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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 4,
+Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 4, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 14, 2008 [EBook #25072]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, APRIL 1886 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Anne Storer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+ Transcriber's Notes:
+ 1) The single letter following ^ is superscripted.
+ 2) Table of Contents / Illustrations added.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ AN ILLUSTRIOUS TOWN,--ANDOVER.
+   BY REV. F. B. MAKEPEACE.
+     Illustrations:
+       Main Street, Looking North.
+       Brechin Library.
+       Memorial Hall And Library.
+       Phillips Academy.
+       Old Stone Academy.
+       Theological Seminary.
+       Lieut.-Gov. Phillips.
+       Chapel, Theo. Seminary.
+       Punchard Free School.
+       Theological Seminary.--general View.
+       The Old Mark Newman Publishing House.
+       South Congregational Church.
+
+ JAMES OTIS, JR.
+   BY REV. H. HEWITT.
+
+ A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP'S WAR.
+   BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN.
+
+ THE SINGER.
+   BY LAURA GARLAND CARR.
+
+ THE WEBSTER FAMILY.
+   BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.
+     Illustrations:
+       Daniel Webster On His Farm.
+       Birth-place Of Daniel Webster.
+
+ THE NEW ENGLAND LIBRARY AND ITS FOUNDER.
+   BY VICTORIA REED.
+     Illustration:
+       Rev. Thomas Prince.
+
+ NEW ENGLAND MANNERS AND CUSTOMS IN THE
+ TIME OF BRYANT'S EARLY LIFE.
+   BY MRS. H. G. ROWE.
+
+ TRUST.
+   BY ARTHUR ELWELL JENKS.
+
+ NEW ENGLAND CHARACTERISTICS.
+   BY LIZZIE M. WHITTLESEY.
+
+ EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+ EDUCATION.
+
+ HISTORICAL RECORD.
+
+ NECROLOGY.
+
+ INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE.
+
+    Illustration:
+      Hon. Henry Barnard, LL.D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                                  THE
+
+                          NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+                                  AND
+
+                           BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   OLD SERIES,                 APRIL, 1886.               NEW SERIES,
+ VOL. IV. NO. 4.                                        VOL. I. NO. 4.
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+
+AN ILLUSTRIOUS TOWN,--ANDOVER.
+
+BY REV. F. B. MAKEPEACE.
+
+
+[Illustration: MAIN STREET, LOOKING NORTH.]
+
+It is said that there are twenty-six places in the United States by the
+name of Andover; yet when the name appears in the public prints it does
+not occur to any one to ask which Andover? These facts are suggestive of
+the wide knowledge and popularity of this historic town, and the abiding
+interest of scattered thousands in its welfare. Her sons have gone forth
+to dare and to do upon every field of honorable enterprise. Thousands of
+pupils have pursued their studies here, and carry precious memories of
+the schools, of teachers, and influences,--in a word, of Andover.
+
+In this rapid and general view of the town,[A] all that will be
+attempted is to connect the past with the present, and to give a picture
+of Andover as it is to-day.[B]
+
+    [A] In the February number of this magazine will be found an
+    interesting article upon Abbott Academy, and in following numbers
+    articles, now in course of preparation, will be published upon the
+    Theological Seminary and Phillips Academy.
+
+    [B] The history of the town has been carefully written by Miss Sarah
+    Loring Bailey, and her volume of "Historical Sketches of Andover" is
+    very valuable.
+
+The natural attractions of the town are great and permanent in their
+character. There are neither gold mines nor alarming precipices, but
+there are graceful rivers, a quiet rolling landscape, and extensive
+views, shaded walks, and charming drives, because there are "more roads
+than in any other town in New England;" the air is clear and bracing,
+the sunsets once seen are not soon forgotten, the wild-flowers spring in
+abundance, and the autumnal glory draws many visitors to the town.
+
+[Illustration: BRECHIN LIBRARY.]
+
+[Illustration: MEMORIAL HALL AND LIBRARY.]
+
+When Washington made his tour of the Eastern States, after his
+inauguration, he passed through Andover on his way from Haverhill to
+Lexington. He spent the night at the Abbott tavern, and left upon the
+face of his host's little daughter a kiss, which she was so reluctant to
+lose that for a week she did not wash her face. In his account of this
+trip he makes special mention of the beautiful country through which he
+was passing.
+
+     All that is most characteristic in our New England landscape finds
+     its representation here. Its rugged granite breaks with hard lines
+     through the stubborn soil. Its sweep of hill and valley fills the
+     eye with various beauty. Its lakes catch its sunlight upon generous
+     bosoms. Its rivers are New England rivers, ready for work, and yet
+     not destitute of beauty.[C]
+
+    [C] Phillips Brooks.
+
+The "Hill" is one mile from the depot, a very uphill way, but one which
+it is well worth the stranger's while to travel. Upon its top is a tract
+of about two hundred acres, the property of Phillips Academy, upon which
+stand the various buildings of the institution, now nearly seventy in
+number.
+
+[Illustration: PHILLIPS ACADEMY.]
+
+Prof. Keep, in a recent article, says:--
+
+     The wide prospect from Andover Hill is suggestive of the world-wide
+     fame of the school; and the lovely elm-shaded park, in which stand
+     the buildings of the Theological Seminary, and the church where the
+     members of the academy worship, is a hardly less peaceful and
+     charming scholar's retreat than are those of the college gardens of
+     Oxford and Cambridge.
+
+This elm-shaded park is the beautiful campus of seven or eight acres. In
+the background are all the buildings of the Theological Seminary, except
+Brechin Hall, and in front of them is the avenue of elms which makes the
+"Gothic window." Nothing of its kind could be more beautiful. Overhead
+are the interlaced branches of the lofty trees, the end of the avenue
+forming the exquisite window, through which extends a long vista. On
+either side of the mullion one has the view of a church in the distance;
+and in the valley of the Merrimac nestles the city of Lawrence.
+
+[Illustration: OLD STONE ACADEMY.]
+
+[Illustration: THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.]
+
+Not far remote is "Carter's Hill," with its commanding view and unbroken
+quiet, and destined to become a favorite summer resort, for such as wish
+to enjoy some of New England's choicest scenery, to know some of its
+purest life, and to keep within an hour's ride of Boston. Within easy
+view are Monadnock, Wachusett, and other smaller mountains; the
+beautiful Merrimac River, with its populous valley, and the
+graceful, busy Shawshin, where it was said, the Devil baptized the
+witches,--contemptible when thought of as the object of great Boston's
+covetous desire, but important in its relation to the several mills upon
+its course, and for its contribution to the general beauty.
+
+"Indian Ridge" is one of the series of lenticular hills, which continues
+to the north-east as far as Portsmouth, N.H., and in an irregular course
+may be traced westward to the Connecticut River.
+
+[Illustration: LIEUT.-GOV. PHILLIPS.]
+
+This ridge is supposed to have been the spot of Indian encampments, and
+is within a tract of land now owned by the town, and intended as a park.
+Near it is the "Red Spring," and a mile or two north-east is "Den Rock,"
+all of which are frequently visited by holiday bands of children, and by
+students in hours of recreation.
+
+The Andover records date from 1639, and the town was incorporated May 6,
+1646. The story of Andover's progress from its foundation until the
+present, is full of interest. The town's part in all the early movements
+was most creditable, and full of intelligence. At the close of a
+century of its life we find vigilance as to the character of its growing
+population.
+
+The authorities believed that whatsoever a town soweth, that shall it
+also reap. It was therefore in vain that the "pauper immigrant" or
+"criminal classes" knocked for admittance. It is said that the town was
+"made up at the beginning of 'choice men,' 'very desirable' and 'good
+Christians.'"[D]
+
+    [D] Historical Sketches, p. 145.
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL, THEO. SEMINARY.]
+
+[Illustration: PUNCHARD FREE SCHOOL.]
+
+"The selectmen were empowered to examine into the character and habits
+of all persons seeking residence, and to admit none who were idle or
+immoral.
+
+
+                                 ANDOVER, the 30th of January, 1719-20.
+
+   _To_ MR. EBENEZER LOVEJOY, _constable_.
+
+    GREETING:--Whereas there are severall Persons com to Reside in
+    our Towne and we feare a futer charge and as the Law directs to prevent
+    such charge, you are Requested in his Majesty's name forthwith to
+    warn the severall persons under wrighten: to depart out of our Town
+    as the law directs to, least they prove a futer charge to the
+    Towne.
+
+    [Signed by the Selectmen.]
+
+"The town also encouraged desirable persons to settle by making them
+grants of land, etc. Ministers and masters of grammar schools were
+exempt from taxation."
+
+[Illustration:
+THE CHAPEL.    PHILLIPS HALL.    BARTLETT CHAPEL.
+       BARTLETT HALL.    BRECHIN HALL.
+
+THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.--GENERAL VIEW.]
+
+In few places can the local features of the great Revolutionary struggle
+be as well studied as in the ample and well-preserved records of
+Andover. It would take many pages to tell what the town did in council
+and on the field, in business, and at the fireside, to encourage the
+patriots. So loyal was the town that its citizens were greatly trusted,
+and a portion of Harvard College library was sent there for its greater
+safety.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD MARK NEWMAN PUBLISHING HOUSE.]
+
+A pleasant description of the town is given by Thomas Houghton, an
+Englishman, who, writing from Andover in 1789, mentions several
+characteristics of the people at that period. He says: "One thing I must
+observe, which, I think, wants rectifying, that is, their pluming pride
+when adjoined to apparent poverty,--no uncommon case!"
+
+He adds that they grow "their own wool, which they also get spun,
+weaved, and dyed, and both the gentlemen I am with, Hon. Samuel Phillips
+and his father, who is a justice of the peace, generally appear in their
+own manufacture, in imitation of the British."
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.]
+
+"As to property, it seems so well secured from principle in the people
+that there is not such use of locks and bolts as in England. Even where
+I am, we have five out-door and sixty-two sash windows; yet all the
+barage on the doors is a wood catch on the door-snek." ...
+
+"Oh, what a country has Britain lost by her folly! But this is too
+large a field to dwell on in a letter; the subject, from even poor me,
+would easily draw forth a volume."[E]
+
+    [E] Sketches of Andover, pp. 402-3.
+
+Among the early students in Harvard College, from Andover, was one who
+was destined to immortal renown. When the rebellious spirit against
+England began to rise, Samuel Phillips, whose father, by the same name,
+was then the representative to the General Court, was one of the most
+earnest to fan the sacred flame. Choosing "Liberty" as the theme, while
+in college he wrote: "We should watch against every encroachment, and
+with the fortitude of calm, intrepid resolution oppose them. Unborn
+generations will either bless us for our activity and magnanimity, or
+curse us for our pusillanimity."
+
+In 1775 he is chosen to represent the town in Provincial Congress, to be
+held at the meeting-house in Watertown.
+
+His great life-work now began, a work which will be more fully described
+hereafter. In all the relations and duties of student, patriot, business
+man, judge, lieutenant-governor, and founder of Phillips Academy, he won
+for himself a good report, and helped to lay lasting foundations.
+
+"Phillips School," as it was at first called, was opened April 30, 1778,
+in a "rude building of one story about 30 × 25 feet, done off
+temporarily in the plainest manner for the purpose, and not intended for
+more than thirty or forty scholars." From this small beginning the
+school has developed into the widely-famed Academy, which numbers more
+than three thousand graduates, and under whose instruction have passed
+about eleven thousand pupils. The limits of this article prevent a
+notice of those alumni who have become justly famous, and also of the
+very strong faculty of instructors, at whose head stands one of the
+foremost of American educators, under whose wise direction Phillips is
+fast becoming the synonyme of Rugby, and is already one of the important
+sources of supply of student-life for Harvard and Yale.
+
+In 1785 the "joiner's shop" gave place to a new academy, which stood
+west of where Brechin Hall now stands, and which was burned in 1818. The
+third academy, erected in the same year, is now used as the gymnasium.
+In 1865 the present academy came into being. It is a noble structure,
+with excellent facilities for educational work. Its spacious hall,
+where occur the commencement exercises, and the annual contests for the
+various prizes, is adorned by the portraits of many of the Academy's
+illustrious dead.
+
+The new laboratory is a part, already finished, of the proposed
+building, for the use of the classes in the natural sciences.
+
+For want of funds in hand, only the east wing has been built, and this
+is now occupied by the class in analytical chemistry. When completed,
+the building will be a beautiful and a convenient structure. The walls
+will be of pressed brick laid in red mortar, with dark granite base, and
+Nova Scotia sandstone trimmings. The roof will be covered with Monson
+slate. The basement will be eleven feet high, mostly above ground, and
+will serve for the force-pump, heating apparatus, and for rough storage.
+
+The chemical laboratory will occupy the main floor, and will be a room
+40 × 30 feet. Abundant light and air are to be supplied by windows on
+three sides, and the system of ventilation will be excellent.
+
+The advantages aimed at in this building are, ample space, freedom from
+dampness, abundant light, the means of speedy and complete ventilation,
+good drainage, a minimum of absorbing surfaces, and a minimum of fire
+risk. The building, when completed, will have a small side-room for
+books and balances, a private laboratory for the instructor in charge,
+a spacious lecture-room, a drawing-room, cabinets for the various
+collections in geology, mineralogy, etc., now inconveniently distant, a
+dry store-room, also corridors, closets, and janitor's quarters,
+complete.
+
+The chaste and time-honored seal of Phillips Academy was the gift of
+John Lowell and Oliver Wendell, the grandfathers of Oliver Wendell
+Holmes; and probably, though not certainly, was engraved by Paul Revere.
+
+     In 1807 the "Class in Theology" became a distinct institution, the
+     first of the kind in the world, whose invested endowment now
+     reaches nearly a million dollars and which has graduated nearly
+     2,000 students. The Theological Seminary has passed her 75th
+     anniversary; yet, as a representative and defender of whatever is
+     most vigorous, active, and progressive in Christian orthodoxy, she
+     holds an ægis that is ageless, and a sceptre imperishable. And it
+     is said that no one man now living can read even the alphabets of
+     all the languages through which her sons have sought to interpret
+     the Word of God to the world. Previous to 1807 the Academy itself
+     did a most important work in educating young men for the Christian
+     ministry, and has contributed to the education of more clergymen
+     than any similar school. The Academy has also been a large feeder
+     of the Seminary and other theological schools, and for long periods
+     has graduated every year from five to fifteen young men who have
+     become ministers. Indeed the Academy has been called, not without
+     reason, itself a Seminary.[F]
+
+    [F] Prof. E. G. Coy, New Englander, July, 1885.
+
+As another article will be written upon the founders and instructors of
+the Seminary, we shall in this speak only of the buildings. At the north
+end of the long, elm-shaded avenue stands the chapel. It is built in the
+Gothic style, of Andover stone, trimmed with sandstone from Connecticut
+and Ohio. It was dedicated in 1876, and is by far the most beautiful,
+ecclesiastical structure in the town. The audience worshipping in it is
+composed of professors and their families, the students of the
+institutions, and a few families living near.
+
+Then follow Phillips Hall and Bartlett Hall, and between them is
+Bartlett Chapel, the two former serving as dormitories, and the latter
+for lecture and recitation rooms. Nearly opposite the south end of the
+avenue is the gymnasium, and in the foreground, nearer the main street,
+is the imposing library building Brechin Hall.
+
+Over three thousand students have been connected with this institution,
+and the illustrations which accompany this article will awaken tender
+and precious memories in the minds of many readers.
+
+In 1830 it was determined to open a school in connection with Phillips
+Academy, for the training of teachers. The Stone Academy was erected on
+the square nearly opposite the present academy, and a dwelling-house,
+also built of stone, was used as the workshop of the students. This
+house afterwards became the residence of Prof. C. E. Stowe, D.D., and
+his talented wife. It was while living here that she wrote her "Key to
+Uncle Tom's Cabin," and received the kind and unkind notices of her
+great work.
+
+This school was discontinued in 1842, for lack of funds, and the
+building was used as the head-quarters of the Academy,--the recitations
+being made in what is now the gymnasium. About twenty years ago it was
+burned, and the new academy erected.
+
+Among the buildings in town which have been made historic is what is
+known as "the old Andover Bookstore,"--so called to distinguish it from
+the present publishing house. It stands on the top of the hill, is a
+brick structure, and is now used as a dwelling-house.
+
+     The Andover Press has always been closely allied with the literary
+     institutions of the town. In 1809, but one year after the opening
+     of the Theological Seminary, Mark Newman, who for fourteen years
+     had been the eminently respected principal (the third) of Phillips
+     Academy, resigned his office and engaged in the book business, in
+     which he continued till near the close of his long life of nearly
+     eighty-seven years. He died in 1859. Four years after Dea. Newman
+     opened his bookstore, Flagg & Gould began the printing business, at
+     first printing for Dea. Newman and others, but soon for themselves
+     as publishers. The firm of Flagg & Gould remained unchanged for
+     twenty years. In 1833 they admitted as partner Mark H. Newman, son
+     of Dea. Newman. Mr. Flagg died the same year; Gould & Newman
+     continued the business till 1841. They were succeeded by Allen,
+     Morrill, & Wardwell in 1841, W. H. Wardwell in 1847, Flagg &
+     Wardwell in 1848, W. F. Draper in 1849.
+
+     The relations of the publishing business to the Seminary and the
+     enthusiasm for theological learning inspired by Prof. Stuart are
+     well illustrated in the title of Newcome's "Harmony of the
+     Gospels," published soon after Flagg & Gould opened their
+     printing-office: "A Harmony in Greek of the Gospels, with Notes, By
+     William Newcome, D.D., Dublin, 1778: Reprinted from the Text and
+     Select Various Readings of Griesbach, by the Junior Class in the
+     Theological Seminary at Andover, under the Superintendence of Moses
+     Stuart, Associate Professor of Sacred Literature in said Seminary.
+     Andover: Printed by Flagg and Gould. 1814." This was probably the
+     first book in Greek published here. Other books have occasionally
+     been published by the students of the Seminary. The first book in
+     Hebrew printed at the Andover Press was Stuart's Hebrew Grammar,
+     the Professor himself superintending the type-setting. Inspired by
+     his zeal, Dr. Codman, in 1821, gave to the Seminary $2,000 for the
+     purchase of type to be used for printing the Oriental languages, a
+     kind of work then new in this country hence the name "Codman
+     Press," which appears on the books of early date. Works or parts
+     of works were printed in as many as ten Eastern languages, a
+     speciality at Andover which has been continued to the present time.
+     Equally zealous in his department was Dr. Porter, President, and
+     Professor of Sacred Rhetoric, in directing the attention of the
+     clergy to the study of pulpit eloquence. He published largely on
+     that subject, some of his books attaining a very extensive sale.
+     Prof. Stuart also published here his Commentaries, some of which,
+     at the time, greatly agitated the theological world. They still
+     abide the test of time and survive among the fittest. Having
+     published as many as six editions of his own Hebrew Grammars, he
+     translated that of Gesenius, and, in connection with Dr. Robinson,
+     he translated also the first edition of Winer's New Testament Greek
+     Grammar, then a book of 176 pages, now, in its
+     seventh--Thayers--edition, one of 746 pages. Both of these works in
+     their greatly improved form still hold the foremost rank as
+     text-books in their respective departments.
+
+     Not far from one hundred and fifty different works of 8vo size,
+     some of them containing several volumes, among these the
+     "Bibliotheca Sacra," now entering on its forty-third year, until
+     lately edited by Prof. E. A. Park, one of its founders; over one
+     hundred and fifty books of 12mo and smaller sizes, and more than
+     two hundred pamphlets, have been published in Andover. Many of
+     these works were written here (also many others published
+     elsewhere), and were the outgrowth of the institutions of the
+     place.
+
+At the centennial celebration of Phillips Academy, after speaking of the
+literary industry of the faculty, it was said, "There have been forty
+professors, but their wives and daughters, six women, have published
+books which have had a circulation of at least a million copies."
+
+The Punchard Free School was opened for instruction in 1856. It is
+the High School of the town, founded and endowed by Mr. Benjamin H.
+Punchard, who left the sum of $70,000 for the founding of a free school.
+The school-house is beautifully situated on Punchard avenue, and
+hundreds of Andover's boys and girls have received great benefit from
+Mr. Punchard's wise generosity.
+
+William G. Goldsmith, A.M., of Andover, who was the fourth principal,
+and a graduate of Harvard College, was elected in 1858. He resigned in
+1870, but was reëlected in 1871, and served until his recent appointment
+to the service of the Government. The universal respect and affection of
+the numerous alumni of "Punchard" are the well-earned eulogy of his
+faithful work.
+
+Its character for good citizenship has never been lost by Andover. There
+is a sensitiveness to evil and a vigilant eye for immoralities, which
+form the best possible safeguards for a town's good name.
+
+The policy of the town is at once conservative and progressive. The
+majority sentiment is easily that of an intelligent class of people, who
+earnestly seek true progress in all directions, but prefer that all
+foolish experiments should be made by other communities.
+
+The business of the town is such as the local demands would naturally
+create, and in addition are the large manufacturing interests, at
+Ballard Vale: the Tyer Rubber Company, the Stevens Mills of Marland
+Village, and the Mills of Smith, Dove, & Co., the makers of the
+well-known "Andover Thread." All these firms have secured such a
+reputation for their goods that while a period of business depression
+may lessen the profits it has little effect upon the number of hands
+employed. The present population of Andover is 5,711. The growth of the
+town is not rapid, but has been more so of late than formerly. The
+student and business elements steadily increase, and the farm-houses in
+the remote parts of the town are favorite summer resorts of such persons
+as business connections keep close to Boston, but who wish to escape the
+heat and noise of the city.
+
+The number of voters is 893, and of a total vote of 468 upon the
+question, "Shall licenses be granted for the sale of intoxicating
+liquors in this town?" the recent declaration was Yes, 141, No, 327. The
+desire for improvement in the town can easily be inferred from a
+statement of the appropriations for the current year. They amounted to
+$77,283.67, of which the following are items:--
+
+     _Voted_ to appropriate the following sums for the different
+     departments: For schools, $10,700; school-houses, $1,800;
+     school-books, $1,000; sidewalks, $1,000; removing snow, $800;
+     town-officers, $2,500; town-house, $600; fire department, $3,500;
+     street lamps, $950; printing and stationery, $500; Spring Grove
+     cemetery, and avails of sales of lots, $300; Memorial Day, $175;
+     State aid, $1,400; additional pay to soldiers, $600; almshouse
+     expenses, $4,500; almshouse, relief out of, $3,000; repairs on
+     almshouse, $500; hay-scales, $50; State tax, $6,000; county tax,
+     $6,000; adjustment of taxes, $500; discount on taxes, $2,000;
+     abatement of taxes, $400; interest on notes and funds, $2,000;
+     insurance, $200; miscellaneous, $1,500; fire-engine for Ballard
+     Vale, $4,000; highways and bridges, $10,000; water-supply, $10,000;
+     tree-planting, $100; new streets, $625; etc.
+
+For six years past--1880-85--the taxes have averaged only $7.25 per
+$1,000,--on a low valuation of property. For healthfulness the town
+stands near, if not quite at the head of the list, in the vital
+statistics of the State. When the writer was about to make Andover his
+place of residence he was heartily congratulated by a friend: "People
+never die in Andover," said he, "from disease. They live on, and on, and
+on, until their friends weary of them, and shoot them." No one has been
+shot recently in Andover, and some have died; but the town is remarkable
+for its healthfulness. In 1885 there were 81 deaths, and the average age
+was 48+ years; while 40 were 60 years old, and upwards; 27 were over 70;
+24 were over 75; 13 were over 80; 4 were over 85, and 2 were over 90.
+The records of the largest Sabbath school in town show only three
+deaths of persons under 20 years of age, for at least eight, and
+possibly ten years. The two funerals which the writer last attended were
+of persons aged 89 and 101. The Catholic priest informs me that an
+entire year has passed without the occurrence of death in his parish. To
+show that the statistics of 1885 are not exceptionally favorable to the
+name of the town, let us take a longer period,--say of six years,
+1879-85. During this period the death-rate has been 14.45 per 1,000,
+which gives an average number of deaths for each year, of 79; and within
+this period 159, deaths have been of persons over 70 years of age. Since
+the new year came in 15 persons have died, and the average age of 5 was
+over 90 years.
+
+Each of the nine churches in Andover has an interesting history. Of
+these five are of the Congregational order, and their enrolled
+membership numbers 1,099, nearly one-fifth of the entire population.
+When to this is added the membership of the Episcopal, Baptist,
+Methodist and Catholic churches it is probable that one person in four,
+of whatever age or nationality, is a member of some church. The
+enrolment of the Sabbath Schools is about the same as that of the
+churches.
+
+This is owing partly to the fact that the "foreign element" in Andover
+consists largely of Scotchmen, who love the kirk; and also because the
+educational facilities of Andover are such as to draw hither persons of
+intelligence, and of literary tastes and habits.
+
+The town is well supplied with libraries. The Memorial Hall was built to
+commemorate the Andover defenders of the national flag, and contains a
+free reading-room, well supplied with current issues of the press, and a
+free public library, containing 5,259 pamphlets, and 9,185 volumes, to
+which additions are constantly being made.
+
+In 1865 the Library building of the Theological Seminary was erected,
+through the generosity of Mr. John Dove and Messrs. John and Peter
+Smith, at the cost of $60,000. It was named "Brechin Hall," from their
+native town in Scotland.
+
+Its shelves contain more than 43,000 volumes, the gentlemen who built
+the library having given large sums for the purchase of books. On its
+walls hang the portraits of many of its founders and professors, and on
+the lower floor is a valuable museum and reference library. Besides
+these are various private libraries; and there is a community of taste,
+which brings all valuable books to the town in some connection.
+
+Another educational element is that of the public lectures. The People's
+Course is a thrifty annual, which, each autumn, provides a series of ten
+entertainments at merely nominal prices. During the past year there has
+also been a course of Emergency Lectures; and various others, upon many
+topics, detached from the established courses, are of frequent
+occurrence. Abbot Academy provides its annual and popular series of
+public "Piano Recitals," under the oversight of its efficient professor,
+S. M. Downs.
+
+Phillips Academy has its annual contests for the "Draper Prizes" and the
+"Means Prizes," and a year seldom passes in the history of the
+Theological Seminary without one or more courses of special lectures, in
+addition to those which are in constant progress, under the regular
+instructors of this and of the other institutions. Nor should the
+anniversaries, with all the strangers and alumni they bring, the stir
+they make, the congratulations and the partings, be forgotten.
+
+So it is that all the important phases of our best American life are
+found in the history and enterprise of this illustrious town. Here one
+may find the house in which have lived seven generations, the head of
+the family bearing the same name; and the home of the recent immigrant.
+The educational and business interests are nobly conducted and carried
+to great success, and the current life is representative of good old
+customs and earnest strivings for the best things.
+
+A careful study of Andover life, such as Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D., had
+evidently made before writing his address for the dedication of the
+Memorial Hall, leads one to feel, what he has so well stated:--
+
+"The more we look into the history of Andover the more we feel how
+thoroughly it is a characteristic New England town. If I wanted to give
+a foreigner some clear idea of what that excellent institution a New
+England town really is, in its history and in its character, in its
+enterprise and its sobriety, in its godliness and its manliness, I
+should be sure that I could do it if I could make him perfectly familiar
+with the past and the present of Andover."
+
+
+
+
+JAMES OTIS, JR.
+
+BY REV. H. HEWITT.
+
+
+Goethe's famous saying, that "Talent forms itself in solitude;
+character, in the stream of life,"[G] has often found striking
+exemplification both in the narrow sphere of individual existence, and
+on the broader and more conspicuous stage of national affairs; but
+perhaps the truth it contains has seldom been more amply illustrated
+than during the stormy days of the American Revolution. Great political
+convulsions sift peoples as the wind sifts the wheat on the summer
+threshing-floor, bringing into prominence their best as well as their
+worst features. They furnish occasion for the development and display of
+all that is noblest in mankind, and they offer equal scope and
+opportunity to all the baser susceptibilities and passions of our
+nature. They furnish a broader platform on which to act, and originate
+more exciting topics to occupy and elevate the mind, than are afforded
+by an orderly and undisturbed condition of society; and they are
+certainly better fitted to create that energy of will and heroism of
+purpose without which nothing noble, beneficent, and lasting can ever be
+accomplished.
+
+    [G] "Es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille,
+         Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt."
+
+Never, perhaps, has this effect been produced in a more impressive
+manner, or to a fuller extent, than during the anxious years when the
+American colonies were slowly feeling and fighting their way to the
+status of an independent nation. A new order of manhood appeared, shaped
+by the dangers and difficulties of the time. The crisis called for men
+of courage and capacity, of wise council, of prompt and decisive action,
+and these men were forthcoming, as if providentially prepared for the
+hour and the occasion. Of these, one of the earliest on the scene, and,
+for a time, one of the most eloquent and able of the popular leaders,
+was James Otis, Junior. Though, in consequence of the sad affliction
+that darkened and distressed his later days, his labors in the cause of
+American independence were prematurely closed, and he was not permitted
+to share in the consummation of the conflict in which he had played so
+prominent, and spirited, and successful a part, he still deserves to be
+remembered with gratitude and affection by the nation, now grown big, at
+whose birth he so nobly played the part of midwife. James Otis was born
+at Great Marshes, now known as West Barnstable, February 5, 1725 (old
+style, February 5, 1724). His ancestor, John Otis, came from England
+about the year 1657, and settled in the town of Hingham. The family was
+from the first distinguished by public spirit, and by aptitude for
+places of trust and responsibility in the public service. Besides the
+important offices of Judge of the Common Pleas and Judge of Probate,
+John Otis had the honor of holding a seat in the Council of the Province
+for more than twenty years. His son, James Otis, born 1702, stood
+equally prominent in his public capacity, being a distinguished member
+of the Bar, an officer of the Militia, a Justice of the Common Pleas and
+of Probate, and a Councillor of the Province. He married Mary Allyne, by
+whom he had a large family, James, the subject of this sketch, being the
+eldest and most celebrated. Samuel Allyne, the youngest of the thirteen
+children, served for some time as secretary of the Senate of the United
+States. The eldest daughter, Mercy, displayed an aptitude for politics
+and literature, in which she acquired considerable reputation in those
+unquiet and exciting days, vigorously indorsing and seconding the action
+of her brother, and her husband, James Warren, in the Provincial
+Council. She was the anonymous author of "The Group," a stinging
+political satire, published in 1775, and in 1805 she produced a "History
+of the American Revolution."
+
+Of the habits, character, and status of Otis, as a student at Harvard,
+whither he went in his fourteenth year, little is known, except what has
+descended to us in the shape of anecdote, such as the story of his
+playing the violin for a small party of young friends on one occasion,
+and suddenly stopping the dance by dropping the instrument, and
+exclaiming, "So fiddled Orpheus, and so danced the brutes." He, however,
+managed to graduate with honors in 1743, and to carry off his Arts
+degree in 1746. About two years after leaving college he commenced the
+study of the law in the office of Jeremiah Gridley, a lawyer of some
+repute, who, later on, as Attorney-General, defended the famous "apple
+of discord," the "Writs of Assistance," which Otis so brilliantly and
+successfully impeached. He resided for a short period, 1748-9, in the
+town of Plymouth; but the place of Pilgrim fame was at that time too
+slow and dull a place for the quick and active mind and ardent and
+ambitious temper of the rising young lawyer, and he removed to Boston,
+soon to be absorbed with the duties and difficulties of a large and
+lucrative practice, and esteemed and admired as one of the brightest
+ornaments of his profession. Nor was the public confidence in him
+misplaced, or his popularity without warrant. Governor Hutchinson, who
+knew him only in the capacity of a powerful personal and political
+opponent, was yet obliged to yield homage to his public and professional
+virtues, frankly declaring that "He never knew fairer or more noble
+conduct in a pleader than in Otis; that he always defended his causes
+solely on their broad and substantial foundations." Among other stories
+and items of fact put forth in evidence of his contempt of the
+pettifogging and professional lying so common in these degenerate days,
+is the following: Being engaged on one occasion to recover the amount of
+a bill which was alleged by the defendant to have been paid, he
+discovered, quite accidentally, among his client's papers, as the trial
+was proceeding, a receipt in full for the demand before the court. The
+paper in question had fallen into his client's hands in some way or
+another, and he was villanously using this advantage to wrong his
+neighbor. As soon as Otis detected the trick his indignation burst forth
+like a scorching flame, "You are a pretty rascal!" he said; "_there_ is
+a receipt for the very demand now before the court."
+
+Otis' happiness, however, such as it was, lay outside his home. His
+marriage with Ruth Cunningham, which took place in 1755, was far from
+being happy. Incompatibility of temper, and radical and stubborn
+differences in political principle and sentiment, were the main
+ingredients in the chalice of bitterness and woe which both, doubtless,
+helped to fill. His only son, a youth of promise, entered the navy as
+midshipman, and died at eighteen. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth,
+married a loyalist, Captain Brown, who was wounded at Bunker Hill,--an
+alliance that much distressed him. The sad fortune of his second
+daughter, Mary, was another source of grief. She had married Benjamin
+Lincoln, eldest son of General Lincoln, who received the sword of
+General Cornwallis at the surrender of Yorktown,--a young lawyer of
+considerable promise; but he died at twenty-eight.
+
+It is necessary to remember that in the great drama of the Revolution,
+Otis was only one of many distinguished actors, and that, in order to
+appreciate the part he played so well, we shall require to give a brief
+and rapid sketch of the political situation at the time. The sudden
+assertion of the spirit of liberty, which the British Parliament and the
+Provincial Legislature, acting under its direction and control, strove
+to check and subdue, was the awakening of the colonial communities, not
+simply to a consciousness of their political rights, but, also, of a
+new-born power to maintain and defend them. During the first hundred
+years of colonial history King and Parliament, occupied with affairs of
+an absorbing character at home, knew little, and cared even less, about
+the fate and fortunes of the men and women, who, for the sake of
+conscience and religious freedom, had left the land of their birth and
+best affection, and were engaged in a heroic contest with nature, on a
+wild, desolate, and distant coast. The early colonists were left to a
+liberty almost as unfettered as the wild animals and savage tribes whom
+they dislodged from their native forests. When, however, the infant
+communities had grown strong and prosperous, and had initiated a system
+of commerce which bade fair to become expansive and lucrative, they at
+once attracted the attention of the State authorities in the land of
+their origin. When the conflict with Parliament began, the rights and
+immunities claimed by the American colonies, were not matters of statute
+and charter. The prescriptive right, which is founded in
+long-established custom and usage, rather than in positive enactment,
+was the ground of resistance to the encroachments of the Provincial
+Executive. When James Otis, in pleading against the "Writs of
+Assistance," said, "Taxation without representation is tyranny," he
+stated a great political principle; he indicated the great palladium of
+popular liberty; but deeper than that principle, in the hearts of the
+colonists, lay the sense of uneasiness at the prospect of having the
+privileges of one hundred and fifty years in any way compromised,
+disturbed, or imperilled. This was the spirit of Franklin, in his "Hints
+for a Reply to the Protest of the Lords against the Repeal of the Stamp
+Act:" "I will freely spend nineteen shillings in the pound," said he,
+"to defend my right of giving or refusing the other shilling; and, after
+all, if I cannot defend that right, I can retire cheerfully with my
+little family into the boundless woods of America, which are sure to
+afford freedom and subsistence to any man who can bait a hook or pull a
+trigger." This was the spirit of Otis when he complained that Parliament
+regarded the British colonies in America rather as "a parcel of small,
+insignificant conquered islands, than as very extensive settlement on
+the continent," with a future of unlimited development in store. This,
+too, was the spirit of Hawley, when, with a boldness outstripping that
+of Otis himself, he said, "The Parliament of Great Britain has no right
+to legislate for us." The latter sentence is memorable as being the
+first instance in which the power of the British Parliament was
+distinctly denied in a colonial legislature.
+
+Still, side by side with these strong assertions of independence, there
+existed curiously enough an almost equally strong feeling of reluctance
+to sever the long-standing relation between the colonies and the mother
+country. England was still "home," even in the language of James Otis,
+as is clear from his correspondence, in which he speaks of certain legal
+decisions as being "sent _home_ for approbation." Though all were agreed
+as to the character and tendency of such acts of the imperial
+legislature as the Stamp Act, the Revenue Act, the Port Bill, and the
+Billeting Bill, hopes were entertained to the last that some method of
+solution would be eventually discovered that would avert the disaster of
+revolution. "In America," said Rev. Andrew Elliot, a popular and
+much-respected minister in Boston, "the people glory in the name, and
+only desire to enjoy the liberties of England." And he added,
+significantly enough, "Oppression makes wise men mad." Even Thomas
+Jefferson, in a letter to John Randolph, as late as 1775, expressed his
+decided preference "to be dependent on England under proper limitation,
+to being dependent on any other nation, or on no nation whatsoever." "We
+strongly enjoin you," said the Pennsylvania Assembly, November 9, 1775,
+largely influenced by Farmer Dickenson, in its instructions to its
+delegates, "that you, in behalf of this colony, dissent from and utterly
+reject any proposition, should such be made, that may cause or lead to
+a separation from our mother country, or a change of the form of this
+government." In almost identical words the Assembly of New Jersey
+expressed its dread of "separation from England." "For what are we to
+encounter the horrors of war?" asked a writer in the _New York Gazette_,
+April 8, 1776, as quoted by Mr. Oscar Straus, in his admirable little
+work on "The Origin of the American Republic." "It is a form of
+government which Baron Montesquieu, and the best writers on the subject,
+have shown to be attended with many mischiefs and imperfections, while
+they pay high encomiums on the excellency of the British Constitution.
+The Continental Congress has never lisped the least desire for
+independency or republicanism. All their publications breathe another
+spirit." What strong ground the _Gazette_ had for the above statement
+will be seen from the words of the address sent to the British
+Parliament and People by the Congress of Delegates which met on the 5th
+September, 1774, at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. "You have been
+told," says the Congress, "that we are impatient of government and
+desirous of independence. These are calumnies. Permit us to be free as
+yourselves, and we shall esteem a union with you to be our greatest
+glory and our greatest happiness."
+
+It is always the unexpected that happens, however, and, strange as it
+may appear, in little more than a year after the publication of the
+warnings of the _New York Gazette_, and the strong deprecations of
+leading colonists, the first decisive and irrevocable step towards
+revolution of the government and the autonomy and independence of the
+colonies was taken. On July 4, 1776, the Rubicon was passed: the
+Declaration of Independence was proclaimed.
+
+To trace the causes and indicate the character of this sudden and
+irreversible revulsion of feeling is to relate the story of the public
+career of James Otis as _primus inter pares_ and leader of the popular
+party in the Province of Massachusetts. For ten years, with the
+exception of some brief intervals of popular misunderstanding and
+disfavor, he stood forth as the eloquent exponent and acknowledged
+champion of the popular cause. Long prior to 1760 he had achieved renown
+as a lawyer, and the skill and distinction he had attained in his
+profession had already received due and appropriate recognition and
+reward in his appointment to the Attorney-Generalship of the Province.
+In that year, however, the outcry against the administration of the Acts
+of Trade became loud and general, and in the discontent and excitement
+which prevailed the over-zealous agents of the Executive came into
+collision with the people. The revival of an old "Act for the better
+securing and encouraging the trade of His Majesty's colonies in
+America," imposed a duty of sixpence on molasses and other articles
+imported from the French and Spanish West Indies. As this was tantamount
+to doubling the price, the trade was forced into contraband channels,
+and vigorous measures had to be adopted for the suppression of the
+illicit traffic. A third of the forfeited goods belonged to the king,
+and were appropriated for the benefit of the colony; a third belonged to
+the governor; and a third fell to the informers. But as that portion of
+the spoils which accrued to the colony was not claimed, the money was
+used to stimulate the zeal and vigilance of the customs-officers. These
+persons, armed with "writs of assistance" issued by the Chancellor of
+the Exchequer in England, were empowered to enter and search any private
+house suspected of containing smuggled goods, and seize whatever
+articles might be considered contraband within the meaning of the acts.
+Against these proceedings resistance was bold and general, suspected
+householders answering the demand of the customs-officers by closing the
+doors in their faces. It was the duty of Otis, as Advocate-General of
+the Province, to uphold the action of the executive government; but he
+refused to argue for the writs, and resigned. On his resignation
+becoming known he was at once retained, along with Oxenbridge Thacher,
+to defend the cause of the people, and his splendid triumph in this
+capacity made him the popular hero. His opponent, as has been already
+intimated, was his old friend, Jeremiah Gridley, King's Attorney,--a
+lawyer of great learning and acuteness. An eye-witness comments on the
+sublime spectacle of Otis, spite of the difficulties of his position,
+the excitement of the hour, and the fire and vehemence of his own
+passionate nature, treating his old master "with all deference, respect,
+and esteem", but confuting all his arguments, and reducing him to
+silence, and Gridley, on the other hand, "seeming to exult inwardly at
+the glory and triumph of his pupil."
+
+In answering, almost at the outset, a charge which made his highest
+public virtue his fault,--the charge that he had deserted his
+office,--he said: "I renounced that office, and I argue this cause from
+the same principle, and I argue it with the greater pleasure as it is in
+favor of British liberty at a time when we hear the greatest monarch
+upon earth declaring from his throne that he glories in the name of
+Briton, and that the privileges of his people are dearer to him than the
+most valuable prerogatives of his crown; and it is in opposition to a
+kind of power, the exercise of which in former periods of English
+history cost one king his head, and another his crown."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The only principles of public conduct that are worthy of a gentleman or
+a man are to sacrifice estate, ease, health, and applause, and even life
+itself, to the sacred calls of his country. The glowing and oft-quoted
+eulogy of John Adams on this great argument, which is said to have
+lasted nearly five hours, is a commonplace of history, but we cannot
+forbear repeating it. Otis was a flame of fire; with a promptitude of
+classical allusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical
+events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities, a prophetic glance
+of his eyes into futurity, and a rapid torrent of impetuous eloquence,
+he hurried away all before him. American independence was then and there
+born. Every man of an immense crowded audience appeared to me to go away
+as I did, ready to take up arms against the "writs of assistance." The
+speech, says Bowen, "gave vitality and shape to the dim sense of
+oppression and wrong from the mother country, which already rested
+indistinctly on the minds of the colonists." "It breathed," says Adams,
+"into this nation the breath of life."
+
+The effect, however, which John Adams and other admirers of Otis have
+ascribed to his great legal triumph was obviously not the one Otis
+himself intended it to produce. There was, after all, something
+exceedingly vague and uncertain about his attitude and principles as a
+politician and a statesman. His contemporaries felt this, and somewhat
+unfeelingly accused him of inconsistency. At one time he was equally
+censured by his friends and by foes. In his "_Vindication of the Conduct
+of the House of Representatives of the Province of Massachusetts Bay_,"
+published in 1762, occurs the following: "The British Constitution of
+government, as now established in His Majesty's person and family, is
+the wisest and best in the world. The King of Great Britain is the best
+and most glorious monarch upon the globe, and his subjects the happiest
+in the universe." And yet Lord Mansfield, whose marble figure stands
+proudly among those of other distinguished Englishmen in the corridor of
+the British House of Commons, defended him in Parliament, not as a
+loyalist, but as a revolutionist. "Otis" said he, "is a man of
+consequence among the people over there. It was said the man is mad.
+What then? One madman often makes many. Massaniello was mad, nobody
+doubts; yet for all that he overturned the government of Naples."
+Friends of the government on both sides of the water suggested that Otis
+should be proceeded against for treason, but the British
+Attorney-General declared the "writs of assistance" illegal, and there,
+for a time, the matter ended.
+
+When, in January, 1763, preliminaries of peace between France and
+England were signed, the people of Boston rejoiced, and Otis, as their
+spokesman, said: "The true interests of Great Britain and her
+plantations are mutual, and what God in His providence has united, let
+no man dare attempt to pull asunder." Governor Bernard, however, who
+inferred from this strain of remark that the province would soon recover
+its reputation for loyalty, seriously overrated its significance. When
+the General Assembly of Massachusetts met in 1764, Otis, as chairman of
+the Committee of Correspondence, drew up the draft of an address to
+Parliament, to prevent the passage of the Stamp Act; but it was not
+presented. The act passed into law, and Boston was immediately caught in
+a whirlwind of popular indignation and excitement. The mob burnt the
+effigy of Oliver, who, in an evil moment, had accepted the office of
+Distributor of Stamps, and he, deeming discretion the better part of
+valor, resigned his post immediately thereafter, under Liberty-tree. The
+house of Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor, was demolished, while Bernard,
+the chief offender, was left undisturbed. Mobocracy, however, was not a
+pleasant contemplation to the sober and law-abiding people of Boston,
+and next day the inhabitants of the town assembled in Faneuil Hall and
+denounced the authors of outrage and violence.
+
+The Stamp Act Congress, originally proposed by Otis, met in New York,
+October 19, 1765. He, together with Timothy Ruggles and Colonel
+Partridge, were delegated to attend as the representatives of
+Massachusetts. Otis took a prominent and influential part in the
+deliberations of the Congress, and was one of the committee chosen to
+draft an address to Parliament praying for the repeal of the obnoxious
+law, which had nearly brought business to a stand-still in many of the
+colonies, for, as Hutchinson remarks, "No wills were proved, no
+administrations granted, no deeds nor bonds executed." Agitation and
+appeal were successful. Parliament beat a retreat and dropped the
+attempt to tax the American colonies, like a red-hot poker.[H] But the
+breach between the popular party and the friends and representatives of
+the government was destined never to be healed. Between Hutchinson and
+Otis especially relations were of a very unfriendly character, and it
+must have been exceedingly difficult for the partisans on either side to
+keep cool when the leaders were so apt to catch fire. Still, when the
+Revenue Act of 1767 fell like a firebrand among the colonists, Otis,
+singularly enough, was almost alone in advising moderation and caution.
+In the following year his action and attitude were more consistent; he
+was once more the advocate of resistance, and was appointed to draft
+letters to the King, to De Berdt, the agent of the Province in London,
+and a circular-letter, addressed to the colonial assemblies, requesting
+them "to unite in some suitable measures of redress."[I] Governor
+Bernard demanded the rescinding of the letters; and Otis replied in a
+speech which the Governor described as "the most violent, abusive, and
+treasonable declaration that perhaps ever was delivered." It is a very
+significant indication of the state of popular feeling in Massachusetts
+at the time that, while only seventeen members of the House were ready
+to say "Yes" to the Governor's demand, nintey-two were resolved to say
+"No." In the summer of 1769 a violent and disgraceful affray took place
+between Otis and Robinson, the Commissioner of Customs, in a
+coffee-house, in which Otis received a severe blow on the head. From
+that moment his public career was practically at an end. He became the
+victim of insanity. From 1771 to 1783 he lived aloof from the excitement
+of public affairs. His death was singularly tragic and fearfully sudden.
+As he stood at the door of his home in Andover, during a storm, a flash
+of lightning struck him lifeless to the ground; so that he may almost be
+said to have been carried to his rest in a chariot of fire.
+
+    [H] Edmund Burke had previously warned the British Parliament
+    against the futile attempt to tax the American colonies, and had
+    said, "You will never get a shilling from them."
+
+    [I] Tudor and Bowen hold that these letters, which are found in the
+    Massachusetts State Paper Collection, are from the pen of Otis.
+    Bancroft gives strong reasons for believing Samuel Adams to be their
+    author.
+
+As to the place of Otis in the early colonial history of America it is
+somewhat difficult to state it. His influence as the leader and exponent
+of popular opinion was undoubtedly very great so long as it lasted, and
+in the main it was beneficial. If, like many another great moral and
+political force, he accomplished something entirely different from what
+he intended, both what he intended and what he actually accomplished
+were equally a credit to him. Some of his contemporaries thought that
+his courage, his eloquence, his pure and undiluted patriotism, had a
+serious drawback in the irrepressible fire and vehemence of his nature;
+but passion enters largely into the composition of all noble natures,
+and is, in no inconsiderable degree, the secret of their success. Otis
+was certainly wanting in some of the elements of greatness displayed by
+the most distinguished of his contemporaries and compatriots. His style
+of statemanship was not so far-seeing, comprehensive, and solid as that
+of a Samuel Adams, a Thomas Jefferson, a John Dickenson, or a Benjamin
+Franklin, and it certainly lacked the Machiavellian coolness and
+argumentativeness of a Hutchinson. But what Otis accomplished was
+impossible to any of them. His work was quite unique in its way, and his
+public life and action have produced results as valuable and lasting as
+the public labors of any of the noble men who devoted without stint
+their best thought and energies to laying down, deep, strong, and
+enduring, the foundation-stones of the American Republic.
+
+
+
+
+A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP'S WAR.
+
+BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+One bright afternoon early in the month of June, 1676, a young girl
+stood leaning against the trunk of a tree, gazing into the waters of the
+beautiful Lake Quinsigamond. Her head rested heavily on her hand, as if
+weighed down by the burden of despair. Suddenly she started, uttering a
+slight cry, then sank back against the tree with a sigh of relief as she
+recognized a tall young Indian who approached her.
+
+"Ah! is it you, Ninigret?"
+
+"Yes, Millicent; fear not, there is no foe near; and if there were I
+would protect you. Why do you tremble so?"
+
+"Is it strange I tremble at the least noise, when the sound of a
+footstep or the rustling of a leaf may mean instant death to me? The
+forest is full of enemies. They lurk in every by-path. Behind every bush
+or fair spreading tree may be seen their leering faces. What, then, has
+a poor captive girl to expect of their mercy?"
+
+"Do not I and those of my tribe here protect you? Have I not already
+saved you from death at the hands of a roving Indian?"
+
+"You have; perhaps only for a worse fate. Death, indeed, would be no
+worse than a future of such captivity; for though you will save me from
+the violence of the red men, neither you nor your associates will
+liberate me. Ah, Ninigret! why are you so in the power of that tyrant,
+Philip? Why will you not brave him, he is so far from here now, and take
+me to a white settlement? I promise you no harm shall come to you. You
+shall return unhurt to your people."
+
+"Do you not remember that Wattasacompanum has promised to keep you in
+safety until Philip is ready to have you ransomed? Have you forgotten
+the solemn rites by which he bound himself the day they brought you to
+us? Wattasacompanum is a good chief, a true Indian, who will not break
+his promise."
+
+"Then, Ninigret, I appeal to you, who have made no promise for me, to
+help me to escape to my countrymen."
+
+"I cannot do that; but I will take you to a place of safety, though it
+may be a long, long journey from here. Say, Millicent, will you come
+with me?"
+
+"Go with you, Ninigret, in any direction other than to a white
+settlement?" replied Millicent, turning her wondering blue eyes full
+upon him. "Even if such a thing were possible, where would you take me?
+Where and how in this time of war?"
+
+"Beyond the reach of the present strife, until Philip has driven the
+white men from our country. I cannot take you to the whites, for they
+will soon be swept from the land. They are much broken up already.
+Philip is a mighty chief, and has powerful friends among the Indians."
+
+"Can it be so? No, no; the Indian may do harm and cause suffering, but
+surely the white race cannot be exterminated."
+
+"Yes, it can, Millicent; as when, in the spring, the warm sun melts the
+snow, causing it to disappear from the dark earth, so will the white men
+vanish from this country, leaving the red men in possession."
+
+"I cannot believe it. Yet how can a poor creature like me, a captive in
+the forest, cut off from all communication with her friends, know what
+is the real state of affairs outside? In the long months since I was
+taken captive rumors have come to me of one town after another being
+destroyed or abandoned. Alas! what else may not have happened? Yes, it
+is doubtless true. O my God! is it then to be my fate to be held in
+life-long bondage, without a friend to whom I can turn?"
+
+"I will be your friend; come with me. I will take you away from here,
+where you are so unhappy, I will make a home for you. We will live
+together. You shall be my wife."
+
+"Your wife!" and Millicent, deadly pale, clung closer to the tree.
+
+"Yes, why not? I am brave and strong; I would guard you from all evil,
+and would make you happy. What better have you to hope? Why await
+Philip's pleasure? You say you have no rich friends to ransom you. If
+not, he will marry you himself, and he would not be as kind as I. He is
+a hard master."
+
+"I marry you, or Philip?" the young girl murmured, with a look of
+dreary terror on her face; then, as if to herself, "In fairy tales, as a
+child, I read of maidens marrying kings, and wished I were the heroine
+of such a tale; but little did I dream that such a king might some time
+be offered me for a husband." And she dropped her head upon her arm.
+
+"Do not look so unhappy. Philip is, in truth, no husband for you; but I
+am different, and do not hate the white race as he does. He is a fierce
+warrior, while I wish but to live in peace, to have you for my wife."
+The Indian drew nearer to Millicent. His dark hand stretched forth to
+grasp her slender white wrist, his black eyes flashing with entreaty. "I
+am not like the others of my tribe you see about here; I am more
+civilized; I speak your language; I have the last year embraced your
+religion. I vowed to you I would not lay hands upon one of your race to
+hurt them while you were amongst us. That I have sacredly kept this vow
+you well know; but you do not know what it has cost me at times, when I
+have seen the bitter cruelty shown by your race toward mine. All this I
+would do willingly for you; will you not then be my wife and love me a
+little?"
+
+The young Indian spoke with a modesty and manliness so remarkable in a
+son of the forest that Millicent was impressed with his manner, and in
+her reply tried to show consideration.
+
+"You are an exception to your race, Ninigret, and have always acted
+honorably toward me. I thank you for all you have done; and, if God ever
+restore me to my countrymen, I will show my gratitude in more
+substantial form than mere words. Marry you I never can; think of it
+calmly, and you will see that it is impossible; such a marriage would
+only bring misery to us both."
+
+"You scorn me I see," Ninigret said, quickly, growing angry. "I tell you
+we should be happy."
+
+"Indeed, we should not; from this on you must never mention this subject
+to me."
+
+"You cannot put me off so easily. What do I care for the kindness you
+may show me after you leave here? But you will not leave here very soon,
+let me tell you, unless you marry me. In that case you shall escape in a
+few days."
+
+"Then I shall never escape," replied Millicent, a bright flash of
+determination suffusing her fair face.
+
+"Your only answer then is No?"
+
+"No; I will never be your wife."
+
+"And I say you shall. Farewell! We will meet again." And all the latent
+savage nature gleamed forth from his face as he swiftly and noiselessly
+disappeared into the forest.
+
+Millicent, overcome with emotion, sank listlessly on the ground, where
+she remained for some time with her head bowed upon her knees,
+regardless of the beauty of the scene about her. Above, the sky was
+cloudless, a deep impenetrable blue, as seen through the heavy foliage
+of the grand primeval forest. At her feet stretched the calm, smooth
+lake, dotted here and there with tiny islands, so thickly wooded that
+they looked like escaped bits of the forest floating on the glassy
+surface of the water. For miles stretched the line of the shore, here
+straight, there gracefully curving, and everywhere heavily overhung by
+majestic trees. After a time she raised her eyes, and, stretching her
+hand with a hopeless gesture toward the lake, said, "Better to drown in
+that quiet water than to remain longer with these savages, now that
+Ninigret has turned foe also, and I have no friend to help me."
+
+"Let me be a friend to help you," replied a manly voice close by.
+
+Surprised and astonished Millicent sprang to her feet, and saw standing
+before her a tall, handsome man of perhaps five and thirty years,
+dressed in uniform.
+
+"O sir! can I really hope that you will help a poor, distressed captive
+girl?"
+
+"Of course I will," he answered, moving near to her. "First tell me the
+circumstances of your captivity and"--
+
+"Hush! do not speak so loud, or they will hear us and take you prisoner
+also. Come this way," said Millicent, as she led him to a thick clump of
+trees near at hand. "A short distance from here, on yonder hill, is an
+Indian camp, which has been my home for many months."
+
+"How large is the encampment?" asked the young man, looking with
+interest and admiration at the poorly clad but refined and beautiful
+girl by his side.
+
+"When all are there they number about one hundred; but at present most
+of the warriors are away."
+
+"Where is your home?"
+
+"I have no home. I am an orphan, and with my sister was visiting friends
+in Taunton, at the time the Indians attacked that place."
+
+"Ah! Tell me the story of your capture."
+
+"I will if you care to hear it. Upon the breaking out of the war, my
+friends, like others, became alarmed, and adopted such means of defence
+as they could command; still, when Philip really appeared with his
+Indians, they were surprised. Ah, sir, even you, who I see are an
+officer, and probably used to such sights, would have been touched by
+the misery and desolation those wretches caused on that day. They fired
+the house we were in, and when we were driven by the flames to the open
+air, they assailed us; and then I saw my friends struck down about me.
+An old woman, a mother, three daughters and a son, all brutally killed.
+Then they seized me, more dead than alive. A fierce Indian, with a yell,
+raised some weapon in the air, while holding me fast with the other
+hand; but his uplifted arm was suddenly grasped by a stalwart and gayly
+dressed chief, whom I soon learned was King Philip. Although nearly
+overcome with terror, I heard him say, 'She is too'"--
+
+"Beautiful to be killed," added the officer.
+
+"Well, yes, I suppose that was the idea. 'Take her captive.' They bound
+my arms to my sides and carried me away. I fainted at that point, and
+when I came to myself was on horseback, supported by a horrible old
+squaw."
+
+"Poor girl! how did you survive such a shock?"
+
+"I do not know, for I was ill with fever throughout the journey; but am
+I not wearying you with the history of a girl who has surely no claim
+upon you?"
+
+"You have a claim, dear lady; the unfortunate have always a claim upon
+any honorable man; besides, I am deeply interested in your story. Please
+proceed."
+
+"We travelled slowly on for several days, resting at night. The shock,
+the mode of life, and, above all, the anxiety about my sister, of whose
+fate I knew nothing, made me ill and unfit for the rough journey. When I
+failed and fainted, as I did several times, they beat me and knocked me
+about, making me walk when utterly unable, as a punishment for my
+laziness, they said. At last, when they saw I could go no farther on my
+feet, they strapped me on a horse's back, where I lay, half delirious
+and without food, until we reached this place."
+
+"What an experience for one so delicate!" remarked the officer, looking
+at Millicent with increasing interest.
