others bravely thought, he nobly dar'd."
+
+But, my dear friend, in an age like the present, shall such a victory
+content us? most assuredly not! The time has come when our great
+Colonial land route of travelling must reach from Halifax to Frazer's
+River, from the Atlantic to the Pacific--and there is still a grand and
+a noble undertaking that must yet be accomplished--must be performed by
+Great Britain and her colonies--an undertaking that will open a mine of
+wealth to all concerned[see Note 7] (not the wealth of gold, but of
+commerce and trade). But to proceed--and here again I must tax your
+memory. You will, no doubt, recollect, that after the King of Holland
+had given his decision in the year 1831 as to our disputed boundary with
+America, which had been referred to him, and that all eyes were fixed
+upon that question,[see Note 65] which had become very serious and
+difficult to settle, his Grace the Duke of Wellington, in speaking on
+the subject,[see Note 8] alluded to another very important boundary
+question (then little thought of by the public),[see Note 9] and his
+Grace pointed to the Oregon.[see Note 33] The discussions and
+difficulties that afterwards arose before the final disposal of that
+dispute, most assuredly marked its importance, and proved that the
+ever-watchful talent of the Duke had not been attracted to that spot,
+without cause.
+
+                   "We thank the gods
+      Our Rome has such a soldier!"
+
+Montgomery Martin says, "But for the Hudson's Bay Company, England would
+probably have been shut out from the Pacific." Be that as it may, we had
+at all events, one statesman's watchful eye upon that ocean, and the
+very important question is now disposed of for ever, leaving open to
+England another most valuable high road, with the making of which we
+(again like the fly on the wheel) think we must have something to do; at
+all events, we may discuss and talk about it,--as in the Tyrian we
+formerly did about the great Steam Line from and to Liverpool and
+Halifax. But to proceed seriously. Did his Grace, let it be asked, when
+pointing to our North-Western boundary line, look forward at that time
+to the shores of the Pacific as being "the end of the West and the
+beginning of the East?" Did his Grace's imagination picture to his
+mind's eye swarms of human beings from Halifax, from New Brunswick, from
+Quebec, from Montreal, from Byetown, from Kingston, from Toronto, from
+Hamilton, the Red River Settlement, &c. &c. &c., rushing across the
+rocky mountains of Oregon with the produce of the West in exchange for
+the riches of the East? Did his Grace imagine the Pacific Ocean alive
+with all descriptions of vessels sailing and steaming from our
+magnificent Colonies--New Zealand, Van Diemen's Land, New South Wales,
+New Holland, from Borneo and the West Coast of China, from the Sandwich
+Islands, and a thousand other places, all carrying the rich productions
+of the East, and landing them at the commencement of the West,--to be
+forwarded and distributed throughout our North American provinces, and
+to be delivered in THIRTY DAYS at the ports of Great Britain? Did his
+Grace foresee that steam would bring Halifax within ten days of
+Liverpool? That a Railway would make Halifax only ten or fifteen days
+distant from the north-west coast of North America, (and that the
+Sandwich Islands would not be ten days further off?) whence steamers
+might be despatched with the mails from England for Pekin, Canton,
+Australia, New Zealand, &c. &c. &c.; and did his Grace look forward to
+the rolling masses of treasure that would be sure to travel on such a
+girdle line of communication as that? Did his Grace then weigh and
+consider that "to the inventive genius of her sons England owes the
+foundation of her commercial greatness. We will not go the length of
+asserting that she retains her proud pre-eminence solely upon the
+condition of keeping twenty years ahead of other nations in the practice
+of mechanical arts. But there is no question, that _a fearful proportion
+of our fellow subjects hold their prosperity upon no other tenure_, and
+quite independently of what may be done by our rivals it is of vast
+importance to our increasing population that the conquest over nature
+should proceed unchecked?" [_Quarterly Review, December, 1848._] And did
+his Grace look forward and foresee that between the north-eastern and
+north-western shores of America, and through our loyal, long-tried and
+devoted North American colonies,[see Note 10] there might be undertaken
+a great, a noble, and a most important work, that would give
+remunerative employment to the population, to the wealth, and to the
+inventive genius of England? Did his Grace, in short, look forward to a
+_grand National Railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific_?[see Note 60]
+If not, let his Grace do so now! Let the people of Great Britain do
+so!--let her colonial minister. Startling as it may at first appear, a
+little reflection will show that England and her children have the power
+to make it; that it must be done; and will become valuable property--for
+it would increase our commerce and trade to an extent not easy to
+calculate.[see Note 11] But such a noble work must not be looked upon
+merely as a money question,--although if only considered in that
+light,--England must reflect that if she wishes and intends to retain
+her high pre-eminence amongst the nations of the earth, she must most
+assuredly pay for it. No country can have all the blessings and
+advantages of England and have them for nothing, nor can she retain them
+without great exertion. Her accumulated wealth cannot be allowed to
+remain idle--nor will it.[see Note 12] No one will deny for a moment
+that every economy that will make the poor man richer and happier ought
+to be practised;[see Note 39] but let us take care that we do not, from
+too strong a desire to retain that wealth which Providence has thrown
+into the lap of England[see Note 13] even in the midst of war,[see Note
+14] deprive her labouring children of legitimate employment and just
+remuneration, (all that the industrious classes of our fellow-countrymen
+require.) But the undertaking proposed has even a higher claim to our
+attention. _It is the great link required to unite in one powerful chain
+the whole English race_. Let then our Railway Kings, and our Iron
+Kings, our princely merchants, and our lords millionnaires--let the
+stirring and active spirits of the age--the great reformers and the
+modern politicians, many of whom are now proclaiming through the land
+that economy alone can save the country--[see Note 15]condescend for a
+short time even, to consider the undertaking here proposed; and say, if
+they can, that (even should it be executed at an immense expense) it
+would not produce a great and beneficial forward movement, and be a
+present happy employment, and a future perpetual source of wealth to
+England and her children. Let them consider also that "the social
+advancement which the modern improvement of Railways is calculated to
+effect has added a new faculty to man in the facilities which it affords
+of communication between province and province, and between nation and
+nation. Nor does it seem too much to say, that it will be the means of
+binding all the nations of the earth into one family, with mutual
+interests, and with the mutual desire of promoting the prosperity of
+their neighbours, in order that they may enhance their own, and forming
+thereby the most powerful antagonistic principle to war that the earth
+has ever known." [_Bradshaw's Almanack, 1849._] Again, what says the
+Quarterly: "We trust our readers of all politics will cordially join
+with us in a desire, not inappropriate at the commencement of a new
+year, that the wonderful discovery which it has pleased the Almighty to
+impart to us, instead of becoming amongst us a subject of angry dispute,
+may in every region of the globe bring the human family into friendly
+communication; that it may dispel national prejudices; assuage
+animosities--in short, that, by creating a feeling of universal
+gratitude to the powers from which it has proceeded, it may produce on
+earth peace and good-will towards men." And where, let it be asked, can
+this wonderful discovery, this great power of steam,[see Note 16] be
+called into action so effectually and so usefully, not only for Great
+Britain, but for mankind in general, than in that parallel of
+latitude[see Note 17] in which (_all barrier difficulties and all cause
+for war being now removed_) would naturally flow in full tide the
+civilization, arts and sciences that invariably follow in the wake of
+Englishmen? Then as to the difficulties of the undertaking, let us
+recollect that an eminent engineer, previous to the construction of the
+Liverpool and Manchester Line, said, "No man in his senses would attempt
+a Railroad over Chat Moss:" his calculation was that it would cost
+£270,000. Yet the genius of George Stephenson afterwards surmounted the
+difficulty at a cost of £40,000, though the work was commenced when
+engineering science was less understood than now. Let us also listen to
+the Quarterly, "Steam as applied to locomotion by sea and land is the
+great wonder-worker of the age. For many years we have been so startled
+by such a succession of apparent miracles, we have so often seen results
+which surpassed and falsified all the deductions of sober calculations,
+and so brief an interval has elapsed between the day when certain
+performances were classed by men of science as among impossibilities,
+and that wherein those same performances had almost ceased to be
+remarkable from their frequency, that we might almost be excused if we
+regarded the cloud-compelling demon, with somewhat of the reverence
+which the savage pays to his superior, when he worships as omnipotent
+any power whose limits he cannot himself perceive." With such a
+power[see Note 18] (so eloquently described) at our command, and such
+magnificent results to be obtained from it, shall England hesitate?
+shall the expenditure of a few millions check such a noble work? shall
+the Rocky Mountains be a barrier? mountains never yet properly explored,
+and of which almost all we know is that (as my friend Colonel Bloomfield
+observed) we nearly went to war to be allowed to cross them. And what
+are the expenses of war? Between the years 1797 and 1815, 630 millions
+of money were expended for carrying on war. Again, the very magnitude of
+the undertaking and length of the Railway is in its favour, for--listen
+again to the Quarterly: "We believe it may be affirmed without fear of
+contradiction, that the working details of a Railway are invariably well
+executed in proportion to their magnitude. A little Railway--like a
+little war--is murderous to those engaged and ruinous to those who pay
+for it." Now if in England experience has taught all this,--shall the
+good people of Halifax, New Brunswick, Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, &c.,
+be allowed, perhaps encouraged, to go on slowly endeavouring (at an
+immense expense and outlay for such young communities) to make a variety
+of small Railways,[see Note 40] thus acknowledged to be ruinous, and the
+mother country remain quietly looking on when she has now the power of
+greatly assisting them, and to her own advantage, by planning and
+arranging one grand route and system of Lines throughout the whole
+country,[see Note 19] and under Providence the means of opening that
+route in an incredible short space of time? Let then England, her North
+American colonies, and the Hudson's Bay Company, join heart and hand,
+and with the great power of steam which it has pleased the Almighty to
+place at the command of man, there will soon arise a work that will
+be the wonder and admiration of the age--and such a mercantile and
+colonizing road will be open to Great Britain, that at no future period,
+(at least within the imagination of man,) will she ever again have to
+complain of too great a population on her soil, and too small a market
+for her labour.
+
+Let us now then proceed, my dear friend, to consider how this great
+work might be commenced, and its probable results when accomplished. In
+the first place let us look a little to the immense annual cost to
+England for her prisons and her convicts,[see Notes 47 and 50]--much of
+that crime arising probably from the want of employment, and consequent
+poverty.[see Note 20] Even at this moment five millions are spoken of as
+a sum required to be expended in new prisons for a favourite system.[see
+Note 41] In 1836 it was suggested "as well worthy of consideration,
+whether it would not be advisable to cease transporting convicts at so
+great a cost to distant settlements, and instead to send them to a
+nearer place of exile, where their labour might be rendered in so great
+a degree valuable, as speedily to return to the Mother Country the whole
+of the charge incurred for their conveyance" [_The Progress of the
+Nation, by A. R. Porter, Esq._];[see Note 21] and where could England
+better employ her convict labour, than on a work that would be of such
+vast and lasting importance to herself, to her colonies, and to mankind
+in general? It was also observed, by the same author, "If gangs of
+convict labourers were placed a little beyond the verge of civilization,
+and employed in clearing and enclosing lands, constructing roads,
+building bridges, the land thus prepared and improved would meet with
+ready purchasers at prices which would well repay the Government their
+previous outlay." It may be objected by some, that the expense of the
+troops necessary to guard the convicts would be very great, and would be
+a heavy burden to this country. To them I must use the words of the
+"Times," when suggesting the grant of colonial lands to be annexed to
+the performance of military duties. "Subsidiary to and connected with
+this arrangement might be devised another, by which soldiers of good
+character might be discharged after ten years service, and rewarded with
+small freeholds in the colonies. They might be bound to appear on duty
+at certain periods, and for a certain duration of time, as our
+pensioners are at present." And if soldiers of six or eight years
+service were sent out in charge of the convicts, that unpleasant duty
+would be of very short duration before they would meet with their
+reward. Added to which, it has been suggested by my friend Captain Wood,
+of the Hon. East India Company's service, that the Indians might be very
+usefully employed on this duty,[see Note 48] somewhat in the same manner
+as the natives in India are encouraged to look after European soldiers
+who desert their colours. In alluding to the pensioners of Great
+Britain, it is only due to Lieut.-Col. Tulloch to render our honest
+thanks to him, for the introduction through his indefatigable exertions
+of this most important feature in a new military system. Not only has he
+added to the respectability, comfort, and happiness of many a worn out
+old soldier, but he has also provided a very imposing force of veterans
+ready at any moment to support the laws of their country; and, should
+unfortunately such an occasion ever arise, of opposing all feeling of
+disloyalty to their beloved sovereign.[see Note 42] Lieut.-Col. Tulloch
+may well feel proud of the result of his labours. This system of
+pensions alluded to by the "Times" would become extremely applicable to
+the troops employed in guarding the convicts on the proposed Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway, and small villages, and ultimately cities, would,
+no doubt, arise from such a source: but even the first outlay caused by
+the employment of the convicts on such a work cannot be considered as
+any extra expense to government; for these convicts must be fed, must be
+employed, and must be guarded somewhere: and it will be shown hereafter
+that government will be reimbursed not only her expenditure on account
+of the convicts, but also her expenditure on account of the troops
+required to guard them. In making his suggestions for the employment of
+the convicts in 1836, Mr. Porter says, "There is unhappily but too much
+reason for believing that the whole number of labourers who could be
+thus profitably employed might be furnished from the criminal population
+of Great Britain." And by a return given at the same time, it is shown
+that the number of convicts from 1825 to 1833, both years inclusive, was
+22,138, and that return did not include all the penal settlements. The
+"Times" of the 18th January, 1848, in speaking of the expenditure of the
+country, says, "Convicts at home and abroad have mounted from £111,306
+to £378,000; certainly the law of increase is strongly marked on the
+expense of crime." "If any body will cut down this figure, he will earn
+the gratitude of the nation." This last expression of the Times has more
+particular reference to the expense incurred for Ireland, but will no
+doubt be acknowledged to be equally true as bearing upon the enormous
+general increase of convict expenditure; and the more I reflect on this
+subject, the more do I feel convinced that the employment of convict
+labour in the Rocky Mountains,[see Note 22] and at several other points
+of the Line of this proposed great National work, would produce a most
+beneficial result, as a means of reducing the amount of crime, as even
+an immediate saving of transport expense to England (unless indeed all
+distant penal settlements are to be finally abandoned),[see Notes 21 and
+45] and as an ultimate great advantage both to her own commerce, and to
+that of her colonies; and here let it be recollected, that there is a
+feeling abroad "to force upon government and the legislature a bold and
+manly course in dealing with crime in general:" that the magnificent
+prisons now built are considered "unjust to the labouring poor, whose
+humble dwelling, with coarse and scanty food, is mocked by the grandeur
+and beauty of the prison, as well as by the idle and comfortable
+entertainment within its wall;" and it has been remarked by a public
+journal in a warning voice, "to make prisons palaces is the way to turn
+palaces into prisons."[see Note 34] But enough has been said on this
+subject at present, and we will now consider again the working out of
+this great undertaking. We will suppose, in the first place, active,
+intelligent, and scientific young men to be sent to the Rocky
+Mountains,[see Note 49] to ascertain the best spot at which to cross
+them, and the best port (if the mouth of Frazer's River will not
+answer), on the western shore of North America, within, of course, the
+Hudson's Bay Company's territory, for a great commercial harbour and
+railway terminus. Then let a grand line of Railway be marked out from
+Halifax to that spot, and let all local towns or districts that have
+sufficient capital and labour to undertake any part of that Line, have
+the benefit of the profits of the whole Line, in proportion to the parts
+they may finish. No convict labour need interfere with them. But in such
+districts as are at present so thinly inhabited as to have no working
+population, and no capital to expend, let the work be commenced by
+England, by her capital, and her convicts;[see Note 23] and let
+government encourage and facilitate the formation of a great Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway Company, by obtaining from parliament a national
+guarantee for the completion of the work;[see Note 51] first, of course,
+having entered into arrangements with the Hudson's Bay Company, and her
+North American provinces, for the security of such sums of money as may
+be advanced by way of loan from Great Britain.
+
+To Englishmen we would say then, in the words of the Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay, "We have at home a superabundant population,[see Note 24]
+subject to a very rapid increase on any reduction of the price, if but
+of the necessaries of life,--how can it be better employed than in
+seeking, with its own advance in social position, and means of
+acquiring its comforts, if not its luxuries, the spread of our free
+institutions--equal laws--and holy religion. We desire an enlarged
+sphere for commercial enterprise. New markets for our manufactures;
+these every fresh colony supplies in its measure. If then the Oregon be
+what it appears to be, if its climate, soil, agriculture, and commercial
+capabilities be as represented, why leave its future destiny to time and
+circumstances?" We would say to the Hudson's Bay Company in the words
+of Mr. James Edward Fitzgerald, "You have the power of becoming the
+founders of a New State, perhaps of a new empire, or of arresting for a
+time, for you cannot ultimately prevent, the march of mankind in their
+career of victory over the desolate and uncultivated parts of the earth.
+For now nearly two centuries your sway has extended over half a
+continent, and as yet you have left nothing behind you in all that vast
+country, to bear witness to your power and your riches. Now a new
+destiny is before you; you may, if you will, place your names beside
+those who have devoted themselves to the noble task of stimulating and
+directing the enterprising genius of their fellow countrymen, who have
+prolonged the existence of their nation by giving a new life to its
+offspring." And we would then call upon England, her North American
+provinces, and the Hudson's Bay Company, to employ their wealth and
+power to unite in one great unbroken iron chain, the Mother Country with
+her distant Children, and, in spite of Nature's difficulties, carry
+steam across the Rocky Mountains.[see Note 25]
+
+From childhood I have been accustomed to look upon the power of
+England as irresistible,--morally, physically,[see Note 35] and
+intellectually,--she has now in this age the command of mind and matter
+sufficient to enable her almost to move the earth, and shall the tunnel
+under the Thames, the tube over the Conway, and the bridge over the
+Menai, be our only wonders? How well do I remember the delight with
+which I have listened to the anecdote told of Mr. Pitt, who, when he was
+informed that it was impracticable to carry into effect some orders he
+had given about heavy ordnance being sent to Portsmouth within a certain
+time, "Not possible?" exclaimed Mr. Pitt, "then send them by the
+Mail."[see Note 26] With the same feeling of pride and delight have I
+heard in later days of the artillery officer's remark, when it was
+whispered to him by another that it would not be possible to place their
+guns in some wished for position; "My dear fellow," said the commanding
+officer, "I have the order in my pocket." Let England only commence the
+Railway from Halifax to the Pacific, with the order to cross the Rocky
+Mountains in the pocket of her sons, and the accomplishment of the
+undertaking will soon reward the labour, courage and skill which would
+undoubtedly be exhibited. Sir Alexander Mackenzie inscribed in large
+characters, with vermillion, this brief memorial, on the rocks of the
+Pacific, "Alexander Mackenzie from Canada by land the 22nd of July,
+1794." Who will be the first engineer to inscribe upon the Rocky
+Mountains "On this day engineer A. B. piloted the first locomotive
+engine across the Rocky Mountains;" and what then will be the feeling of
+Englishmen, when even now Steam is considered the "exclusive offspring
+of British genius, fostered and sustained by British enterprise and
+British capital!" We have seen that on the highest habitable spot of the
+Mountains of the Alps stands a monument of war, placed there by the hand
+of a powerful man in the pride of victory over his fellow-men, and in
+honour of his companion in arms. We trust before long that on the
+highest habitable spot of the Rocky Mountains will stand a monument of
+peace, placed there by an enterprising nation in honour of the victory
+of science over nature, and in memory of some enterprising son.
+
+After all her wars, her victories and her revolutions, in what condition
+is France?
+
+What may not England expect to be with all her victories over
+nature--her trade and commerce?[see Note 52] May she march forward in
+her career of peace as bravely, as nobly, and as proudly as she did in
+that of war; and may she now take as great an interest in, and make
+the same exertions for, the welfare and happiness not only of her own
+people, but of those of other nations in all quarters of the globe, as
+she did in former days for their protection from a desolating foe.
+
+What the ultimate consequences of such a link of connection would be,
+are indeed far beyond the reach of the human mind to foresee; but its
+immediate results stand out apparently to the most common observer. In
+the first place, Cape Horn (_the roughest point to weather in the whole
+world_) would be avoided. In the next, the long passage by the Cape of
+Good Hope to innumerable places in the Pacific Ocean would become also
+unnecessary. In both these cases a great amount of time (which in
+commerce is money) would be saved. Again, it would be no longer
+necessary to send goods by the route of the Hudson's Bay[see Note 27] to
+the territories of that Company; and thus _a climate horrible in winter
+and summer_, would also be avoided.[see Note 44] Then one view of the
+map of the world will show that the proposed terminus of the Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway at Frazer's River, taken as a centre, would bring
+New Zealand, New South Wales, in fact, Australia, New Guinea, Borneo,
+Canton, Pekin, all within fifty days' sail of that point; and taking the
+Sandwich Islands as a centre point, (where there is a fine harbour, and
+where a depôt of coals might be established), which could be reached in
+ten days, all the before-named places would be brought within twenty
+days for steam navigation, other points, such as the Friendly Islands,
+&c., might be selected for further depôts of coals. Again, from the
+terminus of the proposed railway the mails from England could be
+despatched to all the before-mentioned places, and the formation of a
+great steam navigation company, with a grant from government in the same
+way as a grant was made to the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company to
+Halifax, would insure magnificent steamers for the conveyance of these
+mails, and would secure also to the Hudson's Bay Company an immense
+consumption of their coal. Last, though not least of all, this Railway
+route across the continent of North America would ensure to England at
+all times a free communication with her East India possessions. It is
+true that at present there is no difficulty in that respect, and the
+indefatigable exertions of Lieutenant Waghorn and of other enterprising
+people, amongst them my friend Major Head, have opened to the British
+public and to the East India Company a quick and speedy communication
+with India. But let the public reflect, and let the Government reflect,
+that, in the event of a European war, we might be called upon to defend
+and keep open that communication at an immense expenditure of life and
+money, and indeed it might even be closed against us; whereas the
+proposed Line across the continent of America would be within our own
+dominions, and would not oblige us to interfere or meddle with any
+continental wars to enjoy its free use. No time ought to be lost in the
+commencement of this national undertaking.
+
+If then Government took the initiative, it might obtain the consent of
+Parliament, and proceed to appoint a Board of General Arrangement and
+Control, consisting, say, of fifteen Commissioners: three on the part of
+Great Britain, three to be named by the Hudson's Bay Company, three to
+be appointed by the Government of Nova Scotia, three by that of New
+Brunswick, and three on the part of Canada; all these latter of course
+with the approval of their respective Governors. It may appear that
+the North American Provinces would thus have a greater proportion
+of Commissioners; but as each of these Colonies have Governments
+independent of each other, they may be considered as separate Companies,
+although we take them as one when considered as the North American
+Provinces. These fifteen gentlemen might be all Members of Parliament;
+thus the system of representatives from the Colonies, so often suggested
+and spoken of, could be commenced, and the Colonists thus made
+practically aware that they are _an integral part of this country_.
+These Commissioners could be authorized to make all the necessary
+arrangements for the security of the monies proposed to be advanced by
+the Government of Great Britain, and should be instructed to draw up the
+general Articles of Agreement between the high contracting parties; and
+Government might be authorized by Parliament to open an account with
+these Commissioners, who as a Body might be called "The Atlantic and
+Pacific Railway Board of Control," and under its auspices a public
+Company might be formed, refunding to the Government all previous
+outlay.
+
+Our North American provinces are close at hand, and during the
+approaching summer all the necessary arrangements might be made for the
+reception of a great number of convicts in different locations; and, in
+the first instance, they might be sent to Halifax and Quebec,[see Note
+53] where they could be received immediately, not certainly in palaces,
+but in very good wood huts; at both these places they could also be at
+once set to work in unloading the vessels sent from England with the
+necessary stores for the commencement of this great national work, and
+in preparing and levelling the situations of the respective termini; for
+of course at both these stations great government as well as private
+wharfs would be established. Again: another portion could be sent at
+once from New South Wales to the port fixed upon on the north-west coast
+of North America, in the Hudson's Bay Company's territory:[see Note 67]
+there they could be put to work in the same way--to unload vessels
+bringing in stores, to cut down and prepare timber, level and get ready
+the site of the terminus. And it appears very necessary that preparation
+should be made for the reception of a large body at the Red River
+Settlement, that point being a very important spot in the Line proposed.
+Let us see what Montgomery Martin says about it.[see Note 28]
+
+The Bishop of Montreal, in 1844, says, "The soil, which is alluvial, is
+beyond example rich and productive, and withal so easily worked, that,
+although it does not quite come up to the description of the Happy
+Islands--reddit ubi cererem tellus inarata quot annis--there is an
+instance, I was assured, of a farm in which the owner, with
+comparatively light labour in the preparatory processes, had taken a
+wheat crop out of the same land for eighteen successive years, never
+changing the crop, never manuring the land, and never suffering it to
+lie fallow, and that the crop was abundant to the last; and, with
+respect to the pasture and hay, they are to be had ad libitum, as nature
+gives them in the open plains." Again, speaking of import goods: "All
+these articles are brought across from Hudson's Bay, a distance of
+several hundred miles, in boats, and these boats are drawn across the
+portages on rollers, or in some places carried upon waggons; hence those
+articles which are of a heavy description are charged at a price
+seemingly out of all proportion to that of many others which may be
+obtained at a moderate price: a common grindstone is sold for
+20_s_."[see Note 29]
+
+Now read again the description of Hudson's Bay, discovered by John
+Hudson in 1610,[see Note 27] then look upon that picture, and upon
+this; look upon that country that will give eighteen successive crops of
+wheat, and look upon the difficult, dangerous, and tedious navigation of
+that bay, whose _climate in summer and winter is horrible_, and through
+whose waters the stores of this fine country are obliged to travel;
+look at that picture, then look at this,--the easy, safe, and rapid
+communication of a Railway,--and say if the time, health and money that
+would be saved by its construction is not worthy the consideration of
+Englishmen, and would not repay the constructors, even if that was to be
+its last terminus.[see Note 54]
+
+But when it is considered that the Main Line of Railway, in passing
+through our own colonies, would skirt the shores of Lake Superior--rich
+in mines of silver and copper[see Note 36]--and that the Red River
+Settlement[see Note 30] would only be one of the many valuable towns and
+districts that would be opened to trade and commerce, and only
+contribute its mite to the profits to be obtained from the passage of
+the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, it appears to me impossible that
+such a powerful and wealthy Company as the Hudson's Bay, such
+magnificent colonies as our North American provinces, and such a power
+as Great Britain, can balance for one moment in their minds whether loss
+or profit must attend the undertaking and completion of such a Railway.
+
+But, vires acquirit eundo, our argument is stronger as we proceed; for,
+crossing the Rocky Mountains, where the real terminus would be, let us
+pause for a moment to consider the mine of wealth we should open--not
+the wealth of gold and silver--but wealth, the reward of commerce and
+industry.
+
+"The land," Nicolay says, "affords, even now, exports of cattle, wool,
+hides, and tallow, as well as salted meat, beef, pork, wheat, barley,
+Indian corn, apples, and timber. Of these all are sent to the Sandwich
+Islands, some to California, and hides and wool have been sent to
+England. The woods of the Oregon present another fertile source of
+national wealth. The growth of timber of all sorts in the neighbourhood
+of the harbours in the De-fuca Strait adds much to their value as a
+naval and commercial station. Coal is found in the whole western
+district, but principally shows itself above the surface on north part
+of Vancouver's Island. To these sources of commercial and national
+wealth must be added the minerals--iron, lead, tin, &c. The mountains
+and seacoast produce granite, slate, sandstone,--and in the interior
+oolites; limestone is plentiful, and to the north most easily worked
+and very rich in colour."
+
+Again: look to the whale fishery.[see Note 31] And, in conclusion, we
+may say that the Hudson's Bay Company's territory in the Pacific, that
+is, New Caledonia, "will be found to fall short of but a few countries,
+either in salubrity of climate, fertility of soil, and consequent
+luxuriance of vegetation, and utility of production, of in the
+picturesque character of the scenery."
+
+But, my dear friend, I have been led on by my excitement on this subject
+to make quotations and enter into particulars and details far beyond my
+original thoughts, which were chiefly to draw the attention of your
+powerful and active mind to a great national undertaking, knowing well
+your love of everything English, and at the same time your devoted
+attachment to the North American colonies. You have travelled far, and
+seen much, and have shown in your works how clearly you have observed
+and appreciated the power and manly spirit of England;
+
+      "Dear for her reputation through the world;"
+
+and although you have felt, as a colonist, that her provinces of North
+America might have been better governed, and that they have had even
+much justly to complain about, still you have always upheld the
+connection with England, and argued its value. In writing to you, the
+thoughts of old times have returned, and reminded me of our happy
+meetings and friendly converse in your lodgings in Piccadilly; and, thus
+thinking, I have written on, as in fancy I have imagined we should have
+chatted together,--and now I cannot do otherwise than continue in this
+freedom of communication, and endeavour to excite you to entertain my
+thoughts, and to canvass them among your fellow-countrymen.
+
+To return, then, to our subject, and to the necessity for England to be
+up and stirring. It has been remarked, that "a person who is already
+thriving seldom puts himself out of his way to commence even a lucrative
+improvement, unless urged by the additional motive of fear lest some
+rival should supplant him by getting possession of it before him."
+Truly, indeed, has it been said by the Spectator, "that England is not
+bankrupt, nor poor, nor needy. In every quarter we see immense additions
+to material wealth; we observe, too, on all hands a vast extension of
+luxurious enjoyments among the middle classes; every thing attests a
+huge growth in the wealth of the nation." It may be fairly considered,
+then, that England is thriving--a lucrative improvement of vast
+magnitude is open to her--and if the additional motive of fear of
+rivalry is necessary to excite her in so noble an undertaking, let her
+reflect on what is said in an American paper:--
+
+A Boston paper of the day says, "the finding of these gold mines is of
+more importance than any previous event for 300 years. The prosperity
+of Queen Elizabeth's reign was mainly owing to the stimulus given to
+commerce by the increase of the precious metals; but the field now to be
+acted upon is at least fifty times greater than during that period.
+Within five years there will be a Railroad from the Atlantic Ocean,
+across the great American Continent, through the gold regions, to the
+Bay of San Francisco, said to be the finest harbour in the world. The
+people of San Francisco will then communicate by telegraph in a few
+minutes, and the mails will be taken to Canton on the one side in
+fourteen days, and to London on the other in nine days; so that
+intelligence may be conveyed from the one end to the other in the short
+period of twenty-three days. This will be witnessed under five years."
+
+It is evident, then, that the people of the United States are quite
+aware of all the advantages to be gained by a quick communication across
+the Continent of America. Let us consider now, for a moment, what the
+consequences of a railway would be as regards your own valuable and
+fertile colonies.[see Note 43]
+
+You have no doubt already pictured to yourself the town of Halifax alive
+with all the bustle and excitement of a great commercial community, and
+her noble harbours full of every description of vessels, from the
+magnificent English steamer to the small colonial coasting craft; for
+soon, not merely one steamer a week, as now, would touch from England on
+her way to New York, but Nova Scotia herself, from the increasing wealth
+and importance of her towns, would require the use of many steamers to
+enable her to carry on the numerous commercial duties that would fall to
+her lot; and when we reflect that at Halifax would rest the terminus,
+whence could be embarked for England at all seasons of the year our
+highly valuable colonial produce, including the rich exports from the
+Southern Pacific Ocean (not sent round Cape Horn or the Cape of Good
+Hope); and when we reflect that this long neglected seaport town could
+equally receive at all seasons of the year the various exports from
+England, for her numerous Colonies; and when we consider that there is
+abundance of coal at hand, with wood and stone for building, who can
+hesitate for a moment to acknowledge that Halifax would soon become one
+of the most important ports, and one of the most noble cities of the
+world; add to this, that the connection and attachment of Nova Scotia to
+England would be cemented for ever--and that the dream of the Clockmaker
+would be realized. "This is the best situation in all America--is Nova
+Scotia, if the British did but know it. It will have the greatest trade,
+the greatest population, the most manufactures, the most wealth, of any
+state this side of the water. The resources, natural advantages, and
+political position of this place, beats all." Then again, look to the
+city of Quebec; no sooner would the river navigation be open than
+thousands of vessels from England would be seen dropping their anchors
+at the foot of her proud citadel, carrying out vast cargoes of English
+exports; then picture to yourself the railway terminus, alive with all
+the consequent bustle, the steam up, and the railway carriages ready to
+convey all these articles of commerce to every town and district in the
+North American Colonies; away also to the far west, whence they would be
+forwarded to our colonial possessions in the Southern Pacific, and to
+numerous other places; then again, behold these ships reloading quickly
+with the timber and other exportable articles from our then
+firmly-linked-together valuable Colonies, sailing away for England, and
+repeating their visit two or three times in the season; the difficult
+navigation of the Hudson's Bay avoided; the territory of the Hudson's
+Bay Company daily increasing in value, from the ease with which its
+inhabitants could procure articles of commerce, before almost forbidden
+to them; and Quebec, being their nearest port for embarkation for
+England, would necessarily become even a much more important city than
+she is at present. The land in her neighbourhood would become highly
+valuable, and, as a matter of necessity, the fine country to the north,
+with even better soil and better climate, would soon be opened and
+peopled. I cannot cease referring to Quebec without recording my
+gratitude for many kindnesses there received--particularly from the
+family of Captain Boxer.[see Note 55] Then again, look to New Brunswick,
+connected as it would of course be both with Halifax and Quebec, thus,
+having a free and direct communication with those cities, and enabled to
+export or import at any season of the year, (should she wish to avoid
+the navigation of the Bay of Fundy); then think what strength she would
+bring to the union of the Colonies by such a link of connection, and how
+many more opportunities her inhabitants would have of encouraging and
+fostering that strong attachment to their English brethren we all so
+well know to exist amongst the people of New Brunswick.
+
+But, my dear friend, I might go on this way for ever, pointing out town
+after town, and district after district, showing how the wealth and
+prosperity of each would go on rapidly increasing. I cannot, however,
+quit the subject without a passing word on Montreal, in which city I
+have passed many happy days, and from whose inhabitants I have received
+much kindness and civility. That noble city has already made some
+steady advances to a great capital, and the time cannot be far distant
+when she will rival even the most flourishing on the North American
+Continent. To her this proposed Railway would be highly important. She
+has shown that she already understands the value of such things; for not
+only has she a small one of her own to La-Chine, about seven miles up
+the river, but she has also, I understand, finished about thirty miles
+towards the Atlantic in the direction of Portland. The interest of these
+Companies would not of course be lost sight of, but their profits taken
+into the general calculation. The great Trunk Line of Railway would
+naturally, I conclude, go through a country some distance to the north
+of Montreal; but one of the most important termini must of necessity be
+at that city where the business of the Government is carried on, and
+where of course a general Railway Communication with every town and
+district would be established. Toronto would naturally be considered in
+the manner in which so loyal and devoted a city ought to be, and where
+was held, even to a very late period, the parliament of a great country,
+surrendered only to her sister Montreal on public considerations and for
+the general good;[see Note 62] and the Main Line of Railway should be
+brought as near Toronto as the communication between the Atlantic and
+Pacific (its great object and principal view) would permit. Hamilton,
+Kingston, Byetown and several other places must not consider themselves
+neglected, if not herein specially mentioned; but in fact as regards
+these Colonies, the song of your friend, the Clockmaker, about them
+cannot be sung too often. "Oh Squire! if John Bull only knew the value
+of these Colonies, he would be a great man, I tell you,--but he don't."
+Truly do I hope that I may now sing to them with confidence,--
+
+      "There's a good time coming yet,
+                    Wait a little longer."
+
+In your conversation with the Clockmaker you have observed, "it is
+painful to think of the blunders that have been committed from time to
+time in the management of our Colonies, and of the gross ignorance or
+utter disregard of their interests that has been displayed in treaties
+with foreign powers. Fortunately for the Mother Country, the Colonists
+are warmly attached to her and her institutions, and deplore a
+separation too much to agitate questions, however important, that may
+have a tendency to weaken their affections by arousing their passions."
+Should the Government of Great Britain, upon whose consideration will be
+forced the present situation of her Colonies, consider it right to give
+their support to this proposed Atlantic and Pacific Railway for the
+reasons herein explained, or from any other cause,--the great benefit
+that Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Canadas will derive from having
+open to them a free and easy access to the Atlantic and the Pacific,
+will, I trust, occasion such an activity of mind and such an employment
+of matter, that in the general good arising therefrom, all thoughts of
+former ill treatment or unkindness from the Mother Country will soon be
+forgotten.
+
+The great question, however, is, and will be on all sides, Where is the
+money to come from?[see Note 56] and that question I am weak enough to
+fancy is easily answered. Let us consider this subject a little. Let us
+remember, first, that England expended 630 millions during nineteen
+years in war, and, notwithstanding which expenditure, the country got
+richer and richer every day;[see Note 14] and if the country is not
+poorer now than it was in the years when it was able to raise the sum of
+150 millions in a single year--the greater part of which it could afford
+to expend in one year in war, and grow richer all the time--surely such
+a country can afford to expend some few millions for the benefit of
+those colonies on account of whom she was lately ready to go to war, and
+on whose account she did actually expend about two millions, caused
+merely by the rebellion and disturbance of a few discontented spirits.
+But the money that England would be called upon to advance in the
+proposed undertaking would secure to her not only the attachment of her
+children in the North American provinces, by making it as well their
+worldly interest, as it is their natural feeling and wish, to remain
+Englishmen; but that money, and the interest of that money, could be
+secured to her by proper arrangements being entered into with the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and with the North American provinces, and be
+ultimately reimbursed to her by the formation of the proposed Company.
+
+Up to the present moment England has, I believe, only expended the
+sum of £148,000,000 on her Railways, and, I believe, nearly 5000 miles
+are finished; and on an average these Railways are said to give a return
+of about four per cent., and "with the increase of the national
+wealth and population, and with the increase of habits of social
+inter-communication and the transit of goods, the traffic on Railways
+would increase, and the profits and dividends would not be less but
+greater; and in the case of some of them, no man would pretend to say
+how great might be the increase of dividends from the improved and
+economical modes of working Railways, which, there is every reason to
+believe, will day by day be freshly discovered." [_Bradshaw's Almanack,
+1849_]. And who will say that £200,000,000 expended (even should such a
+sum as that be required) in making a Railway Road from the Atlantic to
+the Pacific through our own territories, and therefore completely under
+our own controul, would not increase by a tenfold degree the value of
+that property already expended in England? When the Railways now in
+contemplation at home are finished, their total length will, I believe,
+be about 10,000 miles, and the expenditure between 200 and 240 millions.
+The length of the Railway proposed to go through our colonies may be
+spoken of roughly as at about 4000 miles; but when we take into
+consideration the relative value of land in England and our colonies,
+and a thousand other Railway contingencies in a highly civilized
+country, creating enormous legal, legislative and other expenses, we
+naturally come to the conclusion that the outlay per mile must of course
+be considerably diminished in the colonies. Taking it, however, at the
+English expenditure of £24,000 a mile on the average, it would only cost
+£96,000,000;[see Note 32]--£5,000,000 has been estimated as sufficient
+for six hundred miles of Railway from Halifax to Quebec. But calling it
+£100,000,000, and supposing the work to be five years completing, that
+would only be at the rate of £20,000,000 a year, the interest of which
+at five per cent. would be £1,000,000. Surely, then, such a sum as that
+could be easily raised, even by the Hudson's Bay Company alone, upon the
+security of their extensive and valuable territory. For so great a
+difference would soon arise between the value of that territory as it
+is now--merely the abode of Indians and hunters--and what it would be
+then; with its clearings, its improvements, its roads, its trade, its
+manufactures, and its towns, that any amount of debt almost might be
+incurred. But our loyal colonies would no doubt equally enter into
+securities to England, and be glad, in fact, to share their chance of
+the profit; for these colonies, as well as the Hudson's Bay Company,
+would be immense gainers. Still it may be argued, that unless it can be
+shown that England herself would be a gainer, she would not be justified
+in advancing any money on such an undertaking. Let us, then, consider
+this point a little. Mr. Cobden has asserted (what some of our public
+journals confess to be true), "that if the revenue had fallen off, it
+was because the balance sheet of the merchants and the manufacturers had
+fallen off likewise." If then we show by the undertaking of such a
+work as is now proposed, the balance sheets of the merchants and
+manufacturers must increase immensely, we surely make out a case for
+the good of the country generally, as far as revenue is concerned.
+
+Let us then first consider, that "So interwoven and complicated are the
+fibres which form the texture of the highly civilized and artificial
+community in which we live, that an effect produced on any one point is
+instantly transmitted to the most remote and apparently unconnected
+parts of the system." And again--"The exportation of labourers and
+capital from the old to the new countries, from a place where their
+productive power is less to a place where it is greater, increases by
+so much the aggregate produce of the labour and capital of the world."
+
+Now, with regard to the first remark, the effect that would be produced
+by the necessary exportation of all the machinery for the making and
+working of this Atlantic and Pacific Railway, would of course produce,
+even in England, a very great increase both to the productive power and
+to the consumption of a variety of articles apparently unconnected with
+the affairs of the Railway; and when, again, we look to the necessary
+exportation of labourers and of capital to the towns on the Line of the
+Railway where there is less productive power at work, by increasing that
+dormant power we shall increase the aggregate capital of the world, and
+consequently that of England. Again--"Could we suddenly double the
+productive power of the country, we should double the supply of the
+commodities in every market, but we should by the same stroke double
+the purchasing power--every body would bring a double demand as well as
+supply--every body would be able to buy twice as much, as he would have
+twice as much to offer in exchange." Also--"A country which produces for
+a larger market than its own, can introduce a more extended division of
+labour--can make a greater use of machinery, and is more likely to
+make inventions and improvements in the progress of production."
+Again--"Whatever causes a greater quantity of any thing to be produced
+in the same place, tends to the general increase of the productive
+powers of the world." Now it surely will not be denied, that the
+undertaking of this National Railway would cause in England a greater
+quantity of machinery to be made and exported to the North American
+provinces, thus producing for it a larger market than the home, and
+causing a greater quantity to be made--thus a general increase of the
+productive powers of the world must be produced; and as "wealth may be
+defined as all useful or agreeable things which possess exchangeable
+value," it necessarily follows that the immense increase that would
+be given to the productive powers of England, to those of her North
+American provinces, and of the Hudson's Bay territory, by an undertaking
+on such an extensive scale, if it did not completely, would nearly
+double these powers; and as whoever brings additional commodities to
+market brings additional power to purchase, it follows that the
+inhabitants of our North American provinces, and of the Hudson's Bay
+territory, would be enabled to take nearly twice the quantity of our
+manufactured goods.
+
+Lord Stanley, in moving an amendment to the Address from the Throne,
+says: "the exports of the six principal articles of British industry,
+cotton, wool, linen, silk, hardware and earthenware, exhibit a
+diminution as compared with 1847, of no less than four millions, and as
+compared with 1846, of five millions;" such being the case, it becomes
+highly important to consider the cause of this falling off, with a view
+to a remedy, and some great measures must be adopted towards our own
+colonies that will enable them to receive a greater quantity of
+manufactured goods from the mother country,--and this great Railway is
+suggested as one that would increase the productive power and population
+of our North American colonies, and a consequent increasing necessity
+for hardware and earthenware, to say nothing even of the other articles
+of British industry, or of the facility of communicating with our other
+Colonies.
+
+These few remarks will suffice to show that the balance sheets of the
+merchants, and consequently of the revenue of England, as well as the
+capital of individuals, must increase immensely during the construction
+of and at the completion of the proposed undertaking. Mr. Montgomery
+Martin has stated that "Railways are the very grandest organization of
+labour and capital that the world has ever seen:" that "the capital
+actually invested in Railways advanced from £65,000,000 in 1843 to
+£167,000,000 in 1848--no less than £100,000,000 in five years." And
+why should we not look forward to an equal--aye--and to a much larger
+investment--on such a magnificent Line of Railway? joining, as it would,
+all the northern dominions of the old world--crossing, as it would, the
+northern territories of the new, and making an easy opening to the rich
+and thriving world that may be considered of the present day. For "the
+word has been given, an active and enterprising population will be
+poured in, every element of progress will be cultivated, and the
+productive countries on the shores of the Pacific, heretofore isolated,
+will be brought into active and profitable intercourse. It may truly be
+said that a new world has been opened.
+
+"Our fathers watched the progress of America, we ourselves have seen
+that of Australia, but the opening of the Pacific is one of the greatest
+events in social history since, in the fifteenth century, the East
+Indies were made known to Europe; for we have not, as in America or
+Australia, to await the slow growth of European settlements, but to
+witness at once the energetic action of countries already in a high
+state of advancement. The Eastern and the Western shores of the great
+Ocean will now be brought together as those of the Atlantic are,
+and will minister to each other's wants. A happy coincidence of
+circumstances has prepared the way for these results. Everything was
+ready, the word only was wanted to begin, and it has been given.
+
+"The outflowings of Chinese emigrants and produce, which have gone
+towards the East, will now move to the West; the commercial enterprise
+of Australia and New Zealand has acquired a new field of exercise and
+encouragement; the markets which Chili and Peru have found in Europe
+only, will be opened nearer to their doors; the north-west shore of
+America will obtain all the personal and material means of organization;
+the Islands of the Pacific will take the place in the career of
+civilization for which the labours of the missionary have prepared them;
+and even Japan will not be able to withhold itself from the community of
+nations.