+
+"We arrived here late one night, and then an old squaw, who has ever
+since been kind to me, took me to her wigwam and made me as comfortable
+as she could. I shall never forget the relief it was to lie quiet, if
+only on a bed of pine-boughs."
+
+"You must have had fortitude to have lived through such a mental and
+physical strain. How did they happen to bring you here?"
+
+"That night, when they thought I slept, I overheard the leader of the
+band that brought me talking with Wattasacompanum, the chief of the
+Nipmucks. He said Philip had ordered them to bring me here, and sent a
+message that I should be kept and well treated until he should see fit
+to have me ransomed. Wattasacompanum, who is a good chief and a praying
+Indian, promised that I should be faithfully guarded. The next day,
+before Philip's messengers departed, I was carried outside the wigwam,
+where the Indians danced a wild, fantastic war-dance about me, to the
+music of their own strange screaming. I lay trembling with fright, until
+the old squaw came out and sat by me, somewhat quieting my fears by
+repeating, 'They no kill you; they no kill.' They wished to paint my
+face and decorate my head with branches, but Wattasacompanum said no,
+that being ill I should not be disturbed. He laid his hand on my head,
+and solemnly promised to safely keep me; and after that the strange
+Indians departed."
+
+"What did they do for you to bring back your health?"
+
+"Very little. I was allowed to rest for a time, was not treated very
+harshly, and nature did the rest."
+
+"What food did you have?"
+
+"Ah, that was the worst trial; for days I ate almost nothing. I could
+not touch the meat they kept constantly boiling in a great common
+kettle, which all could go to, but I soon learned to eat a sort of cake
+they make of Indian corn, and when stronger I wandered about and found
+berries and dried nuts for myself; but I have never been strong since I
+came here."
+
+"That does not surprise me. Such a life for one like you! Have they
+always treated you well?"
+
+"No, they are often very rough; but the women are kinder than the men,
+who, fortunately for me, are away upon the war-path the greater part of
+the time, returning only occasionally for a night."
+
+"What work do they require of you?"
+
+"I first bring up water from the lake in the morning,--that tires me
+most,--then I help cook their food, and do whatever is necessary in an
+Indian household,"--and Millicent smiled,--"and I sew for the women and
+children."
+
+"The wretches! why don't they bring their own water from the lake, and
+make their own clothes?"
+
+"I would willingly do all they ask could I but know that I may soon be
+free to look for my sister, and be among my own race again."
+
+"We will see about that. You must not do drudgery for these savages much
+longer. Have you no relatives with whom it may be possible your sister
+is now?"
+
+"None; the family whom we were visiting when I was captured were our
+only relatives. My sister was out at the time on an errand in the town;
+so you see I do not know whether she was killed or captured, undoubtedly
+one or the other. My name is Millicent Gordon; hers, Martha. Now, sir,
+you have my history, and I wish to thank you for your kind attention. It
+has done me good to relate it to you, for you are the first white man
+whom I have seen for many months."
+
+"My dear lady, your story has interested me deeply and aroused in me
+both sincere admiration and sympathy for one who has suffered so much
+and so bravely. My one thought is to liberate you."
+
+"Can you really do so? Is the country, then, not all given over to the
+Indians? Oh, tell me it is not!"
+
+"No, indeed; they are being steadily and surely conquered; though, God
+knows, they do enough damage even now. I am Captain Merwin, sent here
+from Boston on a scouting expedition. I have two men with me, who are
+awaiting my return less than a mile off. I wandered in this direction
+while they were resting. I knew there were many Indians roving about;
+but that there was a camp in this vicinity I was not aware."
+
+"They suppose their existence here to be unknown to the whites."
+
+"I wonder they trust you as far as this."
+
+"They do; I always return. They know I am unable to escape, and would be
+found and brought back if I tried; so they grant me my only solace, that
+of wandering in the woods."
+
+"This time they have trusted you once too often. Will you go with me,
+and let me take you back to your friends?" asked the captain,
+impulsively.
+
+"I would go with you most willingly; but would the venture not be too
+rash? Would it not endanger your own safety and that of your men, who
+might escape harm alone, but, impeded with a woman, you might lose your
+lives while saving hers. No, I had better stay where I am. You can be of
+more service without me," answered Millicent, with quiet forethought.
+
+"Not for a moment would I consider myself in the matter, Miss Gordon,"
+replied the captain, with prompt assurance; "but perhaps it is not best
+to attempt to rescue you until I have secured more men." He remained
+silent a few minutes, apparently in deep thought, and said, at last,
+very decidedly, "No; in case we met even a small band of Indians we
+should be unable to resist, and they would surely recapture you or kill
+us all at once. If you will have a little patience, and still trust me,
+I promise to return and liberate you as soon as I can get men."
+
+"Yes, I trust you wholly; and, as for patience, the hope of rescue will
+make it infinite until you come," said Millicent, smiling.
+
+"Thank you for your trust; it shall not be misplaced. Be prepared at any
+time after a week for an attack upon the camp, and this time the war-cry
+will come from friends instead of enemies. May I do homage to the fair
+hand that has carried water to quench the thirst of an Indian squaw?"
+Before the blushing Millicent could deny the favor he had pressed her
+fingers to his lips.
+
+"I must return now, or they will look for me. See, the sun sets
+already."
+
+"I will go part way with you, as I wish to observe the situation of your
+present home."
+
+"Abode, not home," Millicent said, half-jestingly. "Yes, come with me,
+but tread softly or you may be heard," and she led the way through the
+wood. Upon reaching the brow of the hill she halted, and, placing her
+hand on the captain's arm, said, "Look through these trees into the
+clearing yonder." He did so, and saw a number of wigwams, with smoke
+curling out from their tops, and, sitting about on the ground outside,
+several women, and one or two old men.
+
+"And there you have lived for nearly a year; but it is late; I must
+leave you. Be of good courage, and believe that never a crusader felt
+his pledge to visit the Holy Land more sacred than I do mine to liberate
+you;" and, lifting his hat with deference, he withdrew into the forest.
+
+The scene above described carries the reader back to the time of the
+fierce and devastating war waged by King Philip against the settlers of
+New England, in which all the worst elements of the Indian nature came
+to the surface. The firebrand and the tomahawk were the weapons employed
+by the Indians to accomplish their purpose of destroying the advancing
+power of the white man; and so mercilessly did they use these that the
+outposts of civilization were swept away as by a whirlwind. The savages,
+avoiding direct conflict with organized forces of the English, made
+sudden and unsuspected attacks, under cover of darkness, upon exposed
+houses or towns, applying the torch to the buildings, and massacring the
+inhabitants or carrying them into captivity. Neither the life nor
+property of a white man was safe for an instant. While sitting quietly
+by his fireside or working in his cornfield, he was liable to instant
+death at the hands of an unseen foe. In such a condition of affairs it
+is not surprising that spots, where of late the influence of
+civilization had begun to make itself felt, were abandoned by their
+terror-stricken inhabitants. Thus, for a while, the rude savages again
+appeared as rulers of the land, and the forest often resounded with
+their war-cry as they fell on one partly-deserted town after another,
+and their yells of triumph rang on the hushes of midnight as they
+returned from their fiendish expeditions of plunder waving aloft the
+scalps of their victims. For a year or more this bloody war lasted,
+bringing death and desolation to many homes, until its guiding hand and
+vital breath, King Philip, was struck down, killed by one of his race.
+
+[TO BE CONCLUDED IN NEXT ISSUE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE SINGER.
+
+[FROM THE GERMAN OF GOETHE.]
+
+BY LAURA GARLAND CARR.
+
+
+  "Outside the gate, what do I hear
+      Along the drawbridge sounding?
+  A song! Now let it reach my ear
+      Through palace-halls resounding!"
+  So speaks the king; the small page flies;
+  The lackey comes; the message hies;
+      The old man comes, low bowing.
+
+  "These noble lords have welcomed me;
+      These fair dames give me greeting.
+  What heavenly kingdom do I see
+      With star-gleam, star-gleam meeting!
+  Such splendor, pomp, and wealth allied,
+  Desire must here rest satisfied,
+      While Time forgets his speeding!"
+
+  He pauses now; now strikes in song
+      Full toned, of pleasing phrases.
+  Each knight grows proud in look, and strong;
+      Dames blush at fancied praises.
+  The king, for whom the songs awake,
+  As fair return the bard to make--
+      A golden chain upraises.
+
+  "Oh give to me no gift of gold!
+      Such to your knights deliver,
+  Before whose faces, stern and bold,
+      The foe's best lances shiver.
+  Or let some chancellor of state
+  This gift receive, a treasure mete,
+      Fit token from wise giver.
+
+  "I sing as some free wild bird sings,
+      Among green branches swinging.
+  The song that from the throat outrings
+      Its own reward is bringing.
+  But may I beg a gift of thine?
+  Then give to me of rare old wine
+      In golden beaker, brimming."
+
+  They bring it in; he drinks it up.
+      "O drink--sweet, strength-bestowing!
+  O happy house--where one may sup
+      With such wealth ever flowing!
+  Thank God--you share with me a part!
+  It stirs my brain; it warms my heart!
+      I go with new life glowing."
+
+
+
+
+[Webster Historical Society Papers.]
+
+THE WEBSTER FAMILY.
+
+BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.
+
+I.
+
+
+The family of Webster, which settled on the easterly coast of
+Massachusetts and New Hampshire, became quite numerous, and emigrated to
+the various parts of western New Hampshire as early as 1763. Stephen
+Webster was one of the twelve pioneers of the town of Plymouth, N.H., in
+which, with other settlers of the backwoods, they had to endure great
+privations and hardships.
+
+The three Webster families which settled and remained in Plymouth always
+claimed Daniel and Ezekiel of Salisbury as first or second cousins.
+
+I quote from Moore Russell Fletcher, M.D., who was connected with the
+Webster family on both sides, the following narration. He says that Mrs.
+Stephen Webster and her sons and daughters, the youngest of whom was
+Mrs. Betsey Fletcher Webster,--the mother of the doctor, and who died in
+1863, at the advanced age of eighty-one,--gave him much of his
+information.
+
+"Stephen Webster, with eleven others, with their wives and children,
+went from Chester, N.H., to Plymouth, N.H., then a wilderness, about
+forty-five miles north of Penacook, now Concord, and there, on the
+Pemigewasset, near the juncture of Baker's River (afterwards so
+called), they erected a log-cabin, in that hitherto transient abode of
+the wild animals of the forest and the still wilder Indians, who at
+intervals passed through the place on their way to Penacook, Contoocook,
+Hooksett, Suncook, and Soucook, their old camping-grounds. These men,
+having selected lands for farms, had no alternative but to carry on
+their backs the articles of food, implements and seeds requisite for
+their colonization. They had axes, saws, augers, and shaves, or
+drawing-knives, and for protection and food their guns and ammunition;
+not forgetting their bibles, hymn-books, and tinder-boxes. In their
+journey through the wilderness from Penacook, a distance of sixty or
+seventy miles, they were guided by blazes on trees made by surveyors or
+men in search of lands, were obliged to cross streams on fallen trees
+reaching from bank to bank, and when hunger and fatigue compelled a
+halt, they selected a spot near some stream, drew forth their
+tinder-boxes, and with steel and flint struck a fire; then they selected
+flat stones, wet some Indian meal, placed it on the stones, and baked it
+for their frugal meal--their 'Johnny-cake.' At night they constructed a
+little booth of bushes, with their fire at its entrance, and, as they
+laid upon the boughs, their feet would be near the fire,--a great
+protection against wild animals who infested the forest and who are
+known to have great dread of fire.
+
+"Each day was a repetition of its predecessor. Upon their arrival their
+first efforts were directed to erecting a temporary wigwam of trees and
+bushes in their new home, and all reposed on the boughs, prior to which
+all joined in prayer and thanksgiving for their safe arrival and good
+health. On the morrow, after locating the spot for buildings, they began
+the erection of their log-houses, with one room, with opening for light,
+and an attic, which was accessible by a small ladder. The crevices
+between the logs were stopped with moss; the floor of the rooms, roofs,
+and the attics and doors were of small poles. A few days were sufficient
+to get their houses in the rough well under way. For food all had equal
+rights and took an equal part in procuring it. Three or four took dog
+and gun, and in an hour or two returned with a dead moose, bear, or
+three or four deer on their shoulders. They subsisted largely upon game,
+which was plenty in the forest, and when a change was desired they
+sought fish, with which the streams abounded.
+
+"A few months after their arrival, Mrs. Stephen Webster signified her
+expectation of adding another member to her family. It was a matter
+deemed of such importance that a town meeting was called, a moderator
+and clerk chosen, and the vote put to the meeting upon the name which
+should be given to the new-comer, which vote was unanimous 'if a boy his
+name shall be Plymouth.' But their vote did not prevent its being a
+girl, and she was called Lydia, with the remark, 'the first white child
+born in Plymouth.'
+
+"Upon one occasion, food being nearly exhausted, a settler took a bag,
+went to Concord, got one hundred pounds of Indian meal, took it on his
+shoulder, and carried it to Plymouth, sleeping on boughs, and baking
+his corn-cake on a flat stone. His arrival was hailed with enthusiasm.
+When tired of moose and bear meat they tried deer, rabbit, coon, and
+turtle, then turned to salmon, eels, and pouts. For dessert they had
+chestnuts, beech-nuts, and butternuts, and for drink they used the
+checkerberry and hardhack, but mostly they used mountain tea and swamp
+chocolate-root; these two last-named articles nearly resembled those
+brought from foreign countries. They raised flax, and with it made their
+clothing for both men and women. For coats and outer garments they
+doubled and redoubled the threads, the cloth resembling our present
+canvas. Linen was found to be cold for stockings and socks, and their
+inventive talent was brought into use. They cut hair from the bear-skins
+and mixed it with tow, and thus Bruin furnished them meat, cotton, and
+wool.
+
+"After a few years of roughing it the settlers began to reckon on some
+of the luxuries of civilization, and indulged in windows, each allowing
+two panes of glass 7 X 9. Their fireplaces and chimneys were built of
+flat stones for the first few feet, and were 'topped out' with clay,
+mixed with straw, and held by sticks of wood laid up cob-house fashion.
+The same kind of chimney may now be seen in the rural districts of
+Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. In many places the fireplace and
+chimney stand outside of the house, and the fireplace is wide enough to
+burn wood ten feet long. The wood requires but little chopping or
+splitting. For andirons they used large stones. When the children wanted
+to warm themselves they stood at the corner at the ends of the wood.
+
+"They made their furniture, hewing planks from logs for tables, and for
+a tub chopped off the end of a log, dug a hole through it, leaving only
+a shell, in which, with a jackknife, they made a groove for the bottom,
+which also was hewn from a piece of log. The shell of their tub was then
+soaked with hot water, to enlarge its circle; the plank bottom was then
+crowded into the groove, and the tub dried before the fire. If not
+water-tight, the openings were filled with rags. For chairs they took
+tops of trees with many limbs, split them into two parts, and the limbs
+answered for legs. Their crockery, much of it, was made of hard wood:
+from knarls they made trays, bowls, pans, plates, and sometimes spoons,
+knives, and forks. Instead of candles they used pitch and candle woods.
+My grandfather, had in his house wooden trays, bowls, plates, and wooden
+spoons.
+
+"When the number of inhabitants had increased so that it was called a
+village, earthen plates and pewter plates and iron spoons were brought
+into town from the town and larger settlements. Men carried the flax
+wheel on their backs, and their mechanical skill enabled them to
+construct looms.
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL WEBSTER ON HIS FARM.]
+
+"As the settlement increased in number, and the people began felling
+trees, the Indians, who from time to time passed there on their way to
+Penacook, Contoocook, Hooksett, etc., seeing the whites encroaching
+upon their lands, began their maraudings and became so troublesome, that
+the settlers regarded it as no sin to kill a redskin who was known to
+watch about for an opportunity to secretly send an arrow with deadly
+intent at their white brothers whenever they ventured beyond the limits
+of their little settlement.
+
+[Illustration: BIRTH-PLACE OF DANIEL WEBSTER.]
+
+"There was one, Mr. Baker, whose delight was, we learned of the
+Indians,--being at their camping-ground, near the union of what is now
+Baker's River with the Pemigewasset River, about a mile above
+Plymouth,--to take his gun, as he termed it, and play hide-and-seek with
+the redskins. His scouting about would seem to be known, and an Indian
+would come out to spy his enemy, hiding from tree to tree. Baker did the
+same, and as each peeped for the other Baker placed his hat on the
+muzzle of his gun, and held it so that the Indian saw, as he thought, a
+white man's head. Then he sent an arrow whizzing through Baker's old
+hat, and, seeing it fall, stepped out to finish his foe by raising the
+hair, when Baker sent a slug through the redskin. Soon another Indian
+came peeping from trees to learn the cause of that report and the fate
+of his chief. In a few minutes Baker played the same game on him and
+several others. Baker became so notorious an Indian exterminator that
+they gave the river his name; hence Baker's River."
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: REV. THOMAS PRINCE.
+[The Founder of the Prince Library in Boston.]]
+
+THE NEW ENGLAND LIBRARY AND ITS FOUNDER.
+
+BY VICTORIA REED.
+
+
+Thomas Prince was an eminent divine and accomplished scholar, well known
+throughout New England during the first half of the 18th century. His
+life is worthy of consideration on many accounts, but particularly for
+the great work he accomplished outside of his profession. He is,
+perhaps, best known to this generation as the collector of the Prince
+Library, now incorporated with many other private collections in the
+Public Library of Boston, although his published work, "The Chronology
+of New England," confers an equal benefit on posterity, and both
+together entitle him to a place of honor in our annals.
+
+His library was gathered as much for the instruction of others as for
+his own gratification. It is interesting to know that this bequest, now
+one hundred and fifty years old, obsolete in some respects, is still
+highly valued. Some writer says, that, if for no other reason, there
+should be a new fire-proof building for the Public Library for the
+better preservation of the Shakespeare collection and the Prince
+Library. The valuable editions of Shakespeare arranged in glass cases in
+the Bates Hall are no doubt familiar to many people, but it is possible
+that the majority even of the daily visitors to this institution have no
+definite knowledge of the Prince Library, which is found, on
+examination, to contain a fund for the curious, as well as many things
+of importance to the antiquarian.
+
+This library was added to the Public Library twenty-four years ago, and
+was originally a gift to the Old South Church. It is a collection which
+should be treasured, not only by Bostonians and all New England people,
+but is also of importance to the country at large, as it was, in a
+limited sense, the forerunner of all public libraries in the land. It is
+of a twofold nature,--an historical section, with the other devoted to
+ecclesiastical works. Mr. Prince designed the ecclesiastical or Old
+South collection, as he called it, for the use of the pastors and church
+of which he was associate pastor forty years. This contained all the
+Latin and Greek books, and all in oriental languages.
+
+His will states: "That whereas I have been many years collecting a
+number of books, pamphlets, maps, prints and manuscripts, either
+published in New England or pertaining to its history and public
+affairs, to which collection I have given the name of 'Ye New England
+Library,' and have deposited in the steeple of the Old South Church; and
+as I made this collection from a public view and desire that many
+important transactions might be remembered, which otherwise would be
+lost, I hereby bequeath the collection to the Old South Church forever,
+to the end that this collection may be kept entire. I desire that this
+collection be kept in a different department from the other books, and
+that it may be so made that no person shall borrow any book or paper
+therefrom, but that any person whom the pastors and deacons of the
+church for the time being shall approve, may have access thereto, and
+take copies therefrom."
+
+The Prince catalogue states that, "at his death, the New England Library
+was the most extensive of the kind that had ever been formed. It
+contains, in its depleted state, not less than 1,500 books and tracts
+relating to America during the period of our colonial history."
+
+The Mather family and Gov. Hutchinson are alone to be compared with Mr.
+Prince as collectors of books, and theirs avail little, as they have
+been scattered and destroyed. It is a matter of congratulation that the
+greater portion of Mr. Prince's books have been preserved, each of which
+had been carefully selected, "many bearing name, date of purchase, cost,
+and place where it was acquired." He frequently noted contemporaneous
+events of public importance on fly-leaf.
+
+A great number were purchased during a seven-years' residence in Europe,
+and some one says, "By means of this memoranda, we can easily trace the
+stages of his sojourn abroad." He invented a very quaint book-plate,
+with flowered border, in which he inscribed his name.
+
+Many valuable books and manuscripts were destroyed at the beginning of
+hostilities, which resulted in the Revolutionary war. The library, when
+entire, was a rare monument to the energy and perseverance of Mr.
+Prince, who, through a long and laborious life, never lost sight of
+this cherished project of his youth. It has never been merged into any
+other collection, but remains entirely separate, in accordance with the
+will of the testator. It has a special catalogue, and no book is ever
+taken from the building, though accessible for reference in the main
+hall. The books are deposited in an alcove at the top of the house,
+reached by a spiral stairway. Many of them are of immense size, in heavy
+leather bindings, while others are of the smallest dimensions. The pages
+are yellow with age, and the majority will have only the ravages of time
+to contend with, as the contents are not of a nature to make them
+attractive to the youth, or even to many maturer minds of this
+generation; but to the antiquarian, and as a picture of the growth of a
+mind in Puritan days, from its earliest years to advanced age, this
+collection is unequalled; for it was carefully selected, subject to the
+taste and needs of Mr. Prince's nature, and each book was familiar and
+favorite ground to him.
+
+The first book with date bears this inscription: "Thos. Prince, his
+book, 1697, 10 years of age." The book was "Marrow of Modern Divinity,"
+with "Awakening Call to the Unconverted" attached, and in his 16th year
+the following book was added: "Some Account of Holy Life and Death of
+Mr. Henry Gearing, late citizen of London, who departed this life Jan.
+4th, 1693, aged 61. Boston in New England, printed for Sam'l Phillips,
+at the Brick Shop, 1704." Underneath is written, "Anno Domini, 1704,
+Thomas Prince, Duke of Landwich, Earl of Pen^apog."
+
+The taking down of the first Old South and "Ye day of laying foundation
+of y^e South Church, New Meeting House, March 31, 1727," are duly
+chronicled in books of those dates. All through his life Thomas Prince
+showed a wonderful adaptability in noting the minutest as well as
+greatest events, and we trace a thorough command of detail in his
+published work, both lay and clerical. This, joined with enthusiasm and
+unflagging zeal, caused him to master all difficulties, and to
+accomplish tasks that would be appalling to an untrained or
+undisciplined mind.
+
+One of the cards used for reference in the Public Library contains the
+following: "The Prince Library has some rare specimens of the earliest
+typographical art in British America, and other books of peculiar
+interest in the history of New England, though not printed in America.
+The Bay Psalm Book, which was printed at Cambridge, Mass., in 1640,
+being the first book ever printed in the British Possessions, 'The
+Freeman's Oath' and a small almanac only preceding it. What is supposed
+to be the original draught of the preface of this book, in the
+handwriting of one of the editors, the Rev. Richard Mather, is among the
+Prince MSS. Elliot's Indian Bible,--first edition printed at Cambridge,
+1663,--also Eliot's Indian Primer, 1720, in original binding, and
+thought in that style to be unique. Capt. John Smith's description of
+New England, printed in London, 1616, with the early map. This copy
+contains the old and new names, and has differences from most copies
+that have been preserved."
+
+Mr. Prince collected the original manuscripts of the "Mather Papers,"
+and arranged them chronologically with notes. He seemed to know
+intuitively that everything should be preserved that would be of the
+least advantage to future historians. The salvation of the records of
+this most important family, who, with extreme rigor and cruelty even, in
+some cases, ruled the Puritans of their day, was a natural and
+thoughtful act on Mr. Prince's part.
+
+The "Hinckley Papers" are of great interest also. The catalogue of this
+portion of the library has been very carefully prepared, as each letter
+in all these manuscript collections is designated by subject, the name
+of the writer, date, and volume that contains it. The Hinckley papers
+were those belonging to Mr. Prince's maternal grandfather, Gov.
+Hinckley, who had a very extensive correspondence during the twenty
+years he was governor of Plymouth Colony. It contains letters from all
+men of note of that period,--Roger Williams, the Cottons, the Mathers,
+Gov. Winslow, a letter of King Charles II. to Gov. Josiah Winslow, Gov.
+Hinckley's address, and petition to James II.; also many personal
+letters to wife and daughters. Mr. Prince says "that on his
+grandfather's death he took these papers from his study, but while he
+was in Europe some of curiosity and value were unhappily lost." There
+are some Prince papers, mostly letters of distinguished divines to his
+brother, Rev. Nathan Prince. In his brother's commonplace book he
+inscribes, "This book belongs to the New England Library. Begun to be
+collected by Thomas Prince upon his entering Harvard College in 1703,
+and was given by Prince to s'd library in memory of his late dear
+brother, y^e Rev. Nathan Prince, M.A., formerly Fellow and Tutor of
+Harvard College. Born at Sandwich, November, 1698; died at Rattan, 1748,
+and wrote this manuscript before he left s^d college in 1742." The
+catalogue remarks: "Two vols. MSS., evidently companions to this book,
+are in the Library of Bishop of London at Fulham."
+
+There is in the Prince Library quite a large collection of
+ecclesiastical history and biblical literature.
+
+The psalms in numberless versions, metres, and paraphrases, in Hebrew,
+Latin, and Greek; one hundred and six volumes on natural, polemic, and
+practical theology. All his own works are to be found here; as many as
+thirty-three sermons, mostly funeral discourses, others commemorating
+great events, such as victories at Culloden and Louisburg. He gave
+frequently the genealogy of the person eulogized in his funeral
+orations, thus making them valuable for family reference, and often of
+historical significance. We easily trace the early bent of his mind
+toward chronology. It gathered force throughout his whole career, and
+finally bore fruit in his own "Chronology of New England," on which he
+spent many years of preparation.
+
+He said himself, when he presented it in person to the House, of which
+Hon. Mr. Quincy was speaker, in 1736: "I most humbly present to your
+honor, and this honorable house, the first volume of my 'Chronology of
+New England,' which at no small expense and pains I have composed and
+published for the instruction and good of my country." He published
+three parts of the second volume, and made elaborate preparations for
+its continuance. He began his work at the patriarchal period, and
+brought it down with careful attention to reliable facts into the
+earliest annals and descriptive history of Plymouth Colony, throwing
+light on the mode of living and thinking of the Puritans by copious
+quotations from their diaries. If his diligent and inquisitive mind
+could have completed this wonderful production,--bringing it to the
+middle of the 18th century,--it would have been such a perfect and
+minute account of the early history of New England that there would
+have been nothing for later historians to glean. It was, however,
+unappreciated at the time of its publication, which was a discouragement
+to him, though he always maintained, with his peculiar insight into the
+needs of coming ages, that the time would surely arrive when his
+patient and laborious work would meet with some reward,--a prophecy
+which has been more than fulfilled as far as the historians of New
+England are concerned.
+
+The last work of his busy life was the revision of the Bay Psalm Book.
+Mr. Prince, in his account of this undertaking, gives an idea of the
+thoroughness of his preparatory work. He says: "The old Psalm Book,--the
+first book printed in all North America, or in the New World,--this
+version of 1640, by the clergymen, John Elliot, of Roxbury, Mr. Richard
+Mather, of Dorchester, and Mr. Thomas Weld,--was liked so much, that it
+was used by some congregations in England while I was there." "To gain
+sentiment," he says, for his own version, "I read every verse in English
+Bible and Polyglot; also in Hebrew, with Moulane's Interlineary, the
+Septuagint, the Chaldee, the ancient Latin, Latin versions of Syriac and
+Arabic, Castalio, Tremilius and Junius, Ainsworth and De Mies. When I
+met with difficulty I searched the following ancient lexicons:
+Avenarius, Schindler, Pagnini, Mercer, Buxtorfs two lexicons, namely,
+Hebrew and Chaldaic, Leigh, Castillus, Bythun, and Martin Albert." There
+were also various interpretations from another long list of names; while
+he looked into New England version for groundwork, he compared with
+twelve metrical versions.
+
+A contemporary says: "It showed his wonderful industry and remarkable
+scholarship." His professional labors throughout fifty years were very
+arduous, but he brought the same careful preparation into all branches
+of his daily occupations that we find in his published work. In addition
+to his theological studies, which were naturally absorbing, and his
+historical research, he was thoroughly conversant with polite
+literature. At his death his library, which he had deposited in the
+belfry of the Old South Church, said to be his study, remained there
+intact and undisturbed for seventeen years. The books were on shelves,
+the manuscripts and maps in boxes and barrels. At the breaking out of
+the Revolutionary war they were still left where Mr. Prince placed them,
+though the old meeting-house became the camping ground of British
+soldiery. Pews and pulpit were burnt, to enable the riding school--which
+the soldiers inaugurated--a better opportunity for its operations. Gov.
+Winthrop's old residence, next door to the church, opposite the foot of
+School street, which had been used some time as a parsonage, fell a
+victim to the lawlessness of the soldiers, who used the beams and
+rafters of this memento of the earliest Puritan days for firewood, while
+many of Mr. Prince's books and manuscripts were immolated on the same
+altar. It has been suggested that some were taken by the spectators who
+thronged to witness the exhibitions, as manuscripts known to have
+belonged to this library were found--so the catalogue states--as remote
+as in a grocer's shop in Nova Scotia. It would be difficult to
+conjecture which would have caused the greater grief to Mr. Prince,--the
+desecration of the church, whose construction had been a daily delight,
+and where he had earnestly labored for so many years, or the sacrifice
+of a portion of the results of the patient toil of a lifetime. This
+material, however, which was consigned to the flames, would have been of
+great benefit to historical societies, who now treasure the minutest
+facts that bear upon our past history. In 1814, when society had
+recovered its equilibrium, and began to feel a dawning pride in the
+great achievement that made of the colonies a free and independent
+nation, an interest naturally increased in those things that pertained
+to their earliest chronicles. The Historical Society looked over the
+books and pamphlets belonging to Mr. Prince, removing the historical
+portion to their rooms, while the ecclesiastical was sent to the house
+of the pastor of the Old South. In 1860 it was considered desirable to
+place them all together in the Public Library of Boston, where they
+would be under the guardianship of the city, and be far more accessible,
+though still the property of the Old South.
+
+Everything seemed to conspire to make the life of Thomas Prince an
+exceptionally happy and fortunate one. He had remarkable opportunities
+from his birth to develop all his natural capabilities, and in spite of
+his Puritan surroundings he gained a liberal view of life, and
+appreciated and profited by the facilities for culture that were open to
+him. He traced himself the genealogy and characteristics of the Prince
+family, and we find in him the modified traits of his English and
+Puritan forefathers, who, though strictly religious, were not so
+fanatical as many about them. His great-grandfather, the Rev. John
+Prince, who lived in the reign of James I. and Charles I., was educated
+at Oxford, and became rector of East Shefford, Berkshire, Eng. Thomas
+Prince says of him: "Of whom there was this remarkable, that he was one
+of the Puritan ministers of the Church of England who in part conformed
+and who greatly longed for a further reformation. He had married a
+daughter of Dr. Toldenburg, D.D., of Oxford, by whom he had four sons
+and seven daughters. Every one of the children proved conscientious
+non-conformists even while their parents lived, without any breach of
+affection. Thus they continued pretty near together until the furious
+and cruel Archbishop Laud dispersed and drove their eldest son, with
+many others, to this country."
+
+Walter Money, F.S.A., local secretary of Berks, writes of the old church
+at East Shefford, of which Rev. John Prince was rector from 1620 to
+1644: "The church where he preached still stands, being used only for a
+mortuary chapel, a new one for use having been erected near by. The old
+chapel is a most interesting building of the time of Henry VIII., and
+considered worthy to be described in full in archæological works found
+in the British Museum. It contains a remarkable monument of Sir Thomas
+Fettiplace and his wife Beatrice, whose old manor-house adjoined the
+church. There is an exquisite view of the latter in the British Museum."
+
+The rector's oldest son, also named John, was destined for the ministry,
+and had been three years at Oxford before coming to this country. On
+arriving here, thinking his preparatory work too meagre for his
+profession, he devoted himself to husbandry. He settled in Hull, in
+1633. His son Samuel, the father of Thomas, was born in 1649, and his
+son chronicles of him, "That he was healthy and strong in body, vigorous
+and active in spirit, thoughtful and religious from youth, esteemed for
+his abilities and gifts, especially of his power of arguing; a zealous
+asserter of New England liberties, with charity to others, instructive
+in conversation." He represented the town of Sandwich nineteen times in
+legislative councils. He had two wives; the second was Mercy, daughter
+of Governor Hinckley, and Thomas was her oldest son. Governor Hinckley
+was a man of superior ability, distinguished in the history of Plymouth
+Colony. "He had been from first to last the associate, in weal or woe,
+of its great and good men, and had lived himself chief among the
+survivors to see the last chapter written in its immortal annals." His
+grandmother Hinckley was a daughter of Quartermaster Smith, who came
+from England. Her grandson, Thomas Prince, says of her: "To the day of
+her death she shone in the eyes of all as the loveliest and brightest
+for beauty, knowledge, wisdom, majesty, accomplishments and graces
+throughout the colony." Governor Hinckley had seventeen children, their
+names corresponding to the spirit of the times. Among them we find
+Mataliah, Mehitable, Mercy, Experience, Thankful, Reliance, Ebenezer,
+and Bathsheba. Thomas Prince himself, one of fourteen children, was born
+at Sandwich, the first town settled on the Cape in 1687. When eleven
+years old he went to his grandfather Hinckley's, and remained with him
+until he entered college. Here he imbibed his taste for chronology and
+his love of books. His grandfather fostered him in his youthful ambition
+of founding a library, and gave him many from his own collection. During
+his long life of eighty years Governor Hinckley became thoroughly
+acquainted with all events of importance that had happened in the new
+world, and the eager boy was fed and stimulated by companionship with
+him, and all the moving spirits of the day who frequented his
+grandfather's house. His early attention to religious subjects, his wide
+culture, and remarkable sympathy with everything pertaining to his own
+times, was the blossoming fruit instilled into him by an honorable
+ancestry, who from the early part of the seventeenth century had been
+consistent Puritans, and filled places of trust with honor and fidelity.
+
+Although in the first half of the eighteenth century religious
+fanaticism was on the decline in Europe it held sway still, in a
+measure, in the colonies. There had been many instances of intolerance
+and tyranny on the part of the clergy in the past. Cotton Mather's
+implacable spirit found vent in the superstition and cruelty that
+characterized the Salem Witchcraft, while other ministerial leaders were
+prominent in the persecution of the Quakers. Joseph Sewall and Thomas
+Prince were educated under the Cottons and Mathers, but their lives
+presented a striking contrast to these fiery expounders of the Christian
+faith. Tolerance, benevolence, and humility shone conspicuously in their
+united careers. The serious character of the books collected and read by
+young Prince from his tenth year shows not only his daily training, but
+the inherent tendency of his mind toward that profession which he
+afterwards adorned. Mr. Sewall, his colleague, says of him, "That his
+crowning glory was that he was pious from his youth." He entered Harvard
+College at sixteen, and, after graduating, devoted two years to the
+study of divinity in Cambridge. His acquirements in theology, science,
+and history were marvellous, and, with his diligence and love of
+research, he turned with great energy to Europe as a wider field, where
+he could add indefinitely to his already fine attainments, and where the
+ease and grace of an older civilization left their stamp on his future
+deportment and endeared him to his people and the whole community. In
+1709 he sailed for England by the way of Barbadoes, thence to Madeira,
+and, after another trip to Barbadoes, he finally settled in England in
+October, 1710, making his home there seven years. There is one volume of
+his journal covering this period, bound in vellum, at the Massachusetts
+Historical rooms, presented by the Rev. Chandler Robbins. It is a
+miracle of neatness and precision, but in such fine penmanship that it
+is difficult to decipher. His love of detail is manifest in the most
+accurate information in regard to the ship's progress in her various
+voyages; and in his account of the small-pox and measles, both of which
+diseases assailed him at this time, the daily symptoms were chronicled
+in the most vivid manner. He attended theological lectures in London and
+at various universities, becoming in 1711 pastor of a church in Combs,
+Suffolk County, England. For six years this young American pursued his
+profession with enthusiasm, in the midst of a population who were
+devoted to him. Before returning to America he formed a church at
+Battisford, next parish to Combs, and when he returned to his native
+land many of his congregation came with him.
+
+The chapel was then closed; one part of the flock settled at Needham
+Market, the other at Stowmarket,--these churches still existing. In
+Combs began the romantic period of his life. He became interested in
+Deborah Denny, a child of twelve when he came to the village, who grew
+up under his ministrations. Her family for centuries was famed for its
+piety and was thoroughly devoted to the interests of the church. Her
+training had been as strict in religious matters as Mr. Prince's. In her
+eighteenth year Deborah sailed for America, with her brother Samuel, to
+join another brother, who had settled here previously. Mr. Prince took
+passage on the same vessel, and two years later they were married at
+the house of her brother, Daniel Denny, at Leicester, by Rev. Joseph
+Sewall, Mr. Prince being ten years older than his bride. He had been
+urged to continue his residence abroad; but his longings for home were
+too powerful for their inducements, and later in life he was known to
+have regretted spending so many years away from what he then had learned
+to consider his true sphere of usefulness.
+
+He landed in Boston on a July Sunday, 1717. He notes it thus in his
+journal: "The captain sent his pinnace to carry me up. I landed at Long
+Wharf about three quarters of an hour before the meeting began, and by
+that means escaped the crowds of people, five hundred it was said, who
+came down on the wharf at noon, inquiring for me. But now, the streets
+being clear, I silently went up to the Old South Meeting House, where no
+one knew me but Mr. Sewall, in the pulpit." The churches of Hingham,
+Bristol, and the Old South gave him urgent calls to become their pastor.
+His choice fell upon the Old South, whose pastor, Mr. Sewall, was a
+cherished friend and classmate.
+
+Mrs. Grace Denny, Mrs. Prince's mother, in her letters to "daughter
+Prince," regretted that she was to be subject to the temptations of a
+city life, fearing it would be a snare and hindrance to her growth in
+grace, and advocated the choice of Hingham as a residence. In 1719
+Boston was a goodly town of only twelve thousand inhabitants, governed
+with strict Puritan laws, some of which were even oppressive, giving
+small opportunity to indulge in the frivolities of life, even if one
+desired, and least of all to a pastoress of the Old South Church.
+
+The church in which Mr. Prince was ordained by Increase and Cotton
+Mather, and Mr. Sewall, and where he delivered his own ordination sermon
+to admiring crowds, was not the historical structure of the present day,
+although it occupied the same site. The street in front was lined with
+beautiful mulberry trees, and bore the name of 'Marlboro', from the
+great Duke and General. The parsonage was next door north, and opposite,
+on Milk street, was the home of Josiah Franklin, where Benjamin was
+born. There were handsome residences in the vicinity, and the streets
+even then were paved with cobble-stones.
+
+Rev. Mr. Wisner, on the one-hundredth anniversary of the erection of the
+present Old South, gave a pleasing account of the lives and work of
+Joseph Sewall and Thomas Prince. He said, "Forty years these excellent
+men associated and labored for this congregation, in firm friendship, in
+perfect unity, which few can emulate. Their journals show never a shadow
+of difference. They had remarkable tempers. Mr. Sewall notes in his
+journal that he and Mr. Prince always prayed together before their
+different church services, and occasionally spent portions of a day
+mutually devoted to private humiliation in united prayer."
+
+The present meeting-house was erected in 1729. A day was set apart "to
+humble themselves before God, for all their unfruitfulness under the
+means of grace enjoyed in the old meeting-house, and to bless the
+building of another one."
+
+Mr. Sewall prayed with the workmen before they began to take down the
+house. It is curious to note the remarkable faith in direct answer to
+prayer in those days. President Dwight lays emphasis upon the fact, and
+gives the following instance in the life of Mr. Prince as evidence: "It
+was the destruction of the French fleet, under Duke D'Anville, in 1746.
+Forty ships of war, destined for the destruction of New England, were
+fitted out at Brest for the purpose. Our pious fathers, apprised of the
+danger, called a meeting for fasting and prayer. While Mr. Prince was
+officiating and praying most devoutly to God to avert the calamity, a
+sudden gust of wind arose (the day had been perfectly calm and clear),
+so violent as to cause a loud clattering of the windows. The reverend
+pastor paused in his prayer, and, looking around upon the congregation
+with a countenance of hope, he again commenced, and with great
+devotional ardor supplicated the Almighty to cause that wind to
+frustrate the object of our enemies, and save the country from conquest
+and popery. A tempest ensued, in which a greater part of the French
+fleet was wrecked on the coast of Nova Scotia. The Duke D'Anville
+committed suicide. Many died with disease, and thousands were consigned
+to a watery grave. The small number who survived returned to France,
+broken in health and spirits,--the enterprise was abandoned, and never
+renewed." Many who were present have left accounts of Mr. Prince's
+earnestness on this occasion.
+
+Probably no two men could be more devoted to the religious interests of
+their church and the community at large than these, yet Mr. Prince
+records, eighteen years after the beginning of his pastorate, that the
+ministers of Boston made an extraordinary effort to arrest the decay of
+godliness, but with no abiding results, and this was particularly
+noticeable in his own congregation. There seemed to be no change in this
+respect until the coming of Whitfield, in 1740, when he preached "to
+breathless thousands in the old South Church." Mr. Prince welcomed this
+apostle with enthusiasm. His own sermons were full of vigor, and a
+brilliant imagination embellished them with abundant illustrations, but
+depth of thought and zealous research made the majority of his writings
+far above the comprehension of the multitude. His printed funeral
+sermons are quaint in their deep, black borders, with drawings of
+death's heads similar to those that adorned the tombstones. His sermon
+after the death of George I. may have embodied the feeling prevalent at
+that time; but, in view of the more critical light thrown upon the
+character and reigns of the Georges by historians and satirists of our
+day, this eulogy is a curiosity, with its almost childish enthusiasm and
+simple-hearted loyalty. The following are passages from his sermon:--
+
+     For my part, I shall never forget the joy that swelled my heart
+     when in the Splendid Procession, at his Coronation, preceded by all
+     the nobles of the kingdom and his son and heir-apparent, one other
+     hope, with their Ermine Robes and Coronets, that Royal face at
+     length appeared, which Heaven had in that moment sent to save these
+     Great Nations from the Brink of Ruin. Nor do I speak of it as my
+     case alone, but as what appeared to be the equal transport of the
+     multitudes around me. The tears of joy seemed to rise and swell in
+     every eye, and we were hardly able to give a shout thro' the
+     laboring passions that were swelling in us. He was in some respects
+     a Father to the Kings of the earth, or at least a powerful and
+     decisive mediator and umpire among them. The eyes of the greatest
+     princes were turned to him. In these distant parts of his Dominion
+     we have felt the happy influences of his happy reign. He was the
+     darling and protection of his people, the great support of the
+     reformed interest and the arbiter of Europe. George II. is a Prince
+     of winning countenance and manly aspect, had considerable treasure
+     of useful learning, and with him a most amiable Princess, the
+     reigning glory of her sex for beauty, knowledge, wit, discretion,
+     the sweetest temper, the most cheerful, affable and engaging
+     countenance and carriage, with every charming virtue; in the bloom
+     of her youth preferred her chaste religion to all the glories of
+     the Imperial family, and became the love and admiration of every
+     protestant.
+
+President Cheney says of Mr. Prince "he may be justly characterized as
+one of our great men;" but he deplored that he sometimes devoted so much
+attention to minute and trifling circumstances of things, and gave too
+great credit to surprising stories. This, no doubt, may at times have
+been unnecessary, and would certainly be a failing at the present time,
+when writing on all subjects is so universal; but in Mr. Prince's case
+it took the form of an advantage to posterity, as this love of detail
+caused him to hand down to all generations the most life-like
+descriptions of daily life and conversation of his own and remote times.
+Although he saw a particular providence in every act, every word, every
+wind that blew, and every storm that arose, yet Mr. Sewall said of him,
+"that the great truths and doctrines of the Gospel were his chosen
+subjects. He spake as the oracles of God, as one that felt the Divine
+Excellence. Some of his discourses even have received impressions in
+England."
+
+The great tenderness of his nature was particularly prominent in his
+family relations. He trained his children in the paths of knowledge, his
+well-disciplined mind making him a safe and wise teacher; while, like
+him, they were pious from their youth. His only son graduated with honor
+from his own college, and had just started on a literary career with
+flattering success, when consumption caused his death, in his
+twenty-fourth year. Two daughters, also, at the early ages of twenty and
+twenty-two, were taken from the household, and in their old age one
+daughter only was left to these parents. Mr. Prince's contemporaries
+speak of his wonderful resignation at these repeated afflictions. His
+sermon on the death of his daughter Deborah gives the religious
+experience of a young girl who, in those rigorous Calvinistic days, had
+her sweet young life overshadowed by the terror of God's wrath for what
+she considered her unbelief. A few extracts will give a good idea of Mr.
+Prince's impassioned, pathetic, and even dramatic style, and his
+apparently "trifling details" add vividness to the picture. His son
+besought him to dispense with the custom of a funeral oration in his
+case; but the feelings of the father were sacrificed to what he
+considered his duty to the youth of his congregation on the occasion of
+his daughter's death.
+
+He said: "You have known her character; I need not give it to this
+assembly, and I am more especially restrained, not only by my near
+relation, but by what she said to me, with all the emotions of a grieved
+heart, three or four days before her death. 'Dear father, I have been
+told you speak to people in my commendation. I beg you would not. I am
+a poor, miserable sinner; you cannot think how it grieves me.' On these
+accounts I must forbear her character; but because God's dealings with
+her, both before and in her sickness, have been remarkable, I cannot but
+think it will be for his glory and your advantage to present some of
+them to you. As she grew up, God was pleased to refrain her from
+vanities, move her to study her Bible and best of authors, both of
+history and divinity. Dr. Watts and Mrs. Rowe's writings were familiar
+to her. The spirit of God worked upon her at fourteen, but she did not
+join the church until two years later, when she narrowly escaped
+drowning, in her father's bosom. For, as I had just received her in my
+arms, in a boat, in order to go on board a vessel in the harbor, bound
+to her Uncle Denny's, at Georgetown, on the Kennebec river, the boat
+steered off, and I fell back with her into the salt water, ten feet
+deep, with which she was almost filled, and we both continued under it,
+out of sight of her brother and sister looking on, for about a minute.
+If a couple of strangers from Connecticut had not been near at hand to
+reach her quickly, in a minute or more she had been past recovery....
+
+"In all weathers she sought the house of God, and she was afraid of
+being deceived. Though her jealousies and fears were troublesome, I
+think they were useful. Sometimes she had light and comfort; oftener
+otherwise. In her twentieth year she had a fever, and from the first she
+thought she should not live, complained of her stupidity of mind,
+impenitence and unbelief. I came home from afternoon exercise, found her
+so ill that her mother thought herself obliged to tell her, upon which
+she thanked her for her kindness, but quickly fell into great distress
+on being unprepared for eternity. It would break a heart of stone to
+hear her: 'Oh! dear sir, what shall I do?' ... Oh! the horrors of that
+night. It was one of the most distressing I ever knew. She wouldn't
+close her eyes for fear of dying. In the morning was a little more
+resigned, fell asleep, awoke refreshed, but still in darkness. 'Oh! dear
+father,' she would say, 'I have dreadfully apostatized from Christ.' Mr.
+Sewall and I labored with her for days, but we found nobody but the
+Almighty could do it.
+
+"Dr. Sewall said, 'If she died in darkness, we should have good ground
+to hope that she would awake in glory.' To everything he would say she
+would reply, 'I cannot believe.' You must be sensible of a distressed
+father's heart, putting his soul in her soul's place for many weeks.
+
+"Incessant prayers were offered for her in public and private, by
+relations and friends who loved her, but until the last half hour of her
+life were unanswered. She was in agonies of death all the while Mr.
+Sewall was praying. When he and the physician left, I told her they
+could do nothing more. She was calm and composed, but did not speak....
+It was so dismal to see her depart in darkness. Oh! the distress in that
+room. I held her in my arms, she opened her eyes and spoke a new
+language: 'Oh! I love the Lord with all my heart. I see such an
+amiableness in him, I prize him above a thousand worlds.' I said, 'Dear
+child, what have you to say to me?'--'Oh! sir, that you may be more
+fervent in your ministry, in exhorting and expostulating with sinners.'
+I never saw such a change in a sick room, from distress to joy when I
+reported her words. I could scarcely have thought a father, mother,
+brother and sister could have been so transported in the expiring
+moments of one so dear to them."
+
+This discourse was published in Edinboro' after his death. His daughter
+Sarah, afterwards wife of Lieut.-Gov. Gill, survived her parents a few
+years, but died, without children in 1771. She was also deeply
+religious, and some of her writings were published in Edinboro' after
+her death.
+
+Mr. Prince's life, aside from his domestic afflictions, seems to have
+flowed on in peaceful paths, that ran their quiet course between the
+hardships of the early years of the colonies and the rising passions and
+frequent strifes that reigned, particularly in New England, for years
+before the Revolutionary war. His whole nature, tuned to harmony and
+peaceful avocations, developed in its proper channel. The comparative
+quiet of the first half of the eighteenth century permitted a thorough
+devotion to his allotted pursuits. His forty years' pastorate in Boston
+left their trace of love and good-will in seed which can never be
+destroyed, and his indefatigable industry and painstaking perseverance
+are lessons that could be of benefit to all generations.
+
+He inherited a large property from his father. Beside other lands,
+acquired and inherited, he owned the tract which is covered by the town
+of Princeton, including Wachusett mountain, the town deriving its name
+from him. In the Boylston Mansion at Princeton, there is a beautiful
+crayon portrait of Mrs. Sarah Gill, his daughter, executed by Copley.
+There is also a fine tall clock, which belonged to Mr. Prince, in the
+possession of Mrs. Addison Denny, at Leicester. Mr. Prince brought it
+with him from England in 1717; the whole case is in raised Japanese
+work, and the face decorations very elaborate. It was made by Thomas
+Wagstaffe, of London, and his descendants still make clocks at the same
+shop, by hand and under the same name.
+
+Mr. Prince died in 1757, after a year's illness, at seventy-two years of
+age. The _Weekly Gazette_ said, in announcing his death: "His
+performances in pulpit evidence a vast compass of thought, a sublime
+imagination, a great faith and zeal. In printed composures there is a
+fertility of invention, correctness of sentiment, sprightliness of
+expression, that must delight every reader, and transmit his name to
+posterity in the most advantageous light. His private life was amiable
+and exemplary, adorned with grace and virtues. A useful member of civil
+society. His consort has lost an affectionate husband; his only
+surviving daughter, a tender father; his servants, an indulgent master;
+his acquaintances, a kind, condescending friend; his church, an
+enlightened and vigilant pastor; his country, a zealous advocate of
+civil and religious liberty. Took farewell to this world with humble
+resignation to the will of God, and entire dependence on our Lord Jesus
+Christ, and a good hope of Immortality."
+
+
+
+
+NEW ENGLAND MANNERS AND CUSTOMS IN THE TIME OF BRYANT'S EARLY LIFE.
+
+BY MRS. H. G. ROWE.
+
+
+Ninety-one years ago, in the little town of Cummington, Mass., was born
+a child, who was destined, in after years, to be the first of a grand
+line of American poets, who have made this, the second century of our
+Republic, famous by their genius and originality.
+
+Not long since, in looking over an old magazine, published in
+Philadelphia in 1809, I came across quite an extended review of
+Campbell's, then just issued, poem, "Gertrude of Wyoming," and was
+not a little amused at the closing comments.
+
+After a little mild praise, and a good deal of equally mild criticism,
+of the Scotch poet, the editor goes on to say:--
+
+"But, after all, although lesser poets are constantly rising above the
+literary horizon, challenging the admiration of the reading world for a
+few short months,--possibly years,--and then sinking into the obscurity
+of a forgotten past, the sun of English poetry has set forever. With
+Pope, Milton, and Dryden, England lost her last true poets. Henceforth
+all who claim that title must be more or less skilful _imitators_ merely
+of the great masters who have gone before them.
+
+"As for America," he continues, with the most unpatriotic candor, "there
+is not the smallest chance of her ever producing a real poet. Ingenious
+scribblers she may have, without doubt, but the typical American never
+had or will have one grain of poetry in his hard, shrewd, matter-of-fact
+nature."
+
+This was the verdict of a Philadelphia editor seventy-six years ago.
+To-day the bust of our own Longfellow stands in Westminster Abbey, side
+by side with a Chaucer and a Shakspere, while not only the
+English-speaking world on both sides of the ocean, but the dwellers in
+sunny Italy, upon the frozen steppes of Russia, and in far-off Japan and
+India, sing and repeat, each in his own tongue, the stirring
+battle-hymns and sweet home-songs of the gifted singers of our Western
+World.
+
+We are often reminded that a writer's environments have much to do with
+the character of his writings, and in Bryant's case this fact is
+particularly noticeable.
+
+His earliest poems, and especially that great masterpiece,
+"Thanatopsis," written at the early age of eighteen, show unmistakably
+that the boy had grown up in the closest familiarity with the
+theological tenets of the New England of his day, and that the bent of
+his young mind was, even then, toward graver subjects than would
+naturally occupy the thoughts of a boy of that age.
+
+His biographers assert that he drew his inspiration for this grand poem
+from the pages of Kirke White and Southey. But whatever his acquaintance
+with these poets may have done for him, there is a striking similarity
+of imagery and sentiment between his own and the writings of the sacred
+bards, whose utterances were as familiar to the children of a Christian
+household in those days as their own childish nursery songs and hymns.
+
+For instance, compare these lines from "Thanatopsis" with a well-known
+passage in the Book of Job:--
+
+              "... Yet the dead are there:
+  And millions in those solitudes, since first
+  The flight of years began, have laid them down
+  In their last sleep,--the dead reign there alone."
+
+The sacred poet says:--
+
+   "Yet shall he be brought to the grave, and shall remain in the tomb.
+    The clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him, and every man shall draw
+  after him as there are innumerable before him."
+
+Then, again, in "The Old Man's Funeral":--
+
+  "Then rose another hoary man, and said,
+   In faltering accents, to that weeping train:
+  'Why mourn ye that our aged friend is dead?
+   Ye are not sad to see the gathered grain.'"
+
+Compare this with:
+
+    "Thou shall come to the grave in a full age, like as a shock of corn
+  cometh in his season."
+
+Examples similar to these occur in many of Bryant's poems, and tend to
+show the result of the early religious training, that, as the son of a
+thoughtful, God-fearing New England gentleman of that day, he most
+certainly did receive.
+
+That he was intensely, grandly, sometimes fiercely patriotic, is also
+due, in a great measure, to the surrounding influences of his young
+life.
+
+The struggle for American independence was at last over, and the lusty
+young Republic, springing, Minerva-like, from the mighty brain of a no
+longer imperilled freedom, was ready to throw down the gauntlet of
+defiance to all the world, and assert her rights as queen regnant of the
+great Western World.
+
+The armies had been disbanded, and the war-scarred veterans had joyfully
+returned to their farms and workshops, ready to put their willing hands
+again to the plough and the plane, and help to restore, by patient toil
+and honest legislation, prosperity and peace to the land so long
+distracted by the commotions and uncertainties of war.
+
+Later, his days of toil over, the old soldier sat him down, in restful
+content, by his own peaceful fireside, while, with the old musket in its
+honored place above the tall wooden mantle, he fought over again, in
+memory, his old-time battles, and to sons and grandsons taught, in
+thrilling, patriotic words, the great lesson to love and revere their
+country next to their God.
+
+As a boy, no doubt, young Bryant had listened to many of the tales of
+these honored veterans, and had drank in, with the air of his own native
+village, long draughts of their fervid patriotism, that animated his
+writings down to the latest years of his life.
+
+That he had seen with his own eyes some of the leading spirits in that
+great national struggle, who still lived to honor and be honored by the
+nation that they had fought so bravely to free from a foreign yoke, is
+shown by an extract from one of his few humorous poems, in which he
+says:--
+
+                  "I pause to state
+  That I, too, have seen greatness--even I--
+  Shook hands with Adams, stared at Lafayette,
+  When, barehead, in the hot noon of July,
+  He would not let the umbrella be held o'er him,
+  For which three cheers burst from the mob before him."
+
+Patriotic, religious, philosophical, and a true lover of nature, yet
+Bryant cannot, in any mood, be styled one of our fireside poets, like
+Longfellow, Whittier, and Lowell.
+
+Perhaps he failed to see in the then bare loneliness of the typical
+New England home a beauty worth the attention of his fastidious and
+lofty-minded muse. And that New England homes, at that time, were bare
+of what we, to-day, deem the absolute necessities of life, no student of
+the past pretends to deny.
+
+The long war had drained and impoverished the country; our manufactures
+and commerce were then in their infancy; the whole machinery of our
+recently organized government was new, and the hands that worked it,
+however wise and brave they might be, were untried, and had much to
+learn before the ponderous works could be brought into perfect running
+order.
+
+Worst of all, President Jefferson, in 1807, laid an embargo upon
+American shipping, thus unwittingly striking a terrible blow at our
+foreign commerce, in his endeavor to force England into an amicable
+settlement of certain difficulties that had arisen between her and the
+young Republic. This, and the two years' war with England, that broke
+out in 1812, made hard times for everybody, and taxed the magnanimity
+and skill of our foremothers to their utmost to make their homes and
+families present a decent and respectable appearance.
+
+The very poor then, as now, were forced to content themselves with the
+barest decencies of life. But the respectable middle classes,--the
+farmers, mechanics, and small merchants,--were put to the greatest
+straits to keep up an appearance of respectability and comfort, with
+scant conveniences, and few or none of even the simplest elegancies of
+life, in dwelling, dress, or furniture.
+
+The principal room of a New England farm-house was the kitchen, which
+was usually large enough to serve for a cooking, dining, and sitting
+room, all in one.
+
+The enormous fireplace, with its long, soot-blackened crane, hung with
+hooks of various sizes, the massive iron andirons, strong enough to hold
+the great birch and birchen logs, that often taxed the strength of a
+full-grown man to lift and adjust in their places, occupied a large part
+of one side of the room, and served as a kind of family altar, about
+which the family, with their guests and friends, always assembled, in
+quiet chat or friendly gossip.
+
+And a cheery spot it was, especially in those long, dark evenings in
+midwinter, when the ruddy, dancing flames went laughing up the great
+throat of the chimney, chasing the venturesome, wayward sparks, as they
+hurried out into the untried darkness of the winter's night. With what a
+genial glow they lighted up the bare, unplastered walls, the sanded
+floor, the rough rafters overhead, and the scant, clumsily-fashioned
+furniture, until
+
+  "The rude, bare-raftered room
+   Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom."
+
+Nor must we forget that seldom wanting, always interesting, piece of
+furniture, to which was sure to be accorded the warmest, coziest spot in
+the wide chimney-corner,--the inevitable wooden cradle,--clumsily
+fashioned by loving, but unskilled hands, and always large enough to
+hold, besides the reigning baby, two, and, at a pinch, three, of the
+younger members of the household.
+
+How the favored youngsters delighted in a ride in that clumsy old
+vehicle, nor dreamed that its halting, uncertain gait was other than the
+very poetry of motion! Even mother's own wooden rocking-chair, a bit of
+boughten elegance, with its gay patchwork cushion, and dull, contented
+"creak! creak!" as its dear occupant swayed meditatively to and fro,
+knitting in hand, in the quiet, restful gloaming, was not quite equal to
+that dear, delightful old cradle, for a good brisk canter to "Banbury
+Cross," or to the famous hunting grounds, where "Baby Bunting's rabbit
+skin" was waiting for him.
+
+Many a man, and woman too, whose names are, to-day, blessed and honored
+by thousands of grateful hearts all over the land, dreamed then their
+first misty, childish dreams of a grand and helpful manhood and
+womanhood, and felt swelling up within their young souls inexpressible
+longings to help right the wrongs of the down-trodden and oppressed,
+which they heard their elders talk of, and deplore as past remedy.
+
+The light of other days was simply a home-made tallow candle, and as
+matches were not then invented, careful housewives never suffered the
+kitchen-fire, even in the hottest days of summer, to die out entirely.
+The frequent sight of a child running to the nearest neighbor's, with a
+long-handled iron fire-shovel in hand, to "borry a few coals ter start
+the fire up," was looked upon as a sure sign of slack housewifery; and
+no woman might lay claim to the distinction of a good housekeeper who
+failed to renew her cedar broom as often as every other week.
+
+Equal simplicity in dress prevailed, and a gown of bombazette--a very
+narrow, all-wool goods, worth from seventy-five cents to a dollar a
+yard,--was often worn for best during the owner's lifetime, and at her
+death bequeathed, with the fondly-cherished string of gold beads, to the
+favorite granddaughter, as a precious legacy.
+
+For common wear, pressed home-made and home-dyed flannel in winter; and
+cotton and linen, woven in colored stripes or plaids, for summer, was
+considered plenty good enough, even for the doctor's and minister's
+wives. Under flannels were an unheard-of luxury. And one ceases to
+wonder at the frequency of hereditary consumption, in our own day, when
+he reads that fashionable city ladies, in the very depths of a Northern
+winter, walked the icy streets in thin cotton or silk stockings and low,
+pointed, high-heeled morocco shoes. Rubbers being then unknown, and the
+shoes of stout calf-skin, that their country cousins were only too glad
+to get, were disdained by these dainty dames as coarse and unlady-like.
+
+A girl carded, spun, wove, bleached, and made her one white linen gown,
+lavishing upon it all her simple art of needlecraft, every seam and hem
+stitched by the old-time rule, "take up one thread and skip two," and,
+perhaps, embroidering a pattern of tiny sprays and eyelets upon the
+bosom and sleeves, to give it an air of special gentility.
+
+Finished at last, this choice bit of girlish finery probably served its
+owner for a wedding-dress, and afterwards was cut up into slips for the
+babies.
+
+Matrons, young as well as old, wore caps of plain white muslin, made
+after the same fashion as the round, sweeping caps that tidy
+housekeepers wear at the present day. The younger and gayer ones, who
+had no scruples of conscience on the subject, wore their caps adorned
+with bright ribbons, while the elderly and more sedate contented
+themselves with a plain band of black, across the front, and pinned
+primly at the back, without bow or knot.
+
+After the death of Washington, in 1799, besides the band of crape that
+every citizen of the United States, by the desire of Congress, wore upon
+his left arm for thirty days, many of the loyal matrons provided
+themselves with mourning-cap ribbons, upon which was stamped, in white
+letters, upon a black ground:
+
+          "General George Washington,
+  Departed this life on the 14th of December,
+                 1799, Æ. 68,"
+
+--a fac-simile of the inscription upon the coffin-plate of that
+illustrious and well-beloved chief. The wool and flax were home
+productions, but the cotton was brought, in a raw state, from the West
+Indies.
+
+It was first picked over very carefully, to remove the seeds and stray
+bits of foreign rubbish, then "batted," that is, made into small pats,
+each large enough to be carded into a roll, which was spun into thread
+upon either a wool or linnen wheel. This "batting" usually fell to the
+lot of the children of the family, who probably found the monotonous
+task as little to their taste as their grandchildren do, when required
+to wash the dishes or saw wood for the cooking-stove.
+
+Woven plain, by the skilful hands of the housemother, and bleached upon
+the young grass under the blossoming apple boughs, the cloth served for
+the underwear of the family, and was regarded as one of the few luxuries
+of the frugal household,--the raw cotton costing over fifty cents a
+pound, to say nothing of the time and labor required to convert it into
+cloth.
+
+On account of the scarcity of cotton, our modern "comfortables" were a
+thing unheard of, and, for a substitute, woollen quilts, stuffed with
+wool, and closely quilted, often in the most elaborate patterns, were
+used in all New England households. These quilts were often few and thin
+in many a poor home, where the elders had hard work to shield their
+flock of little ones from the bitter cold of winter, in spite of the
+immense fires that even the poorest were able to provide where any
+amount of fuel could be had for the cutting.
+
+I have heard a story of a good lady who lived at that time in a town not
+a hundred miles from Boston, which gives one some idea of the straits to
+which our grandparents were often reduced in those days:--
+
+Watching one bitterly cold night with a sick neighbor, she heard, at
+midnight, the little children crying with cold in the loft overhead, and
+leaving her sleeping patient, she went upstairs, and tried to find an
+extra quilt or blanket to spread over them. But in vain, for in that
+poor home there was not so much as a shoulder-blanket that could be
+spared. At last, in utter desperation, she spread over the shivering
+little ones a _side of leather_, that she found rolled up under the
+eaves.
+
+"It kept out the cold, anyhow," she said, as she told the story years
+afterwards. "And the poor little things stopped their cryin', and
+cuddled down as contented an' comfortable as a nestful o' kittens."
+
+If there was little of poetry or romance in the lives of those
+hard-working, hard farming men and women of a past generation, there was
+no lack of the patient diligence and simple, unquestioning faith, that
+give strength to weakness, and sweeten toil with the steadfast belief
+that, to the faithful heart and willing hand God's blessing never fails.
+
+One of the favorite proverbs at that time is significant, as proverbs
+usually are, of the character of the people:--
+
+"Begin your web, and God will supply you with thread."
+
+While still another suggests that well-known element in the New England
+character that the Scotch aptly call "canny":--
+
+"A wise man will bend a little rather than be torn up by the roots."
+
+Extravagance was more than a fault, it was an actual sin, in the eyes of
+these prudent, simple-living folk, and you may have heard before the
+story of the ingenious housewife, who, tired of the blank bareness of
+her yellow-painted floors, conceived the bold idea of manufacturing a
+carpet for it herself:
+
+A large square of sail-cloth served her for a canvas, and upon this she
+painted, with the few colors that she could procure, a pattern of
+flowers of every kind that she was familiar with,--blue roses and green
+lilies having the preference, as making more show than their humbler
+sisters. This, when finished, she covered with a thick coat of varnish,
+thus making a very good substitute for the more modern oil-cloth.
+
+Of course everybody, from far and near, came to look, and wonder, and
+admire; and among them a good old deacon, who, after critically
+surveying the wonderful work, turned to the proud artist, and, with a
+look half of amazement, half of pitying reproach, upon his honest,
+weather-beaten face, asked solemnly:--
+
+"Sister ----, do you expect to have _all this_ and _heaven_ too?"
+
+To-day, Boston is sometimes jestingly styled the "Hub of the Universe,"
+but at the beginning of the present century it was, soberly speaking,
+the Hub of New England, for from it spokes projected into every part,
+however distant, of that region.
+
+As in past ages all roads led to Rome, so seventy-five or eighty years
+ago all roads led to or from Boston. In an old Farmer's Almanac, printed
+in 1817, I find, among other things quaint and curious, four
+closely-printed pages devoted to "Roads to the Principal Towns of the
+Continent from Boston, with the distances and names of Innkeepers."
+Beginning with: "From Boston to Newport, over Seekonk, through Rehoboth,
+69 miles," and ending with "Down the Ohio, to the mouth of the
+Muskinqum, 524 miles,"--a tolerably long ride in those days of the
+old-fashioned stage coach.
+
+Naturally, this Umbilicus of the Western World set the fashions in
+theology, literature, dress, and manners for all New England, and any
+one who had made a trip to Boston was venerated as a kind of travelled
+wonder, and forever after regarded as an authority upon all mooted
+points of general interest.
+
+It has been said, on what authority I am unable to state, that "all good
+Americans go to Paris when they die." But in those days of Boston's
+supremacy an aspiring dame in one of our Maine villages, finding herself
+upon her death bed, expressed as her one last wish, that she "might be
+permitted to go to heaven by the way o' Boston."
+
+Evidently the poor soul had pined in vain all her life for a sight of
+its splendors, and could think of nothing so near akin to heaven as a
+peep at this earthly Paradise on her way there.
+
+I might go on indefinitely to call up pictures, heroic, quaint, or
+pathetic, of these earnest-hearted men and women, who toiled, suffered,
+and planned, for the future, that we, their children, have entered into
+the fulness of. But time forbids, and I can only say, in closing this
+paper, that it will be well for us, if, in these days of national
+prosperity and power, when Liberty, proudly triumphant, stands like
+
+  "A bearded man
+      Armed to the teeth,"
+
+ready to hold his own alike against traitors at home and envious
+despotisms abroad, we do not forget with what a world of self-sacrifice
+and patient toil our forbears laid the foundations of this great, free
+government; nor should we deem it a light thing to have been born
+citizens of a Republic a thousand times grander, nobler, and, God grant!
+far more enduring, than those of heathen Greece and Rome, that have long
+since fallen to decay, and now lie buried beneath the melancholy dust of
+centuries.
+
+Let the words of the great poet whose name stands at the head of this
+paper speak like a word of warning to every heart within their reach:--
+
+  "And they who founded in our land
+     The power that rules from sea to sea,
+   Bled they in vain, or vainly planned,
+     To leave their country great and free?
+   Their sleeping ashes from below
+     Send up the thrilling murmur, No!"
+
+
+
+
+TRUST.
+
+BY ARTHUR ELWELL JENKS.
+
+
+  Once let us feel the trust a child bestows
+    Upon the guardian of its life, each day
+  Would set serenely on our troubled souls!
+    To help but one of these, or bring again
+  To lip and eye the smile so full of peace,--
+    Reflection of some tender mother's love,--
+
+  Ah, such were service, that, in future years,
+    Shall shine upon our devious pathway, as
+  The evening star lights up the western sky!
+    O ye who labor for the children's sake,--
+  Setting these jewels for immortal life,--
+    The "Well-done!" of the Master shall be yours!
+
+
+
+
+NEW ENGLAND CHARACTERISTICS.
+
+BY LIZZIE M. WHITTLESEY.
+
+
+"We constantly," as Ruskin affirms, "recognize things by their least
+important attributes, and by help of very few of these. We recognize our
+books by their bindings, our friends by the mere accidents of the body,
+the sport of climate, and food, and time."
+
+Applying this principle to New England, we unconsciously recognize her
+first by her mere outward, incidental properties.
+
+By the waving of her hair in the "Pine-Tree State," by the frown of her
+massive brows in the "Granite" and "Green Mountain," by the glancing
+brightness of her smile in the "Old Bay," by her lithe grace of limb in
+"Little Rhoda," and her firm step and erect carriage in the "Land of
+Steady Habits;" while to all alike belong--
+
+  "Her clear, warm heaven at noon, the mist that shrouds
+     Her twilight hills, her cool and starry eves,
+   The glorious splendor of her sunset clouds,
+     The rainbow beauty of her forest leaves."
+
+Next to the physical traits of a friend we are attracted by those of a
+social nature; and, still keeping the analogy, the same is true of a
+people, and preëminently so of New England.
+
+The characteristics of our four Northern cities have been thus
+distinctively classified and labelled:--
+
+Washington stops between the polka and the waltz to ask, "Can you
+dance?" New York shows us her silks and laces, and politely whispers,
+"What are you worth?"
+
+Philadelphia traces back our genealogy, and questions, "Who was your
+grandfather?" While Boston lifts her eye-glass, and, surveying our
+mental cranium, inquires, "What do you know?"
+
+The social traits of New England proper are so combined with her
+business character that they are with difficulty separated, and both are
+best defined by foreign visitors.
+
+It was an Englishman who said, "Go ahead is the grand doctrine of New
+England;" and we see that this principle, plainly enforced and
+practically carried out, builds her cities, founds her public libraries,
+carries on her immense commerce, and increases public traffic.
+
+Without this quality, coupled with her independence and disregard for
+romantic associations, the Yankee would never make pilgrimages to the
+Old World for the sole and evident purpose of placarding the pyramids,
+and introducing his invention for removing stains at some half-ruined
+cathedral whose famous "spot of blood" is cherished with reverent care.
+
+"New England excels," according to an English cousin, "in an openness to
+ideas, an aptness for intuitions, and sometimes a seemingly positive
+preference for the bird in the bush," which latter may account for that
+skilful Yankee versatility so perfectly exemplified in the chaplain,
+poet, editor, merchant, speculator, politician, historian, and minister,
+Barlow.
+
+It is this quiet independence, indomitable will, and never-ceasing
+purpose to "get on," which is a characteristic of the New England women,
+and which may be summed up in the expressive adjective "capable." Armed
+with this power, she cheerfully teaches school, makes dresses, binds
+books, or "keeps house," considering no honest work degrading, and
+proving herself equally efficient in each.
+
+Here is found that shrewd, stirring common-sense which is New England's
+strong point. Here is hinted, also, that philosophic humor which is the
+one ray lightening her intense realism.
+
+As indefinable as it is delightful, it comes with a lightning flash of
+wit into the dry, theological conversation of the preacher, relieves
+with its sharp hits the spread-eagle speech of the country orator,
+brightens with its apt allusions the more refined periods of the
+lecturer, flits charmingly in and out of the sympathetic essays of
+Holmes, keeps us in a perpetual chuckle over the mirthful pages of
+Irving, and embodies itself in the quaint good-nature of an indolent,
+contemplative Sam Lawson.
+
+For nowhere is this genial quality found in such purity as among the
+true, rustic Yankees, whose clear-cut, homely phrases and sharp
+localisms are not as entirely extinct as is supposed. Country life has a
+way all its own of preserving the best traits of a people, and in more
+than one old-fashioned farm-house, and among the haymakers in more than
+one sunny meadow, may be heard the witty expressions and strong
+metaphors which led Dickens to say, "In shrewdness of remark and a
+certain cast-iron quaintness the Yankee people unquestionably take the
+lead."
+
+In the country, too, as if growing and blossoming under the influence
+of the warm, unobstructed sunshine, is the sturdy growth of genuineness,
+hearty, coöperative sympathy, and cheery hospitality, the latter having
+its highest exponent in New England's distinctive festival,
+Thanksgiving. The dear old holiday may well be called the cradle of New
+England graces, for it bears much the same relation to the development
+of her social traits that the old Greek and Roman games bore in
+developing characteristics of strength and bravery.
+
+To return to the criticism of foreigners. The absence of historic
+records and relics in New England has often been a matter of contempt,
+and an amusing story is told by J. T. Fields of a stiff, conventional
+Englishman who called on the poet Longfellow at one of his busiest
+hours, and scanning him closely, gravely remarked: "We were doing the
+sights, sir, and as there are no ruins in New England, we decided to
+come and see you!"
+
+We smile at the strange idea, but is there not in it a tacit admission
+that New England's men and women of letters are her best
+characteristics? Is it not to her glory that hers is _not_ a country of
+ruins but one of noble, earnest, _living_ men and women?--men like Dr.
+Hale, instilling by the quiet weapon of the pen strong, true lessons of
+benevolence and truth; men like Longfellow, singing, pure, earnest songs
+of high endeavor and noble attainment; men like Whittier, whose simple,
+touching strains move so grandly on the side of right and justice.
+
+Women like Mrs. Stowe, who, in her great strength of mind and character,
+wrote that wonderful book, which, inspired by zeal, and fired by a
+terrible earnestness, filled New England once with something of her own
+noble enthusiasm. She could do the grand work then, because her country
+needed it, thus illustrating that strong New England trait, latent
+power, a power of which we know nothing till it is called out by some
+mighty need. There have been earnest purpose, determined will, pure
+motive, and unselfish heroism in New England; but their depth and
+strength have never been "guessed" till manifested in some great crisis.
+
+Her contests are those of heart and intellect; and her weapons, hard
+study and earnest thought.
+
+In spite of popular philippics her traits do not change much from the
+summary of them made fifty years ago, "Impatience with wrong, quarrel
+with precedent, love of education, and faith in God."
+
+Ah! now we touch the true characteristics of New England, lying in the
+deep ocean of her history, unmoved by the lighter traits sparkling upon
+the surface.
+
+That is a true boast of Jonathan to John:--
+
+  "We aint so weak and poor, John,
+     With twenty million people,
+   And close to every door, John,
+     A school-house and a steeple."
+
+And this is but the outgrowth of that short formula of the brave
+founders of school and church: "Faith in God, faith in man, faith in
+work;" so that New England's present traits are directly traceable to
+Puritan influence.
+
+Our educational institutions had substantial foundation-stones of
+self-sacrifice and far-seeing purpose, nobly laid by that score of
+sturdy men, dedicating, for the first academy, a peck of corn, or a
+shilling in cash, or a few treasured volumes.
+
+The Sabbath has been called the "poem of New England," and it is that
+always, whether rung out by the city's chiming bells or whispered in the
+sacred repose of the country church. But it was never so truly a poem as
+on that first New England Sabbath, when the church was a weather-beaten
+ship, its support the lashing waves, and the worshippers "a handful of
+sad, stern men and women kneeling in their spray-stiffened garments to
+thank God for freedom to worship him."
+
+New England's best traits, then, are but her rightful inheritance;
+traits "lineally descended" from her founders, softened and purified in
+the transmitting many times, as in the case of their sectional loyalty.
+"They seemed to shrink from trying to get to heaven by any other road
+than that which their fathers travelled, lest they should miss them at
+their journey's end."
+
+And in these days, thank God! religious toleration is creeping over the
+forbidding rock of New England theology, much as the delicate vines of
+the May-flower crept over and beautified the hard, unyielding soil.
+
+Thus New England stands, in her freedom, love of education, and all
+those homely domestic traits which make her the comfortable, clever,
+strong, and tender mother she is, while under and through and over all
+her traits runs, like a strain of restful music, her great, all
+powerful, far-reaching faith.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+A great stride of advancement has been taken in the cultivation of that
+rarest of supernal graces, Christian charity, since the ancient
+patriarchs of New England fell asleep. Occasionally opportunity is given
+us of measuring "with the eye" the distance which has been travelled.
+More than a hundred and fifty years ago Dr. Cotton Mather spoke of Rhode
+Island as "the Gerizzim of New England, the common receptacle of the
+convicts of Jerusalem and the outcasts of the land." The island itself,
+as a portion of God's creation, he was willing to think worthy of all
+praise. He seems to have felt regarding it as Bishop Heber felt about
+India when he wrote his immortal missionary hymn:--
+
+  "And every prospect pleases,
+    And only man is vile."
+
+"The island is, indeed, for the fertility of its soil, the temperateness
+of its air, etc., the best garden of all the colony, and were it free
+from serpents I would call it the Paradise of New England." As things
+were, however, the good old man could only say regretfully, "_Bona
+terra, mala gens_." He evidently fancied that the serpent was not a
+native of the original home of human innocence, or else his special
+affection for the people of Rhode Island led him to wish for them an
+exemption from exposures which God had not thought necessary to the
+safety and happiness of Adam. The serpent was an honorable member of the
+animal community in Paradise before Ithuriel's "spear of heaven-tempered
+steel" discovered Satan, in the shape of a toad, breathing into the ear
+of the sleeping "Mother of Mankind" deadly insinuations of disobedience
+and rebellion, just as freedom in religion--the serpent so unworthily
+abhorred by New England Puritanism--was a divinely chartered and
+precious privilege of mankind long before the founding of Rhode Island
+colonies or the birth of Roger Williams. The vagaries and fantasies of
+freedom, its excesses, outrages, and crimes, are something fearful to
+contemplate, but freedom is, has been, and must ever continue to be, the
+essential condition of human power and excellence. It has ever been the
+madness of men--and madness that could not claim the poor excuse of
+method--to think of cutting down the tree of liberty, and still hope to
+retain the benefits and blessings of its shade.
+
+The statistics of marriages, as compared with those of population, would
+seem to indicate that there is an increasing unwillingness on the part
+of men or women, or both, to take upon themselves the responsibilities
+of wedded life. Whether because of the increased expense of living due
+to the development of luxurious tastes, and the selfishness which
+results; or the difficulties in the way of securing remunerative and
+constant employment; or because of other reasons, the sly god seems to
+have lost something of his former power. Perhaps the chief cause lies
+with the young men, who dare neither to face the cares of matrimony
+themselves, nor to ask others to do so. Whatever there is of cowardice
+in this matter, we do not believe that it can, as a rule, be charged
+upon the women of America, without regard to their station in life. It
+is claimed that in Massachusetts, of every 1,000 inhabitants in
+1850-1860, 21 married, now only 17; that in Connecticut, while the
+population has increased 56 per cent during the last decade, marriages
+have increased but 34 per cent; that in Providence, R.I., while the
+number capable of marrying was in the last decade 115 percent greater
+than in the decade preceding the war, the number who married was only 77
+per cent greater; and that in Ohio, while, in 1850-1880, the inhabitants
+had increased 37 per cent, the number of marriages had advanced only 26
+per cent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mistakes go in pairs. It was a mistake for a body of Protestant
+ministers to meddle in the matter of the succession to a generalship in
+the army, and it is a mistake for the _Catholic Standard_ to make this
+the occasion for invidious statements in reference to the service of
+Catholics in the late war. "Never," it says, "was any company or any
+regiment or brigade that entwined on its colors emblems of the Catholic
+faith, and on the eve of a battle knelt to receive absolution from a
+Catholic priest, recorded but as first to advance and last to retreat.
+And since then, whether in barracks or in camp, ... you look in vain for
+any disgraceful record of Catholic privates and officers." We submit
+that neither caste nor class nor sect has any place in determining the
+relative merits of the brave soldiers who fought in the Civil War. In
+camp, and upon the field of battle, they stood side by side, not as New
+Yorkers, Vermonters, Germans, Irishmen, Catholics, or Protestants, but
+as patriotic Americans. Some of these, perhaps, were better soldiers
+because they were devout Catholics, and others because they were earnest
+Presbyterians or Methodists, and this for the reason that those who fear
+God are the readier to face duty, brave danger, and die for country. No:
+our army is not an army of Catholics, Baptists, etc., but an army of
+Americans.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Is it true that "a very large part of our free education system is
+devoted to teaching the principles of Nihilism, the absurdities of
+evolution, the crudities of the nineteenth-century philosophy, weakest
+and most watery of all the philosophies of the ages"? Dr. William C.
+Prime makes this claim in the New-York _Journal of Commerce_, and then
+says, "Of what use it is to read the Bible in the morning, and teach in
+the afternoon that the Bible is a poor fiction, perhaps some one can
+explain. That this is precisely what many common schools and free
+educational institutions are doing, may be discovered with little
+difficulty." With due deference to the opinion of our genial _confrère_,
+we cannot accept his conclusions. We have yet to learn of any public
+school in which flouting at the Bible or religion enters into the matter
+of instruction, and we apprehend that the number of teachers who thus
+misuse their office really constitutes so small a fraction of the
+teaching community as to be hardly worthy the learned doctor's
+attention. As a matter of fact, by far the greater number of American
+teachers in public schools and private schools, whatever their faults
+otherwise, are men and women who are either Christians, or filled with a
+reverent regard for the Bible and its teachings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When Daniel Webster was a youth of eighteen, in college, he wrote to a
+friend these suggestive words: "I am fully persuaded that our happiness
+is much at our regulation, and that the 'Know thyself' of the Greek
+philosopher meant no more than rightly to attune and soften our
+appetites and passions till they should symphonize like the harp of
+David."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Perhaps no one ever paid a finer tribute to conscience than John Adams,
+when, after advising his son John Quincy to preserve above all things
+his innocence, he said, "Your conscience is the minister plenipotentiary
+of God Almighty in your heart. See to it that this minister never
+negotiates in vain."
+
+
+
+
+EDUCATION.
+
+
+When in any of the chief activities of human life it becomes necessary
+to adopt new methods, or to make some new application of old and
+well-tried principles, it is always best that change should be
+discriminating, gradual, and slow; and perhaps nowhere does this maxim
+demand recognition and respect more imperatively than in educational
+reform. We are not disposed to find fault with those who contend for the
+authority and sway of the progressive spirit of the present as against
+the spirit of the past. In science, art, literature, education; in
+religion, morals, philosophy, theology, every genuine gain in depth,
+breadth, and fulness is to be hailed with a thousand welcomes. It would
+be a pity if an unenlightened veneration for the traditions and
+principles of a superannuated conservatism were allowed to rob the world
+even of the smallest portion of the benefit of a single new and useful
+idea.
+
+The needs and duties of each age require that intelligence should
+steadily advance, and in the field of truth there is always something
+valuable left for the latest gleaner. No one is fitted for the duties of
+to-day who dreads the spirit of free inquiry that breathes around him,
+and fearlessly addresses its questions in every direction. Especially
+should new and better hints be welcomed as to the true science and
+method of instructing the youthful mind. Patience, delicacy,
+intelligence, and skill are nowhere required more than in this.
+
+But while it is true that each generation must have liberty to do its
+work in its own way, no generation can afford to despise or disparage
+the wisdom and experience of previous ages, or to institute reforms
+which revolutionize the methods and the principles of the past. The
+intellectual triumphs and achievements which are the goal of one age are
+indeed no more than the starting-point of the next; but the links of
+connection must be preserved unbroken. The conditions of a successful
+and symmetrical development of the mental powers are substantially the
+same in every land and time, and there are great principles which,
+however variously we may apply them, can never in themselves be violated
+or discarded with impunity. So far as the new education so strenuously
+advocated in our day honors and observes the eternal laws of the mind,
+we can afford to contemplate the new ventures with equanimity, if not
+with hope; but there is reason to fear that the almost unlimited freedom
+of individual choice as to subjects of study accorded to young and
+inexperienced minds in colleges where new departures have been taken is
+scarcely compatible with the compliance those laws rigidly require.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORD.
+
+[_By sending to the editor brief contributions suitable for use in this
+department, readers will greatly add to its completeness and value._]
+
+
+Jan. 25.--About one hundred and fifty members of the Old Colony
+Historical Society were present at the society rooms in the State House,
+and listened to the concluding portion of Hon. Colin M. Ingersoll's
+paper entitled "Leaves from the Diary of a Young Man in St. Petersburg,
+1848-49." Among those present were ex-Gov. English, Hon. C. B. Bowers,
+ex-Mayor Robertson, Rev. Mr. Leonard, Dr. Ayers, Judge L. E. Munson,
+Capt. C. H. Townshend, and many other well-known gentlemen, besides a
+party of friends of Mr. Ingersoll from New York. The paper was a rare
+treat. A vote of thanks was tendered the speaker, on motion of ex-Mayor
+Robertson, and interesting remarks were made by Prof. Baldwin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 10.--The annual dinner of the Washington Association of the Bowdoin
+Alumni took place at Welcker's. Some thirty-five persons sat down, among
+them Hon. Hugh McCulloch, Hon. L. D. M. Sweet, Senator Frye, Hon. W. W.
+Rice, Judge W. B. Snell, Gen. Ellis Spear, Col. J. H. Gilman, U.S.A.,
+Rev. J. S. Sewall, D.D., Gen. John Marshal Brown, Mr. Israel Kimball,
+and Rev. S. M. Newman. The following officers were elected: President,
+Commodore Horatio Bridge; Vice-Presidents, Israel Kimball and Judge
+William B. Snell; treasurer, I. N. Whitney; Corresponding Secretary,
+Prof. J. W. Chickering, and Recording Secretary, James C. Strout.
+
+The Bowdoin Alumni Association of New York also ate their annual dinner,
+and elected officers as follows: E. B. Merrill, president; Francis R.
+Upton, secretary; D. F. H. Dillingham, treasurer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 10.--About one hundred sons of the Granite State, the majority of
+whom belong to the New Hampshire Club, assembled at the Quincy House,
+Boston, under the presidency of Hon. J. C. Moore, of Manchester. Among
+the company were many distinguished gentlemen, invited because they were
+natives of the State, and among these were: Senator J. Gault of Hookset,
+Naval Officer A. O. Kent, Gen. J. L. Stevenson, Speaker J. Q. A.
+Brackett, Mr. Charles F. Morrill of Manchester, Mr. George B. Clifford
+of Grand Forks, Dak., Gen. Charles H. Burns of Wilton, Landlord Crufts
+of the Maplewood House, Bethlehem, Mr. A. A. Folsom of the Boston &
+Providence Railroad, Mr. A. A. Copp of Nashua, Dr. A. H. Hayes of Alton,
+Gen. F. S. Nickerson, and Mr. Charles Pattee of Boston, Mr. Walter C.
+Taft, superintendent of the New York & Boston Dispatch Express Company,
+and Mr. H. B. Dwight, superintendent of the Adams Express Company.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 15.--At an adjourned meeting of the Maiden Historical and
+Genealogical Society the following gentlemen were unanimously elected
+permanent officers of the society for the ensuing year: President, Hon.
+E. S. Converse; Vice-Presidents, Hon. J. K. C. Sleeper, Hon. L. L.
+Fuller, Hon. Marcellus Coggan; Corresponding Secretary and Librarian,
+George D. B. Blanchard; Recording Secretary, George D. Ayers; Treasurer,
+Thomas Lang. These officers are constituted a Board of Directors of the
+society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 22.--The annual meeting of the Cape Cod Historical Society convened
+in Lyceum Hall, Yarmouthport, Hon. Charles F. Swift in the chair. The
+treasurer's report showed the society to be in good financial condition.
+Steps were taken to celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of the
+formation of Barnstable County, which occurs some time in June. These
+officers were chosen: President, Hon. Charles F. Swift, Yarmouthport;
+Vice-Presidents, Thomas P. Howes, Dennis, S. B. Phinney, Barnstable,
+Alonzo Tripp, Boston, E. S. Whittemore, Boston, James Gifford,
+Provincetown; Treasurer, Samuel Snow, Barnstable; Secretary, Josiah
+Paine, Harwich; Executive Committee, J. C. Howes, Dennis, Eben B.
+Crocker, Barnstable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 3.--Annual meeting of the Dedham Historical Society. The Act of
+the General Court, empowering the society to hold real estate to the
+amount of $25,000, was accepted, as was the bequest of land and money
+from the late Hannah Shuttleworth. A memorial sketch of the late Judge
+Colburn was read by Erastus Worthington, Esq. The society chose officers
+as follows: President, Henry O. Hildreth; Vice-president, Alfred Hewins;
+Recording Secretary, John D. Cobb; Treasurer and Librarian, J. H.
+Burdakin; Curators, Erastus Worthington, Henry W. Richards, Don Gleason
+Hill, J. H. Burdakin, Elijah Howe, Jr.; Auditors, George F. Fisher, A.
+Ward Lamson; Chronicler, Don G. Hill; Historiographer, J. H. Tuttle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 9.--Meeting of the Bostonian Society. The essayist was J. M.
+Hubbard, whose subject was "Boston, in 1710, Preparing for a Small
+War." It appeared during the reading that the military enterprise on
+hand was the capture of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, then in the hands of
+the French. The reason why Boston was peculiarly interested in it was
+that this Nova Scotia harbor was a resort and head-quarters for a great
+number of French privateers, which made short cruises along this coast,
+capturing many merchant-vessels and fishing-craft, greatly to the injury
+of the commerce of Boston. The English Government accordingly sent
+hither a small fleet with a body of marines, expecting that the force
+would be augmented by troops raised in the Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+and New Hampshire provinces. The whole expedition was to be commanded by
+Colonel Francis Nicholson, who came in the fleet from England. To
+provide for the requirements of the local forces the Provincial Council
+of Massachusetts ordered that £15,000 in bills of credit of the province
+be printed, which was a ready way to raise the money.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 9.--The _Concord Monitor_, in announcing the result of the vote
+on this day on the question of calling a constitutional convention, says
+that New Hampshire towns have been directed to vote on the expediency of
+calling a constitutional convention by the Legislatures of 1799, 1806,
+1813, 1820, 1832, 1833, 1837, 1844, 1846, 1849, 1857, 1860, 1862, 1864,
+1868, 1869, 1875, 1883, resulting in the conventions of 1850-1 and
+1876-7. The proposition had a sufficient majority this time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 10.--An explosion on the tug-boat "John Markee," in Boston Harbor,
+instantly killed the entire crew, consisting of five men.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 12.--At a special meeting of both branches of the Cambridge City
+Council, a special committee was appointed on the part of the city
+government to confer with the committee on the part of the citizens
+relative to a suitable observance of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
+departure for the seat of war of Co. C, Third Regiment of Infantry, of
+Cambridge. This was the first volunteer company organized for the war of
+the rebellion in the city. Ex-Mayors Montague, Saunders, and Harding,
+ex-Aldermen Thurston and Chapman, and Mr. J. W. Merrill, made short
+addresses, urging the necessity of making the 17th of April a day of
+local pride for Cambridge. The following committee on the part of the
+citizens was chosen: ex-Mayors Bradford, Harding, Montague, and
+Saunders, ex-Alderman F. L. Chapman and D. H. Thurston, and Messrs.
+George H. Howard, J. C. Wellington, and L. B. Porter. On the part of
+the City Council there were chosen Mayor Russell, Aldermen Hincks and
+Lindsay, and Councilmen Kemp, Ivers, Coveney, and President Corcoran.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 15.--At a meeting of the committee having in charge the
+preparations for the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the
+incorporation of the city of Lowell, the following programme was agreed
+on, for April 1: In the morning, singing by public-school children, and
+address by C. C. Chase, former principal of the High School. In the
+afternoon, prayer by the Rev. Owen Street; address by Mayor Abbott;
+oration by the Hon. F. T. Greenhalge; in the evening, addresses by
+ex-mayors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 15.--The regular monthly meeting of the Methodist Historical
+Society was one of unusual interest. Rev. Hebron Vincent, of Edgartown,
+occupied the chair, and Rev. C. L. Goodell, of Providence, presented and
+read an interesting sketch of the rise and progress of Methodism in
+Rhode Island, bringing out particularly the history of the Chestnut
+Street Church, of which he is the present pastor, and whose
+semi-centennial was recently observed. Rev. Dr. Chadbourne, of
+Charlestown, found in the files of the _Columbian Sentinel_ for 1806 the
+following: "On Thursday morning Mrs. Maria Odiorne, aged 29, wife of Mr.
+George Odiorne, eldest daughter of the Rev. Jas. Creighton of London,
+Eng. Her funeral will proceed from the dwelling of Mr. O., in May
+Street, this afternoon at half-past three o'clock, which the friends and
+acquaintances are requested to attend." The interest of the Methodist
+fraternity in this lady arises from the fact of her being the daughter
+of one of Mr. Wesley's most intimate friends and associates, and whose
+home was the scene of this great man's oft-repeated visits when she was
+but fourteen years of age. Her husband, Mr. George Odiorne, met her in
+London on one of his business trips across the ocean, and they were
+married there, she accompanying him to his American home. Her son, James
+Creighton Odiorne, born at his grandfather's house in London, graduated
+at Yale College in 1826, and was one of the founders of the New England
+Anti-Slavery Society, among whose members was the late William Lloyd
+Garrison, and of which Oliver Johnson, Esq., is the only living member.
+The next meeting of the Society occurs on Monday, April 12. Rev. L. B.
+Bates will present a sketch of the late Rev. Lewis Bates.
+
+
+
+
+NECROLOGY.
+
+
+Feb. 2.--John D. Philbrick, late superintendent of the Boston public
+schools, and one of the leading educators of the country, died Feb. 2.
+The funeral services, which took place at the home of the deceased in
+Danvers, Mass., were attended by a large representative body of
+educators from Boston and other cities. Rev. C. B. Rice, a past member
+of the State Board of Education, officiating. The train from Boston
+which arrived at noon was crowded with masters and other friends of the
+deceased, who came to join the bereaved community in the last sad rites.
+The committee from the Boston Evening High School consisted of Richard
+F. Sullivan, William J. Haines, William D. L. McKissick, John W. Mooney,
+William F. Donovan, ex-School Committee, Charles Hutchins, W. H.
+Learnard, Jr., Dr. E. T. Eastman, and others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 16.--Calvin S. Harrington, Professor of Latin in Wesleyan
+University, died at his home in Middletown, Conn. He was born May 17,
+1826, in St. Johnsbury, Vt.; was graduated from Wesleyan University in
+1852; 1852 to 1855 he was teacher of Latin in New Hampshire Conference
+Seminary, Sanbornton Bridge, N.H.; 1855 to 1860, principal of same; 1861
+to 1863, Professor of Greek, and 1863 to his death, professor in
+Wesleyan University.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 18.--John B. Gough, the famous temperance orator, died in
+Philadelphia. He was attacked by apoplexy Monday, February 15, while
+lecturing on "Peculiar People," in Philadelphia. When he arose to
+address the crowded gathering he was feeling well, and for forty minutes
+he spoke with his usual fire and eloquence. Then suddenly his head
+dropped upon his chest, and he fell prostrate to the floor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 19.--Edward Learned, one of the most prominent citizens of
+Berkshire county, died at his home, in Pittsfield, Mass., of disease of
+the heart. He was sixty-six years old, and a native of Watervliet. He
+was a Representative to the Legislature in 1857, and a Senator in 1873
+and 1874.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 25.--Death of John Smith, a well-known manufacturer of Andover,
+Mass. He was nearly ninety years of age, and for years maintained a
+personal interest in the town, in which place he first settled on
+arriving in this country from Scotland. His detestation of the
+pro-slavery preaching of the day led him, with others, to form the Free
+Christian Church in 1846. He was also a generous supporter of
+educational interests, and large sums went from his hand to the infant
+colleges of the West, as well as to older institutions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 28.--Mary Jane Welles, widow of the Hon. Gideon Welles, Secretary
+of the Navy under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, died at her residence
+in Hartford, Conn., aged 69 years. She was a daughter of Elias W. Hale,
+who graduated at Yale College in 1795, and subsequently was one of the
+original settlers of Lewistown, Penn. She married Mr. Welles in 1835.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 6.--The Rev. Henry Martyn Grout, D.D., pastor of the Trinitarian
+Congregational Church in Concord, Mass., died in Boston after a brief
+sickness. He was born in Newfane, Vt., May 14, 1831. He entered Williams
+College in 1850, and was graduated in 1854. Dr. Grout entered the
+ministry in September, 1858, when he was ordained and installed as
+pastor of the Orthodox Church in Putney, Vt. After preaching there, at
+West Rutland, Vt., and Springfield, Mass., he moved to Boston, and
+became a member of the editorial staff of the _Congregationalist_, which
+position he filled with great credit to himself and the paper during Dr.
+Dexter's absence abroad. He had occupied the pulpit of the church in
+Concord since 1872.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 8.--The Rev. Nicholas Hoppin, D.D., rector of Christ Church,
+Cambridge, from 1839 to 1874, died suddenly. He was born in Providence,
+R.I., Dec. 3, 1812, and grew up in St. John's Church, of which the
+famous Dr. Crocker was rector, and was one of a large number of young
+men whom Dr. Crocker induced to enter the Episcopal ministry. He was
+graduated from Brown University in 1831. He was a member of the
+Massachusetts Historical Society, of the New England Historic
+Genealogical Society, and of the American Oriental Society. He was at
+his death, with the exception of the Rev. T. R. Lambert, the oldest
+Episcopal clergyman in Massachusetts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 9.--Colonel William S. Clark, ex-president of Amherst Agricultural
+College, long associated with the educational and agricultural interests
+of the State, died at his home in Amherst, Mass., of Bright's-disease,
+after a painful illness of three years. He was born in Ashfield, July
+31, 1826, and was graduated at Amherst College in 1848. He studied
+chemistry and mining at the Gottingen University, received the degree of
+Ph.D. in 1852, and received the degree of LL.D. from Amherst in 1874. In
+1877 Colonel Clark was invited by the Japanese Government to organize
+the Imperial Agricultural College, where he passed a year, leaving the
+institution in the most flourishing condition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 10.--Death at her home in South Boston of Mrs. Julia Romana
+Anagnos, wife of Michael Anagnos, and eldest child of the late Dr.
+Samuel G. and Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. She was a woman of broad,
+intellectual mind, and a writer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 10.--Sudden death of H. B. Safford, postmaster of White River
+Junction, Vt., treasurer of the State Agricultural Society, and a
+leading citizen of the State.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 11.--Death of Charles Powers, a prominent citizen of Somerville,
+and the senior member of the grain-elevator firm of Powers, Melvin, &
+Co.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 13.--Hon. Peter Buchanan, of Barnet, Vt., died at his residence in
+McIndoe's Falls Village, aged seventy-eight years. He was of Scotch
+descent, and inherited many of the sterling qualities of his race. He
+was born in Barnet, where he always resided, and held nearly every
+office within the gift of his fellow-townsmen. He represented the town
+in the Legislature in 1876, and was twice elected Assistant Judge of the
+Caledonia County Court.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 15.--Death of Prof. Edward Tuckerman, LL.D., of Amherst College.
+He was born in Boston in 1820, was graduated at Union College in 1837,
+at the Law School in 1839, and at Harvard in 1847. In 1854 he came to
+Amherst as lecturer on history, and the next year was appointed to the
+professorship. Three years later he became Professor of Botany.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE.
+
+[First numeral refers to foot-note and name of periodical. Second
+numeral to page. Date of periodical is that of the month preceding this
+issue of the New England Magazine, unless otherwise stated.]
+
+
+ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL. Biological Training in Colleges. _Prof. W. G.
+Farlow._ 5, 577.--Health and Sex in Higher Education. _John Dewey,
+Ph.D._ 5, 606.--Boston University School of Law. _Benjamin. R. Curtis._
+8, 218.--The School-house in American Development. _Rev. A. E. Winship._
+10, 387.--Knowledge which Earns Bread. _Sarah K. Bolton._ 10, 394.--The
+Philosophical Phase of a System of Education. _Chas. E. Lowrey._ 10,
+397.--The Ancient-Modern Language Controversy. _Minna Caroline Smith._
+10, 405.--The Problem of Woman's Education. _Nicolo D'Alfonso._ 10,
+420.--Relation of the High School to the Community. _David W. Hoyt._ 10,
+429.
+
+ARCHITECTURE. Japanese House-building. _Prof. E. S. Morse._ 5,
+643.--Recent Architecture in America, City Dwellings. _Mrs. Schuyler van
+Rensselaer._ 7, 677.--Some Notable Vanes. 1, 193.--At the White House.
+_Hester M. Poole._ 19, 170.--The Old Guard Ball.--How the Metropolitan
+House can be made Beautiful. 19, 184.
+
+ART. Decorations of the New York Academy of Music. 19, 172.--Growth in
+Art. _Mary Parmele._ 19, 177.--Some Philadelphia Studios. _Anne H.
+Wharton._ 19, 178.--Ceramics and Ceramic Painting. 19, 180.
+
+BIOGRAPHY. B. F. Wade, the Politician. _Hon. A. G. Riddle._ 3,
+471.--George Washington Tifft. _Francis F. Fargo._ 3, 544.--Two
+Interesting Traditions. _Irving Beman._ 3, 484.--Sketch of Sir J.
+Bennett Lawes. 5, 694.--Castelar the Orator. _William Jackson Strong._
+7, 785.--Thomas Middleton. _Algernon C. Swinburne._ 16, 335.--George
+Borrow. _George Saintsbury._ 16, 322.--Edmund Hatch Bennett. 8,
+225.--Daniel Webster. _Hon. Edward S. Tobey._ 8, 228.--John Dudley
+Philbrick. 10, 442.--Dr. Henry Norman Hudson. 10, 448.
+
+HISTORY. Van Cortlandt Manor-house. _Mrs. Martha J. Lamb._ 2,
+217.--Champlain's American Experiences in 1613. _Arthur Harvey._ 2,
+246.--Girty, the White Indian. _George W. Ranck._ 2, 256.--The Trent
+Affair. _Hon. Horatio King._ 2, 278.--Shiloh. _Gen. William Farrar
+Smith._ 2, 292.--One Night's Work, April 20, 1862. _George B. Bacon._ 2,
+305.--Chicago. _Consul Willshire Butterfield._ 3, 445.--Michigan's
+Boundary Trouble. _Walter Buell._ 3, 457.--History of the Historical and
+Philosophical Society of Ohio. _Prof. W. H. Venable._ 3,
+499.--Pittsburgh. _James Henry Seymour._ 3, 506.--The City of the
+Straits. _Henry A. Griffin._ 3, 539.--Shiloh Reviewed. _Gen. Don Carlos
+Buell._ 7, 749.--Memoranda on the Civil War. 7, 781.--Forty Years of
+Frontier Life in the Pocomtuck Valley. _Hon. George Sheldon._ 8,
+236.--How we Ran the Blockade. _Captain Roland F. Coffin._ 12, 616.
+
+INDUSTRY. Maple Sugar-making in Vermont. _J. M. French, M.D._ 8, 208.
+
+LITERATURE. The American Play. _Lawrence Halton._ 4, 289.--Æschylus and
+Shakespeare, the "Eumenides" and "Hamlet." _Julia Wedgwood._ 16, 395.--A
+Novelist's Favorite Theme. 16, 353.--Modern French Fiction. _Henry
+Gréville._ 13, 309.
+
+RELIGION, THEOLOGY. Proem to Genesis, Reply to Prof. Huxley. _W. E.
+Gladstone._ 5, 614.--Proem to Genesis, A Plea for a Fair Trial. _Rt.
+Hon. W. E. Gladstone._ 16, 289.--Why am I a Unitarian. _Edward Everett
+Hale._ 13, 230.
+
+MEDICINE, HYGIENE, PHYSIOLOGY. A Thinking-Machine. _Grant Allen._ 5,
+596.--Health and Sex in Higher Education. _John Dewey, Ph.D._ 5,
+606.--Colorado as a Winter Sanatarium. _Fish._ 5, 668. Climatic
+Treatment of Disease. _H. O. Marcy, A.M., M.D._ 15, 193.--Water Supply:
+Southern River Water. _Thomas F. Wood, M.D._ 15, 212.--An Epidemic of
+Typhoid Fever. _C. A. Lindsay, M.D._ 15, 223.--Health of the United
+States Army. _Benjamin F. Pope._ 15, 227.--Bureau of Public
+Health--Bills before Congress. 15, 245.--Maritime Sanitation. _S. T.
+Armstrong, M.D., Ph.D._ 15, 234.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS. My First Imprisonment. _William T. Stead._ 16, 404.--On
+the Verge of a Tragedy. _George Austin._ 16, 414.--Impressions of a
+Modern Arcadian. _Mrs. E. M. Nicholl._ 16, 361.
+
+MILITARY. Unpublished War Letters. _Gen. U. S. Grant_ and _Gen. H. W.
+Halleck._ 13, 270.--An Open Letter. _Gen. J. B. Fry._ 13, 290.
+
+NATURAL HISTORY. Animal Weather Lore. _Charles C. Abbott, M.D._ 5,
+635.--Durability of Resinous Trees. _Heinrich Mayr, Ph.D._ 5, 679.
+
+POLITICS, ECONOMICS. Shall we have Colonies and a Navy? _Hon. John W.
+Johnston._ 2, 238.--Discrimination in Railway Rates. _Gerrit L.
+Lansing._ 5, 586.--Strength and Weakness of Socialism. _Washington
+Gladden._ 7, 737.--Darwinism and Democracy. _W. S. Lilly._ 16,
+310.--Government in the United States. _Gamaliel Bradford._ 16,
+346.--Fishery Question. _Theodore S. Woolsey._ 13, 219.--Government
+Telegraphy. _Cyrus W. Field._ 13, 227.--A Confederate Veto. _Jefferson
+Davis._ 13, 244.--American Landlordism. _Henry Strong_ and _David B.
+King._ 13, 246.
+
+RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT. Song-games and Myth-dramas at Washington. _W.
+H. Babcock._ 4, 239.--A Trip Around Cape Ann. _Elizabeth Porter Gould._
+8, 268.--Moose-Hunting. _Frederick Schwatka_ and _T. E. Lambert._ 12,
+621.--Salmon-Fishing in Canada. _W. J. Bruce._ 12, 640.--Around the
+World on a Bicycle. _Thomas Stevens._ 12, 655.--Lacrosse in the United
+States. _J. A. Hodge._ 12, 665.
+
+SCIENCE, DISCOVERY, INVENTIONS. Influence of Inventions on Civilization.
+_C. Smith._ 5, 658.--The Air Telegraph. _Thomas A. Edison._ 13,
+283.--Dr. Pavy and the Polar Expedition. _Mrs. Lilly Pavy._ 13, 280.
+
+TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. The One Pioneer of Terra Del Fuego. _Randle
+Holme._ 4, 319.--Italy from a Tricycle. _Elizabeth Robbins Pennell._ 7,
+643.--Mountaineering in Persia. _S. G. W. Benjamin._ 7, 703.--Along the
+Kennebec. _Henry S. Bicknell._ 8, 197.--Ranch Life and Game-Shooting in
+the West. _Theodore Roosevelt._ 12, 611.--Bermuda Yachts and Dinghies.
+_Charles E. Clay._ 12, 642.
+
+   1 _The Quiver._
+   2 _Magazine of Am. History._
+   3 _Magazine of Western History_ (Cleveland, O.)
+   4 _Lippincott's Magazine._
+   5 _Popular Science Monthly._
+   6 _Queries_ (Buffalo, N.Y.).
+   7 _The Century._
+   8 _New England Magazine._
+   9 _St. Nicholas._
+  10 _Education._
+  11 _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science._
+  12 _Outing._
+  13 _North American Review._
+  14 _Overland Monthly._
+  15 _The Samaritan._
+  16 _The Eclectic._
+  17 _The Ohio Educational Monthly._
+  18 _The Brooklyn Magazine._
+  19 _The Decorator and Furnisher._
+  20 _The Musical Herald._
+
+[Illustration: HON. HENRY BARNARD, LL.D.,
+The first United States Commissioner of Education.
+
+[From a portrait made in 1858.]]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1,
+No. 4, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, APRIL 1886 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25072-8.txt or 25072-8.zip *****
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 4, April, 1886, by Various.
+    </title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 4,
+Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 4, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 14, 2008 [EBook #25072]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, APRIL 1886 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Anne Storer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="notes">Transcriber&#8217;s Note: Table of Contents / Illustrations added.</p>
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class="box4">
+
+<p>
+<a href="#Page_301">AN ILLUSTRIOUS TOWN,&mdash;ANDOVER.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY REV. F. B. MAKEPEACE.</span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 3em;"><em>Illustrations:</em></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img1">main street, looking north.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img2a">brechin library.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img2b">memorial hall and library.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img3">phillips academy.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img4a">old stone academy.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img4b">theological seminary.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img5">lieut.-gov. phillips.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img6a">chapel, theo. seminary.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img6b">punchard free school.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img7">theological seminary.&mdash;general view.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img9">the old mark newman publishing house.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img10">south congregational church.</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_319">JAMES OTIS, JR.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY REV. H. HEWITT.</span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_330">A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP&#8217;S WAR.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN.</span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_339">THE SINGER.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY LAURA GARLAND CARR.</span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_340">THE WEBSTER FAMILY.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.</span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 3em;"><em>Illustrations:</em></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img43">daniel webster on his farm.</a></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img44">birth-place of daniel webster.</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_347">THE NEW ENGLAND LIBRARY AND ITS FOUNDER.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY VICTORIA REED.</span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 3em;"><em>Illustration:</em></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img45">rev. thomas prince.</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_364">NEW ENGLAND MANNERS AND CUSTOMS IN THE<br />
+TIME OF BRYANT&#8217;S EARLY LIFE.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY MRS. H. G. ROWE.</span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#trust">TRUST.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY ARTHUR ELWELL JENKS.</span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_374">NEW ENGLAND CHARACTERISTICS.</a><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smlf">BY LIZZIE M. WHITTLESEY.</span></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_378">EDITOR&#8217;S TABLE.</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_381">EDUCATION.</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_382">HISTORICAL RECORD.</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_386">NECROLOGY.</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_389">INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE.</a></p>
+
+    <p><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><em>Illustration:</em></span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap1"><a href="#img92">hon. henry barnard, ll.d.</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 95%;" />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE</h3>
+
+<h1><span class="smcap">New England Magazine</span></h1>
+
+<h5>AND</h5>
+
+<h2>BAY STATE MONTHLY.</h2>
+
+<div class="box">
+<div class="volumeline">
+<div class="volumeleft"><span class="smcap1">Old Series</span>,<br /><span class="smcap">Vol. IV. No. 4</span>.</div>
+<div class="volumeright"><span class="smcap1">New Series</span>,<br /><span class="smcap">Vol. I. No. 4</span>.</div>
+<div class="center" style="margin-top: .7em"><span class="smcap">April</span>, 1886.</div>
+<div class="spacer"><!-- empty for spacing purposes --></div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smlf">Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2>AN ILLUSTRIOUS TOWN,&mdash;ANDOVER.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">BY REV. F. B. MAKEPEACE.</p>
+
+<p><a name="img1" id="img1"></a></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img1.png" width="500" height="235" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">main street, looking north.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is said that there are twenty-six places in the United States by the
+name of Andover; yet when the name appears in the public prints it does
+not occur to any one to ask which Andover? These facts are suggestive of
+the wide knowledge and popularity of this historic town, and the abiding
+interest of scattered thousands in its welfare. Her sons have gone forth
+to dare and to do upon every field of honorable enterprise. Thousands of
+pupils have pursued their studies here, and carry precious memories of
+the schools, of teachers, and influences,&mdash;in a word, of Andover.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>
+In this rapid and general view of the town,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> all that will be
+attempted is to connect the past with the present, and to give a picture
+of Andover as it is to-day.
+<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<p>The natural attractions of the town are great and permanent in their
+character. There are neither gold mines nor alarming precipices, but
+there are graceful rivers, a quiet rolling landscape, and extensive
+views, shaded walks, and charming drives, because there are &ldquo;more roads
+than in any other town in New England;&rdquo; the air is clear and bracing,
+the sunsets once seen are not soon forgotten, the wild-flowers spring in
+abundance, and the autumnal glory draws many visitors to the town.</p>
+
+<p><a name="img2a" id="img2a"></a></p>
+<div class="box">
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 312px;">
+<img src="images/img2a.png" width="312" height="400" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">brechin library.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="img2b" id="img2b"></a></p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 369px;">
+<img src="images/img2b.png" width="369" height="400" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">memorial hall and library.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When Washington made his tour of the Eastern States, after his
+inauguration, he passed through Andover on his way from Haverhill to
+Lexington. He spent the night at the Abbott tavern, and left upon the
+face of his host&#8217;s little daughter a kiss, which she was so reluctant to
+lose that for a week she did not wash her face. In his account of this
+trip he makes special mention of the beautiful country through which he
+was passing.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>All that is most characteristic in our New England landscape finds
+its representation here. Its rugged granite breaks with hard lines
+through the stubborn soil. Its sweep of hill and valley fills the
+eye with various beauty. Its lakes catch its sunlight upon generous
+bosoms. Its rivers are New England rivers, ready for work, and yet
+not destitute of beauty.
+<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The &ldquo;Hill&rdquo; is one mile from the depot, a very uphill way, but one which
+it is well worth the stranger&#8217;s while to travel. Upon its top is a tract
+of about two hundred acres, the property of Phillips Academy, upon which
+stand the various buildings of the institution, now nearly seventy in
+number.</p>
+
+<p><a name="img3" id="img3"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img3.png" width="500" height="362" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">phillips academy.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Prof. Keep, in a recent article, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The wide prospect from Andover Hill is suggestive of the world-wide
+fame of the school; and the lovely elm-shaded park, in which stand
+the buildings of the Theological Seminary, and the church where the
+members of the academy worship, is a hardly less peaceful and
+charming scholar&#8217;s retreat than are those of the college gardens of
+Oxford and Cambridge.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>
+This elm-shaded park is the beautiful campus of seven or eight acres. In
+the background are all the buildings of the Theological Seminary, except
+Brechin Hall, and in front of them is the avenue of elms which makes the
+&ldquo;Gothic window.&rdquo; Nothing of its kind could be more beautiful. Overhead
+are the interlaced branches of the lofty trees, the end of the avenue
+forming the exquisite window, through which extends a long vista. On
+either side of the mullion one has the view of a church in the distance;
+and in the valley of the Merrimac nestles the city of Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p><a name="img4a" id="img4a"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/img4a.png" width="300" height="176" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">old stone academy.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><a name="img4b" id="img4b"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/img4b.png" width="500" height="261" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">theological seminary.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not far remote is &ldquo;Carter&#8217;s Hill,&rdquo; with its commanding view and unbroken
+quiet, and destined to become a favorite summer resort, for such as wish
+to enjoy some of New England&#8217;s choicest scenery, to know some of its
+purest life, and to keep within an hour&#8217;s
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>
+ride of Boston. Within easy
+view are Monadnock, Wachusett, and other smaller mountains; the
+beautiful Merrimac River, with its populous valley, and the
+graceful, busy Shawshin, where it was said, the Devil baptized the
+witches,&mdash;contemptible when thought of as the object of great Boston&#8217;s
+covetous desire, but important in its relation to the several mills upon
+its course, and for its contribution to the general beauty.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Indian Ridge&rdquo; is one of the series of lenticular hills, which continues
+to the north-east as far as Portsmouth, N.H., and in an irregular course
+may be traced westward to the Connecticut River.</p>
+
+<p><a name="img5" id="img5"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 386px;">
+<img src="images/img5.png" width="386" height="400" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">lieut.-gov. phillips.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This ridge is supposed to have been the spot of Indian encampments, and
+is within a tract of land now owned by the town, and intended as a park.