+
+"This is worth more to our merchants and manufacturers, and to the
+people employed by them, than even the gold mines can be; for this is
+the statement of certain results, and the working of the gold mines,
+however productive they may prove, must be attended with all the
+incidents of irregularity and uncertainty, and great commercial
+disadvantages."--(_Wyld's Geographical Notes._)
+
+Surely then there would be no difficulty with Parliament to encourage
+and facilitate the formation of an Atlantic and Pacific Railway Company,
+by obtaining its sanction to the loan of £150,000,000 in such sums as
+might be required (to be issued under the sanction of a board appointed
+for that special purpose), particularly when it is recollected that the
+expense of the greater part of her own convicts could be provided for by
+that advance.
+
+It will easily be seen that it would be impossible to complete this
+Atlantic and Pacific Railway, without at the same time giving great
+encouragement to the emigration of labour; and this "is only practicable
+when its cost is defrayed _or at least advanced by others_, than the
+labourers themselves. Who then is to advance it? Naturally it may be
+said, the capitalists of the colony, who require the labour, and who
+intend to profit by it. But to this there is the obstacle, that a
+capitalist, after going to the expense of carrying out labourers, has no
+security that he shall be the person to derive any benefit from them."
+To those who would object to Government interference in a case like the
+present, we can only say, in the words of Mr. Mill, that "the question
+of Government intervention in the work of colonization involves the
+future and permanent interests of civilization itself, and far
+outstretches the comparatively narrow limits of purely economical
+considerations; but, even with a view to these considerations alone, the
+removal of population from the overcrowded to the unoccupied parts of
+the earth's surface, is one of those works of eminent social usefulness
+which most require, and which at the same time will best repay, the
+intervention of Government." "No individual or body of individuals
+_could_ reimburse themselves for these expenses." Government, on the
+contrary, _could_ take from the increasing wealth _caused by the
+construction of this Railway and consequent great emigration, the
+fraction which would suffice to repay with interest the money advanced_.
+These remarks apply equally to the governments of the North American
+provinces as to those of the Hudson's Bay Company and Great Britain.[see
+Note 57]
+
+Let us now personify our Atlantic and Pacific Railway, and endeavour
+more immediately to apply some of the reasoning as regards colonization
+to the money part of the question as regards the Railway. As regards
+colonization the question--Who is to advance the money? has, I think,
+been very clearly answered by Mr. Mill. As regards the undertaking of
+this Railway, and the answer to the question, Where is the money to come
+from? let us first suppose then that "there is an increase of the
+quantity of money, caused by the arrival of a foreigner in a place with
+a treasure of gold and silver; when he commences expending it, he adds
+to the supply of money and by the same act to the demand for goods. If
+he expends his funds in establishing a manufactory, he will raise the
+price of labour and materials; but, at the higher prices, more money
+will pass into the hands of the sellers of these different articles; and
+they, whether labourers or dealers, having more money to lay out, will
+create an increased demand for all things which they are accustomed to
+purchase, and these accordingly will rise in price, and so on, until the
+rise has reached every thing." Now let us for a moment suppose this
+foreigner to be represented by our friend the Atlantic and Pacific
+Railway, (imagined, for the sake of our argument, to be completed),
+and we will no longer consider him a foreigner, but a brother. This
+brother, on his arrival in England finds that he has unfortunately
+forgotten to bring with him his purse, that in fact he has neither gold
+nor silver, the representatives of wealth, and here, be it remembered,
+that wealth is any thing useful or agreeable, and that money is a
+commodity. We will then suppose this North American brother to say, My
+good brother of England, I am here without gold or silver, or without
+any kind of wealth; the commodities I have left behind me are of such a
+nature, that without much labour I could not put them in such a shape as
+would enable me to bring them to this country, nor could I obtain silver
+or gold enough to represent them; unless, therefore, I send some
+labouring people and machinery to my country, I am afraid I cannot
+obtain all the commodities I wish to have. Now you have plenty of spare
+labourers, and plenty of spare machinery and other useful materials, and
+for which you would be glad to receive valuable commodities in my
+country; and if you will only send the labourers and machinery out, I
+will order that in return you shall be allowed to bring away all the
+useful and agreeable things, that is, all the wealth that may be found,
+and have the use of such things as you may prefer to keep in my country.
+Now if you will make this agreement with me, I will return with you to
+my native land, and will not only assist you to obtain all these
+commodities, but I will engage also to pay you a certain annual income
+out of my saving; and I will show you the short way to the most
+extensive region of wealth ever known to any nation in the world; and
+you can then travel that road, so that at no future period (at least
+within the imagination of man) shall you ever again complain of too
+great a population on your soil, or too small a market for your labour.
+
+Then the good brother of England says to this Atlantic and Pacific
+brother,--We believe all you say of your wealth, and we see the great
+advantage it would be to us to partake of it, and to have the command of
+the road you point out, but what security are we to have that when our
+labourers and machinery are sent to your country they will be employed;
+and if you have neither gold nor silver nor other commodities ready to
+give us in exchange for the work and the articles, how are we to pay the
+people to prepare the machinery, and all our other labourers, whose
+wages would in England of course become higher, as they would be less in
+number, and there would be a greater quantity of work to be done. The
+brothers, in talking over this matter, discovered that "credit is
+indispensable, for rendering the whole capital of the country
+productive. It is also the means by which the industrial talent of the
+country is turned to most account for purposes of production. Many a
+person who has no capital of his own, or very little, but who has
+qualifications for business, which are known and appreciated by some
+person of capital, is enabled to obtain either advances of money, or
+more frequently goods, on credit, by which his industrial capacities are
+made instrumental in the increase of public wealth." The Pacific and
+Atlantic brother observed,--This is exactly my case. Only give me
+credit, and I will bind myself on my own personal security to give up
+whatever portion of my annual income you may consider necessary; and I
+will also secure the money advanced by you on my land, on the minerals
+thereof, and in any other way that may be deemed necessary. My brother
+of the Atlantic and Pacific Railway, says the Englishman, you have
+nearly convinced me; we will immediately appoint friends to draw up all
+the necessary agreements between us, that will enable me, if possible,
+to advance you such labour and machinery as may be required; and we will
+also proceed to appoint other friends, who shall take into
+consideration, in the first place, the expense incurred from your birth
+to a state of manhood, and the annual income that is derived from your
+business and your property; and leaving you sufficient to maintain
+yourself as a gentleman, we shall appropriate to ourselves whatever may
+remain, as a reward for our exertions and the risk to be incurred, and
+as a security for the interest of the money expended upon your account.
+The brothers having thus agreed in a general way, proceed immediately to
+appoint friends and to call upon their good old mother, Great Britain,
+to advance the money required, and their North American relations, Nova
+Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada, and Hudson's Bay, to come forward and
+make a general family treaty for the security and payment of such
+advances. The brothers were then congratulating themselves on what they
+considered the success of their project, when it was whispered to them
+that something of a similar plan had been proposed for their relation
+Ireland, by one "whose loss is too great to be slighted, and too recent
+not to be felt;" and it had been suggested that for every £100 expended
+on Railways in that country, £200 should be lent by Government; upon
+which occasion it had been observed by one who has greatly influenced,
+whether for good or evil, will be hereafter known, the destinies of the
+British Empire, that "the public credit of the State is one of the
+elements of our financial strength, and that it was not possible to
+appropriate a great portion of that public credit to the encouragement
+of commercial enterprises, without, to the same extent, foregoing the
+power to apply that public credit in another direction, in the event of
+the national exigencies requiring you to do so." The brothers replied,
+this is certainly true; but the proposed undertaking is not a commercial
+enterprise, although no doubt it would produce great commercial and
+colonizing results; but it is a grand national work,--a desideratum that
+has been wished for, looked for, and cared for, ever since the new world
+was discovered--that has repeatedly called forth great expenditure of
+money, great suffering, and loss of life in searching for it, to the
+north. It is, in short, the great high road between the Atlantic and
+Pacific--the expense of making which you are called upon to consider.
+
+As regards Ireland, another bold measure has been suggested for that
+country; without giving any opinion upon it, I cannot help asking why we
+should not be as bold in peace as we were in war. Must we wait until
+
+      "The news is, sir, the Voices are in arms;
+      _Then indeed_--we shall have means to vent
+      Our musty superfluity?"
+
+"Without raising one shilling out of the Exchequer," says Lucius (see
+_Morning Post, Jan. 31st_), "boldly apply the national credit to relieve
+the national distress; at once authorize the Bank of Ireland, or a bank
+to be created for that purpose, to issue twenty or thirty millions in
+aid of the landed proprietors; secondly, for the judicious encouragement
+of emigration, transplant those who cannot earn a subsistence at home to
+a comfortable settlement in our colonies, and to promote such mercantile
+or other undertakings, let the notes issued be made legal tenders for
+all payments whatever, and let the entire soil of Ireland be pledged for
+their ultimate security." Far be it from me to give any opinion on what
+is best to be done for Ireland, but certain I feel that what is here
+proposed and suggested regarding an Atlantic and Pacific Railway could
+not interfere with any plan Government might think right to adopt for
+the regeneration of Ireland, unless indeed by greatly facilitating all
+emigration plans and permanent employment.
+
+But, independently of all this money question, "there is the strongest
+obligation on the government of a country like our own, with a crowded
+population and unoccupied continents under its command, to build as
+it were and keep open a bridge from the mother country to those
+continents." Let us reflect that "the economical advantages of commerce
+are surpassed in importance by those of its effects, which are
+intellectual and moral. It is hardly possible to overrate the value, for
+the improvement of human beings, of things which bring them in contact
+with persons dissimilar to themselves, and with modes of thought and
+action unlike those with which they are familiar. Commerce is now
+what war once was--the principal source of this contact. Commercial
+adventurers from more advanced countries have generally been the first
+civilizers of barbarians, and commerce is the purpose of the far greater
+part of the communication which takes place between civilized nations.
+It is commerce which is rapidly rendering war obsolete, by strengthening
+and multiplying the personal interest which is in natural opposition to
+it."--(_Mill, Polit. Econ._) In whatever point of view, therefore, we
+regard this subject--whether as one of duty by providing the means of
+healthy and legitimate employment to our numerous artificers and
+labourers now in a state of destitution--a domestic calamity likely to
+be often inflicted upon us--unless new fields, easy of access, are made
+permanently open to our continually increasing population--and "it would
+be difficult to show that it is not as much the duty of rulers to
+provide, as far as they can, for the removal of a domestic calamity, as
+it is to guard the people entrusted to their care from foreign
+outrage"--will they "slumber till some great emergency, some dreadful
+economic or other crisis, reveals the capacities of evil which the
+volcanic depths of our society may now hide under but a deep crust?"--or
+whether we view it as a means of assisting any general system in the
+penal code--or whether we view it as a point of individual or government
+interest, by turning all that extra-productive power, now idle, in the
+direction of our own colonies, and thus connecting and attaching them
+more strongly to the mother country--increasing their wealth, their
+power and our own:--or whether we consider it in a moral and religious
+point of view, as affording greater and quicker facilities for the
+spread of education and the Gospel of Christ[see Note 58]--or whether we
+look upon it as an instrument for the increase of commerce, and (as an
+important consequence) the necessarily directing men's minds, with the
+bright beams of hope from their own individual and immediate distress,
+as well as from the general excitement and democratic feeling and spirit
+of contention showing itself amongst many nations (an object greatly to
+be desired) for--
+
+      "The times are wild....
+       ....Every minute now
+      _May_ be the father of some stratagem;"
+
+--or whether we look at it in a political point of view, as keeping
+open to us at all times, without the necessity of interference with
+other nations or of war, a great high road to most of our colonial
+possessions, and particularly to India--viewing it then in any one of
+these points, who can doubt for a moment the beneficial results that
+must attend such an undertaking. But when all these considerations are
+taken together, we must repeat what we said in a former page, that it
+is a grand and a noble undertaking, and that it must be accomplished by
+Great Britain and her colonies.
+
+Let us reflect, lastly, my dear friend, that "the world now contains
+several extensive regions, provided with various ingredients of wealth,
+in a degree of abundance of which former ages had not even an idea."
+Your native land, and the other North American provinces, have, even by
+their own exertions, made rapid advances in wealth, accompanied by moral
+and intellectual attainments, and can look forward at no very distant
+period (if even left to their own exertions) to be enabled to take a
+very prominent position in the affairs of the world. But the Hudson's
+Bay Company's territory is still nearly in its primitive state, and much
+indeed is to be expected from its advancement, when it shall have taken
+its proper station in the general trade and commerce of mankind; the
+position of Vancouver's Island is such that there is little reason to
+doubt its wealth and consequence will place it high in the scale of
+England's offspring.[see Note 59]
+
+But, my dear friend, unless your mind has become as fully impressed as
+my own with the vast importance of this great Railway undertaking, I
+shall only tire you the more and detain you to no purpose by dwelling
+longer on the subject; and indeed even should your mind be satisfied
+with the importance of the work, it may yet conceive it to be of an
+impracticable nature. "Who (I have been asked) in the living generation
+would be reimbursed for the outlay? and without that, who will undertake
+a national work, however grand or remunerative to future ages?" To this
+I answer fearlessly, that thousands of human beings of the present
+generation would benefit by the outlay; that the employment would be a
+quite sufficiently lucrative one and visibly so, as to induce the
+English capitalist to come forward and undertake the formation of a
+Company; for even at this moment Railways are in contemplation,[see
+Note 40] if not actually commenced, from Halifax to Quebec and from New
+Brunswick to Halifax; and how much more would these Lines be paying
+Lines when they had also an opening to the Pacific! But no individual
+nor combination of individuals could have sufficient influence with, or,
+if they had the influence, could have the necessary power to induce, the
+Hudson's Bay Company to open its territories, and to enter into all the
+arrangements and all the agreements that would be necessary to be made
+with that Company, with England, and with the North American Colonies,
+before a work affecting the interests of so many could be commenced.
+
+It is necessary then that Government should take the initiative, and it
+is not uncommon for her so to do in all great national works, such as
+roads, surveys, expeditions either for the objects of science or
+commerce; such as those sent to discover the north-west passage, upon
+which thousands have been spent,[see Note 44] and on account of which,
+at this very moment, England has to deplore, in all probability, the
+loss of many a noble son, whose relatives have been for so long a time
+kept in all the agony of suspense. Upon no other description of work
+would Great Britain be required to advance a single penny; but the very
+fact of her undertaking what may be considered legitimate expenses of a
+government, the survey and marking out the whole Line, the entering into
+treaties with her Colonies and the Hudson's Bay Company for the general
+security of the money, and for the interest for a certain number of
+years of the capital of the Company, would give such a confidence to the
+public mind, that a very short time would bring into full operation in
+that direction, sufficient of the power and wealth of England to
+accomplish the work; and when accomplished, Government would still hold
+a lien upon it until she was reimbursed every penny. And, let me ask,
+are there not a thousand expenditures that have been undertaken by
+Government for which no reimbursement has ever taken place; and are not
+individuals every day risking their capital and their accumulation of
+savings, in speculations in foreign lands,[see Note 61] when the result
+of those past connections have been such as to lead the Minister of
+Foreign Affairs, even in his place in the House of Commons, to hold out
+as it were a threat to the whole world, if England's children did not
+receive their due. Surely it would be more prudent, more politically
+wise, and more economical, for Government to encourage the expenditure
+of our own capital in our own Colonies.
+
+Sitting in his arm chair, in his office in London, the Minister of Great
+Britain can now convey his thoughts, his wishes, his commands, in a few
+moments to every part of England and Scotland, and will soon be enabled
+to do so to Ireland.[see Note 66] He can send the soldiers, horse and
+foot, as well as the artillery of Great Britain, flying through the land
+at almost any rate he wishes. And all heavy stores and goods of the
+merchants can be easily forwarded at about twopence, and even, I
+believe, a penny a mile per ton, and at about twenty miles an hour; and
+a penny a letter now enables every individual in England to communicate,
+at almost every hour, with his distant friends and relations; the post
+office itself travelling at a rate and with an ease little to be
+comprehended by those who have not witnessed it. The result of such
+immense wealth and such enormous power is more than is required for
+England, and would necessarily carry with it its own destruction, was
+not her empire one which encircles the world.
+
+Let the minister then who guides and directs the wealth and power above
+described, and in whose hands the destinies and happiness of thousands
+are placed, picture to himself the encouragement that would be given to
+British industry and British enterprize, if, at ten days distance from
+her shores, a port was established from which he would be enabled to
+send across the Continent of America his thoughts, his wishes, and his
+commands, with the same speed at which they now travel throughout
+England; and if these thoughts, wishes and commands would reach every
+one of our own Colonies in the Pacific in about fifteen days after
+leaving the western shore of North America; and if from the same port
+(ten days distance from England) could also be despatched the troops of
+Great Britain, if unfortunately necessary, travelling at the rate before
+described; if heavy stores and merchants' goods could also be enabled to
+cross the Continent of America, at the same price and at the same speed
+as they now travel in England; if the post office system could also be
+introduced, and if letters at a penny each might pass between relation
+and relation, between friend and friend from England to her most distant
+Colonies--if her children gone forth to colonize could then either
+return or communicate their every wish to England in less than a month;
+and reclining in his own arm chair, reflecting as he ought to do and
+must do upon the power and wealth of England, let him not say that all
+here described is not easily within her reach. Let him rather consider
+the subject with a view to become the Leader of the Country in such a
+noble work. If it is a bold work, let him remember that fortune favours
+the brave.--"Si secuta fuerit, quod debet Fortuna, gaudebimus omnes, sin
+minus, ego tamen gaudebo."
+
+And now, my dear friend, whose patience I have so long taxed, it is time
+that we should part--
+
+          "Whether we shall meet again I know not;
+           If we do meet again--why we shall smile.
+           If not, for ever and for ever farewell."
+
+                                  Believe me,
+
+                                      Ever your's,
+
+                       Sincerely and faithfully attached,
+
+                           ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH.
+
+      JUNIOR UNITED SERVICE CLUB,
+            _February, 1849._
+
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+The last correction for the press was scarcely finished, when "Canada
+in 1848" was put into my hands. Had I, a month ago, seen that little
+pamphlet, written as it is with so much spirit and ability, I should
+hardly, perhaps, have felt sufficiently inclined to have suggested one
+Line of Railway, in opposition to the views of its talented author. I
+trust I need scarcely assure Lieut. Synge, that in any observations I
+have made upon Canals, I had no reference whatever to his grand
+scheme,--nor the least intention of treating lightly his magnificent
+project, of which, until a day or two ago, I did not even know the
+existence. I cannot now, however, let my Letter to my friend the Author
+of the Clockmaker go forth to the public, without availing myself of the
+opportunity thus afforded me, of bringing also to the notice of those
+who read that letter "the existing resources of British North America,"
+so fully and powerfully pointed out by Lieut. Millington Henry Synge, of
+the Royal Engineers. Educated myself at Woolwich, and having served for
+seven years in his sister corps, the Artillery, I feel proud and happy
+that there are so many points upon which we can and do agree. There are
+some, however, and one in particular most important, on which we are
+completely at issue. Lieut. Synge says, "A ship annually arrives at Fort
+York for the service of the Hudson's Bay Company; who can tell how many
+may eventually do so?" Now my wish is that the one "annually" arriving
+may never have again to travel that Bay, _whose climate in winter and
+summer is horrible_. I shall say no more on this subject at present;
+but I strongly recommend all those who have condescended to read and
+reflect upon the foregoing pages, to read and reflect also upon what has
+been written by Lieut. Synge. His pamphlet has afforded me the greatest
+possible pleasure. The manner in which (p. 5) he speaks of the people of
+the Colonies is completely in unison with my own expressed feelings; and
+all the arguments that he brings forward in favour of the great work
+upon which he has evidently thought so much, and in his pamphlet so
+clearly explained, bear equally in favour of the suggested Railway. He
+states that there is "a field open to almost an illimitable capital of
+labour; that the systematic development of the resources of British
+North America will, so far from being a drain upon Great Britain, be of
+immediate advantage to her. That such development entails a natural,
+enduring, and perfect union between Great Britain and that part of her
+empire in North America. That completeness of communication, including
+facility, rapidity, and security, is indeed the true secret of the
+rapidity and completeness of the development of the country." These are
+the thoughts of Lieut. Synge, and I think I have already explained that
+they are equally mine. We have suggested different methods. Lieut. Synge
+wishes to improve the old Line of water communication; and Colonization
+would then be naturally confined to the banks of Rivers and of Lakes. A
+great Line of Railway communication would, on the other hand, be
+naturally of some distance from the River, and in many instances carried
+through the heart of the country, and thus serve as another main artery,
+in which would circulate the wealth of the empire, and on each side of
+which would be opened valuable land, on which settlers could locate
+without being lost, or disheartened by the solitude of the wilderness.
+Again, Lieut. Synge asks, "Is it not wonderful that no independent mail
+route exists, to give the British Provinces the benefit of the
+geographical position of Halifax. Is it not wonderful that there should
+be no interprovincial means of rapid communication?" Such are the
+questions of Lieut. Synge--and such questions, I trust, will soon be
+answered by a Colonial Minister--that a new era will soon be open for
+the Colonies--new life and energy be given to them. But time presses,
+and I must here conclude, with again assuring Lieut. Synge of the
+sincere pleasure with which I have read his pamphlet, and that I shall
+make use of such extracts as can be hastily added, in the shape of
+Notes, to my own Letter to the Author of the Clockmaker:--happy shall
+I be if we agree--
+
+          "Sul campo della gloria noi pugneremo a lato:
+           Frema o sorrida il fato vicino a te starò,
+           La morte o la vittoria con te dividero."
+
+                           ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH.
+
+      JUNIOR UNITED SERVICE CLUB,
+           _February 28, 1849._
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+(1) The writer of this letter, when returning from Halifax to England in
+the spring of 1838, had the good fortune to take his passage in the same
+government packet with the author of the Clockmaker, who was proceeding
+to England with the second series of that work: and afterwards, when
+paying a momentary visit to Halifax in the winter of 1844, he
+experienced the high gratification of knowing, by the very kind
+reception he met with, that he had not been forgotten neither, by his
+Compagnons de voyage, Haliburton and Howe, nor by the other kind and
+highly valued friends he had formerly made in that city.
+
+
+(2) The history and particulars of this canal are well known at Halifax,
+and Samuel P. Fairbanks, Esq. (Master of the Rolls at Nova Scotia)
+brought to England with him in the Tyrian all the plans, maps, &c.
+connected with that canal, and was, I believe, sent as a representative
+of the parties connected with the work, in the hope that he might be
+able to induce the government to advance sufficient money for its
+completion. The fine large locks of this canal remain to tell the tale
+of money sunk in an unfinished work. No encouragement certainly to canal
+speculations.
+
+
+(3) "The distance, as I make it, from Bristol to New York Lighthouse, is
+3037 miles; from Bristol to Halifax Lighthouse is 2479; from Halifax
+Light to New York Light is 522 miles, in all 3001 miles; 558 miles
+shorter than New York Line, and even going to New York 36 miles shorter
+to stop at Halifax, than go to New York direct."--So says the Clockmaker
+in 1838.
+
+
+(4) "Get your legislatur' to persuade Government to contract with the
+Great Western folks to carry the mail, and drop it in their way to New
+York; for you got as much and as good coal to Nova Scotia as England
+has, and the steam boats would have to carry a supply of 550 miles less,
+and could take in a stock at Halifax for the return voyage to Europe. If
+ministers won't do that, get 'em to send steam packets of their own, and
+you wouldn't be no longer an everlastin' outlandish country no more as
+you be now. And, more than that, you wouldn't lose all the best
+emigrants and all their capital."--_Clockmaker, 1838._
+
+
+(5) "The communication by steam between Nova Scotia and England will
+form a new era in colonial history. It will draw closer the bonds of
+affection between the two countries, afford a new and extended field
+for English capital, and develope the resources of that valuable but
+neglected province. Mr. Slick, with his usual vanity, claims the
+honour of suggesting it, as well as the merit of having, by argument
+and ridicule, reasoned and shamed the Government into its
+adoption."--_Clockmaker, 1841._
+
+
+(6) "In the Duke of Kent the Nova Scotians lost a kind patron and a
+generous friend. The loyalty of the people, which, when all America was
+revolting, remained firm and unshaken, and the numerous proofs he
+received of their attachment to their king and to himself, made an
+impression upon his mind that was neither effaced nor weakened by time
+or distance. Should these pages happily meet the eye of a colonial
+minister, who has other objects in view than the security of place and
+the interest of a party, may they remind him of a duty that has never
+been performed but by the illustrious individual, whose former residence
+among us gave rise to these reflections. This work is designed for the
+cottage, and not for the palace; and the author has not the presumption
+even to hope that it can ever be honoured by the perusal of his
+sovereign. Had he any ground for anticipating such a distinction for it,
+he would avail himself of this opportunity of mentioning that, in
+addition to the dutiful affection the Nova Scotians have always borne to
+their monarch, they feel a more lively interest in, and a more devoted
+attachment to, the present occupant of the throne, from the circumstance
+of the long and close connexion that subsisted between them and her
+illustrious parent. He was their patron, benefactor and friend. To be a
+Nova Scotian was of itself a sufficient passport to his notice, and to
+posses merit a sufficient guarantee for his favour. Her Majesty reigns
+therefore, in this little province, in the hearts of her subjects, a
+dominion of love inherited from her father."--_Clockmaker, 1841._
+
+"It can hardly be said that England has hitherto drawn any positive
+advantages from the possession of these provinces, if we place out of
+view the conveniences afforded during periods of war by the harbour
+of Halifax. But the negative advantage from them are evident, if we
+consider that the United Slates of America are greatly deficient in good
+harbours on the Atlantic coast, while Nova Scotia possesses, in addition
+to the magnificent harbour of Halifax, eleven ports, between it and Cape
+Canso, with sufficient depth of water for the largest ships of
+war."--_Clockmaker, 1841._
+
+
+(7) "The necessity which is gradually developing itself for steam fleets
+in the Pacific, will open a mine of wealth to the inhabitants of the
+West Coast of America."--_Rev. C. G. Nicolay, 1846._
+
+The same author, in speaking of the principal features of the Iron Bound
+Coast and Western Archipelago, in the centre of Vancouver's Island, the
+Straits of Fuca and Puget's Inlet, says, "Its maritime importance is
+entirely confined to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and southern extremity
+of Vancouver's Island. Here are presented a series of harbours
+unrivalled in quality and capacity, at least within the same limits; and
+here, as has been remarked, it is evident the future emporium of the
+Pacific, in West America will be found." And now that it has been
+settled that this magnificent strait and its series of harbours (this
+great emporium of West America) is open to that great and enterprising
+nation, the people of the United States, as well as to ourselves, it
+becomes most important to us that we should, and quickly, open the best
+possible and shortest road to communicate with it.
+
+"Alexander Mackenzie, who had risen to the station of a partner in that
+Company, and was even among them remarkable for his energy and activity
+both of body and mind, having, with others of the leading partners,
+imbibed very extensive views of the commercial importance and
+capabilities of Canada, and considering that the discovery of a passage
+by sea from the Atlantic to the Pacific would contribute greatly to
+open, and enlarge it, undertook the task of exploring the country to the
+north of the extreme point occupied by the fur traders."--_Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay._
+
+In 1794 this enterprising man ascended to the principal water of the
+Mackenzie River, which he found to be a small lake situate in a deep
+Snowy Valley embosomed in woody mountains; he crossed a beaten path
+leading over a low ridge of land, of 817 paces in length, to another
+lake, situated in a valley about a quarter of a mile wide, with
+precipitous rocks on either side,--the head waters of the Frazers'
+River. On the 19th of July, he arrived where the river discharges itself
+into a narrow arm of the sea thus showing that a communication between
+the west and east of North America was open to mankind.
+
+
+(8) I regret I cannot say when exactly, nor where, his Grace gave his
+opinion on this subject, and I regret this the more, because I cannot
+give his Grace's exact words; but of the fact I have no doubt, and I
+must only trust to your forbearance and memory when I cannot point to
+the day and place.
+
+
+(9) "Not long since a very general ignorance prevailed respecting the
+Western Coast of North America, and no less general apathy."--_Rev. C.
+G. Nicolay, 1846._
+
+
+(10) "Oh, Squire! if John Bull only knew the value of these colonies, he
+would be a great man, I tell you,--but he don't."--_Clockmaker, 1838._
+
+"We ought to be sensible of the patience and good feeling which the
+people of Canada have shown in the most trying circumstances."-_Mr.
+Labouchere, Debate on Navigation Laws._
+
+
+(11) "Considering all the natural and acquired advantages that we
+possess for this purpose, it should rather create surprise and regret
+that our commerce is so small, than engender pride because it is so
+large."
+
+"We may conclude then that improvements in production and emigration of
+capital to the more fertile soils and unworked mines of the uninhabited
+or thinly peopled parts of the globe, do not, as it appears to a
+superficial view, diminish the gross produce and the demand for labour
+at home, but, on the contrary, are what we have chiefly to depend on for
+the increasing both, and are even the necessary conditions of any great
+or prolonged augmentations of either; nor is it any exaggeration to say,
+that, within limits, the more capital a country like England expends in
+these two ways, _the more she will have left_."--_J. S. Mill, Polit.
+Econ._
+
+
+(12) For "a very large amount of capital belonging to individuals have,
+of late years, sought profitable investment in other lands. It has been
+computed, that the United States have, during the last five years,
+absorbed in this manner more than £25,000,000 of English capital." And
+how much more, it may be asked, has gone to the continent of Europe and
+elsewhere?
+
+"When a few years have elapsed without a crisis, and no new and tempting
+channel for investment has been opened in the meantime, there is always
+found to have occurred, in these few years, so large an increase of
+capital seeking investment, as to have lowered considerably the rate of
+interest, whether indicated by the prices of securities, or by the rate
+of discount on bills; and this diminution of interest tempts the
+possessors to incur hazards, in hopes of a more considerable
+return."--_Mill's Political Economy._
+
+
+(13) The Spectator has seriously remarked--"It is sometimes observed,
+that although taxes have been remitted to the amount of millions, the
+revenue has kept up; and that fact is vaunted as the vindication of free
+trade: but one inference to be drawn from it has escaped notice--it
+shows that the riches of the country must have increased enormously, and
+it implies that many of the wealthy are escaping more and more from a
+due share of the general burden, as taxation is diminished and wealth
+increased."
+
+"Our exports have increased in value since 1824 from 38 millions to 68
+millions."
+
+
+(14) "It will be found by the Parliamentary Tables, which all can
+consult, that the amount of money raised in those eighteen years was
+nearly 1500 millions. The total revenue raised in those years was more
+than 981 millions; and the total of the money borrowed was more than 470
+millions; making, in all, 1451 millions. And it is worth while to note,
+that, in one of those years, namely, in 1813, the sum of more than 150
+millions was raised in revenue and loan, of which nearly 82 millions was
+loan for the national use; and this in a single year; and that year
+1813, in the midst of a dreadful war, and thirty-five years ago;--since
+when the country has grown much richer."
+
+"Now, dividing the sum of 1451 millions by eighteen years, it appears
+that 80 millions a year was raised; and, taking the legitimate
+expenditure of the country, during those eighteen years, at an average
+of 45 millions a-year, a sum so high as to preclude all cavil, it
+appears that the country raised and expended eighteen times the
+difference between 45 and 80 millions, that is 630 millions;
+notwithstanding which expenditure, let it be observed, the country _got
+richer and richer_ every day."--_Bradshaw's Almanack, 1848._
+
+
+(15) "Our economical friends need not be alarmed;--we are not
+going to propose a large addition to the military force of the
+empire."--(_Times._) No:--but before it is reduced and its system
+interfered with by those who understand not its working, we would
+strongly recommend the perusal, first of the evidence of Sir Herbert
+Taylor before the Finance Committee on this subject, and then that of
+his Grace the Duke of Wellington, and we would ask the intelligent
+public of Great Britain to reflect well before it allows her present
+army to be trifled with. We firmly believe our army to be in as high a
+state of discipline, and as ready "to go any where and do any thing," as
+it was at the moment his Grace gave up in France the active command of
+it.
+
+As to our Navy,--let those advocates for reduction go as my friend
+Captain B----r wished they would,--to the top of the monument, and look
+around at the forest of masts they will see of vessels coming from and
+going to all parts of the world; then reflect for a moment on the power
+required to defend all their interests; and (if they dare), [see Note
+(63)] then come down and ask for reduction.
+
+We strongly recommend the perusal of the letter of Emeritus on this
+subject in the _Times_ of the 5th February.
+
+
+(16) "This vast power has penetrated the crust of the earth, and drawn
+from beneath it boundless treasures of mineral wealth which without its
+aid would have been rendered inaccessible. It has drawn up in numberless
+quantity the fuel on which its own life and activity depend."--_Dr.
+Lardner._
+
+
+(17) "It seems a provision of Providence to have formed different races
+to bring about, by their crossing, an improved state of things. The
+Teutonic variety is undoubtedly the most vigorous and able, both in body
+and mind, of all the species of the genus of man that exist, and seems
+destined to conquer and civilize the world. The Teutonic variety, in its
+different sub-varieties, agree best with a temperate climate; it is,
+however, capable of bearing a high degree of cold, but seems to prosper
+best northward of 45° of northern latitude.
+
+"Teutonic prevailing in Great Britain and part of Ireland,
+22,000,000."--_Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena._--_Alex. Keith
+Johnson._
+
+And it is very curious to observe, that, in the new world, the first
+colony of Great Britain we reach after crossing the Atlantic is called
+Nova Scotia; and the last land we should leave after crossing the
+continent would be New Caledonia; and both in Nova Scotia and New
+Caledonia (Vancouver's Island) nature seems to have placed great
+deposits of coal, as if she there intended the industry of man and the
+advancement of science to overcome all natural barriers between the
+different nations of the earth.
+
+
+(18) "A pint of water may be evaporated by two ounces of coal. In its
+evaporation it swells into 216 gallons of steam, with a mechanical force
+sufficient to raise a weight of thirty-seven tons a foot high. The steam
+thus generated has a pressure equal to the common atmospheric air; and
+by allowing it to expand by virtue of its elasticity, a further
+mechanical force may be obtained at least equal in amount to the former.
+A pint of water, therefore, and two ounces of common coal, are thus
+rendered capable of doing as much work as is equivalent to seventy-four
+tons raised a foot high."
+
+"The Menai Bridge consists of about 2000 tons of iron, and its height
+above the level of the sea is 120 feet; its mass might be lifted from
+the level of the water to its present position by the combustion of
+four bushels of coal."--_Dr. Lardner._
+
+
+(19) "In addition to the instances of combination between directly
+competing companies, recent experience has furnished numerous instances
+of the tendency of smaller lines, sanctioned as independent
+undertakings, to resign their independence into the hands of more
+powerful neighbours."--_Report of Board of Trade._ It is not to be
+doubted, therefore, that all proposed or partly finished Railways in the
+North American provinces will readily join in the grand undertaking,
+making one great interest for the whole.
+
+"The traffic of a system of lines, connected with one another, can
+always be worked more economically and conveniently under one uniform
+management than by independent Companies. The Company which works the
+main trunk line, and possesses the principal terminal stations, can run
+more frequent trains, and make better arrangements for forwarding the
+traffic of the cross lines, than it could afford to do if two or three
+separate establishments had to be maintained, and the harmony of
+arrangements depended upon two or three independent authorities.
+
+"It is found also in practice, that unless a very close unity of
+interest exists among the different portions of what really constitute
+one great line of communication, it is scarcely possible to introduce
+that harmony and accuracy of arrangement which are essential to ensure
+speed and punctuality. Many important branches of traffic also are apt
+to be neglected, which can only be properly developed where a long
+consecutive line of Railway is united in one common interest. Coals and
+heavy goods, for instance, can be conveyed for long distances with a
+profit, at rates which would be altogether insufficient to remunerate a
+Company which had only a run of ten or twenty miles: and thus many of
+the most important benefits of Railways to the community at large can
+only be obtained by uniting through-lines in one interest."--_Report of
+Board of Trade on Railways. Sess. 1845._
+
+
+(20) "The two most expensive commodities in England are crime and
+poverty; of these the most costly is poverty; and the extent of poverty,
+by its sufferings, vastly increases the amount of crime. You have heard
+the expenses of poverty. The cost of crime in England and her penal
+establishments exceeds a million and a half."--_Speech of Francis Scott,
+Esq. M.P._
+
+
+(21) "The circumstance which must first strike any person as
+extraordinary, in regard to the expatriation of criminals from this
+country, is the choice of the station to which they have been sent. That
+a country which, like England, is possessed of an almost boundless
+tract of unsettled fertile land within four weeks' sail of her own
+shores, should, in preference, send her criminals to a territory which
+cannot be reached in less than as many months, thus multiplying the
+expense of their conveyance, is a course which requires for its
+justification some better reasons than have ever yet been brought
+forward."--_A. R. Porter, Esq., Progress of the Nation._ This system
+has, we believe, come to a close, and Gibraltar and other places fixed
+upon; (some in Great Britain); but her convicts ought not to be employed
+at home if it can be avoided, as they of course perform the work that
+would be performed by the labourers of the country, many of whom are
+thus thrown out of work.
+
+Since the year 1824, a considerable establishment of convicts has been
+kept up in Bermuda, employed in constructing a breakwater and in
+perfecting some fortifications at Ireland's Eye. The number at present
+(1836) so maintained is about 1000.
+
+
+(22) And why should not English convicts be sent to work in the Rocky
+Mountains? We all know that the highest peak of Great St. Bernard is
+11,005 feet above the level of the sea, and is covered with perpetual
+snow. Between the two main summits runs one of the principal passages
+from Switzerland to Italy, _which continues open all winter_. On the
+most elevated point of this passage is a monastery and hospital, founded
+in the tenth century by Bernard de Monthon. The French army, under
+Bonaparte, crossed this mountain with its artillery and baggage in the
+year 1800; and here Bonaparte caused a monument to be erected to the
+memory of General Desaix, who fell in the battle of Marengo. If, then, a
+monastery and hospital have been established since the tenth century,
+and are still to be found in the old world at such an elevation, and in
+such a climate, what objection can there be to the establishment of a
+convict post, under similar circumstances, to open an important road in
+the new world? We have seen that Sir George Simpson crossed the Rocky
+Mountains at a height of 8000 feet, but lower passes may yet be found.
+At all events our soldiers are exposed to every diversity of climate and
+every hardship; and we see no reason why healthy and powerful criminals
+should be more cared for. It was also suggested in 1836--"The gangs
+might be moved to other and more distant spots, and employed in similar
+works of utility, and in this way would relieve emigrants from many of
+the hardships and difficulties which they are now doomed to encounter at
+the commencement of their settlement."--_A. R. Porter, Esq._
+
+
+(23) "It would indeed be a heart-sickening prospect if, in looking
+forward to the continued progress of our country, in its economical
+relations, we must also contemplate the still greater multiplication of
+her 'criminals'. Still we fear that, for a long time at least, we shall
+have of them a large proportion, and that arrangements must be made for
+their employment. What we have already stated prove that there is no
+decrease as yet."
+
+One of our periodicals observes--"We have no hope that a class of
+criminals will ever cease to exist in this country, and it will always
+therefore be a question, what is to be done with them?.... There are
+certain conditions directly _essential_ to every successful effort for
+the repression of crime; the legislature should see that the penal code,
+while as merciful as a reasonable philanthropy can demand, should yet be
+severe enough to be truly merciful--merciful, that is, to the entire
+community."
+
+
+(24) "The flight of a quarter of a million of inhabitants of these
+islands to distant quarters of the globe, in 1847, was one of the most
+marvellous events in the annals of human migration. It is nevertheless a
+fact, that the migration of this year is nearly equal to that of the
+last."--(_The Times, 1848._)
+
+"Nor is there any reason to believe that 1849 will witness a diminution
+in the rate at which this extraordinary process of depletion is going
+forward; on the contrary, there is every symptom of its probable
+acceleration."--(_Morning Chronicle, 1849, on Irish Emigration._)
+
+
+(25) A few extracts concerning them will be interesting. "The chain of
+the Rocky Mountains, after being considerably depressed in latitude 46°
+and 48°, attains a much higher elevation from latitude 48° to 49°, and,
+continuing in a westerly direction, it separates the affluents of the
+Saskatchewan and M'Kenkie from those of Columbia or Oregon and other
+rivers which flow into the Pacific. These mountains appear to decrease
+again from about 58° to 62° northern latitude, where probably they do
+not exceed 4000 feet in height; and, still further north, are estimated
+at less than 2000 feet, between the latitudes of 42° and 58° north.
+Several peaks rise far above the snow line.
+
+"Wherever the head waters of the rivers, on the east and west sides of
+the Rocky Mountains, approach nearest each other, there have been found
+passes through them. Of these, perhaps the most important is the south
+pass. Between Mount Brown and Mount Hooker, in latitude 52½, another
+very important pass, offering great facility of communication between
+the Oregon and Canada, by the waters of the Columbia and the north
+branches of the Saskatchewan, which, flowing into Lake Winnipeg, gives
+easy access to Hudson's Bay and the great lakes.
+
+"Among the most awful features of mountain scenery lies the great
+northern outlet of the territory, resembling the southern in many of
+its features, with even more sublimity of character, but especially in
+having the sources of several great rivers within a very short distance
+of each other. Here are the head waters of the Athabasca and north
+tributaries of the Saskatchewan, which falls into Lake Winnipeg; and on
+the east the northern waters of the Columbia, and the eastern branch of
+Frazer's River, near a deep cliff in the mountains, which has been
+called by British traders the Committee's Punch Bowl."--_Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay._
+
+The first who penetrated the Rocky Mountains was Sir Alexander
+Mackenzie, then in the service of the North-West Company. In the year
+1793 he crossed them in about latitude 54°, discovered Frazer's
+River,[A] descended it for about 250 miles, then struck off in a
+westerly direction, and reached the Pacific in latitude 52° 20'. In 1808
+Mr. Frazer, also under the orders of the North-Western Company, crossed
+the Rocky Mountains and established a trading post on Frazer's River,
+about latitude 54°; and in 1811 Mr. Thompson, also an agent of that
+company, discovered the northern head waters of the Columbia, about
+latitude 52°, and erected some huts on its banks.
+
+  [A] Frazer's River has its embouche six miles to the north
+  of the 49th parallel, which defines the United States boundary. It is
+  a mile wide. The country around is low, with a rich alluvial soil.
+
+  Fort Langley is twenty miles from its mouth.
+
+  Sir George Simpson made a journey of 2000 miles in forty-seven days,
+  from the Red River, viâ Fort Edrington, to Fort Columbia, in 1841; he
+  crossed the Rocky Mountains, at the confluence of two of the sources
+  of Saskatchewan and Columbia, at an elevation of 8000 feet above the
+  level of the sea.
+
+
+(26) Little, perhaps, did Mr. Pitt suspect the time was to be so near,
+when that country he had loved so well and served so nobly, would be
+able to send any quantity of artillery by the mail; and that not eight
+or ten hours would be required, but hardly three. Would that he was
+amongst us now. What could England not hope for, or expect to see
+realized, in her advanced condition, if directed by such a mind as his.
+
+
+(27) "It is about 900 miles in length by 600 at its greatest breadth,
+with a surrounding coast of 3000 miles, between the parallels of 61° and
+65° north latitude. The coasts are generally high, rocky, rugged and
+sometimes precipitous. The bay is navigable for a few months in summer,
+but for the greater part of the remainder of the year is filled up with
+fields of ice. The navigation, when open, is extremely dangerous, as it
+contains many shoals, rocks, sandbanks and islands; even during the
+summer icebergs are seen in the straits, towards which a ship is drifted
+by a squall or current, rendering it very hazardous for the most skilful
+seaman. The transitions of the thermometer are from 100° to 40° in two
+days, and the torrents of rain are surprising. Whether in winter or
+summer the climate is horrible. The range of the thermometer throughout
+the year is 140 degrees. The sea is entered by Hudson's Strait, which is
+about 500 miles long, with a varying breadth and with an intricate
+navigation."--_Montgomery Martin, Esq._
+
+
+(28) "The settlement on the Red River, distant from Montreal by the
+Ottawah River about 1800 miles in lat. 50° north, lon. 97° west, is
+elevated 800 feet above the level of the sea, contiguous to the border
+of the Red and Asinibourn Rivers, along which the settlement extends
+for fifty miles. The soil is comparatively fertile, and the climate
+salubrious; but summer frosts, generated by undrained marshes, sometimes
+blast the hopes of the husbandman. The Hudson's Bay Company by the
+introduction, at a great expense, of rams and other stock, have improved
+the breed of domestic animals, which are now abundant. Wheat, barley,
+oats, maize, potatoes and hops thrive; flax and hemp are poor and
+stinted. The river banks are cultivated for half a mile inland, but the
+back level country remains in its natural state, and furnishes a coarse
+hay for the long and severe winter which lasts from November to April,
+when the Lake Winnipeg is unfrozen and the river navigation
+commences--viâ Norway house entrepôt--at the north extremity of the
+lake. The population is in number about 6000, consisting of Europeans,
+half-breeds and Indians. The two principal churches, the Protestant and
+Roman Catholic, the gaol, the Hudson's Bay Company's chief building, the
+residence of the Roman Catholic bishop, and the houses of some of the
+retired officers of the fur trade, are built of stone, which has to be
+brought from a distance; but the houses of the settlers are built of
+wood. A great abundance of English goods is imported, both by the
+Hudson's Bay Company and by individuals in the company's ships, to York
+factory, and disposed of in the colony at moderate prices. There are
+fifteen wind and three water mills to grind the wheat and prepare the
+malt for the settlers. The Hudson's Bay Company have long endeavoured,
+by rewards and arguments, to excite an exportation of tallow, hides,
+wool, &c. to England, but the bulky nature of the exports, the long and
+dangerous navigation of the Hudson's Bay, and the habits of the
+half-bred race, who form the mass of the people and generally prefer
+chasing the buffalo to agriculture or regular industry, have rendered
+their efforts ineffectual."--_Montgomery Martin, Esq._
+
+
+(29) "It is true there is another communication viâ Montreal, but the
+country in that direction is not of such a nature as to admit of
+introducing the rollers or the waggons upon the portages."--_Bishop
+of Montreal._
+
+
+(30) Mackenzie says, "There is not perhaps a finer country in the world
+for the residence of uncivilized man, than that which occupies the shore
+between the Red River and Lake Superior; fish, various fowl and wild
+rice are in great plenty: the fruits are, strawberries, plums, cherries,
+gooseberries, &c. &c."