+Near it is the &ldquo;Red Spring,&rdquo; and a mile or two north-east is &ldquo;Den Rock,&rdquo;
+all of which are frequently visited by holiday bands of children, and by
+students in hours of recreation.</p>
+
+<p>The Andover records date from 1639, and the town was incorporated May 6,
+1646. The story of Andover&#8217;s progress from its foundation until the
+present, is full of interest. The town&#8217;s part in all the early movements
+was most creditable, and full of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>
+intelligence. At the close of a
+century of its life we find vigilance as to the character of its growing
+population.</p>
+
+<p>The authorities believed that whatsoever a town soweth, that shall it
+also reap. It was therefore in vain that the &ldquo;pauper immigrant&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;criminal classes&rdquo; knocked for admittance. It is said that the town was
+&ldquo;made up at the beginning of &lsquo;choice men,&rsquo; &lsquo;very desirable&rsquo; and &lsquo;good
+Christians.&rsquo;&rdquo;
+<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<div class="box">
+<p><a name="img6a" id="img6a"></a></p>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 227px;">
+<img src="images/img6a.png" width="227" height="300" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">chapel, theo. seminary.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="img6b" id="img6b"></a></p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 260px;">
+<img src="images/img6b.png" width="260" height="300" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">punchard free school.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The selectmen were empowered to examine into the character and habits
+of all persons seeking residence, and to admit none who were idle or
+immoral.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 30em;">Andover</span>, the 30th of January, 1719-20.</p>
+
+<p><em>To</em> <span class="smcap">Mr. Ebenezer Lovejoy</span>, <em>constable</em>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Greeting</span>:&mdash;Whereas there are severall Persons com to Reside in
+our Towne and we feare a futer charge and as the Law directs to prevent
+such charge, you are Requested in his Majesty&#8217;s name forthwith to
+warn the severall persons under wrighten: to depart out of our Town
+as the law directs to, least they prove a futer charge to the
+Towne.<br />
+[Signed by the Selectmen.]</p></div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The town also encouraged desirable persons to settle by making them
+grants of land, etc. Ministers and masters of grammar schools were
+exempt from taxation.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="img7" id="img7"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/img7.png" width="600" height="413" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">theological seminary.&mdash;general view.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>
+In few places can the local features of the great Revolutionary struggle
+be as well studied as in the ample and well-preserved records of
+Andover. It would take many pages to tell what the town did in council
+and on the field, in business, and at the fireside, to encourage the
+patriots. So loyal was the town that its citizens were greatly trusted,
+and a portion of Harvard College library was sent there for its greater
+safety.</p>
+
+<p><a name="img9" id="img9"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 335px;">
+<img src="images/img9.png" width="335" height="350" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">the old mark newman publishing house.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A pleasant description of the town is given by Thomas Houghton, an
+Englishman, who, writing from Andover in 1789, mentions several
+characteristics of the people at that period. He says: &ldquo;One thing I must
+observe, which, I think, wants rectifying, that is, their pluming pride
+when adjoined to apparent poverty,&mdash;no uncommon case!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He adds that they grow &ldquo;their own wool, which they also get spun,
+weaved, and dyed, and both the gentlemen I am with, Hon. Samuel Phillips
+and his father, who is a justice of the peace, generally appear in their
+own manufacture, in imitation of the British.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="img10" id="img10"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/img10.png" width="400" height="577" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">south congregational church.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;As to property, it seems so well secured from principle in the people
+that there is not such use of locks and bolts as in England. Even where
+I am, we have five out-door and sixty-two sash windows; yet all the
+barage on the doors is a wood catch on the door-snek.&rdquo; ...</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, what a country has Britain lost by her folly! But this is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> too
+large a field to dwell on in a letter; the subject, from even poor me,
+would easily draw forth a volume.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+<p>Among the early students in Harvard College, from Andover, was one who
+was destined to immortal renown. When the rebellious spirit against
+England began to rise, Samuel Phillips, whose father, by the same name,
+was then the representative to the General Court, was one of the most
+earnest to fan the sacred flame. Choosing &ldquo;Liberty&rdquo; as the theme, while
+in college he wrote: &ldquo;We should watch against every encroachment, and
+with the fortitude of calm, intrepid resolution oppose them. Unborn
+generations will either bless us for our activity and magnanimity, or
+curse us for our pusillanimity.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In 1775 he is chosen to represent the town in Provincial Congress, to be
+held at the meeting-house in Watertown.</p>
+
+<p>His great life-work now began, a work which will be more fully described
+hereafter. In all the relations and duties of student, patriot, business
+man, judge, lieutenant-governor, and founder of Phillips Academy, he won
+for himself a good report, and helped to lay lasting foundations.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Phillips School,&rdquo; as it was at first called, was opened April 30, 1778,
+in a &ldquo;rude building of one story about 30 &times; 25 feet, done off
+temporarily in the plainest manner for the purpose, and not intended for
+more than thirty or forty scholars.&rdquo; From this small beginning the
+school has developed into the widely-famed Academy, which numbers more
+than three thousand graduates, and under whose instruction have passed
+about eleven thousand pupils. The limits of this article prevent a
+notice of those alumni who have become justly famous, and also of the
+very strong faculty of instructors, at whose head stands one of the
+foremost of American educators, under whose wise direction Phillips is
+fast becoming the synonyme of Rugby, and is already one of the important
+sources of supply of student-life for Harvard and Yale.</p>
+
+<p>In 1785 the &ldquo;joiner&#8217;s shop&rdquo; gave place to a new academy, which stood
+west of where Brechin Hall now stands, and which was burned in 1818. The
+third academy, erected in the same year, is now used as the gymnasium.
+In 1865 the present academy came into being. It is a noble structure,
+with excellent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> facilities for educational work. Its spacious hall,
+where occur the commencement exercises, and the annual contests for the
+various prizes, is adorned by the portraits of many of the Academy&#8217;s
+illustrious dead.</p>
+
+<p>The new laboratory is a part, already finished, of the proposed
+building, for the use of the classes in the natural sciences.</p>
+
+<p>For want of funds in hand, only the east wing has been built, and this
+is now occupied by the class in analytical chemistry. When completed,
+the building will be a beautiful and a convenient structure. The walls
+will be of pressed brick laid in red mortar, with dark granite base, and
+Nova Scotia sandstone trimmings. The roof will be covered with Monson
+slate. The basement will be eleven feet high, mostly above ground, and
+will serve for the force-pump, heating apparatus, and for rough storage.</p>
+
+<p>The chemical laboratory will occupy the main floor, and will be a room
+40 &times; 30 feet. Abundant light and air are to be supplied by windows on
+three sides, and the system of ventilation will be excellent.</p>
+
+<p>The advantages aimed at in this building are, ample space, freedom from
+dampness, abundant light, the means of speedy and complete ventilation,
+good drainage, a minimum of absorbing surfaces, and a minimum of fire
+risk. The building, when completed, will have a small side-room for
+books and balances, a private laboratory for the instructor in charge,
+a spacious lecture-room, a drawing-room, cabinets for the various
+collections in geology, mineralogy, etc., now inconveniently distant, a
+dry store-room, also corridors, closets, and janitor&#8217;s quarters,
+complete.</p>
+
+<p>The chaste and time-honored seal of Phillips Academy was the gift of
+John Lowell and Oliver Wendell, the grandfathers of Oliver Wendell
+Holmes; and probably, though not certainly, was engraved by Paul Revere.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In 1807 the &ldquo;Class in Theology&rdquo; became a distinct institution, the
+first of the kind in the world, whose invested endowment now
+reaches nearly a million dollars and which has graduated nearly
+2,000 students. The Theological Seminary has passed her 75th
+anniversary; yet, as a representative and defender of whatever is
+most vigorous, active, and progressive in Christian orthodoxy, she
+holds an &aelig;gis that is ageless, and a sceptre imperishable. And it
+is said that no one man now living can read even the alphabets of
+all the languages through which her sons have sought to interpret
+the Word of God to the world. Previous to 1807 the Academy itself
+did a most important work in educating young men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> for the Christian
+ministry, and has contributed to the education of more clergymen
+than any similar school. The Academy has also been a large feeder
+of the Seminary and other theological schools, and for long periods
+has graduated every year from five to fifteen young men who have
+become ministers. Indeed the Academy has been called, not without
+reason, itself a Seminary.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>As another article will be written upon the founders and instructors of
+the Seminary, we shall in this speak only of the buildings. At the north
+end of the long, elm-shaded avenue stands the chapel. It is built in the
+Gothic style, of Andover stone, trimmed with sandstone from Connecticut
+and Ohio. It was dedicated in 1876, and is by far the most beautiful,
+ecclesiastical structure in the town. The audience worshipping in it is
+composed of professors and their families, the students of the
+institutions, and a few families living near.</p>
+
+<p>Then follow Phillips Hall and Bartlett Hall, and between them is
+Bartlett Chapel, the two former serving as dormitories, and the latter
+for lecture and recitation rooms. Nearly opposite the south end of the
+avenue is the gymnasium, and in the foreground, nearer the main street,
+is the imposing library building Brechin Hall.</p>
+
+<p>Over three thousand students have been connected with this institution,
+and the illustrations which accompany this article will awaken tender
+and precious memories in the minds of many readers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1830 it was determined to open a school in connection with Phillips
+Academy, for the training of teachers. The Stone Academy was erected on
+the square nearly opposite the present academy, and a dwelling-house,
+also built of stone, was used as the workshop of the students. This
+house afterwards became the residence of Prof. C. E. Stowe, D.D., and
+his talented wife. It was while living here that she wrote her &ldquo;Key to
+Uncle Tom&#8217;s Cabin,&rdquo; and received the kind and unkind notices of her
+great work.</p>
+
+<p>This school was discontinued in 1842, for lack of funds, and the
+building was used as the head-quarters of the Academy,&mdash;the recitations
+being made in what is now the gymnasium. About twenty years ago it was
+burned, and the new academy erected.</p>
+
+<p>Among the buildings in town which have been made historic is what is
+known as &ldquo;the old Andover Bookstore,&rdquo;&mdash;so called to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> distinguish it from
+the present publishing house. It stands on the top of the hill, is a
+brick structure, and is now used as a dwelling-house.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Andover Press has always been closely allied with the literary
+institutions of the town. In 1809, but one year after the opening
+of the Theological Seminary, Mark Newman, who for fourteen years
+had been the eminently respected principal (the third) of Phillips
+Academy, resigned his office and engaged in the book business, in
+which he continued till near the close of his long life of nearly
+eighty-seven years. He died in 1859. Four years after Dea. Newman
+opened his bookstore, Flagg &amp; Gould began the printing business, at
+first printing for Dea. Newman and others, but soon for themselves
+as publishers. The firm of Flagg &amp; Gould remained unchanged for
+twenty years. In 1833 they admitted as partner Mark H. Newman, son
+of Dea. Newman. Mr. Flagg died the same year; Gould &amp; Newman
+continued the business till 1841. They were succeeded by Allen,
+Morrill, &amp; Wardwell in 1841, W. H. Wardwell in 1847, Flagg &amp;
+Wardwell in 1848, W. F. Draper in 1849.</p>
+
+<p>The relations of the publishing business to the Seminary and the
+enthusiasm for theological learning inspired by Prof. Stuart are
+well illustrated in the title of Newcome&#8217;s &ldquo;Harmony of the
+Gospels,&rdquo; published soon after Flagg &amp; Gould opened their
+printing-office: &ldquo;A Harmony in Greek of the Gospels, with Notes, By
+William Newcome, D.D., Dublin, 1778: Reprinted from the Text and
+Select Various Readings of Griesbach, by the Junior Class in the
+Theological Seminary at Andover, under the Superintendence of Moses
+Stuart, Associate Professor of Sacred Literature in said Seminary.
+Andover: Printed by Flagg and Gould. 1814.&rdquo; This was probably the
+first book in Greek published here. Other books have occasionally
+been published by the students of the Seminary. The first book in
+Hebrew printed at the Andover Press was Stuart&#8217;s Hebrew Grammar,
+the Professor himself superintending the type-setting. Inspired by
+his zeal, Dr. Codman, in 1821, gave to the Seminary $2,000 for the
+purchase of type to be used for printing the Oriental languages, a
+kind of work then new in this country hence the name &ldquo;Codman
+Press,&rdquo; which appears on the books of early date. Works or parts
+of works were printed in as many as ten Eastern languages, a
+speciality at Andover which has been continued to the present time.
+Equally zealous in his department was Dr. Porter, President, and
+Professor of Sacred Rhetoric, in directing the attention of the
+clergy to the study of pulpit eloquence. He published largely on
+that subject, some of his books attaining a very extensive sale.
+Prof. Stuart also published here his Commentaries, some of which,
+at the time, greatly agitated the theological world. They still
+abide the test of time and survive among the fittest. Having
+published as many as six editions of his own Hebrew Grammars, he
+translated that of Gesenius, and, in connection with Dr. Robinson,
+he translated also the first edition of Winer&#8217;s New Testament Greek
+Grammar, then a book of 176 pages, now, in its
+seventh&mdash;Thayers&mdash;edition, one of 746 pages. Both of these works in
+their greatly improved form still hold the foremost rank as
+text-books in their respective departments.</p>
+
+<p>Not far from one hundred and fifty different works of 8vo size,
+some of them containing several volumes, among these the
+&ldquo;Bibliotheca Sacra,&rdquo; now entering<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> on its forty-third year, until
+lately edited by Prof. E. A. Park, one of its founders; over one
+hundred and fifty books of 12mo and smaller sizes, and more than
+two hundred pamphlets, have been published in Andover. Many of
+these works were written here (also many others published
+elsewhere), and were the outgrowth of the institutions of the
+place.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the centennial celebration of Phillips Academy, after speaking of the
+literary industry of the faculty, it was said, &ldquo;There have been forty
+professors, but their wives and daughters, six women, have published
+books which have had a circulation of at least a million copies.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Punchard Free School was opened for instruction in 1856. It is
+the High School of the town, founded and endowed by Mr. Benjamin H.
+Punchard, who left the sum of $70,000 for the founding of a free school.
+The school-house is beautifully situated on Punchard avenue, and
+hundreds of Andover&#8217;s boys and girls have received great benefit from
+Mr. Punchard&#8217;s wise generosity.</p>
+
+<p>William G. Goldsmith, A.M., of Andover, who was the fourth principal,
+and a graduate of Harvard College, was elected in 1858. He resigned in
+1870, but was re&euml;lected in 1871, and served until his recent appointment
+to the service of the Government. The universal respect and affection of
+the numerous alumni of &ldquo;Punchard&rdquo; are the well-earned eulogy of his
+faithful work.</p>
+
+<p>Its character for good citizenship has never been lost by Andover. There
+is a sensitiveness to evil and a vigilant eye for immoralities, which
+form the best possible safeguards for a town&#8217;s good name.</p>
+
+<p>The policy of the town is at once conservative and progressive. The
+majority sentiment is easily that of an intelligent class of people, who
+earnestly seek true progress in all directions, but prefer that all
+foolish experiments should be made by other communities.</p>
+
+<p>The business of the town is such as the local demands would naturally
+create, and in addition are the large manufacturing interests, at
+Ballard Vale: the Tyer Rubber Company, the Stevens Mills of Marland
+Village, and the Mills of Smith, Dove, &amp; Co., the makers of the
+well-known &ldquo;Andover Thread.&rdquo; All these firms have secured such a
+reputation for their goods that while a period of business depression
+may lessen the profits<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> it has little effect upon the number of hands
+employed. The present population of Andover is 5,711. The growth of the
+town is not rapid, but has been more so of late than formerly. The
+student and business elements steadily increase, and the farm-houses in
+the remote parts of the town are favorite summer resorts of such persons
+as business connections keep close to Boston, but who wish to escape the
+heat and noise of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The number of voters is 893, and of a total vote of 468 upon the
+question, &ldquo;Shall licenses be granted for the sale of intoxicating
+liquors in this town?&rdquo; the recent declaration was Yes, 141, No, 327. The
+desire for improvement in the town can easily be inferred from a
+statement of the appropriations for the current year. They amounted to
+$77,283.67, of which the following are items:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><em>Voted</em> to appropriate the following sums for the different
+departments: For schools, $10,700; school-houses, $1,800;
+school-books, $1,000; sidewalks, $1,000; removing snow, $800;
+town-officers, $2,500; town-house, $600; fire department, $3,500;
+street lamps, $950; printing and stationery, $500; Spring Grove
+cemetery, and avails of sales of lots, $300; Memorial Day, $175;
+State aid, $1,400; additional pay to soldiers, $600; almshouse
+expenses, $4,500; almshouse, relief out of, $3,000; repairs on
+almshouse, $500; hay-scales, $50; State tax, $6,000; county tax,
+$6,000; adjustment of taxes, $500; discount on taxes, $2,000;
+abatement of taxes, $400; interest on notes and funds, $2,000;
+insurance, $200; miscellaneous, $1,500; fire-engine for Ballard
+Vale, $4,000; highways and bridges, $10,000; water-supply, $10,000;
+tree-planting, $100; new streets, $625; etc.</p></div>
+
+<p>For six years past&mdash;1880-85&mdash;the taxes have averaged only $7.25 per
+$1,000,&mdash;on a low valuation of property. For healthfulness the town
+stands near, if not quite at the head of the list, in the vital
+statistics of the State. When the writer was about to make Andover his
+place of residence he was heartily congratulated by a friend: &ldquo;People
+never die in Andover,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;from disease. They live on, and on, and
+on, until their friends weary of them, and shoot them.&rdquo; No one has been
+shot recently in Andover, and some have died; but the town is remarkable
+for its healthfulness. In 1885 there were 81 deaths, and the average age
+was 48+ years; while 40 were 60 years old, and upwards; 27 were over 70;
+24 were over 75; 13 were over 80; 4 were over 85, and 2 were over 90.
+The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> records of the largest Sabbath school in town show only three
+deaths of persons under 20 years of age, for at least eight, and
+possibly ten years. The two funerals which the writer last attended were
+of persons aged 89 and 101. The Catholic priest informs me that an
+entire year has passed without the occurrence of death in his parish. To
+show that the statistics of 1885 are not exceptionally favorable to the
+name of the town, let us take a longer period,&mdash;say of six years,
+1879-85. During this period the death-rate has been 14.45 per 1,000,
+which gives an average number of deaths for each year, of 79; and within
+this period 159, deaths have been of persons over 70 years of age. Since
+the new year came in 15 persons have died, and the average age of 5 was
+over 90 years.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the nine churches in Andover has an interesting history. Of
+these five are of the Congregational order, and their enrolled
+membership numbers 1,099, nearly one-fifth of the entire population.
+When to this is added the membership of the Episcopal, Baptist,
+Methodist and Catholic churches it is probable that one person in four,
+of whatever age or nationality, is a member of some church. The
+enrolment of the Sabbath Schools is about the same as that of the
+churches.</p>
+
+<p>This is owing partly to the fact that the &ldquo;foreign element&rdquo; in Andover
+consists largely of Scotchmen, who love the kirk; and also because the
+educational facilities of Andover are such as to draw hither persons of
+intelligence, and of literary tastes and habits.</p>
+
+<p>The town is well supplied with libraries. The Memorial Hall was built to
+commemorate the Andover defenders of the national flag, and contains a
+free reading-room, well supplied with current issues of the press, and a
+free public library, containing 5,259 pamphlets, and 9,185 volumes, to
+which additions are constantly being made.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865 the Library building of the Theological Seminary was erected,
+through the generosity of Mr. John Dove and Messrs. John and Peter
+Smith, at the cost of $60,000. It was named &ldquo;Brechin Hall,&rdquo; from their
+native town in Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>Its shelves contain more than 43,000 volumes, the gentlemen who built
+the library having given large sums for the purchase of books. On its
+walls hang the portraits of many of its founders<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> and professors, and on
+the lower floor is a valuable museum and reference library. Besides
+these are various private libraries; and there is a community of taste,
+which brings all valuable books to the town in some connection.</p>
+
+<p>Another educational element is that of the public lectures. The People&#8217;s
+Course is a thrifty annual, which, each autumn, provides a series of ten
+entertainments at merely nominal prices. During the past year there has
+also been a course of Emergency Lectures; and various others, upon many
+topics, detached from the established courses, are of frequent
+occurrence. Abbot Academy provides its annual and popular series of
+public &ldquo;Piano Recitals,&rdquo; under the oversight of its efficient professor,
+S. M. Downs.</p>
+
+<p>Phillips Academy has its annual contests for the &ldquo;Draper Prizes&rdquo; and the
+&ldquo;Means Prizes,&rdquo; and a year seldom passes in the history of the
+Theological Seminary without one or more courses of special lectures, in
+addition to those which are in constant progress, under the regular
+instructors of this and of the other institutions. Nor should the
+anniversaries, with all the strangers and alumni they bring, the stir
+they make, the congratulations and the partings, be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>So it is that all the important phases of our best American life are
+found in the history and enterprise of this illustrious town. Here one
+may find the house in which have lived seven generations, the head of
+the family bearing the same name; and the home of the recent immigrant.
+The educational and business interests are nobly conducted and carried
+to great success, and the current life is representative of good old
+customs and earnest strivings for the best things.</p>
+
+<p>A careful study of Andover life, such as Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D., had
+evidently made before writing his address for the dedication of the
+Memorial Hall, leads one to feel, what he has so well stated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The more we look into the history of Andover the more we feel how
+thoroughly it is a characteristic New England town. If I wanted to give
+a foreigner some clear idea of what that excellent institution a New
+England town really is, in its history and in its character, in its
+enterprise and its sobriety, in its godliness and its manliness, I
+should be sure that I could do it if I could make him perfectly familiar
+with the past and the present of Andover.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p>
+<h2>JAMES OTIS, JR.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">BY REV. H. HEWITT.</p>
+
+
+<p>Goethe&#8217;s famous saying, that &ldquo;Talent forms itself in solitude;
+character, in the stream of life,&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> has often found striking
+exemplification both in the narrow sphere of individual existence, and
+on the broader and more conspicuous stage of national affairs; but
+perhaps the truth it contains has seldom been more amply illustrated
+than during the stormy days of the American Revolution. Great political
+convulsions sift peoples as the wind sifts the wheat on the summer
+threshing-floor, bringing into prominence their best as well as their
+worst features. They furnish occasion for the development and display of
+all that is noblest in mankind, and they offer equal scope and
+opportunity to all the baser susceptibilities and passions of our
+nature. They furnish a broader platform on which to act, and originate
+more exciting topics to occupy and elevate the mind, than are afforded
+by an orderly and undisturbed condition of society; and they are
+certainly better fitted to create that energy of will and heroism of
+purpose without which nothing noble, beneficent, and lasting can ever be
+accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>Never, perhaps, has this effect been produced in a more impressive
+manner, or to a fuller extent, than during the anxious years when the
+American colonies were slowly feeling and fighting their way to the
+status of an independent nation. A new order of manhood appeared, shaped
+by the dangers and difficulties of the time. The crisis called for men
+of courage and capacity, of wise council, of prompt and decisive action,
+and these men were forthcoming, as if providentially prepared for the
+hour and the occasion. Of these, one of the earliest on the scene, and,
+for a time, one of the most eloquent and able of the popular leaders,
+was James Otis, Junior. Though, in consequence of the sad affliction
+that darkened and distressed his later days, his labors in the cause of
+American independence were prematurely closed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> and he was not permitted
+to share in the consummation of the conflict in which he had played so
+prominent, and spirited, and successful a part, he still deserves to be
+remembered with gratitude and affection by the nation, now grown big, at
+whose birth he so nobly played the part of midwife. James Otis was born
+at Great Marshes, now known as West Barnstable, February 5, 1725 (old
+style, February 5, 1724). His ancestor, John Otis, came from England
+about the year 1657, and settled in the town of Hingham. The family was
+from the first distinguished by public spirit, and by aptitude for
+places of trust and responsibility in the public service. Besides the
+important offices of Judge of the Common Pleas and Judge of Probate,
+John Otis had the honor of holding a seat in the Council of the Province
+for more than twenty years. His son, James Otis, born 1702, stood
+equally prominent in his public capacity, being a distinguished member
+of the Bar, an officer of the Militia, a Justice of the Common Pleas and
+of Probate, and a Councillor of the Province. He married Mary Allyne, by
+whom he had a large family, James, the subject of this sketch, being the
+eldest and most celebrated. Samuel Allyne, the youngest of the thirteen
+children, served for some time as secretary of the Senate of the United
+States. The eldest daughter, Mercy, displayed an aptitude for politics
+and literature, in which she acquired considerable reputation in those
+unquiet and exciting days, vigorously indorsing and seconding the action
+of her brother, and her husband, James Warren, in the Provincial
+Council. She was the anonymous author of &ldquo;The Group,&rdquo; a stinging
+political satire, published in 1775, and in 1805 she produced a &ldquo;History
+of the American Revolution.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Of the habits, character, and status of Otis, as a student at Harvard,
+whither he went in his fourteenth year, little is known, except what has
+descended to us in the shape of anecdote, such as the story of his
+playing the violin for a small party of young friends on one occasion,
+and suddenly stopping the dance by dropping the instrument, and
+exclaiming, &ldquo;So fiddled Orpheus, and so danced the brutes.&rdquo; He, however,
+managed to graduate with honors in 1743, and to carry off his Arts
+degree in 1746. About two years after leaving college he commenced the
+study of the law in the office of Jeremiah Gridley, a lawyer of some
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>
+repute, who, later on, as Attorney-General, defended the famous &ldquo;apple
+of discord,&rdquo; the &ldquo;Writs of Assistance,&rdquo; which Otis so brilliantly and
+successfully impeached. He resided for a short period, 1748-9, in the
+town of Plymouth; but the place of Pilgrim fame was at that time too
+slow and dull a place for the quick and active mind and ardent and
+ambitious temper of the rising young lawyer, and he removed to Boston,
+soon to be absorbed with the duties and difficulties of a large and
+lucrative practice, and esteemed and admired as one of the brightest
+ornaments of his profession. Nor was the public confidence in him
+misplaced, or his popularity without warrant. Governor Hutchinson, who
+knew him only in the capacity of a powerful personal and political
+opponent, was yet obliged to yield homage to his public and professional
+virtues, frankly declaring that &ldquo;He never knew fairer or more noble
+conduct in a pleader than in Otis; that he always defended his causes
+solely on their broad and substantial foundations.&rdquo; Among other stories
+and items of fact put forth in evidence of his contempt of the
+pettifogging and professional lying so common in these degenerate days,
+is the following: Being engaged on one occasion to recover the amount of
+a bill which was alleged by the defendant to have been paid, he
+discovered, quite accidentally, among his client&#8217;s papers, as the trial
+was proceeding, a receipt in full for the demand before the court. The
+paper in question had fallen into his client&#8217;s hands in some way or
+another, and he was villanously using this advantage to wrong his
+neighbor. As soon as Otis detected the trick his indignation burst forth
+like a scorching flame, &ldquo;You are a pretty rascal!&rdquo; he said; &ldquo;<em>there</em> is
+a receipt for the very demand now before the court.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Otis&#8217; happiness, however, such as it was, lay outside his home. His
+marriage with Ruth Cunningham, which took place in 1755, was far from
+being happy. Incompatibility of temper, and radical and stubborn
+differences in political principle and sentiment, were the main
+ingredients in the chalice of bitterness and woe which both, doubtless,
+helped to fill. His only son, a youth of promise, entered the navy as
+midshipman, and died at eighteen. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth,
+married a loyalist, Captain Brown, who was wounded at Bunker Hill,&mdash;an
+alliance that much distressed him. The sad fortune of his second
+daughter, Mary, was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>
+another source of grief. She had married Benjamin
+Lincoln, eldest son of General Lincoln, who received the sword of
+General Cornwallis at the surrender of Yorktown,&mdash;a young lawyer of
+considerable promise; but he died at twenty-eight.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to remember that in the great drama of the Revolution,
+Otis was only one of many distinguished actors, and that, in order to
+appreciate the part he played so well, we shall require to give a brief
+and rapid sketch of the political situation at the time. The sudden
+assertion of the spirit of liberty, which the British Parliament and the
+Provincial Legislature, acting under its direction and control, strove
+to check and subdue, was the awakening of the colonial communities, not
+simply to a consciousness of their political rights, but, also, of a
+new-born power to maintain and defend them. During the first hundred
+years of colonial history King and Parliament, occupied with affairs of
+an absorbing character at home, knew little, and cared even less, about
+the fate and fortunes of the men and women, who, for the sake of
+conscience and religious freedom, had left the land of their birth and
+best affection, and were engaged in a heroic contest with nature, on a
+wild, desolate, and distant coast. The early colonists were left to a
+liberty almost as unfettered as the wild animals and savage tribes whom
+they dislodged from their native forests. When, however, the infant
+communities had grown strong and prosperous, and had initiated a system
+of commerce which bade fair to become expansive and lucrative, they at
+once attracted the attention of the State authorities in the land of
+their origin. When the conflict with Parliament began, the rights and
+immunities claimed by the American colonies, were not matters of statute
+and charter. The prescriptive right, which is founded in
+long-established custom and usage, rather than in positive enactment,
+was the ground of resistance to the encroachments of the Provincial
+Executive. When James Otis, in pleading against the &ldquo;Writs of
+Assistance,&rdquo; said, &ldquo;Taxation without representation is tyranny,&rdquo; he
+stated a great political principle; he indicated the great palladium of
+popular liberty; but deeper than that principle, in the hearts of the
+colonists, lay the sense of uneasiness at the prospect of having the
+privileges of one hundred and fifty years in any way compromised,
+disturbed, or imperilled. This was the spirit of Franklin, in his &ldquo;Hints
+for a Reply to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>
+Protest of the Lords against the Repeal of the Stamp
+Act:&rdquo; &ldquo;I will freely spend nineteen shillings in the pound,&rdquo; said he,
+&ldquo;to defend my right of giving or refusing the other shilling; and, after
+all, if I cannot defend that right, I can retire cheerfully with my
+little family into the boundless woods of America, which are sure to
+afford freedom and subsistence to any man who can bait a hook or pull a
+trigger.&rdquo; This was the spirit of Otis when he complained that Parliament
+regarded the British colonies in America rather as &ldquo;a parcel of small,
+insignificant conquered islands, than as very extensive settlement on
+the continent,&rdquo; with a future of unlimited development in store. This,
+too, was the spirit of Hawley, when, with a boldness outstripping that
+of Otis himself, he said, &ldquo;The Parliament of Great Britain has no right
+to legislate for us.&rdquo; The latter sentence is memorable as being the
+first instance in which the power of the British Parliament was
+distinctly denied in a colonial legislature.</p>
+
+<p>Still, side by side with these strong assertions of independence, there
+existed curiously enough an almost equally strong feeling of reluctance
+to sever the long-standing relation between the colonies and the mother
+country. England was still &ldquo;home,&rdquo; even in the language of James Otis,
+as is clear from his correspondence, in which he speaks of certain legal
+decisions as being &ldquo;sent <em>home</em> for approbation.&rdquo; Though all were agreed
+as to the character and tendency of such acts of the imperial
+legislature as the Stamp Act, the Revenue Act, the Port Bill, and the
+Billeting Bill, hopes were entertained to the last that some method of
+solution would be eventually discovered that would avert the disaster of
+revolution. &ldquo;In America,&rdquo; said Rev. Andrew Elliot, a popular and
+much-respected minister in Boston, &ldquo;the people glory in the name, and
+only desire to enjoy the liberties of England.&rdquo; And he added,
+significantly enough, &ldquo;Oppression makes wise men mad.&rdquo; Even Thomas
+Jefferson, in a letter to John Randolph, as late as 1775, expressed his
+decided preference &ldquo;to be dependent on England under proper limitation,
+to being dependent on any other nation, or on no nation whatsoever.&rdquo; &ldquo;We
+strongly enjoin you,&rdquo; said the Pennsylvania Assembly, November 9, 1775,
+largely influenced by Farmer Dickenson, in its instructions to its
+delegates, &ldquo;that you, in behalf of this colony, dissent from and utterly
+reject any proposition, should such be made, that may cause or lead to
+a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>
+separation from our mother country, or a change of the form of this
+government.&rdquo; In almost identical words the Assembly of New Jersey
+expressed its dread of &ldquo;separation from England.&rdquo; &ldquo;For what are we to
+encounter the horrors of war?&rdquo; asked a writer in the <em>New York Gazette</em>,
+April 8, 1776, as quoted by Mr. Oscar Straus, in his admirable little
+work on &ldquo;The Origin of the American Republic.&rdquo; &ldquo;It is a form of
+government which Baron Montesquieu, and the best writers on the subject,
+have shown to be attended with many mischiefs and imperfections, while
+they pay high encomiums on the excellency of the British Constitution.
+The Continental Congress has never lisped the least desire for
+independency or republicanism. All their publications breathe another
+spirit.&rdquo; What strong ground the <em>Gazette</em> had for the above statement
+will be seen from the words of the address sent to the British
+Parliament and People by the Congress of Delegates which met on the 5th
+September, 1774, at Carpenter&#8217;s Hall, Philadelphia. &ldquo;You have been
+told,&rdquo; says the Congress, &ldquo;that we are impatient of government and
+desirous of independence. These are calumnies. Permit us to be free as
+yourselves, and we shall esteem a union with you to be our greatest
+glory and our greatest happiness.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>It is always the unexpected that happens, however, and, strange as it
+may appear, in little more than a year after the publication of the
+warnings of the <em>New York Gazette</em>, and the strong deprecations of
+leading colonists, the first decisive and irrevocable step towards
+revolution of the government and the autonomy and independence of the
+colonies was taken. On July 4, 1776, the Rubicon was passed: the
+Declaration of Independence was proclaimed.</p>
+
+<p>To trace the causes and indicate the character of this sudden and
+irreversible revulsion of feeling is to relate the story of the public
+career of James Otis as <em>primus inter pares</em> and leader of the popular
+party in the Province of Massachusetts. For ten years, with the
+exception of some brief intervals of popular misunderstanding and
+disfavor, he stood forth as the eloquent exponent and acknowledged
+champion of the popular cause. Long prior to 1760 he had achieved renown
+as a lawyer, and the skill and distinction he had attained in his
+profession had already received due and appropriate recognition and
+reward in his appointment to the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>
+Attorney-Generalship of the Province.
+In that year, however, the outcry against the administration of the Acts
+of Trade became loud and general, and in the discontent and excitement
+which prevailed the over-zealous agents of the Executive came into
+collision with the people. The revival of an old &ldquo;Act for the better
+securing and encouraging the trade of His Majesty&#8217;s colonies in
+America,&rdquo; imposed a duty of sixpence on molasses and other articles
+imported from the French and Spanish West Indies. As this was tantamount
+to doubling the price, the trade was forced into contraband channels,
+and vigorous measures had to be adopted for the suppression of the
+illicit traffic. A third of the forfeited goods belonged to the king,
+and were appropriated for the benefit of the colony; a third belonged to
+the governor; and a third fell to the informers. But as that portion of
+the spoils which accrued to the colony was not claimed, the money was
+used to stimulate the zeal and vigilance of the customs-officers. These
+persons, armed with &ldquo;writs of assistance&rdquo; issued by the Chancellor of
+the Exchequer in England, were empowered to enter and search any private
+house suspected of containing smuggled goods, and seize whatever
+articles might be considered contraband within the meaning of the acts.
+Against these proceedings resistance was bold and general, suspected
+householders answering the demand of the customs-officers by closing the
+doors in their faces. It was the duty of Otis, as Advocate-General of
+the Province, to uphold the action of the executive government; but he
+refused to argue for the writs, and resigned. On his resignation
+becoming known he was at once retained, along with Oxenbridge Thacher,
+to defend the cause of the people, and his splendid triumph in this
+capacity made him the popular hero. His opponent, as has been already
+intimated, was his old friend, Jeremiah Gridley, King&#8217;s Attorney,&mdash;a
+lawyer of great learning and acuteness. An eye-witness comments on the
+sublime spectacle of Otis, spite of the difficulties of his position,
+the excitement of the hour, and the fire and vehemence of his own
+passionate nature, treating his old master &ldquo;with all deference, respect,
+and esteem&rdquo;, but confuting all his arguments, and reducing him to
+silence, and Gridley, on the other hand, &ldquo;seeming to exult inwardly at
+the glory and triumph of his pupil.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In answering, almost at the outset, a charge which made his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>highest
+public virtue his fault,&mdash;the charge that he had deserted his
+office,&mdash;he said: &ldquo;I renounced that office, and I argue this cause from
+the same principle, and I argue it with the greater pleasure as it is in
+favor of British liberty at a time when we hear the greatest monarch
+upon earth declaring from his throne that he glories in the name of
+Briton, and that the privileges of his people are dearer to him than the
+most valuable prerogatives of his crown; and it is in opposition to a
+kind of power, the exercise of which in former periods of English
+history cost one king his head, and another his crown.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<p>The only principles of public conduct that are worthy of a gentleman or
+a man are to sacrifice estate, ease, health, and applause, and even life
+itself, to the sacred calls of his country. The glowing and oft-quoted
+eulogy of John Adams on this great argument, which is said to have
+lasted nearly five hours, is a commonplace of history, but we cannot
+forbear repeating it. Otis was a flame of fire; with a promptitude of
+classical allusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical
+events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities, a prophetic glance
+of his eyes into futurity, and a rapid torrent of impetuous eloquence,
+he hurried away all before him. American independence was then and there
+born. Every man of an immense crowded audience appeared to me to go away
+as I did, ready to take up arms against the &ldquo;writs of assistance.&rdquo; The
+speech, says Bowen, &ldquo;gave vitality and shape to the dim sense of
+oppression and wrong from the mother country, which already rested
+indistinctly on the minds of the colonists.&rdquo; &ldquo;It breathed,&rdquo; says Adams,
+&ldquo;into this nation the breath of life.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The effect, however, which John Adams and other admirers of Otis have
+ascribed to his great legal triumph was obviously not the one Otis
+himself intended it to produce. There was, after all, something
+exceedingly vague and uncertain about his attitude and principles as a
+politician and a statesman. His contemporaries felt this, and somewhat
+unfeelingly accused him of inconsistency. At one time he was equally
+censured by his friends and by foes. In his &ldquo;<em>Vindication of the Conduct
+of the House of Representatives of the Province of Massachusetts Bay</em>,&rdquo;
+published in 1762, occurs the following: &ldquo;The British Constitution of
+government, as now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>
+established in His Majesty&#8217;s person and family, is
+the wisest and best in the world. The King of Great Britain is the best
+and most glorious monarch upon the globe, and his subjects the happiest
+in the universe.&rdquo; And yet Lord Mansfield, whose marble figure stands
+proudly among those of other distinguished Englishmen in the corridor of
+the British House of Commons, defended him in Parliament, not as a
+loyalist, but as a revolutionist. &ldquo;Otis&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;is a man of
+consequence among the people over there. It was said the man is mad.
+What then? One madman often makes many. Massaniello was mad, nobody
+doubts; yet for all that he overturned the government of Naples.&rdquo;
+Friends of the government on both sides of the water suggested that Otis
+should be proceeded against for treason, but the British
+Attorney-General declared the &ldquo;writs of assistance&rdquo; illegal, and there,
+for a time, the matter ended.</p>
+
+<p>When, in January, 1763, preliminaries of peace between France and
+England were signed, the people of Boston rejoiced, and Otis, as their
+spokesman, said: &ldquo;The true interests of Great Britain and her
+plantations are mutual, and what God in His providence has united, let
+no man dare attempt to pull asunder.&rdquo; Governor Bernard, however, who
+inferred from this strain of remark that the province would soon recover
+its reputation for loyalty, seriously overrated its significance. When
+the General Assembly of Massachusetts met in 1764, Otis, as chairman of
+the Committee of Correspondence, drew up the draft of an address to
+Parliament, to prevent the passage of the Stamp Act; but it was not
+presented. The act passed into law, and Boston was immediately caught in
+a whirlwind of popular indignation and excitement. The mob burnt the
+effigy of Oliver, who, in an evil moment, had accepted the office of
+Distributor of Stamps, and he, deeming discretion the better part of
+valor, resigned his post immediately thereafter, under Liberty-tree. The
+house of Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor, was demolished, while Bernard,
+the chief offender, was left undisturbed. Mobocracy, however, was not a
+pleasant contemplation to the sober and law-abiding people of Boston,
+and next day the inhabitants of the town assembled in Faneuil Hall and
+denounced the authors of outrage and violence.</p>
+
+<p>The Stamp Act Congress, originally proposed by Otis, met in New York,
+October 19, 1765. He, together with Timothy
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>
+Ruggles and Colonel
+Partridge, were delegated to attend as the representatives of
+Massachusetts. Otis took a prominent and influential part in the
+deliberations of the Congress, and was one of the committee chosen to
+draft an address to Parliament praying for the repeal of the obnoxious
+law, which had nearly brought business to a stand-still in many of the
+colonies, for, as Hutchinson remarks, &ldquo;No wills were proved, no
+administrations granted, no deeds nor bonds executed.&rdquo; Agitation and
+appeal were successful. Parliament beat a retreat and dropped the
+attempt to tax the American colonies, like a red-hot poker.
+<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a>
+But the breach between the popular party and the friends and representatives of
+the government was destined never to be healed. Between Hutchinson and
+Otis especially relations were of a very unfriendly character, and it
+must have been exceedingly difficult for the partisans on either side to
+keep cool when the leaders were so apt to catch fire. Still, when the
+Revenue Act of 1767 fell like a firebrand among the colonists, Otis,
+singularly enough, was almost alone in advising moderation and caution.
+In the following year his action and attitude were more consistent; he
+was once more the advocate of resistance, and was appointed to draft
+letters to the King, to De Berdt, the agent of the Province in London,
+and a circular-letter, addressed to the colonial assemblies, requesting
+them &ldquo;to unite in some suitable measures of redress.&rdquo;
+<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a>
+Governor Bernard demanded the rescinding of the letters; and Otis replied in a
+speech which the Governor described as &ldquo;the most violent, abusive, and
+treasonable declaration that perhaps ever was delivered.&rdquo; It is a very
+significant indication of the state of popular feeling in Massachusetts
+at the time that, while only seventeen members of the House were ready
+to say &ldquo;Yes&rdquo; to the Governor&#8217;s demand, nintey-two were resolved to say
+&ldquo;No.&rdquo; In the summer of 1769 a violent and disgraceful affray took place
+between Otis and Robinson, the Commissioner of Customs, in a
+coffee-house, in which Otis received a severe blow on the head. From
+that moment his public career was practically at an end. He became
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> the
+victim of insanity. From 1771 to 1783 he lived aloof from the excitement
+of public affairs. His death was singularly tragic and fearfully sudden.
+As he stood at the door of his home in Andover, during a storm, a flash
+of lightning struck him lifeless to the ground; so that he may almost be
+said to have been carried to his rest in a chariot of fire.</p>
+
+<p>As to the place of Otis in the early colonial history of America it is
+somewhat difficult to state it. His influence as the leader and exponent
+of popular opinion was undoubtedly very great so long as it lasted, and
+in the main it was beneficial. If, like many another great moral and
+political force, he accomplished something entirely different from what
+he intended, both what he intended and what he actually accomplished
+were equally a credit to him. Some of his contemporaries thought that
+his courage, his eloquence, his pure and undiluted patriotism, had a
+serious drawback in the irrepressible fire and vehemence of his nature;
+but passion enters largely into the composition of all noble natures,
+and is, in no inconsiderable degree, the secret of their success. Otis
+was certainly wanting in some of the elements of greatness displayed by
+the most distinguished of his contemporaries and compatriots. His style
+of statemanship was not so far-seeing, comprehensive, and solid as that
+of a Samuel Adams, a Thomas Jefferson, a John Dickenson, or a Benjamin
+Franklin, and it certainly lacked the Machiavellian coolness and
+argumentativeness of a Hutchinson. But what Otis accomplished was
+impossible to any of them. His work was quite unique in its way, and his
+public life and action have produced results as valuable and lasting as
+the public labors of any of the noble men who devoted without stint
+their best thought and energies to laying down, deep, strong, and
+enduring, the foundation-stones of the American Republic.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP&#8217;S WAR.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>CHAPTER I.</strong></p>
+
+
+<p>One bright afternoon early in the month of June, 1676, a young girl
+stood leaning against the trunk of a tree, gazing into the waters of the
+beautiful Lake Quinsigamond. Her head rested heavily on her hand, as if
+weighed down by the burden of despair. Suddenly she started, uttering a
+slight cry, then sank back against the tree with a sigh of relief as she
+recognized a tall young Indian who approached her.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ah! is it you, Ninigret?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, Millicent; fear not, there is no foe near; and if there were I
+would protect you. Why do you tremble so?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Is it strange I tremble at the least noise, when the sound of a
+footstep or the rustling of a leaf may mean instant death to me? The
+forest is full of enemies. They lurk in every by-path. Behind every bush
+or fair spreading tree may be seen their leering faces. What, then, has
+a poor captive girl to expect of their mercy?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Do not I and those of my tribe here protect you? Have I not already
+saved you from death at the hands of a roving Indian?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You have; perhaps only for a worse fate. Death, indeed, would be no
+worse than a future of such captivity; for though you will save me from
+the violence of the red men, neither you nor your associates will
+liberate me. Ah, Ninigret! why are you so in the power of that tyrant,
+Philip? Why will you not brave him, he is so far from here now, and take
+me to a white settlement? I promise you no harm shall come to you. You
+shall return unhurt to your people.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Do you not remember that Wattasacompanum has promised to keep you in
+safety until Philip is ready to have you ransomed? Have you forgotten
+the solemn rites by which he bound himself the day they brought you to
+us? Wattasacompanum is a good chief, a true Indian, who will not break
+his promise.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Then, Ninigret, I appeal to you, who have made no promise for me, to
+help me to escape to my countrymen.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I cannot do that; but I will take you to a place of safety, though it
+may be a long, long journey from here. Say, Millicent, will you come
+with me?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Go with you, Ninigret, in any direction other than to a white
+settlement?&rdquo; replied Millicent, turning her wondering blue eyes full
+upon him. &ldquo;Even if such a thing were possible, where would you take me?
+Where and how in this time of war?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Beyond the reach of the present strife, until Philip has driven the
+white men from our country. I cannot take you to the whites, for they
+will soon be swept from the land. They are much broken up already.
+Philip is a mighty chief, and has powerful friends among the Indians.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Can it be so? No, no; the Indian may do harm and cause suffering, but
+surely the white race cannot be exterminated.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, it can, Millicent; as when, in the spring, the warm sun melts the
+snow, causing it to disappear from the dark earth, so will the white men
+vanish from this country, leaving the red men in possession.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I cannot believe it. Yet how can a poor creature like me, a captive in
+the forest, cut off from all communication with her friends, know what
+is the real state of affairs outside? In the long months since I was
+taken captive rumors have come to me of one town after another being
+destroyed or abandoned. Alas! what else may not have happened? Yes, it
+is doubtless true. O my God! is it then to be my fate to be held in
+life-long bondage, without a friend to whom I can turn?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I will be your friend; come with me. I will take you away from here,
+where you are so unhappy, I will make a home for you. We will live
+together. You shall be my wife.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Your wife!&rdquo; and Millicent, deadly pale, clung closer to the tree.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, why not? I am brave and strong; I would guard you from all evil,
+and would make you happy. What better have you to hope? Why await
+Philip&#8217;s pleasure? You say you have no rich friends to ransom you. If
+not, he will marry you himself, and he would not be as kind as I. He is
+a hard master.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I marry you, or Philip?&rdquo; the young girl murmured, with a look
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> of
+dreary terror on her face; then, as if to herself, &ldquo;In fairy tales, as a
+child, I read of maidens marrying kings, and wished I were the heroine
+of such a tale; but little did I dream that such a king might some time
+be offered me for a husband.&rdquo; And she dropped her head upon her arm.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Do not look so unhappy. Philip is, in truth, no husband for you; but I
+am different, and do not hate the white race as he does. He is a fierce
+warrior, while I wish but to live in peace, to have you for my wife.&rdquo;
+The Indian drew nearer to Millicent. His dark hand stretched forth to
+grasp her slender white wrist, his black eyes flashing with entreaty. &ldquo;I
+am not like the others of my tribe you see about here; I am more
+civilized; I speak your language; I have the last year embraced your
+religion. I vowed to you I would not lay hands upon one of your race to
+hurt them while you were amongst us. That I have sacredly kept this vow
+you well know; but you do not know what it has cost me at times, when I
+have seen the bitter cruelty shown by your race toward mine. All this I
+would do willingly for you; will you not then be my wife and love me a
+little?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The young Indian spoke with a modesty and manliness so remarkable in a
+son of the forest that Millicent was impressed with his manner, and in
+her reply tried to show consideration.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You are an exception to your race, Ninigret, and have always acted
+honorably toward me. I thank you for all you have done; and, if God ever
+restore me to my countrymen, I will show my gratitude in more
+substantial form than mere words. Marry you I never can; think of it
+calmly, and you will see that it is impossible; such a marriage would
+only bring misery to us both.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You scorn me I see,&rdquo; Ninigret said, quickly, growing angry. &ldquo;I tell you
+we should be happy.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Indeed, we should not; from this on you must never mention this subject
+to me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You cannot put me off so easily. What do I care for the kindness you
+may show me after you leave here? But you will not leave here very soon,
+let me tell you, unless you marry me. In that case you shall escape in a
+few days.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Then I shall never escape,&rdquo; replied Millicent, a bright flash of
+determination suffusing her fair face.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Your only answer then is No?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>
+&ldquo;No; I will never be your wife.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;And I say you shall. Farewell! We will meet again.&rdquo; And all the latent
+savage nature gleamed forth from his face as he swiftly and noiselessly
+disappeared into the forest.</p>
+
+<p>Millicent, overcome with emotion, sank listlessly on the ground, where
+she remained for some time with her head bowed upon her knees,
+regardless of the beauty of the scene about her. Above, the sky was
+cloudless, a deep impenetrable blue, as seen through the heavy foliage
+of the grand primeval forest. At her feet stretched the calm, smooth
+lake, dotted here and there with tiny islands, so thickly wooded that
+they looked like escaped bits of the forest floating on the glassy
+surface of the water. For miles stretched the line of the shore, here
+straight, there gracefully curving, and everywhere heavily overhung by
+majestic trees. After a time she raised her eyes, and, stretching her
+hand with a hopeless gesture toward the lake, said, &ldquo;Better to drown in
+that quiet water than to remain longer with these savages, now that
+Ninigret has turned foe also, and I have no friend to help me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let me be a friend to help you,&rdquo; replied a manly voice close by.</p>
+
+<p>Surprised and astonished Millicent sprang to her feet, and saw standing
+before her a tall, handsome man of perhaps five and thirty years,
+dressed in uniform.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O sir! can I really hope that you will help a poor, distressed captive
+girl?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Of course I will,&rdquo; he answered, moving near to her. &ldquo;First tell me the
+circumstances of your captivity and&rdquo;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Hush! do not speak so loud, or they will hear us and take you prisoner
+also. Come this way,&rdquo; said Millicent, as she led him to a thick clump of
+trees near at hand. &ldquo;A short distance from here, on yonder hill, is an
+Indian camp, which has been my home for many months.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;How large is the encampment?&rdquo; asked the young man, looking with
+interest and admiration at the poorly clad but refined and beautiful
+girl by his side.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;When all are there they number about one hundred; but at present most
+of the warriors are away.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Where is your home?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>
+&ldquo;I have no home. I am an orphan, and with my sister was visiting friends
+in Taunton, at the time the Indians attacked that place.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ah! Tell me the story of your capture.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I will if you care to hear it. Upon the breaking out of the war, my
+friends, like others, became alarmed, and adopted such means of defence
+as they could command; still, when Philip really appeared with his
+Indians, they were surprised. Ah, sir, even you, who I see are an
+officer, and probably used to such sights, would have been touched by
+the misery and desolation those wretches caused on that day. They fired
+the house we were in, and when we were driven by the flames to the open
+air, they assailed us; and then I saw my friends struck down about me.
+An old woman, a mother, three daughters and a son, all brutally killed.
+Then they seized me, more dead than alive. A fierce Indian, with a yell,
+raised some weapon in the air, while holding me fast with the other
+hand; but his uplifted arm was suddenly grasped by a stalwart and gayly
+dressed chief, whom I soon learned was King Philip. Although nearly
+overcome with terror, I heard him say, &lsquo;She is too&rsquo;&rdquo;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Beautiful to be killed,&rdquo; added the officer.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Well, yes, I suppose that was the idea. &lsquo;Take her captive.&rsquo; They bound
+my arms to my sides and carried me away. I fainted at that point, and
+when I came to myself was on horseback, supported by a horrible old
+squaw.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Poor girl! how did you survive such a shock?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I do not know, for I was ill with fever throughout the journey; but am
+I not wearying you with the history of a girl who has surely no claim
+upon you?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You have a claim, dear lady; the unfortunate have always a claim upon
+any honorable man; besides, I am deeply interested in your story. Please
+proceed.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;We travelled slowly on for several days, resting at night. The shock,
+the mode of life, and, above all, the anxiety about my sister, of whose
+fate I knew nothing, made me ill and unfit for the rough journey. When I
+failed and fainted, as I did several times, they beat me and knocked me
+about, making me walk when utterly unable, as a punishment for my
+laziness, they said. At last, when they saw I could go no farther on my
+feet, they strapped me on a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
+horse&#8217;s back, where I lay, half delirious
+and without food, until we reached this place.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What an experience for one so delicate!&rdquo; remarked the officer, looking
+at Millicent with increasing interest.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;We arrived here late one night, and then an old squaw, who has ever
+since been kind to me, took me to her wigwam and made me as comfortable
+as she could. I shall never forget the relief it was to lie quiet, if
+only on a bed of pine-boughs.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You must have had fortitude to have lived through such a mental and
+physical strain. How did they happen to bring you here?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;That night, when they thought I slept, I overheard the leader of the
+band that brought me talking with Wattasacompanum, the chief of the
+Nipmucks. He said Philip had ordered them to bring me here, and sent a
+message that I should be kept and well treated until he should see fit
+to have me ransomed. Wattasacompanum, who is a good chief and a praying
+Indian, promised that I should be faithfully guarded. The next day,
+before Philip&#8217;s messengers departed, I was carried outside the wigwam,
+where the Indians danced a wild, fantastic war-dance about me, to the
+music of their own strange screaming. I lay trembling with fright, until
+the old squaw came out and sat by me, somewhat quieting my fears by
+repeating, &lsquo;They no kill you; they no kill.&rsquo; They wished to paint my
+face and decorate my head with branches, but Wattasacompanum said no,
+that being ill I should not be disturbed. He laid his hand on my head,
+and solemnly promised to safely keep me; and after that the strange
+Indians departed.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What did they do for you to bring back your health?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Very little. I was allowed to rest for a time, was not treated very
+harshly, and nature did the rest.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What food did you have?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ah, that was the worst trial; for days I ate almost nothing. I could
+not touch the meat they kept constantly boiling in a great common
+kettle, which all could go to, but I soon learned to eat a sort of cake
+they make of Indian corn, and when stronger I wandered about and found
+berries and dried nuts for myself; but I have never been strong since I
+came here.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;That does not surprise me. Such a life for one like you! Have they
+always treated you well?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>
+&ldquo;No, they are often very rough; but the women are kinder than the men,
+who, fortunately for me, are away upon the war-path the greater part of
+the time, returning only occasionally for a night.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What work do they require of you?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I first bring up water from the lake in the morning,&mdash;that tires me
+most,&mdash;then I help cook their food, and do whatever is necessary in an
+Indian household,&rdquo;&mdash;and Millicent smiled,&mdash;&ldquo;and I sew for the women and
+children.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The wretches! why don&#8217;t they bring their own water from the lake, and
+make their own clothes?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I would willingly do all they ask could I but know that I may soon be
+free to look for my sister, and be among my own race again.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;We will see about that. You must not do drudgery for these savages much
+longer. Have you no relatives with whom it may be possible your sister
+is now?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;None; the family whom we were visiting when I was captured were our
+only relatives. My sister was out at the time on an errand in the town;
+so you see I do not know whether she was killed or captured, undoubtedly
+one or the other. My name is Millicent Gordon; hers, Martha. Now, sir,
+you have my history, and I wish to thank you for your kind attention. It
+has done me good to relate it to you, for you are the first white man
+whom I have seen for many months.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;My dear lady, your story has interested me deeply and aroused in me
+both sincere admiration and sympathy for one who has suffered so much
+and so bravely. My one thought is to liberate you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Can you really do so? Is the country, then, not all given over to the
+Indians? Oh, tell me it is not!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;No, indeed; they are being steadily and surely conquered; though, God
+knows, they do enough damage even now. I am Captain Merwin, sent here
+from Boston on a scouting expedition. I have two men with me, who are
+awaiting my return less than a mile off. I wandered in this direction
+while they were resting. I knew there were many Indians roving about;
+but that there was a camp in this vicinity I was not aware.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;They suppose their existence here to be unknown to the whites.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>
+&ldquo;I wonder they trust you as far as this.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;They do; I always return. They know I am unable to escape, and would be
+found and brought back if I tried; so they grant me my only solace, that
+of wandering in the woods.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;This time they have trusted you once too often. Will you go with me,
+and let me take you back to your friends?&rdquo; asked the captain,
+impulsively.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I would go with you most willingly; but would the venture not be too
+rash? Would it not endanger your own safety and that of your men, who
+might escape harm alone, but, impeded with a woman, you might lose your
+lives while saving hers. No, I had better stay where I am. You can be of
+more service without me,&rdquo; answered Millicent, with quiet forethought.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Not for a moment would I consider myself in the matter, Miss Gordon,&rdquo;
+replied the captain, with prompt assurance; &ldquo;but perhaps it is not best
+to attempt to rescue you until I have secured more men.&rdquo; He remained
+silent a few minutes, apparently in deep thought, and said, at last,
+very decidedly, &ldquo;No; in case we met even a small band of Indians we
+should be unable to resist, and they would surely recapture you or kill
+us all at once. If you will have a little patience, and still trust me,
+I promise to return and liberate you as soon as I can get men.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, I trust you wholly; and, as for patience, the hope of rescue will
+make it infinite until you come,&rdquo; said Millicent, smiling.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Thank you for your trust; it shall not be misplaced. Be prepared at any
+time after a week for an attack upon the camp, and this time the war-cry
+will come from friends instead of enemies. May I do homage to the fair
+hand that has carried water to quench the thirst of an Indian squaw?&rdquo;
+Before the blushing Millicent could deny the favor he had pressed her
+fingers to his lips.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I must return now, or they will look for me. See, the sun sets
+already.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I will go part way with you, as I wish to observe the situation of your
+present home.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Abode, not home,&rdquo; Millicent said, half-jestingly. &ldquo;Yes, come with me,
+but tread softly or you may be heard,&rdquo; and she led the way through the
+wood. Upon reaching the brow of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
+hill she halted, and, placing her
+hand on the captain&#8217;s arm, said, &ldquo;Look through these trees into the
+clearing yonder.&rdquo; He did so, and saw a number of wigwams, with smoke
+curling out from their tops, and, sitting about on the ground outside,
+several women, and one or two old men.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;And there you have lived for nearly a year; but it is late; I must
+leave you. Be of good courage, and believe that never a crusader felt
+his pledge to visit the Holy Land more sacred than I do mine to liberate
+you;&rdquo; and, lifting his hat with deference, he withdrew into the forest.</p>
+
+<p>The scene above described carries the reader back to the time of the
+fierce and devastating war waged by King Philip against the settlers of
+New England, in which all the worst elements of the Indian nature came
+to the surface. The firebrand and the tomahawk were the weapons employed
+by the Indians to accomplish their purpose of destroying the advancing
+power of the white man; and so mercilessly did they use these that the
+outposts of civilization were swept away as by a whirlwind. The savages,
+avoiding direct conflict with organized forces of the English, made
+sudden and unsuspected attacks, under cover of darkness, upon exposed
+houses or towns, applying the torch to the buildings, and massacring the
+inhabitants or carrying them into captivity. Neither the life nor
+property of a white man was safe for an instant. While sitting quietly
+by his fireside or working in his cornfield, he was liable to instant
+death at the hands of an unseen foe. In such a condition of affairs it
+is not surprising that spots, where of late the influence of
+civilization had begun to make itself felt, were abandoned by their
+terror-stricken inhabitants. Thus, for a while, the rude savages again
+appeared as rulers of the land, and the forest often resounded with
+their war-cry as they fell on one partly-deserted town after another,
+and their yells of triumph rang on the hushes of midnight as they
+returned from their fiendish expeditions of plunder waving aloft the
+scalps of their victims. For a year or more this bloody war lasted,
+bringing death and desolation to many homes, until its guiding hand and
+vital breath, King Philip, was struck down, killed by one of his race.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">[TO BE CONCLUDED IN NEXT ISSUE.]</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE SINGER.</h2>
+
+<p class="center2">[FROM THE GERMAN OF GOETHE.]</p>
+
+<p class="center1">BY LAURA GARLAND CARR.</p>
+
+<div class="box2">
+
+<p>&ldquo;Outside the gate, what do I hear<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Along the drawbridge sounding?</span><br />
+A song! Now let it reach my ear<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Through palace-halls resounding!&rdquo;</span><br />
+So speaks the king; the small page flies;<br />
+The lackey comes; the message hies;<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">The old man comes, low bowing.</span></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;These noble lords have welcomed me;<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">These fair dames give me greeting.</span><br />
+What heavenly kingdom do I see<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">With star-gleam, star-gleam meeting!</span><br />
+Such splendor, pomp, and wealth allied,<br />
+Desire must here rest satisfied,<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">While Time forgets his speeding!&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>He pauses now; now strikes in song<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Full toned, of pleasing phrases.</span><br />
+Each knight grows proud in look, and strong;<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dames blush at fancied praises.</span><br />
+The king, for whom the songs awake,<br />
+As fair return the bard to make&mdash;<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">A golden chain upraises.</span></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh give to me no gift of gold!<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Such to your knights deliver,</span><br />
+Before whose faces, stern and bold,<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">The foe&#8217;s best lances shiver.</span><br />
+Or let some chancellor of state<br />
+This gift receive, a treasure mete,<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fit token from wise giver.</span></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I sing as some free wild bird sings,<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Among green branches swinging.</span><br />
+The song that from the throat outrings<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Its own reward is bringing.</span><br />
+But may I beg a gift of thine?<br />
+Then give to me of rare old wine<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">In golden beaker, brimming.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>They bring it in; he drinks it up.<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">&ldquo;O drink&mdash;sweet, strength-bestowing!</span><br />
+O happy house&mdash;where one may sup<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">With such wealth ever flowing!</span><br />
+Thank God&mdash;you share with me a part!<br />
+It stirs my brain; it warms my heart!<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">I go with new life glowing.&rdquo;</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center1">[Webster Historical Society Papers.]</p>
+
+<h2>THE WEBSTER FAMILY.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>I.</strong></p>
+
+
+<p>The family of Webster, which settled on the easterly coast of
+Massachusetts and New Hampshire, became quite numerous, and emigrated to
+the various parts of western New Hampshire as early as 1763. Stephen
+Webster was one of the twelve pioneers of the town of Plymouth, N.H., in
+which, with other settlers of the backwoods, they had to endure great
+privations and hardships.</p>
+
+<p>The three Webster families which settled and remained in Plymouth always
+claimed Daniel and Ezekiel of Salisbury as first or second cousins.</p>
+
+<p>I quote from Moore Russell Fletcher, M.D., who was connected with the
+Webster family on both sides, the following narration. He says that Mrs.
+Stephen Webster and her sons and daughters, the youngest of whom was
+Mrs. Betsey Fletcher Webster,&mdash;the mother of the doctor, and who died in
+1863, at the advanced age of eighty-one,&mdash;gave him much of his
+information.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Stephen Webster, with eleven others, with their wives and children,
+went from Chester, N.H., to Plymouth, N.H., then a wilderness, about
+forty-five miles north of Penacook, now Concord, and there, on the
+Pemigewasset, near the juncture of Baker&#8217;s River (afterwards so
+called), they erected a log-cabin, in that hitherto transient abode of
+the wild animals of the forest and the still wilder Indians, who at
+intervals passed through the place on their way to Penacook, Contoocook,
+Hooksett, Suncook, and Soucook, their old camping-grounds. These men,
+having selected lands for farms, had no alternative but to carry on
+their backs the articles of food, implements and seeds requisite for
+their colonization. They had axes, saws, augers, and shaves, or
+drawing-knives, and for protection and food their guns and ammunition;
+not forgetting their bibles, hymn-books, and tinder-boxes. In their
+journey through the wilderness from Penacook, a distance of sixty or
+seventy miles, they were guided
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>
+by blazes on trees made by surveyors or
+men in search of lands, were obliged to cross streams on fallen trees
+reaching from bank to bank, and when hunger and fatigue compelled a
+halt, they selected a spot near some stream, drew forth their
+tinder-boxes, and with steel and flint struck a fire; then they selected
+flat stones, wet some Indian meal, placed it on the stones, and baked it
+for their frugal meal&mdash;their &lsquo;Johnny-cake.&rsquo; At night they constructed a
+little booth of bushes, with their fire at its entrance, and, as they
+laid upon the boughs, their feet would be near the fire,&mdash;a great
+protection against wild animals who infested the forest and who are
+known to have great dread of fire.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Each day was a repetition of its predecessor. Upon their arrival their
+first efforts were directed to erecting a temporary wigwam of trees and
+bushes in their new home, and all reposed on the boughs, prior to which
+all joined in prayer and thanksgiving for their safe arrival and good
+health. On the morrow, after locating the spot for buildings, they began
+the erection of their log-houses, with one room, with opening for light,
+and an attic, which was accessible by a small ladder. The crevices
+between the logs were stopped with moss; the floor of the rooms, roofs,
+and the attics and doors were of small poles. A few days were sufficient
+to get their houses in the rough well under way. For food all had equal
+rights and took an equal part in procuring it. Three or four took dog
+and gun, and in an hour or two returned with a dead moose, bear, or
+three or four deer on their shoulders. They subsisted largely upon game,
+which was plenty in the forest, and when a change was desired they
+sought fish, with which the streams abounded.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;A few months after their arrival, Mrs. Stephen Webster signified her
+expectation of adding another member to her family. It was a matter
+deemed of such importance that a town meeting was called, a moderator
+and clerk chosen, and the vote put to the meeting upon the name which
+should be given to the new-comer, which vote was unanimous &lsquo;if a boy his
+name shall be Plymouth.&rsquo; But their vote did not prevent its being a
+girl, and she was called Lydia, with the remark, &lsquo;the first white child
+born in Plymouth.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Upon one occasion, food being nearly exhausted, a settler took a bag,
+went to Concord, got one hundred pounds of Indian meal, took it on his
+shoulder, and carried it to Plymouth,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>
+sleeping on boughs, and baking
+his corn-cake on a flat stone. His arrival was hailed with enthusiasm.
+When tired of moose and bear meat they tried deer, rabbit, coon, and
+turtle, then turned to salmon, eels, and pouts. For dessert they had
+chestnuts, beech-nuts, and butternuts, and for drink they used the
+checkerberry and hardhack, but mostly they used mountain tea and swamp
+chocolate-root; these two last-named articles nearly resembled those
+brought from foreign countries. They raised flax, and with it made their
+clothing for both men and women. For coats and outer garments they
+doubled and redoubled the threads, the cloth resembling our present
+canvas. Linen was found to be cold for stockings and socks, and their
+inventive talent was brought into use. They cut hair from the bear-skins
+and mixed it with tow, and thus Bruin furnished them meat, cotton, and
+wool.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;After a few years of roughing it the settlers began to reckon on some
+of the luxuries of civilization, and indulged in windows, each allowing
+two panes of glass 7 X 9. Their fireplaces and chimneys were built of
+flat stones for the first few feet, and were &lsquo;topped out&rsquo; with clay,
+mixed with straw, and held by sticks of wood laid up cob-house fashion.
+The same kind of chimney may now be seen in the rural districts of
+Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. In many places the fireplace and
+chimney stand outside of the house, and the fireplace is wide enough to
+burn wood ten feet long. The wood requires but little chopping or
+splitting. For andirons they used large stones. When the children wanted
+to warm themselves they stood at the corner at the ends of the wood.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;They made their furniture, hewing planks from logs for tables, and for
+a tub chopped off the end of a log, dug a hole through it, leaving only
+a shell, in which, with a jackknife, they made a groove for the bottom,
+which also was hewn from a piece of log. The shell of their tub was then
+soaked with hot water, to enlarge its circle; the plank bottom was then
+crowded into the groove, and the tub dried before the fire. If not
+water-tight, the openings were filled with rags. For chairs they took
+tops of trees with many limbs, split them into two parts, and the limbs
+answered for legs. Their crockery, much of it, was made of hard wood:
+from knarls they made trays, bowls, pans, plates, and sometimes spoons,
+knives, and forks. Instead of candles they used pitch and candle
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> woods.
+My grandfather, had in his house wooden trays, bowls, plates, and wooden
+spoons.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;When the number of inhabitants had increased so that it was called a
+village, earthen plates and pewter plates and iron spoons were brought
+into town from the town and larger settlements. Men carried the flax
+wheel on their backs, and their mechanical skill enabled them to
+construct looms.</p>
+
+<p><a name="img43" id="img43"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 264px;">
+<img src="images/img43.png" width="264" height="400" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">daniel webster on his farm.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;As the settlement increased in number, and the people began felling
+trees, the Indians, who from time to time passed there on their way to
+Penacook, Contoocook, Hooksett, etc., seeing the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>
+whites encroaching
+upon their lands, began their maraudings and became so troublesome, that
+the settlers regarded it as no sin to kill a redskin who was known to
+watch about for an opportunity to secretly send an arrow with deadly
+intent at their white brothers whenever they ventured beyond the limits
+of their little settlement.</p>
+
+<p><a name="img44" id="img44"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/img44.png" width="400" height="280" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">birth-place of daniel webster.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;There was one, Mr. Baker, whose delight was, we learned of the
+Indians,&mdash;being at their camping-ground, near the union of what is now
+Baker&#8217;s River with the Pemigewasset River, about a mile above
+Plymouth,&mdash;to take his gun, as he termed it, and play hide-and-seek with
+the redskins. His scouting about would seem to be known, and an Indian
+would come out to spy his enemy, hiding from tree to tree. Baker did the
+same, and as each peeped for the other Baker placed his hat on the
+muzzle of his gun, and held it so that the Indian saw, as he thought, a
+white man&#8217;s head. Then he sent an arrow whizzing through Baker&#8217;s old
+hat, and, seeing it fall, stepped out to finish his foe by raising the
+hair, when Baker sent a slug through the redskin. Soon another Indian
+came peeping from trees to learn the cause of that report and the fate
+of his chief. In a few minutes Baker played the same game on him and
+several others. Baker became so notorious an Indian exterminator that
+they gave the river his name; hence Baker&#8217;s River.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">[TO BE CONTINUED.]</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="img45" id="img45"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 274px;">
+<img src="images/img45.png" width="274" height="300" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">rev. thomas prince.<br />
+<span class="fn">[The Founder of the Prince Library in Boston.]</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE NEW ENGLAND LIBRARY AND ITS FOUNDER.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">BY VICTORIA REED.</p>
+
+
+<p>Thomas Prince was an eminent divine and accomplished scholar, well known
+throughout New England during the first half of the 18th century. His
+life is worthy of consideration on many accounts, but particularly for
+the great work he accomplished outside of his profession. He is,
+perhaps, best known to this generation as the collector of the Prince
+Library, now incorporated with many other private collections in the
+Public Library of Boston, although his published work, &ldquo;The Chronology
+of New England,&rdquo; confers an equal benefit on posterity, and both
+together entitle him to a place of honor in our annals.</p>
+
+<p>His library was gathered as much for the instruction of others as for
+his own gratification. It is interesting to know that this bequest, now
+one hundred and fifty years old, obsolete in some respects, is still
+highly valued. Some writer says, that, if for no other reason, there
+should be a new fire-proof building for the Public Library for the
+better preservation of the Shakespeare collection and the Prince
+Library. The valuable editions of Shakespeare arranged in glass cases in
+the Bates Hall are no doubt familiar to many people, but it is possible
+that the majority even of the daily visitors to this institution have no
+definite knowledge of the Prince Library, which is found, on
+examination, to contain a fund for the curious, as well as many things
+of importance to the antiquarian.</p>
+
+<p>This library was added to the Public Library twenty-four years ago, and
+was originally a gift to the Old South Church. It is a collection which
+should be treasured, not only by Bostonians and all New England people,
+but is also of importance to the country at large, as it was, in a
+limited sense, the forerunner of all public libraries in the land. It is
+of a twofold nature,&mdash;an historical section, with the other devoted to
+ecclesiastical works. Mr. Prince designed the ecclesiastical or Old
+South collection, as he called it, for the use of the pastors and church
+of which he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
+was associate pastor forty years. This contained all the
+Latin and Greek books, and all in oriental languages.</p>
+
+<p>His will states: &ldquo;That whereas I have been many years collecting a
+number of books, pamphlets, maps, prints and manuscripts, either
+published in New England or pertaining to its history and public
+affairs, to which collection I have given the name of &lsquo;Ye New England
+Library,&rsquo; and have deposited in the steeple of the Old South Church; and
+as I made this collection from a public view and desire that many
+important transactions might be remembered, which otherwise would be
+lost, I hereby bequeath the collection to the Old South Church forever,
+to the end that this collection may be kept entire. I desire that this
+collection be kept in a different department from the other books, and
+that it may be so made that no person shall borrow any book or paper
+therefrom, but that any person whom the pastors and deacons of the
+church for the time being shall approve, may have access thereto, and
+take copies therefrom.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Prince catalogue states that, &ldquo;at his death, the New England Library
+was the most extensive of the kind that had ever been formed. It
+contains, in its depleted state, not less than 1,500 books and tracts
+relating to America during the period of our colonial history.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Mather family and Gov. Hutchinson are alone to be compared with Mr.
+Prince as collectors of books, and theirs avail little, as they have
+been scattered and destroyed. It is a matter of congratulation that the
+greater portion of Mr. Prince&#8217;s books have been preserved, each of which
+had been carefully selected, &ldquo;many bearing name, date of purchase, cost,
+and place where it was acquired.&rdquo; He frequently noted contemporaneous
+events of public importance on fly-leaf.</p>
+
+<p>A great number were purchased during a seven-years&#8217; residence in Europe,
+and some one says, &ldquo;By means of this memoranda, we can easily trace the
+stages of his sojourn abroad.&rdquo; He invented a very quaint book-plate,
+with flowered border, in which he inscribed his name.</p>
+
+<p>Many valuable books and manuscripts were destroyed at the beginning of
+hostilities, which resulted in the Revolutionary war. The library, when
+entire, was a rare monument to the energy and perseverance of Mr.
+Prince, who, through a long and laborious
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>
+life, never lost sight of
+this cherished project of his youth. It has never been merged into any
+other collection, but remains entirely separate, in accordance with the
+will of the testator. It has a special catalogue, and no book is ever
+taken from the building, though accessible for reference in the main
+hall. The books are deposited in an alcove at the top of the house,
+reached by a spiral stairway. Many of them are of immense size, in heavy
+leather bindings, while others are of the smallest dimensions. The pages
+are yellow with age, and the majority will have only the ravages of time
+to contend with, as the contents are not of a nature to make them
+attractive to the youth, or even to many maturer minds of this
+generation; but to the antiquarian, and as a picture of the growth of a
+mind in Puritan days, from its earliest years to advanced age, this
+collection is unequalled; for it was carefully selected, subject to the
+taste and needs of Mr. Prince&#8217;s nature, and each book was familiar and
+favorite ground to him.</p>
+
+<p>The first book with date bears this inscription: &ldquo;Thos. Prince, his
+book, 1697, 10 years of age.&rdquo; The book was &ldquo;Marrow of Modern Divinity,&rdquo;
+with &ldquo;Awakening Call to the Unconverted&rdquo; attached, and in his 16th year
+the following book was added: &ldquo;Some Account of Holy Life and Death of
+Mr. Henry Gearing, late citizen of London, who departed this life Jan.
+4th, 1693, aged 61. Boston in New England, printed for Sam&#8217;l Phillips,
+at the Brick Shop, 1704.&rdquo; Underneath is written, &ldquo;Anno Domini, 1704,
+Thomas Prince, Duke of Landwich, Earl of Pen<sup>a</sup>pog.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The taking down of the first Old South and &ldquo;Ye day of laying foundation
+of y<sup>e</sup> South Church, New Meeting House, March 31, 1727,&rdquo; are duly
+chronicled in books of those dates. All through his life Thomas Prince
+showed a wonderful adaptability in noting the minutest as well as
+greatest events, and we trace a thorough command of detail in his
+published work, both lay and clerical. This, joined with enthusiasm and
+unflagging zeal, caused him to master all difficulties, and to
+accomplish tasks that would be appalling to an untrained or
+undisciplined mind.</p>
+
+<p>One of the cards used for reference in the Public Library contains the
+following: &ldquo;The Prince Library has some rare specimens of the earliest
+typographical art in British America, and other books of peculiar
+interest in the history of New England, though not printed in America.
+The Bay Psalm Book, which was printed
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>
+at Cambridge, Mass., in 1640,
+being the first book ever printed in the British Possessions, &lsquo;The
+Freeman&#8217;s Oath&rsquo; and a small almanac only preceding it. What is supposed
+to be the original draught of the preface of this book, in the
+handwriting of one of the editors, the Rev. Richard Mather, is among the
+Prince MSS. Elliot&#8217;s Indian Bible,&mdash;first edition printed at Cambridge,
+1663,&mdash;also Eliot&#8217;s Indian Primer, 1720, in original binding, and
+thought in that style to be unique. Capt. John Smith&#8217;s description of
+New England, printed in London, 1616, with the early map. This copy
+contains the old and new names, and has differences from most copies
+that have been preserved.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prince collected the original manuscripts of the &ldquo;Mather Papers,&rdquo;
+and arranged them chronologically with notes. He seemed to know
+intuitively that everything should be preserved that would be of the
+least advantage to future historians. The salvation of the records of
+this most important family, who, with extreme rigor and cruelty even, in
+some cases, ruled the Puritans of their day, was a natural and
+thoughtful act on Mr. Prince&#8217;s part.</p>
+
+<p>The &ldquo;Hinckley Papers&rdquo; are of great interest also. The catalogue of this
+portion of the library has been very carefully prepared, as each letter
+in all these manuscript collections is designated by subject, the name
+of the writer, date, and volume that contains it. The Hinckley papers
+were those belonging to Mr. Prince&#8217;s maternal grandfather, Gov.
+Hinckley, who had a very extensive correspondence during the twenty
+years he was governor of Plymouth Colony. It contains letters from all
+men of note of that period,&mdash;Roger Williams, the Cottons, the Mathers,
+Gov. Winslow, a letter of King Charles II. to Gov. Josiah Winslow, Gov.
+Hinckley&#8217;s address, and petition to James II.; also many personal
+letters to wife and daughters. Mr. Prince says &ldquo;that on his
+grandfather&#8217;s death he took these papers from his study, but while he
+was in Europe some of curiosity and value were unhappily lost.&rdquo; There
+are some Prince papers, mostly letters of distinguished divines to his
+brother, Rev. Nathan Prince. In his brother&#8217;s commonplace book he
+inscribes, &ldquo;This book belongs to the New England Library. Begun to be
+collected by Thomas Prince upon his entering Harvard College in 1703,
+and was given by Prince to s&#8217;d library in memory of his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>
+late dear
+brother, y<sup>e</sup> Rev. Nathan Prince, M.A., formerly Fellow and Tutor of
+Harvard College. Born at Sandwich, November, 1698; died at Rattan, 1748,
+and wrote this manuscript before he left s<sup>d</sup> college in 1742.&rdquo; The
+catalogue remarks: &ldquo;Two vols. MSS., evidently companions to this book,
+are in the Library of Bishop of London at Fulham.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>There is in the Prince Library quite a large collection of
+ecclesiastical history and biblical literature.</p>
+
+<p>The psalms in numberless versions, metres, and paraphrases, in Hebrew,
+Latin, and Greek; one hundred and six volumes on natural, polemic, and
+practical theology. All his own works are to be found here; as many as
+thirty-three sermons, mostly funeral discourses, others commemorating
+great events, such as victories at Culloden and Louisburg. He gave
+frequently the genealogy of the person eulogized in his funeral
+orations, thus making them valuable for family reference, and often of
+historical significance. We easily trace the early bent of his mind
+toward chronology. It gathered force throughout his whole career, and
+finally bore fruit in his own &ldquo;Chronology of New England,&rdquo; on which he
+spent many years of preparation.</p>
+
+<p>He said himself, when he presented it in person to the House, of which
+Hon. Mr. Quincy was speaker, in 1736: &ldquo;I most humbly present to your
+honor, and this honorable house, the first volume of my &lsquo;Chronology of
+New England,&rsquo; which at no small expense and pains I have composed and
+published for the instruction and good of my country.&rdquo; He published
+three parts of the second volume, and made elaborate preparations for
+its continuance. He began his work at the patriarchal period, and
+brought it down with careful attention to reliable facts into the
+earliest annals and descriptive history of Plymouth Colony, throwing
+light on the mode of living and thinking of the Puritans by copious
+quotations from their diaries. If his diligent and inquisitive mind
+could have completed this wonderful production,&mdash;bringing it to the
+middle of the 18th century,&mdash;it would have been such a perfect and
+minute account of the early history of New England that there would
+have been nothing for later historians to glean. It was, however,
+unappreciated at the time of its publication, which was a discouragement
+to him, though he always maintained, with his peculiar insight into the
+needs of coming ages, that the time
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>
+would surely arrive when his
+patient and laborious work would meet with some reward,&mdash;a prophecy
+which has been more than fulfilled as far as the historians of New
+England are concerned.</p>
+
+<p>The last work of his busy life was the revision of the Bay Psalm Book.
+Mr. Prince, in his account of this undertaking, gives an idea of the
+thoroughness of his preparatory work. He says: &ldquo;The old Psalm Book,&mdash;the
+first book printed in all North America, or in the New World,&mdash;this
+version of 1640, by the clergymen, John Elliot, of Roxbury, Mr. Richard
+Mather, of Dorchester, and Mr. Thomas Weld,&mdash;was liked so much, that it
+was used by some congregations in England while I was there.&rdquo; &ldquo;To gain
+sentiment,&rdquo; he says, for his own version, &ldquo;I read every verse in English
+Bible and Polyglot; also in Hebrew, with Moulane&#8217;s Interlineary, the
+Septuagint, the Chaldee, the ancient Latin, Latin versions of Syriac and
+Arabic, Castalio, Tremilius and Junius, Ainsworth and De Mies. When I
+met with difficulty I searched the following ancient lexicons:
+Avenarius, Schindler, Pagnini, Mercer, Buxtorfs two lexicons, namely,
+Hebrew and Chaldaic, Leigh, Castillus, Bythun, and Martin Albert.&rdquo; There
+were also various interpretations from another long list of names; while
+he looked into New England version for groundwork, he compared with
+twelve metrical versions.</p>
+
+<p>A contemporary says: &ldquo;It showed his wonderful industry and remarkable
+scholarship.&rdquo; His professional labors throughout fifty years were very
+arduous, but he brought the same careful preparation into all branches
+of his daily occupations that we find in his published work. In addition
+to his theological studies, which were naturally absorbing, and his
+historical research, he was thoroughly conversant with polite
+literature. At his death his library, which he had deposited in the
+belfry of the Old South Church, said to be his study, remained there
+intact and undisturbed for seventeen years. The books were on shelves,
+the manuscripts and maps in boxes and barrels. At the breaking out of
+the Revolutionary war they were still left where Mr. Prince placed them,
+though the old meeting-house became the camping ground of British
+soldiery. Pews and pulpit were burnt, to enable the riding school&mdash;which
+the soldiers inaugurated&mdash;a better opportunity for its operations. Gov.
+Winthrop&#8217;s old residence, next door to the church, opposite the foot of
+School street, which
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>
+had been used some time as a parsonage, fell a
+victim to the lawlessness of the soldiers, who used the beams and
+rafters of this memento of the earliest Puritan days for firewood, while
+many of Mr. Prince&#8217;s books and manuscripts were immolated on the same
+altar. It has been suggested that some were taken by the spectators who
+thronged to witness the exhibitions, as manuscripts known to have
+belonged to this library were found&mdash;so the catalogue states&mdash;as remote
+as in a grocer&#8217;s shop in Nova Scotia. It would be difficult to
+conjecture which would have caused the greater grief to Mr. Prince,&mdash;the
+desecration of the church, whose construction had been a daily delight,
+and where he had earnestly labored for so many years, or the sacrifice
+of a portion of the results of the patient toil of a lifetime. This
+material, however, which was consigned to the flames, would have been of
+great benefit to historical societies, who now treasure the minutest
+facts that bear upon our past history. In 1814, when society had
+recovered its equilibrium, and began to feel a dawning pride in the
+great achievement that made of the colonies a free and independent
+nation, an interest naturally increased in those things that pertained
+to their earliest chronicles. The Historical Society looked over the
+books and pamphlets belonging to Mr. Prince, removing the historical
+portion to their rooms, while the ecclesiastical was sent to the house
+of the pastor of the Old South. In 1860 it was considered desirable to
+place them all together in the Public Library of Boston, where they
+would be under the guardianship of the city, and be far more accessible,
+though still the property of the Old South.</p>
+
+<p>Everything seemed to conspire to make the life of Thomas Prince an
+exceptionally happy and fortunate one. He had remarkable opportunities
+from his birth to develop all his natural capabilities, and in spite of
+his Puritan surroundings he gained a liberal view of life, and
+appreciated and profited by the facilities for culture that were open to
+him. He traced himself the genealogy and characteristics of the Prince
+family, and we find in him the modified traits of his English and
+Puritan forefathers, who, though strictly religious, were not so
+fanatical as many about them. His great-grandfather, the Rev. John
+Prince, who lived in the reign of James I. and Charles I., was educated
+at Oxford, and became rector of East Shefford, Berkshire, Eng. Thomas Prince
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>
+says of him: &ldquo;Of whom there was this remarkable, that he was one
+of the Puritan ministers of the Church of England who in part conformed
+and who greatly longed for a further reformation. He had married a
+daughter of Dr. Toldenburg, D.D., of Oxford, by whom he had four sons
+and seven daughters. Every one of the children proved conscientious
+non-conformists even while their parents lived, without any breach of
+affection. Thus they continued pretty near together until the furious
+and cruel Archbishop Laud dispersed and drove their eldest son, with
+many others, to this country.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Walter Money, F.S.A., local secretary of Berks, writes of the old church
+at East Shefford, of which Rev. John Prince was rector from 1620 to
+1644: &ldquo;The church where he preached still stands, being used only for a
+mortuary chapel, a new one for use having been erected near by. The old
+chapel is a most interesting building of the time of Henry VIII., and
+considered worthy to be described in full in arch&aelig;ological works found
+in the British Museum. It contains a remarkable monument of Sir Thomas
+Fettiplace and his wife Beatrice, whose old manor-house adjoined the
+church. There is an exquisite view of the latter in the British Museum.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The rector&#8217;s oldest son, also named John, was destined for the ministry,
+and had been three years at Oxford before coming to this country. On
+arriving here, thinking his preparatory work too meagre for his
+profession, he devoted himself to husbandry. He settled in Hull, in
+1633. His son Samuel, the father of Thomas, was born in 1649, and his
+son chronicles of him, &ldquo;That he was healthy and strong in body, vigorous
+and active in spirit, thoughtful and religious from youth, esteemed for
+his abilities and gifts, especially of his power of arguing; a zealous
+asserter of New England liberties, with charity to others, instructive
+in conversation.&rdquo; He represented the town of Sandwich nineteen times in
+legislative councils. He had two wives; the second was Mercy, daughter
+of Governor Hinckley, and Thomas was her oldest son. Governor Hinckley
+was a man of superior ability, distinguished in the history of Plymouth
+Colony. &ldquo;He had been from first to last the associate, in weal or woe,
+of its great and good men, and had lived himself chief among the
+survivors to see the last chapter written in its immortal annals.&rdquo; His
+grandmother Hinckley was a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>
+daughter of Quartermaster Smith, who came
+from England. Her grandson, Thomas Prince, says of her: &ldquo;To the day of
+her death she shone in the eyes of all as the loveliest and brightest
+for beauty, knowledge, wisdom, majesty, accomplishments and graces
+throughout the colony.&rdquo; Governor Hinckley had seventeen children, their
+names corresponding to the spirit of the times. Among them we find
+Mataliah, Mehitable, Mercy, Experience, Thankful, Reliance, Ebenezer,
+and Bathsheba. Thomas Prince himself, one of fourteen children, was born
+at Sandwich, the first town settled on the Cape in 1687. When eleven
+years old he went to his grandfather Hinckley&#8217;s, and remained with him
+until he entered college. Here he imbibed his taste for chronology and
+his love of books. His grandfather fostered him in his youthful ambition
+of founding a library, and gave him many from his own collection. During
+his long life of eighty years Governor Hinckley became thoroughly
+acquainted with all events of importance that had happened in the new
+world, and the eager boy was fed and stimulated by companionship with
+him, and all the moving spirits of the day who frequented his
+grandfather&#8217;s house. His early attention to religious subjects, his wide
+culture, and remarkable sympathy with everything pertaining to his own
+times, was the blossoming fruit instilled into him by an honorable
+ancestry, who from the early part of the seventeenth century had been
+consistent Puritans, and filled places of trust with honor and fidelity.</p>
+
+<p>Although in the first half of the eighteenth century religious
+fanaticism was on the decline in Europe it held sway still, in a
+measure, in the colonies. There had been many instances of intolerance
+and tyranny on the part of the clergy in the past. Cotton Mather&#8217;s
+implacable spirit found vent in the superstition and cruelty that
+characterized the Salem Witchcraft, while other ministerial leaders were
+prominent in the persecution of the Quakers. Joseph Sewall and Thomas
+Prince were educated under the Cottons and Mathers, but their lives
+presented a striking contrast to these fiery expounders of the Christian
+faith. Tolerance, benevolence, and humility shone conspicuously in their
+united careers. The serious character of the books collected and read by
+young Prince from his tenth year shows not only his daily training, but
+the inherent tendency of his mind toward that profession which he
+afterwards adorned. Mr. Sewall, his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>
+colleague, says of him, &ldquo;That his
+crowning glory was that he was pious from his youth.&rdquo; He entered Harvard
+College at sixteen, and, after graduating, devoted two years to the
+study of divinity in Cambridge. His acquirements in theology, science,
+and history were marvellous, and, with his diligence and love of
+research, he turned with great energy to Europe as a wider field, where
+he could add indefinitely to his already fine attainments, and where the
+ease and grace of an older civilization left their stamp on his future
+deportment and endeared him to his people and the whole community. In
+1709 he sailed for England by the way of Barbadoes, thence to Madeira,
+and, after another trip to Barbadoes, he finally settled in England in
+October, 1710, making his home there seven years. There is one volume of
+his journal covering this period, bound in vellum, at the Massachusetts
+Historical rooms, presented by the Rev. Chandler Robbins. It is a
+miracle of neatness and precision, but in such fine penmanship that it
+is difficult to decipher. His love of detail is manifest in the most
+accurate information in regard to the ship&#8217;s progress in her various
+voyages; and in his account of the small-pox and measles, both of which
+diseases assailed him at this time, the daily symptoms were chronicled
+in the most vivid manner. He attended theological lectures in London and
+at various universities, becoming in 1711 pastor of a church in Combs,
+Suffolk County, England. For six years this young American pursued his
+profession with enthusiasm, in the midst of a population who were
+devoted to him. Before returning to America he formed a church at
+Battisford, next parish to Combs, and when he returned to his native
+land many of his congregation came with him.</p>
+
+<p>The chapel was then closed; one part of the flock settled at Needham
+Market, the other at Stowmarket,&mdash;these churches still existing. In
+Combs began the romantic period of his life. He became interested in
+Deborah Denny, a child of twelve when he came to the village, who grew
+up under his ministrations. Her family for centuries was famed for its
+piety and was thoroughly devoted to the interests of the church. Her
+training had been as strict in religious matters as Mr. Prince&#8217;s. In her
+eighteenth year Deborah sailed for America, with her brother Samuel, to
+join another brother, who had settled here previously. Mr. Prince took
+passage on the same vessel, and two years later they were
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> married at
+the house of her brother, Daniel Denny, at Leicester, by Rev. Joseph
+Sewall, Mr. Prince being ten years older than his bride. He had been
+urged to continue his residence abroad; but his longings for home were
+too powerful for their inducements, and later in life he was known to
+have regretted spending so many years away from what he then had learned
+to consider his true sphere of usefulness.</p>
+
+<p>He landed in Boston on a July Sunday, 1717. He notes it thus in his
+journal: &ldquo;The captain sent his pinnace to carry me up. I landed at Long
+Wharf about three quarters of an hour before the meeting began, and by
+that means escaped the crowds of people, five hundred it was said, who
+came down on the wharf at noon, inquiring for me. But now, the streets
+being clear, I silently went up to the Old South Meeting House, where no
+one knew me but Mr. Sewall, in the pulpit.&rdquo; The churches of Hingham,
+Bristol, and the Old South gave him urgent calls to become their pastor.
+His choice fell upon the Old South, whose pastor, Mr. Sewall, was a
+cherished friend and classmate.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Grace Denny, Mrs. Prince&#8217;s mother, in her letters to &ldquo;daughter
+Prince,&rdquo; regretted that she was to be subject to the temptations of a
+city life, fearing it would be a snare and hindrance to her growth in
+grace, and advocated the choice of Hingham as a residence. In 1719
+Boston was a goodly town of only twelve thousand inhabitants, governed
+with strict Puritan laws, some of which were even oppressive, giving
+small opportunity to indulge in the frivolities of life, even if one
+desired, and least of all to a pastoress of the Old South Church.</p>
+
+<p>The church in which Mr. Prince was ordained by Increase and Cotton
+Mather, and Mr. Sewall, and where he delivered his own ordination sermon
+to admiring crowds, was not the historical structure of the present day,
+although it occupied the same site. The street in front was lined with
+beautiful mulberry trees, and bore the name of &lsquo;Marlboro&rsquo;, from the
+great Duke and General. The parsonage was next door north, and opposite,
+on Milk street, was the home of Josiah Franklin, where Benjamin was
+born. There were handsome residences in the vicinity, and the streets
+even then were paved with cobble-stones.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Mr. Wisner, on the one-hundredth anniversary of the erection of the
+present Old South, gave a pleasing account of the lives
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>
+and work of
+Joseph Sewall and Thomas Prince. He said, &ldquo;Forty years these excellent
+men associated and labored for this congregation, in firm friendship, in
+perfect unity, which few can emulate. Their journals show never a shadow
+of difference. They had remarkable tempers. Mr. Sewall notes in his
+journal that he and Mr. Prince always prayed together before their
+different church services, and occasionally spent portions of a day
+mutually devoted to private humiliation in united prayer.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The present meeting-house was erected in 1729. A day was set apart &ldquo;to
+humble themselves before God, for all their unfruitfulness under the
+means of grace enjoyed in the old meeting-house, and to bless the
+building of another one.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sewall prayed with the workmen before they began to take down the
+house. It is curious to note the remarkable faith in direct answer to
+prayer in those days. President Dwight lays emphasis upon the fact, and
+gives the following instance in the life of Mr. Prince as evidence: &ldquo;It
+was the destruction of the French fleet, under Duke D&#8217;Anville, in 1746.
+Forty ships of war, destined for the destruction of New England, were
+fitted out at Brest for the purpose. Our pious fathers, apprised of the
+danger, called a meeting for fasting and prayer. While Mr. Prince was
+officiating and praying most devoutly to God to avert the calamity, a
+sudden gust of wind arose (the day had been perfectly calm and clear),
+so violent as to cause a loud clattering of the windows. The reverend
+pastor paused in his prayer, and, looking around upon the congregation
+with a countenance of hope, he again commenced, and with great
+devotional ardor supplicated the Almighty to cause that wind to
+frustrate the object of our enemies, and save the country from conquest
+and popery. A tempest ensued, in which a greater part of the French
+fleet was wrecked on the coast of Nova Scotia. The Duke D&#8217;Anville
+committed suicide. Many died with disease, and thousands were consigned
+to a watery grave. The small number who survived returned to France,
+broken in health and spirits,&mdash;the enterprise was abandoned, and never
+renewed.&rdquo; Many who were present have left accounts of Mr. Prince&#8217;s
+earnestness on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Probably no two men could be more devoted to the religious interests of
+their church and the community at large than these, yet Mr. Prince
+records, eighteen years after the beginning of his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>
+pastorate, that the
+ministers of Boston made an extraordinary effort to arrest the decay of
+godliness, but with no abiding results, and this was particularly
+noticeable in his own congregation. There seemed to be no change in this
+respect until the coming of Whitfield, in 1740, when he preached &ldquo;to
+breathless thousands in the old South Church.&rdquo; Mr. Prince welcomed this
+apostle with enthusiasm. His own sermons were full of vigor, and a
+brilliant imagination embellished them with abundant illustrations, but
+depth of thought and zealous research made the majority of his writings
+far above the comprehension of the multitude. His printed funeral
+sermons are quaint in their deep, black borders, with drawings of
+death&#8217;s heads similar to those that adorned the tombstones. His sermon
+after the death of George I. may have embodied the feeling prevalent at
+that time; but, in view of the more critical light thrown upon the
+character and reigns of the Georges by historians and satirists of our
+day, this eulogy is a curiosity, with its almost childish enthusiasm and
+simple-hearted loyalty. The following are passages from his sermon:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>For my part, I shall never forget the joy that swelled my heart
+when in the Splendid Procession, at his Coronation, preceded by all
+the nobles of the kingdom and his son and heir-apparent, one other
+hope, with their Ermine Robes and Coronets, that Royal face at
+length appeared, which Heaven had in that moment sent to save these
+Great Nations from the Brink of Ruin. Nor do I speak of it as my
+case alone, but as what appeared to be the equal transport of the
+multitudes around me. The tears of joy seemed to rise and swell in
+every eye, and we were hardly able to give a shout thro&#8217; the
+laboring passions that were swelling in us. He was in some respects
+a Father to the Kings of the earth, or at least a powerful and
+decisive mediator and umpire among them. The eyes of the greatest
+princes were turned to him. In these distant parts of his Dominion
+we have felt the happy influences of his happy reign. He was the
+darling and protection of his people, the great support of the
+reformed interest and the arbiter of Europe. George II. is a Prince
+of winning countenance and manly aspect, had considerable treasure
+of useful learning, and with him a most amiable Princess, the
+reigning glory of her sex for beauty, knowledge, wit, discretion,
+the sweetest temper, the most cheerful, affable and engaging
+countenance and carriage, with every charming virtue; in the bloom
+of her youth preferred her chaste religion to all the glories of
+the Imperial family, and became the love and admiration of every
+protestant.</p></div>
+
+<p>President Cheney says of Mr. Prince &ldquo;he may be justly characterized as
+one of our great men;&rdquo; but he deplored that he sometimes devoted so much
+attention to minute and trifling
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>
+circumstances of things, and gave too
+great credit to surprising stories. This, no doubt, may at times have
+been unnecessary, and would certainly be a failing at the present time,
+when writing on all subjects is so universal; but in Mr. Prince&#8217;s case
+it took the form of an advantage to posterity, as this love of detail
+caused him to hand down to all generations the most life-like
+descriptions of daily life and conversation of his own and remote times.
+Although he saw a particular providence in every act, every word, every
+wind that blew, and every storm that arose, yet Mr. Sewall said of him,
+&ldquo;that the great truths and doctrines of the Gospel were his chosen
+subjects. He spake as the oracles of God, as one that felt the Divine
+Excellence. Some of his discourses even have received impressions in
+England.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The great tenderness of his nature was particularly prominent in his
+family relations. He trained his children in the paths of knowledge, his
+well-disciplined mind making him a safe and wise teacher; while, like
+him, they were pious from their youth. His only son graduated with honor
+from his own college, and had just started on a literary career with
+flattering success, when consumption caused his death, in his
+twenty-fourth year. Two daughters, also, at the early ages of twenty and
+twenty-two, were taken from the household, and in their old age one
+daughter only was left to these parents. Mr. Prince&#8217;s contemporaries
+speak of his wonderful resignation at these repeated afflictions. His
+sermon on the death of his daughter Deborah gives the religious
+experience of a young girl who, in those rigorous Calvinistic days, had
+her sweet young life overshadowed by the terror of God&#8217;s wrath for what
+she considered her unbelief. A few extracts will give a good idea of Mr.
+Prince&#8217;s impassioned, pathetic, and even dramatic style, and his
+apparently &ldquo;trifling details&rdquo; add vividness to the picture. His son
+besought him to dispense with the custom of a funeral oration in his
+case; but the feelings of the father were sacrificed to what he
+considered his duty to the youth of his congregation on the occasion of
+his daughter&#8217;s death.</p>
+
+<p>He said: &ldquo;You have known her character; I need not give it to this
+assembly, and I am more especially restrained, not only by my near
+relation, but by what she said to me, with all the emotions of a grieved
+heart, three or four days before her death. &lsquo;Dear father, I have been
+told you speak to people in my commendation.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>
+I beg you would not. I am
+a poor, miserable sinner; you cannot think how it grieves me.&rsquo; On these
+accounts I must forbear her character; but because God&#8217;s dealings with
+her, both before and in her sickness, have been remarkable, I cannot but
+think it will be for his glory and your advantage to present some of
+them to you. As she grew up, God was pleased to refrain her from
+vanities, move her to study her Bible and best of authors, both of
+history and divinity. Dr. Watts and Mrs. Rowe&#8217;s writings were familiar
+to her. The spirit of God worked upon her at fourteen, but she did not
+join the church until two years later, when she narrowly escaped
+drowning, in her father&#8217;s bosom. For, as I had just received her in my
+arms, in a boat, in order to go on board a vessel in the harbor, bound
+to her Uncle Denny&#8217;s, at Georgetown, on the Kennebec river, the boat
+steered off, and I fell back with her into the salt water, ten feet
+deep, with which she was almost filled, and we both continued under it,
+out of sight of her brother and sister looking on, for about a minute.
+If a couple of strangers from Connecticut had not been near at hand to
+reach her quickly, in a minute or more she had been past recovery....</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;In all weathers she sought the house of God, and she was afraid of
+being deceived. Though her jealousies and fears were troublesome, I
+think they were useful. Sometimes she had light and comfort; oftener
+otherwise. In her twentieth year she had a fever, and from the first she
+thought she should not live, complained of her stupidity of mind,
+impenitence and unbelief. I came home from afternoon exercise, found her
+so ill that her mother thought herself obliged to tell her, upon which
+she thanked her for her kindness, but quickly fell into great distress
+on being unprepared for eternity. It would break a heart of stone to
+hear her: &lsquo;Oh! dear sir, what shall I do?&rsquo; ... Oh! the horrors of that
+night. It was one of the most distressing I ever knew. She wouldn&#8217;t
+close her eyes for fear of dying. In the morning was a little more
+resigned, fell asleep, awoke refreshed, but still in darkness. &lsquo;Oh! dear
+father,&rsquo; she would say, &lsquo;I have dreadfully apostatized from Christ.&rsquo; Mr.
+Sewall and I labored with her for days, but we found nobody but the
+Almighty could do it.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Dr. Sewall said, &lsquo;If she died in darkness, we should have good ground
+to hope that she would awake in glory.&rsquo; To everything he would say she
+would reply, &lsquo;I cannot believe.&rsquo; You must be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>
+sensible of a distressed
+father&#8217;s heart, putting his soul in her soul&#8217;s place for many weeks.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Incessant prayers were offered for her in public and private, by
+relations and friends who loved her, but until the last half hour of her
+life were unanswered. She was in agonies of death all the while Mr.
+Sewall was praying. When he and the physician left, I told her they
+could do nothing more. She was calm and composed, but did not speak....
+It was so dismal to see her depart in darkness. Oh! the distress in that
+room. I held her in my arms, she opened her eyes and spoke a new
+language: &lsquo;Oh! I love the Lord with all my heart. I see such an
+amiableness in him, I prize him above a thousand worlds.&rsquo; I said, &lsquo;Dear
+child, what have you to say to me?&rsquo;&mdash;&lsquo;Oh! sir, that you may be more
+fervent in your ministry, in exhorting and expostulating with sinners.&rsquo;
+I never saw such a change in a sick room, from distress to joy when I
+reported her words. I could scarcely have thought a father, mother,
+brother and sister could have been so transported in the expiring
+moments of one so dear to them.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This discourse was published in Edinboro&#8217; after his death. His daughter
+Sarah, afterwards wife of Lieut.-Gov. Gill, survived her parents a few
+years, but died, without children in 1771. She was also deeply
+religious, and some of her writings were published in Edinboro&#8217; after
+her death.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prince&#8217;s life, aside from his domestic afflictions, seems to have
+flowed on in peaceful paths, that ran their quiet course between the
+hardships of the early years of the colonies and the rising passions and
+frequent strifes that reigned, particularly in New England, for years
+before the Revolutionary war. His whole nature, tuned to harmony and
+peaceful avocations, developed in its proper channel. The comparative
+quiet of the first half of the eighteenth century permitted a thorough
+devotion to his allotted pursuits. His forty years&#8217; pastorate in Boston
+left their trace of love and good-will in seed which can never be
+destroyed, and his indefatigable industry and painstaking perseverance
+are lessons that could be of benefit to all generations.</p>
+
+<p>He inherited a large property from his father. Beside other lands,
+acquired and inherited, he owned the tract which is covered by the town
+of Princeton, including Wachusett mountain, the town deriving its name
+from him. In the Boylston Mansion at Princeton,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>
+there is a beautiful
+crayon portrait of Mrs. Sarah Gill, his daughter, executed by Copley.
+There is also a fine tall clock, which belonged to Mr. Prince, in the
+possession of Mrs. Addison Denny, at Leicester. Mr. Prince brought it
+with him from England in 1717; the whole case is in raised Japanese
+work, and the face decorations very elaborate. It was made by Thomas
+Wagstaffe, of London, and his descendants still make clocks at the same
+shop, by hand and under the same name.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prince died in 1757, after a year&#8217;s illness, at seventy-two years of
+age. The <em>Weekly Gazette</em> said, in announcing his death: &ldquo;His
+performances in pulpit evidence a vast compass of thought, a sublime
+imagination, a great faith and zeal. In printed composures there is a
+fertility of invention, correctness of sentiment, sprightliness of
+expression, that must delight every reader, and transmit his name to
+posterity in the most advantageous light. His private life was amiable
+and exemplary, adorned with grace and virtues. A useful member of civil
+society. His consort has lost an affectionate husband; his only
+surviving daughter, a tender father; his servants, an indulgent master;
+his acquaintances, a kind, condescending friend; his church, an
+enlightened and vigilant pastor; his country, a zealous advocate of
+civil and religious liberty. Took farewell to this world with humble
+resignation to the will of God, and entire dependence on our Lord Jesus
+Christ, and a good hope of Immortality.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+<h2>NEW ENGLAND MANNERS AND CUSTOMS IN THE<br />
+TIME OF BRYANT&#8217;S EARLY LIFE.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">BY MRS. H. G. ROWE.</p>
+
+
+<p>Ninety-one years ago, in the little town of Cummington, Mass., was born
+a child, who was destined, in after years, to be the first of a grand
+line of American poets, who have made this, the second century of our
+Republic, famous by their genius and originality.</p>
+
+<p>Not long since, in looking over an old magazine, published in
+Philadelphia in 1809, I came across quite an extended review of
+Campbell&#8217;s, then just issued, poem, &ldquo;Gertrude of Wyoming,&rdquo; and was
+not a little amused at the closing comments.</p>
+
+<p>After a little mild praise, and a good deal of equally mild criticism,
+of the Scotch poet, the editor goes on to say:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;But, after all, although lesser poets are constantly rising above the
+literary horizon, challenging the admiration of the reading world for a
+few short months,&mdash;possibly years,&mdash;and then sinking into the obscurity
+of a forgotten past, the sun of English poetry has set forever. With
+Pope, Milton, and Dryden, England lost her last true poets. Henceforth
+all who claim that title must be more or less skilful <em>imitators</em> merely
+of the great masters who have gone before them.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;As for America,&rdquo; he continues, with the most unpatriotic candor, &ldquo;there
+is not the smallest chance of her ever producing a real poet. Ingenious
+scribblers she may have, without doubt, but the typical American never
+had or will have one grain of poetry in his hard, shrewd, matter-of-fact
+nature.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This was the verdict of a Philadelphia editor seventy-six years ago.
+To-day the bust of our own Longfellow stands in Westminster Abbey, side
+by side with a Chaucer and a Shakspere, while not only the
+English-speaking world on both sides of the ocean, but the dwellers in
+sunny Italy, upon the frozen steppes of Russia, and in far-off Japan and
+India, sing and repeat, each in his own tongue, the stirring
+battle-hymns and sweet home-songs of the gifted singers of our Western
+World.</p>
+
+<p>We are often reminded that a writer&#8217;s environments have much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> to do with
+the character of his writings, and in Bryant&#8217;s case this fact is
+particularly noticeable.</p>
+
+<p>His earliest poems, and especially that great masterpiece,
+&ldquo;Thanatopsis,&rdquo; written at the early age of eighteen, show unmistakably
+that the boy had grown up in the closest familiarity with the
+theological tenets of the New England of his day, and that the bent of
+his young mind was, even then, toward graver subjects than would
+naturally occupy the thoughts of a boy of that age.</p>
+
+<p>His biographers assert that he drew his inspiration for this grand poem
+from the pages of Kirke White and Southey. But whatever his acquaintance
+with these poets may have done for him, there is a striking similarity
+of imagery and sentiment between his own and the writings of the sacred
+bards, whose utterances were as familiar to the children of a Christian
+household in those days as their own childish nursery songs and hymns.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, compare these lines from &ldquo;Thanatopsis&rdquo; with a well-known
+passage in the Book of Job:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">&ldquo;... Yet the dead are there:</span><br />
+And millions in those solitudes, since first<br />
+The flight of years began, have laid them down<br />
+In their last sleep,&mdash;the dead reign there alone.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The sacred poet says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">&ldquo;Yet shall he be brought to the grave, and shall remain in the tomb.</span><br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him, and every man shall draw
+after him as there are innumerable before him.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>Then, again, in &ldquo;The Old Man&#8217;s Funeral&rdquo;:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;Then rose another hoary man, and said,<br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">In faltering accents, to that weeping train:</span><br />
+&lsquo;Why mourn ye that our aged friend is dead?<br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Ye are not sad to see the gathered grain.&rsquo;&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>Compare this with:</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 6em;">
+  &ldquo;Thou shall come to the grave in a full age, like as a shock of corn
+cometh in his season.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Examples similar to these occur in many of Bryant&#8217;s poems, and tend to
+show the result of the early religious training, that, as the son of a
+thoughtful, God-fearing New England gentleman of that day, he most
+certainly did receive.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>
+That he was intensely, grandly, sometimes fiercely patriotic, is also
+due, in a great measure, to the surrounding influences of his young
+life.</p>
+
+<p>The struggle for American independence was at last over, and the lusty
+young Republic, springing, Minerva-like, from the mighty brain of a no
+longer imperilled freedom, was ready to throw down the gauntlet of
+defiance to all the world, and assert her rights as queen regnant of the
+great Western World.</p>
+
+<p>The armies had been disbanded, and the war-scarred veterans had joyfully
+returned to their farms and workshops, ready to put their willing hands
+again to the plough and the plane, and help to restore, by patient toil
+and honest legislation, prosperity and peace to the land so long
+distracted by the commotions and uncertainties of war.</p>
+
+<p>Later, his days of toil over, the old soldier sat him down, in restful
+content, by his own peaceful fireside, while, with the old musket in its
+honored place above the tall wooden mantle, he fought over again, in
+memory, his old-time battles, and to sons and grandsons taught, in
+thrilling, patriotic words, the great lesson to love and revere their
+country next to their God.</p>
+
+<p>As a boy, no doubt, young Bryant had listened to many of the tales of
+these honored veterans, and had drank in, with the air of his own native
+village, long draughts of their fervid patriotism, that animated his
+writings down to the latest years of his life.</p>
+
+<p>That he had seen with his own eyes some of the leading spirits in that
+great national struggle, who still lived to honor and be honored by the
+nation that they had fought so bravely to free from a foreign yoke, is
+shown by an extract from one of his few humorous poems, in which he
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+                <span style="margin-left: 8em;">&ldquo;I pause to state</span><br />
+That I, too, have seen greatness&mdash;even I&mdash;<br />
+Shook hands with Adams, stared at Lafayette,<br />
+When, barehead, in the hot noon of July,<br />
+He would not let the umbrella be held o&#8217;er him,<br />
+For which three cheers burst from the mob before him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Patriotic, religious, philosophical, and a true lover of nature, yet
+Bryant cannot, in any mood, be styled one of our fireside poets, like
+Longfellow, Whittier, and Lowell.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>
+Perhaps he failed to see in the then bare loneliness of the typical
+New England home a beauty worth the attention of his fastidious and
+lofty-minded muse. And that New England homes, at that time, were bare
+of what we, to-day, deem the absolute necessities of life, no student of
+the past pretends to deny.</p>
+
+<p>The long war had drained and impoverished the country; our manufactures
+and commerce were then in their infancy; the whole machinery of our
+recently organized government was new, and the hands that worked it,
+however wise and brave they might be, were untried, and had much to
+learn before the ponderous works could be brought into perfect running
+order.</p>
+
+<p>Worst of all, President Jefferson, in 1807, laid an embargo upon
+American shipping, thus unwittingly striking a terrible blow at our
+foreign commerce, in his endeavor to force England into an amicable
+settlement of certain difficulties that had arisen between her and the
+young Republic. This, and the two years&#8217; war with England, that broke
+out in 1812, made hard times for everybody, and taxed the magnanimity
+and skill of our foremothers to their utmost to make their homes and
+families present a decent and respectable appearance.</p>
+
+<p>The very poor then, as now, were forced to content themselves with the
+barest decencies of life. But the respectable middle classes,&mdash;the
+farmers, mechanics, and small merchants,&mdash;were put to the greatest
+straits to keep up an appearance of respectability and comfort, with
+scant conveniences, and few or none of even the simplest elegancies of
+life, in dwelling, dress, or furniture.</p>
+
+<p>The principal room of a New England farm-house was the kitchen, which
+was usually large enough to serve for a cooking, dining, and sitting
+room, all in one.</p>
+
+<p>The enormous fireplace, with its long, soot-blackened crane, hung with
+hooks of various sizes, the massive iron andirons, strong enough to hold
+the great birch and birchen logs, that often taxed the strength of a
+full-grown man to lift and adjust in their places, occupied a large part
+of one side of the room, and served as a kind of family altar, about
+which the family, with their guests and friends, always assembled, in
+quiet chat or friendly gossip.</p>
+
+<p>And a cheery spot it was, especially in those long, dark evenings in
+midwinter, when the ruddy, dancing flames went laughing up the great
+throat of the chimney, chasing the venturesome, wayward
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>
+sparks, as they
+hurried out into the untried darkness of the winter&#8217;s night. With what a
+genial glow they lighted up the bare, unplastered walls, the sanded
+floor, the rough rafters overhead, and the scant, clumsily-fashioned
+furniture, until</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;The rude, bare-raftered room<br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>Nor must we forget that seldom wanting, always interesting, piece of
+furniture, to which was sure to be accorded the warmest, coziest spot in
+the wide chimney-corner,&mdash;the inevitable wooden cradle,&mdash;clumsily
+fashioned by loving, but unskilled hands, and always large enough to
+hold, besides the reigning baby, two, and, at a pinch, three, of the
+younger members of the household.</p>
+
+<p>How the favored youngsters delighted in a ride in that clumsy old
+vehicle, nor dreamed that its halting, uncertain gait was other than the
+very poetry of motion! Even mother&#8217;s own wooden rocking-chair, a bit of
+boughten elegance, with its gay patchwork cushion, and dull, contented
+&ldquo;creak! creak!&rdquo; as its dear occupant swayed meditatively to and fro,
+knitting in hand, in the quiet, restful gloaming, was not quite equal to
+that dear, delightful old cradle, for a good brisk canter to &ldquo;Banbury
+Cross,&rdquo; or to the famous hunting grounds, where &ldquo;Baby Bunting&#8217;s rabbit
+skin&rdquo; was waiting for him.</p>
+
+<p>Many a man, and woman too, whose names are, to-day, blessed and honored
+by thousands of grateful hearts all over the land, dreamed then their
+first misty, childish dreams of a grand and helpful manhood and
+womanhood, and felt swelling up within their young souls inexpressible
+longings to help right the wrongs of the down-trodden and oppressed,
+which they heard their elders talk of, and deplore as past remedy.</p>
+
+<p>The light of other days was simply a home-made tallow candle, and as
+matches were not then invented, careful housewives never suffered the
+kitchen-fire, even in the hottest days of summer, to die out entirely.