+
+
+(31) "Of this profitable trade the citizens of the United States possess
+at present all but a monopoly. Their whaling fleet consists of 675
+vessels, most of them 400 tons burden, and amounting in all to 100,000
+tons. The majority of them cruise in the Pacific. It requires between
+15,000 and 16,000 men to man them. Their value is estimated at
+25,000,000 dollars, yielding an annual return of 5,000,000 or 20 per
+cent. The quantity of oil imported is about 400,000 barrels, of which
+one-half is sperm. When we add to this profitable occupation for many
+persons--the value of the domestic produce consumed by them--and the
+benefit that is thus conferred upon both agricultural and manufacturing
+interests--the importance of this branch of business will appear greatly
+enhanced. The whaling fleet of England and her Colonies may be
+considered as not exceeding at present 150; about twenty whales are
+killed annually in the straits of Juan de Fuca--besides the whale
+fishery on the banks and coast is important--cod, halibut and herring
+are found in profusion, and sturgeon near the shore and mouths of the
+rivers. Already the salmon fishery affords not only a supply for home
+consumption, but is an article of commerce, being sent to the Sandwich
+Islands. They are also supplied to the Russian settlements according to
+contract. The coast swarms with amphibious animals of the seal kind,
+known by the vulgar names of Sea Lion, Sea Elephant and Sea Cow--but
+above all with the common seal. The traffic to be derived from these in
+skins, oil, &c. could not but be lucrative."--_Rev. C. G. Nicolay._
+
+
+(32) We are quite aware that the American Lines are made at a much
+cheaper rate, but we are here advocating a grand permanent link of
+connexion with Great Britain and all her Colonies and dominions--and
+however cheaply the Line may be opened, we must not deceive ourselves,
+but look to a proportional outlay to the greatness of the undertaking.
+It is in its results and consequences that we look forward to the great
+benefit and financial return to Great Britain and to her people, both
+abroad and at home.
+
+
+(33) It is curious to observe, that in 1822 the Americans themselves
+fought the battle of England with Russia. The extravagant claims of
+dominion over the Northern Pacific Ocean and the North-West Coast of
+America, which Russia proclaimed at St. Petersburgh on the 9th
+October,--"It is not permitted to any but Russian subjects to
+participate in the whale or other fishery, or any branch of industry
+whatever, in the islands, ports and gulfs, and in general along the
+coast of the North-Western America, from Behring's Strait to 51° north
+latitude"--were not passed unheeded by the British Ministry of the day,
+and it was communicated to the Court of St. Petersburgh that England
+could not submit to such usurpation. The result of these representations
+were not imparted to the public; but when these pretensions were made
+known at Washington by the Russian Minister, the American functionaries
+protested against them with so much vehemence that it was likely to
+endanger the amicable relations of Russia and the United States--thus
+fighting the battle of England as it has since proved. In December,
+1823, a treaty was entered into at Washington between Russia, the United
+States and England on this subject, and the Russians retired farther
+north than 55°.
+
+The Marquis of Londonderry was Secretary of State for foreign affairs up
+to August, 1822, and Mr. Canning succeeded him; and to the watchful care
+of these two eminent statesmen it may be owing that Russia and the
+United States did not divide the coast and territory between them.
+
+
+(34) See Sir Peter Laurie's description of prisons.
+
+
+(35) In spite of so large a portion of the French population being
+agricultural, i.e. belonging to that calling in life which developes
+muscular strength and activity--in spite of that proportion being on the
+increase as compared with the rest of the inhabitants, it is proved that
+the number of recruits rejected as unfit for the military service from
+deficient stature, health and strength, is slowly, surely and constantly
+on the increase, 40 per cent. are turned back from this cause, and yet
+the required height is only 5 feet 2 inches.
+
+
+(36) Several companies have, I believe, been formed for the working of
+these mines, and the shares, I have heard, were one time rather high.
+The ore, however, is at present sent chiefly to Boston. The opening of
+the proposed Line of Railway would no doubt cause a great quantity
+of it to be sent to Montreal or Quebec and there shipped for
+England,--enabling the colonies, therefore, to take a greater
+quantity of our manufactured goods.
+
+Lake Superior.--"Copper abounds in various parts of the country; in
+particular some large and brilliant specimens have been found in the
+angle between Lake Superior and Michigan. Henry and others speak
+of a rock of pure copper, from which he cut off 100 pounds
+weight."--_Montgomery Martin, Esq._
+
+
+(37) It is true that Montgomery Martin, in 1834, says, "and if Railroads
+do not take the place of canals, I have no doubt the greater part of
+Upper Canada will in a few years be intersected with canals. I recommend
+the latter to the Canadians in preference to Railroads, as by their
+means the country will be drained, rendered more fertile and _more_
+healthy."
+
+Since that time several canals have been finished, and I have no doubt,
+as the country becomes more populous, others may be undertaken for the
+purposes of drainage and internal communications; but my own personal
+knowledge has satisfied me that Railroads would be far more useful and
+a far more ultimate benefit, for there is no doubt that the waters of
+Canada have a general inclination to subside. Mr. Martin himself says,
+that "the Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior, have evidently been at one
+time considerably higher than they are at the present day;" and although
+Mr. Martin considers the subsidence of these waters has not been
+effected by slow drainage, but by repeated destruction of barriers,
+still the fact shows that the waters are subsiding.
+
+Be this all as it may, I do not think that even Mr. Montgomery Martin
+himself would suggest a communication by canals from the Atlantic to the
+Pacific, as well might he recommend a man to travel by a slow heavy
+coach when a light quick one could be procured; and thus we dismiss the
+subject of canals.
+
+
+(38) To encourage this Steam Company, who have so nobly performed their
+task, Government granted, I believe, £52,000 a year.
+
+
+(39) Such, for instance, as the carrying letters for a penny, and
+removing such taxes as bear particularly heavy upon the poor.
+
+
+(40) The Governor-General, in his opening address to the parliament of
+the province of Canada on the 18th January, 1849, says--"The officers
+employed in exploring the country between Quebec and Halifax, with the
+view of discovering the best line for a Railway to connect these two
+points, have presented a report which contains much valuable
+information, and sets forth in a strong light the advantages of the
+proposed undertaking. I shall lay it before you, together with a
+dispatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, expressive of the
+interest taken by her Majesty's Government in the execution of this
+great work."
+
+
+(41) See Mr. Charles Pearson's Speech on this subject.
+
+
+(42) The feeling of loyalty becomes so natural to soldiers after a few
+years service, that it remains impressed upon their hearts in general
+for the rest of their lives.
+
+
+(43) "So great is the fertility of the soil of Canada, that fifty
+bushels of wheat per acre are frequently produced on a farm where the
+stumps of the trees, which probably occupy an eighth of the surface,
+have not been eradicated; some instances of eighty bushels per acre
+occur; near York (now Toronto) in Upper Canada 100 bushels were obtained
+from a single acre. In some districts wheat has been raised successively
+on the same ground for twenty years without manure."--_Montgomery
+Martin._
+
+
+(44) A return of the public money expended in Arctic expeditions was
+called for. It appears that since the peace, or from the year 1815 to
+the present, £428,782 have been expended in Arctic expeditions.
+
+
+(45) Mr. Alderman Sydney said--"that convicts had ceased to be sent to
+Norfolk Island or New South Wales for a considerable time, and he
+understood that Lord Grey had been influenced on the question by the
+perusal of a pamphlet which abounded with information of a most
+convincing character."--_Times._
+
+
+(46) Yes! to the value of its resources we now seem indeed to be
+awakened. Earl Grey, in his despatch (dated 17th November, 1848,) to
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Harvey, Lieutenant-Governor of Halifax, says
+(after speaking of the final Report of Major Robinson on the formation
+of the Halifax and Quebec Railway)--"I have perused this able document
+with the interest and attention it so well merits; and I have to convey
+to you the assurance of Her Majesty's Government that we fully
+appreciate the importance of the proposed undertaking, and entertain no
+doubt of the great advantages that would result not only to the
+provinces interested in the work, but to the empire at large, from the
+construction of such a Railway." Again, his Lordship speaks of this
+Railway as "a great national line of communication," and yet on the 4th
+August, 1848, was issued the following letter from the Treasury
+Chambers:--
+
+"Sir,--With reference to your letter of the 18th ult. relative to the
+expenses incurred in the survey of the proposed Line of Railroad between
+Halifax and Quebec, I am directed by the Lords Commissioners of Her
+Majesty's Treasury to request that you will move Earl Grey to instruct
+the several officers in charge of the Governments of Canada, Nova
+Scotia, and New Brunswick, to cause the proportion of the Railroad
+survey expenses to be defrayed by each province, to be paid into the
+commissariat chests on the respective stations.
+
+                          "I have, &c.
+                              (Signed) C. E. TREVELYAN."
+  "H. Merivale, Esq., &c. &c."
+
+
+(47) "We cannot afford to spend £50 a year on a convict at home: let him
+be sent to a colony where his labour is absolutely necessary, and where,
+though by his good conduct and his industry he may finally attain a
+decent subsistence, yet where he will be unable to acquire affluence,
+and which he will be prevented from leaving for a happier or a richer
+shore: this will be punishment without sentimentalism, and without
+vindictiveness."--_The Times_, 19th February, 1849.
+
+"As it is obvious that we must either retain our convicts at home
+or send them abroad, and the latter can only be accomplished by
+transportation to a colony, it is obvious (especially after the results
+of the last experiments) that we must either found a new colony, as in
+1783, or adopt the French system, which has nothing certainly to
+recommend it."--_Globe_, 17th February, 1849.
+
+
+(48) Lieutenant Synge has observed: "The necessity of protecting
+works further in the interior against hostile tribes of Indians is a
+formidable impediment to their successful prosecution at present." How
+easily would this impediment be removed by paying these Indians with
+guns, blankets, &c., and employing them to guard the convicts and the
+works.
+
+
+(49) "The hostility of the Indians overcome, (or what for the present
+would more effectually restrain England's advance, the possibility of
+their sufferings being increased by the progress of civilization,) the
+passage of the Rocky Mountains may rather prove a stimulant, as it will
+be the last remaining obstacle, and, attention being called to the
+subject, may urge to exertion the talents of such men as have elsewhere
+conquered every natural difficulty, however formidable."--_Lieutenant
+Synge_, "_Canada in 1848_."
+
+
+(50) "More especially the very great opportunities afforded by the
+cessation of convict labour in our Australian colonies should not be
+overlooked. The great present pressure in these colonies, in consequence
+of the want of such labour, should be removed in connection with the
+relief and profitable employment of portions of our surplus home
+population."--_Same Author._
+
+
+(51) "To derive from these measures the chiefest benefits they may
+confer, the work must be executed under the superintendence of the
+Imperial Government."--_Same Author._
+
+
+(52) "Great as is our civilization and intelligence, compared with the
+empires of former days, we have no right to think that the goal of
+prosperity and glory is attained. England has by no means reached the
+zenith of earthly power; science is as yet but in its infancy; the human
+mind has scarcely arrived at adolescence; and, for aught we imperfect
+beings know, this little island may be destined by Divine Providence to
+continue as a light unto the heathen--as a nucleus for the final
+civilization of man."--_Preface to "Taxation of the British Empire,"
+published in 1833._
+
+
+(53) This of course would only be a temporary arrangement previous to
+their being sent to distant parts.
+
+
+(54) "So long however as the empire's heart is overburdened by a surplus
+multitude, it should be remembered that most fertile and lovely tracts
+of country, many times larger than England, exist in the body of that
+empire, which never yet within the knowledge of man have yielded their
+fruits to his service. A manifold-multiplied value also is given to
+every part of the connected communication between it and the Atlantic,
+and thereby also to every part of British America, when once the goal of
+the Pacific is attained."--_Lieut. Synge._
+
+
+(55) An officer whose character stands high both in the navy and in the
+army--whose talents have long been exercised in the North American
+Colonies--who is acquainted with their value, and who well understands
+their naval and military defences.
+
+The writer of this letter sailed from Cork on board H. M. frigate Pique,
+in January, 1838, with a wing of the 93rd Highlanders, under the command
+of Lieutenant-Colonel Macgregor, and he is happy in having this
+opportunity of publicly thanking Captain Boxer, the officers and crew of
+the Pique, for the great kindness received by every individual of the
+regiment. And he cannot do otherwise than refer particularly to the
+officers of the gun-room, who must have been exceedingly inconvenienced
+by having a large party of officers joined to their mess, and who yet
+had the tact and politeness to show they never felt it. It was a long
+and stormy passage of six weeks from Cork to Halifax, but it was a happy
+and a merry one; although a damp was at first thrown over us by the
+sudden death from accident of a serjeant of the Light Company, and
+another poor fellow was washed away from the chains during the passage.
+
+
+(56) "We have now enjoyed more than thirty years peace, and when it was
+proposed to invest the Capital, which we could so readily throw away on
+arms and gunpowder, upon actually productive works, the cry was raised
+of impending ruin and bankruptcy. The lodging of deposits with the
+Accountant-General was to result in 'ruinous, universal and desperate
+confusion.' The money was lodged, and no ruinous confusion took place.
+The Acts were obtained, and ruin was again predicted; 'where was all the
+money to come from?' The money has been got, £112,100,639 has been
+raised in the course of three years, involving, it is true, much
+suffering to some classes, but not to the nation at large."--_S. Smiles
+on Railway Property._
+
+
+(57) If once it was understood by the public that Government had taken
+the initiative, and was determined to assist and see carried out a great
+national work such as has been suggested, there is no doubt that many
+people who are now paying high poor rates would join together, and a
+variety of small Emigration Companies would be formed to assist poor
+people to emigrate, and these poor people would willingly and cheerfully
+quit their native land, when they had before them the certain prospect
+of immediate employment; and if the penny postage was added to the
+system, they would be nearer to England in the North American Colonies,
+than the poor people of England and Scotland were to each other only a
+few years back.
+
+
+(58) "Four hundred millions of people yet to be introduced into
+communication with the rest of mankind! What a prospect for the
+merchant, the manufacturer and ship owner. But there is still a higher
+and holier prospect. Four hundred millions of active and intelligent
+human beings have to be brought within the pale of Christianity! Wary
+stepping, too, it will require to enable us to succeed in realizing
+either of these objects. To assist us, an abler man for the task could
+not be found than the author of the work before us."--_Liverpool
+Standard_, _Review on Montgomery Martin's recent Work on China_.
+
+
+(59) "Nobody can doubt that the western coast of North America is about
+to become the theatre of vast commercial and political transactions, and
+it is impossible to estimate adequately the value which may soon accrue
+to every harbour, coal mine, forest and plain in that quarter of the
+globe."--_Morning Chronicle, 15th Feb. 1849._
+
+
+(60) On which Line the mails could travel from Halifax to Frazer's River
+in six days, and the electric telegraph connect these oceans--space
+vanishing under that magic power.
+
+
+(61) See Montgomery Martin's second edition on Railways, Past, Present
+and Prospective.
+
+
+(62) There is not an individual of the 93rd Highlanders, so long
+quartered in the highly flourishing city of Toronto, who would not, I
+feel well assured, join me in every grateful feeling to its inhabitants,
+and every wish for their happiness and welfare.
+
+A great number of the men of the 93rd have settled at and in the
+neighbourhood of Toronto.
+
+
+(63) "The British 'supremacy of the ocean,' which has been a boast and a
+benefit, has become a necessity. If I were Prime Minister of England,
+now that the Corn Laws are repealed, I should not be able to sleep if I
+thought that the war marine of England was not stronger than all the
+nations combined, which there is the least chance of ever being engaged
+in a conspiracy for our destruction."--_Edward Gibbon Wakefield._
+
+
+(64) "Canada, which receives the greater number of emigrants, we are by
+all accounts only peopling and enriching for the Americans to possess
+ere long."--_Art of Colonization_, _Edward Gibbon Wakefield_.
+
+I trust that the British North American Colonies will, in reply to the
+above remark, send forth such a voice of attachment to their mother
+country that will encourage her people at home and embolden them to come
+forward in aid of great colonial measures, resulting as they must do in
+universal benefit to the empire.
+
+In page 100 of the work just above quoted we read--"The Banker's
+argument satisfied me; but he was not aware of a peculiarity of
+colonies, as distinguished from dependencies in general, which furnishes
+another reason for wishing that they should belong to the empire--I mean
+the attachment of the colonies to their mother country.... I have often
+been unable to help smiling at the exhibition of it. In what it
+originates I cannot say."
+
+I cannot but deeply regret the use of these expressions, coming as they
+do from the pen of so influential an author. Has be forgotten or does he
+not feel that
+
+        "Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt?"
+
+And surely from those who left their native land, carrying with them the
+literature of the day and the remembrance of her glory, it was not
+likely that there should spring up a generation otherwise than strongly
+attached to
+
+        "_That_ fortress built by Nature for herself,
+         Against infection and the hand of War?"
+
+Well, indeed, has Lieutenant Synge remarked, "Let it also be remembered
+by those who would argue the defection of Canada, or other British
+provinces, from the history of the past, what were the circumstances
+attending the last revolt (and only one) of British Colonies."
+
+"Let the regret with which those colonies revolted be also borne in
+mind! Generations have succeeded, yet in the hearts of many of the best
+and noblest that lingering regret remains; not that the revolt took
+place, not that it was successful, but that it was rendered necessary."
+I shall only add, I agree most perfectly with the author on the Art of
+colonization when he says, "But whatever may be its cause, I have no
+doubt that the love of England is the ruling sentiment of English
+Colonies."
+
+
+(65) "The Americans would have readily agreed with us upon this boundary
+question, when it was of no practical moment."--_Edward Gibbon
+Wakefield._
+
+This assertion requires proof.
+
+
+(66) My friend Lieutenant-Colonel Pottinger has brought to my notice,
+that the time of transit from London to the west coast of Ireland will
+be nearly as follow, vis.
+
+        To Holyhead                             8 hours
+        Holyhead to Dublin                      4   "
+        Dublin to the west coast of Ireland     4   "
+                                              ---
+                                     In all    16
+
+It may therefore be worthy of consideration whether there could be
+established at one of her ports on the western coast, so often spoken of
+as the nearest point of embarkation for British America, an Emigration
+Company, which would greatly benefit Ireland by causing a large traffic
+through the centre of that country.
+
+
+(67) Dr. Hind, in speaking of the convict Colony of New South Wales,
+says--"If then the question be, what can be done for this Colony?
+Begin, I said, by breaking up the system--begin by removing all the
+unemancipated convicts. I do not undertake to point out the best mode of
+disposing of them; but let them be brought home and disposed of in any
+way rather than remain. There is no chance for the Colony until this
+preliminary step be taken. But these measures, if carried into effect at
+all, must be taken in hand soon. Time--no distant time, perhaps, may
+place this 'foul disnatured' progeny of ours out of our power for good
+or for harm."
+
+        Printed by W. P. Metchim, 20, Parliament Street.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+1) Text has been adjusted to eliminate notes within notes,
+particularly Notes 15 and 43. Certain notes have been inserted
+into the main text to eliminate duplicated note numbers.
+
+2) Footnotes redirecting to Notes have been condensed to link
+directly with Note, eg:
+
+  Original text:
+     text text text[1]
+
+     [1]See Appendix, Note 65.
+
+     (65)  text text text text text text
+
+  Transcribed text:
+     text text text[see Note 65]
+
+     (65)  text text text text text text
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Letter from Major Robert
+Carmichael-Smyth to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker', by Robert Carmichael-Smyth
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Letter from Major Robert Carmichael-Smyth to His Friend, Author of &ldquo;The Clockmaker&rdquo; by Robert Carmichael-Smyth.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Letter from Major Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker', by Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Letter from Major Robert Carmichael-Smyth to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker'
+
+Author: Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+
+Release Date: April 15, 2008 [EBook #25075]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, The Philatelic Digital
+Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net, Anne Storer and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned
+images of public domain material from the Google Print
+project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/map.png">
+<img src="images/map_th.png" width="500" height="409" alt="Route Map" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class='f1'>A LETTER</p>
+
+<p class='f3'>FROM</p>
+
+<p class='f5a'>MAJOR ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH</p>
+
+<p class='f3'>TO</p>
+
+<p class='f3'>HIS FRIEND</p>
+
+<p class='f5'>THE AUTHOR OF &ldquo;THE CLOCKMAKER,&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class='f4'>CONTAINING</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 283px; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
+<img src="images/thoughts.jpg" width="283" height="28" alt="thoughts on the subject" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class='f4'>OF</p>
+
+<p class='f6'>A BRITISH COLONIAL</p>
+
+<p class='f2'>RAILWAY COMMUNICATION</p>
+
+<p class='f3'>BETWEEN</p>
+
+<p class='f5a'>THE ATLANTIC AND THE PACIFIC,</p>
+
+<p class='f3'>FROM</p>
+
+<p class='f5'>THE MAGNIFICENT HARBOUR OF HALIFAX,</p>
+
+<p class='f4'>IN</p>
+
+<p class='f7'>NOVA SCOTIA</p>
+
+<p class='f3a' style="margin-top: -1.2em;">(NORTH-EASTERN AMERICA),</p>
+
+<p class='f4'>TO</p>
+
+<p class='f5'>THE MOUTH OF FRAZER&#8217;S RIVER,</p>
+
+<p class='f4'>IN</p>
+
+<p class='f7'>NEW CALEDONIA</p>
+
+<p class='f3a' style="margin-top: -1.2em;">(NORTH-WESTERN AMERICA),</p>
+
+<p class='f4'>OR SUCH OTHER PORT AS MAY BE DETERMINED UPON.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let those, who discard speculations like these as wild and improbable,
+recur to the state of public opinion at no very remote period on the
+subject of Steam Navigation.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Within the memory of persons not yet past the meridian of life the
+impossibility of traversing by Steam Engine the channels and seas that
+surround and intersect these islands was regarded as the dream of
+enthusiasts.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+<span class="smcap">Dr. Lardner</span>, 1840.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+
+<p class="center"><strong>LONDON:<br />
+W. P. METCHIM, 20, PARLIAMENT STREET.<br />
+1849.</strong></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="box">
+
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p style="line-height: 1.8em;">&ldquo;It is the duty&mdash;the imperative duty&mdash;of every individual (however
+humble) to express conscientiously, but calmly, his public opinions, for
+by such means truth is elicited.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+Hence it may be permitted the
+writer of the annexed Letter to observe, that a momentous question is
+now brought to the notice of the people of Great Britain,&mdash;that it ought
+not to be neglected, until perhaps a voice from her colonial children
+may go forth proclaiming &ldquo;it is too late,&rdquo;[see Note <a href="#n64">64</a>]&mdash;for then the
+opportunity of uniting in firm and friendly bonds of union &ldquo;this
+wondrous empire on which the solar orb never sets&rdquo; will have passed away
+for ever.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash;&ldquo;Dum loquimur fugerit invida &AElig;tas: carpe diem qu&agrave;m minim&ugrave;m credula
+postero.&rdquo;</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+Montgomery Martin&#8217;s History of the British Colonies, 1843;
+and to that work the writer of the following pages begs to refer all
+those who take an interest in the British North American Colonies. And
+if so humble an individual might be allowed to offer his advice, he
+would strongly recommend the republication, in a volume by itself, of
+the part connected with the North American Colonies.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="box1">
+<p>
+                    <span style="margin-left: 10em;">&ldquo;I shall tell you</span><br />
+A pretty tale; it may be, you have heard it;<br />
+But, since it serves my purpose, I will venture<br />
+To scale&#8217;t again.&rdquo;</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p>&ldquo;The duty of Government is first to regulate the stream of Emigration,
+so that if a man be determined on leaving the United Kingdom he may
+settle in one of its Colonies.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Montgomery Martin, 1843.</em></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;At this moment, when renewed attention is turned to all the Routes
+which, during ages past, have from time to time been talked about, as
+best fitted for a link of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific
+Oceans,&rdquo;&mdash;we call upon the people of Great Britain and her Government to
+reflect, that&mdash;the best and shortest link of communication&mdash;the great
+link required to unite all her dominions in one powerful chain&mdash;is now
+in her own possession,&mdash;that&mdash;&ldquo;it <em>is</em> in vain to inculcate feelings of
+brotherhood among mankind by moral influence alone; a sense of community
+of interest <em>must</em> be also established,&rdquo;&mdash;that Great Britain can, in the
+opening of the Route proposed, at the same time employ her own Children
+at home and abroad, as well as her own continually increasing Capital.</p>
+
+<p>That&mdash;&ldquo;we have superabundance of Capital&mdash;a plethora of
+Talent&mdash;Scientific and Commercial&mdash;they only want an outlet to be
+beneficially employed.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Morning Herald, 7th February, 1849.</em></p>
+
+<p>That&mdash;&ldquo;the Expansion of Capital would soon reach its ultimate boundary,
+if that boundary itself did not continually increase.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>That&mdash;&ldquo;what the Legislature should desire and promote is not a greater
+saving, but a greater return to savings, either by improved cultivation,
+or by access to more fertile lands in other quarters of the globe.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>That&mdash;&ldquo;the Railway operations of the various nations of the world may be
+looked upon as a sort of competition for the overflowing Capital of the
+countries where Profits are low and Capital abundant.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>J. S. Mill,
+Polit. Econ.</em></p>
+
+<p>That&mdash;&ldquo;each nation derives greater benefit from having an increasing
+market in one of its own provinces, than in a foreign country.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>That&mdash;&ldquo;the possession of remote territories, is the only thing which can
+secure to the population of a country those advantages derived from an
+easy outlet, or prospect of outlet, to those persons who may be ill
+provided for at home.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Lord Brougham.</em></p>
+
+<p>That&mdash;&ldquo;we have an immense Colonial Empire. To its resources and
+exigencies we now seem for the first time to awaken.[see Note <a href="#n46">46</a>]
+Hitherto we have been content to consider it as a
+magnificent incumbrance, that testified to our greatness but had nothing
+to do with our interests or the welfare of our population.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>The Times,
+20th January, 1849.</em></p>
+
+<p>And that&mdash;&ldquo;it must be acknowledged as a principle, that the Colonies of
+England are an integral part of this country.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>D&#8217;Israeli.</em></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Again&mdash;&ldquo;In certain parts of the Empire transportation was a very
+valuable punishment, but there ought to be natural limits to it.
+Transportation was very well in the infancy of a Colony, but as it
+became more peopled and civilized, it was undesirable to deluge it with
+a convict population. The subject of abolishing the penalty of
+transportation was one of very great importance.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Lord Brougham,
+1849.</em></p>
+
+<div class="box1">
+
+<p>
+                  <span style="margin-left: 7em;">&ldquo;But what mean I</span><br />
+To speak so true at first? My office is<br />
+To noise abroad....<br />
+I have the letter here; yes, here it is:&rdquo;</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class='f8'>&ldquo;The time has come when the great American and Colonial route of
+travelling must commence at Halifax.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+&mdash;<em>Great Western Letter Bag.</em>
+Yes! and be carried on to Frazer&#8217;s River.
+<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+Nova Scotia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+New Caledonia.</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p class='f5'>
+TO MY WORTHY AND MUCH ESTEEMED FRIEND,<br />
+   THE AUTHOR OF &ldquo;THE CLOCKMAKER.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Friend</span>,</p>
+
+<p>Often have I looked back to the pleasant hours we passed on board the
+good brig Tyrian, when, in the spring of 1838, we were quietly floating
+over the waves of the broad Atlantic.[see Note <a href="#n1">1</a>] Never do I remember to
+have crossed them so smoothly, and never certainly with more agreeable
+companions. One of our party has long since departed for that country
+from whose bourn no traveller returns. Poor Fairbanks! you knew him well
+and valued his friendship&mdash;knew him to be a kind and a good man, and
+that he loved his country well. Had he been as anxious to introduce
+Railways into it as he was zealous about his Shubenacadie Canal, he
+might perhaps have served it more effectually.[see Notes <a href="#n2">2</a> and <a href="#n37">37</a>]
+Another of our party, a true and hearty lover of his country, is still
+amongst you; may his powerful mind so direct his great abilities as to
+enable him to use them for his country&#8217;s good; for much may yet be done
+for Nova Scotia. Both he and you, I know well, have a friendly feeling
+towards me, and you may perhaps have sometimes regretted, though not so
+warmly as I have done (living as you both have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> been for years in the
+midst of political excitement), that we have been so completely
+separated. With this short preface, as an excuse for introducing your
+names, I will now proceed, by recalling that moment so full of
+excitement at the time and never to be forgotten,&mdash;when, to our
+astonishment, we first saw the great ship Syrius steaming down directly
+in the wake of the Tyrian. She was the first steamer, I believe, that
+ever crossed the Atlantic for New York, and was then on her way back to
+England. You will, I dare say, recollect the prompt decision of
+Commander Jennings to carry his mail bags on board the steamer, and our
+equally prompt decision not to quit our sailing craft, commanded as she
+was by so kind and so excellent an officer. You will, I dare say,
+recollect how soon flew the question through the captain&#8217;s trumpet,
+&ldquo;Will you take charge of the mail?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, but be quick;&rdquo; and the
+trembling anxiety with which we watched mail bag after mail bag hoisted
+up the deep waist of the Tyrian; then lowered into the small boat
+below,&mdash;tossed about between the vessels, and finally all safely placed
+on board the Syrius. It was a bold measure; for had one mail bag been
+lost, our gallant commander would in all probability have been severely
+censured, if it had not cost him his commission: as it was, I believe,
+he received the thanks of the Admiralty. You will also, no doubt,
+remember well the lively discussion the sight of this great steam ship
+caused amongst us, and how earnestly I expressed my wish, that the
+people of Halifax should bestir themselves, and not allow, without a
+struggle, British mails and British passengers thus to be taken past
+their very doors.[see Note <a href="#n3">3</a>] And now that we have lived to see
+established what we then discussed (and about which the pen of the
+Clockmaker&#8217;s companion was not idle),[see Note <a href="#n4">4</a>]
+the great steam ship
+road from and to Liverpool and Halifax, you will not perhaps be
+astonished that (like the fly on the wheel) so humble an individual as
+your old fellow passenger should <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+have fancied when steaming (as he has
+since often done) over the waves of that same Atlantic, that he too[see
+Note <a href="#n5">5</a>] had had something to say in creating all the smoke he saw rising
+before him. Of one thing, however, he is certain&mdash;that his companions,
+Fairbanks, Howe and Haliburton (no insignificant names), had determined,
+before leaving the Tyrian, that as soon as they reached London they
+would wait upon the Colonial minister&mdash;point out to him the necessity
+and importance of a steam communication from the mother country to her
+children in the west, and plead the cause of Halifax;[see Note <a href="#n6">6</a>]
+and, if I am not mistaken, Fairbanks and Howe proceeded first to Liverpool to
+make some inquiries about expense, &amp;c. &amp;c. Be this however as it may, it
+is all now matter of no consequence&mdash;the great nautical high road
+between England and her North American Colonies has long been
+established beyond a question, and the enterprising Cunard has shown by
+his splendid steam vessels, that it may be depended upon beyond a doubt,
+as a regular, a safe and an easy communication.[see Note <a href="#n38">38</a>] To him,
+therefore, are due the thanks of the public, and the credit of
+accomplishing this much wished-for route.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;Whilst others bravely thought, he nobly dar&#8217;d.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But, my dear friend, in an age like the present, shall such a victory
+content us? most assuredly not! The time has come when our great
+Colonial land route of travelling must reach from Halifax to Frazer&#8217;s
+River, from the Atlantic to the Pacific&mdash;and there is still a grand and
+a noble undertaking that must yet be accomplished&mdash;must be performed by
+Great Britain and her colonies&mdash;an undertaking that will open a mine of
+wealth to all concerned[see Note <a href="#n7">7</a>] (not the wealth of gold, but of
+commerce and trade). But to proceed&mdash;and here again I must tax your
+memory. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+You will, no doubt, recollect, that after the King of Holland
+had given his decision in the year 1831 as to our disputed boundary with
+America, which had been referred to him, and that all eyes were fixed
+upon that question,[see Note <a href="#n65">65</a>]
+which had become very serious and
+difficult to settle, his Grace the Duke of Wellington, in speaking on
+the subject,[see Note <a href="#n8">8</a>] alluded to another very important boundary
+question (then little thought of by the public),[see Note <a href="#n9">9</a>] and his
+Grace pointed to the Oregon.[see Note <a href="#n33">33</a>]
+The discussions and
+difficulties that afterwards arose before the final disposal of that
+dispute, most assuredly marked its importance, and proved that the
+ever-watchful talent of the Duke had not been attracted to that spot,
+without cause.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+             <span style="margin-left: 6em;">&ldquo;We thank the gods</span><br />
+Our Rome has such a soldier!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery Martin says, &ldquo;But for the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company, England would
+probably have been shut out from the Pacific.&rdquo; Be that as it may, we had
+at all events, one statesman&#8217;s watchful eye upon that ocean, and the
+very important question is now disposed of for ever, leaving open to
+England another most valuable high road, with the making of which we
+(again like the fly on the wheel) think we must have something to do; at
+all events, we may discuss and talk about it,&mdash;as in the Tyrian we
+formerly did about the great Steam Line from and to Liverpool and
+Halifax. But to proceed seriously. Did his Grace, let it be asked, when
+pointing to our North-Western boundary line, look forward at that time
+to the shores of the Pacific as being &ldquo;the end of the West and the
+beginning of the East?&rdquo; Did his Grace&#8217;s imagination picture to his
+mind&#8217;s eye swarms of human beings from Halifax, from New Brunswick, from
+Quebec, from Montreal, from Byetown, from Kingston, from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>Toronto, from
+Hamilton, the Red River Settlement, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c., rushing across the
+rocky mountains of Oregon with the produce of the West in exchange for
+the riches of the East? Did his Grace imagine the Pacific Ocean alive
+with all descriptions of vessels sailing and steaming from our
+magnificent Colonies&mdash;New Zealand, Van Diemen&#8217;s Land, New South Wales,
+New Holland, from Borneo and the West Coast of China, from the Sandwich
+Islands, and a thousand other places, all carrying the rich productions
+of the East, and landing them at the commencement of the West,&mdash;to be
+forwarded and distributed throughout our North American provinces, and
+to be delivered in <span class="smcap">Thirty Days</span> at the ports of Great Britain? Did his
+Grace foresee that steam would bring Halifax within ten days of
+Liverpool? That a Railway would make Halifax only ten or fifteen days
+distant from the north-west coast of North America, (and that the
+Sandwich Islands would not be ten days further off?) whence steamers
+might be despatched with the mails from England for Pekin, Canton,
+Australia, New Zealand, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.; and did his Grace look forward to
+the rolling masses of treasure that would be sure to travel on such a
+girdle line of communication as that? Did his Grace then weigh and
+consider that &ldquo;to the inventive genius of her sons England owes the
+foundation of her commercial greatness. We will not go the length of
+asserting that she retains her proud pre-eminence solely upon the
+condition of keeping twenty years ahead of other nations in the practice
+of mechanical arts. But there is no question, that <em>a fearful proportion
+of our fellow subjects hold their prosperity upon no other tenure</em>, and
+quite independently of what may be done by our rivals it is of vast
+importance to our increasing population that the conquest over nature
+should proceed unchecked?&rdquo; [<em>Quarterly Review, December, 1848.</em>] And did
+his Grace look forward and foresee that between the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>north-eastern and
+north-western shores of America, and through our loyal, long-tried and
+devoted North American colonies,[see Note <a href="#n10">10</a>] there might be undertaken
+a great, a noble, and a most important work, that would give
+remunerative employment to the population, to the wealth, and to the
+inventive genius of England? Did his Grace, in short, look forward to a
+<em>grand National Railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific</em>?[see Note <a href="#n60">60</a>]
+If not, let his Grace do so now! Let the people of Great Britain do
+so!&mdash;let her colonial minister. Startling as it may at first appear, a
+little reflection will show that England and her children have the power
+to make it; that it must be done; and will become valuable property&mdash;for
+it would increase our commerce and trade to an extent not easy to
+calculate.[see Note <a href="#n11">11</a>] But such a noble work must not be looked upon
+merely as a money question,&mdash;although if only considered in that
+light,&mdash;England must reflect that if she wishes and intends to retain
+her high pre-eminence amongst the nations of the earth, she must most
+assuredly pay for it. No country can have all the blessings and
+advantages of England and have them for nothing, nor can she retain them
+without great exertion. Her accumulated wealth cannot be allowed to
+remain idle&mdash;nor will it.[see Note <a href="#n12">12</a>] No one will deny for a moment
+that every economy that will make the poor man richer and happier ought
+to be practised;[see Note <a href="#n39">39</a>]
+but let us take care that we do not, from
+too strong a desire to retain that wealth which Providence has thrown
+into the lap of England[see Note <a href="#n13">13</a>] even in the midst of war,
+[see Note <a href="#n14">14</a>]
+deprive her labouring children of legitimate employment and just
+remuneration, (all that the industrious classes of our fellow-countrymen
+require.) But the undertaking proposed has even a higher claim to our
+attention. <em>It is the great link required to unite in one powerful chain
+the whole English race</em>. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+Let then our Railway Kings, and our Iron
+Kings, our princely merchants, and our lords millionnaires&mdash;let the
+stirring and active spirits of the age&mdash;the great reformers and the
+modern politicians, many of whom are now proclaiming through the land
+that economy alone can save the country&mdash;[see Note <a href="#n15">15</a>]condescend for a
+short time even, to consider the undertaking here proposed; and say, if
+they can, that (even should it be executed at an immense expense) it
+would not produce a great and beneficial forward movement, and be a
+present happy employment, and a future perpetual source of wealth to
+England and her children. Let them consider also that &ldquo;the social
+advancement which the modern improvement of Railways is calculated to
+effect has added a new faculty to man in the facilities which it affords
+of communication between province and province, and between nation and
+nation. Nor does it seem too much to say, that it will be the means of
+binding all the nations of the earth into one family, with mutual
+interests, and with the mutual desire of promoting the prosperity of
+their neighbours, in order that they may enhance their own, and forming
+thereby the most powerful antagonistic principle to war that the earth
+has ever known.&rdquo; [<em>Bradshaw&#8217;s Almanack, 1849.</em>] Again, what says the
+Quarterly: &ldquo;We trust our readers of all politics will cordially join
+with us in a desire, not inappropriate at the commencement of a new
+year, that the wonderful discovery which it has pleased the Almighty to
+impart to us, instead of becoming amongst us a subject of angry dispute,
+may in every region of the globe bring the human family into friendly
+communication; that it may dispel national prejudices; assuage
+animosities&mdash;in short, that, by creating a feeling of universal
+gratitude to the powers from which it has proceeded, it may produce on
+earth peace and good-will <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>towards men.&rdquo; And where, let it be asked, can
+this wonderful discovery, this great power of steam,[see Note <a href="#n16">16</a>] be
+called into action so effectually and so usefully, not only for Great
+Britain, but for mankind in general, than in that parallel of
+latitude[see Note <a href="#n17">17</a>] in which (<em>all barrier difficulties and all cause
+for war being now removed</em>) would naturally flow in full tide the
+civilization, arts and sciences that invariably follow in the wake of
+Englishmen? Then as to the difficulties of the undertaking, let us
+recollect that an eminent engineer, previous to the construction of the
+Liverpool and Manchester Line, said, &ldquo;No man in his senses would attempt
+a Railroad over Chat Moss:&rdquo; his calculation was that it would cost
+&pound;270,000. Yet the genius of George Stephenson afterwards surmounted the
+difficulty at a cost of &pound;40,000, though the work was commenced when
+engineering science was less understood than now. Let us also listen to
+the Quarterly, &ldquo;Steam as applied to locomotion by sea and land is the
+great wonder-worker of the age. For many years we have been so startled
+by such a succession of apparent miracles, we have so often seen results
+which surpassed and falsified all the deductions of sober calculations,
+and so brief an interval has elapsed between the day when certain
+performances were classed by men of science as among impossibilities,
+and that wherein those same performances had almost ceased to be
+remarkable from their frequency, that we might almost be excused if we
+regarded the cloud-compelling demon, with somewhat of the reverence
+which the savage pays to his superior, when he worships as omnipotent
+any power whose limits he cannot himself perceive.&rdquo; With such a
+power[see Note <a href="#n18">18</a>] (so eloquently described) at our command, and such
+magnificent results to be obtained from it, shall England hesitate?
+shall the expenditure of a few millions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>check such a noble work? shall
+the Rocky Mountains be a barrier? mountains never yet properly explored,
+and of which almost all we know is that (as my friend Colonel Bloomfield
+observed) we nearly went to war to be allowed to cross them. And what
+are the expenses of war? Between the years 1797 and 1815, 630 millions
+of money were expended for carrying on war. Again, the very magnitude of
+the undertaking and length of the Railway is in its favour, for&mdash;listen
+again to the Quarterly: &ldquo;We believe it may be affirmed without fear of
+contradiction, that the working details of a Railway are invariably well
+executed in proportion to their magnitude. A little Railway&mdash;like a
+little war&mdash;is murderous to those engaged and ruinous to those who pay
+for it.&rdquo; Now if in England experience has taught all this,&mdash;shall the
+good people of Halifax, New Brunswick, Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, &amp;c.,
+be allowed, perhaps encouraged, to go on slowly endeavouring (at an
+immense expense and outlay for such young communities) to make a variety
+of small Railways,[see Note <a href="#n40">40</a>] thus acknowledged to be ruinous, and the
+mother country remain quietly looking on when she has now the power of
+greatly assisting them, and to her own advantage, by planning and
+arranging one grand route and system of Lines throughout the whole
+country,[see Note <a href="#n19">19</a>] and under Providence the means of opening that
+route in an incredible short space of time? Let then England, her North
+American colonies, and the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company, join heart and hand,
+and with the great power of steam which it has pleased the Almighty to
+place at the command of man, there will soon arise a work that will be
+the wonder and admiration of the age&mdash;and such a mercantile and
+colonizing road will be open to Great Britain, that at no future period,
+(at least within the imagination of man,) will she ever again have to
+complain of too great a population on her soil, and too small a market
+for her labour.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+Let us now then proceed, my dear friend, to consider how this great
+work might be commenced, and its probable results when accomplished. In
+the first place let us look a little to the immense annual cost to
+England for her prisons and her convicts,[see Notes <a href="#n47">47</a> and <a href="#n50">50</a>]&mdash;much of
+that crime arising probably from the want of employment, and consequent
+poverty.[see Note <a href="#n20">20</a>] Even at this moment five millions are spoken of as
+a sum required to be expended in new prisons for a favourite system.[see
+Note <a href="#n41">41</a>] In 1836 it was suggested &ldquo;as well worthy of consideration,
+whether it would not be advisable to cease transporting convicts at so
+great a cost to distant settlements, and instead to send them to a
+nearer place of exile, where their labour might be rendered in so great
+a degree valuable, as speedily to return to the Mother Country the whole
+of the charge incurred for their conveyance&rdquo; [<em>The Progress of the
+Nation, by A. R. Porter, Esq.</em>];[see Note <a href="#n21">21</a>] and where could England
+better employ her convict labour, than on a work that would be of such
+vast and lasting importance to herself, to her colonies, and to mankind
+in general? It was also observed, by the same author, &ldquo;If gangs of
+convict labourers were placed a little beyond the verge of civilization,
+and employed in clearing and enclosing lands, constructing roads,
+building bridges, the land thus prepared and improved would meet with
+ready purchasers at prices which would well repay the Government their
+previous outlay.&rdquo; It may be objected by some, that the expense of the
+troops necessary to guard the convicts would be very great, and would be
+a heavy burden to this country. To them I must use the words of the
+&ldquo;Times,&rdquo; when suggesting the grant of colonial lands to be annexed to
+the performance of military duties. &ldquo;Subsidiary to and connected with
+this arrangement <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+might be devised another, by which soldiers of good
+character might be discharged after ten years service, and rewarded with
+small freeholds in the colonies. They might be bound to appear on duty
+at certain periods, and for a certain duration of time, as our
+pensioners are at present.&rdquo; And if soldiers of six or eight years
+service were sent out in charge of the convicts, that unpleasant duty
+would be of very short duration before they would meet with their
+reward. Added to which, it has been suggested by my friend Captain Wood,
+of the Hon. East India Company&#8217;s service, that the Indians might be very
+usefully employed on this duty,[see Note <a href="#n48">48</a>] somewhat in the same manner
+as the natives in India are encouraged to look after European soldiers
+who desert their colours. In alluding to the pensioners of Great
+Britain, it is only due to Lieut.-Col. Tulloch to render our honest
+thanks to him, for the introduction through his indefatigable exertions
+of this most important feature in a new military system. Not only has he
+added to the respectability, comfort, and happiness of many a worn out
+old soldier, but he has also provided a very imposing force of veterans
+ready at any moment to support the laws of their country; and, should
+unfortunately such an occasion ever arise, of opposing all feeling of
+disloyalty to their beloved sovereign.
+[see Note <a href="#n42">42</a>] Lieut.-Col. Tulloch
+may well feel proud of the result of his labours. This system of
+pensions alluded to by the &ldquo;Times&rdquo; would become extremely applicable to
+the troops employed in guarding the convicts on the proposed Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway, and small villages, and ultimately cities, would,
+no doubt, arise from such a source: but even the first outlay caused by
+the employment of the convicts on such a work cannot be considered as
+any extra expense to government; for these convicts must be fed, must be
+employed, and must be guarded somewhere: and it will be shown hereafter
+that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>government will be reimbursed not only her expenditure on account
+of the convicts, but also her expenditure on account of the troops
+required to guard them. In making his suggestions for the employment of
+the convicts in 1836, Mr. Porter says, &ldquo;There is unhappily but too much
+reason for believing that the whole number of labourers who could be
+thus profitably employed might be furnished from the criminal population
+of Great Britain.&rdquo; And by a return given at the same time, it is shown
+that the number of convicts from 1825 to 1833, both years inclusive, was
+22,138, and that return did not include all the penal settlements. The
+&ldquo;Times&rdquo; of the 18th January, 1848, in speaking of the expenditure of the
+country, says, &ldquo;Convicts at home and abroad have mounted from &pound;111,306
+to &pound;378,000; certainly the law of increase is strongly marked on the
+expense of crime.&rdquo; &ldquo;If any body will cut down this figure, he will earn
+the gratitude of the nation.&rdquo; This last expression of the Times has more
+particular reference to the expense incurred for Ireland, but will no
+doubt be acknowledged to be equally true as bearing upon the enormous
+general increase of convict expenditure; and the more I reflect on this
+subject, the more do I feel convinced that the employment of convict
+labour in the Rocky Mountains,[see Note <a href="#n22">22</a>] and at several other points
+of the Line of this proposed great National work, would produce a most
+beneficial result, as a means of reducing the amount of crime, as even
+an immediate saving of transport expense to England (unless indeed all
+distant penal settlements are to be finally abandoned),[see Notes <a href="#n21">21</a> and
+<a href="#n45">45</a>] and as an ultimate great advantage both to her own commerce, and to
+that of her colonies; and here let it be recollected, that there is a
+feeling abroad &ldquo;to force upon government and the legislature a bold and
+manly course in dealing with crime in general:&rdquo; that the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>magnificent
+prisons now built are considered &ldquo;unjust to the labouring poor, whose
+humble dwelling, with coarse and scanty food, is mocked by the grandeur
+and beauty of the prison, as well as by the idle and comfortable
+entertainment within its wall;&rdquo; and it has been remarked by a public
+journal in a warning voice, &ldquo;to make prisons palaces is the way to turn
+palaces into prisons.&rdquo;[see Note <a href="#n34">34</a>] But enough has been said on this
+subject at present, and we will now consider again the working out of
+this great undertaking. We will suppose, in the first place, active,
+intelligent, and scientific young men to be sent to the Rocky
+Mountains,[see Note <a href="#n49">49</a>] to ascertain the best spot at which to cross
+them, and the best port (if the mouth of Frazer&#8217;s River will not
+answer), on the western shore of North America, within, of course, the
+Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company&#8217;s territory, for a great commercial harbour and
+railway terminus. Then let a grand line of Railway be marked out from
+Halifax to that spot, and let all local towns or districts that have
+sufficient capital and labour to undertake any part of that Line, have
+the benefit of the profits of the whole Line, in proportion to the parts
+they may finish. No convict labour need interfere with them. But in such
+districts as are at present so thinly inhabited as to have no working
+population, and no capital to expend, let the work be commenced by
+England, by her capital, and her convicts;[see Note <a href="#n23">23</a>] and let
+government encourage and facilitate the formation of a great Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway Company, by obtaining from parliament a national
+guarantee for the completion of the work;[see Note <a href="#n51">51</a>] first, of course,
+having entered into arrangements with the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company, and her
+North American provinces, for the security of such sums of money as may
+be advanced by way of loan from Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+To Englishmen we would say then, in the words of the Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay, &ldquo;We have at home a superabundant population,[see Note <a href="#n24">24</a>]
+subject to a very rapid increase on any reduction of the price, if but
+of the necessaries of life,&mdash;how can it be better employed than in
+seeking, with its own advance in social position, and means of acquiring
+its comforts, if not its luxuries, the spread of our free
+institutions&mdash;equal laws&mdash;and holy religion. We desire an enlarged
+sphere for commercial enterprise. New markets for our manufactures;
+these every fresh colony supplies in its measure. If then the Oregon be
+what it appears to be, if its climate, soil, agriculture, and commercial
+capabilities be as represented, why leave its future destiny to time and
+circumstances?&rdquo; We would say to the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company in the words of
+Mr. James Edward Fitzgerald, &ldquo;You have the power of becoming the
+founders of a New State, perhaps of a new empire, or of arresting for a
+time, for you cannot ultimately prevent, the march of mankind in their
+career of victory over the desolate and uncultivated parts of the earth.
+For now nearly two centuries your sway has extended over half a
+continent, and as yet you have left nothing behind you in all that vast
+country, to bear witness to your power and your riches. Now a new
+destiny is before you; you may, if you will, place your names beside
+those who have devoted themselves to the noble task of stimulating and
+directing the enterprising genius of their fellow countrymen, who have
+prolonged the existence of their nation by giving a new life to its
+offspring.&rdquo; And we would then call upon England, her North American
+provinces, and the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company, to employ their wealth and
+power to unite in one great unbroken iron chain, the Mother Country with
+her distant Children, and, in spite of Nature&#8217;s difficulties, carry
+steam across the Rocky Mountains.[see Note <a href="#n25">25</a>]</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+From childhood I have been accustomed to look upon the power of England
+as irresistible,&mdash;morally, physically,[see Note <a href="#n35">35</a>] and
+intellectually,&mdash;she has now in this age the command of mind and matter
+sufficient to enable her almost to move the earth, and shall the tunnel
+under the Thames, the tube over the Conway, and the bridge over the
+Menai, be our only wonders? How well do I remember the delight with
+which I have listened to the anecdote told of Mr. Pitt, who, when he was
+informed that it was impracticable to carry into effect some orders he
+had given about heavy ordnance being sent to Portsmouth within a certain
+time, &ldquo;Not possible?&rdquo; exclaimed Mr. Pitt, &ldquo;then send them by the
+Mail.&rdquo;[see Note <a href="#n26">26</a>] With the same feeling of pride and delight have I
+heard in later days of the artillery officer&#8217;s remark, when it was
+whispered to him by another that it would not be possible to place their
+guns in some wished for position; &ldquo;My dear fellow,&rdquo; said the commanding
+officer, &ldquo;I have the order in my pocket.&rdquo; Let England only commence the
+Railway from Halifax to the Pacific, with the order to cross the Rocky
+Mountains in the pocket of her sons, and the accomplishment of the
+undertaking will soon reward the labour, courage and skill which would
+undoubtedly be exhibited. Sir Alexander Mackenzie inscribed in large
+characters, with vermillion, this brief memorial, on the rocks of the
+Pacific, &ldquo;Alexander Mackenzie from Canada by land the 22nd of July,
+1794.&rdquo; Who will be the first engineer to inscribe upon the Rocky
+Mountains &ldquo;On this day engineer A. B. piloted the first locomotive
+engine across the Rocky Mountains;&rdquo; and what then will be the feeling of
+Englishmen, when even now Steam is considered the &ldquo;exclusive offspring
+of British genius, fostered and sustained by British enterprise and
+British capital!&rdquo; We have seen that on the highest habitable spot of the
+Mountains of the Alps stands a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>monument of war, placed there by the hand
+of a powerful man in the pride of victory over his fellow-men, and in
+honour of his companion in arms. We trust before long that on the
+highest habitable spot of the Rocky Mountains will stand a monument of
+peace, placed there by an enterprising nation in honour of the victory
+of science over nature, and in memory of some enterprising son.</p>
+
+<p>After all her wars, her victories and her revolutions, in what condition
+is France?</p>
+
+<p>What may not England expect to be with all her victories over
+nature&mdash;her trade and commerce?[see Note <a href="#n52">52</a>] May she march forward in
+her career of peace as bravely, as nobly, and as proudly as she did in
+that of war; and may she now take as great an interest in, and make the
+same exertions for, the welfare and happiness not only of her own
+people, but of those of other nations in all quarters of the globe, as
+she did in former days for their protection from a desolating foe.</p>
+
+<p>What the ultimate consequences of such a link of connection would be,
+are indeed far beyond the reach of the human mind to foresee; but its
+immediate results stand out apparently to the most common observer. In
+the first place, Cape Horn (<em>the roughest point to weather in the whole
+world</em>) would be avoided. In the next, the long passage by the Cape of
+Good Hope to innumerable places in the Pacific Ocean would become also
+unnecessary. In both these cases a great amount of time (which in
+commerce is money) would be saved. Again, it would be no longer
+necessary to send goods by the route of the Hudson&#8217;s Bay[see Note <a href="#n27">27</a>] to
+the territories of that Company; and thus <em>a climate horrible in winter
+and summer</em>, would also be avoided.[see Note <a href="#n44">44</a>] Then one view of the
+map of the world will show that the proposed terminus of the Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway at Frazer&#8217;s River, taken as a centre, would bring
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>New Zealand, New South Wales, in fact, Australia, New Guinea, Borneo,
+Canton, Pekin, all within fifty days&#8217; sail of that point; and taking the
+Sandwich Islands as a centre point, (where there is a fine harbour, and
+where a dep&ocirc;t of coals might be established), which could be reached in
+ten days, all the before-named places would be brought within twenty
+days for steam navigation, other points, such as the Friendly Islands,
+&amp;c., might be selected for further dep&ocirc;ts of coals. Again, from the
+terminus of the proposed railway the mails from England could be
+despatched to all the before-mentioned places, and the formation of a
+great steam navigation company, with a grant from government in the same
+way as a grant was made to the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company to
+Halifax, would insure magnificent steamers for the conveyance of these
+mails, and would secure also to the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company an immense
+consumption of their coal. Last, though not least of all, this Railway
+route across the continent of North America would ensure to England at
+all times a free communication with her East India possessions. It is
+true that at present there is no difficulty in that respect, and the
+indefatigable exertions of Lieutenant Waghorn and of other enterprising
+people, amongst them my friend Major Head, have opened to the British
+public and to the East India Company a quick and speedy communication
+with India. But let the public reflect, and let the Government reflect,
+that, in the event of a European war, we might be called upon to defend
+and keep open that communication at an immense expenditure of life and
+money, and indeed it might even be closed against us; whereas the
+proposed Line across the continent of America would be within our own
+dominions, and would not oblige us to interfere or meddle with any
+continental wars to enjoy its free use. No time ought to be lost in the
+commencement of this national undertaking.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+If then Government took the initiative, it might obtain the consent of
+Parliament, and proceed to appoint a Board of General Arrangement and
+Control, consisting, say, of fifteen Commissioners: three on the part of
+Great Britain, three to be named by the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company, three to
+be appointed by the Government of Nova Scotia, three by that of New
+Brunswick, and three on the part of Canada; all these latter of course
+with the approval of their respective Governors. It may appear that the
+North American Provinces would thus have a greater proportion of
+Commissioners; but as each of these Colonies have Governments
+independent of each other, they may be considered as separate Companies,
+although we take them as one when considered as the North American
+Provinces. These fifteen gentlemen might be all Members of Parliament;
+thus the system of representatives from the Colonies, so often suggested
+and spoken of, could be commenced, and the Colonists thus made
+practically aware that they are <em>an integral part of this country</em>.
+These Commissioners could be authorized to make all the necessary
+arrangements for the security of the monies proposed to be advanced by
+the Government of Great Britain, and should be instructed to draw up the
+general Articles of Agreement between the high contracting parties; and
+Government might be authorized by Parliament to open an account with
+these Commissioners, who as a Body might be called &ldquo;The Atlantic and
+Pacific Railway Board of Control,&rdquo; and under its auspices a public
+Company might be formed, refunding to the Government all previous
+outlay.</p>
+
+<p>Our North American provinces are close at hand, and during the
+approaching summer all the necessary arrangements might be made for the
+reception of a great number of convicts in different locations; and, in
+the first instance, they might be sent to Halifax and Quebec,[see Note
+<a href="#n53">53</a>] where they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+could be received immediately, not certainly in palaces,
+but in very good wood huts; at both these places they could also be at
+once set to work in unloading the vessels sent from England with the
+necessary stores for the commencement of this great national work, and
+in preparing and levelling the situations of the respective termini; for
+of course at both these stations great government as well as private
+wharfs would be established. Again: another portion could be sent at
+once from New South Wales to the port fixed upon on the north-west coast
+of North America, in the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company&#8217;s territory:[see Note <a href="#n67">67</a>]
+there they could be put to work in the same way&mdash;to unload vessels
+bringing in stores, to cut down and prepare timber, level and get ready
+the site of the terminus. And it appears very necessary that preparation
+should be made for the reception of a large body at the Red River
+Settlement, that point being a very important spot in the Line proposed.
+Let us see what Montgomery Martin says about it.[see Note <a href="#n28">28</a>]</p>
+
+<p>The Bishop of Montreal, in 1844, says, &ldquo;The soil, which is alluvial, is
+beyond example rich and productive, and withal so easily worked, that,
+although it does not quite come up to the description of the Happy
+Islands&mdash;reddit ubi cererem tellus inarata quot annis&mdash;there is an
+instance, I was assured, of a farm in which the owner, with
+comparatively light labour in the preparatory processes, had taken a
+wheat crop out of the same land for eighteen successive years, never
+changing the crop, never manuring the land, and never suffering it to
+lie fallow, and that the crop was abundant to the last; and, with
+respect to the pasture and hay, they are to be had ad libitum, as nature
+gives them in the open plains.&rdquo; Again, speaking of import goods: &ldquo;All
+these articles are brought across from Hudson&#8217;s Bay, a distance of
+several hundred miles, in boats, and these boats are drawn across the
+portages <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>on rollers, or in some places carried upon waggons; hence those
+articles which are of a heavy description are charged at a price
+seemingly out of all proportion to that of many others which may be
+obtained at a moderate price: a common grindstone is sold for
+20<em>s</em>.&rdquo;[see Note <a href="#n29">29</a>]</p>
+
+<p>Now read again the description of Hudson&#8217;s Bay, discovered by John
+Hudson in 1610,[see Note <a href="#n27">27</a>] then look upon that picture, and upon this;
+look upon that country that will give eighteen successive crops of
+wheat, and look upon the difficult, dangerous, and tedious navigation of
+that bay, whose <em>climate in summer and winter is horrible</em>, and through
+whose waters the stores of this fine country are obliged to travel; look
+at that picture, then look at this,&mdash;the easy, safe, and rapid
+communication of a Railway,&mdash;and say if the time, health and money that
+would be saved by its construction is not worthy the consideration of
+Englishmen, and would not repay the constructors, even if that was to be
+its last terminus.[see Note <a href="#n54">54</a>]</p>
+
+<p>But when it is considered that the Main Line of Railway, in passing
+through our own colonies, would skirt the shores of Lake Superior&mdash;rich
+in mines of silver and copper[see Note <a href="#n36">36</a>]&mdash;and that the Red River
+Settlement[see Note <a href="#n30">30</a>] would only be one of the many valuable towns and
+districts that would be opened to trade and commerce, and only
+contribute its mite to the profits to be obtained from the passage of
+the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, it appears to me impossible that
+such a powerful and wealthy Company as the Hudson&#8217;s Bay, such
+magnificent colonies as our North American provinces, and such a power
+as Great Britain, can balance for one moment in their minds whether loss
+or profit must attend the undertaking and completion of such a Railway.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+But, vires acquirit eundo, our argument is stronger as we proceed; for,
+crossing the Rocky Mountains, where the real terminus would be, let us
+pause for a moment to consider the mine of wealth we should open&mdash;not
+the wealth of gold and silver&mdash;but wealth, the reward of commerce and
+industry.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The land,&rdquo; Nicolay says, &ldquo;affords, even now, exports of cattle, wool,
+hides, and tallow, as well as salted meat, beef, pork, wheat, barley,
+Indian corn, apples, and timber. Of these all are sent to the Sandwich
+Islands, some to California, and hides and wool have been sent to
+England. The woods of the Oregon present another fertile source of
+national wealth. The growth of timber of all sorts in the neighbourhood
+of the harbours in the De-fuca Strait adds much to their value as a
+naval and commercial station. Coal is found in the whole western
+district, but principally shows itself above the surface on north part
+of Vancouver&#8217;s Island. To these sources of commercial and national
+wealth must be added the minerals&mdash;iron, lead, tin, &amp;c. The mountains
+and seacoast produce granite, slate, sandstone,&mdash;and in the interior
+oolites; limestone is plentiful, and to the north most easily worked and
+very rich in colour.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Again: look to the whale fishery.[see Note <a href="#n31">31</a>] And, in conclusion, we
+may say that the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company&#8217;s territory in the Pacific, that
+is, New Caledonia, &ldquo;will be found to fall short of but a few countries,
+either in salubrity of climate, fertility of soil, and consequent
+luxuriance of vegetation, and utility of production, of in the
+picturesque character of the scenery.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But, my dear friend, I have been led on by my excitement on this subject
+to make quotations and enter into particulars and details far beyond my
+original thoughts, which were chiefly to draw the attention of your
+powerful and active mind to a great national undertaking, knowing well
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>your love of everything English, and at the same time your devoted
+attachment to the North American colonies. You have travelled far, and
+seen much, and have shown in your works how clearly you have observed
+and appreciated the power and manly spirit of England;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;Dear for her reputation through the world;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>and although you have felt, as a colonist, that her provinces of North
+America might have been better governed, and that they have had even
+much justly to complain about, still you have always upheld the
+connection with England, and argued its value. In writing to you, the
+thoughts of old times have returned, and reminded me of our happy
+meetings and friendly converse in your lodgings in Piccadilly; and, thus
+thinking, I have written on, as in fancy I have imagined we should have
+chatted together,&mdash;and now I cannot do otherwise than continue in this
+freedom of communication, and endeavour to excite you to entertain my
+thoughts, and to canvass them among your fellow-countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>To return, then, to our subject, and to the necessity for England to be
+up and stirring. It has been remarked, that &ldquo;a person who is already
+thriving seldom puts himself out of his way to commence even a lucrative
+improvement, unless urged by the additional motive of fear lest some
+rival should supplant him by getting possession of it before him.&rdquo;
+Truly, indeed, has it been said by the Spectator, &ldquo;that England is not
+bankrupt, nor poor, nor needy. In every quarter we see immense additions
+to material wealth; we observe, too, on all hands a vast extension of
+luxurious enjoyments among the middle classes; every thing attests a
+huge growth in the wealth of the nation.&rdquo; It may be fairly considered,
+then, that England is thriving&mdash;a lucrative improvement of vast
+magnitude is open to her&mdash;and if the additional motive of fear
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>of rivalry is necessary to excite her in so noble an undertaking, let her
+reflect on what is said in an American paper:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A Boston paper of the day says, &ldquo;the finding of these gold mines is of
+more importance than any previous event for 300 years. The prosperity of
+Queen Elizabeth&#8217;s reign was mainly owing to the stimulus given to
+commerce by the increase of the precious metals; but the field now to be
+acted upon is at least fifty times greater than during that period.
+Within five years there will be a Railroad from the Atlantic Ocean,
+across the great American Continent, through the gold regions, to the
+Bay of San Francisco, said to be the finest harbour in the world. The
+people of San Francisco will then communicate by telegraph in a few
+minutes, and the mails will be taken to Canton on the one side in
+fourteen days, and to London on the other in nine days; so that
+intelligence may be conveyed from the one end to the other in the short
+period of twenty-three days. This will be witnessed under five years.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>It is evident, then, that the people of the United States are quite
+aware of all the advantages to be gained by a quick communication across
+the Continent of America. Let us consider now, for a moment, what the
+consequences of a railway would be as regards your own valuable and
+fertile colonies.[see Note <a href="#n43">43</a>]</p>
+
+<p>You have no doubt already pictured to yourself the town of Halifax alive
+with all the bustle and excitement of a great commercial community, and
+her noble harbours full of every description of vessels, from the
+magnificent English steamer to the small colonial coasting craft; for
+soon, not merely one steamer a week, as now, would touch from England on
+her way to New York, but Nova Scotia herself, from
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+the increasing wealth
+and importance of her towns, would require the use of many steamers to
+enable her to carry on the numerous commercial duties that would fall to
+her lot; and when we reflect that at Halifax would rest the terminus,
+whence could be embarked for England at all seasons of the year our
+highly valuable colonial produce, including the rich exports from the
+Southern Pacific Ocean (not sent round Cape Horn or the Cape of Good
+Hope); and when we reflect that this long neglected seaport town could
+equally receive at all seasons of the year the various exports from
+England, for her numerous Colonies; and when we consider that there is
+abundance of coal at hand, with wood and stone for building, who can
+hesitate for a moment to acknowledge that Halifax would soon become one
+of the most important ports, and one of the most noble cities of the
+world; add to this, that the connection and attachment of Nova Scotia to
+England would be cemented for ever&mdash;and that the dream of the Clockmaker
+would be realized. &ldquo;This is the best situation in all America&mdash;is Nova
+Scotia, if the British did but know it. It will have the greatest trade,
+the greatest population, the most manufactures, the most wealth, of any
+state this side of the water. The resources, natural advantages, and
+political position of this place, beats all.&rdquo; Then again, look to the
+city of Quebec; no sooner would the river navigation be open than
+thousands of vessels from England would be seen dropping their anchors
+at the foot of her proud citadel, carrying out vast cargoes of English
+exports; then picture to yourself the railway terminus, alive with all
+the consequent bustle, the steam up, and the railway carriages ready to
+convey all these articles of commerce to every town and district in the
+North American Colonies; away also to the far west, whence they would be
+forwarded to our colonial possessions in the Southern Pacific, and to
+numerous other places; then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> again, behold these ships reloading quickly
+with the timber and other exportable articles from our then
+firmly-linked-together valuable Colonies, sailing away for England, and
+repeating their visit two or three times in the season; the difficult
+navigation of the Hudson&#8217;s Bay avoided; the territory of the Hudson&#8217;s
+Bay Company daily increasing in value, from the ease with which its
+inhabitants could procure articles of commerce, before almost forbidden
+to them; and Quebec, being their nearest port for embarkation for
+England, would necessarily become even a much more important city than
+she is at present. The land in her neighbourhood would become highly
+valuable, and, as a matter of necessity, the fine country to the north,
+with even better soil and better climate, would soon be opened and
+peopled. I cannot cease referring to Quebec without recording my
+gratitude for many kindnesses there received&mdash;particularly from the
+family of Captain Boxer.[see Note <a href="#n55">55</a>] Then again, look to New Brunswick,
+connected as it would of course be both with Halifax and Quebec, thus,
+having a free and direct communication with those cities, and enabled to
+export or import at any season of the year, (should she wish to avoid
+the navigation of the Bay of Fundy); then think what strength she would
+bring to the union of the Colonies by such a link of connection, and how
+many more opportunities her inhabitants would have of encouraging and
+fostering that strong attachment to their English brethren we all so
+well know to exist amongst the people of New Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>But, my dear friend, I might go on this way for ever, pointing out town
+after town, and district after district, showing how the wealth and
+prosperity of each would go on rapidly increasing. I cannot, however,
+quit the subject without a passing word on Montreal, in which city I
+have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> passed many happy days, and from whose inhabitants I have received
+much kindness and civility. That noble city has already made some
+steady advances to a great capital, and the time cannot be far distant
+when she will rival even the most flourishing on the North American
+Continent. To her this proposed Railway would be highly important. She
+has shown that she already understands the value of such things; for not
+only has she a small one of her own to La-Chine, about seven miles up
+the river, but she has also, I understand, finished about thirty miles
+towards the Atlantic in the direction of Portland. The interest of these
+Companies would not of course be lost sight of, but their profits taken
+into the general calculation. The great Trunk Line of Railway would
+naturally, I conclude, go through a country some distance to the north
+of Montreal; but one of the most important termini must of necessity be
+at that city where the business of the Government is carried on, and
+where of course a general Railway Communication with every town and
+district would be established. Toronto would naturally be considered in
+the manner in which so loyal and devoted a city ought to be, and where
+was held, even to a very late period, the parliament of a great country,
+surrendered only to her sister Montreal on public considerations and for
+the general good;[see Note <a href="#n62">62</a>] and the Main Line of Railway should be
+brought as near Toronto as the communication between the Atlantic and
+Pacific (its great object and principal view) would permit. Hamilton,
+Kingston, Byetown and several other places must not consider themselves
+neglected, if not herein specially mentioned; but in fact as regards
+these Colonies, the song of your friend, the Clockmaker, about them
+cannot be sung too often. &ldquo;Oh Squire! if John Bull only knew the value
+of these Colonies, he would be a great
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+man, I tell you,&mdash;but he don&#8217;t.&rdquo;
+Truly do I hope that I may now sing to them with confidence,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;There&#8217;s a good time coming yet,<br />
+              <span style="margin-left: 6em;">Wait a little longer.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>In your conversation with the Clockmaker you have observed, &ldquo;it is
+painful to think of the blunders that have been committed from time to
+time in the management of our Colonies, and of the gross ignorance or
+utter disregard of their interests that has been displayed in treaties
+with foreign powers. Fortunately for the Mother Country, the Colonists
+are warmly attached to her and her institutions, and deplore a
+separation too much to agitate questions, however important, that may
+have a tendency to weaken their affections by arousing their passions.&rdquo;
+Should the Government of Great Britain, upon whose consideration will be
+forced the present situation of her Colonies, consider it right to give
+their support to this proposed Atlantic and Pacific Railway for the
+reasons herein explained, or from any other cause,&mdash;the great benefit
+that Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Canadas will derive from having
+open to them a free and easy access to the Atlantic and the Pacific,
+will, I trust, occasion such an activity of mind and such an employment
+of matter, that in the general good arising therefrom, all thoughts of
+former ill treatment or unkindness from the Mother Country will soon be
+forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>The great question, however, is, and will be on all sides, Where is the
+money to come from?[see Note <a href="#n56">56</a>] and that question I am weak enough to
+fancy is easily answered. Let us consider this subject a little. Let us
+remember, first, that England expended 630 millions during nineteen
+years in war, and, notwithstanding which expenditure, the country got
+richer <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+and richer every day;[see Note <a href="#n14">14</a>] and if the country is not
+poorer now than it was in the years when it was able to raise the sum of
+150 millions in a single year&mdash;the greater part of which it could afford
+to expend in one year in war, and grow richer all the time&mdash;surely such
+a country can afford to expend some few millions for the benefit of
+those colonies on account of whom she was lately ready to go to war, and
+on whose account she did actually expend about two millions, caused
+merely by the rebellion and disturbance of a few discontented spirits.
+But the money that England would be called upon to advance in the
+proposed undertaking would secure to her not only the attachment of her
+children in the North American provinces, by making it as well their
+worldly interest, as it is their natural feeling and wish, to remain
+Englishmen; but that money, and the interest of that money, could be
+secured to her by proper arrangements being entered into with the
+Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company, and with the North American provinces, and be
+ultimately reimbursed to her by the formation of the proposed Company.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the present moment England has, I believe, only expended the
+sum of &pound;148,000,000 on her Railways, and, I believe, nearly 5000 miles
+are finished; and on an average these Railways are said to give a return
+of about four per cent., and &ldquo;with the increase of the national
+wealth and population, and with the increase of habits of social
+inter-communication and the transit of goods, the traffic on Railways
+would increase, and the profits and dividends would not be less but
+greater; and in the case of some of them, no man would pretend to say
+how great might be the increase of dividends from the improved and
+economical modes of working Railways, which, there is every reason to
+believe, will day by day be freshly discovered.&rdquo; [<em>Bradshaw&#8217;s Almanack,
+1849</em>]. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>And who will say that &pound;200,000,000 expended (even should such a
+sum as that be required) in making a Railway Road from the Atlantic to
+the Pacific through our own territories, and therefore completely under
+our own controul, would not increase by a tenfold degree the value of
+that property already expended in England? When the Railways now in
+contemplation at home are finished, their total length will, I believe,
+be about 10,000 miles, and the expenditure between 200 and 240 millions.
+The length of the Railway proposed to go through our colonies may be
+spoken of roughly as at about 4000 miles; but when we take into
+consideration the relative value of land in England and our colonies,
+and a thousand other Railway contingencies in a highly civilized
+country, creating enormous legal, legislative and other expenses, we
+naturally come to the conclusion that the outlay per mile must of course
+be considerably diminished in the colonies. Taking it, however, at the
+English expenditure of &pound;24,000 a mile on the average, it would only cost
+&pound;96,000,000;[see Note <a href="#n32">32</a>]&mdash;&pound;5,000,000 has been estimated as sufficient
+for six hundred miles of Railway from Halifax to Quebec. But calling it
+&pound;100,000,000, and supposing the work to be five years completing, that
+would only be at the rate of &pound;20,000,000 a year, the interest of which
+at five per cent. would be &pound;1,000,000. Surely, then, such a sum as that
+could be easily raised, even by the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company alone, upon the
+security of their extensive and valuable territory. For so great a
+difference would soon arise between the value of that territory as it is
+now&mdash;merely the abode of Indians and hunters&mdash;and what it would be then;
+with its clearings, its improvements, its roads, its trade, its
+manufactures, and its towns, that any amount of debt almost might be
+incurred. But our loyal colonies would no doubt equally enter into
+securities to England, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>be glad, in fact, to share their chance of
+the profit; for these colonies, as well as the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company,
+would be immense gainers. Still it may be argued, that unless it can be
+shown that England herself would be a gainer, she would not be justified
+in advancing any money on such an undertaking. Let us, then, consider
+this point a little. Mr. Cobden has asserted (what some of our public
+journals confess to be true), &ldquo;that if the revenue had fallen off, it
+was because the balance sheet of the merchants and the manufacturers had
+fallen off likewise.&rdquo; If then we show by the undertaking of such a work
+as is now proposed, the balance sheets of the merchants and
+manufacturers must increase immensely, we surely make out a case for the
+good of the country generally, as far as revenue is concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Let us then first consider, that &ldquo;So interwoven and complicated are the
+fibres which form the texture of the highly civilized and artificial
+community in which we live, that an effect produced on any one point is
+instantly transmitted to the most remote and apparently unconnected
+parts of the system.&rdquo; And again&mdash;&ldquo;The exportation of labourers and
+capital from the old to the new countries, from a place where their
+productive power is less to a place where it is greater, increases by so
+much the aggregate produce of the labour and capital of the world.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Now, with regard to the first remark, the effect that would be produced
+by the necessary exportation of all the machinery for the making and
+working of this Atlantic and Pacific Railway, would of course produce,
+even in England, a very great increase both to the productive power and
+to the consumption of a variety of articles apparently unconnected with
+the affairs of the Railway; and when, again, we look to the necessary
+exportation of labourers and of capital to the towns on the Line of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+Railway where there is less productive power at work, by increasing that
+dormant power we shall increase the aggregate capital of the world, and
+consequently that of England. Again&mdash;&ldquo;Could we suddenly double the
+productive power of the country, we should double the supply of the
+commodities in every market, but we should by the same stroke double the
+purchasing power&mdash;every body would bring a double demand as well as
+supply&mdash;every body would be able to buy twice as much, as he would have
+twice as much to offer in exchange.&rdquo; Also&mdash;&ldquo;A country which produces for
+a larger market than its own, can introduce a more extended division of
+labour&mdash;can make a greater use of machinery, and is more likely to make
+inventions and improvements in the progress of production.&rdquo;
+Again&mdash;&ldquo;Whatever causes a greater quantity of any thing to be produced
+in the same place, tends to the general increase of the productive
+powers of the world.&rdquo; Now it surely will not be denied, that the
+undertaking of this National Railway would cause in England a greater
+quantity of machinery to be made and exported to the North American
+provinces, thus producing for it a larger market than the home, and
+causing a greater quantity to be made&mdash;thus a general increase of the
+productive powers of the world must be produced; and as &ldquo;wealth may be
+defined as all useful or agreeable things which possess exchangeable
+value,&rdquo; it necessarily follows that the immense increase that would be
+given to the productive powers of England, to those of her North
+American provinces, and of the Hudson&#8217;s Bay territory, by an undertaking
+on such an extensive scale, if it did not completely, would nearly
+double these powers; and as whoever brings additional commodities to
+market brings additional power to purchase, it follows that the
+inhabitants of our North American provinces, and of the Hudson&#8217;s
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> Bay
+territory, would be enabled to take nearly twice the quantity of our
+manufactured goods.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Stanley, in moving an amendment to the Address from the Throne,
+says: &ldquo;the exports of the six principal articles of British industry,
+cotton, wool, linen, silk, hardware and earthenware, exhibit a
+diminution as compared with 1847, of no less than four millions, and as
+compared with 1846, of five millions;&rdquo; such being the case, it becomes
+highly important to consider the cause of this falling off, with a view
+to a remedy, and some great measures must be adopted towards our own
+colonies that will enable them to receive a greater quantity of
+manufactured goods from the mother country,&mdash;and this great Railway is
+suggested as one that would increase the productive power and population
+of our North American colonies, and a consequent increasing necessity
+for hardware and earthenware, to say nothing even of the other articles
+of British industry, or of the facility of communicating with our other
+Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>These few remarks will suffice to show that the balance sheets of the
+merchants, and consequently of the revenue of England, as well as the
+capital of individuals, must increase immensely during the construction
+of and at the completion of the proposed undertaking. Mr. Montgomery
+Martin has stated that &ldquo;Railways are the very grandest organization of
+labour and capital that the world has ever seen:&rdquo; that &ldquo;the capital
+actually invested in Railways advanced from &pound;65,000,000 in 1843 to
+&pound;167,000,000 in 1848&mdash;no less than &pound;100,000,000 in five years.&rdquo; And why
+should we not look forward to an equal&mdash;aye&mdash;and to a much larger
+investment&mdash;on such a magnificent Line of Railway? joining, as it would,
+all the northern dominions of the old world&mdash;crossing, as it would, the
+northern territories of the new, and making an easy opening to the rich
+and thriving world that may be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+considered of the present day. For &ldquo;the
+word has been given, an active and enterprising population will be
+poured in, every element of progress will be cultivated, and the
+productive countries on the shores of the Pacific, heretofore isolated,
+will be brought into active and profitable intercourse. It may truly be
+said that a new world has been opened.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Our fathers watched the progress of America, we ourselves have seen
+that of Australia, but the opening of the Pacific is one of the greatest
+events in social history since, in the fifteenth century, the East
+Indies were made known to Europe; for we have not, as in America or
+Australia, to await the slow growth of European settlements, but to
+witness at once the energetic action of countries already in a high
+state of advancement. The Eastern and the Western shores of the great
+Ocean will now be brought together as those of the Atlantic are, and
+will minister to each other&#8217;s wants. A happy coincidence of
+circumstances has prepared the way for these results. Everything was
+ready, the word only was wanted to begin, and it has been given.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The outflowings of Chinese emigrants and produce, which have gone
+towards the East, will now move to the West; the commercial enterprise
+of Australia and New Zealand has acquired a new field of exercise and
+encouragement; the markets which Chili and Peru have found in Europe
+only, will be opened nearer to their doors; the north-west shore of
+America will obtain all the personal and material means of organization;
+the Islands of the Pacific will take the place in the career of
+civilization for which the labours of the missionary have prepared them;
+and even Japan will not be able to withhold itself from the community of
+nations.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;This is worth more to our merchants and manufacturers, and to the
+people employed by them, than even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> the gold mines can be; for this is
+the statement of certain results, and the working of the gold mines,
+however productive they may prove, must be attended with all the
+incidents of irregularity and uncertainty, and great commercial
+disadvantages.&rdquo;&mdash;(<em>Wyld&#8217;s Geographical Notes.</em>)</p>
+
+<p>Surely then there would be no difficulty with Parliament to encourage
+and facilitate the formation of an Atlantic and Pacific Railway Company,
+by obtaining its sanction to the loan of &pound;150,000,000 in such sums as
+might be required (to be issued under the sanction of a board appointed
+for that special purpose), particularly when it is recollected that the
+expense of the greater part of her own convicts could be provided for by
+that advance.</p>
+
+<p>It will easily be seen that it would be impossible to complete this
+Atlantic and Pacific Railway, without at the same time giving great
+encouragement to the emigration of labour; and this &ldquo;is only practicable
+when its cost is defrayed <em>or at least advanced by others</em>, than the
+labourers themselves. Who then is to advance it? Naturally it may be
+said, the capitalists of the colony, who require the labour, and who
+intend to profit by it. But to this there is the obstacle, that a
+capitalist, after going to the expense of carrying out labourers, has no
+security that he shall be the person to derive any benefit from them.&rdquo;
+To those who would object to Government interference in a case like the
+present, we can only say, in the words of Mr. Mill, that &ldquo;the question
+of Government intervention in the work of colonization involves the
+future and permanent interests of civilization itself, and far
+outstretches the comparatively narrow limits of purely economical
+considerations; but, even with a view to these considerations alone, the
+removal of population from the overcrowded to the unoccupied parts of
+the earth&#8217;s surface, is one of those works of eminent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> social usefulness
+which most require, and which at the same time will best repay, the
+intervention of Government.&rdquo; &ldquo;No individual or body of individuals
+<em>could</em> reimburse themselves for these expenses.&rdquo; Government, on the
+contrary, <em>could</em> take from the increasing wealth <em>caused by the
+construction of this Railway and consequent great emigration, the
+fraction which would suffice to repay with interest the money advanced</em>.
+These remarks apply equally to the governments of the North American
+provinces as to those of the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company and Great Britain.
+[see Note <a href="#n57">57</a>]</p>
+
+<p>Let us now personify our Atlantic and Pacific Railway, and endeavour
+more immediately to apply some of the reasoning as regards colonization
+to the money part of the question as regards the Railway. As regards
+colonization the question&mdash;Who is to advance the money? has, I think,
+been very clearly answered by Mr. Mill. As regards the undertaking of
+this Railway, and the answer to the question, Where is the money to come
+from? let us first suppose then that &ldquo;there is an increase of the
+quantity of money, caused by the arrival of a foreigner in a place with
+a treasure of gold and silver; when he commences expending it, he adds
+to the supply of money and by the same act to the demand for goods. If
+he expends his funds in establishing a manufactory, he will raise the
+price of labour and materials; but, at the higher prices, more money
+will pass into the hands of the sellers of these different articles; and
+they, whether labourers or dealers, having more money to lay out, will
+create an increased demand for all things which they are accustomed to
+purchase, and these accordingly will rise in price, and so on, until the
+rise has reached every thing.&rdquo; Now let us for a moment suppose this
+foreigner to be represented by our friend the Atlantic and Pacific
+Railway, (imagined, for the sake of our argument, to be completed), and
+we will no longer consider him a foreigner, but a brother. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>This
+brother, on his arrival in England finds that he has unfortunately
+forgotten to bring with him his purse, that in fact he has neither gold
+nor silver, the representatives of wealth, and here, be it remembered,
+that wealth is any thing useful or agreeable, and that money is a
+commodity. We will then suppose this North American brother to say, My
+good brother of England, I am here without gold or silver, or without
+any kind of wealth; the commodities I have left behind me are of such a
+nature, that without much labour I could not put them in such a shape as
+would enable me to bring them to this country, nor could I obtain silver
+or gold enough to represent them; unless, therefore, I send some
+labouring people and machinery to my country, I am afraid I cannot
+obtain all the commodities I wish to have. Now you have plenty of spare
+labourers, and plenty of spare machinery and other useful materials, and
+for which you would be glad to receive valuable commodities in my
+country; and if you will only send the labourers and machinery out, I
+will order that in return you shall be allowed to bring away all the
+useful and agreeable things, that is, all the wealth that may be found,
+and have the use of such things as you may prefer to keep in my country.
+Now if you will make this agreement with me, I will return with you to
+my native land, and will not only assist you to obtain all these
+commodities, but I will engage also to pay you a certain annual income
+out of my saving; and I will show you the short way to the most
+extensive region of wealth ever known to any nation in the world; and
+you can then travel that road, so that at no future period (at least
+within the imagination of man) shall you ever again complain of too
+great a population on your soil, or too small a market for your labour.</p>
+
+<p>Then the good brother of England says to this Atlantic and Pacific
+brother,&mdash;We believe all you say of your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> wealth, and we see the great
+advantage it would be to us to partake of it, and to have the command of
+the road you point out, but what security are we to have that when our
+labourers and machinery are sent to your country they will be employed;
+and if you have neither gold nor silver nor other commodities ready to
+give us in exchange for the work and the articles, how are we to pay the
+people to prepare the machinery, and all our other labourers, whose
+wages would in England of course become higher, as they would be less in
+number, and there would be a greater quantity of work to be done. The
+brothers, in talking over this matter, discovered that &ldquo;credit is
+indispensable, for rendering the whole capital of the country
+productive. It is also the means by which the industrial talent of the
+country is turned to most account for purposes of production. Many a
+person who has no capital of his own, or very little, but who has
+qualifications for business, which are known and appreciated by some
+person of capital, is enabled to obtain either advances of money, or
+more frequently goods, on credit, by which his industrial capacities are
+made instrumental in the increase of public wealth.&rdquo; The Pacific and
+Atlantic brother observed,&mdash;This is exactly my case. Only give me
+credit, and I will bind myself on my own personal security to give up
+whatever portion of my annual income you may consider necessary; and I
+will also secure the money advanced by you on my land, on the minerals
+thereof, and in any other way that may be deemed necessary. My brother
+of the Atlantic and Pacific Railway, says the Englishman, you have
+nearly convinced me; we will immediately appoint friends to draw up all
+the necessary agreements between us, that will enable me, if possible,
+to advance you such labour and machinery as may be required; and we will
+also proceed to appoint other friends, who shall take into
+consideration, in the first place, the expense incurred from your birth
+to a state<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> of manhood, and the annual income that is derived from your
+business and your property; and leaving you sufficient to maintain
+yourself as a gentleman, we shall appropriate to ourselves whatever may
+remain, as a reward for our exertions and the risk to be incurred, and
+as a security for the interest of the money expended upon your account.
+The brothers having thus agreed in a general way, proceed immediately to
+appoint friends and to call upon their good old mother, Great Britain,
+to advance the money required, and their North American relations, Nova
+Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada, and Hudson&#8217;s Bay, to come forward and
+make a general family treaty for the security and payment of such
+advances. The brothers were then congratulating themselves on what they
+considered the success of their project, when it was whispered to them
+that something of a similar plan had been proposed for their relation
+Ireland, by one &ldquo;whose loss is too great to be slighted, and too recent
+not to be felt;&rdquo; and it had been suggested that for every &pound;100 expended
+on Railways in that country, &pound;200 should be lent by Government; upon
+which occasion it had been observed by one who has greatly influenced,
+whether for good or evil, will be hereafter known, the destinies of the
+British Empire, that &ldquo;the public credit of the State is one of the
+elements of our financial strength, and that it was not possible to
+appropriate a great portion of that public credit to the encouragement
+of commercial enterprises, without, to the same extent, foregoing the
+power to apply that public credit in another direction, in the event of
+the national exigencies requiring you to do so.&rdquo; The brothers replied,
+this is certainly true; but the proposed undertaking is not a commercial
+enterprise, although no doubt it would produce great commercial and
+colonizing results; but it is a grand national work,&mdash;a desideratum that
+has been wished for, looked for, and cared for, ever since the new world
+was discovered&mdash;that has repeatedly called forth great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>expenditure of
+money, great suffering, and loss of life in searching for it, to the
+north. It is, in short, the great high road between the Atlantic and
+Pacific&mdash;the expense of making which you are called upon to consider.</p>
+
+<p>As regards Ireland, another bold measure has been suggested for that
+country; without giving any opinion upon it, I cannot help asking why we
+should not be as bold in peace as we were in war. Must we wait until</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;The news is, sir, the Voices are in arms;<br />
+<em>Then indeed</em>&mdash;we shall have means to vent<br />
+Our musty superfluity?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Without raising one shilling out of the Exchequer,&rdquo; says Lucius (see
+<em>Morning Post, Jan. 31st</em>), &ldquo;boldly apply the national credit to relieve
+the national distress; at once authorize the Bank of Ireland, or a bank
+to be created for that purpose, to issue twenty or thirty millions in
+aid of the landed proprietors; secondly, for the judicious encouragement
+of emigration, transplant those who cannot earn a subsistence at home to
+a comfortable settlement in our colonies, and to promote such mercantile
+or other undertakings, let the notes issued be made legal tenders for
+all payments whatever, and let the entire soil of Ireland be pledged for
+their ultimate security.&rdquo; Far be it from me to give any opinion on what
+is best to be done for Ireland, but certain I feel that what is here
+proposed and suggested regarding an Atlantic and Pacific Railway could
+not interfere with any plan Government might think right to adopt for
+the regeneration of Ireland, unless indeed by greatly facilitating all
+emigration plans and permanent employment.</p>
+
+<p>But, independently of all this money question, &ldquo;there is the strongest
+obligation on the government of a country like our own, with a crowded
+population and unoccupied continents under its command, to build as it
+were and keep open a bridge from the mother country to those
+continents.&rdquo; Let us reflect that &ldquo;the economical advantages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> of commerce
+are surpassed in importance by those of its effects, which are
+intellectual and moral. It is hardly possible to overrate the value, for
+the improvement of human beings, of things which bring them in contact
+with persons dissimilar to themselves, and with modes of thought and
+action unlike those with which they are familiar. Commerce is now what
+war once was&mdash;the principal source of this contact. Commercial
+adventurers from more advanced countries have generally been the first
+civilizers of barbarians, and commerce is the purpose of the far greater
+part of the communication which takes place between civilized nations.