+The frequent sight of a child running to the nearest neighbor&#8217;s, with a
+long-handled iron fire-shovel in hand, to &ldquo;borry a few coals ter start
+the fire up,&rdquo; was looked upon as a sure sign of slack housewifery; and
+no woman might lay claim to the distinction of a good housekeeper who
+failed to renew her cedar broom as often as every other week.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>
+Equal simplicity in dress prevailed, and a gown of bombazette&mdash;a very
+narrow, all-wool goods, worth from seventy-five cents to a dollar a
+yard,&mdash;was often worn for best during the owner&#8217;s lifetime, and at her
+death bequeathed, with the fondly-cherished string of gold beads, to the
+favorite granddaughter, as a precious legacy.</p>
+
+<p>For common wear, pressed home-made and home-dyed flannel in winter; and
+cotton and linen, woven in colored stripes or plaids, for summer, was
+considered plenty good enough, even for the doctor&#8217;s and minister&#8217;s
+wives. Under flannels were an unheard-of luxury. And one ceases to
+wonder at the frequency of hereditary consumption, in our own day, when
+he reads that fashionable city ladies, in the very depths of a Northern
+winter, walked the icy streets in thin cotton or silk stockings and low,
+pointed, high-heeled morocco shoes. Rubbers being then unknown, and the
+shoes of stout calf-skin, that their country cousins were only too glad
+to get, were disdained by these dainty dames as coarse and unlady-like.</p>
+
+<p>A girl carded, spun, wove, bleached, and made her one white linen gown,
+lavishing upon it all her simple art of needlecraft, every seam and hem
+stitched by the old-time rule, &ldquo;take up one thread and skip two,&rdquo; and,
+perhaps, embroidering a pattern of tiny sprays and eyelets upon the
+bosom and sleeves, to give it an air of special gentility.</p>
+
+<p>Finished at last, this choice bit of girlish finery probably served its
+owner for a wedding-dress, and afterwards was cut up into slips for the
+babies.</p>
+
+<p>Matrons, young as well as old, wore caps of plain white muslin, made
+after the same fashion as the round, sweeping caps that tidy
+housekeepers wear at the present day. The younger and gayer ones, who
+had no scruples of conscience on the subject, wore their caps adorned
+with bright ribbons, while the elderly and more sedate contented
+themselves with a plain band of black, across the front, and pinned
+primly at the back, without bow or knot.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Washington, in 1799, besides the band of crape that
+every citizen of the United States, by the desire of Congress, wore upon
+his left arm for thirty days, many of the loyal matrons provided
+themselves with mourning-cap ribbons,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>
+upon which was stamped, in white letters, upon a black ground:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+        &ldquo;General George Washington,<br />
+Departed this life on the 14th of December,<br />
+               1799, &AElig;. 68,&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;a fac-simile of the inscription upon the coffin-plate of that
+illustrious and well-beloved chief. The wool and flax were home
+productions, but the cotton was brought, in a raw state, from the West
+Indies.</p>
+
+<p>It was first picked over very carefully, to remove the seeds and stray
+bits of foreign rubbish, then &ldquo;batted,&rdquo; that is, made into small pats,
+each large enough to be carded into a roll, which was spun into thread
+upon either a wool or linnen wheel. This &ldquo;batting&rdquo; usually fell to the
+lot of the children of the family, who probably found the monotonous
+task as little to their taste as their grandchildren do, when required
+to wash the dishes or saw wood for the cooking-stove.</p>
+
+<p>Woven plain, by the skilful hands of the housemother, and bleached upon
+the young grass under the blossoming apple boughs, the cloth served for
+the underwear of the family, and was regarded as one of the few luxuries
+of the frugal household,&mdash;the raw cotton costing over fifty cents a
+pound, to say nothing of the time and labor required to convert it into
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p>On account of the scarcity of cotton, our modern &ldquo;comfortables&rdquo; were a
+thing unheard of, and, for a substitute, woollen quilts, stuffed with
+wool, and closely quilted, often in the most elaborate patterns, were
+used in all New England households. These quilts were often few and thin
+in many a poor home, where the elders had hard work to shield their
+flock of little ones from the bitter cold of winter, in spite of the
+immense fires that even the poorest were able to provide where any
+amount of fuel could be had for the cutting.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard a story of a good lady who lived at that time in a town not
+a hundred miles from Boston, which gives one some idea of the straits to
+which our grandparents were often reduced in those days:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Watching one bitterly cold night with a sick neighbor, she heard, at
+midnight, the little children crying with cold in the loft overhead, and
+leaving her sleeping patient, she went upstairs, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>
+tried to find an
+extra quilt or blanket to spread over them. But in vain, for in that
+poor home there was not so much as a shoulder-blanket that could be
+spared. At last, in utter desperation, she spread over the shivering
+little ones a <em>side of leather</em>, that she found rolled up under the
+eaves.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;It kept out the cold, anyhow,&rdquo; she said, as she told the story years
+afterwards. &ldquo;And the poor little things stopped their cryin&#8217;, and
+cuddled down as contented an&#8217; comfortable as a nestful o&#8217; kittens.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>If there was little of poetry or romance in the lives of those
+hard-working, hard farming men and women of a past generation, there was
+no lack of the patient diligence and simple, unquestioning faith, that
+give strength to weakness, and sweeten toil with the steadfast belief
+that, to the faithful heart and willing hand God&#8217;s blessing never fails.</p>
+
+<p>One of the favorite proverbs at that time is significant, as proverbs
+usually are, of the character of the people:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Begin your web, and God will supply you with thread.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>While still another suggests that well-known element in the New England
+character that the Scotch aptly call &ldquo;canny&rdquo;:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;A wise man will bend a little rather than be torn up by the roots.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Extravagance was more than a fault, it was an actual sin, in the eyes of
+these prudent, simple-living folk, and you may have heard before the
+story of the ingenious housewife, who, tired of the blank bareness of
+her yellow-painted floors, conceived the bold idea of manufacturing a
+carpet for it herself:</p>
+
+<p>A large square of sail-cloth served her for a canvas, and upon this she
+painted, with the few colors that she could procure, a pattern of
+flowers of every kind that she was familiar with,&mdash;blue roses and green
+lilies having the preference, as making more show than their humbler
+sisters. This, when finished, she covered with a thick coat of varnish,
+thus making a very good substitute for the more modern oil-cloth.</p>
+
+<p>Of course everybody, from far and near, came to look, and wonder, and
+admire; and among them a good old deacon, who, after critically
+surveying the wonderful work, turned to the proud artist, and, with a
+look half of amazement, half of pitying reproach, upon his honest,
+weather-beaten face, asked solemnly:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Sister&nbsp;&mdash;&mdash;, do you expect to have <em>all this</em>
+and <em>heaven</em> too?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>To-day, Boston is sometimes jestingly styled the &ldquo;Hub of the Universe,&rdquo;
+but at the beginning of the present century it was, soberly speaking,
+the Hub of New England, for from it spokes projected into every part,
+however distant, of that region.</p>
+
+<p>As in past ages all roads led to Rome, so seventy-five or eighty years
+ago all roads led to or from Boston. In an old Farmer&#8217;s Almanac, printed
+in 1817, I find, among other things quaint and curious, four
+closely-printed pages devoted to &ldquo;Roads to the Principal Towns of the
+Continent from Boston, with the distances and names of Innkeepers.&rdquo;
+Beginning with: &ldquo;From Boston to Newport, over Seekonk, through Rehoboth,
+69 miles,&rdquo; and ending with &ldquo;Down the Ohio, to the mouth of the
+Muskinqum, 524 miles,&rdquo;&mdash;a tolerably long ride in those days of the
+old-fashioned stage coach.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally, this Umbilicus of the Western World set the fashions in
+theology, literature, dress, and manners for all New England, and any
+one who had made a trip to Boston was venerated as a kind of travelled
+wonder, and forever after regarded as an authority upon all mooted
+points of general interest.</p>
+
+<p>It has been said, on what authority I am unable to state, that &ldquo;all good
+Americans go to Paris when they die.&rdquo; But in those days of Boston&#8217;s
+supremacy an aspiring dame in one of our Maine villages, finding herself
+upon her death bed, expressed as her one last wish, that she &ldquo;might be
+permitted to go to heaven by the way o&#8217; Boston.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Evidently the poor soul had pined in vain all her life for a sight of
+its splendors, and could think of nothing so near akin to heaven as a
+peep at this earthly Paradise on her way there.</p>
+
+<p>I might go on indefinitely to call up pictures, heroic, quaint, or
+pathetic, of these earnest-hearted men and women, who toiled, suffered,
+and planned, for the future, that we, their children, have entered into
+the fulness of. But time forbids, and I can only say, in closing this
+paper, that it will be well for us, if, in these days of national
+prosperity and power, when Liberty, proudly triumphant, stands like</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;A bearded man<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Armed to the teeth,&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>
+ready to hold his own alike against traitors at home and envious
+despotisms abroad, we do not forget with what a world of self-sacrifice
+and patient toil our forbears laid the foundations of this great, free
+government; nor should we deem it a light thing to have been born
+citizens of a Republic a thousand times grander, nobler, and, God grant!
+far more enduring, than those of heathen Greece and Rome, that have long
+since fallen to decay, and now lie buried beneath the melancholy dust of
+centuries.</p>
+
+<p>Let the words of the great poet whose name stands at the head of this
+paper speak like a word of warning to every heart within their reach:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;And they who founded in our land<br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The power that rules from sea to sea,</span><br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Bled they in vain, or vainly planned,</span><br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">To leave their country great and free?</span><br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Their sleeping ashes from below</span><br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Send up the thrilling murmur, No!&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="trust" id="trust"></a>TRUST.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">BY ARTHUR ELWELL JENKS.</p>
+
+<div class="box3">
+
+<p>Once let us feel the trust a child bestows<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upon the guardian of its life, each day</span><br />
+Would set serenely on our troubled souls!<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">To help but one of these, or bring again</span><br />
+To lip and eye the smile so full of peace,&mdash;<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reflection of some tender mother&#8217;s love,&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>Ah, such were service, that, in future years,<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall shine upon our devious pathway, as</span><br />
+The evening star lights up the western sky!<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">O ye who labor for the children&#8217;s sake,&mdash;</span><br />
+Setting these jewels for immortal life,&mdash;<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">The &ldquo;Well-done!&rdquo; of the Master shall be yours!</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span></p>
+<h2>NEW ENGLAND CHARACTERISTICS.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">BY LIZZIE M. WHITTLESEY.</p>
+
+
+<p>&ldquo;We constantly,&rdquo; as Ruskin affirms, &ldquo;recognize things by their least
+important attributes, and by help of very few of these. We recognize our
+books by their bindings, our friends by the mere accidents of the body,
+the sport of climate, and food, and time.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Applying this principle to New England, we unconsciously recognize her
+first by her mere outward, incidental properties.</p>
+
+<p>By the waving of her hair in the &ldquo;Pine-Tree State,&rdquo; by the frown of her
+massive brows in the &ldquo;Granite&rdquo; and &ldquo;Green Mountain,&rdquo; by the glancing
+brightness of her smile in the &ldquo;Old Bay,&rdquo; by her lithe grace of limb in
+&ldquo;Little Rhoda,&rdquo; and her firm step and erect carriage in the &ldquo;Land of
+Steady Habits;&rdquo; while to all alike belong&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;Her clear, warm heaven at noon, the mist that shrouds<br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Her twilight hills, her cool and starry eves,</span><br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">The glorious splendor of her sunset clouds,</span><br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The rainbow beauty of her forest leaves.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>Next to the physical traits of a friend we are attracted by those of a
+social nature; and, still keeping the analogy, the same is true of a
+people, and pre&euml;minently so of New England.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristics of our four Northern cities have been thus
+distinctively classified and labelled:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Washington stops between the polka and the waltz to ask, &ldquo;Can you
+dance?&rdquo; New York shows us her silks and laces, and politely whispers,
+&ldquo;What are you worth?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia traces back our genealogy, and questions, &ldquo;Who was your
+grandfather?&rdquo; While Boston lifts her eye-glass, and, surveying our
+mental cranium, inquires, &ldquo;What do you know?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The social traits of New England proper are so combined with her
+business character that they are with difficulty separated, and both are
+best defined by foreign visitors.</p>
+
+<p>It was an Englishman who said, &ldquo;Go ahead is the grand doctrine of New
+England;&rdquo; and we see that this principle, plainly enforced and
+practically carried out, builds her cities, founds her public libraries,
+carries on her immense commerce, and increases public traffic.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>
+Without this quality, coupled with her independence and disregard for
+romantic associations, the Yankee would never make pilgrimages to the
+Old World for the sole and evident purpose of placarding the pyramids,
+and introducing his invention for removing stains at some half-ruined
+cathedral whose famous &ldquo;spot of blood&rdquo; is cherished with reverent care.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;New England excels,&rdquo; according to an English cousin, &ldquo;in an openness to
+ideas, an aptness for intuitions, and sometimes a seemingly positive
+preference for the bird in the bush,&rdquo; which latter may account for that
+skilful Yankee versatility so perfectly exemplified in the chaplain,
+poet, editor, merchant, speculator, politician, historian, and minister,
+Barlow.</p>
+
+<p>It is this quiet independence, indomitable will, and never-ceasing
+purpose to &ldquo;get on,&rdquo; which is a characteristic of the New England women,
+and which may be summed up in the expressive adjective &ldquo;capable.&rdquo; Armed
+with this power, she cheerfully teaches school, makes dresses, binds
+books, or &ldquo;keeps house,&rdquo; considering no honest work degrading, and
+proving herself equally efficient in each.</p>
+
+<p>Here is found that shrewd, stirring common-sense which is New England&#8217;s
+strong point. Here is hinted, also, that philosophic humor which is the
+one ray lightening her intense realism.</p>
+
+<p>As indefinable as it is delightful, it comes with a lightning flash of
+wit into the dry, theological conversation of the preacher, relieves
+with its sharp hits the spread-eagle speech of the country orator,
+brightens with its apt allusions the more refined periods of the
+lecturer, flits charmingly in and out of the sympathetic essays of
+Holmes, keeps us in a perpetual chuckle over the mirthful pages of
+Irving, and embodies itself in the quaint good-nature of an indolent,
+contemplative Sam Lawson.</p>
+
+<p>For nowhere is this genial quality found in such purity as among the
+true, rustic Yankees, whose clear-cut, homely phrases and sharp
+localisms are not as entirely extinct as is supposed. Country life has a
+way all its own of preserving the best traits of a people, and in more
+than one old-fashioned farm-house, and among the haymakers in more than
+one sunny meadow, may be heard the witty expressions and strong
+metaphors which led Dickens to say, &ldquo;In shrewdness of remark and a
+certain cast-iron quaintness the Yankee people unquestionably take the
+lead.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In the country, too, as if growing and blossoming under the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>
+influence of the warm, unobstructed sunshine, is the sturdy growth of genuineness,
+hearty, co&ouml;perative sympathy, and cheery hospitality, the latter having
+its highest exponent in New England&#8217;s distinctive festival,
+Thanksgiving. The dear old holiday may well be called the cradle of New
+England graces, for it bears much the same relation to the development
+of her social traits that the old Greek and Roman games bore in
+developing characteristics of strength and bravery.</p>
+
+<p>To return to the criticism of foreigners. The absence of historic
+records and relics in New England has often been a matter of contempt,
+and an amusing story is told by J. T. Fields of a stiff, conventional
+Englishman who called on the poet Longfellow at one of his busiest
+hours, and scanning him closely, gravely remarked: &ldquo;We were doing the
+sights, sir, and as there are no ruins in New England, we decided to
+come and see you!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>We smile at the strange idea, but is there not in it a tacit admission
+that New England&#8217;s men and women of letters are her best
+characteristics? Is it not to her glory that hers is <em>not</em> a country of
+ruins but one of noble, earnest, <em>living</em> men and women?&mdash;men like Dr.
+Hale, instilling by the quiet weapon of the pen strong, true lessons of
+benevolence and truth; men like Longfellow, singing, pure, earnest songs
+of high endeavor and noble attainment; men like Whittier, whose simple,
+touching strains move so grandly on the side of right and justice.</p>
+
+<p>Women like Mrs. Stowe, who, in her great strength of mind and character,
+wrote that wonderful book, which, inspired by zeal, and fired by a
+terrible earnestness, filled New England once with something of her own
+noble enthusiasm. She could do the grand work then, because her country
+needed it, thus illustrating that strong New England trait, latent
+power, a power of which we know nothing till it is called out by some
+mighty need. There have been earnest purpose, determined will, pure
+motive, and unselfish heroism in New England; but their depth and
+strength have never been &ldquo;guessed&rdquo; till manifested in some great crisis.</p>
+
+<p>Her contests are those of heart and intellect; and her weapons, hard
+study and earnest thought.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of popular philippics her traits do not change much from the
+summary of them made fifty years ago, &ldquo;Impatience with wrong, quarrel
+with precedent, love of education, and faith in God.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>
+Ah! now we touch the true characteristics of New England, lying in the
+deep ocean of her history, unmoved by the lighter traits sparkling upon
+the surface.</p>
+
+<p>That is a true boast of Jonathan to John:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;We aint so weak and poor, John,<br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">With twenty million people,</span><br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">And close to every door, John,</span><br />
+   <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A school-house and a steeple.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>And this is but the outgrowth of that short formula of the brave
+founders of school and church: &ldquo;Faith in God, faith in man, faith in
+work;&rdquo; so that New England&#8217;s present traits are directly traceable to
+Puritan influence.</p>
+
+<p>Our educational institutions had substantial foundation-stones of
+self-sacrifice and far-seeing purpose, nobly laid by that score of
+sturdy men, dedicating, for the first academy, a peck of corn, or a
+shilling in cash, or a few treasured volumes.</p>
+
+<p>The Sabbath has been called the &ldquo;poem of New England,&rdquo; and it is that
+always, whether rung out by the city&#8217;s chiming bells or whispered in the
+sacred repose of the country church. But it was never so truly a poem as
+on that first New England Sabbath, when the church was a weather-beaten
+ship, its support the lashing waves, and the worshippers &ldquo;a handful of
+sad, stern men and women kneeling in their spray-stiffened garments to
+thank God for freedom to worship him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>New England&#8217;s best traits, then, are but her rightful inheritance;
+traits &ldquo;lineally descended&rdquo; from her founders, softened and purified in
+the transmitting many times, as in the case of their sectional loyalty.
+&ldquo;They seemed to shrink from trying to get to heaven by any other road
+than that which their fathers travelled, lest they should miss them at
+their journey&#8217;s end.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>And in these days, thank God! religious toleration is creeping over the
+forbidding rock of New England theology, much as the delicate vines of
+the May-flower crept over and beautified the hard, unyielding soil.</p>
+
+<p>Thus New England stands, in her freedom, love of education, and all
+those homely domestic traits which make her the comfortable, clever,
+strong, and tender mother she is, while under and through and over all
+her traits runs, like a strain of restful music, her great, all
+powerful, far-reaching faith.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span></p>
+<h2>EDITOR&#8217;S TABLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>A great stride of advancement has been taken in the cultivation of that
+rarest of supernal graces, Christian charity, since the ancient
+patriarchs of New England fell asleep. Occasionally opportunity is given
+us of measuring &ldquo;with the eye&rdquo; the distance which has been travelled.
+More than a hundred and fifty years ago Dr. Cotton Mather spoke of Rhode
+Island as &ldquo;the Gerizzim of New England, the common receptacle of the
+convicts of Jerusalem and the outcasts of the land.&rdquo; The island itself,
+as a portion of God&#8217;s creation, he was willing to think worthy of all
+praise. He seems to have felt regarding it as Bishop Heber felt about
+India when he wrote his immortal missionary hymn:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+&ldquo;And every prospect pleases,<br />
+  <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And only man is vile.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The island is, indeed, for the fertility of its soil, the temperateness
+of its air, etc., the best garden of all the colony, and were it free
+from serpents I would call it the Paradise of New England.&rdquo; As things
+were, however, the good old man could only say regretfully, &ldquo;<em>Bona
+terra, mala gens</em>.&rdquo; He evidently fancied that the serpent was not a
+native of the original home of human innocence, or else his special
+affection for the people of Rhode Island led him to wish for them an
+exemption from exposures which God had not thought necessary to the
+safety and happiness of Adam. The serpent was an honorable member of the
+animal community in Paradise before Ithuriel&#8217;s &ldquo;spear of heaven-tempered
+steel&rdquo; discovered Satan, in the shape of a toad, breathing into the ear
+of the sleeping &ldquo;Mother of Mankind&rdquo; deadly insinuations of disobedience
+and rebellion, just as freedom in religion&mdash;the serpent so unworthily
+abhorred by New England Puritanism&mdash;was a divinely chartered and
+precious privilege of mankind long before the founding of Rhode Island
+colonies or the birth of Roger Williams. The vagaries and fantasies of
+freedom, its excesses, outrages, and crimes, are something fearful to
+contemplate, but freedom is, has been, and must ever continue to be, the
+essential condition of human power and excellence. It has ever been the
+madness of men&mdash;and madness that could not claim the poor excuse of
+method&mdash;to think of cutting down the tree of liberty, and still hope to
+retain the benefits and blessings of its shade.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>
+The statistics of marriages, as compared with those of population, would
+seem to indicate that there is an increasing unwillingness on the part
+of men or women, or both, to take upon themselves the responsibilities
+of wedded life. Whether because of the increased expense of living due
+to the development of luxurious tastes, and the selfishness which
+results; or the difficulties in the way of securing remunerative and
+constant employment; or because of other reasons, the sly god seems to
+have lost something of his former power. Perhaps the chief cause lies
+with the young men, who dare neither to face the cares of matrimony
+themselves, nor to ask others to do so. Whatever there is of cowardice
+in this matter, we do not believe that it can, as a rule, be charged
+upon the women of America, without regard to their station in life. It
+is claimed that in Massachusetts, of every 1,000 inhabitants in
+1850-1860, 21 married, now only 17; that in Connecticut, while the
+population has increased 56 per cent during the last decade, marriages
+have increased but 34 per cent; that in Providence, R.I., while the
+number capable of marrying was in the last decade 115 percent greater
+than in the decade preceding the war, the number who married was only 77
+per cent greater; and that in Ohio, while, in 1850-1880, the inhabitants
+had increased 37 per cent, the number of marriages had advanced only 26
+per cent.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Mistakes go in pairs. It was a mistake for a body of Protestant
+ministers to meddle in the matter of the succession to a generalship in
+the army, and it is a mistake for the <em>Catholic Standard</em> to make this
+the occasion for invidious statements in reference to the service of
+Catholics in the late war. &ldquo;Never,&rdquo; it says, &ldquo;was any company or any
+regiment or brigade that entwined on its colors emblems of the Catholic
+faith, and on the eve of a battle knelt to receive absolution from a
+Catholic priest, recorded but as first to advance and last to retreat.
+And since then, whether in barracks or in camp, ... you look in vain for
+any disgraceful record of Catholic privates and officers.&rdquo; We submit
+that neither caste nor class nor sect has any place in determining the
+relative merits of the brave soldiers who fought in the Civil War. In
+camp, and upon the field of battle, they stood side by side, not as New
+Yorkers, Vermonters, Germans, Irishmen, Catholics, or Protestants, but
+as patriotic Americans. Some of these, perhaps, were better soldiers
+because they were devout Catholics, and others because they were earnest
+Presbyterians or Methodists, and this for the reason that those who fear
+God are the readier to face duty, brave danger, and die for country. No:
+our army is not an army of Catholics, Baptists, etc., but an army of
+Americans.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>
+Is it true that &ldquo;a very large part of our free education system is
+devoted to teaching the principles of Nihilism, the absurdities of
+evolution, the crudities of the nineteenth-century philosophy, weakest
+and most watery of all the philosophies of the ages&rdquo;? Dr. William C.
+Prime makes this claim in the New-York <em>Journal of Commerce</em>, and then
+says, &ldquo;Of what use it is to read the Bible in the morning, and teach in
+the afternoon that the Bible is a poor fiction, perhaps some one can
+explain. That this is precisely what many common schools and free
+educational institutions are doing, may be discovered with little
+difficulty.&rdquo; With due deference to the opinion of our genial <em>confr&egrave;re</em>,
+we cannot accept his conclusions. We have yet to learn of any public
+school in which flouting at the Bible or religion enters into the matter
+of instruction, and we apprehend that the number of teachers who thus
+misuse their office really constitutes so small a fraction of the
+teaching community as to be hardly worthy the learned doctor&#8217;s
+attention. As a matter of fact, by far the greater number of American
+teachers in public schools and private schools, whatever their faults
+otherwise, are men and women who are either Christians, or filled with a
+reverent regard for the Bible and its teachings.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>When Daniel Webster was a youth of eighteen, in college, he wrote to a
+friend these suggestive words: &ldquo;I am fully persuaded that our happiness
+is much at our regulation, and that the &lsquo;Know thyself&rsquo; of the Greek
+philosopher meant no more than rightly to attune and soften our
+appetites and passions till they should symphonize like the harp of
+David.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Perhaps no one ever paid a finer tribute to conscience than John Adams,
+when, after advising his son John Quincy to preserve above all things
+his innocence, he said, &ldquo;Your conscience is the minister plenipotentiary
+of God Almighty in your heart. See to it that this minister never
+negotiates in vain.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span></p>
+<h2>EDUCATION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When in any of the chief activities of human life it becomes necessary
+to adopt new methods, or to make some new application of old and
+well-tried principles, it is always best that change should be
+discriminating, gradual, and slow; and perhaps nowhere does this maxim
+demand recognition and respect more imperatively than in educational
+reform. We are not disposed to find fault with those who contend for the
+authority and sway of the progressive spirit of the present as against
+the spirit of the past. In science, art, literature, education; in
+religion, morals, philosophy, theology, every genuine gain in depth,
+breadth, and fulness is to be hailed with a thousand welcomes. It would
+be a pity if an unenlightened veneration for the traditions and
+principles of a superannuated conservatism were allowed to rob the world
+even of the smallest portion of the benefit of a single new and useful
+idea.</p>
+
+<p>The needs and duties of each age require that intelligence should
+steadily advance, and in the field of truth there is always something
+valuable left for the latest gleaner. No one is fitted for the duties of
+to-day who dreads the spirit of free inquiry that breathes around him,
+and fearlessly addresses its questions in every direction. Especially
+should new and better hints be welcomed as to the true science and
+method of instructing the youthful mind. Patience, delicacy,
+intelligence, and skill are nowhere required more than in this.</p>
+
+<p>But while it is true that each generation must have liberty to do its
+work in its own way, no generation can afford to despise or disparage
+the wisdom and experience of previous ages, or to institute reforms
+which revolutionize the methods and the principles of the past. The
+intellectual triumphs and achievements which are the goal of one age are
+indeed no more than the starting-point of the next; but the links of
+connection must be preserved unbroken. The conditions of a successful
+and symmetrical development of the mental powers are substantially the
+same in every land and time, and there are great principles which,
+however variously we may apply them, can never in themselves be violated
+or discarded with impunity. So far as the new education so strenuously
+advocated in our day honors and observes the eternal laws of the mind,
+we can afford to contemplate the new ventures with equanimity, if not
+with hope; but there is reason to fear that the almost unlimited freedom
+of individual choice as to subjects of study accorded to young and
+inexperienced minds in colleges where new departures have been taken is
+scarcely compatible with the compliance those laws rigidly require.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HISTORICAL RECORD.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">[<em>By sending to the editor brief contributions suitable for use in this
+department, readers will greatly add to its completeness and value.</em>]</p>
+
+
+<p>Jan. 25.&mdash;About one hundred and fifty members of the Old Colony
+Historical Society were present at the society rooms in the State House,
+and listened to the concluding portion of Hon. Colin M. Ingersoll&#8217;s
+paper entitled &ldquo;Leaves from the Diary of a Young Man in St. Petersburg,
+1848-49.&rdquo; Among those present were ex-Gov. English, Hon. C. B. Bowers,
+ex-Mayor Robertson, Rev. Mr. Leonard, Dr. Ayers, Judge L. E. Munson,
+Capt. C. H. Townshend, and many other well-known gentlemen, besides a
+party of friends of Mr. Ingersoll from New York. The paper was a rare
+treat. A vote of thanks was tendered the speaker, on motion of ex-Mayor
+Robertson, and interesting remarks were made by Prof. Baldwin.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 10.&mdash;The annual dinner of the Washington Association of the Bowdoin
+Alumni took place at Welcker&#8217;s. Some thirty-five persons sat down, among
+them Hon. Hugh McCulloch, Hon. L. D. M. Sweet, Senator Frye, Hon. W. W.
+Rice, Judge W. B. Snell, Gen. Ellis Spear, Col. J. H. Gilman, U.S.A.,
+Rev. J. S. Sewall, D.D., Gen. John Marshal Brown, Mr. Israel Kimball,
+and Rev. S. M. Newman. The following officers were elected: President,
+Commodore Horatio Bridge; Vice-Presidents, Israel Kimball and Judge
+William B. Snell; treasurer, I. N. Whitney; Corresponding Secretary,
+Prof. J. W. Chickering, and Recording Secretary, James C. Strout.</p>
+
+<p>The Bowdoin Alumni Association of New York also ate their annual dinner,
+and elected officers as follows: E. B. Merrill, president; Francis R.
+Upton, secretary; D. F. H. Dillingham, treasurer.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 10.&mdash;About one hundred sons of the Granite State, the majority of
+whom belong to the New Hampshire Club, assembled at the Quincy House,
+Boston, under the presidency of Hon. J. C. Moore, of Manchester. Among
+the company were many distinguished gentlemen, invited because they were
+natives of the State, and among these were: Senator J. Gault of Hookset,
+Naval Officer A. O. Kent, Gen. J. L. Stevenson, Speaker J. Q. A.
+Brackett, Mr. Charles F. Morrill of Manchester, Mr. George B. Clifford
+of Grand Forks, Dak., Gen. Charles H. Burns of Wilton, Landlord Crufts
+of the Maplewood
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>
+House, Bethlehem, Mr. A. A. Folsom of the Boston &amp;
+Providence Railroad, Mr. A. A. Copp of Nashua, Dr. A. H. Hayes of Alton,
+Gen. F. S. Nickerson, and Mr. Charles Pattee of Boston, Mr. Walter C.
+Taft, superintendent of the New York &amp; Boston Dispatch Express Company,
+and Mr. H. B. Dwight, superintendent of the Adams Express Company.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 15.&mdash;At an adjourned meeting of the Maiden Historical and
+Genealogical Society the following gentlemen were unanimously elected
+permanent officers of the society for the ensuing year: President, Hon.
+E. S. Converse; Vice-Presidents, Hon. J. K. C. Sleeper, Hon. L. L.
+Fuller, Hon. Marcellus Coggan; Corresponding Secretary and Librarian,
+George D. B. Blanchard; Recording Secretary, George D. Ayers; Treasurer,
+Thomas Lang. These officers are constituted a Board of Directors of the
+society.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 22.&mdash;The annual meeting of the Cape Cod Historical Society convened
+in Lyceum Hall, Yarmouthport, Hon. Charles F. Swift in the chair. The
+treasurer&#8217;s report showed the society to be in good financial condition.
+Steps were taken to celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of the
+formation of Barnstable County, which occurs some time in June. These
+officers were chosen: President, Hon. Charles F. Swift, Yarmouthport;
+Vice-Presidents, Thomas P. Howes, Dennis, S. B. Phinney, Barnstable,
+Alonzo Tripp, Boston, E. S. Whittemore, Boston, James Gifford,
+Provincetown; Treasurer, Samuel Snow, Barnstable; Secretary, Josiah
+Paine, Harwich; Executive Committee, J. C. Howes, Dennis, Eben B.
+Crocker, Barnstable.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 3.&mdash;Annual meeting of the Dedham Historical Society. The Act of
+the General Court, empowering the society to hold real estate to the
+amount of $25,000, was accepted, as was the bequest of land and money
+from the late Hannah Shuttleworth. A memorial sketch of the late Judge
+Colburn was read by Erastus Worthington, Esq. The society chose officers
+as follows: President, Henry O. Hildreth; Vice-president, Alfred Hewins;
+Recording Secretary, John D. Cobb; Treasurer and Librarian, J. H.
+Burdakin; Curators, Erastus Worthington, Henry W. Richards, Don Gleason
+Hill, J. H. Burdakin, Elijah Howe, Jr.; Auditors, George F. Fisher, A.
+Ward Lamson; Chronicler, Don G. Hill; Historiographer, J. H. Tuttle.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 9.&mdash;Meeting of the Bostonian Society. The essayist was J. M.
+Hubbard, whose subject was &ldquo;Boston, in 1710, Preparing for a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> Small
+War.&rdquo; It appeared during the reading that the military enterprise on
+hand was the capture of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, then in the hands of
+the French. The reason why Boston was peculiarly interested in it was
+that this Nova Scotia harbor was a resort and head-quarters for a great
+number of French privateers, which made short cruises along this coast,
+capturing many merchant-vessels and fishing-craft, greatly to the injury
+of the commerce of Boston. The English Government accordingly sent
+hither a small fleet with a body of marines, expecting that the force
+would be augmented by troops raised in the Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+and New Hampshire provinces. The whole expedition was to be commanded by
+Colonel Francis Nicholson, who came in the fleet from England. To
+provide for the requirements of the local forces the Provincial Council
+of Massachusetts ordered that &pound;15,000 in bills of credit of the province
+be printed, which was a ready way to raise the money.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 9.&mdash;The <em>Concord Monitor</em>, in announcing the result of the vote
+on this day on the question of calling a constitutional convention, says
+that New Hampshire towns have been directed to vote on the expediency of
+calling a constitutional convention by the Legislatures of 1799, 1806,
+1813, 1820, 1832, 1833, 1837, 1844, 1846, 1849, 1857, 1860, 1862, 1864,
+1868, 1869, 1875, 1883, resulting in the conventions of 1850-1 and
+1876-7. The proposition had a sufficient majority this time.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 10.&mdash;An explosion on the tug-boat &ldquo;John Markee,&rdquo; in Boston Harbor,
+instantly killed the entire crew, consisting of five men.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 12.&mdash;At a special meeting of both branches of the Cambridge City
+Council, a special committee was appointed on the part of the city
+government to confer with the committee on the part of the citizens
+relative to a suitable observance of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
+departure for the seat of war of Co. C, Third Regiment of Infantry, of
+Cambridge. This was the first volunteer company organized for the war of
+the rebellion in the city. Ex-Mayors Montague, Saunders, and Harding,
+ex-Aldermen Thurston and Chapman, and Mr. J. W. Merrill, made short
+addresses, urging the necessity of making the 17th of April a day of
+local pride for Cambridge. The following committee on the part of the
+citizens was chosen: ex-Mayors Bradford, Harding, Montague, and
+Saunders, ex-Alderman F. L. Chapman and D. H. Thurston, and Messrs.
+George H. Howard, J. C. Wellington, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>
+L. B. Porter. On the part of
+the City Council there were chosen Mayor Russell, Aldermen Hincks and
+Lindsay, and Councilmen Kemp, Ivers, Coveney, and President Corcoran.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 15.&mdash;At a meeting of the committee having in charge the
+preparations for the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the
+incorporation of the city of Lowell, the following programme was agreed
+on, for April 1: In the morning, singing by public-school children, and
+address by C. C. Chase, former principal of the High School. In the
+afternoon, prayer by the Rev. Owen Street; address by Mayor Abbott;
+oration by the Hon. F. T. Greenhalge; in the evening, addresses by
+ex-mayors.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 15.&mdash;The regular monthly meeting of the Methodist Historical
+Society was one of unusual interest. Rev. Hebron Vincent, of Edgartown,
+occupied the chair, and Rev. C. L. Goodell, of Providence, presented and
+read an interesting sketch of the rise and progress of Methodism in
+Rhode Island, bringing out particularly the history of the Chestnut
+Street Church, of which he is the present pastor, and whose
+semi-centennial was recently observed. Rev. Dr. Chadbourne, of
+Charlestown, found in the files of the <em>Columbian Sentinel</em> for 1806 the
+following: &ldquo;On Thursday morning Mrs. Maria Odiorne, aged 29, wife of Mr.
+George Odiorne, eldest daughter of the Rev. Jas. Creighton of London,
+Eng. Her funeral will proceed from the dwelling of Mr. O., in May
+Street, this afternoon at half-past three o&#8217;clock, which the friends and
+acquaintances are requested to attend.&rdquo; The interest of the Methodist
+fraternity in this lady arises from the fact of her being the daughter
+of one of Mr. Wesley&#8217;s most intimate friends and associates, and whose
+home was the scene of this great man&#8217;s oft-repeated visits when she was
+but fourteen years of age. Her husband, Mr. George Odiorne, met her in
+London on one of his business trips across the ocean, and they were
+married there, she accompanying him to his American home. Her son, James
+Creighton Odiorne, born at his grandfather&#8217;s house in London, graduated
+at Yale College in 1826, and was one of the founders of the New England
+Anti-Slavery Society, among whose members was the late William Lloyd
+Garrison, and of which Oliver Johnson, Esq., is the only living member.
+The next meeting of the Society occurs on Monday, April 12. Rev. L. B.
+Bates will present a sketch of the late Rev. Lewis Bates.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span></p>
+<h2>NECROLOGY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Feb. 2.&mdash;John D. Philbrick, late superintendent of the Boston public
+schools, and one of the leading educators of the country, died Feb. 2.
+The funeral services, which took place at the home of the deceased in
+Danvers, Mass., were attended by a large representative body of
+educators from Boston and other cities. Rev. C. B. Rice, a past member
+of the State Board of Education, officiating. The train from Boston
+which arrived at noon was crowded with masters and other friends of the
+deceased, who came to join the bereaved community in the last sad rites.
+The committee from the Boston Evening High School consisted of Richard
+F. Sullivan, William J. Haines, William D. L. McKissick, John W. Mooney,
+William F. Donovan, ex-School Committee, Charles Hutchins, W. H.
+Learnard, Jr., Dr. E. T. Eastman, and others.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 16.&mdash;Calvin S. Harrington, Professor of Latin in Wesleyan
+University, died at his home in Middletown, Conn. He was born May 17,
+1826, in St. Johnsbury, Vt.; was graduated from Wesleyan University in
+1852; 1852 to 1855 he was teacher of Latin in New Hampshire Conference
+Seminary, Sanbornton Bridge, N.H.; 1855 to 1860, principal of same; 1861
+to 1863, Professor of Greek, and 1863 to his death, professor in
+Wesleyan University.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 18.&mdash;John B. Gough, the famous temperance orator, died in
+Philadelphia. He was attacked by apoplexy Monday, February 15, while
+lecturing on &ldquo;Peculiar People,&rdquo; in Philadelphia. When he arose to
+address the crowded gathering he was feeling well, and for forty minutes
+he spoke with his usual fire and eloquence. Then suddenly his head
+dropped upon his chest, and he fell prostrate to the floor.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 19.&mdash;Edward Learned, one of the most prominent citizens of
+Berkshire county, died at his home, in Pittsfield, Mass., of disease of
+the heart. He was sixty-six years old, and a native of Watervliet. He
+was a Representative to the Legislature in 1857, and a Senator in 1873
+and 1874.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 25.&mdash;Death of John Smith, a well-known manufacturer of Andover,
+Mass. He was nearly ninety years of age, and for years
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>
+maintained a
+personal interest in the town, in which place he first settled on
+arriving in this country from Scotland. His detestation of the
+pro-slavery preaching of the day led him, with others, to form the Free
+Christian Church in 1846. He was also a generous supporter of
+educational interests, and large sums went from his hand to the infant
+colleges of the West, as well as to older institutions.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Feb. 28.&mdash;Mary Jane Welles, widow of the Hon. Gideon Welles, Secretary
+of the Navy under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, died at her residence
+in Hartford, Conn., aged 69 years. She was a daughter of Elias W. Hale,
+who graduated at Yale College in 1795, and subsequently was one of the
+original settlers of Lewistown, Penn. She married Mr. Welles in 1835.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 6.&mdash;The Rev. Henry Martyn Grout, D.D., pastor of the Trinitarian
+Congregational Church in Concord, Mass., died in Boston after a brief
+sickness. He was born in Newfane, Vt., May 14, 1831. He entered Williams
+College in 1850, and was graduated in 1854. Dr. Grout entered the
+ministry in September, 1858, when he was ordained and installed as
+pastor of the Orthodox Church in Putney, Vt. After preaching there, at
+West Rutland, Vt., and Springfield, Mass., he moved to Boston, and
+became a member of the editorial staff of the <em>Congregationalist</em>, which
+position he filled with great credit to himself and the paper during Dr.
+Dexter&#8217;s absence abroad. He had occupied the pulpit of the church in
+Concord since 1872.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 8.&mdash;The Rev. Nicholas Hoppin, D.D., rector of Christ Church,
+Cambridge, from 1839 to 1874, died suddenly. He was born in Providence,
+R.I., Dec. 3, 1812, and grew up in St. John&#8217;s Church, of which the
+famous Dr. Crocker was rector, and was one of a large number of young
+men whom Dr. Crocker induced to enter the Episcopal ministry. He was
+graduated from Brown University in 1831. He was a member of the
+Massachusetts Historical Society, of the New England Historic
+Genealogical Society, and of the American Oriental Society. He was at
+his death, with the exception of the Rev. T. R. Lambert, the oldest
+Episcopal clergyman in Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 9.&mdash;Colonel William S. Clark, ex-president of Amherst Agricultural
+College, long associated with the educational and agricultural interests
+of the State, died at his home in Amherst, Mass., of Bright&#8217;s-disease,
+after a painful illness of three years. He was born in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>
+Ashfield, July
+31, 1826, and was graduated at Amherst College in 1848. He studied
+chemistry and mining at the Gottingen University, received the degree of
+Ph.D. in 1852, and received the degree of LL.D. from Amherst in 1874. In
+1877 Colonel Clark was invited by the Japanese Government to organize
+the Imperial Agricultural College, where he passed a year, leaving the
+institution in the most flourishing condition.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 10.&mdash;Death at her home in South Boston of Mrs. Julia Romana
+Anagnos, wife of Michael Anagnos, and eldest child of the late Dr.
+Samuel G. and Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. She was a woman of broad,
+intellectual mind, and a writer.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 10.&mdash;Sudden death of H. B. Safford, postmaster of White River
+Junction, Vt., treasurer of the State Agricultural Society, and a
+leading citizen of the State.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 11.&mdash;Death of Charles Powers, a prominent citizen of Somerville,
+and the senior member of the grain-elevator firm of Powers, Melvin, &amp;
+Co.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 13.&mdash;Hon. Peter Buchanan, of Barnet, Vt., died at his residence in
+McIndoe&#8217;s Falls Village, aged seventy-eight years. He was of Scotch
+descent, and inherited many of the sterling qualities of his race. He
+was born in Barnet, where he always resided, and held nearly every
+office within the gift of his fellow-townsmen. He represented the town
+in the Legislature in 1876, and was twice elected Assistant Judge of the
+Caledonia County Court.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>March 15.&mdash;Death of Prof. Edward Tuckerman, LL.D., of Amherst College.
+He was born in Boston in 1820, was graduated at Union College in 1837,
+at the Law School in 1839, and at Harvard in 1847. In 1854 he came to
+Amherst as lecturer on history, and the next year was appointed to the
+professorship. Three years later he became Professor of Botany.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE.</h2>
+
+<p class="center1">[First numeral refers to foot-note and name of periodical. Second
+numeral to page.<br />
+Date of periodical is that of the month preceding this
+issue of the New England Magazine, unless otherwise stated.]</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Academic and Educational</span>. Biological Training in Colleges. <em>Prof. W. G.
+Farlow.</em> 5, 577.&mdash;Health and Sex in Higher Education. <em>John Dewey,
+Ph.D.</em> 5, 606.&mdash;Boston University School of Law. <em>Benjamin. R. Curtis.</em>
+8, 218.&mdash;The School-house in American Development. <em>Rev. A. E. Winship.</em>
+10, 387.&mdash;Knowledge which Earns Bread. <em>Sarah K. Bolton.</em> 10, 394.&mdash;The
+Philosophical Phase of a System of Education. <em>Chas. E. Lowrey.</em> 10,
+397.&mdash;The Ancient-Modern Language Controversy. <em>Minna Caroline Smith.</em>
+10, 405.&mdash;The Problem of Woman&#8217;s Education. <em>Nicolo D&#8217;Alfonso.</em> 10,
+420.&mdash;Relation of the High School to the Community. <em>David W. Hoyt.</em> 10,
+429.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Architecture</span>. Japanese House-building. <em>Prof. E. S. Morse.</em> 5,
+643.&mdash;Recent Architecture in America, City Dwellings. <em>Mrs. Schuyler van
+Rensselaer.</em> 7, 677.&mdash;Some Notable Vanes. 1, 193.&mdash;At the White House.
+<em>Hester M. Poole.</em> 19, 170.&mdash;The Old Guard Ball.&mdash;How the Metropolitan
+House can be made Beautiful. 19, 184.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art</span>. Decorations of the New York Academy of Music. 19, 172.&mdash;Growth in
+Art. <em>Mary Parmele.</em> 19, 177.&mdash;Some Philadelphia Studios. <em>Anne H.
+Wharton.</em> 19, 178.&mdash;Ceramics and Ceramic Painting. 19, 180.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Biography</span>. B. F. Wade, the Politician. <em>Hon. A. G. Riddle.</em> 3,
+471.&mdash;George Washington Tifft. <em>Francis F. Fargo.</em> 3, 544.&mdash;Two
+Interesting Traditions. <em>Irving Beman.</em> 3, 484.&mdash;Sketch of Sir J.
+Bennett Lawes. 5, 694.&mdash;Castelar the Orator. <em>William Jackson Strong.</em>
+7, 785.&mdash;Thomas Middleton. <em>Algernon C. Swinburne.</em> 16, 335.&mdash;George
+Borrow. <em>George Saintsbury.</em> 16, 322.&mdash;Edmund Hatch Bennett. 8,
+225.&mdash;Daniel Webster. <em>Hon. Edward S. Tobey.</em> 8, 228.&mdash;John Dudley
+Philbrick. 10, 442.&mdash;Dr. Henry Norman Hudson. 10, 448.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">History</span>. Van Cortlandt Manor-house. <em>Mrs. Martha J. Lamb.</em> 2,
+217.&mdash;Champlain&#8217;s American Experiences in 1613. <em>Arthur Harvey.</em> 2,
+246.&mdash;Girty, the White Indian. <em>George W. Ranck.</em> 2, 256.&mdash;The Trent
+Affair. <em>Hon. Horatio King.</em> 2, 278.&mdash;Shiloh. <em>Gen. William Farrar
+Smith.</em> 2, 292.&mdash;One Night&#8217;s Work, April 20, 1862. <em>George B. Bacon.</em> 2,
+305.&mdash;Chicago. <em>Consul Willshire Butterfield.</em> 3, 445.&mdash;Michigan&#8217;s
+Boundary Trouble. <em>Walter Buell.</em> 3, 457.&mdash;History of the Historical and
+Philosophical Society of Ohio. <em>Prof. W. H. Venable.</em> 3,
+499.&mdash;Pittsburgh. <em>James Henry Seymour.</em> 3, 506.&mdash;The City of the
+Straits. <em>Henry A. Griffin.</em> 3, 539.&mdash;Shiloh Reviewed. <em>Gen. Don Carlos
+Buell.</em> 7, 749.&mdash;Memoranda on the Civil War. 7, 781.&mdash;Forty Years of
+Frontier Life in the Pocomtuck Valley. <em>Hon. George Sheldon.</em> 8,
+236.&mdash;How we Ran the Blockade. <em>Captain Roland F. Coffin.</em> 12, 616.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Industry</span>. Maple Sugar-making in Vermont. <em>J. M. French, M.D.</em> 8, 208.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Literature</span>. The American Play. <em>Lawrence Halton.</em> 4, 289.&mdash;&AElig;schylus and
+Shakespeare, the &ldquo;Eumenides&rdquo; and &ldquo;Hamlet.&rdquo; <em>Julia Wedgwood.</em> 16, 395.&mdash;A
+Novelist&#8217;s Favorite Theme. 16, 353.&mdash;Modern French Fiction. <em>Henry
+Gr&eacute;ville.</em> 13, 309.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Religion, Theology</span>. Proem to Genesis, Reply to Prof. Huxley. <em>W. E.
+Gladstone.</em> 5, 614.&mdash;Proem to Genesis, A Plea for a Fair Trial. <em>Rt.
+Hon. W. E. Gladstone.</em> 16, 289.&mdash;Why am I a Unitarian. <em>Edward Everett
+Hale.</em> 13, 230.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Medicine, Hygiene, Physiology</span>. A Thinking-Machine. <em>Grant Allen.</em> 5,
+596.&mdash;Health and Sex in Higher Education. <em>John Dewey, Ph.D.</em> 5,
+606.&mdash;Colorado as a Winter Sanatarium. <em>Fish.</em> 5, 668. Climatic
+Treatment of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>
+Disease. <em>H. O. Marcy, A.M., M.D.</em> 15, 193.&mdash;Water Supply:
+Southern River Water. <em>Thomas F. Wood, M.D.</em> 15, 212.&mdash;An Epidemic of
+Typhoid Fever. <em>C. A. Lindsay, M.D.</em> 15, 223.&mdash;Health of the United
+States Army. <em>Benjamin F. Pope.</em> 15, 227.&mdash;Bureau of Public
+Health&mdash;Bills before Congress. 15, 245.&mdash;Maritime Sanitation. <em>S. T.
+Armstrong, M.D., Ph.D.</em> 15, 234.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous</span>. My First Imprisonment. <em>William T. Stead.</em> 16, 404.&mdash;On
+the Verge of a Tragedy. <em>George Austin.</em> 16, 414.&mdash;Impressions of a
+Modern Arcadian. <em>Mrs. E. M. Nicholl.</em> 16, 361.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Military</span>. Unpublished War Letters. <em>Gen. U. S. Grant</em> and <em>Gen. H. W.
+Halleck.</em> 13, 270.&mdash;An Open Letter. <em>Gen. J. B. Fry.</em> 13, 290.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Natural History</span>. Animal Weather Lore. <em>Charles C. Abbott, M.D.</em> 5,
+635.&mdash;Durability of Resinous Trees. <em>Heinrich Mayr, Ph.D.</em> 5, 679.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Politics, Economics</span>. Shall we have Colonies and a Navy? <em>Hon. John W.
+Johnston.</em> 2, 238.&mdash;Discrimination in Railway Rates. <em>Gerrit L.
+Lansing.</em> 5, 586.&mdash;Strength and Weakness of Socialism. <em>Washington
+Gladden.</em> 7, 737.&mdash;Darwinism and Democracy. <em>W. S. Lilly.</em> 16,
+310.&mdash;Government in the United States. <em>Gamaliel Bradford.</em> 16,
+346.&mdash;Fishery Question. <em>Theodore S. Woolsey.</em> 13, 219.&mdash;Government
+Telegraphy. <em>Cyrus W. Field.</em> 13, 227.&mdash;A Confederate Veto. <em>Jefferson
+Davis.</em> 13, 244.&mdash;American Landlordism. <em>Henry Strong</em> and <em>David B.
+King.</em> 13, 246.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Recreation and Amusement</span>. Song-games and Myth-dramas at Washington. <em>W.
+H. Babcock.</em> 4, 239.&mdash;A Trip Around Cape Ann. <em>Elizabeth Porter Gould.</em>
+8, 268.&mdash;Moose-Hunting. <em>Frederick Schwatka</em> and <em>T. E. Lambert.</em> 12,
+621.&mdash;Salmon-Fishing in Canada. <em>W. J. Bruce.</em> 12, 640.&mdash;Around the
+World on a Bicycle. <em>Thomas Stevens.</em> 12, 655.&mdash;Lacrosse in the United
+States. <em>J. A. Hodge.</em> 12, 665.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Science, Discovery, Inventions</span>. Influence of Inventions on Civilization.
+<em>C. Smith.</em> 5, 658.&mdash;The Air Telegraph. <em>Thomas A. Edison.</em> 13,
+283.&mdash;Dr. Pavy and the Polar Expedition. <em>Mrs. Lilly Pavy.</em> 13, 280.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Travel and Description</span>. The One Pioneer of Terra Del Fuego. <em>Randle
+Holme.</em> 4, 319.&mdash;Italy from a Tricycle. <em>Elizabeth Robbins Pennell.</em> 7,
+643.&mdash;Mountaineering in Persia. <em>S. G. W. Benjamin.</em> 7, 703.&mdash;Along the
+Kennebec. <em>Henry S. Bicknell.</em> 8, 197.&mdash;Ranch Life and Game-Shooting in
+the West. <em>Theodore Roosevelt.</em> 12, 611.&mdash;Bermuda Yachts and Dinghies.
+<em>Charles E. Clay.</em> 12, 642.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>1</td> <td align='left'><em>The Quiver.</em></td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>11</td> <td align='left'><em>Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>2</td> <td align='left'><em>Magazine of Am. History.</em></td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>12</td> <td align='left'><em>Outing.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>3</td> <td align='left'><em>Magazine of Western History</em> (Cleveland, O.)</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>13</td> <td align='left'><em>North American Review.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>4</td> <td align='left'><em>Lippincott&#8217;s Magazine.</em></td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>14</td> <td align='left'><em>Overland Monthly.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>5</td> <td align='left'><em>Popular Science Monthly.</em></td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>15</td> <td align='left'><em>The Samaritan.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>6</td> <td align='left'><em>Queries</em> (Buffalo, N.Y.).</td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>16</td> <td align='left'><em>The Eclectic.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>7</td> <td align='left'><em>The Century.</em></td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>17</td> <td align='left'><em>The Ohio Educational Monthly.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>8</td> <td align='left'><em>New England Magazine.</em></td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>18</td> <td align='left'><em>The Brooklyn Magazine.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>9</td> <td align='left'><em>St. Nicholas.</em></td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>19</td> <td align='left'><em>The Decorator and Furnisher.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+<tr>  <td align='right'>10</td> <td align='left'><em>Education.</em></td>  <td class="tdp"></td>
+              <td align='right'>20</td> <td align='left'><em>The Musical Herald.</em></td>  </tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="img92" id="img92"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 420px;">
+<img src="images/img92.png" width="420" height="500" alt="image" title="" />
+<span class="caption">hon. henry barnard, ll.d.,<br />
+<span class="fn">The first United States Commissioner of Education.</span><br />
+<span class="fn1">[From a portrait made in 1858.]</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 95%;" />
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> In the February number of this magazine will be found an
+interesting article upon Abbott Academy, and in following numbers
+articles, now in course of preparation, will be published upon the
+Theological Seminary and Phillips Academy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> The history of the town has been carefully written by Miss
+Sarah Loring Bailey, and her volume of &ldquo;Historical Sketches of Andover&rdquo;
+is very valuable.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Phillips Brooks.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Historical Sketches, p. 145.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Sketches of Andover, pp. 402-3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Prof. E. G. Coy, New Englander, July, 1885.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a>
+&ldquo;Es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille,<br />
+ <span style="margin-left: .5em;">Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt.&rdquo;</span>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Edmund Burke had previously warned the British Parliament
+against the futile attempt to tax the American colonies, and had said,
+&ldquo;You will never get a shilling from them.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Tudor and Bowen hold that these letters, which are found in
+the Massachusetts State Paper Collection, are from the pen of Otis.
+Bancroft gives strong reasons for believing Samuel Adams to be their
+author.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1,
+No. 4, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886, by Various
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,3947 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 4,
+Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 4, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 14, 2008 [EBook #25072]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, APRIL 1886 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Anne Storer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+ Transcriber's Notes:
+ 1) The single letter following ^ is superscripted.
+ 2) Table of Contents / Illustrations added.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ AN ILLUSTRIOUS TOWN,--ANDOVER.
+   BY REV. F. B. MAKEPEACE.
+     Illustrations:
+       Main Street, Looking North.
+       Brechin Library.
+       Memorial Hall And Library.