+It is commerce which is rapidly rendering war obsolete, by strengthening
+and multiplying the personal interest which is in natural opposition to
+it.&rdquo;&mdash;(<em>Mill, Polit. Econ.</em>) In whatever point of view, therefore, we
+regard this subject&mdash;whether as one of duty by providing the means of
+healthy and legitimate employment to our numerous artificers and
+labourers now in a state of destitution&mdash;a domestic calamity likely to
+be often inflicted upon us&mdash;unless new fields, easy of access, are made
+permanently open to our continually increasing population&mdash;and &ldquo;it would
+be difficult to show that it is not as much the duty of rulers to
+provide, as far as they can, for the removal of a domestic calamity, as
+it is to guard the people entrusted to their care from foreign
+outrage&rdquo;&mdash;will they &ldquo;slumber till some great emergency, some dreadful
+economic or other crisis, reveals the capacities of evil which the
+volcanic depths of our society may now hide under but a deep crust?&rdquo;&mdash;or
+whether we view it as a means of assisting any general system in the
+penal code&mdash;or whether we view it as a point of individual or government
+interest, by turning all that extra-productive power, now idle, in the
+direction of our own colonies, and thus connecting and attaching them
+more strongly to the mother country&mdash;increasing their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> wealth, their
+power and our own:&mdash;or whether we consider it in a moral and religious
+point of view, as affording greater and quicker facilities for the
+spread of education and the Gospel of Christ[see Note <a href="#n58">58</a>]&mdash;or whether we
+look upon it as an instrument for the increase of commerce, and (as an
+important consequence) the necessarily directing men&#8217;s minds, with the
+bright beams of hope from their own individual and immediate distress,
+as well as from the general excitement and democratic feeling and spirit
+of contention showing itself amongst many nations (an object greatly to
+be desired) for&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;The times are wild....<br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">....Every minute now</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: .5em;"><em>May</em> be the father of some stratagem;&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>&mdash;or whether we look at it in a political point of view, as keeping open
+to us at all times, without the necessity of interference with other
+nations or of war, a great high road to most of our colonial
+possessions, and particularly to India&mdash;viewing it then in any one of
+these points, who can doubt for a moment the beneficial results that
+must attend such an undertaking. But when all these considerations are
+taken together, we must repeat what we said in a former page, that it is
+a grand and a noble undertaking, and that it must be accomplished by
+Great Britain and her colonies.</p>
+
+<p>Let us reflect, lastly, my dear friend, that &ldquo;the world now contains
+several extensive regions, provided with various ingredients of wealth,
+in a degree of abundance of which former ages had not even an idea.&rdquo;
+Your native land, and the other North American provinces, have, even by
+their own exertions, made rapid advances in wealth, accompanied by moral
+and intellectual attainments, and can look forward at no very distant
+period (if even left to their own exertions) to be enabled to take a
+very prominent position in the affairs of the world. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>But the Hudson&#8217;s
+Bay Company&#8217;s territory is still nearly in its primitive state, and much
+indeed is to be expected from its advancement, when it shall have taken
+its proper station in the general trade and commerce of mankind; the
+position of Vancouver&#8217;s Island is such that there is little reason to
+doubt its wealth and consequence will place it high in the scale of
+England&#8217;s offspring.[see Note <a href="#n59">59</a>]</p>
+
+<p>But, my dear friend, unless your mind has become as fully impressed as
+my own with the vast importance of this great Railway undertaking, I
+shall only tire you the more and detain you to no purpose by dwelling
+longer on the subject; and indeed even should your mind be satisfied
+with the importance of the work, it may yet conceive it to be of an
+impracticable nature. &ldquo;Who (I have been asked) in the living generation
+would be reimbursed for the outlay? and without that, who will undertake
+a national work, however grand or remunerative to future ages?&rdquo; To this
+I answer fearlessly, that thousands of human beings of the present
+generation would benefit by the outlay; that the employment would be a
+quite sufficiently lucrative one and visibly so, as to induce the
+English capitalist to come forward and undertake the formation of a
+Company; for even at this moment Railways are in contemplation,[see Note <a href="#n40">40</a>]
+if not actually commenced, from Halifax to Quebec and from New
+Brunswick to Halifax; and how much more would these Lines be paying
+Lines when they had also an opening to the Pacific! But no individual
+nor combination of individuals could have sufficient influence with, or,
+if they had the influence, could have the necessary power to induce, the
+Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company to open its territories, and to enter into all the
+arrangements and all the agreements that would be necessary to be made
+with that Company, with England, and with the North American <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>Colonies,
+before a work affecting the interests of so many could be commenced.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary then that Government should take the initiative, and it
+is not uncommon for her so to do in all great national works, such as
+roads, surveys, expeditions either for the objects of science or
+commerce; such as those sent to discover the north-west passage, upon
+which thousands have been spent,[see Note <a href="#n44">44</a>] and on account of which,
+at this very moment, England has to deplore, in all probability, the
+loss of many a noble son, whose relatives have been for so long a time
+kept in all the agony of suspense. Upon no other description of work
+would Great Britain be required to advance a single penny; but the very
+fact of her undertaking what may be considered legitimate expenses of a
+government, the survey and marking out the whole Line, the entering into
+treaties with her Colonies and the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company for the general
+security of the money, and for the interest for a certain number of
+years of the capital of the Company, would give such a confidence to the
+public mind, that a very short time would bring into full operation in
+that direction, sufficient of the power and wealth of England to
+accomplish the work; and when accomplished, Government would still hold
+a lien upon it until she was reimbursed every penny. And, let me ask,
+are there not a thousand expenditures that have been undertaken by
+Government for which no reimbursement has ever taken place; and are not
+individuals every day risking their capital and their accumulation of
+savings, in speculations in foreign lands,[see Note <a href="#n61">61</a>] when the result
+of those past connections have been such as to lead the Minister of
+Foreign Affairs, even in his place in the House of Commons, to hold out
+as it were a threat to the whole world, if England&#8217;s children did not
+receive their due. Surely it would be more prudent, more politically
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>wise, and more economical, for Government to encourage the expenditure
+of our own capital in our own Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>Sitting in his arm chair, in his office in London, the Minister of Great
+Britain can now convey his thoughts, his wishes, his commands, in a few
+moments to every part of England and Scotland, and will soon be enabled
+to do so to Ireland.[see Note <a href="#n66">66</a>] He can send the soldiers, horse and
+foot, as well as the artillery of Great Britain, flying through the land
+at almost any rate he wishes. And all heavy stores and goods of the
+merchants can be easily forwarded at about twopence, and even, I
+believe, a penny a mile per ton, and at about twenty miles an hour; and
+a penny a letter now enables every individual in England to communicate,
+at almost every hour, with his distant friends and relations; the post
+office itself travelling at a rate and with an ease little to be
+comprehended by those who have not witnessed it. The result of such
+immense wealth and such enormous power is more than is required for
+England, and would necessarily carry with it its own destruction, was
+not her empire one which encircles the world.</p>
+
+<p>Let the minister then who guides and directs the wealth and power above
+described, and in whose hands the destinies and happiness of thousands
+are placed, picture to himself the encouragement that would be given to
+British industry and British enterprize, if, at ten days distance from
+her shores, a port was established from which he would be enabled to
+send across the Continent of America his thoughts, his wishes, and his
+commands, with the same speed at which they now travel throughout
+England; and if these thoughts, wishes and commands would reach every
+one of our own Colonies in the Pacific in about fifteen days after
+leaving the western shore of North America; and if from the same port
+(ten days distance from England) could also be despatched the troops of
+Great Britain, if unfortunately necessary, travelling at the rate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>before
+described; if heavy stores and merchants&#8217; goods could also be enabled to
+cross the Continent of America, at the same price and at the same speed
+as they now travel in England; if the post office system could also be
+introduced, and if letters at a penny each might pass between relation
+and relation, between friend and friend from England to her most distant
+Colonies&mdash;if her children gone forth to colonize could then either
+return or communicate their every wish to England in less than a month;
+and reclining in his own arm chair, reflecting as he ought to do and
+must do upon the power and wealth of England, let him not say that all
+here described is not easily within her reach. Let him rather consider
+the subject with a view to become the Leader of the Country in such a
+noble work. If it is a bold work, let him remember that fortune favours
+the brave.&mdash;&ldquo;Si secuta fuerit, quod debet Fortuna, gaudebimus omnes, sin
+minus, ego tamen gaudebo.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>And now, my dear friend, whose patience I have so long taxed, it is time
+that we should part&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">
+    &ldquo;Whether we shall meet again I know not;<br />
+     If we do meet again&mdash;why we shall smile.<br />
+     If not, for ever and for ever farewell.&rdquo;</p>
+
+                            <p style="margin-left: 26em;">Believe me,</p>
+
+                                <p style="margin-left: 28em;">Ever your&#8217;s,</p>
+
+                 <p style="margin-left: 25em;">Sincerely and faithfully attached,</p>
+
+                     <p class='f5b'>ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Junior United Service Club</span>,<br />
+      <span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><em>February, 1849.</em></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p><hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONCLUSION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The last correction for the press was scarcely finished, when &ldquo;Canada in
+1848&rdquo; was put into my hands. Had I, a month ago, seen that little
+pamphlet, written as it is with so much spirit and ability, I should
+hardly, perhaps, have felt sufficiently inclined to have suggested one
+Line of Railway, in opposition to the views of its talented author. I
+trust I need scarcely assure Lieut. Synge, that in any observations I
+have made upon Canals, I had no reference whatever to his grand
+scheme,&mdash;nor the least intention of treating lightly his magnificent
+project, of which, until a day or two ago, I did not even know the
+existence. I cannot now, however, let my Letter to my friend the Author
+of the Clockmaker go forth to the public, without availing myself of the
+opportunity thus afforded me, of bringing also to the notice of those
+who read that letter &ldquo;the existing resources of British North America,&rdquo;
+so fully and powerfully pointed out by Lieut. Millington Henry Synge, of
+the Royal Engineers. Educated myself at Woolwich, and having served for
+seven years in his sister corps, the Artillery, I feel proud and happy
+that there are so many points upon which we can and do agree. There are
+some, however, and one in particular most important, on which we are
+completely at issue. Lieut. Synge says, &ldquo;A ship annually arrives at Fort
+York for the service of the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company; who can tell how many
+may eventually do so?&rdquo; Now my wish is that the one &ldquo;annually&rdquo; arriving
+may never have again to travel that Bay, <em>whose climate in winter and
+summer is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> horrible</em>. I shall say no more on this subject at present;
+but I strongly recommend all those who have condescended to read and
+reflect upon the foregoing pages, to read and reflect also upon what has
+been written by Lieut. Synge. His pamphlet has afforded me the greatest
+possible pleasure. The manner in which (p. 5) he speaks of the people of
+the Colonies is completely in unison with my own expressed feelings; and
+all the arguments that he brings forward in favour of the great work
+upon which he has evidently thought so much, and in his pamphlet so
+clearly explained, bear equally in favour of the suggested Railway. He
+states that there is &ldquo;a field open to almost an illimitable capital of
+labour; that the systematic development of the resources of British
+North America will, so far from being a drain upon Great Britain, be of
+immediate advantage to her. That such development entails a natural,
+enduring, and perfect union between Great Britain and that part of her
+empire in North America. That completeness of communication, including
+facility, rapidity, and security, is indeed the true secret of the
+rapidity and completeness of the development of the country.&rdquo; These are
+the thoughts of Lieut. Synge, and I think I have already explained that
+they are equally mine. We have suggested different methods. Lieut. Synge
+wishes to improve the old Line of water communication; and Colonization
+would then be naturally confined to the banks of Rivers and of Lakes. A
+great Line of Railway communication would, on the other hand, be
+naturally of some distance from the River, and in many instances carried
+through the heart of the country, and thus serve as another main artery,
+in which would circulate the wealth of the empire, and on each side of
+which would be opened valuable land, on which settlers could locate
+without being lost, or disheartened by the solitude of the wilderness.
+Again, Lieut. Synge asks, &ldquo;Is it not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>wonderful that no independent mail
+route exists, to give the British Provinces the benefit of the
+geographical position of Halifax. Is it not wonderful that there should
+be no interprovincial means of rapid communication?&rdquo; Such are the
+questions of Lieut. Synge&mdash;and such questions, I trust, will soon be
+answered by a Colonial Minister&mdash;that a new era will soon be open for
+the Colonies&mdash;new life and energy be given to them. But time presses,
+and I must here conclude, with again assuring Lieut. Synge of the
+sincere pleasure with which I have read his pamphlet, and that I shall
+make use of such extracts as can be hastily added, in the shape of
+Notes, to my own Letter to the Author of the Clockmaker:&mdash;happy shall I
+be if we agree&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">
+    <span style="margin-left: -.5em;">&ldquo;Sul campo della gloria noi pugneremo a lato:</span><br />
+     Frema o sorrida il fato vicino a te star&ograve;,<br />
+     La morte o la vittoria con te dividero.&rdquo;</p>
+
+                     <p class='f5b'>ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Junior United Service Club</span>,<br />
+      <span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>February 28, 1849.</em></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p><hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>NOTES.</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n1" id="n1"></a>(1) The writer of this letter, when returning from Halifax to England in
+the spring of 1838, had the good fortune to take his passage in the same
+government packet with the author of the Clockmaker, who was proceeding
+to England with the second series of that work: and afterwards, when
+paying a momentary visit to Halifax in the winter of 1844, he
+experienced the high gratification of knowing, by the very kind
+reception he met with, that he had not been forgotten neither, by his
+Compagnons de voyage, Haliburton and Howe, nor by the other kind and
+highly valued friends he had formerly made in that city.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n2" id="n2"></a>(2) The history and particulars of this canal are well known at Halifax,
+and Samuel P. Fairbanks, Esq. (Master of the Rolls at Nova Scotia)
+brought to England with him in the Tyrian all the plans, maps, &amp;c.
+connected with that canal, and was, I believe, sent as a representative
+of the parties connected with the work, in the hope that he might be
+able to induce the government to advance sufficient money for its
+completion. The fine large locks of this canal remain to tell the tale
+of money sunk in an unfinished work. No encouragement certainly to canal
+speculations.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n3" id="n3"></a>(3) &ldquo;The distance, as I make it, from Bristol to New York Lighthouse, is
+3037 miles; from Bristol to Halifax Lighthouse is 2479; from Halifax
+Light to New York Light is 522 miles, in all 3001 miles; 558 miles
+shorter than New York Line, and even going to New York 36 miles shorter
+to stop at Halifax, than go to New York direct.&rdquo;&mdash;So says the Clockmaker
+in 1838.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n4" id="n4"></a>(4) &ldquo;Get your legislatur&#8217; to persuade Government to contract with the
+Great Western folks to carry the mail, and drop it in their way to New
+York; for you got as much and as good coal to Nova Scotia as England
+has, and the steam boats would have to carry a supply of 550 miles less,
+and could take in a stock at Halifax for the return voyage to Europe. If
+ministers won&#8217;t do that, get &#8217;em to send steam packets of their own, and
+you wouldn&#8217;t be no longer an everlastin&#8217; outlandish country no more as
+you be now. And, more than that, you wouldn&#8217;t lose all the best
+emigrants and all their capital.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Clockmaker, 1838.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+<a name="n5" id="n5"></a>(5) &ldquo;The communication by steam between Nova Scotia and England will
+form a new era in colonial history. It will draw closer the bonds of
+affection between the two countries, afford a new and extended field for
+English capital, and develope the resources of that valuable but
+neglected province. Mr. Slick, with his usual vanity, claims the
+honour of suggesting it, as well as the merit of having, by argument
+and ridicule, reasoned and shamed the Government into its
+adoption.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Clockmaker, 1841.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n6" id="n6"></a>(6) &ldquo;In the Duke of Kent the Nova Scotians lost a kind patron and a
+generous friend. The loyalty of the people, which, when all America was
+revolting, remained firm and unshaken, and the numerous proofs he
+received of their attachment to their king and to himself, made an
+impression upon his mind that was neither effaced nor weakened by time
+or distance. Should these pages happily meet the eye of a colonial
+minister, who has other objects in view than the security of place and
+the interest of a party, may they remind him of a duty that has never
+been performed but by the illustrious individual, whose former residence
+among us gave rise to these reflections. This work is designed for the
+cottage, and not for the palace; and the author has not the presumption
+even to hope that it can ever be honoured by the perusal of his
+sovereign. Had he any ground for anticipating such a distinction for it,
+he would avail himself of this opportunity of mentioning that, in
+addition to the dutiful affection the Nova Scotians have always borne to
+their monarch, they feel a more lively interest in, and a more devoted
+attachment to, the present occupant of the throne, from the circumstance
+of the long and close connexion that subsisted between them and her
+illustrious parent. He was their patron, benefactor and friend. To be a
+Nova Scotian was of itself a sufficient passport to his notice, and to
+posses merit a sufficient guarantee for his favour. Her Majesty reigns
+therefore, in this little province, in the hearts of her subjects, a
+dominion of love inherited from her father.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Clockmaker, 1841.</em></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;It can hardly be said that England has hitherto drawn any positive
+advantages from the possession of these provinces, if we place out of
+view the conveniences afforded during periods of war by the harbour of
+Halifax. But the negative advantage from them are evident, if we
+consider that the United Slates of America are greatly deficient in good
+harbours on the Atlantic coast, while Nova Scotia possesses, in addition
+to the magnificent harbour of Halifax, eleven ports, between it and Cape
+Canso, with sufficient depth of water for the largest ships of
+war.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Clockmaker, 1841.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+<a name="n7" id="n7"></a>(7) &ldquo;The necessity which is gradually developing itself for steam fleets
+in the Pacific, will open a mine of wealth to the inhabitants of the
+West Coast of America.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Rev. C. G. Nicolay, 1846.</em></p>
+
+<p>The same author, in speaking of the principal features of the Iron Bound
+Coast and Western Archipelago, in the centre of Vancouver&#8217;s Island, the
+Straits of Fuca and Puget&#8217;s Inlet, says, &ldquo;Its maritime importance is
+entirely confined to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and southern extremity
+of Vancouver&#8217;s Island. Here are presented a series of harbours
+unrivalled in quality and capacity, at least within the same limits; and
+here, as has been remarked, it is evident the future emporium of the
+Pacific, in West America will be found.&rdquo; And now that it has been
+settled that this magnificent strait and its series of harbours (this
+great emporium of West America) is open to that great and enterprising
+nation, the people of the United States, as well as to ourselves, it
+becomes most important to us that we should, and quickly, open the best
+possible and shortest road to communicate with it.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Alexander Mackenzie, who had risen to the station of a partner in that
+Company, and was even among them remarkable for his energy and activity
+both of body and mind, having, with others of the leading partners,
+imbibed very extensive views of the commercial importance and
+capabilities of Canada, and considering that the discovery of a passage
+by sea from the Atlantic to the Pacific would contribute greatly to
+open, and enlarge it, undertook the task of exploring the country to the
+north of the extreme point occupied by the fur traders.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay.</em></p>
+
+<p>In 1794 this enterprising man ascended to the principal water of the
+Mackenzie River, which he found to be a small lake situate in a deep
+Snowy Valley embosomed in woody mountains; he crossed a beaten path
+leading over a low ridge of land, of 817 paces in length, to another
+lake, situated in a valley about a quarter of a mile wide, with
+precipitous rocks on either side,&mdash;the head waters of the Frazers&#8217;
+River. On the 19th of July, he arrived where the river discharges itself
+into a narrow arm of the sea thus showing that a communication between
+the west and east of North America was open to mankind.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n8" id="n8"></a>(8) I regret I cannot say when exactly, nor where, his Grace gave his
+opinion on this subject, and I regret this the more, because I cannot
+give his Grace&#8217;s exact words; but of the fact I have no doubt, and I
+must only trust to your forbearance and memory when I cannot point to
+the day and place.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n9" id="n9"></a>(9) &ldquo;Not long since a very general ignorance prevailed respecting the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+Western Coast of North America, and no less general apathy.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Rev. C.
+G. Nicolay, 1846.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n10" id="n10"></a>(10) &ldquo;Oh, Squire! if John Bull only knew the value of these colonies, he
+would be a great man, I tell you,&mdash;but he don&#8217;t.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Clockmaker, 1838.</em></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;We ought to be sensible of the patience and good feeling which the
+people of Canada have shown in the most trying circumstances.&rdquo;-<em>Mr.
+Labouchere, Debate on Navigation Laws.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n11" id="n11"></a>(11) &ldquo;Considering all the natural and acquired advantages that we
+possess for this purpose, it should rather create surprise and regret
+that our commerce is so small, than engender pride because it is so
+large.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;We may conclude then that improvements in production and emigration of
+capital to the more fertile soils and unworked mines of the uninhabited
+or thinly peopled parts of the globe, do not, as it appears to a
+superficial view, diminish the gross produce and the demand for labour
+at home, but, on the contrary, are what we have chiefly to depend on for
+the increasing both, and are even the necessary conditions of any great
+or prolonged augmentations of either; nor is it any exaggeration to say,
+that, within limits, the more capital a country like England expends in
+these two ways, <em>the more she will have left</em>.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>J. S. Mill, Polit.
+Econ.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n12" id="n12"></a>(12) For &ldquo;a very large amount of capital belonging to individuals have,
+of late years, sought profitable investment in other lands. It has been
+computed, that the United States have, during the last five years,
+absorbed in this manner more than &pound;25,000,000 of English capital.&rdquo; And
+how much more, it may be asked, has gone to the continent of Europe and
+elsewhere?</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;When a few years have elapsed without a crisis, and no new and tempting
+channel for investment has been opened in the meantime, there is always
+found to have occurred, in these few years, so large an increase of
+capital seeking investment, as to have lowered considerably the rate of
+interest, whether indicated by the prices of securities, or by the rate
+of discount on bills; and this diminution of interest tempts the
+possessors to incur hazards, in hopes of a more considerable
+return.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Mill&#8217;s Political Economy.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n13" id="n13"></a>(13) The Spectator has seriously remarked&mdash;&ldquo;It is sometimes observed,
+that although taxes have been remitted to the amount of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>millions, the
+revenue has kept up; and that fact is vaunted as the vindication of free
+trade: but one inference to be drawn from it has escaped notice&mdash;it
+shows that the riches of the country must have increased enormously, and
+it implies that many of the wealthy are escaping more and more from a
+due share of the general burden, as taxation is diminished and wealth
+increased.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Our exports have increased in value since 1824 from 38 millions to 68
+millions.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n14" id="n14"></a>(14) &ldquo;It will be found by the Parliamentary Tables, which all can
+consult, that the amount of money raised in those eighteen years was
+nearly 1500 millions. The total revenue raised in those years was more
+than 981 millions; and the total of the money borrowed was more than 470
+millions; making, in all, 1451 millions. And it is worth while to note,
+that, in one of those years, namely, in 1813, the sum of more than 150
+millions was raised in revenue and loan, of which nearly 82 millions was
+loan for the national use; and this in a single year; and that year
+1813, in the midst of a dreadful war, and thirty-five years ago;&mdash;since
+when the country has grown much richer.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Now, dividing the sum of 1451 millions by eighteen years, it appears
+that 80 millions a year was raised; and, taking the legitimate
+expenditure of the country, during those eighteen years, at an average
+of 45 millions a-year, a sum so high as to preclude all cavil, it
+appears that the country raised and expended eighteen times the
+difference between 45 and 80 millions, that is 630 millions;
+notwithstanding which expenditure, let it be observed, the country <em>got
+richer and richer</em> every day.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Bradshaw&#8217;s Almanack, 1848.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n15" id="n15"></a>(15) &ldquo;Our economical friends need not be alarmed;&mdash;we are not
+going to propose a large addition to the military force of the
+empire.&rdquo;&mdash;(<em>Times.</em>) No:&mdash;but before it is reduced and its system
+interfered with by those who understand not its working, we would
+strongly recommend the perusal, first of the evidence of Sir Herbert
+Taylor before the Finance Committee on this subject, and then that of
+his Grace the Duke of Wellington, and we would ask the intelligent
+public of Great Britain to reflect well before it allows her present
+army to be trifled with. We firmly believe our army to be in as high a
+state of discipline, and as ready &ldquo;to go any where and do any thing,&rdquo; as
+it was at the moment his Grace gave up in France the active command of
+it.</p>
+
+<p>As to our Navy,&mdash;let those advocates for reduction go as my friend
+Captain B&mdash;&mdash;r wished they would,&mdash;to the top of the monument, and look
+around at the forest of masts they will see of vessels coming from and
+going to all parts of the world; then reflect for a moment on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> power
+required to defend all their interests; and (if they dare),[see Note
+<a href="#n63">63</a>] then come down and ask for reduction.</p>
+
+<p>We strongly recommend the perusal of the letter of Emeritus on this
+subject in the <em>Times</em> of the 5th February.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n16" id="n16"></a>(16) &ldquo;This vast power has penetrated the crust of the earth, and drawn
+from beneath it boundless treasures of mineral wealth which without its
+aid would have been rendered inaccessible. It has drawn up in numberless
+quantity the fuel on which its own life and activity depend.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Dr.
+Lardner.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n17" id="n17"></a>(17) &ldquo;It seems a provision of Providence to have formed different races
+to bring about, by their crossing, an improved state of things. The
+Teutonic variety is undoubtedly the most vigorous and able, both in body
+and mind, of all the species of the genus of man that exist, and seems
+destined to conquer and civilize the world. The Teutonic variety, in its
+different sub-varieties, agree best with a temperate climate; it is,
+however, capable of bearing a high degree of cold, but seems to prosper
+best northward of 45&deg; of northern latitude.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Teutonic prevailing in Great Britain and part of Ireland,
+22,000,000.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena.</em>&mdash;<em>Alex. Keith
+Johnson.</em></p>
+
+<p>And it is very curious to observe, that, in the new world, the first
+colony of Great Britain we reach after crossing the Atlantic is called
+Nova Scotia; and the last land we should leave after crossing the
+continent would be New Caledonia; and both in Nova Scotia and New
+Caledonia (Vancouver&#8217;s Island) nature seems to have placed great
+deposits of coal, as if she there intended the industry of man and the
+advancement of science to overcome all natural barriers between the
+different nations of the earth.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n18" id="n18"></a>(18) &ldquo;A pint of water may be evaporated by two ounces of coal. In its
+evaporation it swells into 216 gallons of steam, with a mechanical force
+sufficient to raise a weight of thirty-seven tons a foot high. The steam
+thus generated has a pressure equal to the common atmospheric air; and
+by allowing it to expand by virtue of its elasticity, a further
+mechanical force may be obtained at least equal in amount to the former.
+A pint of water, therefore, and two ounces of common coal, are thus
+rendered capable of doing as much work as is equivalent to seventy-four
+tons raised a foot high.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The Menai Bridge consists of about 2000 tons of iron, and its height
+above the level of the sea is 120 feet; its mass might be lifted from
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> level of the water to its present position by the combustion of
+four bushels of coal.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Dr. Lardner.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n19" id="n19"></a>(19) &ldquo;In addition to the instances of combination between directly
+competing companies, recent experience has furnished numerous instances
+of the tendency of smaller lines, sanctioned as independent
+undertakings, to resign their independence into the hands of more
+powerful neighbours.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Report of Board of Trade.</em> It is not to be
+doubted, therefore, that all proposed or partly finished Railways in the
+North American provinces will readily join in the grand undertaking,
+making one great interest for the whole.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The traffic of a system of lines, connected with one another, can
+always be worked more economically and conveniently under one uniform
+management than by independent Companies. The Company which works the
+main trunk line, and possesses the principal terminal stations, can run
+more frequent trains, and make better arrangements for forwarding the
+traffic of the cross lines, than it could afford to do if two or three
+separate establishments had to be maintained, and the harmony of
+arrangements depended upon two or three independent authorities.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;It is found also in practice, that unless a very close unity of
+interest exists among the different portions of what really constitute
+one great line of communication, it is scarcely possible to introduce
+that harmony and accuracy of arrangement which are essential to ensure
+speed and punctuality. Many important branches of traffic also are apt
+to be neglected, which can only be properly developed where a long
+consecutive line of Railway is united in one common interest. Coals and
+heavy goods, for instance, can be conveyed for long distances with a
+profit, at rates which would be altogether insufficient to remunerate a
+Company which had only a run of ten or twenty miles: and thus many of
+the most important benefits of Railways to the community at large can
+only be obtained by uniting through-lines in one interest.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Report of
+Board of Trade on Railways. Sess. 1845.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n20" id="n20"></a>(20) &ldquo;The two most expensive commodities in England are crime and
+poverty; of these the most costly is poverty; and the extent of poverty,
+by its sufferings, vastly increases the amount of crime. You have heard
+the expenses of poverty. The cost of crime in England and her penal
+establishments exceeds a million and a half.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Speech of Francis Scott,
+Esq. M.P.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n21" id="n21"></a>(21) &ldquo;The circumstance which must first strike any person as
+extraordinary, in regard to the expatriation of criminals from this
+country, is the choice of the station to which they have been sent. That
+a country<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> which, like England, is possessed of an almost boundless
+tract of unsettled fertile land within four weeks&#8217; sail of her own
+shores, should, in preference, send her criminals to a territory which
+cannot be reached in less than as many months, thus multiplying the
+expense of their conveyance, is a course which requires for its
+justification some better reasons than have ever yet been brought
+forward.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>A. R. Porter, Esq., Progress of the Nation.</em> This system
+has, we believe, come to a close, and Gibraltar and other places fixed
+upon; (some in Great Britain); but her convicts ought not to be employed
+at home if it can be avoided, as they of course perform the work that
+would be performed by the labourers of the country, many of whom are
+thus thrown out of work.</p>
+
+<p>Since the year 1824, a considerable establishment of convicts has been
+kept up in Bermuda, employed in constructing a breakwater and in
+perfecting some fortifications at Ireland&#8217;s Eye. The number at present
+(1836) so maintained is about 1000.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n22" id="n22"></a>(22) And why should not English convicts be sent to work in the Rocky
+Mountains? We all know that the highest peak of Great St. Bernard is
+11,005 feet above the level of the sea, and is covered with perpetual
+snow. Between the two main summits runs one of the principal passages
+from Switzerland to Italy, <em>which continues open all winter</em>. On the
+most elevated point of this passage is a monastery and hospital, founded
+in the tenth century by Bernard de Monthon. The French army, under
+Bonaparte, crossed this mountain with its artillery and baggage in the
+year 1800; and here Bonaparte caused a monument to be erected to the
+memory of General Desaix, who fell in the battle of Marengo. If, then, a
+monastery and hospital have been established since the tenth century,
+and are still to be found in the old world at such an elevation, and in
+such a climate, what objection can there be to the establishment of a
+convict post, under similar circumstances, to open an important road in
+the new world? We have seen that Sir George Simpson crossed the Rocky
+Mountains at a height of 8000 feet, but lower passes may yet be found.
+At all events our soldiers are exposed to every diversity of climate and
+every hardship; and we see no reason why healthy and powerful criminals
+should be more cared for. It was also suggested in 1836&mdash;&ldquo;The gangs
+might be moved to other and more distant spots, and employed in similar
+works of utility, and in this way would relieve emigrants from many of
+the hardships and difficulties which they are now doomed to encounter at
+the commencement of their settlement.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>A. R. Porter, Esq.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n23" id="n23"></a>(23) &ldquo;It would indeed be a heart-sickening prospect if, in looking
+forward to the continued progress of our country, in its economical
+relations, we must also contemplate the still greater multiplication of
+her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> &lsquo;criminals&rsquo;. Still we fear that, for a long time at least, we shall
+have of them a large proportion, and that arrangements must be made for
+their employment. What we have already stated prove that there is no
+decrease as yet.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>One of our periodicals observes&mdash;&ldquo;We have no hope that a class of
+criminals will ever cease to exist in this country, and it will always
+therefore be a question, what is to be done with them?.... There are
+certain conditions directly <em>essential</em> to every successful effort for
+the repression of crime; the legislature should see that the penal code,
+while as merciful as a reasonable philanthropy can demand, should yet be
+severe enough to be truly merciful&mdash;merciful, that is, to the entire
+community.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n24" id="n24"></a>(24) &ldquo;The flight of a quarter of a million of inhabitants of these
+islands to distant quarters of the globe, in 1847, was one of the most
+marvellous events in the annals of human migration. It is nevertheless a
+fact, that the migration of this year is nearly equal to that of the
+last.&rdquo;&mdash;(<em>The Times, 1848.</em>)</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Nor is there any reason to believe that 1849 will witness a diminution
+in the rate at which this extraordinary process of depletion is going
+forward; on the contrary, there is every symptom of its probable
+acceleration.&rdquo;&mdash;(<em>Morning Chronicle, 1849, on Irish Emigration.</em>)</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n25" id="n25"></a>(25) A few extracts concerning them will be interesting. &ldquo;The chain of
+the Rocky Mountains, after being considerably depressed in latitude 46&deg;
+and 48&deg;, attains a much higher elevation from latitude 48&deg; to 49&deg;, and,
+continuing in a westerly direction, it separates the affluents of the
+Saskatchewan and M&#699;Kenkie from those of Columbia or Oregon and other
+rivers which flow into the Pacific. These mountains appear to decrease
+again from about 58&deg; to 62&deg; northern latitude, where probably they do
+not exceed 4000 feet in height; and, still further north, are estimated
+at less than 2000 feet, between the latitudes of 42&deg; and 58&deg; north.
+Several peaks rise far above the snow line.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Wherever the head waters of the rivers, on the east and west sides of
+the Rocky Mountains, approach nearest each other, there have been found
+passes through them. Of these, perhaps the most important is the south
+pass. Between Mount Brown and Mount Hooker, in latitude 52&frac12;, another
+very important pass, offering great facility of communication between
+the Oregon and Canada, by the waters of the Columbia and the north
+branches of the Saskatchewan, which, flowing into Lake Winnipeg, gives
+easy access to Hudson&#8217;s Bay and the great lakes.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Among the most awful features of mountain scenery lies the great
+northern outlet of the territory, resembling the southern in many of
+its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> features, with even more sublimity of character, but especially in
+having the sources of several great rivers within a very short distance
+of each other. Here are the head waters of the Athabasca and north
+tributaries of the Saskatchewan, which falls into Lake Winnipeg; and on
+the east the northern waters of the Columbia, and the eastern branch of
+Frazer&#8217;s River, near a deep cliff in the mountains, which has been
+called by British traders the Committee&#8217;s Punch Bowl.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay.</em></p>
+
+<p>The first who penetrated the Rocky Mountains was Sir Alexander
+Mackenzie, then in the service of the North-West Company. In the year
+1793 he crossed them in about latitude 54&deg;, discovered Frazer&#8217;s
+River,<a name="FNanchor_A_4" id="FNanchor_A_4"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_A_4" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>
+descended it for about 250 miles, then struck off in a
+westerly direction, and reached the Pacific in latitude 52&deg; 20&#8217;. In 1808
+Mr. Frazer, also under the orders of the North-Western Company, crossed
+the Rocky Mountains and established a trading post on Frazer&#8217;s River,
+about latitude 54&deg;; and in 1811 Mr. Thompson, also an agent of that
+company, discovered the northern head waters of the Columbia, about
+latitude 52&deg;, and erected some huts on its banks.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_4" id="Footnote_A_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_4"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Frazer&#8217;s River has its embouche six miles to the north
+of the 49th parallel, which defines the United States boundary. It is
+a mile wide. The country around is low, with a rich alluvial soil.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Langley is twenty miles from its mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Sir George Simpson made a journey of 2000 miles in forty-seven days,
+from the Red River, vi&acirc; Fort Edrington, to Fort Columbia, in 1841; he
+crossed the Rocky Mountains, at the confluence of two of the sources
+of Saskatchewan and Columbia, at an elevation of 8000 feet above the
+level of the sea.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n26" id="n26"></a>(26) Little, perhaps, did Mr. Pitt suspect the time was to be so near,
+when that country he had loved so well and served so nobly, would be
+able to send any quantity of artillery by the mail; and that not eight
+or ten hours would be required, but hardly three. Would that he was
+amongst us now. What could England not hope for, or expect to see
+realized, in her advanced condition, if directed by such a mind as his.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n27" id="n27"></a>(27) &ldquo;It is about 900 miles in length by 600 at its greatest breadth,
+with a surrounding coast of 3000 miles, between the parallels of 61&deg; and
+65&deg; north latitude. The coasts are generally high, rocky, rugged and
+sometimes precipitous. The bay is navigable for a few months in summer,
+but for the greater part of the remainder of the year is filled up with
+fields of ice. The navigation, when open, is extremely dangerous, as it
+contains many shoals, rocks, sandbanks and islands; even during the
+summer icebergs are seen in the straits, towards which a ship is drifted
+by a squall or current, rendering it very hazardous for the most skilful
+seaman. The transitions of the thermometer are from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>100&deg; to 40&deg; in two
+days, and the torrents of rain are surprising. Whether in winter or
+summer the climate is horrible. The range of the thermometer throughout
+the year is 140 degrees. The sea is entered by Hudson&#8217;s Strait, which is
+about 500 miles long, with a varying breadth and with an intricate
+navigation.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Montgomery Martin, Esq.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n28" id="n28"></a>(28) &ldquo;The settlement on the Red River, distant from Montreal by the
+Ottawah River about 1800 miles in lat. 50&deg; north, lon. 97&deg; west, is
+elevated 800 feet above the level of the sea, contiguous to the border
+of the Red and Asinibourn Rivers, along which the settlement extends for
+fifty miles. The soil is comparatively fertile, and the climate
+salubrious; but summer frosts, generated by undrained marshes, sometimes
+blast the hopes of the husbandman. The Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company by the
+introduction, at a great expense, of rams and other stock, have improved
+the breed of domestic animals, which are now abundant. Wheat, barley,
+oats, maize, potatoes and hops thrive; flax and hemp are poor and
+stinted. The river banks are cultivated for half a mile inland, but the
+back level country remains in its natural state, and furnishes a coarse
+hay for the long and severe winter which lasts from November to April,
+when the Lake Winnipeg is unfrozen and the river navigation
+commences&mdash;vi&acirc; Norway house entrep&ocirc;t&mdash;at the north extremity of the
+lake. The population is in number about 6000, consisting of Europeans,
+half-breeds and Indians. The two principal churches, the Protestant and
+Roman Catholic, the gaol, the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company&#8217;s chief building, the
+residence of the Roman Catholic bishop, and the houses of some of the
+retired officers of the fur trade, are built of stone, which has to be
+brought from a distance; but the houses of the settlers are built of
+wood. A great abundance of English goods is imported, both by the
+Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company and by individuals in the company&#8217;s ships, to York
+factory, and disposed of in the colony at moderate prices. There are
+fifteen wind and three water mills to grind the wheat and prepare the
+malt for the settlers. The Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company have long endeavoured,
+by rewards and arguments, to excite an exportation of tallow, hides,
+wool, &amp;c. to England, but the bulky nature of the exports, the long and
+dangerous navigation of the Hudson&#8217;s Bay, and the habits of the
+half-bred race, who form the mass of the people and generally prefer
+chasing the buffalo to agriculture or regular industry, have rendered
+their efforts ineffectual.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Montgomery Martin, Esq.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n29" id="n29"></a>(29) &ldquo;It is true there is another communication vi&acirc; Montreal, but the
+country in that direction is not of such a nature as to admit of
+introducing the rollers or the waggons upon the portages.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Bishop of
+Montreal.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+<a name="n30" id="n30"></a>(30) Mackenzie says, &ldquo;There is not perhaps a finer country in the world
+for the residence of uncivilized man, than that which occupies the shore
+between the Red River and Lake Superior; fish, various fowl and wild
+rice are in great plenty: the fruits are, strawberries, plums, cherries,
+gooseberries, &amp;c. &amp;c.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n31" id="n31"></a>(31) &ldquo;Of this profitable trade the citizens of the United States possess
+at present all but a monopoly. Their whaling fleet consists of 675
+vessels, most of them 400 tons burden, and amounting in all to 100,000
+tons. The majority of them cruise in the Pacific. It requires between
+15,000 and 16,000 men to man them. Their value is estimated at
+25,000,000 dollars, yielding an annual return of 5,000,000 or 20 per
+cent. The quantity of oil imported is about 400,000 barrels, of which
+one-half is sperm. When we add to this profitable occupation for many
+persons&mdash;the value of the domestic produce consumed by them&mdash;and the
+benefit that is thus conferred upon both agricultural and manufacturing
+interests&mdash;the importance of this branch of business will appear greatly
+enhanced. The whaling fleet of England and her Colonies may be
+considered as not exceeding at present 150; about twenty whales are
+killed annually in the straits of Juan de Fuca&mdash;besides the whale
+fishery on the banks and coast is important&mdash;cod, halibut and herring
+are found in profusion, and sturgeon near the shore and mouths of the
+rivers. Already the salmon fishery affords not only a supply for home
+consumption, but is an article of commerce, being sent to the Sandwich
+Islands. They are also supplied to the Russian settlements according to
+contract. The coast swarms with amphibious animals of the seal kind,
+known by the vulgar names of Sea Lion, Sea Elephant and Sea Cow&mdash;but
+above all with the common seal. The traffic to be derived from these in
+skins, oil, &amp;c. could not but be lucrative.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Rev. C. G. Nicolay.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n32" id="n32"></a>(32) We are quite aware that the American Lines are made at a much
+cheaper rate, but we are here advocating a grand permanent link of
+connexion with Great Britain and all her Colonies and dominions&mdash;and
+however cheaply the Line may be opened, we must not deceive ourselves,
+but look to a proportional outlay to the greatness of the undertaking.
+It is in its results and consequences that we look forward to the great
+benefit and financial return to Great Britain and to her people, both
+abroad and at home.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n33" id="n33"></a>(33) It is curious to observe, that in 1822 the Americans themselves
+fought the battle of England with Russia. The extravagant claims of
+dominion over the Northern Pacific Ocean and the North-West Coast of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+America, which Russia proclaimed at St. Petersburgh on the 9th
+October,&mdash;&ldquo;It is not permitted to any but Russian subjects to
+participate in the whale or other fishery, or any branch of industry
+whatever, in the islands, ports and gulfs, and in general along the
+coast of the North-Western America, from Behring&#8217;s Strait to 51&deg; north
+latitude&rdquo;&mdash;were not passed unheeded by the British Ministry of the day,
+and it was communicated to the Court of St. Petersburgh that England
+could not submit to such usurpation. The result of these representations
+were not imparted to the public; but when these pretensions were made
+known at Washington by the Russian Minister, the American functionaries
+protested against them with so much vehemence that it was likely to
+endanger the amicable relations of Russia and the United States&mdash;thus
+fighting the battle of England as it has since proved. In December,
+1823, a treaty was entered into at Washington between Russia, the United
+States and England on this subject, and the Russians retired farther
+north than 55&deg;.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Londonderry was Secretary of State for foreign affairs up
+to August, 1822, and Mr. Canning succeeded him; and to the watchful care
+of these two eminent statesmen it may be owing that Russia and the
+United States did not divide the coast and territory between them.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n34" id="n34"></a>(34) See Sir Peter Laurie&#8217;s description of prisons.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n35" id="n35"></a>(35) In spite of so large a portion of the French population being
+agricultural, i. e. belonging to that calling in life which developes
+muscular strength and activity&mdash;in spite of that proportion being on the
+increase as compared with the rest of the inhabitants, it is proved that
+the number of recruits rejected as unfit for the military service from
+deficient stature, health and strength, is slowly, surely and constantly
+on the increase, 40 per cent. are turned back from this cause, and yet
+the required height is only 5 feet 2 inches.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n36" id="n36"></a>(36) Several companies have, I believe, been formed for the working of
+these mines, and the shares, I have heard, were one time rather high.
+The ore, however, is at present sent chiefly to Boston. The opening of
+the proposed Line of Railway would no doubt cause a great quantity
+of it to be sent to Montreal or Quebec and there shipped for
+England,&mdash;enabling the colonies, therefore, to take a greater
+quantity of our manufactured goods.</p>
+
+<p>Lake Superior.&mdash;&ldquo;Copper abounds in various parts of the country; in
+particular some large and brilliant specimens have been found in the
+angle between Lake Superior and Michigan. Henry and others speak
+of a rock of pure copper, from which he cut off 100 pounds
+weight.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Montgomery Martin, Esq.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+<a name="n37" id="n37"></a>(37) It is true that Montgomery Martin, in 1834, says, &ldquo;and if Railroads
+do not take the place of canals, I have no doubt the greater part of
+Upper Canada will in a few years be intersected with canals. I recommend
+the latter to the Canadians in preference to Railroads, as by their
+means the country will be drained, rendered more fertile and <em>more</em>
+healthy.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Since that time several canals have been finished, and I have no doubt,
+as the country becomes more populous, others may be undertaken for the
+purposes of drainage and internal communications; but my own personal
+knowledge has satisfied me that Railroads would be far more useful and a
+far more ultimate benefit, for there is no doubt that the waters of
+Canada have a general inclination to subside. Mr. Martin himself says,
+that &ldquo;the Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior, have evidently been at one
+time considerably higher than they are at the present day;&rdquo; and although
+Mr. Martin considers the subsidence of these waters has not been
+effected by slow drainage, but by repeated destruction of barriers,
+still the fact shows that the waters are subsiding.</p>
+
+<p>Be this all as it may, I do not think that even Mr. Montgomery Martin
+himself would suggest a communication by canals from the Atlantic to the
+Pacific, as well might he recommend a man to travel by a slow heavy
+coach when a light quick one could be procured; and thus we dismiss the
+subject of canals.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n38" id="n38"></a>(38) To encourage this Steam Company, who have so nobly performed their
+task, Government granted, I believe, &pound;52,000 a year.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n39" id="n39"></a>(39) Such, for instance, as the carrying letters for a penny, and
+removing such taxes as bear particularly heavy upon the poor.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n40" id="n40"></a>(40) The Governor-General, in his opening address to the parliament of
+the province of Canada on the 18th January, 1849, says&mdash;&ldquo;The officers
+employed in exploring the country between Quebec and Halifax, with the
+view of discovering the best line for a Railway to connect these two
+points, have presented a report which contains much valuable
+information, and sets forth in a strong light the advantages of the
+proposed undertaking. I shall lay it before you, together with a
+dispatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, expressive of the
+interest taken by her Majesty&#8217;s Government in the execution of this
+great work.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n41" id="n41"></a>(41) See Mr. Charles Pearson&#8217;s Speech on this subject.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n42" id="n42"></a>(42) The feeling of loyalty becomes so natural to soldiers after a few
+years service, that it remains impressed upon their hearts in general
+for the rest of their lives.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+<a name="n43" id="n43"></a>(43) &ldquo;So great is the fertility of the soil of Canada, that fifty
+bushels of wheat per acre are frequently produced on a farm where the
+stumps of the trees, which probably occupy an eighth of the surface,
+have not been eradicated; some instances of eighty bushels per acre
+occur; near York (now Toronto) in Upper Canada 100 bushels were obtained
+from a single acre. In some districts wheat has been raised successively
+on the same ground for twenty years without manure.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Montgomery
+Martin.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n44" id="n44"></a>(44) A return of the public money expended in Arctic expeditions was
+called for. It appears that since the peace, or from the year 1815 to
+the present, &pound;428,782 have been expended in Arctic expeditions.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n45" id="n45"></a>(45) Mr. Alderman Sydney said&mdash;&ldquo;that convicts had ceased to be sent to
+Norfolk Island or New South Wales for a considerable time, and he
+understood that Lord Grey had been influenced on the question by the
+perusal of a pamphlet which abounded with information of a most
+convincing character.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Times.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n46" id="n46"></a>(46) Yes! to the value of its resources we now seem indeed to be
+awakened. Earl Grey, in his despatch (dated 17th November, 1848,) to
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Harvey, Lieutenant-Governor of Halifax, says
+(after speaking of the final Report of Major Robinson on the formation
+of the Halifax and Quebec Railway)&mdash;&ldquo;I have perused this able document
+with the interest and attention it so well merits; and I have to convey
+to you the assurance of Her Majesty&#8217;s Government that we fully
+appreciate the importance of the proposed undertaking, and entertain no
+doubt of the great advantages that would result not only to the
+provinces interested in the work, but to the empire at large, from the
+construction of such a Railway.&rdquo; Again, his Lordship speaks of this
+Railway as &ldquo;a great national line of communication,&rdquo; and yet on the 4th
+August, 1848, was issued the following letter from the Treasury
+Chambers:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Sir,&mdash;With reference to your letter of the 18th ult. relative to the
+expenses incurred in the survey of the proposed Line of Railroad between
+Halifax and Quebec, I am directed by the Lords Commissioners of Her
+Majesty&#8217;s Treasury to request that you will move Earl Grey to instruct
+the several officers in charge of the Governments of Canada, Nova
+Scotia, and New Brunswick, to cause the proportion of the Railroad
+survey expenses to be defrayed by each province, to be paid into the
+commissariat chests on the respective stations.</p>
+
+<p>
+                          <span style="margin-left: 10em;">&ldquo;I have, &amp;c.</span><br />
+                              <span style="margin-left: 12em;">(Signed) C. E. <span class="smcap">Trevelyan</span>.&rdquo;</span><br /><br />
+
+&ldquo;H. Merivale, Esq., &amp;c. &amp;c.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+<a name="n47" id="n47"></a>(47) &ldquo;We cannot afford to spend &pound;50 a year on a convict at home: let him
+be sent to a colony where his labour is absolutely necessary, and where,
+though by his good conduct and his industry he may finally attain a
+decent subsistence, yet where he will be unable to acquire affluence,
+and which he will be prevented from leaving for a happier or a richer
+shore: this will be punishment without sentimentalism, and without
+vindictiveness.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>The Times</em>, 19th February, 1849.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;As it is obvious that we must either retain our convicts at home or
+send them abroad, and the latter can only be accomplished by
+transportation to a colony, it is obvious (especially after the results
+of the last experiments) that we must either found a new colony, as in
+1783, or adopt the French system, which has nothing certainly to
+recommend it.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Globe</em>, 17th February, 1849.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n48" id="n48"></a>(48) Lieutenant Synge has observed: &ldquo;The necessity of protecting works
+further in the interior against hostile tribes of Indians is a
+formidable impediment to their successful prosecution at present.&rdquo; How
+easily would this impediment be removed by paying these Indians with
+guns, blankets, &amp;c., and employing them to guard the convicts and the
+works.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n49" id="n49"></a>(49) &ldquo;The hostility of the Indians overcome, (or what for the present
+would more effectually restrain England&#8217;s advance, the possibility of
+their sufferings being increased by the progress of civilization,) the
+passage of the Rocky Mountains may rather prove a stimulant, as it will
+be the last remaining obstacle, and, attention being called to the
+subject, may urge to exertion the talents of such men as have elsewhere
+conquered every natural difficulty, however formidable.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Lieutenant
+Synge</em>, &ldquo;<em>Canada in 1848</em>.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n50" id="n50"></a>(50) &ldquo;More especially the very great opportunities afforded by the
+cessation of convict labour in our Australian colonies should not be
+overlooked. The great present pressure in these colonies, in consequence
+of the want of such labour, should be removed in connection with the
+relief and profitable employment of portions of our surplus home
+population.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Same Author.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n51" id="n51"></a>(51) &ldquo;To derive from these measures the chiefest benefits they may
+confer, the work must be executed under the superintendence of the
+Imperial Government.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Same Author.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+<a name="n52" id="n52"></a>(52) &ldquo;Great as is our civilization and intelligence, compared with the
+empires of former days, we have no right to think that the goal of
+prosperity and glory is attained. England has by no means reached the
+zenith of earthly power; science is as yet but in its infancy; the human
+mind has scarcely arrived at adolescence; and, for aught we imperfect
+beings know, this little island may be destined by Divine Providence to
+continue as a light unto the heathen&mdash;as a nucleus for the final
+civilization of man.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Preface to &ldquo;Taxation of the British Empire,&rdquo;
+published in 1833.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n53" id="n53"></a>(53) This of course would only be a temporary arrangement previous to
+their being sent to distant parts.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n54" id="n54"></a>(54) &ldquo;So long however as the empire&#8217;s heart is overburdened by a surplus
+multitude, it should be remembered that most fertile and lovely tracts
+of country, many times larger than England, exist in the body of that
+empire, which never yet within the knowledge of man have yielded their
+fruits to his service. A manifold-multiplied value also is given to
+every part of the connected communication between it and the Atlantic,
+and thereby also to every part of British America, when once the goal of
+the Pacific is attained.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Lieut. Synge.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n55" id="n55"></a>(55) An officer whose character stands high both in the navy and in the
+army&mdash;whose talents have long been exercised in the North American
+Colonies&mdash;who is acquainted with their value, and who well understands
+their naval and military defences.</p>
+
+<p>The writer of this letter sailed from Cork on board H. M. frigate Pique,
+in January, 1838, with a wing of the 93rd Highlanders, under the command
+of Lieutenant-Colonel Macgregor, and he is happy in having this
+opportunity of publicly thanking Captain Boxer, the officers and crew of
+the Pique, for the great kindness received by every individual of the
+regiment. And he cannot do otherwise than refer particularly to the
+officers of the gun-room, who must have been exceedingly inconvenienced
+by having a large party of officers joined to their mess, and who yet
+had the tact and politeness to show they never felt it. It was a long
+and stormy passage of six weeks from Cork to Halifax, but it was a happy
+and a merry one; although a damp was at first thrown over us by the
+sudden death from accident of a serjeant of the Light Company, and
+another poor fellow was washed away from the chains during the passage.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+<a name="n56" id="n56"></a>(56) &ldquo;We have now enjoyed more than thirty years peace, and when it was
+proposed to invest the Capital, which we could so readily throw away on
+arms and gunpowder, upon actually productive works, the cry was raised
+of impending ruin and bankruptcy. The lodging of deposits with the
+Accountant-General was to result in &lsquo;ruinous, universal and desperate
+confusion.&rsquo; The money was lodged, and no ruinous confusion took place.
+The Acts were obtained, and ruin was again predicted; &lsquo;where was all the
+money to come from?&rsquo; The money has been got, &pound;112,100,639 has been
+raised in the course of three years, involving, it is true, much
+suffering to some classes, but not to the nation at large.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>S. Smiles
+on Railway Property.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n57" id="n57"></a>(57) If once it was understood by the public that Government had taken
+the initiative, and was determined to assist and see carried out a great
+national work such as has been suggested, there is no doubt that many
+people who are now paying high poor rates would join together, and a
+variety of small Emigration Companies would be formed to assist poor
+people to emigrate, and these poor people would willingly and cheerfully
+quit their native land, when they had before them the certain prospect
+of immediate employment; and if the penny postage was added to the
+system, they would be nearer to England in the North American Colonies,
+than the poor people of England and Scotland were to each other only a
+few years back.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n58" id="n58"></a>(58) &ldquo;Four hundred millions of people yet to be introduced into
+communication with the rest of mankind! What a prospect for the
+merchant, the manufacturer and ship owner. But there is still a higher
+and holier prospect. Four hundred millions of active and intelligent
+human beings have to be brought within the pale of Christianity! Wary
+stepping, too, it will require to enable us to succeed in realizing
+either of these objects. To assist us, an abler man for the task could
+not be found than the author of the work before us.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Liverpool
+Standard</em>, <em>Review on Montgomery Martin&#8217;s recent Work on China</em>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n59" id="n59"></a>(59) &ldquo;Nobody can doubt that the western coast of North America is about
+to become the theatre of vast commercial and political transactions, and
+it is impossible to estimate adequately the value which may soon accrue
+to every harbour, coal mine, forest and plain in that quarter of the
+globe.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Morning Chronicle, 15th Feb. 1849.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n60" id="n60"></a>(60) On which Line the mails could travel from Halifax to Frazer&#8217;s River
+in six days, and the electric telegraph connect these oceans&mdash;space
+vanishing under that magic power.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+<a name="n61" id="n61"></a>(61) See Montgomery Martin&#8217;s second edition on Railways, Past, Present
+and Prospective.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n62" id="n62"></a>(62) There is not an individual of the 93rd Highlanders, so long
+quartered in the highly flourishing city of Toronto, who would not, I
+feel well assured, join me in every grateful feeling to its inhabitants,
+and every wish for their happiness and welfare.</p>
+
+<p>A great number of the men of the 93rd have settled at and in the
+neighbourhood of Toronto.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n63" id="n63"></a>(63) &ldquo;The British &lsquo;supremacy of the ocean,&rsquo; which has been a boast and a
+benefit, has become a necessity. If I were Prime Minister of England,
+now that the Corn Laws are repealed, I should not be able to sleep if I
+thought that the war marine of England was not stronger than all the
+nations combined, which there is the least chance of ever being engaged
+in a conspiracy for our destruction.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Edward Gibbon Wakefield.</em></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n64" id="n64"></a>(64) &ldquo;Canada, which receives the greater number of emigrants, we are by
+all accounts only peopling and enriching for the Americans to possess
+ere long.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Art of Colonization</em>, <em>Edward Gibbon Wakefield</em>.</p>
+
+<p>I trust that the British North American Colonies will, in reply to the
+above remark, send forth such a voice of attachment to their mother
+country that will encourage her people at home and embolden them to come
+forward in aid of great colonial measures, resulting as they must do in
+universal benefit to the empire.</p>
+
+<p>In page 100 of the work just above quoted we read&mdash;&ldquo;The Banker&#8217;s
+argument satisfied me; but he was not aware of a peculiarity of
+colonies, as distinguished from dependencies in general, which furnishes
+another reason for wishing that they should belong to the empire&mdash;I mean
+the attachment of the colonies to their mother country.... I have often
+been unable to help smiling at the exhibition of it. In what it
+originates I cannot say.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>I cannot but deeply regret the use of these expressions, coming as they
+do from the pen of so influential an author. Has be forgotten or does he
+not feel that</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;C&oelig;lum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>And surely from those who left their native land, carrying with them the
+literature of the day and the remembrance of her glory, it was not
+likely that there should spring up a generation otherwise than strongly
+attached to</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;<em>That</em> fortress built by Nature for herself,<br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Against infection and the hand of War?&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+Well, indeed, has Lieutenant Synge remarked, &ldquo;Let it also be remembered
+by those who would argue the defection of Canada, or other British
+provinces, from the history of the past, what were the circumstances
+attending the last revolt (and only one) of British Colonies.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let the regret with which those colonies revolted be also borne in
+mind! Generations have succeeded, yet in the hearts of many of the best
+and noblest that lingering regret remains; not that the revolt took
+place, not that it was successful, but that it was rendered necessary.&rdquo;
+I shall only add, I agree most perfectly with the author on the Art of
+colonization when he says, &ldquo;But whatever may be its cause, I have no
+doubt that the love of England is the ruling sentiment of English
+Colonies.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n65" id="n65"></a>(65) &ldquo;The Americans would have readily agreed with us upon this boundary
+question, when it was of no practical moment.&rdquo;&mdash;<em>Edward Gibbon
+Wakefield.</em></p>
+
+<p>This assertion requires proof.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n66" id="n66"></a>(66) My friend Lieutenant-Colonel Pottinger has brought to my notice,
+that the time of transit from London to the west coast of Ireland will
+be nearly as follow, vis.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+
+<tr>  <td align='left'>To Holyhead</td> <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='right'>8</td>  <td align='center'>hours</td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Holyhead to Dublin</td> <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='right'>4</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'>Dublin to the west coast of Ireland</td> <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='right'>4</td>  <td align='center'>&ldquo;</td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='left'></td> <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='right'>&mdash;</td>  <td align='center'></td>  </tr>
+<tr>  <td align='right'>In all</td> <td class="tdp"></td>  <td align='right'>16</td>  <td align='center'></td>  </tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>It may therefore be worthy of consideration whether there could be
+established at one of her ports on the western coast, so often spoken of
+as the nearest point of embarkation for British America, an Emigration
+Company, which would greatly benefit Ireland by causing a large traffic
+through the centre of that country.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><a name="n67" id="n67"></a>(67) Dr. Hind, in speaking of the convict Colony of New South Wales,
+says&mdash;&ldquo;If then the question be, what can be done for this Colony? Begin,
+I said, by breaking up the system&mdash;begin by removing all the
+unemancipated convicts. I do not undertake to point out the best mode of
+disposing of them; but let them be brought home and disposed of in any
+way rather than remain. There is no chance for the Colony until this
+preliminary step be taken. But these measures, if carried into effect at
+all, must be taken in hand soon. Time&mdash;no distant time, perhaps, may
+place this &lsquo;foul disnatured&rsquo; progeny of ours out of our power for good
+or for harm.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">Printed by W. P. Metchim, 20, Parliament Street.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 95%;" />
+
+
+<p class="notes">Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:<br /><br />
+
+1) Text has been adjusted to eliminate notes within notes,
+particularly Notes 15 and 43. Certain notes have been
+inserted into the main text to eliminate duplicated note numbers.<br /><br />
+
+2) Footnotes redirecting to Notes have been condensed to link
+directly with Note, eg:<br /><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Original text:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">text text text[1]</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">[1] See Appendix, Note 65.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">(65) text text text text text text</span><br /><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Transcribed text:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">text text text[see Note 65]</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">(65) text text text text text text</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Letter from Major Robert
+Carmichael-Smyth to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker', by Robert Carmichael-Smyth
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Letter from Major Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker', by Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Letter from Major Robert Carmichael-Smyth to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker'
+
+Author: Robert Carmichael-Smyth
+
+Release Date: April 15, 2008 [EBook #25075]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, The Philatelic Digital
+Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net, Anne Storer and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned
+images of public domain material from the Google Print
+project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Map of the North Atlantic Ocean]
+
+
+                   A LETTER
+                     FROM
+         MAJOR ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH
+                      TO
+                  HIS FRIEND
+        THE AUTHOR OF "THE CLOCKMAKER,"
+
+                  CONTAINING
+            Thoughts on the Subject
+                      OF
+               A BRITISH COLONIAL
+             RAILWAY COMMUNICATION
+                   BETWEEN
+         THE ATLANTIC AND THE PACIFIC,
+                     FROM
+      THE MAGNIFICENT HARBOUR OF HALIFAX,
+                      IN
+                  NOVA SCOTIA
+            (NORTH-EASTERN AMERICA),
+                      TO
+          THE MOUTH OF FRAZER'S RIVER,
+                      IN
+                 NEW CALEDONIA
+            (NORTH-WESTERN AMERICA),
+  OR SUCH OTHER PORT AS MAY BE DETERMINED UPON.
+
+              *       *       *
+
+"Let those, who discard speculations like these as wild and improbable,
+recur to the state of public opinion at no very remote period on the
+subject of Steam Navigation.
+
+"Within the memory of persons not yet past the meridian of life the
+impossibility of traversing by Steam Engine the channels and seas that
+surround and intersect these islands was regarded as the dream of
+enthusiasts."
+
+                DR. LARDNER, 1840.
+
+              *       *       *
+
+                 LONDON:
+  W. P. METCHIM, 20, PARLIAMENT STREET.
+
+                  1849.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+"It is the duty--the imperative duty--of every individual (however
+humble) to express conscientiously, but calmly, his public opinions, for
+by such means truth is elicited."[1] Hence it may be permitted the
+writer of the annexed Letter to observe, that a momentous question is
+now brought to the notice of the people of Great Britain,--that it ought
+not to be neglected, until perhaps a voice from her colonial children
+may go forth proclaiming "it is too late,"[see Note 64]--for then the
+opportunity of uniting in firm and friendly bonds of union "this
+wondrous empire on which the solar orb never sets" will have passed away
+for ever.
+
+      ----"Dum loquimur fugerit invida
+      AEtas: carpe diem quam minimum credula postero."
+
+              *       *       *
+
+  [1] Montgomery Martin's History of the British Colonies, 1843;
+  and to that work the writer of the following pages begs to refer all
+  those who take an interest in the British North American Colonies. And
+  if so humble an individual might be allowed to offer his advice, he
+  would strongly recommend the republication, in a volume by itself, of
+  the part connected with the North American Colonies.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+                          "I shall tell you
+      A pretty tale; it may be, you have heard it;
+      But, since it serves my purpose, I will venture
+      To scale't again."
+
+
+"The duty of Government is first to regulate the stream of Emigration,
+so that if a man be determined on leaving the United Kingdom he may
+settle in one of its Colonies."--_Montgomery Martin, 1843._
+
+"At this moment, when renewed attention is turned to all the Routes
+which, during ages past, have from time to time been talked about, as
+best fitted for a link of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific
+Oceans,"--we call upon the people of Great Britain and her Government to
+reflect, that--the best and shortest link of communication--the great
+link required to unite all her dominions in one powerful chain--is now
+in her own possession,--that--"it _is_ in vain to inculcate feelings of
+brotherhood among mankind by moral influence alone; a sense of community
+of interest _must_ be also established,"--that Great Britain can, in the
+opening of the Route proposed, at the same time employ her own Children
+at home and abroad, as well as her own continually increasing Capital.
+
+That--"we have superabundance of Capital--a plethora of
+Talent--Scientific and Commercial--they only want an outlet to be
+beneficially employed."--_Morning Herald, 7th February, 1849._
+
+That--"the Expansion of Capital would soon reach its ultimate boundary,
+if that boundary itself did not continually increase."
+
+That--"what the Legislature should desire and promote is not a greater
+saving, but a greater return to savings, either by improved cultivation,
+or by access to more fertile lands in other quarters of the globe."
+
+That--"the Railway operations of the various nations of the world may be
+looked upon as a sort of competition for the overflowing Capital of the
+countries where Profits are low and Capital abundant."--_J. S. Mill,
+Polit. Econ._
+
+That--"each nation derives greater benefit from having an increasing
+market in one of its own provinces, than in a foreign country."
+
+That--"the possession of remote territories, is the only thing which can
+secure to the population of a country those advantages derived from an
+easy outlet, or prospect of outlet, to those persons who may be ill
+provided for at home."--_Lord Brougham._
+
+That--"we have an immense Colonial Empire. To its resources and
+exigencies we now seem for the first time to awaken.[see Note 46]
+Hitherto we have been content to consider it as a magnificent
+incumbrance, that testified to our greatness but had nothing to do
+with our interests or the welfare of our population."--_The Times,
+20th January, 1849._
+
+And that--"it must be acknowledged as a principle, that the Colonies of
+England are an integral part of this country."--_D'Israeli._
+
+              *       *       *
+
+Again--"In certain parts of the Empire transportation was a very
+valuable punishment, but there ought to be natural limits to it.
+Transportation was very well in the infancy of a Colony, but as it
+became more peopled and civilized, it was undesirable to deluge it
+with a convict population. The subject of abolishing the penalty of
+transportation was one of very great importance."--_Lord Brougham,
+1849._
+
+                        "But what mean I
+      To speak so true at first? My office is
+      To noise abroad....
+      I have the letter here; yes, here it is:"
+
+
+
+
+
+"The time has come when the great American and Colonial route of
+travelling must commence at Halifax."[2]--_Great Western Letter Bag._
+Yes! and be carried on to Frazer's River.[3]
+
+  [2] Nova Scotia.
+
+  [3] New Caledonia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+      TO MY WORTHY AND MUCH ESTEEMED FRIEND,
+         THE AUTHOR OF "THE CLOCKMAKER."
+
+MY DEAR FRIEND,
+
+Often have I looked back to the pleasant hours we passed on board the
+good brig Tyrian, when, in the spring of 1838, we were quietly floating
+over the waves of the broad Atlantic.[see Note 1] Never do I remember to
+have crossed them so smoothly, and never certainly with more agreeable
+companions. One of our party has long since departed for that country
+from whose bourn no traveller returns. Poor Fairbanks! you knew him well
+and valued his friendship--knew him to be a kind and a good man, and
+that he loved his country well. Had he been as anxious to introduce
+Railways into it as he was zealous about his Shubenacadie Canal, he
+might perhaps have served it more effectually.[see Notes 2 and 37]
+Another of our party, a true and hearty lover of his country, is still
+amongst you; may his powerful mind so direct his great abilities as to
+enable him to use them for his country's good; for much may yet be done
+for Nova Scotia. Both he and you, I know well, have a friendly feeling
+towards me, and you may perhaps have sometimes regretted, though not so
+warmly as I have done (living as you both have been for years in the
+midst of political excitement), that we have been so completely
+separated. With this short preface, as an excuse for introducing your
+names, I will now proceed, by recalling that moment so full of
+excitement at the time and never to be forgotten,--when, to our
+astonishment, we first saw the great ship Syrius steaming down directly
+in the wake of the Tyrian. She was the first steamer, I believe, that
+ever crossed the Atlantic for New York, and was then on her way back to
+England. You will, I dare say, recollect the prompt decision of
+Commander Jennings to carry his mail bags on board the steamer, and our
+equally prompt decision not to quit our sailing craft, commanded as she
+was by so kind and so excellent an officer. You will, I dare say,
+recollect how soon flew the question through the captain's trumpet,
+"Will you take charge of the mail?" "Yes, but be quick;" and the
+trembling anxiety with which we watched mail bag after mail bag hoisted
+up the deep waist of the Tyrian; then lowered into the small boat
+below,--tossed about between the vessels, and finally all safely placed
+on board the Syrius. It was a bold measure; for had one mail bag been
+lost, our gallant commander would in all probability have been severely
+censured, if it had not cost him his commission: as it was, I believe,
+he received the thanks of the Admiralty. You will also, no doubt,
+remember well the lively discussion the sight of this great steam ship
+caused amongst us, and how earnestly I expressed my wish, that the
+people of Halifax should bestir themselves, and not allow, without a
+struggle, British mails and British passengers thus to be taken past
+their very doors.[see Note 3] And now that we have lived to see
+established what we then discussed (and about which the pen of the
+Clockmaker's companion was not idle),[see Note 4] the great steam ship
+road from and to Liverpool and Halifax, you will not perhaps be
+astonished that (like the fly on the wheel) so humble an individual as
+your old fellow passenger should have fancied when steaming (as he has
+since often done) over the waves of that same Atlantic, that he too[see
+Note 5] had had something to say in creating all the smoke he saw rising
+before him. Of one thing, however, he is certain--that his companions,
+Fairbanks, Howe and Haliburton (no insignificant names), had determined,
+before leaving the Tyrian, that as soon as they reached London they
+would wait upon the Colonial minister--point out to him the necessity
+and importance of a steam communication from the mother country to her
+children in the west, and plead the cause of Halifax;[see Note 6] and,
+if I am not mistaken, Fairbanks and Howe proceeded first to Liverpool to
+make some inquiries about expense, &c. &c. Be this however as it may, it
+is all now matter of no consequence--the great nautical high road
+between England and her North American Colonies has long been
+established beyond a question, and the enterprising Cunard has shown by
+his splendid steam vessels, that it may be depended upon beyond a doubt,
+as a regular, a safe and an easy communication.[see Note 38] To him,
+therefore, are due the thanks of the public, and the credit of
+accomplishing this much wished-for route.
+
+      "Whilst others bravely thought, he nobly dar'd."
+
+But, my dear friend, in an age like the present, shall such a victory
+content us? most assuredly not! The time has come when our great
+Colonial land route of travelling must reach from Halifax to Frazer's
+River, from the Atlantic to the Pacific--and there is still a grand and
+a noble undertaking that must yet be accomplished--must be performed by
+Great Britain and her colonies--an undertaking that will open a mine of
+wealth to all concerned[see Note 7] (not the wealth of gold, but of
+commerce and trade). But to proceed--and here again I must tax your
+memory. You will, no doubt, recollect, that after the King of Holland
+had given his decision in the year 1831 as to our disputed boundary with
+America, which had been referred to him, and that all eyes were fixed
+upon that question,[see Note 65] which had become very serious and
+difficult to settle, his Grace the Duke of Wellington, in speaking on
+the subject,[see Note 8] alluded to another very important boundary
+question (then little thought of by the public),[see Note 9] and his
+Grace pointed to the Oregon.[see Note 33] The discussions and
+difficulties that afterwards arose before the final disposal of that
+dispute, most assuredly marked its importance, and proved that the
+ever-watchful talent of the Duke had not been attracted to that spot,
+without cause.
+
+                   "We thank the gods
+      Our Rome has such a soldier!"
+
+Montgomery Martin says, "But for the Hudson's Bay Company, England would
+probably have been shut out from the Pacific." Be that as it may, we had
+at all events, one statesman's watchful eye upon that ocean, and the
+very important question is now disposed of for ever, leaving open to
+England another most valuable high road, with the making of which we
+(again like the fly on the wheel) think we must have something to do; at
+all events, we may discuss and talk about it,--as in the Tyrian we
+formerly did about the great Steam Line from and to Liverpool and
+Halifax. But to proceed seriously. Did his Grace, let it be asked, when
+pointing to our North-Western boundary line, look forward at that time
+to the shores of the Pacific as being "the end of the West and the
+beginning of the East?" Did his Grace's imagination picture to his
+mind's eye swarms of human beings from Halifax, from New Brunswick, from
+Quebec, from Montreal, from Byetown, from Kingston, from Toronto, from
+Hamilton, the Red River Settlement, &c. &c. &c., rushing across the
+rocky mountains of Oregon with the produce of the West in exchange for
+the riches of the East? Did his Grace imagine the Pacific Ocean alive
+with all descriptions of vessels sailing and steaming from our
+magnificent Colonies--New Zealand, Van Diemen's Land, New South Wales,
+New Holland, from Borneo and the West Coast of China, from the Sandwich
+Islands, and a thousand other places, all carrying the rich productions
+of the East, and landing them at the commencement of the West,--to be
+forwarded and distributed throughout our North American provinces, and
+to be delivered in THIRTY DAYS at the ports of Great Britain? Did his
+Grace foresee that steam would bring Halifax within ten days of
+Liverpool? That a Railway would make Halifax only ten or fifteen days
+distant from the north-west coast of North America, (and that the
+Sandwich Islands would not be ten days further off?) whence steamers
+might be despatched with the mails from England for Pekin, Canton,
+Australia, New Zealand, &c. &c. &c.; and did his Grace look forward to
+the rolling masses of treasure that would be sure to travel on such a
+girdle line of communication as that? Did his Grace then weigh and
+consider that "to the inventive genius of her sons England owes the
+foundation of her commercial greatness. We will not go the length of
+asserting that she retains her proud pre-eminence solely upon the
+condition of keeping twenty years ahead of other nations in the practice
+of mechanical arts. But there is no question, that _a fearful proportion
+of our fellow subjects hold their prosperity upon no other tenure_, and
+quite independently of what may be done by our rivals it is of vast
+importance to our increasing population that the conquest over nature
+should proceed unchecked?" [_Quarterly Review, December, 1848._] And did
+his Grace look forward and foresee that between the north-eastern and
+north-western shores of America, and through our loyal, long-tried and
+devoted North American colonies,[see Note 10] there might be undertaken
+a great, a noble, and a most important work, that would give
+remunerative employment to the population, to the wealth, and to the
+inventive genius of England? Did his Grace, in short, look forward to a
+_grand National Railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific_?[see Note 60]
+If not, let his Grace do so now! Let the people of Great Britain do
+so!--let her colonial minister. Startling as it may at first appear, a
+little reflection will show that England and her children have the power
+to make it; that it must be done; and will become valuable property--for
+it would increase our commerce and trade to an extent not easy to
+calculate.[see Note 11] But such a noble work must not be looked upon
+merely as a money question,--although if only considered in that
+light,--England must reflect that if she wishes and intends to retain
+her high pre-eminence amongst the nations of the earth, she must most
+assuredly pay for it. No country can have all the blessings and
+advantages of England and have them for nothing, nor can she retain them
+without great exertion. Her accumulated wealth cannot be allowed to
+remain idle--nor will it.[see Note 12] No one will deny for a moment
+that every economy that will make the poor man richer and happier ought
+to be practised;[see Note 39] but let us take care that we do not, from
+too strong a desire to retain that wealth which Providence has thrown
+into the lap of England[see Note 13] even in the midst of war,[see Note
+14] deprive her labouring children of legitimate employment and just
+remuneration, (all that the industrious classes of our fellow-countrymen
+require.) But the undertaking proposed has even a higher claim to our
+attention. _It is the great link required to unite in one powerful chain
+the whole English race_. Let then our Railway Kings, and our Iron
+Kings, our princely merchants, and our lords millionnaires--let the
+stirring and active spirits of the age--the great reformers and the
+modern politicians, many of whom are now proclaiming through the land
+that economy alone can save the country--[see Note 15]condescend for a
+short time even, to consider the undertaking here proposed; and say, if
+they can, that (even should it be executed at an immense expense) it
+would not produce a great and beneficial forward movement, and be a
+present happy employment, and a future perpetual source of wealth to
+England and her children. Let them consider also that "the social
+advancement which the modern improvement of Railways is calculated to
+effect has added a new faculty to man in the facilities which it affords
+of communication between province and province, and between nation and
+nation. Nor does it seem too much to say, that it will be the means of
+binding all the nations of the earth into one family, with mutual
+interests, and with the mutual desire of promoting the prosperity of
+their neighbours, in order that they may enhance their own, and forming
+thereby the most powerful antagonistic principle to war that the earth
+has ever known." [_Bradshaw's Almanack, 1849._] Again, what says the
+Quarterly: "We trust our readers of all politics will cordially join
+with us in a desire, not inappropriate at the commencement of a new
+year, that the wonderful discovery which it has pleased the Almighty to
+impart to us, instead of becoming amongst us a subject of angry dispute,
+may in every region of the globe bring the human family into friendly
+communication; that it may dispel national prejudices; assuage
+animosities--in short, that, by creating a feeling of universal
+gratitude to the powers from which it has proceeded, it may produce on
+earth peace and good-will towards men." And where, let it be asked, can
+this wonderful discovery, this great power of steam,[see Note 16] be
+called into action so effectually and so usefully, not only for Great
+Britain, but for mankind in general, than in that parallel of
+latitude[see Note 17] in which (_all barrier difficulties and all cause
+for war being now removed_) would naturally flow in full tide the
+civilization, arts and sciences that invariably follow in the wake of
+Englishmen? Then as to the difficulties of the undertaking, let us
+recollect that an eminent engineer, previous to the construction of the
+Liverpool and Manchester Line, said, "No man in his senses would attempt
+a Railroad over Chat Moss:" his calculation was that it would cost
+L270,000. Yet the genius of George Stephenson afterwards surmounted the
+difficulty at a cost of L40,000, though the work was commenced when
+engineering science was less understood than now. Let us also listen to
+the Quarterly, "Steam as applied to locomotion by sea and land is the
+great wonder-worker of the age. For many years we have been so startled
+by such a succession of apparent miracles, we have so often seen results
+which surpassed and falsified all the deductions of sober calculations,
+and so brief an interval has elapsed between the day when certain
+performances were classed by men of science as among impossibilities,
+and that wherein those same performances had almost ceased to be
+remarkable from their frequency, that we might almost be excused if we
+regarded the cloud-compelling demon, with somewhat of the reverence
+which the savage pays to his superior, when he worships as omnipotent
+any power whose limits he cannot himself perceive." With such a
+power[see Note 18] (so eloquently described) at our command, and such
+magnificent results to be obtained from it, shall England hesitate?
+shall the expenditure of a few millions check such a noble work? shall
+the Rocky Mountains be a barrier? mountains never yet properly explored,
+and of which almost all we know is that (as my friend Colonel Bloomfield
+observed) we nearly went to war to be allowed to cross them. And what
+are the expenses of war? Between the years 1797 and 1815, 630 millions
+of money were expended for carrying on war. Again, the very magnitude of
+the undertaking and length of the Railway is in its favour, for--listen
+again to the Quarterly: "We believe it may be affirmed without fear of
+contradiction, that the working details of a Railway are invariably well
+executed in proportion to their magnitude. A little Railway--like a
+little war--is murderous to those engaged and ruinous to those who pay
+for it." Now if in England experience has taught all this,--shall the
+good people of Halifax, New Brunswick, Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, &c.,
+be allowed, perhaps encouraged, to go on slowly endeavouring (at an
+immense expense and outlay for such young communities) to make a variety
+of small Railways,[see Note 40] thus acknowledged to be ruinous, and the
+mother country remain quietly looking on when she has now the power of
+greatly assisting them, and to her own advantage, by planning and
+arranging one grand route and system of Lines throughout the whole
+country,[see Note 19] and under Providence the means of opening that
+route in an incredible short space of time? Let then England, her North
+American colonies, and the Hudson's Bay Company, join heart and hand,
+and with the great power of steam which it has pleased the Almighty to
+place at the command of man, there will soon arise a work that will
+be the wonder and admiration of the age--and such a mercantile and
+colonizing road will be open to Great Britain, that at no future period,
+(at least within the imagination of man,) will she ever again have to
+complain of too great a population on her soil, and too small a market
+for her labour.
+
+Let us now then proceed, my dear friend, to consider how this great
+work might be commenced, and its probable results when accomplished. In
+the first place let us look a little to the immense annual cost to
+England for her prisons and her convicts,[see Notes 47 and 50]--much of
+that crime arising probably from the want of employment, and consequent
+poverty.[see Note 20] Even at this moment five millions are spoken of as
+a sum required to be expended in new prisons for a favourite system.[see
+Note 41] In 1836 it was suggested "as well worthy of consideration,
+whether it would not be advisable to cease transporting convicts at so
+great a cost to distant settlements, and instead to send them to a
+nearer place of exile, where their labour might be rendered in so great
+a degree valuable, as speedily to return to the Mother Country the whole
+of the charge incurred for their conveyance" [_The Progress of the
+Nation, by A. R. Porter, Esq._];[see Note 21] and where could England
+better employ her convict labour, than on a work that would be of such
+vast and lasting importance to herself, to her colonies, and to mankind
+in general? It was also observed, by the same author, "If gangs of
+convict labourers were placed a little beyond the verge of civilization,
+and employed in clearing and enclosing lands, constructing roads,
+building bridges, the land thus prepared and improved would meet with
+ready purchasers at prices which would well repay the Government their
+previous outlay." It may be objected by some, that the expense of the
+troops necessary to guard the convicts would be very great, and would be
+a heavy burden to this country. To them I must use the words of the
+"Times," when suggesting the grant of colonial lands to be annexed to
+the performance of military duties. "Subsidiary to and connected with
+this arrangement might be devised another, by which soldiers of good
+character might be discharged after ten years service, and rewarded with
+small freeholds in the colonies. They might be bound to appear on duty
+at certain periods, and for a certain duration of time, as our
+pensioners are at present." And if soldiers of six or eight years
+service were sent out in charge of the convicts, that unpleasant duty
+would be of very short duration before they would meet with their
+reward. Added to which, it has been suggested by my friend Captain Wood,
+of the Hon. East India Company's service, that the Indians might be very
+usefully employed on this duty,[see Note 48] somewhat in the same manner
+as the natives in India are encouraged to look after European soldiers
+who desert their colours. In alluding to the pensioners of Great
+Britain, it is only due to Lieut.-Col. Tulloch to render our honest
+thanks to him, for the introduction through his indefatigable exertions
+of this most important feature in a new military system. Not only has he
+added to the respectability, comfort, and happiness of many a worn out
+old soldier, but he has also provided a very imposing force of veterans
+ready at any moment to support the laws of their country; and, should
+unfortunately such an occasion ever arise, of opposing all feeling of
+disloyalty to their beloved sovereign.[see Note 42] Lieut.-Col. Tulloch
+may well feel proud of the result of his labours. This system of
+pensions alluded to by the "Times" would become extremely applicable to
+the troops employed in guarding the convicts on the proposed Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway, and small villages, and ultimately cities, would,
+no doubt, arise from such a source: but even the first outlay caused by
+the employment of the convicts on such a work cannot be considered as
+any extra expense to government; for these convicts must be fed, must be
+employed, and must be guarded somewhere: and it will be shown hereafter
+that government will be reimbursed not only her expenditure on account
+of the convicts, but also her expenditure on account of the troops
+required to guard them. In making his suggestions for the employment of
+the convicts in 1836, Mr. Porter says, "There is unhappily but too much
+reason for believing that the whole number of labourers who could be
+thus profitably employed might be furnished from the criminal population
+of Great Britain." And by a return given at the same time, it is shown
+that the number of convicts from 1825 to 1833, both years inclusive, was
+22,138, and that return did not include all the penal settlements. The
+"Times" of the 18th January, 1848, in speaking of the expenditure of the
+country, says, "Convicts at home and abroad have mounted from L111,306
+to L378,000; certainly the law of increase is strongly marked on the
+expense of crime." "If any body will cut down this figure, he will earn
+the gratitude of the nation." This last expression of the Times has more
+particular reference to the expense incurred for Ireland, but will no
+doubt be acknowledged to be equally true as bearing upon the enormous
+general increase of convict expenditure; and the more I reflect on this
+subject, the more do I feel convinced that the employment of convict
+labour in the Rocky Mountains,[see Note 22] and at several other points
+of the Line of this proposed great National work, would produce a most
+beneficial result, as a means of reducing the amount of crime, as even
+an immediate saving of transport expense to England (unless indeed all
+distant penal settlements are to be finally abandoned),[see Notes 21 and
+45] and as an ultimate great advantage both to her own commerce, and to
+that of her colonies; and here let it be recollected, that there is a
+feeling abroad "to force upon government and the legislature a bold and
+manly course in dealing with crime in general:" that the magnificent
+prisons now built are considered "unjust to the labouring poor, whose
+humble dwelling, with coarse and scanty food, is mocked by the grandeur
+and beauty of the prison, as well as by the idle and comfortable
+entertainment within its wall;" and it has been remarked by a public
+journal in a warning voice, "to make prisons palaces is the way to turn
+palaces into prisons."[see Note 34] But enough has been said on this
+subject at present, and we will now consider again the working out of
+this great undertaking. We will suppose, in the first place, active,
+intelligent, and scientific young men to be sent to the Rocky
+Mountains,[see Note 49] to ascertain the best spot at which to cross
+them, and the best port (if the mouth of Frazer's River will not
+answer), on the western shore of North America, within, of course, the
+Hudson's Bay Company's territory, for a great commercial harbour and
+railway terminus. Then let a grand line of Railway be marked out from
+Halifax to that spot, and let all local towns or districts that have
+sufficient capital and labour to undertake any part of that Line, have
+the benefit of the profits of the whole Line, in proportion to the parts
+they may finish. No convict labour need interfere with them. But in such
+districts as are at present so thinly inhabited as to have no working
+population, and no capital to expend, let the work be commenced by
+England, by her capital, and her convicts;[see Note 23] and let
+government encourage and facilitate the formation of a great Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway Company, by obtaining from parliament a national
+guarantee for the completion of the work;[see Note 51] first, of course,
+having entered into arrangements with the Hudson's Bay Company, and her
+North American provinces, for the security of such sums of money as may
+be advanced by way of loan from Great Britain.
+
+To Englishmen we would say then, in the words of the Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay, "We have at home a superabundant population,[see Note 24]
+subject to a very rapid increase on any reduction of the price, if but
+of the necessaries of life,--how can it be better employed than in
+seeking, with its own advance in social position, and means of
+acquiring its comforts, if not its luxuries, the spread of our free
+institutions--equal laws--and holy religion. We desire an enlarged
+sphere for commercial enterprise. New markets for our manufactures;
+these every fresh colony supplies in its measure. If then the Oregon be
+what it appears to be, if its climate, soil, agriculture, and commercial
+capabilities be as represented, why leave its future destiny to time and
+circumstances?" We would say to the Hudson's Bay Company in the words
+of Mr. James Edward Fitzgerald, "You have the power of becoming the
+founders of a New State, perhaps of a new empire, or of arresting for a
+time, for you cannot ultimately prevent, the march of mankind in their
+career of victory over the desolate and uncultivated parts of the earth.
+For now nearly two centuries your sway has extended over half a
+continent, and as yet you have left nothing behind you in all that vast
+country, to bear witness to your power and your riches. Now a new
+destiny is before you; you may, if you will, place your names beside
+those who have devoted themselves to the noble task of stimulating and
+directing the enterprising genius of their fellow countrymen, who have
+prolonged the existence of their nation by giving a new life to its
+offspring." And we would then call upon England, her North American
+provinces, and the Hudson's Bay Company, to employ their wealth and
+power to unite in one great unbroken iron chain, the Mother Country with
+her distant Children, and, in spite of Nature's difficulties, carry
+steam across the Rocky Mountains.[see Note 25]
+
+From childhood I have been accustomed to look upon the power of
+England as irresistible,--morally, physically,[see Note 35] and
+intellectually,--she has now in this age the command of mind and matter
+sufficient to enable her almost to move the earth, and shall the tunnel
+under the Thames, the tube over the Conway, and the bridge over the
+Menai, be our only wonders? How well do I remember the delight with
+which I have listened to the anecdote told of Mr. Pitt, who, when he was
+informed that it was impracticable to carry into effect some orders he
+had given about heavy ordnance being sent to Portsmouth within a certain
+time, "Not possible?" exclaimed Mr. Pitt, "then send them by the
+Mail."[see Note 26] With the same feeling of pride and delight have I
+heard in later days of the artillery officer's remark, when it was
+whispered to him by another that it would not be possible to place their
+guns in some wished for position; "My dear fellow," said the commanding
+officer, "I have the order in my pocket." Let England only commence the
+Railway from Halifax to the Pacific, with the order to cross the Rocky
+Mountains in the pocket of her sons, and the accomplishment of the
+undertaking will soon reward the labour, courage and skill which would
+undoubtedly be exhibited. Sir Alexander Mackenzie inscribed in large
+characters, with vermillion, this brief memorial, on the rocks of the
+Pacific, "Alexander Mackenzie from Canada by land the 22nd of July,
+1794." Who will be the first engineer to inscribe upon the Rocky
+Mountains "On this day engineer A. B. piloted the first locomotive
+engine across the Rocky Mountains;" and what then will be the feeling of
+Englishmen, when even now Steam is considered the "exclusive offspring
+of British genius, fostered and sustained by British enterprise and
+British capital!" We have seen that on the highest habitable spot of the
+Mountains of the Alps stands a monument of war, placed there by the hand
+of a powerful man in the pride of victory over his fellow-men, and in
+honour of his companion in arms. We trust before long that on the
+highest habitable spot of the Rocky Mountains will stand a monument of
+peace, placed there by an enterprising nation in honour of the victory
+of science over nature, and in memory of some enterprising son.
+
+After all her wars, her victories and her revolutions, in what condition
+is France?
+
+What may not England expect to be with all her victories over
+nature--her trade and commerce?[see Note 52] May she march forward in
+her career of peace as bravely, as nobly, and as proudly as she did in
+that of war; and may she now take as great an interest in, and make
+the same exertions for, the welfare and happiness not only of her own
+people, but of those of other nations in all quarters of the globe, as
+she did in former days for their protection from a desolating foe.