+       Phillips Academy.
+       Old Stone Academy.
+       Theological Seminary.
+       Lieut.-Gov. Phillips.
+       Chapel, Theo. Seminary.
+       Punchard Free School.
+       Theological Seminary.--general View.
+       The Old Mark Newman Publishing House.
+       South Congregational Church.
+
+ JAMES OTIS, JR.
+   BY REV. H. HEWITT.
+
+ A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP'S WAR.
+   BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN.
+
+ THE SINGER.
+   BY LAURA GARLAND CARR.
+
+ THE WEBSTER FAMILY.
+   BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.
+     Illustrations:
+       Daniel Webster On His Farm.
+       Birth-place Of Daniel Webster.
+
+ THE NEW ENGLAND LIBRARY AND ITS FOUNDER.
+   BY VICTORIA REED.
+     Illustration:
+       Rev. Thomas Prince.
+
+ NEW ENGLAND MANNERS AND CUSTOMS IN THE
+ TIME OF BRYANT'S EARLY LIFE.
+   BY MRS. H. G. ROWE.
+
+ TRUST.
+   BY ARTHUR ELWELL JENKS.
+
+ NEW ENGLAND CHARACTERISTICS.
+   BY LIZZIE M. WHITTLESEY.
+
+ EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+ EDUCATION.
+
+ HISTORICAL RECORD.
+
+ NECROLOGY.
+
+ INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE.
+
+    Illustration:
+      Hon. Henry Barnard, LL.D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                                  THE
+
+                          NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+                                  AND
+
+                           BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   OLD SERIES,                 APRIL, 1886.               NEW SERIES,
+ VOL. IV. NO. 4.                                        VOL. I. NO. 4.
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+
+AN ILLUSTRIOUS TOWN,--ANDOVER.
+
+BY REV. F. B. MAKEPEACE.
+
+
+[Illustration: MAIN STREET, LOOKING NORTH.]
+
+It is said that there are twenty-six places in the United States by the
+name of Andover; yet when the name appears in the public prints it does
+not occur to any one to ask which Andover? These facts are suggestive of
+the wide knowledge and popularity of this historic town, and the abiding
+interest of scattered thousands in its welfare. Her sons have gone forth
+to dare and to do upon every field of honorable enterprise. Thousands of
+pupils have pursued their studies here, and carry precious memories of
+the schools, of teachers, and influences,--in a word, of Andover.
+
+In this rapid and general view of the town,[A] all that will be
+attempted is to connect the past with the present, and to give a picture
+of Andover as it is to-day.[B]
+
+    [A] In the February number of this magazine will be found an
+    interesting article upon Abbott Academy, and in following numbers
+    articles, now in course of preparation, will be published upon the
+    Theological Seminary and Phillips Academy.
+
+    [B] The history of the town has been carefully written by Miss Sarah
+    Loring Bailey, and her volume of "Historical Sketches of Andover" is
+    very valuable.
+
+The natural attractions of the town are great and permanent in their
+character. There are neither gold mines nor alarming precipices, but
+there are graceful rivers, a quiet rolling landscape, and extensive
+views, shaded walks, and charming drives, because there are "more roads
+than in any other town in New England;" the air is clear and bracing,
+the sunsets once seen are not soon forgotten, the wild-flowers spring in
+abundance, and the autumnal glory draws many visitors to the town.
+
+[Illustration: BRECHIN LIBRARY.]
+
+[Illustration: MEMORIAL HALL AND LIBRARY.]
+
+When Washington made his tour of the Eastern States, after his
+inauguration, he passed through Andover on his way from Haverhill to
+Lexington. He spent the night at the Abbott tavern, and left upon the
+face of his host's little daughter a kiss, which she was so reluctant to
+lose that for a week she did not wash her face. In his account of this
+trip he makes special mention of the beautiful country through which he
+was passing.
+
+     All that is most characteristic in our New England landscape finds
+     its representation here. Its rugged granite breaks with hard lines
+     through the stubborn soil. Its sweep of hill and valley fills the
+     eye with various beauty. Its lakes catch its sunlight upon generous
+     bosoms. Its rivers are New England rivers, ready for work, and yet
+     not destitute of beauty.[C]
+
+    [C] Phillips Brooks.
+
+The "Hill" is one mile from the depot, a very uphill way, but one which
+it is well worth the stranger's while to travel. Upon its top is a tract
+of about two hundred acres, the property of Phillips Academy, upon which
+stand the various buildings of the institution, now nearly seventy in
+number.
+
+[Illustration: PHILLIPS ACADEMY.]
+
+Prof. Keep, in a recent article, says:--
+
+     The wide prospect from Andover Hill is suggestive of the world-wide
+     fame of the school; and the lovely elm-shaded park, in which stand
+     the buildings of the Theological Seminary, and the church where the
+     members of the academy worship, is a hardly less peaceful and
+     charming scholar's retreat than are those of the college gardens of
+     Oxford and Cambridge.
+
+This elm-shaded park is the beautiful campus of seven or eight acres. In
+the background are all the buildings of the Theological Seminary, except
+Brechin Hall, and in front of them is the avenue of elms which makes the
+"Gothic window." Nothing of its kind could be more beautiful. Overhead
+are the interlaced branches of the lofty trees, the end of the avenue
+forming the exquisite window, through which extends a long vista. On
+either side of the mullion one has the view of a church in the distance;
+and in the valley of the Merrimac nestles the city of Lawrence.
+
+[Illustration: OLD STONE ACADEMY.]
+
+[Illustration: THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.]
+
+Not far remote is "Carter's Hill," with its commanding view and unbroken
+quiet, and destined to become a favorite summer resort, for such as wish
+to enjoy some of New England's choicest scenery, to know some of its
+purest life, and to keep within an hour's ride of Boston. Within easy
+view are Monadnock, Wachusett, and other smaller mountains; the
+beautiful Merrimac River, with its populous valley, and the
+graceful, busy Shawshin, where it was said, the Devil baptized the
+witches,--contemptible when thought of as the object of great Boston's
+covetous desire, but important in its relation to the several mills upon
+its course, and for its contribution to the general beauty.
+
+"Indian Ridge" is one of the series of lenticular hills, which continues
+to the north-east as far as Portsmouth, N.H., and in an irregular course
+may be traced westward to the Connecticut River.
+
+[Illustration: LIEUT.-GOV. PHILLIPS.]
+
+This ridge is supposed to have been the spot of Indian encampments, and
+is within a tract of land now owned by the town, and intended as a park.
+Near it is the "Red Spring," and a mile or two north-east is "Den Rock,"
+all of which are frequently visited by holiday bands of children, and by
+students in hours of recreation.
+
+The Andover records date from 1639, and the town was incorporated May 6,
+1646. The story of Andover's progress from its foundation until the
+present, is full of interest. The town's part in all the early movements
+was most creditable, and full of intelligence. At the close of a
+century of its life we find vigilance as to the character of its growing
+population.
+
+The authorities believed that whatsoever a town soweth, that shall it
+also reap. It was therefore in vain that the "pauper immigrant" or
+"criminal classes" knocked for admittance. It is said that the town was
+"made up at the beginning of 'choice men,' 'very desirable' and 'good
+Christians.'"[D]
+
+    [D] Historical Sketches, p. 145.
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL, THEO. SEMINARY.]
+
+[Illustration: PUNCHARD FREE SCHOOL.]
+
+"The selectmen were empowered to examine into the character and habits
+of all persons seeking residence, and to admit none who were idle or
+immoral.
+
+
+                                 ANDOVER, the 30th of January, 1719-20.
+
+   _To_ MR. EBENEZER LOVEJOY, _constable_.
+
+    GREETING:--Whereas there are severall Persons com to Reside in
+    our Towne and we feare a futer charge and as the Law directs to prevent
+    such charge, you are Requested in his Majesty's name forthwith to
+    warn the severall persons under wrighten: to depart out of our Town
+    as the law directs to, least they prove a futer charge to the
+    Towne.
+
+    [Signed by the Selectmen.]
+
+"The town also encouraged desirable persons to settle by making them
+grants of land, etc. Ministers and masters of grammar schools were
+exempt from taxation."
+
+[Illustration:
+THE CHAPEL.    PHILLIPS HALL.    BARTLETT CHAPEL.
+       BARTLETT HALL.    BRECHIN HALL.
+
+THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.--GENERAL VIEW.]
+
+In few places can the local features of the great Revolutionary struggle
+be as well studied as in the ample and well-preserved records of
+Andover. It would take many pages to tell what the town did in council
+and on the field, in business, and at the fireside, to encourage the
+patriots. So loyal was the town that its citizens were greatly trusted,
+and a portion of Harvard College library was sent there for its greater
+safety.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD MARK NEWMAN PUBLISHING HOUSE.]
+
+A pleasant description of the town is given by Thomas Houghton, an
+Englishman, who, writing from Andover in 1789, mentions several
+characteristics of the people at that period. He says: "One thing I must
+observe, which, I think, wants rectifying, that is, their pluming pride
+when adjoined to apparent poverty,--no uncommon case!"
+
+He adds that they grow "their own wool, which they also get spun,
+weaved, and dyed, and both the gentlemen I am with, Hon. Samuel Phillips
+and his father, who is a justice of the peace, generally appear in their
+own manufacture, in imitation of the British."
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.]
+
+"As to property, it seems so well secured from principle in the people
+that there is not such use of locks and bolts as in England. Even where
+I am, we have five out-door and sixty-two sash windows; yet all the
+barage on the doors is a wood catch on the door-snek." ...
+
+"Oh, what a country has Britain lost by her folly! But this is too
+large a field to dwell on in a letter; the subject, from even poor me,
+would easily draw forth a volume."[E]
+
+    [E] Sketches of Andover, pp. 402-3.
+
+Among the early students in Harvard College, from Andover, was one who
+was destined to immortal renown. When the rebellious spirit against
+England began to rise, Samuel Phillips, whose father, by the same name,
+was then the representative to the General Court, was one of the most
+earnest to fan the sacred flame. Choosing "Liberty" as the theme, while
+in college he wrote: "We should watch against every encroachment, and
+with the fortitude of calm, intrepid resolution oppose them. Unborn
+generations will either bless us for our activity and magnanimity, or
+curse us for our pusillanimity."
+
+In 1775 he is chosen to represent the town in Provincial Congress, to be
+held at the meeting-house in Watertown.
+
+His great life-work now began, a work which will be more fully described
+hereafter. In all the relations and duties of student, patriot, business
+man, judge, lieutenant-governor, and founder of Phillips Academy, he won
+for himself a good report, and helped to lay lasting foundations.
+
+"Phillips School," as it was at first called, was opened April 30, 1778,
+in a "rude building of one story about 30 x 25 feet, done off
+temporarily in the plainest manner for the purpose, and not intended for
+more than thirty or forty scholars." From this small beginning the
+school has developed into the widely-famed Academy, which numbers more
+than three thousand graduates, and under whose instruction have passed
+about eleven thousand pupils. The limits of this article prevent a
+notice of those alumni who have become justly famous, and also of the
+very strong faculty of instructors, at whose head stands one of the
+foremost of American educators, under whose wise direction Phillips is
+fast becoming the synonyme of Rugby, and is already one of the important
+sources of supply of student-life for Harvard and Yale.
+
+In 1785 the "joiner's shop" gave place to a new academy, which stood
+west of where Brechin Hall now stands, and which was burned in 1818. The
+third academy, erected in the same year, is now used as the gymnasium.
+In 1865 the present academy came into being. It is a noble structure,
+with excellent facilities for educational work. Its spacious hall,
+where occur the commencement exercises, and the annual contests for the
+various prizes, is adorned by the portraits of many of the Academy's
+illustrious dead.
+
+The new laboratory is a part, already finished, of the proposed
+building, for the use of the classes in the natural sciences.
+
+For want of funds in hand, only the east wing has been built, and this
+is now occupied by the class in analytical chemistry. When completed,
+the building will be a beautiful and a convenient structure. The walls
+will be of pressed brick laid in red mortar, with dark granite base, and
+Nova Scotia sandstone trimmings. The roof will be covered with Monson
+slate. The basement will be eleven feet high, mostly above ground, and
+will serve for the force-pump, heating apparatus, and for rough storage.
+
+The chemical laboratory will occupy the main floor, and will be a room
+40 x 30 feet. Abundant light and air are to be supplied by windows on
+three sides, and the system of ventilation will be excellent.
+
+The advantages aimed at in this building are, ample space, freedom from
+dampness, abundant light, the means of speedy and complete ventilation,
+good drainage, a minimum of absorbing surfaces, and a minimum of fire
+risk. The building, when completed, will have a small side-room for
+books and balances, a private laboratory for the instructor in charge,
+a spacious lecture-room, a drawing-room, cabinets for the various
+collections in geology, mineralogy, etc., now inconveniently distant, a
+dry store-room, also corridors, closets, and janitor's quarters,
+complete.
+
+The chaste and time-honored seal of Phillips Academy was the gift of
+John Lowell and Oliver Wendell, the grandfathers of Oliver Wendell
+Holmes; and probably, though not certainly, was engraved by Paul Revere.
+
+     In 1807 the "Class in Theology" became a distinct institution, the
+     first of the kind in the world, whose invested endowment now
+     reaches nearly a million dollars and which has graduated nearly
+     2,000 students. The Theological Seminary has passed her 75th
+     anniversary; yet, as a representative and defender of whatever is
+     most vigorous, active, and progressive in Christian orthodoxy, she
+     holds an aegis that is ageless, and a sceptre imperishable. And it
+     is said that no one man now living can read even the alphabets of
+     all the languages through which her sons have sought to interpret
+     the Word of God to the world. Previous to 1807 the Academy itself
+     did a most important work in educating young men for the Christian
+     ministry, and has contributed to the education of more clergymen
+     than any similar school. The Academy has also been a large feeder
+     of the Seminary and other theological schools, and for long periods
+     has graduated every year from five to fifteen young men who have
+     become ministers. Indeed the Academy has been called, not without
+     reason, itself a Seminary.[F]
+
+    [F] Prof. E. G. Coy, New Englander, July, 1885.
+
+As another article will be written upon the founders and instructors of
+the Seminary, we shall in this speak only of the buildings. At the north
+end of the long, elm-shaded avenue stands the chapel. It is built in the
+Gothic style, of Andover stone, trimmed with sandstone from Connecticut
+and Ohio. It was dedicated in 1876, and is by far the most beautiful,
+ecclesiastical structure in the town. The audience worshipping in it is
+composed of professors and their families, the students of the
+institutions, and a few families living near.
+
+Then follow Phillips Hall and Bartlett Hall, and between them is
+Bartlett Chapel, the two former serving as dormitories, and the latter
+for lecture and recitation rooms. Nearly opposite the south end of the
+avenue is the gymnasium, and in the foreground, nearer the main street,
+is the imposing library building Brechin Hall.
+
+Over three thousand students have been connected with this institution,
+and the illustrations which accompany this article will awaken tender
+and precious memories in the minds of many readers.
+
+In 1830 it was determined to open a school in connection with Phillips
+Academy, for the training of teachers. The Stone Academy was erected on
+the square nearly opposite the present academy, and a dwelling-house,
+also built of stone, was used as the workshop of the students. This
+house afterwards became the residence of Prof. C. E. Stowe, D.D., and
+his talented wife. It was while living here that she wrote her "Key to
+Uncle Tom's Cabin," and received the kind and unkind notices of her
+great work.
+
+This school was discontinued in 1842, for lack of funds, and the
+building was used as the head-quarters of the Academy,--the recitations
+being made in what is now the gymnasium. About twenty years ago it was
+burned, and the new academy erected.
+
+Among the buildings in town which have been made historic is what is
+known as "the old Andover Bookstore,"--so called to distinguish it from
+the present publishing house. It stands on the top of the hill, is a
+brick structure, and is now used as a dwelling-house.
+
+     The Andover Press has always been closely allied with the literary
+     institutions of the town. In 1809, but one year after the opening
+     of the Theological Seminary, Mark Newman, who for fourteen years
+     had been the eminently respected principal (the third) of Phillips
+     Academy, resigned his office and engaged in the book business, in
+     which he continued till near the close of his long life of nearly
+     eighty-seven years. He died in 1859. Four years after Dea. Newman
+     opened his bookstore, Flagg & Gould began the printing business, at
+     first printing for Dea. Newman and others, but soon for themselves
+     as publishers. The firm of Flagg & Gould remained unchanged for
+     twenty years. In 1833 they admitted as partner Mark H. Newman, son
+     of Dea. Newman. Mr. Flagg died the same year; Gould & Newman
+     continued the business till 1841. They were succeeded by Allen,
+     Morrill, & Wardwell in 1841, W. H. Wardwell in 1847, Flagg &
+     Wardwell in 1848, W. F. Draper in 1849.
+
+     The relations of the publishing business to the Seminary and the
+     enthusiasm for theological learning inspired by Prof. Stuart are
+     well illustrated in the title of Newcome's "Harmony of the
+     Gospels," published soon after Flagg & Gould opened their
+     printing-office: "A Harmony in Greek of the Gospels, with Notes, By
+     William Newcome, D.D., Dublin, 1778: Reprinted from the Text and
+     Select Various Readings of Griesbach, by the Junior Class in the
+     Theological Seminary at Andover, under the Superintendence of Moses
+     Stuart, Associate Professor of Sacred Literature in said Seminary.
+     Andover: Printed by Flagg and Gould. 1814." This was probably the
+     first book in Greek published here. Other books have occasionally
+     been published by the students of the Seminary. The first book in
+     Hebrew printed at the Andover Press was Stuart's Hebrew Grammar,
+     the Professor himself superintending the type-setting. Inspired by
+     his zeal, Dr. Codman, in 1821, gave to the Seminary $2,000 for the
+     purchase of type to be used for printing the Oriental languages, a
+     kind of work then new in this country hence the name "Codman
+     Press," which appears on the books of early date. Works or parts
+     of works were printed in as many as ten Eastern languages, a
+     speciality at Andover which has been continued to the present time.
+     Equally zealous in his department was Dr. Porter, President, and
+     Professor of Sacred Rhetoric, in directing the attention of the
+     clergy to the study of pulpit eloquence. He published largely on
+     that subject, some of his books attaining a very extensive sale.
+     Prof. Stuart also published here his Commentaries, some of which,
+     at the time, greatly agitated the theological world. They still
+     abide the test of time and survive among the fittest. Having
+     published as many as six editions of his own Hebrew Grammars, he
+     translated that of Gesenius, and, in connection with Dr. Robinson,
+     he translated also the first edition of Winer's New Testament Greek
+     Grammar, then a book of 176 pages, now, in its
+     seventh--Thayers--edition, one of 746 pages. Both of these works in
+     their greatly improved form still hold the foremost rank as
+     text-books in their respective departments.
+
+     Not far from one hundred and fifty different works of 8vo size,
+     some of them containing several volumes, among these the
+     "Bibliotheca Sacra," now entering on its forty-third year, until
+     lately edited by Prof. E. A. Park, one of its founders; over one
+     hundred and fifty books of 12mo and smaller sizes, and more than
+     two hundred pamphlets, have been published in Andover. Many of
+     these works were written here (also many others published
+     elsewhere), and were the outgrowth of the institutions of the
+     place.
+
+At the centennial celebration of Phillips Academy, after speaking of the
+literary industry of the faculty, it was said, "There have been forty
+professors, but their wives and daughters, six women, have published
+books which have had a circulation of at least a million copies."
+
+The Punchard Free School was opened for instruction in 1856. It is
+the High School of the town, founded and endowed by Mr. Benjamin H.
+Punchard, who left the sum of $70,000 for the founding of a free school.
+The school-house is beautifully situated on Punchard avenue, and
+hundreds of Andover's boys and girls have received great benefit from
+Mr. Punchard's wise generosity.
+
+William G. Goldsmith, A.M., of Andover, who was the fourth principal,
+and a graduate of Harvard College, was elected in 1858. He resigned in
+1870, but was reelected in 1871, and served until his recent appointment
+to the service of the Government. The universal respect and affection of
+the numerous alumni of "Punchard" are the well-earned eulogy of his
+faithful work.
+
+Its character for good citizenship has never been lost by Andover. There
+is a sensitiveness to evil and a vigilant eye for immoralities, which
+form the best possible safeguards for a town's good name.
+
+The policy of the town is at once conservative and progressive. The
+majority sentiment is easily that of an intelligent class of people, who
+earnestly seek true progress in all directions, but prefer that all
+foolish experiments should be made by other communities.
+
+The business of the town is such as the local demands would naturally
+create, and in addition are the large manufacturing interests, at
+Ballard Vale: the Tyer Rubber Company, the Stevens Mills of Marland
+Village, and the Mills of Smith, Dove, & Co., the makers of the
+well-known "Andover Thread." All these firms have secured such a
+reputation for their goods that while a period of business depression
+may lessen the profits it has little effect upon the number of hands
+employed. The present population of Andover is 5,711. The growth of the
+town is not rapid, but has been more so of late than formerly. The
+student and business elements steadily increase, and the farm-houses in
+the remote parts of the town are favorite summer resorts of such persons
+as business connections keep close to Boston, but who wish to escape the
+heat and noise of the city.
+
+The number of voters is 893, and of a total vote of 468 upon the
+question, "Shall licenses be granted for the sale of intoxicating
+liquors in this town?" the recent declaration was Yes, 141, No, 327. The
+desire for improvement in the town can easily be inferred from a
+statement of the appropriations for the current year. They amounted to
+$77,283.67, of which the following are items:--
+
+     _Voted_ to appropriate the following sums for the different
+     departments: For schools, $10,700; school-houses, $1,800;
+     school-books, $1,000; sidewalks, $1,000; removing snow, $800;
+     town-officers, $2,500; town-house, $600; fire department, $3,500;
+     street lamps, $950; printing and stationery, $500; Spring Grove
+     cemetery, and avails of sales of lots, $300; Memorial Day, $175;
+     State aid, $1,400; additional pay to soldiers, $600; almshouse
+     expenses, $4,500; almshouse, relief out of, $3,000; repairs on
+     almshouse, $500; hay-scales, $50; State tax, $6,000; county tax,
+     $6,000; adjustment of taxes, $500; discount on taxes, $2,000;
+     abatement of taxes, $400; interest on notes and funds, $2,000;
+     insurance, $200; miscellaneous, $1,500; fire-engine for Ballard
+     Vale, $4,000; highways and bridges, $10,000; water-supply, $10,000;
+     tree-planting, $100; new streets, $625; etc.
+
+For six years past--1880-85--the taxes have averaged only $7.25 per
+$1,000,--on a low valuation of property. For healthfulness the town
+stands near, if not quite at the head of the list, in the vital
+statistics of the State. When the writer was about to make Andover his
+place of residence he was heartily congratulated by a friend: "People
+never die in Andover," said he, "from disease. They live on, and on, and
+on, until their friends weary of them, and shoot them." No one has been
+shot recently in Andover, and some have died; but the town is remarkable
+for its healthfulness. In 1885 there were 81 deaths, and the average age
+was 48+ years; while 40 were 60 years old, and upwards; 27 were over 70;
+24 were over 75; 13 were over 80; 4 were over 85, and 2 were over 90.
+The records of the largest Sabbath school in town show only three
+deaths of persons under 20 years of age, for at least eight, and
+possibly ten years. The two funerals which the writer last attended were
+of persons aged 89 and 101. The Catholic priest informs me that an
+entire year has passed without the occurrence of death in his parish. To
+show that the statistics of 1885 are not exceptionally favorable to the
+name of the town, let us take a longer period,--say of six years,
+1879-85. During this period the death-rate has been 14.45 per 1,000,
+which gives an average number of deaths for each year, of 79; and within
+this period 159, deaths have been of persons over 70 years of age. Since
+the new year came in 15 persons have died, and the average age of 5 was
+over 90 years.
+
+Each of the nine churches in Andover has an interesting history. Of
+these five are of the Congregational order, and their enrolled
+membership numbers 1,099, nearly one-fifth of the entire population.
+When to this is added the membership of the Episcopal, Baptist,
+Methodist and Catholic churches it is probable that one person in four,
+of whatever age or nationality, is a member of some church. The
+enrolment of the Sabbath Schools is about the same as that of the
+churches.
+
+This is owing partly to the fact that the "foreign element" in Andover
+consists largely of Scotchmen, who love the kirk; and also because the
+educational facilities of Andover are such as to draw hither persons of
+intelligence, and of literary tastes and habits.
+
+The town is well supplied with libraries. The Memorial Hall was built to
+commemorate the Andover defenders of the national flag, and contains a
+free reading-room, well supplied with current issues of the press, and a
+free public library, containing 5,259 pamphlets, and 9,185 volumes, to
+which additions are constantly being made.
+
+In 1865 the Library building of the Theological Seminary was erected,
+through the generosity of Mr. John Dove and Messrs. John and Peter
+Smith, at the cost of $60,000. It was named "Brechin Hall," from their
+native town in Scotland.
+
+Its shelves contain more than 43,000 volumes, the gentlemen who built
+the library having given large sums for the purchase of books. On its
+walls hang the portraits of many of its founders and professors, and on
+the lower floor is a valuable museum and reference library. Besides
+these are various private libraries; and there is a community of taste,
+which brings all valuable books to the town in some connection.
+
+Another educational element is that of the public lectures. The People's
+Course is a thrifty annual, which, each autumn, provides a series of ten
+entertainments at merely nominal prices. During the past year there has
+also been a course of Emergency Lectures; and various others, upon many
+topics, detached from the established courses, are of frequent
+occurrence. Abbot Academy provides its annual and popular series of
+public "Piano Recitals," under the oversight of its efficient professor,
+S. M. Downs.
+
+Phillips Academy has its annual contests for the "Draper Prizes" and the
+"Means Prizes," and a year seldom passes in the history of the
+Theological Seminary without one or more courses of special lectures, in
+addition to those which are in constant progress, under the regular
+instructors of this and of the other institutions. Nor should the
+anniversaries, with all the strangers and alumni they bring, the stir
+they make, the congratulations and the partings, be forgotten.
+
+So it is that all the important phases of our best American life are
+found in the history and enterprise of this illustrious town. Here one
+may find the house in which have lived seven generations, the head of
+the family bearing the same name; and the home of the recent immigrant.
+The educational and business interests are nobly conducted and carried
+to great success, and the current life is representative of good old
+customs and earnest strivings for the best things.
+
+A careful study of Andover life, such as Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D., had
+evidently made before writing his address for the dedication of the
+Memorial Hall, leads one to feel, what he has so well stated:--
+
+"The more we look into the history of Andover the more we feel how
+thoroughly it is a characteristic New England town. If I wanted to give
+a foreigner some clear idea of what that excellent institution a New
+England town really is, in its history and in its character, in its
+enterprise and its sobriety, in its godliness and its manliness, I
+should be sure that I could do it if I could make him perfectly familiar
+with the past and the present of Andover."
+
+
+
+
+JAMES OTIS, JR.
+
+BY REV. H. HEWITT.
+
+
+Goethe's famous saying, that "Talent forms itself in solitude;
+character, in the stream of life,"[G] has often found striking
+exemplification both in the narrow sphere of individual existence, and
+on the broader and more conspicuous stage of national affairs; but
+perhaps the truth it contains has seldom been more amply illustrated
+than during the stormy days of the American Revolution. Great political
+convulsions sift peoples as the wind sifts the wheat on the summer
+threshing-floor, bringing into prominence their best as well as their
+worst features. They furnish occasion for the development and display of
+all that is noblest in mankind, and they offer equal scope and
+opportunity to all the baser susceptibilities and passions of our
+nature. They furnish a broader platform on which to act, and originate
+more exciting topics to occupy and elevate the mind, than are afforded
+by an orderly and undisturbed condition of society; and they are
+certainly better fitted to create that energy of will and heroism of
+purpose without which nothing noble, beneficent, and lasting can ever be
+accomplished.
+
+    [G] "Es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille,
+         Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt."
+
+Never, perhaps, has this effect been produced in a more impressive
+manner, or to a fuller extent, than during the anxious years when the
+American colonies were slowly feeling and fighting their way to the
+status of an independent nation. A new order of manhood appeared, shaped
+by the dangers and difficulties of the time. The crisis called for men
+of courage and capacity, of wise council, of prompt and decisive action,
+and these men were forthcoming, as if providentially prepared for the
+hour and the occasion. Of these, one of the earliest on the scene, and,
+for a time, one of the most eloquent and able of the popular leaders,
+was James Otis, Junior. Though, in consequence of the sad affliction
+that darkened and distressed his later days, his labors in the cause of
+American independence were prematurely closed, and he was not permitted
+to share in the consummation of the conflict in which he had played so
+prominent, and spirited, and successful a part, he still deserves to be
+remembered with gratitude and affection by the nation, now grown big, at
+whose birth he so nobly played the part of midwife. James Otis was born
+at Great Marshes, now known as West Barnstable, February 5, 1725 (old
+style, February 5, 1724). His ancestor, John Otis, came from England
+about the year 1657, and settled in the town of Hingham. The family was
+from the first distinguished by public spirit, and by aptitude for
+places of trust and responsibility in the public service. Besides the
+important offices of Judge of the Common Pleas and Judge of Probate,
+John Otis had the honor of holding a seat in the Council of the Province
+for more than twenty years. His son, James Otis, born 1702, stood
+equally prominent in his public capacity, being a distinguished member
+of the Bar, an officer of the Militia, a Justice of the Common Pleas and
+of Probate, and a Councillor of the Province. He married Mary Allyne, by
+whom he had a large family, James, the subject of this sketch, being the
+eldest and most celebrated. Samuel Allyne, the youngest of the thirteen
+children, served for some time as secretary of the Senate of the United
+States. The eldest daughter, Mercy, displayed an aptitude for politics
+and literature, in which she acquired considerable reputation in those
+unquiet and exciting days, vigorously indorsing and seconding the action
+of her brother, and her husband, James Warren, in the Provincial
+Council. She was the anonymous author of "The Group," a stinging
+political satire, published in 1775, and in 1805 she produced a "History
+of the American Revolution."
+
+Of the habits, character, and status of Otis, as a student at Harvard,
+whither he went in his fourteenth year, little is known, except what has
+descended to us in the shape of anecdote, such as the story of his
+playing the violin for a small party of young friends on one occasion,
+and suddenly stopping the dance by dropping the instrument, and
+exclaiming, "So fiddled Orpheus, and so danced the brutes." He, however,
+managed to graduate with honors in 1743, and to carry off his Arts
+degree in 1746. About two years after leaving college he commenced the
+study of the law in the office of Jeremiah Gridley, a lawyer of some
+repute, who, later on, as Attorney-General, defended the famous "apple
+of discord," the "Writs of Assistance," which Otis so brilliantly and
+successfully impeached. He resided for a short period, 1748-9, in the
+town of Plymouth; but the place of Pilgrim fame was at that time too
+slow and dull a place for the quick and active mind and ardent and
+ambitious temper of the rising young lawyer, and he removed to Boston,
+soon to be absorbed with the duties and difficulties of a large and
+lucrative practice, and esteemed and admired as one of the brightest
+ornaments of his profession. Nor was the public confidence in him
+misplaced, or his popularity without warrant. Governor Hutchinson, who
+knew him only in the capacity of a powerful personal and political
+opponent, was yet obliged to yield homage to his public and professional
+virtues, frankly declaring that "He never knew fairer or more noble
+conduct in a pleader than in Otis; that he always defended his causes
+solely on their broad and substantial foundations." Among other stories
+and items of fact put forth in evidence of his contempt of the
+pettifogging and professional lying so common in these degenerate days,
+is the following: Being engaged on one occasion to recover the amount of
+a bill which was alleged by the defendant to have been paid, he
+discovered, quite accidentally, among his client's papers, as the trial
+was proceeding, a receipt in full for the demand before the court. The
+paper in question had fallen into his client's hands in some way or
+another, and he was villanously using this advantage to wrong his
+neighbor. As soon as Otis detected the trick his indignation burst forth
+like a scorching flame, "You are a pretty rascal!" he said; "_there_ is
+a receipt for the very demand now before the court."
+
+Otis' happiness, however, such as it was, lay outside his home. His
+marriage with Ruth Cunningham, which took place in 1755, was far from
+being happy. Incompatibility of temper, and radical and stubborn
+differences in political principle and sentiment, were the main
+ingredients in the chalice of bitterness and woe which both, doubtless,
+helped to fill. His only son, a youth of promise, entered the navy as
+midshipman, and died at eighteen. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth,
+married a loyalist, Captain Brown, who was wounded at Bunker Hill,--an
+alliance that much distressed him. The sad fortune of his second
+daughter, Mary, was another source of grief. She had married Benjamin
+Lincoln, eldest son of General Lincoln, who received the sword of
+General Cornwallis at the surrender of Yorktown,--a young lawyer of
+considerable promise; but he died at twenty-eight.
+
+It is necessary to remember that in the great drama of the Revolution,
+Otis was only one of many distinguished actors, and that, in order to
+appreciate the part he played so well, we shall require to give a brief
+and rapid sketch of the political situation at the time. The sudden
+assertion of the spirit of liberty, which the British Parliament and the
+Provincial Legislature, acting under its direction and control, strove
+to check and subdue, was the awakening of the colonial communities, not
+simply to a consciousness of their political rights, but, also, of a
+new-born power to maintain and defend them. During the first hundred
+years of colonial history King and Parliament, occupied with affairs of
+an absorbing character at home, knew little, and cared even less, about
+the fate and fortunes of the men and women, who, for the sake of
+conscience and religious freedom, had left the land of their birth and
+best affection, and were engaged in a heroic contest with nature, on a
+wild, desolate, and distant coast. The early colonists were left to a
+liberty almost as unfettered as the wild animals and savage tribes whom
+they dislodged from their native forests. When, however, the infant
+communities had grown strong and prosperous, and had initiated a system
+of commerce which bade fair to become expansive and lucrative, they at
+once attracted the attention of the State authorities in the land of
+their origin. When the conflict with Parliament began, the rights and
+immunities claimed by the American colonies, were not matters of statute
+and charter. The prescriptive right, which is founded in
+long-established custom and usage, rather than in positive enactment,
+was the ground of resistance to the encroachments of the Provincial
+Executive. When James Otis, in pleading against the "Writs of
+Assistance," said, "Taxation without representation is tyranny," he
+stated a great political principle; he indicated the great palladium of
+popular liberty; but deeper than that principle, in the hearts of the
+colonists, lay the sense of uneasiness at the prospect of having the
+privileges of one hundred and fifty years in any way compromised,
+disturbed, or imperilled. This was the spirit of Franklin, in his "Hints
+for a Reply to the Protest of the Lords against the Repeal of the Stamp
+Act:" "I will freely spend nineteen shillings in the pound," said he,
+"to defend my right of giving or refusing the other shilling; and, after
+all, if I cannot defend that right, I can retire cheerfully with my
+little family into the boundless woods of America, which are sure to
+afford freedom and subsistence to any man who can bait a hook or pull a
+trigger." This was the spirit of Otis when he complained that Parliament
+regarded the British colonies in America rather as "a parcel of small,
+insignificant conquered islands, than as very extensive settlement on
+the continent," with a future of unlimited development in store. This,
+too, was the spirit of Hawley, when, with a boldness outstripping that
+of Otis himself, he said, "The Parliament of Great Britain has no right
+to legislate for us." The latter sentence is memorable as being the
+first instance in which the power of the British Parliament was
+distinctly denied in a colonial legislature.
+
+Still, side by side with these strong assertions of independence, there
+existed curiously enough an almost equally strong feeling of reluctance
+to sever the long-standing relation between the colonies and the mother
+country. England was still "home," even in the language of James Otis,
+as is clear from his correspondence, in which he speaks of certain legal
+decisions as being "sent _home_ for approbation." Though all were agreed
+as to the character and tendency of such acts of the imperial
+legislature as the Stamp Act, the Revenue Act, the Port Bill, and the
+Billeting Bill, hopes were entertained to the last that some method of
+solution would be eventually discovered that would avert the disaster of
+revolution. "In America," said Rev. Andrew Elliot, a popular and
+much-respected minister in Boston, "the people glory in the name, and
+only desire to enjoy the liberties of England." And he added,
+significantly enough, "Oppression makes wise men mad." Even Thomas
+Jefferson, in a letter to John Randolph, as late as 1775, expressed his
+decided preference "to be dependent on England under proper limitation,
+to being dependent on any other nation, or on no nation whatsoever." "We
+strongly enjoin you," said the Pennsylvania Assembly, November 9, 1775,
+largely influenced by Farmer Dickenson, in its instructions to its
+delegates, "that you, in behalf of this colony, dissent from and utterly
+reject any proposition, should such be made, that may cause or lead to
+a separation from our mother country, or a change of the form of this
+government." In almost identical words the Assembly of New Jersey
+expressed its dread of "separation from England." "For what are we to
+encounter the horrors of war?" asked a writer in the _New York Gazette_,
+April 8, 1776, as quoted by Mr. Oscar Straus, in his admirable little
+work on "The Origin of the American Republic." "It is a form of
+government which Baron Montesquieu, and the best writers on the subject,
+have shown to be attended with many mischiefs and imperfections, while
+they pay high encomiums on the excellency of the British Constitution.
+The Continental Congress has never lisped the least desire for
+independency or republicanism. All their publications breathe another
+spirit." What strong ground the _Gazette_ had for the above statement
+will be seen from the words of the address sent to the British
+Parliament and People by the Congress of Delegates which met on the 5th
+September, 1774, at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. "You have been
+told," says the Congress, "that we are impatient of government and
+desirous of independence. These are calumnies. Permit us to be free as
+yourselves, and we shall esteem a union with you to be our greatest
+glory and our greatest happiness."
+
+It is always the unexpected that happens, however, and, strange as it
+may appear, in little more than a year after the publication of the
+warnings of the _New York Gazette_, and the strong deprecations of
+leading colonists, the first decisive and irrevocable step towards
+revolution of the government and the autonomy and independence of the
+colonies was taken. On July 4, 1776, the Rubicon was passed: the
+Declaration of Independence was proclaimed.
+
+To trace the causes and indicate the character of this sudden and
+irreversible revulsion of feeling is to relate the story of the public
+career of James Otis as _primus inter pares_ and leader of the popular
+party in the Province of Massachusetts. For ten years, with the
+exception of some brief intervals of popular misunderstanding and
+disfavor, he stood forth as the eloquent exponent and acknowledged
+champion of the popular cause. Long prior to 1760 he had achieved renown
+as a lawyer, and the skill and distinction he had attained in his
+profession had already received due and appropriate recognition and
+reward in his appointment to the Attorney-Generalship of the Province.
+In that year, however, the outcry against the administration of the Acts
+of Trade became loud and general, and in the discontent and excitement
+which prevailed the over-zealous agents of the Executive came into
+collision with the people. The revival of an old "Act for the better
+securing and encouraging the trade of His Majesty's colonies in
+America," imposed a duty of sixpence on molasses and other articles
+imported from the French and Spanish West Indies. As this was tantamount
+to doubling the price, the trade was forced into contraband channels,
+and vigorous measures had to be adopted for the suppression of the
+illicit traffic. A third of the forfeited goods belonged to the king,
+and were appropriated for the benefit of the colony; a third belonged to
+the governor; and a third fell to the informers. But as that portion of
+the spoils which accrued to the colony was not claimed, the money was
+used to stimulate the zeal and vigilance of the customs-officers. These
+persons, armed with "writs of assistance" issued by the Chancellor of
+the Exchequer in England, were empowered to enter and search any private
+house suspected of containing smuggled goods, and seize whatever
+articles might be considered contraband within the meaning of the acts.
+Against these proceedings resistance was bold and general, suspected
+householders answering the demand of the customs-officers by closing the
+doors in their faces. It was the duty of Otis, as Advocate-General of
+the Province, to uphold the action of the executive government; but he
+refused to argue for the writs, and resigned. On his resignation
+becoming known he was at once retained, along with Oxenbridge Thacher,
+to defend the cause of the people, and his splendid triumph in this
+capacity made him the popular hero. His opponent, as has been already
+intimated, was his old friend, Jeremiah Gridley, King's Attorney,--a
+lawyer of great learning and acuteness. An eye-witness comments on the
+sublime spectacle of Otis, spite of the difficulties of his position,
+the excitement of the hour, and the fire and vehemence of his own
+passionate nature, treating his old master "with all deference, respect,
+and esteem", but confuting all his arguments, and reducing him to
+silence, and Gridley, on the other hand, "seeming to exult inwardly at
+the glory and triumph of his pupil."
+
+In answering, almost at the outset, a charge which made his highest
+public virtue his fault,--the charge that he had deserted his
+office,--he said: "I renounced that office, and I argue this cause from
+the same principle, and I argue it with the greater pleasure as it is in
+favor of British liberty at a time when we hear the greatest monarch
+upon earth declaring from his throne that he glories in the name of
+Briton, and that the privileges of his people are dearer to him than the
+most valuable prerogatives of his crown; and it is in opposition to a
+kind of power, the exercise of which in former periods of English
+history cost one king his head, and another his crown."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The only principles of public conduct that are worthy of a gentleman or
+a man are to sacrifice estate, ease, health, and applause, and even life
+itself, to the sacred calls of his country. The glowing and oft-quoted
+eulogy of John Adams on this great argument, which is said to have
+lasted nearly five hours, is a commonplace of history, but we cannot
+forbear repeating it. Otis was a flame of fire; with a promptitude of
+classical allusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical
+events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities, a prophetic glance
+of his eyes into futurity, and a rapid torrent of impetuous eloquence,
+he hurried away all before him. American independence was then and there
+born. Every man of an immense crowded audience appeared to me to go away
+as I did, ready to take up arms against the "writs of assistance." The
+speech, says Bowen, "gave vitality and shape to the dim sense of
+oppression and wrong from the mother country, which already rested
+indistinctly on the minds of the colonists." "It breathed," says Adams,
+"into this nation the breath of life."
+
+The effect, however, which John Adams and other admirers of Otis have
+ascribed to his great legal triumph was obviously not the one Otis
+himself intended it to produce. There was, after all, something
+exceedingly vague and uncertain about his attitude and principles as a
+politician and a statesman. His contemporaries felt this, and somewhat
+unfeelingly accused him of inconsistency. At one time he was equally
+censured by his friends and by foes. In his "_Vindication of the Conduct
+of the House of Representatives of the Province of Massachusetts Bay_,"
+published in 1762, occurs the following: "The British Constitution of
+government, as now established in His Majesty's person and family, is
+the wisest and best in the world. The King of Great Britain is the best
+and most glorious monarch upon the globe, and his subjects the happiest
+in the universe." And yet Lord Mansfield, whose marble figure stands
+proudly among those of other distinguished Englishmen in the corridor of
+the British House of Commons, defended him in Parliament, not as a
+loyalist, but as a revolutionist. "Otis" said he, "is a man of
+consequence among the people over there. It was said the man is mad.
+What then? One madman often makes many. Massaniello was mad, nobody
+doubts; yet for all that he overturned the government of Naples."
+Friends of the government on both sides of the water suggested that Otis
+should be proceeded against for treason, but the British
+Attorney-General declared the "writs of assistance" illegal, and there,
+for a time, the matter ended.
+
+When, in January, 1763, preliminaries of peace between France and
+England were signed, the people of Boston rejoiced, and Otis, as their
+spokesman, said: "The true interests of Great Britain and her
+plantations are mutual, and what God in His providence has united, let
+no man dare attempt to pull asunder." Governor Bernard, however, who
+inferred from this strain of remark that the province would soon recover
+its reputation for loyalty, seriously overrated its significance. When
+the General Assembly of Massachusetts met in 1764, Otis, as chairman of
+the Committee of Correspondence, drew up the draft of an address to
+Parliament, to prevent the passage of the Stamp Act; but it was not
+presented. The act passed into law, and Boston was immediately caught in
+a whirlwind of popular indignation and excitement. The mob burnt the
+effigy of Oliver, who, in an evil moment, had accepted the office of
+Distributor of Stamps, and he, deeming discretion the better part of
+valor, resigned his post immediately thereafter, under Liberty-tree. The
+house of Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor, was demolished, while Bernard,
+the chief offender, was left undisturbed. Mobocracy, however, was not a
+pleasant contemplation to the sober and law-abiding people of Boston,
+and next day the inhabitants of the town assembled in Faneuil Hall and
+denounced the authors of outrage and violence.
+
+The Stamp Act Congress, originally proposed by Otis, met in New York,
+October 19, 1765. He, together with Timothy Ruggles and Colonel
+Partridge, were delegated to attend as the representatives of
+Massachusetts. Otis took a prominent and influential part in the
+deliberations of the Congress, and was one of the committee chosen to
+draft an address to Parliament praying for the repeal of the obnoxious
+law, which had nearly brought business to a stand-still in many of the
+colonies, for, as Hutchinson remarks, "No wills were proved, no
+administrations granted, no deeds nor bonds executed." Agitation and
+appeal were successful. Parliament beat a retreat and dropped the
+attempt to tax the American colonies, like a red-hot poker.[H] But the
+breach between the popular party and the friends and representatives of
+the government was destined never to be healed. Between Hutchinson and
+Otis especially relations were of a very unfriendly character, and it
+must have been exceedingly difficult for the partisans on either side to
+keep cool when the leaders were so apt to catch fire. Still, when the
+Revenue Act of 1767 fell like a firebrand among the colonists, Otis,
+singularly enough, was almost alone in advising moderation and caution.
+In the following year his action and attitude were more consistent; he
+was once more the advocate of resistance, and was appointed to draft
+letters to the King, to De Berdt, the agent of the Province in London,
+and a circular-letter, addressed to the colonial assemblies, requesting
+them "to unite in some suitable measures of redress."[I] Governor
+Bernard demanded the rescinding of the letters; and Otis replied in a
+speech which the Governor described as "the most violent, abusive, and
+treasonable declaration that perhaps ever was delivered." It is a very
+significant indication of the state of popular feeling in Massachusetts
+at the time that, while only seventeen members of the House were ready
+to say "Yes" to the Governor's demand, nintey-two were resolved to say
+"No." In the summer of 1769 a violent and disgraceful affray took place
+between Otis and Robinson, the Commissioner of Customs, in a
+coffee-house, in which Otis received a severe blow on the head. From
+that moment his public career was practically at an end. He became the
+victim of insanity. From 1771 to 1783 he lived aloof from the excitement
+of public affairs. His death was singularly tragic and fearfully sudden.
+As he stood at the door of his home in Andover, during a storm, a flash
+of lightning struck him lifeless to the ground; so that he may almost be
+said to have been carried to his rest in a chariot of fire.
+
+    [H] Edmund Burke had previously warned the British Parliament
+    against the futile attempt to tax the American colonies, and had
+    said, "You will never get a shilling from them."
+
+    [I] Tudor and Bowen hold that these letters, which are found in the
+    Massachusetts State Paper Collection, are from the pen of Otis.
+    Bancroft gives strong reasons for believing Samuel Adams to be their
+    author.
+
+As to the place of Otis in the early colonial history of America it is
+somewhat difficult to state it. His influence as the leader and exponent
+of popular opinion was undoubtedly very great so long as it lasted, and
+in the main it was beneficial. If, like many another great moral and
+political force, he accomplished something entirely different from what
+he intended, both what he intended and what he actually accomplished
+were equally a credit to him. Some of his contemporaries thought that
+his courage, his eloquence, his pure and undiluted patriotism, had a
+serious drawback in the irrepressible fire and vehemence of his nature;
+but passion enters largely into the composition of all noble natures,
+and is, in no inconsiderable degree, the secret of their success. Otis
+was certainly wanting in some of the elements of greatness displayed by
+the most distinguished of his contemporaries and compatriots. His style
+of statemanship was not so far-seeing, comprehensive, and solid as that
+of a Samuel Adams, a Thomas Jefferson, a John Dickenson, or a Benjamin
+Franklin, and it certainly lacked the Machiavellian coolness and
+argumentativeness of a Hutchinson. But what Otis accomplished was
+impossible to any of them. His work was quite unique in its way, and his
+public life and action have produced results as valuable and lasting as
+the public labors of any of the noble men who devoted without stint
+their best thought and energies to laying down, deep, strong, and
+enduring, the foundation-stones of the American Republic.
+
+
+
+
+A ROMANCE OF KING PHILIP'S WAR.
+
+BY FANNY BULLOCK WORKMAN.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+One bright afternoon early in the month of June, 1676, a young girl
+stood leaning against the trunk of a tree, gazing into the waters of the
+beautiful Lake Quinsigamond. Her head rested heavily on her hand, as if
+weighed down by the burden of despair. Suddenly she started, uttering a
+slight cry, then sank back against the tree with a sigh of relief as she
+recognized a tall young Indian who approached her.
+
+"Ah! is it you, Ninigret?"
+
+"Yes, Millicent; fear not, there is no foe near; and if there were I
+would protect you. Why do you tremble so?"
+
+"Is it strange I tremble at the least noise, when the sound of a
+footstep or the rustling of a leaf may mean instant death to me? The
+forest is full of enemies. They lurk in every by-path. Behind every bush
+or fair spreading tree may be seen their leering faces. What, then, has
+a poor captive girl to expect of their mercy?"
+
+"Do not I and those of my tribe here protect you? Have I not already
+saved you from death at the hands of a roving Indian?"
+
+"You have; perhaps only for a worse fate. Death, indeed, would be no
+worse than a future of such captivity; for though you will save me from
+the violence of the red men, neither you nor your associates will
+liberate me. Ah, Ninigret! why are you so in the power of that tyrant,
+Philip? Why will you not brave him, he is so far from here now, and take
+me to a white settlement? I promise you no harm shall come to you. You
+shall return unhurt to your people."
+
+"Do you not remember that Wattasacompanum has promised to keep you in
+safety until Philip is ready to have you ransomed? Have you forgotten
+the solemn rites by which he bound himself the day they brought you to
+us? Wattasacompanum is a good chief, a true Indian, who will not break
+his promise."
+
+"Then, Ninigret, I appeal to you, who have made no promise for me, to
+help me to escape to my countrymen."
+
+"I cannot do that; but I will take you to a place of safety, though it
+may be a long, long journey from here. Say, Millicent, will you come
+with me?"
+
+"Go with you, Ninigret, in any direction other than to a white
+settlement?" replied Millicent, turning her wondering blue eyes full
+upon him. "Even if such a thing were possible, where would you take me?
+Where and how in this time of war?"
+
+"Beyond the reach of the present strife, until Philip has driven the
+white men from our country. I cannot take you to the whites, for they
+will soon be swept from the land. They are much broken up already.
+Philip is a mighty chief, and has powerful friends among the Indians."
+
+"Can it be so? No, no; the Indian may do harm and cause suffering, but
+surely the white race cannot be exterminated."
+
+"Yes, it can, Millicent; as when, in the spring, the warm sun melts the
+snow, causing it to disappear from the dark earth, so will the white men
+vanish from this country, leaving the red men in possession."
+
+"I cannot believe it. Yet how can a poor creature like me, a captive in
+the forest, cut off from all communication with her friends, know what
+is the real state of affairs outside? In the long months since I was
+taken captive rumors have come to me of one town after another being
+destroyed or abandoned. Alas! what else may not have happened? Yes, it
+is doubtless true. O my God! is it then to be my fate to be held in
+life-long bondage, without a friend to whom I can turn?"
+
+"I will be your friend; come with me. I will take you away from here,
+where you are so unhappy, I will make a home for you. We will live
+together. You shall be my wife."
+
+"Your wife!" and Millicent, deadly pale, clung closer to the tree.
+
+"Yes, why not? I am brave and strong; I would guard you from all evil,
+and would make you happy. What better have you to hope? Why await
+Philip's pleasure? You say you have no rich friends to ransom you. If
+not, he will marry you himself, and he would not be as kind as I. He is
+a hard master."
+
+"I marry you, or Philip?" the young girl murmured, with a look of
+dreary terror on her face; then, as if to herself, "In fairy tales, as a
+child, I read of maidens marrying kings, and wished I were the heroine
+of such a tale; but little did I dream that such a king might some time
+be offered me for a husband." And she dropped her head upon her arm.
+
+"Do not look so unhappy. Philip is, in truth, no husband for you; but I
+am different, and do not hate the white race as he does. He is a fierce
+warrior, while I wish but to live in peace, to have you for my wife."
+The Indian drew nearer to Millicent. His dark hand stretched forth to
+grasp her slender white wrist, his black eyes flashing with entreaty. "I
+am not like the others of my tribe you see about here; I am more
+civilized; I speak your language; I have the last year embraced your
+religion. I vowed to you I would not lay hands upon one of your race to
+hurt them while you were amongst us. That I have sacredly kept this vow
+you well know; but you do not know what it has cost me at times, when I
+have seen the bitter cruelty shown by your race toward mine. All this I
+would do willingly for you; will you not then be my wife and love me a
+little?"
+
+The young Indian spoke with a modesty and manliness so remarkable in a
+son of the forest that Millicent was impressed with his manner, and in
+her reply tried to show consideration.
+
+"You are an exception to your race, Ninigret, and have always acted
+honorably toward me. I thank you for all you have done; and, if God ever
+restore me to my countrymen, I will show my gratitude in more
+substantial form than mere words. Marry you I never can; think of it
+calmly, and you will see that it is impossible; such a marriage would
+only bring misery to us both."
+
+"You scorn me I see," Ninigret said, quickly, growing angry. "I tell you
+we should be happy."
+
+"Indeed, we should not; from this on you must never mention this subject
+to me."
+
+"You cannot put me off so easily. What do I care for the kindness you
+may show me after you leave here? But you will not leave here very soon,
+let me tell you, unless you marry me. In that case you shall escape in a
+few days."
+
+"Then I shall never escape," replied Millicent, a bright flash of
+determination suffusing her fair face.
+
+"Your only answer then is No?"
+
+"No; I will never be your wife."
+
+"And I say you shall. Farewell! We will meet again." And all the latent
+savage nature gleamed forth from his face as he swiftly and noiselessly
+disappeared into the forest.
+
+Millicent, overcome with emotion, sank listlessly on the ground, where
+she remained for some time with her head bowed upon her knees,
+regardless of the beauty of the scene about her. Above, the sky was
+cloudless, a deep impenetrable blue, as seen through the heavy foliage
+of the grand primeval forest. At her feet stretched the calm, smooth
+lake, dotted here and there with tiny islands, so thickly wooded that
+they looked like escaped bits of the forest floating on the glassy
+surface of the water. For miles stretched the line of the shore, here
+straight, there gracefully curving, and everywhere heavily overhung by
+majestic trees. After a time she raised her eyes, and, stretching her
+hand with a hopeless gesture toward the lake, said, "Better to drown in
+that quiet water than to remain longer with these savages, now that
+Ninigret has turned foe also, and I have no friend to help me."
+
+"Let me be a friend to help you," replied a manly voice close by.
+
+Surprised and astonished Millicent sprang to her feet, and saw standing
+before her a tall, handsome man of perhaps five and thirty years,
+dressed in uniform.
+
+"O sir! can I really hope that you will help a poor, distressed captive
+girl?"
+
+"Of course I will," he answered, moving near to her. "First tell me the
+circumstances of your captivity and"--
+
+"Hush! do not speak so loud, or they will hear us and take you prisoner
+also. Come this way," said Millicent, as she led him to a thick clump of
+trees near at hand. "A short distance from here, on yonder hill, is an
+Indian camp, which has been my home for many months."
+
+"How large is the encampment?" asked the young man, looking with
+interest and admiration at the poorly clad but refined and beautiful
+girl by his side.
+
+"When all are there they number about one hundred; but at present most
+of the warriors are away."
+
+"Where is your home?"
+
+"I have no home. I am an orphan, and with my sister was visiting friends
+in Taunton, at the time the Indians attacked that place."
+
+"Ah! Tell me the story of your capture."
+
+"I will if you care to hear it. Upon the breaking out of the war, my
+friends, like others, became alarmed, and adopted such means of defence
+as they could command; still, when Philip really appeared with his
+Indians, they were surprised. Ah, sir, even you, who I see are an
+officer, and probably used to such sights, would have been touched by
+the misery and desolation those wretches caused on that day. They fired
+the house we were in, and when we were driven by the flames to the open
+air, they assailed us; and then I saw my friends struck down about me.
+An old woman, a mother, three daughters and a son, all brutally killed.
+Then they seized me, more dead than alive. A fierce Indian, with a yell,
+raised some weapon in the air, while holding me fast with the other
+hand; but his uplifted arm was suddenly grasped by a stalwart and gayly
+dressed chief, whom I soon learned was King Philip. Although nearly
+overcome with terror, I heard him say, 'She is too'"--
+
+"Beautiful to be killed," added the officer.
+
+"Well, yes, I suppose that was the idea. 'Take her captive.' They bound
+my arms to my sides and carried me away. I fainted at that point, and
+when I came to myself was on horseback, supported by a horrible old
+squaw."
+
+"Poor girl! how did you survive such a shock?"
+
+"I do not know, for I was ill with fever throughout the journey; but am
+I not wearying you with the history of a girl who has surely no claim
+upon you?"
+
+"You have a claim, dear lady; the unfortunate have always a claim upon
+any honorable man; besides, I am deeply interested in your story. Please
+proceed."
+
+"We travelled slowly on for several days, resting at night. The shock,
+the mode of life, and, above all, the anxiety about my sister, of whose
+fate I knew nothing, made me ill and unfit for the rough journey. When I
+failed and fainted, as I did several times, they beat me and knocked me
+about, making me walk when utterly unable, as a punishment for my
+laziness, they said. At last, when they saw I could go no farther on my
+feet, they strapped me on a horse's back, where I lay, half delirious
+and without food, until we reached this place."
+
+"What an experience for one so delicate!" remarked the officer, looking
+at Millicent with increasing interest.
+
+"We arrived here late one night, and then an old squaw, who has ever
+since been kind to me, took me to her wigwam and made me as comfortable
+as she could. I shall never forget the relief it was to lie quiet, if
+only on a bed of pine-boughs."
+
+"You must have had fortitude to have lived through such a mental and
+physical strain. How did they happen to bring you here?"