+
+What the ultimate consequences of such a link of connection would be,
+are indeed far beyond the reach of the human mind to foresee; but its
+immediate results stand out apparently to the most common observer. In
+the first place, Cape Horn (_the roughest point to weather in the whole
+world_) would be avoided. In the next, the long passage by the Cape of
+Good Hope to innumerable places in the Pacific Ocean would become also
+unnecessary. In both these cases a great amount of time (which in
+commerce is money) would be saved. Again, it would be no longer
+necessary to send goods by the route of the Hudson's Bay[see Note 27] to
+the territories of that Company; and thus _a climate horrible in winter
+and summer_, would also be avoided.[see Note 44] Then one view of the
+map of the world will show that the proposed terminus of the Atlantic
+and Pacific Railway at Frazer's River, taken as a centre, would bring
+New Zealand, New South Wales, in fact, Australia, New Guinea, Borneo,
+Canton, Pekin, all within fifty days' sail of that point; and taking the
+Sandwich Islands as a centre point, (where there is a fine harbour, and
+where a depot of coals might be established), which could be reached in
+ten days, all the before-named places would be brought within twenty
+days for steam navigation, other points, such as the Friendly Islands,
+&c., might be selected for further depots of coals. Again, from the
+terminus of the proposed railway the mails from England could be
+despatched to all the before-mentioned places, and the formation of a
+great steam navigation company, with a grant from government in the same
+way as a grant was made to the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company to
+Halifax, would insure magnificent steamers for the conveyance of these
+mails, and would secure also to the Hudson's Bay Company an immense
+consumption of their coal. Last, though not least of all, this Railway
+route across the continent of North America would ensure to England at
+all times a free communication with her East India possessions. It is
+true that at present there is no difficulty in that respect, and the
+indefatigable exertions of Lieutenant Waghorn and of other enterprising
+people, amongst them my friend Major Head, have opened to the British
+public and to the East India Company a quick and speedy communication
+with India. But let the public reflect, and let the Government reflect,
+that, in the event of a European war, we might be called upon to defend
+and keep open that communication at an immense expenditure of life and
+money, and indeed it might even be closed against us; whereas the
+proposed Line across the continent of America would be within our own
+dominions, and would not oblige us to interfere or meddle with any
+continental wars to enjoy its free use. No time ought to be lost in the
+commencement of this national undertaking.
+
+If then Government took the initiative, it might obtain the consent of
+Parliament, and proceed to appoint a Board of General Arrangement and
+Control, consisting, say, of fifteen Commissioners: three on the part of
+Great Britain, three to be named by the Hudson's Bay Company, three to
+be appointed by the Government of Nova Scotia, three by that of New
+Brunswick, and three on the part of Canada; all these latter of course
+with the approval of their respective Governors. It may appear that
+the North American Provinces would thus have a greater proportion
+of Commissioners; but as each of these Colonies have Governments
+independent of each other, they may be considered as separate Companies,
+although we take them as one when considered as the North American
+Provinces. These fifteen gentlemen might be all Members of Parliament;
+thus the system of representatives from the Colonies, so often suggested
+and spoken of, could be commenced, and the Colonists thus made
+practically aware that they are _an integral part of this country_.
+These Commissioners could be authorized to make all the necessary
+arrangements for the security of the monies proposed to be advanced by
+the Government of Great Britain, and should be instructed to draw up the
+general Articles of Agreement between the high contracting parties; and
+Government might be authorized by Parliament to open an account with
+these Commissioners, who as a Body might be called "The Atlantic and
+Pacific Railway Board of Control," and under its auspices a public
+Company might be formed, refunding to the Government all previous
+outlay.
+
+Our North American provinces are close at hand, and during the
+approaching summer all the necessary arrangements might be made for the
+reception of a great number of convicts in different locations; and, in
+the first instance, they might be sent to Halifax and Quebec,[see Note
+53] where they could be received immediately, not certainly in palaces,
+but in very good wood huts; at both these places they could also be at
+once set to work in unloading the vessels sent from England with the
+necessary stores for the commencement of this great national work, and
+in preparing and levelling the situations of the respective termini; for
+of course at both these stations great government as well as private
+wharfs would be established. Again: another portion could be sent at
+once from New South Wales to the port fixed upon on the north-west coast
+of North America, in the Hudson's Bay Company's territory:[see Note 67]
+there they could be put to work in the same way--to unload vessels
+bringing in stores, to cut down and prepare timber, level and get ready
+the site of the terminus. And it appears very necessary that preparation
+should be made for the reception of a large body at the Red River
+Settlement, that point being a very important spot in the Line proposed.
+Let us see what Montgomery Martin says about it.[see Note 28]
+
+The Bishop of Montreal, in 1844, says, "The soil, which is alluvial, is
+beyond example rich and productive, and withal so easily worked, that,
+although it does not quite come up to the description of the Happy
+Islands--reddit ubi cererem tellus inarata quot annis--there is an
+instance, I was assured, of a farm in which the owner, with
+comparatively light labour in the preparatory processes, had taken a
+wheat crop out of the same land for eighteen successive years, never
+changing the crop, never manuring the land, and never suffering it to
+lie fallow, and that the crop was abundant to the last; and, with
+respect to the pasture and hay, they are to be had ad libitum, as nature
+gives them in the open plains." Again, speaking of import goods: "All
+these articles are brought across from Hudson's Bay, a distance of
+several hundred miles, in boats, and these boats are drawn across the
+portages on rollers, or in some places carried upon waggons; hence those
+articles which are of a heavy description are charged at a price
+seemingly out of all proportion to that of many others which may be
+obtained at a moderate price: a common grindstone is sold for
+20_s_."[see Note 29]
+
+Now read again the description of Hudson's Bay, discovered by John
+Hudson in 1610,[see Note 27] then look upon that picture, and upon
+this; look upon that country that will give eighteen successive crops of
+wheat, and look upon the difficult, dangerous, and tedious navigation of
+that bay, whose _climate in summer and winter is horrible_, and through
+whose waters the stores of this fine country are obliged to travel;
+look at that picture, then look at this,--the easy, safe, and rapid
+communication of a Railway,--and say if the time, health and money that
+would be saved by its construction is not worthy the consideration of
+Englishmen, and would not repay the constructors, even if that was to be
+its last terminus.[see Note 54]
+
+But when it is considered that the Main Line of Railway, in passing
+through our own colonies, would skirt the shores of Lake Superior--rich
+in mines of silver and copper[see Note 36]--and that the Red River
+Settlement[see Note 30] would only be one of the many valuable towns and
+districts that would be opened to trade and commerce, and only
+contribute its mite to the profits to be obtained from the passage of
+the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, it appears to me impossible that
+such a powerful and wealthy Company as the Hudson's Bay, such
+magnificent colonies as our North American provinces, and such a power
+as Great Britain, can balance for one moment in their minds whether loss
+or profit must attend the undertaking and completion of such a Railway.
+
+But, vires acquirit eundo, our argument is stronger as we proceed; for,
+crossing the Rocky Mountains, where the real terminus would be, let us
+pause for a moment to consider the mine of wealth we should open--not
+the wealth of gold and silver--but wealth, the reward of commerce and
+industry.
+
+"The land," Nicolay says, "affords, even now, exports of cattle, wool,
+hides, and tallow, as well as salted meat, beef, pork, wheat, barley,
+Indian corn, apples, and timber. Of these all are sent to the Sandwich
+Islands, some to California, and hides and wool have been sent to
+England. The woods of the Oregon present another fertile source of
+national wealth. The growth of timber of all sorts in the neighbourhood
+of the harbours in the De-fuca Strait adds much to their value as a
+naval and commercial station. Coal is found in the whole western
+district, but principally shows itself above the surface on north part
+of Vancouver's Island. To these sources of commercial and national
+wealth must be added the minerals--iron, lead, tin, &c. The mountains
+and seacoast produce granite, slate, sandstone,--and in the interior
+oolites; limestone is plentiful, and to the north most easily worked
+and very rich in colour."
+
+Again: look to the whale fishery.[see Note 31] And, in conclusion, we
+may say that the Hudson's Bay Company's territory in the Pacific, that
+is, New Caledonia, "will be found to fall short of but a few countries,
+either in salubrity of climate, fertility of soil, and consequent
+luxuriance of vegetation, and utility of production, of in the
+picturesque character of the scenery."
+
+But, my dear friend, I have been led on by my excitement on this subject
+to make quotations and enter into particulars and details far beyond my
+original thoughts, which were chiefly to draw the attention of your
+powerful and active mind to a great national undertaking, knowing well
+your love of everything English, and at the same time your devoted
+attachment to the North American colonies. You have travelled far, and
+seen much, and have shown in your works how clearly you have observed
+and appreciated the power and manly spirit of England;
+
+      "Dear for her reputation through the world;"
+
+and although you have felt, as a colonist, that her provinces of North
+America might have been better governed, and that they have had even
+much justly to complain about, still you have always upheld the
+connection with England, and argued its value. In writing to you, the
+thoughts of old times have returned, and reminded me of our happy
+meetings and friendly converse in your lodgings in Piccadilly; and, thus
+thinking, I have written on, as in fancy I have imagined we should have
+chatted together,--and now I cannot do otherwise than continue in this
+freedom of communication, and endeavour to excite you to entertain my
+thoughts, and to canvass them among your fellow-countrymen.
+
+To return, then, to our subject, and to the necessity for England to be
+up and stirring. It has been remarked, that "a person who is already
+thriving seldom puts himself out of his way to commence even a lucrative
+improvement, unless urged by the additional motive of fear lest some
+rival should supplant him by getting possession of it before him."
+Truly, indeed, has it been said by the Spectator, "that England is not
+bankrupt, nor poor, nor needy. In every quarter we see immense additions
+to material wealth; we observe, too, on all hands a vast extension of
+luxurious enjoyments among the middle classes; every thing attests a
+huge growth in the wealth of the nation." It may be fairly considered,
+then, that England is thriving--a lucrative improvement of vast
+magnitude is open to her--and if the additional motive of fear of
+rivalry is necessary to excite her in so noble an undertaking, let her
+reflect on what is said in an American paper:--
+
+A Boston paper of the day says, "the finding of these gold mines is of
+more importance than any previous event for 300 years. The prosperity
+of Queen Elizabeth's reign was mainly owing to the stimulus given to
+commerce by the increase of the precious metals; but the field now to be
+acted upon is at least fifty times greater than during that period.
+Within five years there will be a Railroad from the Atlantic Ocean,
+across the great American Continent, through the gold regions, to the
+Bay of San Francisco, said to be the finest harbour in the world. The
+people of San Francisco will then communicate by telegraph in a few
+minutes, and the mails will be taken to Canton on the one side in
+fourteen days, and to London on the other in nine days; so that
+intelligence may be conveyed from the one end to the other in the short
+period of twenty-three days. This will be witnessed under five years."
+
+It is evident, then, that the people of the United States are quite
+aware of all the advantages to be gained by a quick communication across
+the Continent of America. Let us consider now, for a moment, what the
+consequences of a railway would be as regards your own valuable and
+fertile colonies.[see Note 43]
+
+You have no doubt already pictured to yourself the town of Halifax alive
+with all the bustle and excitement of a great commercial community, and
+her noble harbours full of every description of vessels, from the
+magnificent English steamer to the small colonial coasting craft; for
+soon, not merely one steamer a week, as now, would touch from England on
+her way to New York, but Nova Scotia herself, from the increasing wealth
+and importance of her towns, would require the use of many steamers to
+enable her to carry on the numerous commercial duties that would fall to
+her lot; and when we reflect that at Halifax would rest the terminus,
+whence could be embarked for England at all seasons of the year our
+highly valuable colonial produce, including the rich exports from the
+Southern Pacific Ocean (not sent round Cape Horn or the Cape of Good
+Hope); and when we reflect that this long neglected seaport town could
+equally receive at all seasons of the year the various exports from
+England, for her numerous Colonies; and when we consider that there is
+abundance of coal at hand, with wood and stone for building, who can
+hesitate for a moment to acknowledge that Halifax would soon become one
+of the most important ports, and one of the most noble cities of the
+world; add to this, that the connection and attachment of Nova Scotia to
+England would be cemented for ever--and that the dream of the Clockmaker
+would be realized. "This is the best situation in all America--is Nova
+Scotia, if the British did but know it. It will have the greatest trade,
+the greatest population, the most manufactures, the most wealth, of any
+state this side of the water. The resources, natural advantages, and
+political position of this place, beats all." Then again, look to the
+city of Quebec; no sooner would the river navigation be open than
+thousands of vessels from England would be seen dropping their anchors
+at the foot of her proud citadel, carrying out vast cargoes of English
+exports; then picture to yourself the railway terminus, alive with all
+the consequent bustle, the steam up, and the railway carriages ready to
+convey all these articles of commerce to every town and district in the
+North American Colonies; away also to the far west, whence they would be
+forwarded to our colonial possessions in the Southern Pacific, and to
+numerous other places; then again, behold these ships reloading quickly
+with the timber and other exportable articles from our then
+firmly-linked-together valuable Colonies, sailing away for England, and
+repeating their visit two or three times in the season; the difficult
+navigation of the Hudson's Bay avoided; the territory of the Hudson's
+Bay Company daily increasing in value, from the ease with which its
+inhabitants could procure articles of commerce, before almost forbidden
+to them; and Quebec, being their nearest port for embarkation for
+England, would necessarily become even a much more important city than
+she is at present. The land in her neighbourhood would become highly
+valuable, and, as a matter of necessity, the fine country to the north,
+with even better soil and better climate, would soon be opened and
+peopled. I cannot cease referring to Quebec without recording my
+gratitude for many kindnesses there received--particularly from the
+family of Captain Boxer.[see Note 55] Then again, look to New Brunswick,
+connected as it would of course be both with Halifax and Quebec, thus,
+having a free and direct communication with those cities, and enabled to
+export or import at any season of the year, (should she wish to avoid
+the navigation of the Bay of Fundy); then think what strength she would
+bring to the union of the Colonies by such a link of connection, and how
+many more opportunities her inhabitants would have of encouraging and
+fostering that strong attachment to their English brethren we all so
+well know to exist amongst the people of New Brunswick.
+
+But, my dear friend, I might go on this way for ever, pointing out town
+after town, and district after district, showing how the wealth and
+prosperity of each would go on rapidly increasing. I cannot, however,
+quit the subject without a passing word on Montreal, in which city I
+have passed many happy days, and from whose inhabitants I have received
+much kindness and civility. That noble city has already made some
+steady advances to a great capital, and the time cannot be far distant
+when she will rival even the most flourishing on the North American
+Continent. To her this proposed Railway would be highly important. She
+has shown that she already understands the value of such things; for not
+only has she a small one of her own to La-Chine, about seven miles up
+the river, but she has also, I understand, finished about thirty miles
+towards the Atlantic in the direction of Portland. The interest of these
+Companies would not of course be lost sight of, but their profits taken
+into the general calculation. The great Trunk Line of Railway would
+naturally, I conclude, go through a country some distance to the north
+of Montreal; but one of the most important termini must of necessity be
+at that city where the business of the Government is carried on, and
+where of course a general Railway Communication with every town and
+district would be established. Toronto would naturally be considered in
+the manner in which so loyal and devoted a city ought to be, and where
+was held, even to a very late period, the parliament of a great country,
+surrendered only to her sister Montreal on public considerations and for
+the general good;[see Note 62] and the Main Line of Railway should be
+brought as near Toronto as the communication between the Atlantic and
+Pacific (its great object and principal view) would permit. Hamilton,
+Kingston, Byetown and several other places must not consider themselves
+neglected, if not herein specially mentioned; but in fact as regards
+these Colonies, the song of your friend, the Clockmaker, about them
+cannot be sung too often. "Oh Squire! if John Bull only knew the value
+of these Colonies, he would be a great man, I tell you,--but he don't."
+Truly do I hope that I may now sing to them with confidence,--
+
+      "There's a good time coming yet,
+                    Wait a little longer."
+
+In your conversation with the Clockmaker you have observed, "it is
+painful to think of the blunders that have been committed from time to
+time in the management of our Colonies, and of the gross ignorance or
+utter disregard of their interests that has been displayed in treaties
+with foreign powers. Fortunately for the Mother Country, the Colonists
+are warmly attached to her and her institutions, and deplore a
+separation too much to agitate questions, however important, that may
+have a tendency to weaken their affections by arousing their passions."
+Should the Government of Great Britain, upon whose consideration will be
+forced the present situation of her Colonies, consider it right to give
+their support to this proposed Atlantic and Pacific Railway for the
+reasons herein explained, or from any other cause,--the great benefit
+that Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Canadas will derive from having
+open to them a free and easy access to the Atlantic and the Pacific,
+will, I trust, occasion such an activity of mind and such an employment
+of matter, that in the general good arising therefrom, all thoughts of
+former ill treatment or unkindness from the Mother Country will soon be
+forgotten.
+
+The great question, however, is, and will be on all sides, Where is the
+money to come from?[see Note 56] and that question I am weak enough to
+fancy is easily answered. Let us consider this subject a little. Let us
+remember, first, that England expended 630 millions during nineteen
+years in war, and, notwithstanding which expenditure, the country got
+richer and richer every day;[see Note 14] and if the country is not
+poorer now than it was in the years when it was able to raise the sum of
+150 millions in a single year--the greater part of which it could afford
+to expend in one year in war, and grow richer all the time--surely such
+a country can afford to expend some few millions for the benefit of
+those colonies on account of whom she was lately ready to go to war, and
+on whose account she did actually expend about two millions, caused
+merely by the rebellion and disturbance of a few discontented spirits.
+But the money that England would be called upon to advance in the
+proposed undertaking would secure to her not only the attachment of her
+children in the North American provinces, by making it as well their
+worldly interest, as it is their natural feeling and wish, to remain
+Englishmen; but that money, and the interest of that money, could be
+secured to her by proper arrangements being entered into with the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and with the North American provinces, and be
+ultimately reimbursed to her by the formation of the proposed Company.
+
+Up to the present moment England has, I believe, only expended the
+sum of L148,000,000 on her Railways, and, I believe, nearly 5000 miles
+are finished; and on an average these Railways are said to give a return
+of about four per cent., and "with the increase of the national
+wealth and population, and with the increase of habits of social
+inter-communication and the transit of goods, the traffic on Railways
+would increase, and the profits and dividends would not be less but
+greater; and in the case of some of them, no man would pretend to say
+how great might be the increase of dividends from the improved and
+economical modes of working Railways, which, there is every reason to
+believe, will day by day be freshly discovered." [_Bradshaw's Almanack,
+1849_]. And who will say that L200,000,000 expended (even should such a
+sum as that be required) in making a Railway Road from the Atlantic to
+the Pacific through our own territories, and therefore completely under
+our own controul, would not increase by a tenfold degree the value of
+that property already expended in England? When the Railways now in
+contemplation at home are finished, their total length will, I believe,
+be about 10,000 miles, and the expenditure between 200 and 240 millions.
+The length of the Railway proposed to go through our colonies may be
+spoken of roughly as at about 4000 miles; but when we take into
+consideration the relative value of land in England and our colonies,
+and a thousand other Railway contingencies in a highly civilized
+country, creating enormous legal, legislative and other expenses, we
+naturally come to the conclusion that the outlay per mile must of course
+be considerably diminished in the colonies. Taking it, however, at the
+English expenditure of L24,000 a mile on the average, it would only cost
+L96,000,000;[see Note 32]--L5,000,000 has been estimated as sufficient
+for six hundred miles of Railway from Halifax to Quebec. But calling it
+L100,000,000, and supposing the work to be five years completing, that
+would only be at the rate of L20,000,000 a year, the interest of which
+at five per cent. would be L1,000,000. Surely, then, such a sum as that
+could be easily raised, even by the Hudson's Bay Company alone, upon the
+security of their extensive and valuable territory. For so great a
+difference would soon arise between the value of that territory as it
+is now--merely the abode of Indians and hunters--and what it would be
+then; with its clearings, its improvements, its roads, its trade, its
+manufactures, and its towns, that any amount of debt almost might be
+incurred. But our loyal colonies would no doubt equally enter into
+securities to England, and be glad, in fact, to share their chance of
+the profit; for these colonies, as well as the Hudson's Bay Company,
+would be immense gainers. Still it may be argued, that unless it can be
+shown that England herself would be a gainer, she would not be justified
+in advancing any money on such an undertaking. Let us, then, consider
+this point a little. Mr. Cobden has asserted (what some of our public
+journals confess to be true), "that if the revenue had fallen off, it
+was because the balance sheet of the merchants and the manufacturers had
+fallen off likewise." If then we show by the undertaking of such a
+work as is now proposed, the balance sheets of the merchants and
+manufacturers must increase immensely, we surely make out a case for
+the good of the country generally, as far as revenue is concerned.
+
+Let us then first consider, that "So interwoven and complicated are the
+fibres which form the texture of the highly civilized and artificial
+community in which we live, that an effect produced on any one point is
+instantly transmitted to the most remote and apparently unconnected
+parts of the system." And again--"The exportation of labourers and
+capital from the old to the new countries, from a place where their
+productive power is less to a place where it is greater, increases by
+so much the aggregate produce of the labour and capital of the world."
+
+Now, with regard to the first remark, the effect that would be produced
+by the necessary exportation of all the machinery for the making and
+working of this Atlantic and Pacific Railway, would of course produce,
+even in England, a very great increase both to the productive power and
+to the consumption of a variety of articles apparently unconnected with
+the affairs of the Railway; and when, again, we look to the necessary
+exportation of labourers and of capital to the towns on the Line of the
+Railway where there is less productive power at work, by increasing that
+dormant power we shall increase the aggregate capital of the world, and
+consequently that of England. Again--"Could we suddenly double the
+productive power of the country, we should double the supply of the
+commodities in every market, but we should by the same stroke double
+the purchasing power--every body would bring a double demand as well as
+supply--every body would be able to buy twice as much, as he would have
+twice as much to offer in exchange." Also--"A country which produces for
+a larger market than its own, can introduce a more extended division of
+labour--can make a greater use of machinery, and is more likely to
+make inventions and improvements in the progress of production."
+Again--"Whatever causes a greater quantity of any thing to be produced
+in the same place, tends to the general increase of the productive
+powers of the world." Now it surely will not be denied, that the
+undertaking of this National Railway would cause in England a greater
+quantity of machinery to be made and exported to the North American
+provinces, thus producing for it a larger market than the home, and
+causing a greater quantity to be made--thus a general increase of the
+productive powers of the world must be produced; and as "wealth may be
+defined as all useful or agreeable things which possess exchangeable
+value," it necessarily follows that the immense increase that would
+be given to the productive powers of England, to those of her North
+American provinces, and of the Hudson's Bay territory, by an undertaking
+on such an extensive scale, if it did not completely, would nearly
+double these powers; and as whoever brings additional commodities to
+market brings additional power to purchase, it follows that the
+inhabitants of our North American provinces, and of the Hudson's Bay
+territory, would be enabled to take nearly twice the quantity of our
+manufactured goods.
+
+Lord Stanley, in moving an amendment to the Address from the Throne,
+says: "the exports of the six principal articles of British industry,
+cotton, wool, linen, silk, hardware and earthenware, exhibit a
+diminution as compared with 1847, of no less than four millions, and as
+compared with 1846, of five millions;" such being the case, it becomes
+highly important to consider the cause of this falling off, with a view
+to a remedy, and some great measures must be adopted towards our own
+colonies that will enable them to receive a greater quantity of
+manufactured goods from the mother country,--and this great Railway is
+suggested as one that would increase the productive power and population
+of our North American colonies, and a consequent increasing necessity
+for hardware and earthenware, to say nothing even of the other articles
+of British industry, or of the facility of communicating with our other
+Colonies.
+
+These few remarks will suffice to show that the balance sheets of the
+merchants, and consequently of the revenue of England, as well as the
+capital of individuals, must increase immensely during the construction
+of and at the completion of the proposed undertaking. Mr. Montgomery
+Martin has stated that "Railways are the very grandest organization of
+labour and capital that the world has ever seen:" that "the capital
+actually invested in Railways advanced from L65,000,000 in 1843 to
+L167,000,000 in 1848--no less than L100,000,000 in five years." And
+why should we not look forward to an equal--aye--and to a much larger
+investment--on such a magnificent Line of Railway? joining, as it would,
+all the northern dominions of the old world--crossing, as it would, the
+northern territories of the new, and making an easy opening to the rich
+and thriving world that may be considered of the present day. For "the
+word has been given, an active and enterprising population will be
+poured in, every element of progress will be cultivated, and the
+productive countries on the shores of the Pacific, heretofore isolated,
+will be brought into active and profitable intercourse. It may truly be
+said that a new world has been opened.
+
+"Our fathers watched the progress of America, we ourselves have seen
+that of Australia, but the opening of the Pacific is one of the greatest
+events in social history since, in the fifteenth century, the East
+Indies were made known to Europe; for we have not, as in America or
+Australia, to await the slow growth of European settlements, but to
+witness at once the energetic action of countries already in a high
+state of advancement. The Eastern and the Western shores of the great
+Ocean will now be brought together as those of the Atlantic are,
+and will minister to each other's wants. A happy coincidence of
+circumstances has prepared the way for these results. Everything was
+ready, the word only was wanted to begin, and it has been given.
+
+"The outflowings of Chinese emigrants and produce, which have gone
+towards the East, will now move to the West; the commercial enterprise
+of Australia and New Zealand has acquired a new field of exercise and
+encouragement; the markets which Chili and Peru have found in Europe
+only, will be opened nearer to their doors; the north-west shore of
+America will obtain all the personal and material means of organization;
+the Islands of the Pacific will take the place in the career of
+civilization for which the labours of the missionary have prepared them;
+and even Japan will not be able to withhold itself from the community of
+nations.
+
+"This is worth more to our merchants and manufacturers, and to the
+people employed by them, than even the gold mines can be; for this is
+the statement of certain results, and the working of the gold mines,
+however productive they may prove, must be attended with all the
+incidents of irregularity and uncertainty, and great commercial
+disadvantages."--(_Wyld's Geographical Notes._)
+
+Surely then there would be no difficulty with Parliament to encourage
+and facilitate the formation of an Atlantic and Pacific Railway Company,
+by obtaining its sanction to the loan of L150,000,000 in such sums as
+might be required (to be issued under the sanction of a board appointed
+for that special purpose), particularly when it is recollected that the
+expense of the greater part of her own convicts could be provided for by
+that advance.
+
+It will easily be seen that it would be impossible to complete this
+Atlantic and Pacific Railway, without at the same time giving great
+encouragement to the emigration of labour; and this "is only practicable
+when its cost is defrayed _or at least advanced by others_, than the
+labourers themselves. Who then is to advance it? Naturally it may be
+said, the capitalists of the colony, who require the labour, and who
+intend to profit by it. But to this there is the obstacle, that a
+capitalist, after going to the expense of carrying out labourers, has no
+security that he shall be the person to derive any benefit from them."
+To those who would object to Government interference in a case like the
+present, we can only say, in the words of Mr. Mill, that "the question
+of Government intervention in the work of colonization involves the
+future and permanent interests of civilization itself, and far
+outstretches the comparatively narrow limits of purely economical
+considerations; but, even with a view to these considerations alone, the
+removal of population from the overcrowded to the unoccupied parts of
+the earth's surface, is one of those works of eminent social usefulness
+which most require, and which at the same time will best repay, the
+intervention of Government." "No individual or body of individuals
+_could_ reimburse themselves for these expenses." Government, on the
+contrary, _could_ take from the increasing wealth _caused by the
+construction of this Railway and consequent great emigration, the
+fraction which would suffice to repay with interest the money advanced_.
+These remarks apply equally to the governments of the North American
+provinces as to those of the Hudson's Bay Company and Great Britain.[see
+Note 57]
+
+Let us now personify our Atlantic and Pacific Railway, and endeavour
+more immediately to apply some of the reasoning as regards colonization
+to the money part of the question as regards the Railway. As regards
+colonization the question--Who is to advance the money? has, I think,
+been very clearly answered by Mr. Mill. As regards the undertaking of
+this Railway, and the answer to the question, Where is the money to come
+from? let us first suppose then that "there is an increase of the
+quantity of money, caused by the arrival of a foreigner in a place with
+a treasure of gold and silver; when he commences expending it, he adds
+to the supply of money and by the same act to the demand for goods. If
+he expends his funds in establishing a manufactory, he will raise the
+price of labour and materials; but, at the higher prices, more money
+will pass into the hands of the sellers of these different articles; and
+they, whether labourers or dealers, having more money to lay out, will
+create an increased demand for all things which they are accustomed to
+purchase, and these accordingly will rise in price, and so on, until the
+rise has reached every thing." Now let us for a moment suppose this
+foreigner to be represented by our friend the Atlantic and Pacific
+Railway, (imagined, for the sake of our argument, to be completed),
+and we will no longer consider him a foreigner, but a brother. This
+brother, on his arrival in England finds that he has unfortunately
+forgotten to bring with him his purse, that in fact he has neither gold
+nor silver, the representatives of wealth, and here, be it remembered,
+that wealth is any thing useful or agreeable, and that money is a
+commodity. We will then suppose this North American brother to say, My
+good brother of England, I am here without gold or silver, or without
+any kind of wealth; the commodities I have left behind me are of such a
+nature, that without much labour I could not put them in such a shape as
+would enable me to bring them to this country, nor could I obtain silver
+or gold enough to represent them; unless, therefore, I send some
+labouring people and machinery to my country, I am afraid I cannot
+obtain all the commodities I wish to have. Now you have plenty of spare
+labourers, and plenty of spare machinery and other useful materials, and
+for which you would be glad to receive valuable commodities in my
+country; and if you will only send the labourers and machinery out, I
+will order that in return you shall be allowed to bring away all the
+useful and agreeable things, that is, all the wealth that may be found,
+and have the use of such things as you may prefer to keep in my country.
+Now if you will make this agreement with me, I will return with you to
+my native land, and will not only assist you to obtain all these
+commodities, but I will engage also to pay you a certain annual income
+out of my saving; and I will show you the short way to the most
+extensive region of wealth ever known to any nation in the world; and
+you can then travel that road, so that at no future period (at least
+within the imagination of man) shall you ever again complain of too
+great a population on your soil, or too small a market for your labour.
+
+Then the good brother of England says to this Atlantic and Pacific
+brother,--We believe all you say of your wealth, and we see the great
+advantage it would be to us to partake of it, and to have the command of
+the road you point out, but what security are we to have that when our
+labourers and machinery are sent to your country they will be employed;
+and if you have neither gold nor silver nor other commodities ready to
+give us in exchange for the work and the articles, how are we to pay the
+people to prepare the machinery, and all our other labourers, whose
+wages would in England of course become higher, as they would be less in
+number, and there would be a greater quantity of work to be done. The
+brothers, in talking over this matter, discovered that "credit is
+indispensable, for rendering the whole capital of the country
+productive. It is also the means by which the industrial talent of the
+country is turned to most account for purposes of production. Many a
+person who has no capital of his own, or very little, but who has
+qualifications for business, which are known and appreciated by some
+person of capital, is enabled to obtain either advances of money, or
+more frequently goods, on credit, by which his industrial capacities are
+made instrumental in the increase of public wealth." The Pacific and
+Atlantic brother observed,--This is exactly my case. Only give me
+credit, and I will bind myself on my own personal security to give up
+whatever portion of my annual income you may consider necessary; and I
+will also secure the money advanced by you on my land, on the minerals
+thereof, and in any other way that may be deemed necessary. My brother
+of the Atlantic and Pacific Railway, says the Englishman, you have
+nearly convinced me; we will immediately appoint friends to draw up all
+the necessary agreements between us, that will enable me, if possible,
+to advance you such labour and machinery as may be required; and we will
+also proceed to appoint other friends, who shall take into
+consideration, in the first place, the expense incurred from your birth
+to a state of manhood, and the annual income that is derived from your
+business and your property; and leaving you sufficient to maintain
+yourself as a gentleman, we shall appropriate to ourselves whatever may
+remain, as a reward for our exertions and the risk to be incurred, and
+as a security for the interest of the money expended upon your account.
+The brothers having thus agreed in a general way, proceed immediately to
+appoint friends and to call upon their good old mother, Great Britain,
+to advance the money required, and their North American relations, Nova
+Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada, and Hudson's Bay, to come forward and
+make a general family treaty for the security and payment of such
+advances. The brothers were then congratulating themselves on what they
+considered the success of their project, when it was whispered to them
+that something of a similar plan had been proposed for their relation
+Ireland, by one "whose loss is too great to be slighted, and too recent
+not to be felt;" and it had been suggested that for every L100 expended
+on Railways in that country, L200 should be lent by Government; upon
+which occasion it had been observed by one who has greatly influenced,
+whether for good or evil, will be hereafter known, the destinies of the
+British Empire, that "the public credit of the State is one of the
+elements of our financial strength, and that it was not possible to
+appropriate a great portion of that public credit to the encouragement
+of commercial enterprises, without, to the same extent, foregoing the
+power to apply that public credit in another direction, in the event of
+the national exigencies requiring you to do so." The brothers replied,
+this is certainly true; but the proposed undertaking is not a commercial
+enterprise, although no doubt it would produce great commercial and
+colonizing results; but it is a grand national work,--a desideratum that
+has been wished for, looked for, and cared for, ever since the new world
+was discovered--that has repeatedly called forth great expenditure of
+money, great suffering, and loss of life in searching for it, to the
+north. It is, in short, the great high road between the Atlantic and
+Pacific--the expense of making which you are called upon to consider.
+
+As regards Ireland, another bold measure has been suggested for that
+country; without giving any opinion upon it, I cannot help asking why we
+should not be as bold in peace as we were in war. Must we wait until
+
+      "The news is, sir, the Voices are in arms;
+      _Then indeed_--we shall have means to vent
+      Our musty superfluity?"
+
+"Without raising one shilling out of the Exchequer," says Lucius (see
+_Morning Post, Jan. 31st_), "boldly apply the national credit to relieve
+the national distress; at once authorize the Bank of Ireland, or a bank
+to be created for that purpose, to issue twenty or thirty millions in
+aid of the landed proprietors; secondly, for the judicious encouragement
+of emigration, transplant those who cannot earn a subsistence at home to
+a comfortable settlement in our colonies, and to promote such mercantile
+or other undertakings, let the notes issued be made legal tenders for
+all payments whatever, and let the entire soil of Ireland be pledged for
+their ultimate security." Far be it from me to give any opinion on what
+is best to be done for Ireland, but certain I feel that what is here
+proposed and suggested regarding an Atlantic and Pacific Railway could
+not interfere with any plan Government might think right to adopt for
+the regeneration of Ireland, unless indeed by greatly facilitating all
+emigration plans and permanent employment.
+
+But, independently of all this money question, "there is the strongest
+obligation on the government of a country like our own, with a crowded
+population and unoccupied continents under its command, to build as
+it were and keep open a bridge from the mother country to those
+continents." Let us reflect that "the economical advantages of commerce
+are surpassed in importance by those of its effects, which are
+intellectual and moral. It is hardly possible to overrate the value, for
+the improvement of human beings, of things which bring them in contact
+with persons dissimilar to themselves, and with modes of thought and
+action unlike those with which they are familiar. Commerce is now
+what war once was--the principal source of this contact. Commercial
+adventurers from more advanced countries have generally been the first
+civilizers of barbarians, and commerce is the purpose of the far greater
+part of the communication which takes place between civilized nations.
+It is commerce which is rapidly rendering war obsolete, by strengthening
+and multiplying the personal interest which is in natural opposition to
+it."--(_Mill, Polit. Econ._) In whatever point of view, therefore, we
+regard this subject--whether as one of duty by providing the means of
+healthy and legitimate employment to our numerous artificers and
+labourers now in a state of destitution--a domestic calamity likely to
+be often inflicted upon us--unless new fields, easy of access, are made
+permanently open to our continually increasing population--and "it would
+be difficult to show that it is not as much the duty of rulers to
+provide, as far as they can, for the removal of a domestic calamity, as
+it is to guard the people entrusted to their care from foreign
+outrage"--will they "slumber till some great emergency, some dreadful
+economic or other crisis, reveals the capacities of evil which the
+volcanic depths of our society may now hide under but a deep crust?"--or
+whether we view it as a means of assisting any general system in the
+penal code--or whether we view it as a point of individual or government
+interest, by turning all that extra-productive power, now idle, in the
+direction of our own colonies, and thus connecting and attaching them
+more strongly to the mother country--increasing their wealth, their
+power and our own:--or whether we consider it in a moral and religious
+point of view, as affording greater and quicker facilities for the
+spread of education and the Gospel of Christ[see Note 58]--or whether we
+look upon it as an instrument for the increase of commerce, and (as an
+important consequence) the necessarily directing men's minds, with the
+bright beams of hope from their own individual and immediate distress,
+as well as from the general excitement and democratic feeling and spirit
+of contention showing itself amongst many nations (an object greatly to
+be desired) for--
+
+      "The times are wild....
+       ....Every minute now
+      _May_ be the father of some stratagem;"
+
+--or whether we look at it in a political point of view, as keeping
+open to us at all times, without the necessity of interference with
+other nations or of war, a great high road to most of our colonial
+possessions, and particularly to India--viewing it then in any one of
+these points, who can doubt for a moment the beneficial results that
+must attend such an undertaking. But when all these considerations are
+taken together, we must repeat what we said in a former page, that it
+is a grand and a noble undertaking, and that it must be accomplished by
+Great Britain and her colonies.
+
+Let us reflect, lastly, my dear friend, that "the world now contains
+several extensive regions, provided with various ingredients of wealth,
+in a degree of abundance of which former ages had not even an idea."
+Your native land, and the other North American provinces, have, even by
+their own exertions, made rapid advances in wealth, accompanied by moral
+and intellectual attainments, and can look forward at no very distant
+period (if even left to their own exertions) to be enabled to take a
+very prominent position in the affairs of the world. But the Hudson's
+Bay Company's territory is still nearly in its primitive state, and much
+indeed is to be expected from its advancement, when it shall have taken
+its proper station in the general trade and commerce of mankind; the
+position of Vancouver's Island is such that there is little reason to
+doubt its wealth and consequence will place it high in the scale of
+England's offspring.[see Note 59]
+
+But, my dear friend, unless your mind has become as fully impressed as
+my own with the vast importance of this great Railway undertaking, I
+shall only tire you the more and detain you to no purpose by dwelling
+longer on the subject; and indeed even should your mind be satisfied
+with the importance of the work, it may yet conceive it to be of an
+impracticable nature. "Who (I have been asked) in the living generation
+would be reimbursed for the outlay? and without that, who will undertake
+a national work, however grand or remunerative to future ages?" To this
+I answer fearlessly, that thousands of human beings of the present
+generation would benefit by the outlay; that the employment would be a
+quite sufficiently lucrative one and visibly so, as to induce the
+English capitalist to come forward and undertake the formation of a
+Company; for even at this moment Railways are in contemplation,[see
+Note 40] if not actually commenced, from Halifax to Quebec and from New
+Brunswick to Halifax; and how much more would these Lines be paying
+Lines when they had also an opening to the Pacific! But no individual
+nor combination of individuals could have sufficient influence with, or,
+if they had the influence, could have the necessary power to induce, the
+Hudson's Bay Company to open its territories, and to enter into all the
+arrangements and all the agreements that would be necessary to be made
+with that Company, with England, and with the North American Colonies,
+before a work affecting the interests of so many could be commenced.
+
+It is necessary then that Government should take the initiative, and it
+is not uncommon for her so to do in all great national works, such as
+roads, surveys, expeditions either for the objects of science or
+commerce; such as those sent to discover the north-west passage, upon
+which thousands have been spent,[see Note 44] and on account of which,
+at this very moment, England has to deplore, in all probability, the
+loss of many a noble son, whose relatives have been for so long a time
+kept in all the agony of suspense. Upon no other description of work
+would Great Britain be required to advance a single penny; but the very
+fact of her undertaking what may be considered legitimate expenses of a
+government, the survey and marking out the whole Line, the entering into
+treaties with her Colonies and the Hudson's Bay Company for the general
+security of the money, and for the interest for a certain number of
+years of the capital of the Company, would give such a confidence to the
+public mind, that a very short time would bring into full operation in
+that direction, sufficient of the power and wealth of England to
+accomplish the work; and when accomplished, Government would still hold
+a lien upon it until she was reimbursed every penny. And, let me ask,
+are there not a thousand expenditures that have been undertaken by
+Government for which no reimbursement has ever taken place; and are not
+individuals every day risking their capital and their accumulation of
+savings, in speculations in foreign lands,[see Note 61] when the result
+of those past connections have been such as to lead the Minister of
+Foreign Affairs, even in his place in the House of Commons, to hold out
+as it were a threat to the whole world, if England's children did not
+receive their due. Surely it would be more prudent, more politically
+wise, and more economical, for Government to encourage the expenditure
+of our own capital in our own Colonies.
+
+Sitting in his arm chair, in his office in London, the Minister of Great
+Britain can now convey his thoughts, his wishes, his commands, in a few
+moments to every part of England and Scotland, and will soon be enabled
+to do so to Ireland.[see Note 66] He can send the soldiers, horse and
+foot, as well as the artillery of Great Britain, flying through the land
+at almost any rate he wishes. And all heavy stores and goods of the
+merchants can be easily forwarded at about twopence, and even, I
+believe, a penny a mile per ton, and at about twenty miles an hour; and
+a penny a letter now enables every individual in England to communicate,
+at almost every hour, with his distant friends and relations; the post
+office itself travelling at a rate and with an ease little to be
+comprehended by those who have not witnessed it. The result of such
+immense wealth and such enormous power is more than is required for
+England, and would necessarily carry with it its own destruction, was
+not her empire one which encircles the world.
+
+Let the minister then who guides and directs the wealth and power above
+described, and in whose hands the destinies and happiness of thousands
+are placed, picture to himself the encouragement that would be given to
+British industry and British enterprize, if, at ten days distance from
+her shores, a port was established from which he would be enabled to
+send across the Continent of America his thoughts, his wishes, and his
+commands, with the same speed at which they now travel throughout
+England; and if these thoughts, wishes and commands would reach every
+one of our own Colonies in the Pacific in about fifteen days after
+leaving the western shore of North America; and if from the same port
+(ten days distance from England) could also be despatched the troops of
+Great Britain, if unfortunately necessary, travelling at the rate before
+described; if heavy stores and merchants' goods could also be enabled to
+cross the Continent of America, at the same price and at the same speed
+as they now travel in England; if the post office system could also be
+introduced, and if letters at a penny each might pass between relation
+and relation, between friend and friend from England to her most distant
+Colonies--if her children gone forth to colonize could then either
+return or communicate their every wish to England in less than a month;
+and reclining in his own arm chair, reflecting as he ought to do and
+must do upon the power and wealth of England, let him not say that all
+here described is not easily within her reach. Let him rather consider
+the subject with a view to become the Leader of the Country in such a
+noble work. If it is a bold work, let him remember that fortune favours
+the brave.--"Si secuta fuerit, quod debet Fortuna, gaudebimus omnes, sin
+minus, ego tamen gaudebo."
+
+And now, my dear friend, whose patience I have so long taxed, it is time
+that we should part--
+
+          "Whether we shall meet again I know not;
+           If we do meet again--why we shall smile.
+           If not, for ever and for ever farewell."
+
+                                  Believe me,
+
+                                      Ever your's,
+
+                       Sincerely and faithfully attached,
+
+                           ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH.
+
+      JUNIOR UNITED SERVICE CLUB,
+            _February, 1849._
+
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+The last correction for the press was scarcely finished, when "Canada
+in 1848" was put into my hands. Had I, a month ago, seen that little
+pamphlet, written as it is with so much spirit and ability, I should
+hardly, perhaps, have felt sufficiently inclined to have suggested one
+Line of Railway, in opposition to the views of its talented author. I
+trust I need scarcely assure Lieut. Synge, that in any observations I
+have made upon Canals, I had no reference whatever to his grand
+scheme,--nor the least intention of treating lightly his magnificent
+project, of which, until a day or two ago, I did not even know the
+existence. I cannot now, however, let my Letter to my friend the Author
+of the Clockmaker go forth to the public, without availing myself of the
+opportunity thus afforded me, of bringing also to the notice of those
+who read that letter "the existing resources of British North America,"
+so fully and powerfully pointed out by Lieut. Millington Henry Synge, of
+the Royal Engineers. Educated myself at Woolwich, and having served for
+seven years in his sister corps, the Artillery, I feel proud and happy
+that there are so many points upon which we can and do agree. There are
+some, however, and one in particular most important, on which we are
+completely at issue. Lieut. Synge says, "A ship annually arrives at Fort
+York for the service of the Hudson's Bay Company; who can tell how many
+may eventually do so?" Now my wish is that the one "annually" arriving
+may never have again to travel that Bay, _whose climate in winter and
+summer is horrible_. I shall say no more on this subject at present;
+but I strongly recommend all those who have condescended to read and
+reflect upon the foregoing pages, to read and reflect also upon what has
+been written by Lieut. Synge. His pamphlet has afforded me the greatest
+possible pleasure. The manner in which (p. 5) he speaks of the people of
+the Colonies is completely in unison with my own expressed feelings; and
+all the arguments that he brings forward in favour of the great work
+upon which he has evidently thought so much, and in his pamphlet so
+clearly explained, bear equally in favour of the suggested Railway. He
+states that there is "a field open to almost an illimitable capital of
+labour; that the systematic development of the resources of British
+North America will, so far from being a drain upon Great Britain, be of
+immediate advantage to her. That such development entails a natural,
+enduring, and perfect union between Great Britain and that part of her
+empire in North America. That completeness of communication, including
+facility, rapidity, and security, is indeed the true secret of the
+rapidity and completeness of the development of the country." These are
+the thoughts of Lieut. Synge, and I think I have already explained that
+they are equally mine. We have suggested different methods. Lieut. Synge
+wishes to improve the old Line of water communication; and Colonization
+would then be naturally confined to the banks of Rivers and of Lakes. A
+great Line of Railway communication would, on the other hand, be
+naturally of some distance from the River, and in many instances carried
+through the heart of the country, and thus serve as another main artery,
+in which would circulate the wealth of the empire, and on each side of
+which would be opened valuable land, on which settlers could locate
+without being lost, or disheartened by the solitude of the wilderness.
+Again, Lieut. Synge asks, "Is it not wonderful that no independent mail
+route exists, to give the British Provinces the benefit of the
+geographical position of Halifax. Is it not wonderful that there should
+be no interprovincial means of rapid communication?" Such are the
+questions of Lieut. Synge--and such questions, I trust, will soon be
+answered by a Colonial Minister--that a new era will soon be open for
+the Colonies--new life and energy be given to them. But time presses,
+and I must here conclude, with again assuring Lieut. Synge of the
+sincere pleasure with which I have read his pamphlet, and that I shall
+make use of such extracts as can be hastily added, in the shape of
+Notes, to my own Letter to the Author of the Clockmaker:--happy shall
+I be if we agree--
+
+          "Sul campo della gloria noi pugneremo a lato:
+           Frema o sorrida il fato vicino a te staro,
+           La morte o la vittoria con te dividero."
+
+                           ROBERT CARMICHAEL-SMYTH.
+
+      JUNIOR UNITED SERVICE CLUB,
+           _February 28, 1849._
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+(1) The writer of this letter, when returning from Halifax to England in
+the spring of 1838, had the good fortune to take his passage in the same
+government packet with the author of the Clockmaker, who was proceeding
+to England with the second series of that work: and afterwards, when
+paying a momentary visit to Halifax in the winter of 1844, he
+experienced the high gratification of knowing, by the very kind
+reception he met with, that he had not been forgotten neither, by his
+Compagnons de voyage, Haliburton and Howe, nor by the other kind and
+highly valued friends he had formerly made in that city.
+
+
+(2) The history and particulars of this canal are well known at Halifax,
+and Samuel P. Fairbanks, Esq. (Master of the Rolls at Nova Scotia)
+brought to England with him in the Tyrian all the plans, maps, &c.
+connected with that canal, and was, I believe, sent as a representative
+of the parties connected with the work, in the hope that he might be
+able to induce the government to advance sufficient money for its
+completion. The fine large locks of this canal remain to tell the tale
+of money sunk in an unfinished work. No encouragement certainly to canal
+speculations.
+
+
+(3) "The distance, as I make it, from Bristol to New York Lighthouse, is
+3037 miles; from Bristol to Halifax Lighthouse is 2479; from Halifax
+Light to New York Light is 522 miles, in all 3001 miles; 558 miles
+shorter than New York Line, and even going to New York 36 miles shorter
+to stop at Halifax, than go to New York direct."--So says the Clockmaker
+in 1838.
+
+
+(4) "Get your legislatur' to persuade Government to contract with the
+Great Western folks to carry the mail, and drop it in their way to New
+York; for you got as much and as good coal to Nova Scotia as England
+has, and the steam boats would have to carry a supply of 550 miles less,
+and could take in a stock at Halifax for the return voyage to Europe. If
+ministers won't do that, get 'em to send steam packets of their own, and
+you wouldn't be no longer an everlastin' outlandish country no more as
+you be now. And, more than that, you wouldn't lose all the best
+emigrants and all their capital."--_Clockmaker, 1838._
+
+
+(5) "The communication by steam between Nova Scotia and England will
+form a new era in colonial history. It will draw closer the bonds of
+affection between the two countries, afford a new and extended field
+for English capital, and develope the resources of that valuable but
+neglected province. Mr. Slick, with his usual vanity, claims the
+honour of suggesting it, as well as the merit of having, by argument
+and ridicule, reasoned and shamed the Government into its
+adoption."--_Clockmaker, 1841._
+
+
+(6) "In the Duke of Kent the Nova Scotians lost a kind patron and a
+generous friend. The loyalty of the people, which, when all America was
+revolting, remained firm and unshaken, and the numerous proofs he
+received of their attachment to their king and to himself, made an
+impression upon his mind that was neither effaced nor weakened by time
+or distance. Should these pages happily meet the eye of a colonial
+minister, who has other objects in view than the security of place and
+the interest of a party, may they remind him of a duty that has never
+been performed but by the illustrious individual, whose former residence
+among us gave rise to these reflections. This work is designed for the
+cottage, and not for the palace; and the author has not the presumption
+even to hope that it can ever be honoured by the perusal of his
+sovereign. Had he any ground for anticipating such a distinction for it,
+he would avail himself of this opportunity of mentioning that, in
+addition to the dutiful affection the Nova Scotians have always borne to
+their monarch, they feel a more lively interest in, and a more devoted
+attachment to, the present occupant of the throne, from the circumstance
+of the long and close connexion that subsisted between them and her
+illustrious parent. He was their patron, benefactor and friend. To be a
+Nova Scotian was of itself a sufficient passport to his notice, and to
+posses merit a sufficient guarantee for his favour. Her Majesty reigns
+therefore, in this little province, in the hearts of her subjects, a
+dominion of love inherited from her father."--_Clockmaker, 1841._
+
+"It can hardly be said that England has hitherto drawn any positive
+advantages from the possession of these provinces, if we place out of
+view the conveniences afforded during periods of war by the harbour
+of Halifax. But the negative advantage from them are evident, if we
+consider that the United Slates of America are greatly deficient in good
+harbours on the Atlantic coast, while Nova Scotia possesses, in addition
+to the magnificent harbour of Halifax, eleven ports, between it and Cape
+Canso, with sufficient depth of water for the largest ships of
+war."--_Clockmaker, 1841._
+
+
+(7) "The necessity which is gradually developing itself for steam fleets
+in the Pacific, will open a mine of wealth to the inhabitants of the
+West Coast of America."--_Rev. C. G. Nicolay, 1846._
+
+The same author, in speaking of the principal features of the Iron Bound
+Coast and Western Archipelago, in the centre of Vancouver's Island, the
+Straits of Fuca and Puget's Inlet, says, "Its maritime importance is
+entirely confined to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and southern extremity
+of Vancouver's Island. Here are presented a series of harbours
+unrivalled in quality and capacity, at least within the same limits; and
+here, as has been remarked, it is evident the future emporium of the
+Pacific, in West America will be found." And now that it has been
+settled that this magnificent strait and its series of harbours (this
+great emporium of West America) is open to that great and enterprising
+nation, the people of the United States, as well as to ourselves, it
+becomes most important to us that we should, and quickly, open the best
+possible and shortest road to communicate with it.
+
+"Alexander Mackenzie, who had risen to the station of a partner in that
+Company, and was even among them remarkable for his energy and activity
+both of body and mind, having, with others of the leading partners,
+imbibed very extensive views of the commercial importance and
+capabilities of Canada, and considering that the discovery of a passage
+by sea from the Atlantic to the Pacific would contribute greatly to
+open, and enlarge it, undertook the task of exploring the country to the
+north of the extreme point occupied by the fur traders."--_Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay._
+
+In 1794 this enterprising man ascended to the principal water of the
+Mackenzie River, which he found to be a small lake situate in a deep
+Snowy Valley embosomed in woody mountains; he crossed a beaten path
+leading over a low ridge of land, of 817 paces in length, to another
+lake, situated in a valley about a quarter of a mile wide, with
+precipitous rocks on either side,--the head waters of the Frazers'
+River. On the 19th of July, he arrived where the river discharges itself
+into a narrow arm of the sea thus showing that a communication between
+the west and east of North America was open to mankind.
+
+
+(8) I regret I cannot say when exactly, nor where, his Grace gave his
+opinion on this subject, and I regret this the more, because I cannot
+give his Grace's exact words; but of the fact I have no doubt, and I
+must only trust to your forbearance and memory when I cannot point to
+the day and place.
+
+
+(9) "Not long since a very general ignorance prevailed respecting the
+Western Coast of North America, and no less general apathy."--_Rev. C.
+G. Nicolay, 1846._
+
+
+(10) "Oh, Squire! if John Bull only knew the value of these colonies, he
+would be a great man, I tell you,--but he don't."--_Clockmaker, 1838._
+
+"We ought to be sensible of the patience and good feeling which the
+people of Canada have shown in the most trying circumstances."-_Mr.
+Labouchere, Debate on Navigation Laws._
+
+
+(11) "Considering all the natural and acquired advantages that we
+possess for this purpose, it should rather create surprise and regret
+that our commerce is so small, than engender pride because it is so
+large."
+
+"We may conclude then that improvements in production and emigration of
+capital to the more fertile soils and unworked mines of the uninhabited
+or thinly peopled parts of the globe, do not, as it appears to a
+superficial view, diminish the gross produce and the demand for labour
+at home, but, on the contrary, are what we have chiefly to depend on for
+the increasing both, and are even the necessary conditions of any great
+or prolonged augmentations of either; nor is it any exaggeration to say,
+that, within limits, the more capital a country like England expends in
+these two ways, _the more she will have left_."--_J. S. Mill, Polit.
+Econ._
+
+
+(12) For "a very large amount of capital belonging to individuals have,
+of late years, sought profitable investment in other lands. It has been
+computed, that the United States have, during the last five years,
+absorbed in this manner more than L25,000,000 of English capital." And
+how much more, it may be asked, has gone to the continent of Europe and
+elsewhere?
+
+"When a few years have elapsed without a crisis, and no new and tempting
+channel for investment has been opened in the meantime, there is always
+found to have occurred, in these few years, so large an increase of
+capital seeking investment, as to have lowered considerably the rate of
+interest, whether indicated by the prices of securities, or by the rate
+of discount on bills; and this diminution of interest tempts the
+possessors to incur hazards, in hopes of a more considerable
+return."--_Mill's Political Economy._
+
+
+(13) The Spectator has seriously remarked--"It is sometimes observed,
+that although taxes have been remitted to the amount of millions, the
+revenue has kept up; and that fact is vaunted as the vindication of free
+trade: but one inference to be drawn from it has escaped notice--it
+shows that the riches of the country must have increased enormously, and
+it implies that many of the wealthy are escaping more and more from a
+due share of the general burden, as taxation is diminished and wealth
+increased."
+
+"Our exports have increased in value since 1824 from 38 millions to 68
+millions."
+
+
+(14) "It will be found by the Parliamentary Tables, which all can
+consult, that the amount of money raised in those eighteen years was
+nearly 1500 millions. The total revenue raised in those years was more
+than 981 millions; and the total of the money borrowed was more than 470
+millions; making, in all, 1451 millions. And it is worth while to note,
+that, in one of those years, namely, in 1813, the sum of more than 150
+millions was raised in revenue and loan, of which nearly 82 millions was
+loan for the national use; and this in a single year; and that year
+1813, in the midst of a dreadful war, and thirty-five years ago;--since
+when the country has grown much richer."
+
+"Now, dividing the sum of 1451 millions by eighteen years, it appears
+that 80 millions a year was raised; and, taking the legitimate
+expenditure of the country, during those eighteen years, at an average
+of 45 millions a-year, a sum so high as to preclude all cavil, it
+appears that the country raised and expended eighteen times the
+difference between 45 and 80 millions, that is 630 millions;
+notwithstanding which expenditure, let it be observed, the country _got
+richer and richer_ every day."--_Bradshaw's Almanack, 1848._
+
+
+(15) "Our economical friends need not be alarmed;--we are not
+going to propose a large addition to the military force of the
+empire."--(_Times._) No:--but before it is reduced and its system
+interfered with by those who understand not its working, we would
+strongly recommend the perusal, first of the evidence of Sir Herbert
+Taylor before the Finance Committee on this subject, and then that of
+his Grace the Duke of Wellington, and we would ask the intelligent
+public of Great Britain to reflect well before it allows her present
+army to be trifled with. We firmly believe our army to be in as high a
+state of discipline, and as ready "to go any where and do any thing," as
+it was at the moment his Grace gave up in France the active command of
+it.
+
+As to our Navy,--let those advocates for reduction go as my friend
+Captain B----r wished they would,--to the top of the monument, and look
+around at the forest of masts they will see of vessels coming from and
+going to all parts of the world; then reflect for a moment on the power
+required to defend all their interests; and (if they dare), [see Note
+(63)] then come down and ask for reduction.
+
+We strongly recommend the perusal of the letter of Emeritus on this
+subject in the _Times_ of the 5th February.
+
+
+(16) "This vast power has penetrated the crust of the earth, and drawn
+from beneath it boundless treasures of mineral wealth which without its
+aid would have been rendered inaccessible. It has drawn up in numberless
+quantity the fuel on which its own life and activity depend."--_Dr.
+Lardner._
+
+
+(17) "It seems a provision of Providence to have formed different races
+to bring about, by their crossing, an improved state of things. The
+Teutonic variety is undoubtedly the most vigorous and able, both in body
+and mind, of all the species of the genus of man that exist, and seems
+destined to conquer and civilize the world. The Teutonic variety, in its
+different sub-varieties, agree best with a temperate climate; it is,
+however, capable of bearing a high degree of cold, but seems to prosper
+best northward of 45 deg. of northern latitude.
+
+"Teutonic prevailing in Great Britain and part of Ireland,
+22,000,000."--_Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena._--_Alex. Keith
+Johnson._
+
+And it is very curious to observe, that, in the new world, the first
+colony of Great Britain we reach after crossing the Atlantic is called
+Nova Scotia; and the last land we should leave after crossing the
+continent would be New Caledonia; and both in Nova Scotia and New
+Caledonia (Vancouver's Island) nature seems to have placed great
+deposits of coal, as if she there intended the industry of man and the
+advancement of science to overcome all natural barriers between the
+different nations of the earth.
+
+
+(18) "A pint of water may be evaporated by two ounces of coal. In its
+evaporation it swells into 216 gallons of steam, with a mechanical force
+sufficient to raise a weight of thirty-seven tons a foot high. The steam
+thus generated has a pressure equal to the common atmospheric air; and
+by allowing it to expand by virtue of its elasticity, a further
+mechanical force may be obtained at least equal in amount to the former.
+A pint of water, therefore, and two ounces of common coal, are thus
+rendered capable of doing as much work as is equivalent to seventy-four
+tons raised a foot high."
+
+"The Menai Bridge consists of about 2000 tons of iron, and its height
+above the level of the sea is 120 feet; its mass might be lifted from
+the level of the water to its present position by the combustion of
+four bushels of coal."--_Dr. Lardner._
+
+
+(19) "In addition to the instances of combination between directly
+competing companies, recent experience has furnished numerous instances
+of the tendency of smaller lines, sanctioned as independent
+undertakings, to resign their independence into the hands of more
+powerful neighbours."--_Report of Board of Trade._ It is not to be
+doubted, therefore, that all proposed or partly finished Railways in the
+North American provinces will readily join in the grand undertaking,
+making one great interest for the whole.
+
+"The traffic of a system of lines, connected with one another, can
+always be worked more economically and conveniently under one uniform
+management than by independent Companies. The Company which works the
+main trunk line, and possesses the principal terminal stations, can run
+more frequent trains, and make better arrangements for forwarding the
+traffic of the cross lines, than it could afford to do if two or three
+separate establishments had to be maintained, and the harmony of
+arrangements depended upon two or three independent authorities.
+
+"It is found also in practice, that unless a very close unity of
+interest exists among the different portions of what really constitute
+one great line of communication, it is scarcely possible to introduce
+that harmony and accuracy of arrangement which are essential to ensure
+speed and punctuality. Many important branches of traffic also are apt
+to be neglected, which can only be properly developed where a long
+consecutive line of Railway is united in one common interest. Coals and
+heavy goods, for instance, can be conveyed for long distances with a
+profit, at rates which would be altogether insufficient to remunerate a
+Company which had only a run of ten or twenty miles: and thus many of
+the most important benefits of Railways to the community at large can
+only be obtained by uniting through-lines in one interest."--_Report of
+Board of Trade on Railways. Sess. 1845._
+
+
+(20) "The two most expensive commodities in England are crime and
+poverty; of these the most costly is poverty; and the extent of poverty,
+by its sufferings, vastly increases the amount of crime. You have heard
+the expenses of poverty. The cost of crime in England and her penal
+establishments exceeds a million and a half."--_Speech of Francis Scott,
+Esq. M.P._
+
+
+(21) "The circumstance which must first strike any person as
+extraordinary, in regard to the expatriation of criminals from this
+country, is the choice of the station to which they have been sent. That
+a country which, like England, is possessed of an almost boundless
+tract of unsettled fertile land within four weeks' sail of her own
+shores, should, in preference, send her criminals to a territory which
+cannot be reached in less than as many months, thus multiplying the
+expense of their conveyance, is a course which requires for its
+justification some better reasons than have ever yet been brought
+forward."--_A. R. Porter, Esq., Progress of the Nation._ This system
+has, we believe, come to a close, and Gibraltar and other places fixed
+upon; (some in Great Britain); but her convicts ought not to be employed
+at home if it can be avoided, as they of course perform the work that
+would be performed by the labourers of the country, many of whom are
+thus thrown out of work.
+
+Since the year 1824, a considerable establishment of convicts has been
+kept up in Bermuda, employed in constructing a breakwater and in
+perfecting some fortifications at Ireland's Eye. The number at present
+(1836) so maintained is about 1000.
+
+
+(22) And why should not English convicts be sent to work in the Rocky
+Mountains? We all know that the highest peak of Great St. Bernard is
+11,005 feet above the level of the sea, and is covered with perpetual
+snow. Between the two main summits runs one of the principal passages
+from Switzerland to Italy, _which continues open all winter_. On the
+most elevated point of this passage is a monastery and hospital, founded
+in the tenth century by Bernard de Monthon. The French army, under
+Bonaparte, crossed this mountain with its artillery and baggage in the
+year 1800; and here Bonaparte caused a monument to be erected to the
+memory of General Desaix, who fell in the battle of Marengo. If, then, a
+monastery and hospital have been established since the tenth century,
+and are still to be found in the old world at such an elevation, and in
+such a climate, what objection can there be to the establishment of a
+convict post, under similar circumstances, to open an important road in
+the new world? We have seen that Sir George Simpson crossed the Rocky
+Mountains at a height of 8000 feet, but lower passes may yet be found.
+At all events our soldiers are exposed to every diversity of climate and
+every hardship; and we see no reason why healthy and powerful criminals
+should be more cared for. It was also suggested in 1836--"The gangs
+might be moved to other and more distant spots, and employed in similar
+works of utility, and in this way would relieve emigrants from many of
+the hardships and difficulties which they are now doomed to encounter at
+the commencement of their settlement."--_A. R. Porter, Esq._
+
+
+(23) "It would indeed be a heart-sickening prospect if, in looking
+forward to the continued progress of our country, in its economical
+relations, we must also contemplate the still greater multiplication of
+her 'criminals'. Still we fear that, for a long time at least, we shall
+have of them a large proportion, and that arrangements must be made for
+their employment. What we have already stated prove that there is no
+decrease as yet."
+
+One of our periodicals observes--"We have no hope that a class of
+criminals will ever cease to exist in this country, and it will always
+therefore be a question, what is to be done with them?.... There are
+certain conditions directly _essential_ to every successful effort for
+the repression of crime; the legislature should see that the penal code,
+while as merciful as a reasonable philanthropy can demand, should yet be
+severe enough to be truly merciful--merciful, that is, to the entire
+community."
+
+
+(24) "The flight of a quarter of a million of inhabitants of these
+islands to distant quarters of the globe, in 1847, was one of the most
+marvellous events in the annals of human migration. It is nevertheless a
+fact, that the migration of this year is nearly equal to that of the
+last."--(_The Times, 1848._)
+
+"Nor is there any reason to believe that 1849 will witness a diminution
+in the rate at which this extraordinary process of depletion is going
+forward; on the contrary, there is every symptom of its probable
+acceleration."--(_Morning Chronicle, 1849, on Irish Emigration._)
+
+
+(25) A few extracts concerning them will be interesting. "The chain of
+the Rocky Mountains, after being considerably depressed in latitude 46 deg.
+and 48 deg., attains a much higher elevation from latitude 48 deg. to 49 deg., and,
+continuing in a westerly direction, it separates the affluents of the
+Saskatchewan and M'Kenkie from those of Columbia or Oregon and other
+rivers which flow into the Pacific. These mountains appear to decrease
+again from about 58 deg. to 62 deg. northern latitude, where probably they do
+not exceed 4000 feet in height; and, still further north, are estimated
+at less than 2000 feet, between the latitudes of 42 deg. and 58 deg. north.
+Several peaks rise far above the snow line.
+
+"Wherever the head waters of the rivers, on the east and west sides of
+the Rocky Mountains, approach nearest each other, there have been found
+passes through them. Of these, perhaps the most important is the south
+pass. Between Mount Brown and Mount Hooker, in latitude 52 1/2, another
+very important pass, offering great facility of communication between
+the Oregon and Canada, by the waters of the Columbia and the north
+branches of the Saskatchewan, which, flowing into Lake Winnipeg, gives
+easy access to Hudson's Bay and the great lakes.
+
+"Among the most awful features of mountain scenery lies the great
+northern outlet of the territory, resembling the southern in many of
+its features, with even more sublimity of character, but especially in
+having the sources of several great rivers within a very short distance
+of each other. Here are the head waters of the Athabasca and north
+tributaries of the Saskatchewan, which falls into Lake Winnipeg; and on
+the east the northern waters of the Columbia, and the eastern branch of
+Frazer's River, near a deep cliff in the mountains, which has been
+called by British traders the Committee's Punch Bowl."--_Rev. C. G.
+Nicolay._
+
+The first who penetrated the Rocky Mountains was Sir Alexander
+Mackenzie, then in the service of the North-West Company. In the year
+1793 he crossed them in about latitude 54 deg., discovered Frazer's
+River,[A] descended it for about 250 miles, then struck off in a
+westerly direction, and reached the Pacific in latitude 52 deg. 20'. In 1808
+Mr. Frazer, also under the orders of the North-Western Company, crossed
+the Rocky Mountains and established a trading post on Frazer's River,
+about latitude 54 deg.; and in 1811 Mr. Thompson, also an agent of that
+company, discovered the northern head waters of the Columbia, about
+latitude 52 deg., and erected some huts on its banks.
+
+  [A] Frazer's River has its embouche six miles to the north
+  of the 49th parallel, which defines the United States boundary. It is
+  a mile wide. The country around is low, with a rich alluvial soil.
+
+  Fort Langley is twenty miles from its mouth.
+
+  Sir George Simpson made a journey of 2000 miles in forty-seven days,
+  from the Red River, via Fort Edrington, to Fort Columbia, in 1841; he
+  crossed the Rocky Mountains, at the confluence of two of the sources
+  of Saskatchewan and Columbia, at an elevation of 8000 feet above the
+  level of the sea.
+
+
+(26) Little, perhaps, did Mr. Pitt suspect the time was to be so near,
+when that country he had loved so well and served so nobly, would be
+able to send any quantity of artillery by the mail; and that not eight
+or ten hours would be required, but hardly three. Would that he was
+amongst us now. What could England not hope for, or expect to see
+realized, in her advanced condition, if directed by such a mind as his.
+
+
+(27) "It is about 900 miles in length by 600 at its greatest breadth,
+with a surrounding coast of 3000 miles, between the parallels of 61 deg. and
+65 deg. north latitude. The coasts are generally high, rocky, rugged and
+sometimes precipitous. The bay is navigable for a few months in summer,
+but for the greater part of the remainder of the year is filled up with
+fields of ice. The navigation, when open, is extremely dangerous, as it
+contains many shoals, rocks, sandbanks and islands; even during the
+summer icebergs are seen in the straits, towards which a ship is drifted
+by a squall or current, rendering it very hazardous for the most skilful
+seaman. The transitions of the thermometer are from 100 deg. to 40 deg. in two
+days, and the torrents of rain are surprising. Whether in winter or
+summer the climate is horrible. The range of the thermometer throughout
+the year is 140 degrees. The sea is entered by Hudson's Strait, which is
+about 500 miles long, with a varying breadth and with an intricate
+navigation."--_Montgomery Martin, Esq._
+
+
+(28) "The settlement on the Red River, distant from Montreal by the
+Ottawah River about 1800 miles in lat. 50 deg. north, lon. 97 deg. west, is
+elevated 800 feet above the level of the sea, contiguous to the border
+of the Red and Asinibourn Rivers, along which the settlement extends
+for fifty miles. The soil is comparatively fertile, and the climate
+salubrious; but summer frosts, generated by undrained marshes, sometimes
+blast the hopes of the husbandman. The Hudson's Bay Company by the
+introduction, at a great expense, of rams and other stock, have improved
+the breed of domestic animals, which are now abundant. Wheat, barley,
+oats, maize, potatoes and hops thrive; flax and hemp are poor and
+stinted. The river banks are cultivated for half a mile inland, but the
+back level country remains in its natural state, and furnishes a coarse
+hay for the long and severe winter which lasts from November to April,
+when the Lake Winnipeg is unfrozen and the river navigation
+commences--via Norway house entrepot--at the north extremity of the
+lake. The population is in number about 6000, consisting of Europeans,
+half-breeds and Indians. The two principal churches, the Protestant and
+Roman Catholic, the gaol, the Hudson's Bay Company's chief building, the
+residence of the Roman Catholic bishop, and the houses of some of the
+retired officers of the fur trade, are built of stone, which has to be
+brought from a distance; but the houses of the settlers are built of
+wood. A great abundance of English goods is imported, both by the
+Hudson's Bay Company and by individuals in the company's ships, to York
+factory, and disposed of in the colony at moderate prices. There are
+fifteen wind and three water mills to grind the wheat and prepare the
+malt for the settlers. The Hudson's Bay Company have long endeavoured,
+by rewards and arguments, to excite an exportation of tallow, hides,
+wool, &c. to England, but the bulky nature of the exports, the long and
+dangerous navigation of the Hudson's Bay, and the habits of the
+half-bred race, who form the mass of the people and generally prefer
+chasing the buffalo to agriculture or regular industry, have rendered
+their efforts ineffectual."--_Montgomery Martin, Esq._
+
+
+(29) "It is true there is another communication via Montreal, but the
+country in that direction is not of such a nature as to admit of
+introducing the rollers or the waggons upon the portages."--_Bishop
+of Montreal._
+
+
+(30) Mackenzie says, "There is not perhaps a finer country in the world
+for the residence of uncivilized man, than that which occupies the shore
+between the Red River and Lake Superior; fish, various fowl and wild
+rice are in great plenty: the fruits are, strawberries, plums, cherries,
+gooseberries, &c. &c."
+
+
+(31) "Of this profitable trade the citizens of the United States possess
+at present all but a monopoly. Their whaling fleet consists of 675
+vessels, most of them 400 tons burden, and amounting in all to 100,000
+tons. The majority of them cruise in the Pacific. It requires between
+15,000 and 16,000 men to man them. Their value is estimated at
+25,000,000 dollars, yielding an annual return of 5,000,000 or 20 per
+cent. The quantity of oil imported is about 400,000 barrels, of which
+one-half is sperm. When we add to this profitable occupation for many
+persons--the value of the domestic produce consumed by them--and the
+benefit that is thus conferred upon both agricultural and manufacturing
+interests--the importance of this branch of business will appear greatly
+enhanced. The whaling fleet of England and her Colonies may be
+considered as not exceeding at present 150; about twenty whales are
+killed annually in the straits of Juan de Fuca--besides the whale
+fishery on the banks and coast is important--cod, halibut and herring
+are found in profusion, and sturgeon near the shore and mouths of the
+rivers. Already the salmon fishery affords not only a supply for home
+consumption, but is an article of commerce, being sent to the Sandwich
+Islands. They are also supplied to the Russian settlements according to
+contract. The coast swarms with amphibious animals of the seal kind,
+known by the vulgar names of Sea Lion, Sea Elephant and Sea Cow--but
+above all with the common seal. The traffic to be derived from these in
+skins, oil, &c. could not but be lucrative."--_Rev. C. G. Nicolay._
+
+
+(32) We are quite aware that the American Lines are made at a much
+cheaper rate, but we are here advocating a grand permanent link of
+connexion with Great Britain and all her Colonies and dominions--and
+however cheaply the Line may be opened, we must not deceive ourselves,
+but look to a proportional outlay to the greatness of the undertaking.
+It is in its results and consequences that we look forward to the great
+benefit and financial return to Great Britain and to her people, both
+abroad and at home.
+
+
+(33) It is curious to observe, that in 1822 the Americans themselves
+fought the battle of England with Russia. The extravagant claims of
+dominion over the Northern Pacific Ocean and the North-West Coast of
+America, which Russia proclaimed at St. Petersburgh on the 9th
+October,--"It is not permitted to any but Russian subjects to
+participate in the whale or other fishery, or any branch of industry
+whatever, in the islands, ports and gulfs, and in general along the
+coast of the North-Western America, from Behring's Strait to 51 deg. north
+latitude"--were not passed unheeded by the British Ministry of the day,
+and it was communicated to the Court of St. Petersburgh that England
+could not submit to such usurpation. The result of these representations
+were not imparted to the public; but when these pretensions were made
+known at Washington by the Russian Minister, the American functionaries
+protested against them with so much vehemence that it was likely to
+endanger the amicable relations of Russia and the United States--thus
+fighting the battle of England as it has since proved. In December,
+1823, a treaty was entered into at Washington between Russia, the United
+States and England on this subject, and the Russians retired farther
+north than 55 deg..
+
+The Marquis of Londonderry was Secretary of State for foreign affairs up
+to August, 1822, and Mr. Canning succeeded him; and to the watchful care
+of these two eminent statesmen it may be owing that Russia and the
+United States did not divide the coast and territory between them.
+
+
+(34) See Sir Peter Laurie's description of prisons.
+
+
+(35) In spite of so large a portion of the French population being
+agricultural, i.e. belonging to that calling in life which developes
+muscular strength and activity--in spite of that proportion being on the
+increase as compared with the rest of the inhabitants, it is proved that
+the number of recruits rejected as unfit for the military service from
+deficient stature, health and strength, is slowly, surely and constantly
+on the increase, 40 per cent. are turned back from this cause, and yet
+the required height is only 5 feet 2 inches.
+
+
+(36) Several companies have, I believe, been formed for the working of
+these mines, and the shares, I have heard, were one time rather high.
+The ore, however, is at present sent chiefly to Boston. The opening of
+the proposed Line of Railway would no doubt cause a great quantity
+of it to be sent to Montreal or Quebec and there shipped for
+England,--enabling the colonies, therefore, to take a greater
+quantity of our manufactured goods.
+
+Lake Superior.--"Copper abounds in various parts of the country; in
+particular some large and brilliant specimens have been found in the
+angle between Lake Superior and Michigan. Henry and others speak
+of a rock of pure copper, from which he cut off 100 pounds
+weight."--_Montgomery Martin, Esq._
+
+
+(37) It is true that Montgomery Martin, in 1834, says, "and if Railroads
+do not take the place of canals, I have no doubt the greater part of
+Upper Canada will in a few years be intersected with canals. I recommend
+the latter to the Canadians in preference to Railroads, as by their
+means the country will be drained, rendered more fertile and _more_
+healthy."
+
+Since that time several canals have been finished, and I have no doubt,
+as the country becomes more populous, others may be undertaken for the
+purposes of drainage and internal communications; but my own personal
+knowledge has satisfied me that Railroads would be far more useful and
+a far more ultimate benefit, for there is no doubt that the waters of
+Canada have a general inclination to subside. Mr. Martin himself says,
+that "the Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior, have evidently been at one
+time considerably higher than they are at the present day;" and although
+Mr. Martin considers the subsidence of these waters has not been
+effected by slow drainage, but by repeated destruction of barriers,
+still the fact shows that the waters are subsiding.
+
+Be this all as it may, I do not think that even Mr. Montgomery Martin
+himself would suggest a communication by canals from the Atlantic to the
+Pacific, as well might he recommend a man to travel by a slow heavy
+coach when a light quick one could be procured; and thus we dismiss the
+subject of canals.
+
+
+(38) To encourage this Steam Company, who have so nobly performed their
+task, Government granted, I believe, L52,000 a year.
+
+
+(39) Such, for instance, as the carrying letters for a penny, and
+removing such taxes as bear particularly heavy upon the poor.
+
+
+(40) The Governor-General, in his opening address to the parliament of
+the province of Canada on the 18th January, 1849, says--"The officers
+employed in exploring the country between Quebec and Halifax, with the
+view of discovering the best line for a Railway to connect these two
+points, have presented a report which contains much valuable
+information, and sets forth in a strong light the advantages of the
+proposed undertaking. I shall lay it before you, together with a
+dispatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, expressive of the
+interest taken by her Majesty's Government in the execution of this
+great work."
+
+
+(41) See Mr. Charles Pearson's Speech on this subject.
+
+
+(42) The feeling of loyalty becomes so natural to soldiers after a few
+years service, that it remains impressed upon their hearts in general
+for the rest of their lives.
+
+
+(43) "So great is the fertility of the soil of Canada, that fifty
+bushels of wheat per acre are frequently produced on a farm where the
+stumps of the trees, which probably occupy an eighth of the surface,
+have not been eradicated; some instances of eighty bushels per acre
+occur; near York (now Toronto) in Upper Canada 100 bushels were obtained
+from a single acre. In some districts wheat has been raised successively
+on the same ground for twenty years without manure."--_Montgomery
+Martin._
+
+
+(44) A return of the public money expended in Arctic expeditions was
+called for. It appears that since the peace, or from the year 1815 to
+the present, L428,782 have been expended in Arctic expeditions.
+
+
+(45) Mr. Alderman Sydney said--"that convicts had ceased to be sent to
+Norfolk Island or New South Wales for a considerable time, and he
+understood that Lord Grey had been influenced on the question by the
+perusal of a pamphlet which abounded with information of a most
+convincing character."--_Times._
+
+
+(46) Yes! to the value of its resources we now seem indeed to be
+awakened. Earl Grey, in his despatch (dated 17th November, 1848,) to
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Harvey, Lieutenant-Governor of Halifax, says
+(after speaking of the final Report of Major Robinson on the formation
+of the Halifax and Quebec Railway)--"I have perused this able document
+with the interest and attention it so well merits; and I have to convey
+to you the assurance of Her Majesty's Government that we fully
+appreciate the importance of the proposed undertaking, and entertain no
+doubt of the great advantages that would result not only to the
+provinces interested in the work, but to the empire at large, from the
+construction of such a Railway." Again, his Lordship speaks of this
+Railway as "a great national line of communication," and yet on the 4th
+August, 1848, was issued the following letter from the Treasury
+Chambers:--
+
+"Sir,--With reference to your letter of the 18th ult. relative to the
+expenses incurred in the survey of the proposed Line of Railroad between
+Halifax and Quebec, I am directed by the Lords Commissioners of Her
+Majesty's Treasury to request that you will move Earl Grey to instruct
+the several officers in charge of the Governments of Canada, Nova
+Scotia, and New Brunswick, to cause the proportion of the Railroad
+survey expenses to be defrayed by each province, to be paid into the
+commissariat chests on the respective stations.
+
+                          "I have, &c.
+                              (Signed) C. E. TREVELYAN."
+  "H. Merivale, Esq., &c. &c."
+
+
+(47) "We cannot afford to spend L50 a year on a convict at home: let him
+be sent to a colony where his labour is absolutely necessary, and where,
+though by his good conduct and his industry he may finally attain a
+decent subsistence, yet where he will be unable to acquire affluence,
+and which he will be prevented from leaving for a happier or a richer
+shore: this will be punishment without sentimentalism, and without
+vindictiveness."--_The Times_, 19th February, 1849.
+
+"As it is obvious that we must either retain our convicts at home
+or send them abroad, and the latter can only be accomplished by
+transportation to a colony, it is obvious (especially after the results
+of the last experiments) that we must either found a new colony, as in
+1783, or adopt the French system, which has nothing certainly to
+recommend it."--_Globe_, 17th February, 1849.
+
+
+(48) Lieutenant Synge has observed: "The necessity of protecting
+works further in the interior against hostile tribes of Indians is a
+formidable impediment to their successful prosecution at present." How
+easily would this impediment be removed by paying these Indians with
+guns, blankets, &c., and employing them to guard the convicts and the
+works.
+
+
+(49) "The hostility of the Indians overcome, (or what for the present
+would more effectually restrain England's advance, the possibility of
+their sufferings being increased by the progress of civilization,) the
+passage of the Rocky Mountains may rather prove a stimulant, as it will
+be the last remaining obstacle, and, attention being called to the
+subject, may urge to exertion the talents of such men as have elsewhere
+conquered every natural difficulty, however formidable."--_Lieutenant
+Synge_, "_Canada in 1848_."
+
+
+(50) "More especially the very great opportunities afforded by the
+cessation of convict labour in our Australian colonies should not be
+overlooked. The great present pressure in these colonies, in consequence
+of the want of such labour, should be removed in connection with the
+relief and profitable employment of portions of our surplus home
+population."--_Same Author._
+
+
+(51) "To derive from these measures the chiefest benefits they may
+confer, the work must be executed under the superintendence of the
+Imperial Government."--_Same Author._
+
+
+(52) "Great as is our civilization and intelligence, compared with the
+empires of former days, we have no right to think that the goal of
+prosperity and glory is attained. England has by no means reached the
+zenith of earthly power; science is as yet but in its infancy; the human
+mind has scarcely arrived at adolescence; and, for aught we imperfect
+beings know, this little island may be destined by Divine Providence to
+continue as a light unto the heathen--as a nucleus for the final
+civilization of man."--_Preface to "Taxation of the British Empire,"
+published in 1833._
+
+
+(53) This of course would only be a temporary arrangement previous to
+their being sent to distant parts.
+
+
+(54) "So long however as the empire's heart is overburdened by a surplus
+multitude, it should be remembered that most fertile and lovely tracts
+of country, many times larger than England, exist in the body of that
+empire, which never yet within the knowledge of man have yielded their
+fruits to his service. A manifold-multiplied value also is given to
+every part of the connected communication between it and the Atlantic,
+and thereby also to every part of British America, when once the goal of
+the Pacific is attained."--_Lieut. Synge._
+
+
+(55) An officer whose character stands high both in the navy and in the
+army--whose talents have long been exercised in the North American
+Colonies--who is acquainted with their value, and who well understands
+their naval and military defences.
+
+The writer of this letter sailed from Cork on board H. M. frigate Pique,
+in January, 1838, with a wing of the 93rd Highlanders, under the command
+of Lieutenant-Colonel Macgregor, and he is happy in having this
+opportunity of publicly thanking Captain Boxer, the officers and crew of
+the Pique, for the great kindness received by every individual of the
+regiment. And he cannot do otherwise than refer particularly to the
+officers of the gun-room, who must have been exceedingly inconvenienced
+by having a large party of officers joined to their mess, and who yet
+had the tact and politeness to show they never felt it. It was a long
+and stormy passage of six weeks from Cork to Halifax, but it was a happy
+and a merry one; although a damp was at first thrown over us by the
+sudden death from accident of a serjeant of the Light Company, and
+another poor fellow was washed away from the chains during the passage.
+
+
+(56) "We have now enjoyed more than thirty years peace, and when it was
+proposed to invest the Capital, which we could so readily throw away on
+arms and gunpowder, upon actually productive works, the cry was raised
+of impending ruin and bankruptcy. The lodging of deposits with the
+Accountant-General was to result in 'ruinous, universal and desperate
+confusion.' The money was lodged, and no ruinous confusion took place.
+The Acts were obtained, and ruin was again predicted; 'where was all the
+money to come from?' The money has been got, L112,100,639 has been
+raised in the course of three years, involving, it is true, much
+suffering to some classes, but not to the nation at large."--_S. Smiles
+on Railway Property._
+
+
+(57) If once it was understood by the public that Government had taken
+the initiative, and was determined to assist and see carried out a great
+national work such as has been suggested, there is no doubt that many
+people who are now paying high poor rates would join together, and a
+variety of small Emigration Companies would be formed to assist poor
+people to emigrate, and these poor people would willingly and cheerfully
+quit their native land, when they had before them the certain prospect
+of immediate employment; and if the penny postage was added to the
+system, they would be nearer to England in the North American Colonies,
+than the poor people of England and Scotland were to each other only a
+few years back.
+
+
+(58) "Four hundred millions of people yet to be introduced into
+communication with the rest of mankind! What a prospect for the
+merchant, the manufacturer and ship owner. But there is still a higher
+and holier prospect. Four hundred millions of active and intelligent
+human beings have to be brought within the pale of Christianity! Wary
+stepping, too, it will require to enable us to succeed in realizing
+either of these objects. To assist us, an abler man for the task could
+not be found than the author of the work before us."--_Liverpool
+Standard_, _Review on Montgomery Martin's recent Work on China_.
+
+
+(59) "Nobody can doubt that the western coast of North America is about
+to become the theatre of vast commercial and political transactions, and
+it is impossible to estimate adequately the value which may soon accrue
+to every harbour, coal mine, forest and plain in that quarter of the
+globe."--_Morning Chronicle, 15th Feb. 1849._
+
+
+(60) On which Line the mails could travel from Halifax to Frazer's River
+in six days, and the electric telegraph connect these oceans--space
+vanishing under that magic power.
+
+
+(61) See Montgomery Martin's second edition on Railways, Past, Present
+and Prospective.
+
+
+(62) There is not an individual of the 93rd Highlanders, so long
+quartered in the highly flourishing city of Toronto, who would not, I
+feel well assured, join me in every grateful feeling to its inhabitants,
+and every wish for their happiness and welfare.
+
+A great number of the men of the 93rd have settled at and in the
+neighbourhood of Toronto.
+
+
+(63) "The British 'supremacy of the ocean,' which has been a boast and a
+benefit, has become a necessity. If I were Prime Minister of England,
+now that the Corn Laws are repealed, I should not be able to sleep if I
+thought that the war marine of England was not stronger than all the
+nations combined, which there is the least chance of ever being engaged
+in a conspiracy for our destruction."--_Edward Gibbon Wakefield._
+
+
+(64) "Canada, which receives the greater number of emigrants, we are by
+all accounts only peopling and enriching for the Americans to possess
+ere long."--_Art of Colonization_, _Edward Gibbon Wakefield_.
+
+I trust that the British North American Colonies will, in reply to the
+above remark, send forth such a voice of attachment to their mother
+country that will encourage her people at home and embolden them to come
+forward in aid of great colonial measures, resulting as they must do in
+universal benefit to the empire.
+
+In page 100 of the work just above quoted we read--"The Banker's
+argument satisfied me; but he was not aware of a peculiarity of
+colonies, as distinguished from dependencies in general, which furnishes
+another reason for wishing that they should belong to the empire--I mean
+the attachment of the colonies to their mother country.... I have often
+been unable to help smiling at the exhibition of it. In what it
+originates I cannot say."
+
+I cannot but deeply regret the use of these expressions, coming as they
+do from the pen of so influential an author. Has be forgotten or does he
+not feel that
+
+        "Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt?"
+
+And surely from those who left their native land, carrying with them the
+literature of the day and the remembrance of her glory, it was not
+likely that there should spring up a generation otherwise than strongly
+attached to
+
+        "_That_ fortress built by Nature for herself,
+         Against infection and the hand of War?"
+
+Well, indeed, has Lieutenant Synge remarked, "Let it also be remembered
+by those who would argue the defection of Canada, or other British
+provinces, from the history of the past, what were the circumstances
+attending the last revolt (and only one) of British Colonies."
+
+"Let the regret with which those colonies revolted be also borne in
+mind! Generations have succeeded, yet in the hearts of many of the best
+and noblest that lingering regret remains; not that the revolt took
+place, not that it was successful, but that it was rendered necessary."
+I shall only add, I agree most perfectly with the author on the Art of
+colonization when he says, "But whatever may be its cause, I have no
+doubt that the love of England is the ruling sentiment of English
+Colonies."
+
+
+(65) "The Americans would have readily agreed with us upon this boundary
+question, when it was of no practical moment."--_Edward Gibbon
+Wakefield._
+
+This assertion requires proof.
+
+
+(66) My friend Lieutenant-Colonel Pottinger has brought to my notice,
+that the time of transit from London to the west coast of Ireland will
+be nearly as follow, vis.
+
+        To Holyhead                             8 hours
+        Holyhead to Dublin                      4   "
+        Dublin to the west coast of Ireland     4   "
+                                              ---
+                                     In all    16
+
+It may therefore be worthy of consideration whether there could be
+established at one of her ports on the western coast, so often spoken of
+as the nearest point of embarkation for British America, an Emigration
+Company, which would greatly benefit Ireland by causing a large traffic
+through the centre of that country.
+
+
+(67) Dr. Hind, in speaking of the convict Colony of New South Wales,
+says--"If then the question be, what can be done for this Colony?
+Begin, I said, by breaking up the system--begin by removing all the
+unemancipated convicts. I do not undertake to point out the best mode of
+disposing of them; but let them be brought home and disposed of in any
+way rather than remain. There is no chance for the Colony until this
+preliminary step be taken. But these measures, if carried into effect at
+all, must be taken in hand soon. Time--no distant time, perhaps, may
+place this 'foul disnatured' progeny of ours out of our power for good
+or for harm."
+
+        Printed by W. P. Metchim, 20, Parliament Street.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+1) Text has been adjusted to eliminate notes within notes,
+particularly Notes 15 and 43. Certain notes have been inserted
+into the main text to eliminate duplicated note numbers.
+
+2) Footnotes redirecting to Notes have been condensed to link
+directly with Note, eg:
+
+  Original text:
+     text text text[1]
+
+     [1]See Appendix, Note 65.
+
+     (65)  text text text text text text
+
+  Transcribed text:
+     text text text[see Note 65]
+
+     (65)  text text text text text text
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Letter from Major Robert
+Carmichael-Smyth to His Friend, the Author of 'The Clockmaker', by Robert Carmichael-Smyth
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