+
+"That night, when they thought I slept, I overheard the leader of the
+band that brought me talking with Wattasacompanum, the chief of the
+Nipmucks. He said Philip had ordered them to bring me here, and sent a
+message that I should be kept and well treated until he should see fit
+to have me ransomed. Wattasacompanum, who is a good chief and a praying
+Indian, promised that I should be faithfully guarded. The next day,
+before Philip's messengers departed, I was carried outside the wigwam,
+where the Indians danced a wild, fantastic war-dance about me, to the
+music of their own strange screaming. I lay trembling with fright, until
+the old squaw came out and sat by me, somewhat quieting my fears by
+repeating, 'They no kill you; they no kill.' They wished to paint my
+face and decorate my head with branches, but Wattasacompanum said no,
+that being ill I should not be disturbed. He laid his hand on my head,
+and solemnly promised to safely keep me; and after that the strange
+Indians departed."
+
+"What did they do for you to bring back your health?"
+
+"Very little. I was allowed to rest for a time, was not treated very
+harshly, and nature did the rest."
+
+"What food did you have?"
+
+"Ah, that was the worst trial; for days I ate almost nothing. I could
+not touch the meat they kept constantly boiling in a great common
+kettle, which all could go to, but I soon learned to eat a sort of cake
+they make of Indian corn, and when stronger I wandered about and found
+berries and dried nuts for myself; but I have never been strong since I
+came here."
+
+"That does not surprise me. Such a life for one like you! Have they
+always treated you well?"
+
+"No, they are often very rough; but the women are kinder than the men,
+who, fortunately for me, are away upon the war-path the greater part of
+the time, returning only occasionally for a night."
+
+"What work do they require of you?"
+
+"I first bring up water from the lake in the morning,--that tires me
+most,--then I help cook their food, and do whatever is necessary in an
+Indian household,"--and Millicent smiled,--"and I sew for the women and
+children."
+
+"The wretches! why don't they bring their own water from the lake, and
+make their own clothes?"
+
+"I would willingly do all they ask could I but know that I may soon be
+free to look for my sister, and be among my own race again."
+
+"We will see about that. You must not do drudgery for these savages much
+longer. Have you no relatives with whom it may be possible your sister
+is now?"
+
+"None; the family whom we were visiting when I was captured were our
+only relatives. My sister was out at the time on an errand in the town;
+so you see I do not know whether she was killed or captured, undoubtedly
+one or the other. My name is Millicent Gordon; hers, Martha. Now, sir,
+you have my history, and I wish to thank you for your kind attention. It
+has done me good to relate it to you, for you are the first white man
+whom I have seen for many months."
+
+"My dear lady, your story has interested me deeply and aroused in me
+both sincere admiration and sympathy for one who has suffered so much
+and so bravely. My one thought is to liberate you."
+
+"Can you really do so? Is the country, then, not all given over to the
+Indians? Oh, tell me it is not!"
+
+"No, indeed; they are being steadily and surely conquered; though, God
+knows, they do enough damage even now. I am Captain Merwin, sent here
+from Boston on a scouting expedition. I have two men with me, who are
+awaiting my return less than a mile off. I wandered in this direction
+while they were resting. I knew there were many Indians roving about;
+but that there was a camp in this vicinity I was not aware."
+
+"They suppose their existence here to be unknown to the whites."
+
+"I wonder they trust you as far as this."
+
+"They do; I always return. They know I am unable to escape, and would be
+found and brought back if I tried; so they grant me my only solace, that
+of wandering in the woods."
+
+"This time they have trusted you once too often. Will you go with me,
+and let me take you back to your friends?" asked the captain,
+impulsively.
+
+"I would go with you most willingly; but would the venture not be too
+rash? Would it not endanger your own safety and that of your men, who
+might escape harm alone, but, impeded with a woman, you might lose your
+lives while saving hers. No, I had better stay where I am. You can be of
+more service without me," answered Millicent, with quiet forethought.
+
+"Not for a moment would I consider myself in the matter, Miss Gordon,"
+replied the captain, with prompt assurance; "but perhaps it is not best
+to attempt to rescue you until I have secured more men." He remained
+silent a few minutes, apparently in deep thought, and said, at last,
+very decidedly, "No; in case we met even a small band of Indians we
+should be unable to resist, and they would surely recapture you or kill
+us all at once. If you will have a little patience, and still trust me,
+I promise to return and liberate you as soon as I can get men."
+
+"Yes, I trust you wholly; and, as for patience, the hope of rescue will
+make it infinite until you come," said Millicent, smiling.
+
+"Thank you for your trust; it shall not be misplaced. Be prepared at any
+time after a week for an attack upon the camp, and this time the war-cry
+will come from friends instead of enemies. May I do homage to the fair
+hand that has carried water to quench the thirst of an Indian squaw?"
+Before the blushing Millicent could deny the favor he had pressed her
+fingers to his lips.
+
+"I must return now, or they will look for me. See, the sun sets
+already."
+
+"I will go part way with you, as I wish to observe the situation of your
+present home."
+
+"Abode, not home," Millicent said, half-jestingly. "Yes, come with me,
+but tread softly or you may be heard," and she led the way through the
+wood. Upon reaching the brow of the hill she halted, and, placing her
+hand on the captain's arm, said, "Look through these trees into the
+clearing yonder." He did so, and saw a number of wigwams, with smoke
+curling out from their tops, and, sitting about on the ground outside,
+several women, and one or two old men.
+
+"And there you have lived for nearly a year; but it is late; I must
+leave you. Be of good courage, and believe that never a crusader felt
+his pledge to visit the Holy Land more sacred than I do mine to liberate
+you;" and, lifting his hat with deference, he withdrew into the forest.
+
+The scene above described carries the reader back to the time of the
+fierce and devastating war waged by King Philip against the settlers of
+New England, in which all the worst elements of the Indian nature came
+to the surface. The firebrand and the tomahawk were the weapons employed
+by the Indians to accomplish their purpose of destroying the advancing
+power of the white man; and so mercilessly did they use these that the
+outposts of civilization were swept away as by a whirlwind. The savages,
+avoiding direct conflict with organized forces of the English, made
+sudden and unsuspected attacks, under cover of darkness, upon exposed
+houses or towns, applying the torch to the buildings, and massacring the
+inhabitants or carrying them into captivity. Neither the life nor
+property of a white man was safe for an instant. While sitting quietly
+by his fireside or working in his cornfield, he was liable to instant
+death at the hands of an unseen foe. In such a condition of affairs it
+is not surprising that spots, where of late the influence of
+civilization had begun to make itself felt, were abandoned by their
+terror-stricken inhabitants. Thus, for a while, the rude savages again
+appeared as rulers of the land, and the forest often resounded with
+their war-cry as they fell on one partly-deserted town after another,
+and their yells of triumph rang on the hushes of midnight as they
+returned from their fiendish expeditions of plunder waving aloft the
+scalps of their victims. For a year or more this bloody war lasted,
+bringing death and desolation to many homes, until its guiding hand and
+vital breath, King Philip, was struck down, killed by one of his race.
+
+[TO BE CONCLUDED IN NEXT ISSUE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE SINGER.
+
+[FROM THE GERMAN OF GOETHE.]
+
+BY LAURA GARLAND CARR.
+
+
+  "Outside the gate, what do I hear
+      Along the drawbridge sounding?
+  A song! Now let it reach my ear
+      Through palace-halls resounding!"
+  So speaks the king; the small page flies;
+  The lackey comes; the message hies;
+      The old man comes, low bowing.
+
+  "These noble lords have welcomed me;
+      These fair dames give me greeting.
+  What heavenly kingdom do I see
+      With star-gleam, star-gleam meeting!
+  Such splendor, pomp, and wealth allied,
+  Desire must here rest satisfied,
+      While Time forgets his speeding!"
+
+  He pauses now; now strikes in song
+      Full toned, of pleasing phrases.
+  Each knight grows proud in look, and strong;
+      Dames blush at fancied praises.
+  The king, for whom the songs awake,
+  As fair return the bard to make--
+      A golden chain upraises.
+
+  "Oh give to me no gift of gold!
+      Such to your knights deliver,
+  Before whose faces, stern and bold,
+      The foe's best lances shiver.
+  Or let some chancellor of state
+  This gift receive, a treasure mete,
+      Fit token from wise giver.
+
+  "I sing as some free wild bird sings,
+      Among green branches swinging.
+  The song that from the throat outrings
+      Its own reward is bringing.
+  But may I beg a gift of thine?
+  Then give to me of rare old wine
+      In golden beaker, brimming."
+
+  They bring it in; he drinks it up.
+      "O drink--sweet, strength-bestowing!
+  O happy house--where one may sup
+      With such wealth ever flowing!
+  Thank God--you share with me a part!
+  It stirs my brain; it warms my heart!
+      I go with new life glowing."
+
+
+
+
+[Webster Historical Society Papers.]
+
+THE WEBSTER FAMILY.
+
+BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.
+
+I.
+
+
+The family of Webster, which settled on the easterly coast of
+Massachusetts and New Hampshire, became quite numerous, and emigrated to
+the various parts of western New Hampshire as early as 1763. Stephen
+Webster was one of the twelve pioneers of the town of Plymouth, N.H., in
+which, with other settlers of the backwoods, they had to endure great
+privations and hardships.
+
+The three Webster families which settled and remained in Plymouth always
+claimed Daniel and Ezekiel of Salisbury as first or second cousins.
+
+I quote from Moore Russell Fletcher, M.D., who was connected with the
+Webster family on both sides, the following narration. He says that Mrs.
+Stephen Webster and her sons and daughters, the youngest of whom was
+Mrs. Betsey Fletcher Webster,--the mother of the doctor, and who died in
+1863, at the advanced age of eighty-one,--gave him much of his
+information.
+
+"Stephen Webster, with eleven others, with their wives and children,
+went from Chester, N.H., to Plymouth, N.H., then a wilderness, about
+forty-five miles north of Penacook, now Concord, and there, on the
+Pemigewasset, near the juncture of Baker's River (afterwards so
+called), they erected a log-cabin, in that hitherto transient abode of
+the wild animals of the forest and the still wilder Indians, who at
+intervals passed through the place on their way to Penacook, Contoocook,
+Hooksett, Suncook, and Soucook, their old camping-grounds. These men,
+having selected lands for farms, had no alternative but to carry on
+their backs the articles of food, implements and seeds requisite for
+their colonization. They had axes, saws, augers, and shaves, or
+drawing-knives, and for protection and food their guns and ammunition;
+not forgetting their bibles, hymn-books, and tinder-boxes. In their
+journey through the wilderness from Penacook, a distance of sixty or
+seventy miles, they were guided by blazes on trees made by surveyors or
+men in search of lands, were obliged to cross streams on fallen trees
+reaching from bank to bank, and when hunger and fatigue compelled a
+halt, they selected a spot near some stream, drew forth their
+tinder-boxes, and with steel and flint struck a fire; then they selected
+flat stones, wet some Indian meal, placed it on the stones, and baked it
+for their frugal meal--their 'Johnny-cake.' At night they constructed a
+little booth of bushes, with their fire at its entrance, and, as they
+laid upon the boughs, their feet would be near the fire,--a great
+protection against wild animals who infested the forest and who are
+known to have great dread of fire.
+
+"Each day was a repetition of its predecessor. Upon their arrival their
+first efforts were directed to erecting a temporary wigwam of trees and
+bushes in their new home, and all reposed on the boughs, prior to which
+all joined in prayer and thanksgiving for their safe arrival and good
+health. On the morrow, after locating the spot for buildings, they began
+the erection of their log-houses, with one room, with opening for light,
+and an attic, which was accessible by a small ladder. The crevices
+between the logs were stopped with moss; the floor of the rooms, roofs,
+and the attics and doors were of small poles. A few days were sufficient
+to get their houses in the rough well under way. For food all had equal
+rights and took an equal part in procuring it. Three or four took dog
+and gun, and in an hour or two returned with a dead moose, bear, or
+three or four deer on their shoulders. They subsisted largely upon game,
+which was plenty in the forest, and when a change was desired they
+sought fish, with which the streams abounded.
+
+"A few months after their arrival, Mrs. Stephen Webster signified her
+expectation of adding another member to her family. It was a matter
+deemed of such importance that a town meeting was called, a moderator
+and clerk chosen, and the vote put to the meeting upon the name which
+should be given to the new-comer, which vote was unanimous 'if a boy his
+name shall be Plymouth.' But their vote did not prevent its being a
+girl, and she was called Lydia, with the remark, 'the first white child
+born in Plymouth.'
+
+"Upon one occasion, food being nearly exhausted, a settler took a bag,
+went to Concord, got one hundred pounds of Indian meal, took it on his
+shoulder, and carried it to Plymouth, sleeping on boughs, and baking
+his corn-cake on a flat stone. His arrival was hailed with enthusiasm.
+When tired of moose and bear meat they tried deer, rabbit, coon, and
+turtle, then turned to salmon, eels, and pouts. For dessert they had
+chestnuts, beech-nuts, and butternuts, and for drink they used the
+checkerberry and hardhack, but mostly they used mountain tea and swamp
+chocolate-root; these two last-named articles nearly resembled those
+brought from foreign countries. They raised flax, and with it made their
+clothing for both men and women. For coats and outer garments they
+doubled and redoubled the threads, the cloth resembling our present
+canvas. Linen was found to be cold for stockings and socks, and their
+inventive talent was brought into use. They cut hair from the bear-skins
+and mixed it with tow, and thus Bruin furnished them meat, cotton, and
+wool.
+
+"After a few years of roughing it the settlers began to reckon on some
+of the luxuries of civilization, and indulged in windows, each allowing
+two panes of glass 7 X 9. Their fireplaces and chimneys were built of
+flat stones for the first few feet, and were 'topped out' with clay,
+mixed with straw, and held by sticks of wood laid up cob-house fashion.
+The same kind of chimney may now be seen in the rural districts of
+Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. In many places the fireplace and
+chimney stand outside of the house, and the fireplace is wide enough to
+burn wood ten feet long. The wood requires but little chopping or
+splitting. For andirons they used large stones. When the children wanted
+to warm themselves they stood at the corner at the ends of the wood.
+
+"They made their furniture, hewing planks from logs for tables, and for
+a tub chopped off the end of a log, dug a hole through it, leaving only
+a shell, in which, with a jackknife, they made a groove for the bottom,
+which also was hewn from a piece of log. The shell of their tub was then
+soaked with hot water, to enlarge its circle; the plank bottom was then
+crowded into the groove, and the tub dried before the fire. If not
+water-tight, the openings were filled with rags. For chairs they took
+tops of trees with many limbs, split them into two parts, and the limbs
+answered for legs. Their crockery, much of it, was made of hard wood:
+from knarls they made trays, bowls, pans, plates, and sometimes spoons,
+knives, and forks. Instead of candles they used pitch and candle woods.
+My grandfather, had in his house wooden trays, bowls, plates, and wooden
+spoons.
+
+"When the number of inhabitants had increased so that it was called a
+village, earthen plates and pewter plates and iron spoons were brought
+into town from the town and larger settlements. Men carried the flax
+wheel on their backs, and their mechanical skill enabled them to
+construct looms.
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL WEBSTER ON HIS FARM.]
+
+"As the settlement increased in number, and the people began felling
+trees, the Indians, who from time to time passed there on their way to
+Penacook, Contoocook, Hooksett, etc., seeing the whites encroaching
+upon their lands, began their maraudings and became so troublesome, that
+the settlers regarded it as no sin to kill a redskin who was known to
+watch about for an opportunity to secretly send an arrow with deadly
+intent at their white brothers whenever they ventured beyond the limits
+of their little settlement.
+
+[Illustration: BIRTH-PLACE OF DANIEL WEBSTER.]
+
+"There was one, Mr. Baker, whose delight was, we learned of the
+Indians,--being at their camping-ground, near the union of what is now
+Baker's River with the Pemigewasset River, about a mile above
+Plymouth,--to take his gun, as he termed it, and play hide-and-seek with
+the redskins. His scouting about would seem to be known, and an Indian
+would come out to spy his enemy, hiding from tree to tree. Baker did the
+same, and as each peeped for the other Baker placed his hat on the
+muzzle of his gun, and held it so that the Indian saw, as he thought, a
+white man's head. Then he sent an arrow whizzing through Baker's old
+hat, and, seeing it fall, stepped out to finish his foe by raising the
+hair, when Baker sent a slug through the redskin. Soon another Indian
+came peeping from trees to learn the cause of that report and the fate
+of his chief. In a few minutes Baker played the same game on him and
+several others. Baker became so notorious an Indian exterminator that
+they gave the river his name; hence Baker's River."
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: REV. THOMAS PRINCE.
+[The Founder of the Prince Library in Boston.]]
+
+THE NEW ENGLAND LIBRARY AND ITS FOUNDER.
+
+BY VICTORIA REED.
+
+
+Thomas Prince was an eminent divine and accomplished scholar, well known
+throughout New England during the first half of the 18th century. His
+life is worthy of consideration on many accounts, but particularly for
+the great work he accomplished outside of his profession. He is,
+perhaps, best known to this generation as the collector of the Prince
+Library, now incorporated with many other private collections in the
+Public Library of Boston, although his published work, "The Chronology
+of New England," confers an equal benefit on posterity, and both
+together entitle him to a place of honor in our annals.
+
+His library was gathered as much for the instruction of others as for
+his own gratification. It is interesting to know that this bequest, now
+one hundred and fifty years old, obsolete in some respects, is still
+highly valued. Some writer says, that, if for no other reason, there
+should be a new fire-proof building for the Public Library for the
+better preservation of the Shakespeare collection and the Prince
+Library. The valuable editions of Shakespeare arranged in glass cases in
+the Bates Hall are no doubt familiar to many people, but it is possible
+that the majority even of the daily visitors to this institution have no
+definite knowledge of the Prince Library, which is found, on
+examination, to contain a fund for the curious, as well as many things
+of importance to the antiquarian.
+
+This library was added to the Public Library twenty-four years ago, and
+was originally a gift to the Old South Church. It is a collection which
+should be treasured, not only by Bostonians and all New England people,
+but is also of importance to the country at large, as it was, in a
+limited sense, the forerunner of all public libraries in the land. It is
+of a twofold nature,--an historical section, with the other devoted to
+ecclesiastical works. Mr. Prince designed the ecclesiastical or Old
+South collection, as he called it, for the use of the pastors and church
+of which he was associate pastor forty years. This contained all the
+Latin and Greek books, and all in oriental languages.
+
+His will states: "That whereas I have been many years collecting a
+number of books, pamphlets, maps, prints and manuscripts, either
+published in New England or pertaining to its history and public
+affairs, to which collection I have given the name of 'Ye New England
+Library,' and have deposited in the steeple of the Old South Church; and
+as I made this collection from a public view and desire that many
+important transactions might be remembered, which otherwise would be
+lost, I hereby bequeath the collection to the Old South Church forever,
+to the end that this collection may be kept entire. I desire that this
+collection be kept in a different department from the other books, and
+that it may be so made that no person shall borrow any book or paper
+therefrom, but that any person whom the pastors and deacons of the
+church for the time being shall approve, may have access thereto, and
+take copies therefrom."
+
+The Prince catalogue states that, "at his death, the New England Library
+was the most extensive of the kind that had ever been formed. It
+contains, in its depleted state, not less than 1,500 books and tracts
+relating to America during the period of our colonial history."
+
+The Mather family and Gov. Hutchinson are alone to be compared with Mr.
+Prince as collectors of books, and theirs avail little, as they have
+been scattered and destroyed. It is a matter of congratulation that the
+greater portion of Mr. Prince's books have been preserved, each of which
+had been carefully selected, "many bearing name, date of purchase, cost,
+and place where it was acquired." He frequently noted contemporaneous
+events of public importance on fly-leaf.
+
+A great number were purchased during a seven-years' residence in Europe,
+and some one says, "By means of this memoranda, we can easily trace the
+stages of his sojourn abroad." He invented a very quaint book-plate,
+with flowered border, in which he inscribed his name.
+
+Many valuable books and manuscripts were destroyed at the beginning of
+hostilities, which resulted in the Revolutionary war. The library, when
+entire, was a rare monument to the energy and perseverance of Mr.
+Prince, who, through a long and laborious life, never lost sight of
+this cherished project of his youth. It has never been merged into any
+other collection, but remains entirely separate, in accordance with the
+will of the testator. It has a special catalogue, and no book is ever
+taken from the building, though accessible for reference in the main
+hall. The books are deposited in an alcove at the top of the house,
+reached by a spiral stairway. Many of them are of immense size, in heavy
+leather bindings, while others are of the smallest dimensions. The pages
+are yellow with age, and the majority will have only the ravages of time
+to contend with, as the contents are not of a nature to make them
+attractive to the youth, or even to many maturer minds of this
+generation; but to the antiquarian, and as a picture of the growth of a
+mind in Puritan days, from its earliest years to advanced age, this
+collection is unequalled; for it was carefully selected, subject to the
+taste and needs of Mr. Prince's nature, and each book was familiar and
+favorite ground to him.
+
+The first book with date bears this inscription: "Thos. Prince, his
+book, 1697, 10 years of age." The book was "Marrow of Modern Divinity,"
+with "Awakening Call to the Unconverted" attached, and in his 16th year
+the following book was added: "Some Account of Holy Life and Death of
+Mr. Henry Gearing, late citizen of London, who departed this life Jan.
+4th, 1693, aged 61. Boston in New England, printed for Sam'l Phillips,
+at the Brick Shop, 1704." Underneath is written, "Anno Domini, 1704,
+Thomas Prince, Duke of Landwich, Earl of Pen^apog."
+
+The taking down of the first Old South and "Ye day of laying foundation
+of y^e South Church, New Meeting House, March 31, 1727," are duly
+chronicled in books of those dates. All through his life Thomas Prince
+showed a wonderful adaptability in noting the minutest as well as
+greatest events, and we trace a thorough command of detail in his
+published work, both lay and clerical. This, joined with enthusiasm and
+unflagging zeal, caused him to master all difficulties, and to
+accomplish tasks that would be appalling to an untrained or
+undisciplined mind.
+
+One of the cards used for reference in the Public Library contains the
+following: "The Prince Library has some rare specimens of the earliest
+typographical art in British America, and other books of peculiar
+interest in the history of New England, though not printed in America.
+The Bay Psalm Book, which was printed at Cambridge, Mass., in 1640,
+being the first book ever printed in the British Possessions, 'The
+Freeman's Oath' and a small almanac only preceding it. What is supposed
+to be the original draught of the preface of this book, in the
+handwriting of one of the editors, the Rev. Richard Mather, is among the
+Prince MSS. Elliot's Indian Bible,--first edition printed at Cambridge,
+1663,--also Eliot's Indian Primer, 1720, in original binding, and
+thought in that style to be unique. Capt. John Smith's description of
+New England, printed in London, 1616, with the early map. This copy
+contains the old and new names, and has differences from most copies
+that have been preserved."
+
+Mr. Prince collected the original manuscripts of the "Mather Papers,"
+and arranged them chronologically with notes. He seemed to know
+intuitively that everything should be preserved that would be of the
+least advantage to future historians. The salvation of the records of
+this most important family, who, with extreme rigor and cruelty even, in
+some cases, ruled the Puritans of their day, was a natural and
+thoughtful act on Mr. Prince's part.
+
+The "Hinckley Papers" are of great interest also. The catalogue of this
+portion of the library has been very carefully prepared, as each letter
+in all these manuscript collections is designated by subject, the name
+of the writer, date, and volume that contains it. The Hinckley papers
+were those belonging to Mr. Prince's maternal grandfather, Gov.
+Hinckley, who had a very extensive correspondence during the twenty
+years he was governor of Plymouth Colony. It contains letters from all
+men of note of that period,--Roger Williams, the Cottons, the Mathers,
+Gov. Winslow, a letter of King Charles II. to Gov. Josiah Winslow, Gov.
+Hinckley's address, and petition to James II.; also many personal
+letters to wife and daughters. Mr. Prince says "that on his
+grandfather's death he took these papers from his study, but while he
+was in Europe some of curiosity and value were unhappily lost." There
+are some Prince papers, mostly letters of distinguished divines to his
+brother, Rev. Nathan Prince. In his brother's commonplace book he
+inscribes, "This book belongs to the New England Library. Begun to be
+collected by Thomas Prince upon his entering Harvard College in 1703,
+and was given by Prince to s'd library in memory of his late dear
+brother, y^e Rev. Nathan Prince, M.A., formerly Fellow and Tutor of
+Harvard College. Born at Sandwich, November, 1698; died at Rattan, 1748,
+and wrote this manuscript before he left s^d college in 1742." The
+catalogue remarks: "Two vols. MSS., evidently companions to this book,
+are in the Library of Bishop of London at Fulham."
+
+There is in the Prince Library quite a large collection of
+ecclesiastical history and biblical literature.
+
+The psalms in numberless versions, metres, and paraphrases, in Hebrew,
+Latin, and Greek; one hundred and six volumes on natural, polemic, and
+practical theology. All his own works are to be found here; as many as
+thirty-three sermons, mostly funeral discourses, others commemorating
+great events, such as victories at Culloden and Louisburg. He gave
+frequently the genealogy of the person eulogized in his funeral
+orations, thus making them valuable for family reference, and often of
+historical significance. We easily trace the early bent of his mind
+toward chronology. It gathered force throughout his whole career, and
+finally bore fruit in his own "Chronology of New England," on which he
+spent many years of preparation.
+
+He said himself, when he presented it in person to the House, of which
+Hon. Mr. Quincy was speaker, in 1736: "I most humbly present to your
+honor, and this honorable house, the first volume of my 'Chronology of
+New England,' which at no small expense and pains I have composed and
+published for the instruction and good of my country." He published
+three parts of the second volume, and made elaborate preparations for
+its continuance. He began his work at the patriarchal period, and
+brought it down with careful attention to reliable facts into the
+earliest annals and descriptive history of Plymouth Colony, throwing
+light on the mode of living and thinking of the Puritans by copious
+quotations from their diaries. If his diligent and inquisitive mind
+could have completed this wonderful production,--bringing it to the
+middle of the 18th century,--it would have been such a perfect and
+minute account of the early history of New England that there would
+have been nothing for later historians to glean. It was, however,
+unappreciated at the time of its publication, which was a discouragement
+to him, though he always maintained, with his peculiar insight into the
+needs of coming ages, that the time would surely arrive when his
+patient and laborious work would meet with some reward,--a prophecy
+which has been more than fulfilled as far as the historians of New
+England are concerned.
+
+The last work of his busy life was the revision of the Bay Psalm Book.
+Mr. Prince, in his account of this undertaking, gives an idea of the
+thoroughness of his preparatory work. He says: "The old Psalm Book,--the
+first book printed in all North America, or in the New World,--this
+version of 1640, by the clergymen, John Elliot, of Roxbury, Mr. Richard
+Mather, of Dorchester, and Mr. Thomas Weld,--was liked so much, that it
+was used by some congregations in England while I was there." "To gain
+sentiment," he says, for his own version, "I read every verse in English
+Bible and Polyglot; also in Hebrew, with Moulane's Interlineary, the
+Septuagint, the Chaldee, the ancient Latin, Latin versions of Syriac and
+Arabic, Castalio, Tremilius and Junius, Ainsworth and De Mies. When I
+met with difficulty I searched the following ancient lexicons:
+Avenarius, Schindler, Pagnini, Mercer, Buxtorfs two lexicons, namely,
+Hebrew and Chaldaic, Leigh, Castillus, Bythun, and Martin Albert." There
+were also various interpretations from another long list of names; while
+he looked into New England version for groundwork, he compared with
+twelve metrical versions.
+
+A contemporary says: "It showed his wonderful industry and remarkable
+scholarship." His professional labors throughout fifty years were very
+arduous, but he brought the same careful preparation into all branches
+of his daily occupations that we find in his published work. In addition
+to his theological studies, which were naturally absorbing, and his
+historical research, he was thoroughly conversant with polite
+literature. At his death his library, which he had deposited in the
+belfry of the Old South Church, said to be his study, remained there
+intact and undisturbed for seventeen years. The books were on shelves,
+the manuscripts and maps in boxes and barrels. At the breaking out of
+the Revolutionary war they were still left where Mr. Prince placed them,
+though the old meeting-house became the camping ground of British
+soldiery. Pews and pulpit were burnt, to enable the riding school--which
+the soldiers inaugurated--a better opportunity for its operations. Gov.
+Winthrop's old residence, next door to the church, opposite the foot of
+School street, which had been used some time as a parsonage, fell a
+victim to the lawlessness of the soldiers, who used the beams and
+rafters of this memento of the earliest Puritan days for firewood, while
+many of Mr. Prince's books and manuscripts were immolated on the same
+altar. It has been suggested that some were taken by the spectators who
+thronged to witness the exhibitions, as manuscripts known to have
+belonged to this library were found--so the catalogue states--as remote
+as in a grocer's shop in Nova Scotia. It would be difficult to
+conjecture which would have caused the greater grief to Mr. Prince,--the
+desecration of the church, whose construction had been a daily delight,
+and where he had earnestly labored for so many years, or the sacrifice
+of a portion of the results of the patient toil of a lifetime. This
+material, however, which was consigned to the flames, would have been of
+great benefit to historical societies, who now treasure the minutest
+facts that bear upon our past history. In 1814, when society had
+recovered its equilibrium, and began to feel a dawning pride in the
+great achievement that made of the colonies a free and independent
+nation, an interest naturally increased in those things that pertained
+to their earliest chronicles. The Historical Society looked over the
+books and pamphlets belonging to Mr. Prince, removing the historical
+portion to their rooms, while the ecclesiastical was sent to the house
+of the pastor of the Old South. In 1860 it was considered desirable to
+place them all together in the Public Library of Boston, where they
+would be under the guardianship of the city, and be far more accessible,
+though still the property of the Old South.
+
+Everything seemed to conspire to make the life of Thomas Prince an
+exceptionally happy and fortunate one. He had remarkable opportunities
+from his birth to develop all his natural capabilities, and in spite of
+his Puritan surroundings he gained a liberal view of life, and
+appreciated and profited by the facilities for culture that were open to
+him. He traced himself the genealogy and characteristics of the Prince
+family, and we find in him the modified traits of his English and
+Puritan forefathers, who, though strictly religious, were not so
+fanatical as many about them. His great-grandfather, the Rev. John
+Prince, who lived in the reign of James I. and Charles I., was educated
+at Oxford, and became rector of East Shefford, Berkshire, Eng. Thomas
+Prince says of him: "Of whom there was this remarkable, that he was one
+of the Puritan ministers of the Church of England who in part conformed
+and who greatly longed for a further reformation. He had married a
+daughter of Dr. Toldenburg, D.D., of Oxford, by whom he had four sons
+and seven daughters. Every one of the children proved conscientious
+non-conformists even while their parents lived, without any breach of
+affection. Thus they continued pretty near together until the furious
+and cruel Archbishop Laud dispersed and drove their eldest son, with
+many others, to this country."
+
+Walter Money, F.S.A., local secretary of Berks, writes of the old church
+at East Shefford, of which Rev. John Prince was rector from 1620 to
+1644: "The church where he preached still stands, being used only for a
+mortuary chapel, a new one for use having been erected near by. The old
+chapel is a most interesting building of the time of Henry VIII., and
+considered worthy to be described in full in archaeological works found
+in the British Museum. It contains a remarkable monument of Sir Thomas
+Fettiplace and his wife Beatrice, whose old manor-house adjoined the
+church. There is an exquisite view of the latter in the British Museum."
+
+The rector's oldest son, also named John, was destined for the ministry,
+and had been three years at Oxford before coming to this country. On
+arriving here, thinking his preparatory work too meagre for his
+profession, he devoted himself to husbandry. He settled in Hull, in
+1633. His son Samuel, the father of Thomas, was born in 1649, and his
+son chronicles of him, "That he was healthy and strong in body, vigorous
+and active in spirit, thoughtful and religious from youth, esteemed for
+his abilities and gifts, especially of his power of arguing; a zealous
+asserter of New England liberties, with charity to others, instructive
+in conversation." He represented the town of Sandwich nineteen times in
+legislative councils. He had two wives; the second was Mercy, daughter
+of Governor Hinckley, and Thomas was her oldest son. Governor Hinckley
+was a man of superior ability, distinguished in the history of Plymouth
+Colony. "He had been from first to last the associate, in weal or woe,
+of its great and good men, and had lived himself chief among the
+survivors to see the last chapter written in its immortal annals." His
+grandmother Hinckley was a daughter of Quartermaster Smith, who came
+from England. Her grandson, Thomas Prince, says of her: "To the day of
+her death she shone in the eyes of all as the loveliest and brightest
+for beauty, knowledge, wisdom, majesty, accomplishments and graces
+throughout the colony." Governor Hinckley had seventeen children, their
+names corresponding to the spirit of the times. Among them we find
+Mataliah, Mehitable, Mercy, Experience, Thankful, Reliance, Ebenezer,
+and Bathsheba. Thomas Prince himself, one of fourteen children, was born
+at Sandwich, the first town settled on the Cape in 1687. When eleven
+years old he went to his grandfather Hinckley's, and remained with him
+until he entered college. Here he imbibed his taste for chronology and
+his love of books. His grandfather fostered him in his youthful ambition
+of founding a library, and gave him many from his own collection. During
+his long life of eighty years Governor Hinckley became thoroughly
+acquainted with all events of importance that had happened in the new
+world, and the eager boy was fed and stimulated by companionship with
+him, and all the moving spirits of the day who frequented his
+grandfather's house. His early attention to religious subjects, his wide
+culture, and remarkable sympathy with everything pertaining to his own
+times, was the blossoming fruit instilled into him by an honorable
+ancestry, who from the early part of the seventeenth century had been
+consistent Puritans, and filled places of trust with honor and fidelity.
+
+Although in the first half of the eighteenth century religious
+fanaticism was on the decline in Europe it held sway still, in a
+measure, in the colonies. There had been many instances of intolerance
+and tyranny on the part of the clergy in the past. Cotton Mather's
+implacable spirit found vent in the superstition and cruelty that
+characterized the Salem Witchcraft, while other ministerial leaders were
+prominent in the persecution of the Quakers. Joseph Sewall and Thomas
+Prince were educated under the Cottons and Mathers, but their lives
+presented a striking contrast to these fiery expounders of the Christian
+faith. Tolerance, benevolence, and humility shone conspicuously in their
+united careers. The serious character of the books collected and read by
+young Prince from his tenth year shows not only his daily training, but
+the inherent tendency of his mind toward that profession which he
+afterwards adorned. Mr. Sewall, his colleague, says of him, "That his
+crowning glory was that he was pious from his youth." He entered Harvard
+College at sixteen, and, after graduating, devoted two years to the
+study of divinity in Cambridge. His acquirements in theology, science,
+and history were marvellous, and, with his diligence and love of
+research, he turned with great energy to Europe as a wider field, where
+he could add indefinitely to his already fine attainments, and where the
+ease and grace of an older civilization left their stamp on his future
+deportment and endeared him to his people and the whole community. In
+1709 he sailed for England by the way of Barbadoes, thence to Madeira,
+and, after another trip to Barbadoes, he finally settled in England in
+October, 1710, making his home there seven years. There is one volume of
+his journal covering this period, bound in vellum, at the Massachusetts
+Historical rooms, presented by the Rev. Chandler Robbins. It is a
+miracle of neatness and precision, but in such fine penmanship that it
+is difficult to decipher. His love of detail is manifest in the most
+accurate information in regard to the ship's progress in her various
+voyages; and in his account of the small-pox and measles, both of which
+diseases assailed him at this time, the daily symptoms were chronicled
+in the most vivid manner. He attended theological lectures in London and
+at various universities, becoming in 1711 pastor of a church in Combs,
+Suffolk County, England. For six years this young American pursued his
+profession with enthusiasm, in the midst of a population who were
+devoted to him. Before returning to America he formed a church at
+Battisford, next parish to Combs, and when he returned to his native
+land many of his congregation came with him.
+
+The chapel was then closed; one part of the flock settled at Needham
+Market, the other at Stowmarket,--these churches still existing. In
+Combs began the romantic period of his life. He became interested in
+Deborah Denny, a child of twelve when he came to the village, who grew
+up under his ministrations. Her family for centuries was famed for its
+piety and was thoroughly devoted to the interests of the church. Her
+training had been as strict in religious matters as Mr. Prince's. In her
+eighteenth year Deborah sailed for America, with her brother Samuel, to
+join another brother, who had settled here previously. Mr. Prince took
+passage on the same vessel, and two years later they were married at
+the house of her brother, Daniel Denny, at Leicester, by Rev. Joseph
+Sewall, Mr. Prince being ten years older than his bride. He had been
+urged to continue his residence abroad; but his longings for home were
+too powerful for their inducements, and later in life he was known to
+have regretted spending so many years away from what he then had learned
+to consider his true sphere of usefulness.
+
+He landed in Boston on a July Sunday, 1717. He notes it thus in his
+journal: "The captain sent his pinnace to carry me up. I landed at Long
+Wharf about three quarters of an hour before the meeting began, and by
+that means escaped the crowds of people, five hundred it was said, who
+came down on the wharf at noon, inquiring for me. But now, the streets
+being clear, I silently went up to the Old South Meeting House, where no
+one knew me but Mr. Sewall, in the pulpit." The churches of Hingham,
+Bristol, and the Old South gave him urgent calls to become their pastor.
+His choice fell upon the Old South, whose pastor, Mr. Sewall, was a
+cherished friend and classmate.
+
+Mrs. Grace Denny, Mrs. Prince's mother, in her letters to "daughter
+Prince," regretted that she was to be subject to the temptations of a
+city life, fearing it would be a snare and hindrance to her growth in
+grace, and advocated the choice of Hingham as a residence. In 1719
+Boston was a goodly town of only twelve thousand inhabitants, governed
+with strict Puritan laws, some of which were even oppressive, giving
+small opportunity to indulge in the frivolities of life, even if one
+desired, and least of all to a pastoress of the Old South Church.
+
+The church in which Mr. Prince was ordained by Increase and Cotton
+Mather, and Mr. Sewall, and where he delivered his own ordination sermon
+to admiring crowds, was not the historical structure of the present day,
+although it occupied the same site. The street in front was lined with
+beautiful mulberry trees, and bore the name of 'Marlboro', from the
+great Duke and General. The parsonage was next door north, and opposite,
+on Milk street, was the home of Josiah Franklin, where Benjamin was
+born. There were handsome residences in the vicinity, and the streets
+even then were paved with cobble-stones.
+
+Rev. Mr. Wisner, on the one-hundredth anniversary of the erection of the
+present Old South, gave a pleasing account of the lives and work of
+Joseph Sewall and Thomas Prince. He said, "Forty years these excellent
+men associated and labored for this congregation, in firm friendship, in
+perfect unity, which few can emulate. Their journals show never a shadow
+of difference. They had remarkable tempers. Mr. Sewall notes in his
+journal that he and Mr. Prince always prayed together before their
+different church services, and occasionally spent portions of a day
+mutually devoted to private humiliation in united prayer."
+
+The present meeting-house was erected in 1729. A day was set apart "to
+humble themselves before God, for all their unfruitfulness under the
+means of grace enjoyed in the old meeting-house, and to bless the
+building of another one."
+
+Mr. Sewall prayed with the workmen before they began to take down the
+house. It is curious to note the remarkable faith in direct answer to
+prayer in those days. President Dwight lays emphasis upon the fact, and
+gives the following instance in the life of Mr. Prince as evidence: "It
+was the destruction of the French fleet, under Duke D'Anville, in 1746.
+Forty ships of war, destined for the destruction of New England, were
+fitted out at Brest for the purpose. Our pious fathers, apprised of the
+danger, called a meeting for fasting and prayer. While Mr. Prince was
+officiating and praying most devoutly to God to avert the calamity, a
+sudden gust of wind arose (the day had been perfectly calm and clear),
+so violent as to cause a loud clattering of the windows. The reverend
+pastor paused in his prayer, and, looking around upon the congregation
+with a countenance of hope, he again commenced, and with great
+devotional ardor supplicated the Almighty to cause that wind to
+frustrate the object of our enemies, and save the country from conquest
+and popery. A tempest ensued, in which a greater part of the French
+fleet was wrecked on the coast of Nova Scotia. The Duke D'Anville
+committed suicide. Many died with disease, and thousands were consigned
+to a watery grave. The small number who survived returned to France,
+broken in health and spirits,--the enterprise was abandoned, and never
+renewed." Many who were present have left accounts of Mr. Prince's
+earnestness on this occasion.
+
+Probably no two men could be more devoted to the religious interests of
+their church and the community at large than these, yet Mr. Prince
+records, eighteen years after the beginning of his pastorate, that the
+ministers of Boston made an extraordinary effort to arrest the decay of
+godliness, but with no abiding results, and this was particularly
+noticeable in his own congregation. There seemed to be no change in this
+respect until the coming of Whitfield, in 1740, when he preached "to
+breathless thousands in the old South Church." Mr. Prince welcomed this
+apostle with enthusiasm. His own sermons were full of vigor, and a
+brilliant imagination embellished them with abundant illustrations, but
+depth of thought and zealous research made the majority of his writings
+far above the comprehension of the multitude. His printed funeral
+sermons are quaint in their deep, black borders, with drawings of
+death's heads similar to those that adorned the tombstones. His sermon
+after the death of George I. may have embodied the feeling prevalent at
+that time; but, in view of the more critical light thrown upon the
+character and reigns of the Georges by historians and satirists of our
+day, this eulogy is a curiosity, with its almost childish enthusiasm and
+simple-hearted loyalty. The following are passages from his sermon:--
+
+     For my part, I shall never forget the joy that swelled my heart
+     when in the Splendid Procession, at his Coronation, preceded by all
+     the nobles of the kingdom and his son and heir-apparent, one other
+     hope, with their Ermine Robes and Coronets, that Royal face at
+     length appeared, which Heaven had in that moment sent to save these
+     Great Nations from the Brink of Ruin. Nor do I speak of it as my
+     case alone, but as what appeared to be the equal transport of the
+     multitudes around me. The tears of joy seemed to rise and swell in
+     every eye, and we were hardly able to give a shout thro' the
+     laboring passions that were swelling in us. He was in some respects
+     a Father to the Kings of the earth, or at least a powerful and
+     decisive mediator and umpire among them. The eyes of the greatest
+     princes were turned to him. In these distant parts of his Dominion
+     we have felt the happy influences of his happy reign. He was the
+     darling and protection of his people, the great support of the
+     reformed interest and the arbiter of Europe. George II. is a Prince
+     of winning countenance and manly aspect, had considerable treasure
+     of useful learning, and with him a most amiable Princess, the
+     reigning glory of her sex for beauty, knowledge, wit, discretion,
+     the sweetest temper, the most cheerful, affable and engaging
+     countenance and carriage, with every charming virtue; in the bloom
+     of her youth preferred her chaste religion to all the glories of
+     the Imperial family, and became the love and admiration of every
+     protestant.
+
+President Cheney says of Mr. Prince "he may be justly characterized as
+one of our great men;" but he deplored that he sometimes devoted so much
+attention to minute and trifling circumstances of things, and gave too
+great credit to surprising stories. This, no doubt, may at times have
+been unnecessary, and would certainly be a failing at the present time,
+when writing on all subjects is so universal; but in Mr. Prince's case
+it took the form of an advantage to posterity, as this love of detail
+caused him to hand down to all generations the most life-like
+descriptions of daily life and conversation of his own and remote times.
+Although he saw a particular providence in every act, every word, every
+wind that blew, and every storm that arose, yet Mr. Sewall said of him,
+"that the great truths and doctrines of the Gospel were his chosen
+subjects. He spake as the oracles of God, as one that felt the Divine
+Excellence. Some of his discourses even have received impressions in
+England."
+
+The great tenderness of his nature was particularly prominent in his
+family relations. He trained his children in the paths of knowledge, his
+well-disciplined mind making him a safe and wise teacher; while, like
+him, they were pious from their youth. His only son graduated with honor
+from his own college, and had just started on a literary career with
+flattering success, when consumption caused his death, in his
+twenty-fourth year. Two daughters, also, at the early ages of twenty and
+twenty-two, were taken from the household, and in their old age one
+daughter only was left to these parents. Mr. Prince's contemporaries
+speak of his wonderful resignation at these repeated afflictions. His
+sermon on the death of his daughter Deborah gives the religious
+experience of a young girl who, in those rigorous Calvinistic days, had
+her sweet young life overshadowed by the terror of God's wrath for what
+she considered her unbelief. A few extracts will give a good idea of Mr.
+Prince's impassioned, pathetic, and even dramatic style, and his
+apparently "trifling details" add vividness to the picture. His son
+besought him to dispense with the custom of a funeral oration in his
+case; but the feelings of the father were sacrificed to what he
+considered his duty to the youth of his congregation on the occasion of
+his daughter's death.
+
+He said: "You have known her character; I need not give it to this
+assembly, and I am more especially restrained, not only by my near
+relation, but by what she said to me, with all the emotions of a grieved
+heart, three or four days before her death. 'Dear father, I have been
+told you speak to people in my commendation. I beg you would not. I am
+a poor, miserable sinner; you cannot think how it grieves me.' On these
+accounts I must forbear her character; but because God's dealings with
+her, both before and in her sickness, have been remarkable, I cannot but
+think it will be for his glory and your advantage to present some of
+them to you. As she grew up, God was pleased to refrain her from
+vanities, move her to study her Bible and best of authors, both of
+history and divinity. Dr. Watts and Mrs. Rowe's writings were familiar
+to her. The spirit of God worked upon her at fourteen, but she did not
+join the church until two years later, when she narrowly escaped
+drowning, in her father's bosom. For, as I had just received her in my
+arms, in a boat, in order to go on board a vessel in the harbor, bound
+to her Uncle Denny's, at Georgetown, on the Kennebec river, the boat
+steered off, and I fell back with her into the salt water, ten feet
+deep, with which she was almost filled, and we both continued under it,
+out of sight of her brother and sister looking on, for about a minute.
+If a couple of strangers from Connecticut had not been near at hand to
+reach her quickly, in a minute or more she had been past recovery....
+
+"In all weathers she sought the house of God, and she was afraid of
+being deceived. Though her jealousies and fears were troublesome, I
+think they were useful. Sometimes she had light and comfort; oftener
+otherwise. In her twentieth year she had a fever, and from the first she
+thought she should not live, complained of her stupidity of mind,
+impenitence and unbelief. I came home from afternoon exercise, found her
+so ill that her mother thought herself obliged to tell her, upon which
+she thanked her for her kindness, but quickly fell into great distress
+on being unprepared for eternity. It would break a heart of stone to
+hear her: 'Oh! dear sir, what shall I do?' ... Oh! the horrors of that
+night. It was one of the most distressing I ever knew. She wouldn't
+close her eyes for fear of dying. In the morning was a little more
+resigned, fell asleep, awoke refreshed, but still in darkness. 'Oh! dear
+father,' she would say, 'I have dreadfully apostatized from Christ.' Mr.
+Sewall and I labored with her for days, but we found nobody but the
+Almighty could do it.
+
+"Dr. Sewall said, 'If she died in darkness, we should have good ground
+to hope that she would awake in glory.' To everything he would say she
+would reply, 'I cannot believe.' You must be sensible of a distressed
+father's heart, putting his soul in her soul's place for many weeks.
+
+"Incessant prayers were offered for her in public and private, by
+relations and friends who loved her, but until the last half hour of her
+life were unanswered. She was in agonies of death all the while Mr.
+Sewall was praying. When he and the physician left, I told her they
+could do nothing more. She was calm and composed, but did not speak....
+It was so dismal to see her depart in darkness. Oh! the distress in that
+room. I held her in my arms, she opened her eyes and spoke a new
+language: 'Oh! I love the Lord with all my heart. I see such an
+amiableness in him, I prize him above a thousand worlds.' I said, 'Dear
+child, what have you to say to me?'--'Oh! sir, that you may be more
+fervent in your ministry, in exhorting and expostulating with sinners.'
+I never saw such a change in a sick room, from distress to joy when I
+reported her words. I could scarcely have thought a father, mother,
+brother and sister could have been so transported in the expiring
+moments of one so dear to them."
+
+This discourse was published in Edinboro' after his death. His daughter
+Sarah, afterwards wife of Lieut.-Gov. Gill, survived her parents a few
+years, but died, without children in 1771. She was also deeply
+religious, and some of her writings were published in Edinboro' after
+her death.
+
+Mr. Prince's life, aside from his domestic afflictions, seems to have
+flowed on in peaceful paths, that ran their quiet course between the
+hardships of the early years of the colonies and the rising passions and
+frequent strifes that reigned, particularly in New England, for years
+before the Revolutionary war. His whole nature, tuned to harmony and
+peaceful avocations, developed in its proper channel. The comparative
+quiet of the first half of the eighteenth century permitted a thorough
+devotion to his allotted pursuits. His forty years' pastorate in Boston
+left their trace of love and good-will in seed which can never be
+destroyed, and his indefatigable industry and painstaking perseverance
+are lessons that could be of benefit to all generations.
+
+He inherited a large property from his father. Beside other lands,
+acquired and inherited, he owned the tract which is covered by the town
+of Princeton, including Wachusett mountain, the town deriving its name
+from him. In the Boylston Mansion at Princeton, there is a beautiful
+crayon portrait of Mrs. Sarah Gill, his daughter, executed by Copley.
+There is also a fine tall clock, which belonged to Mr. Prince, in the
+possession of Mrs. Addison Denny, at Leicester. Mr. Prince brought it
+with him from England in 1717; the whole case is in raised Japanese
+work, and the face decorations very elaborate. It was made by Thomas
+Wagstaffe, of London, and his descendants still make clocks at the same
+shop, by hand and under the same name.
+
+Mr. Prince died in 1757, after a year's illness, at seventy-two years of
+age. The _Weekly Gazette_ said, in announcing his death: "His
+performances in pulpit evidence a vast compass of thought, a sublime
+imagination, a great faith and zeal. In printed composures there is a
+fertility of invention, correctness of sentiment, sprightliness of
+expression, that must delight every reader, and transmit his name to
+posterity in the most advantageous light. His private life was amiable
+and exemplary, adorned with grace and virtues. A useful member of civil
+society. His consort has lost an affectionate husband; his only
+surviving daughter, a tender father; his servants, an indulgent master;
+his acquaintances, a kind, condescending friend; his church, an
+enlightened and vigilant pastor; his country, a zealous advocate of
+civil and religious liberty. Took farewell to this world with humble
+resignation to the will of God, and entire dependence on our Lord Jesus
+Christ, and a good hope of Immortality."
+
+
+
+
+NEW ENGLAND MANNERS AND CUSTOMS IN THE TIME OF BRYANT'S EARLY LIFE.
+
+BY MRS. H. G. ROWE.
+
+
+Ninety-one years ago, in the little town of Cummington, Mass., was born
+a child, who was destined, in after years, to be the first of a grand
+line of American poets, who have made this, the second century of our
+Republic, famous by their genius and originality.
+
+Not long since, in looking over an old magazine, published in
+Philadelphia in 1809, I came across quite an extended review of
+Campbell's, then just issued, poem, "Gertrude of Wyoming," and was
+not a little amused at the closing comments.
+
+After a little mild praise, and a good deal of equally mild criticism,
+of the Scotch poet, the editor goes on to say:--
+
+"But, after all, although lesser poets are constantly rising above the
+literary horizon, challenging the admiration of the reading world for a
+few short months,--possibly years,--and then sinking into the obscurity
+of a forgotten past, the sun of English poetry has set forever. With
+Pope, Milton, and Dryden, England lost her last true poets. Henceforth
+all who claim that title must be more or less skilful _imitators_ merely
+of the great masters who have gone before them.
+
+"As for America," he continues, with the most unpatriotic candor, "there
+is not the smallest chance of her ever producing a real poet. Ingenious
+scribblers she may have, without doubt, but the typical American never
+had or will have one grain of poetry in his hard, shrewd, matter-of-fact
+nature."
+
+This was the verdict of a Philadelphia editor seventy-six years ago.
+To-day the bust of our own Longfellow stands in Westminster Abbey, side
+by side with a Chaucer and a Shakspere, while not only the
+English-speaking world on both sides of the ocean, but the dwellers in
+sunny Italy, upon the frozen steppes of Russia, and in far-off Japan and
+India, sing and repeat, each in his own tongue, the stirring
+battle-hymns and sweet home-songs of the gifted singers of our Western
+World.
+
+We are often reminded that a writer's environments have much to do with
+the character of his writings, and in Bryant's case this fact is
+particularly noticeable.
+
+His earliest poems, and especially that great masterpiece,
+"Thanatopsis," written at the early age of eighteen, show unmistakably
+that the boy had grown up in the closest familiarity with the
+theological tenets of the New England of his day, and that the bent of
+his young mind was, even then, toward graver subjects than would
+naturally occupy the thoughts of a boy of that age.
+
+His biographers assert that he drew his inspiration for this grand poem
+from the pages of Kirke White and Southey. But whatever his acquaintance
+with these poets may have done for him, there is a striking similarity
+of imagery and sentiment between his own and the writings of the sacred
+bards, whose utterances were as familiar to the children of a Christian
+household in those days as their own childish nursery songs and hymns.
+
+For instance, compare these lines from "Thanatopsis" with a well-known
+passage in the Book of Job:--
+
+              "... Yet the dead are there:
+  And millions in those solitudes, since first
+  The flight of years began, have laid them down
+  In their last sleep,--the dead reign there alone."
+
+The sacred poet says:--
+
+   "Yet shall he be brought to the grave, and shall remain in the tomb.
+    The clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him, and every man shall draw
+  after him as there are innumerable before him."
+
+Then, again, in "The Old Man's Funeral":--
+
+  "Then rose another hoary man, and said,
+   In faltering accents, to that weeping train:
+  'Why mourn ye that our aged friend is dead?
+   Ye are not sad to see the gathered grain.'"
+
+Compare this with:
+
+    "Thou shall come to the grave in a full age, like as a shock of corn
+  cometh in his season."
+
+Examples similar to these occur in many of Bryant's poems, and tend to
+show the result of the early religious training, that, as the son of a
+thoughtful, God-fearing New England gentleman of that day, he most
+certainly did receive.
+
+That he was intensely, grandly, sometimes fiercely patriotic, is also
+due, in a great measure, to the surrounding influences of his young
+life.
+
+The struggle for American independence was at last over, and the lusty
+young Republic, springing, Minerva-like, from the mighty brain of a no
+longer imperilled freedom, was ready to throw down the gauntlet of
+defiance to all the world, and assert her rights as queen regnant of the
+great Western World.
+
+The armies had been disbanded, and the war-scarred veterans had joyfully
+returned to their farms and workshops, ready to put their willing hands
+again to the plough and the plane, and help to restore, by patient toil
+and honest legislation, prosperity and peace to the land so long
+distracted by the commotions and uncertainties of war.
+
+Later, his days of toil over, the old soldier sat him down, in restful
+content, by his own peaceful fireside, while, with the old musket in its
+honored place above the tall wooden mantle, he fought over again, in
+memory, his old-time battles, and to sons and grandsons taught, in
+thrilling, patriotic words, the great lesson to love and revere their
+country next to their God.
+
+As a boy, no doubt, young Bryant had listened to many of the tales of
+these honored veterans, and had drank in, with the air of his own native
+village, long draughts of their fervid patriotism, that animated his
+writings down to the latest years of his life.
+
+That he had seen with his own eyes some of the leading spirits in that
+great national struggle, who still lived to honor and be honored by the
+nation that they had fought so bravely to free from a foreign yoke, is
+shown by an extract from one of his few humorous poems, in which he
+says:--
+
+                  "I pause to state
+  That I, too, have seen greatness--even I--
+  Shook hands with Adams, stared at Lafayette,
+  When, barehead, in the hot noon of July,
+  He would not let the umbrella be held o'er him,
+  For which three cheers burst from the mob before him."
+
+Patriotic, religious, philosophical, and a true lover of nature, yet
+Bryant cannot, in any mood, be styled one of our fireside poets, like
+Longfellow, Whittier, and Lowell.
+
+Perhaps he failed to see in the then bare loneliness of the typical
+New England home a beauty worth the attention of his fastidious and
+lofty-minded muse. And that New England homes, at that time, were bare
+of what we, to-day, deem the absolute necessities of life, no student of
+the past pretends to deny.
+
+The long war had drained and impoverished the country; our manufactures
+and commerce were then in their infancy; the whole machinery of our
+recently organized government was new, and the hands that worked it,
+however wise and brave they might be, were untried, and had much to
+learn before the ponderous works could be brought into perfect running
+order.
+
+Worst of all, President Jefferson, in 1807, laid an embargo upon
+American shipping, thus unwittingly striking a terrible blow at our
+foreign commerce, in his endeavor to force England into an amicable
+settlement of certain difficulties that had arisen between her and the
+young Republic. This, and the two years' war with England, that broke
+out in 1812, made hard times for everybody, and taxed the magnanimity
+and skill of our foremothers to their utmost to make their homes and
+families present a decent and respectable appearance.
+
+The very poor then, as now, were forced to content themselves with the
+barest decencies of life. But the respectable middle classes,--the
+farmers, mechanics, and small merchants,--were put to the greatest
+straits to keep up an appearance of respectability and comfort, with
+scant conveniences, and few or none of even the simplest elegancies of
+life, in dwelling, dress, or furniture.
+
+The principal room of a New England farm-house was the kitchen, which
+was usually large enough to serve for a cooking, dining, and sitting
+room, all in one.
+
+The enormous fireplace, with its long, soot-blackened crane, hung with
+hooks of various sizes, the massive iron andirons, strong enough to hold
+the great birch and birchen logs, that often taxed the strength of a
+full-grown man to lift and adjust in their places, occupied a large part
+of one side of the room, and served as a kind of family altar, about
+which the family, with their guests and friends, always assembled, in
+quiet chat or friendly gossip.
+
+And a cheery spot it was, especially in those long, dark evenings in
+midwinter, when the ruddy, dancing flames went laughing up the great
+throat of the chimney, chasing the venturesome, wayward sparks, as they
+hurried out into the untried darkness of the winter's night. With what a
+genial glow they lighted up the bare, unplastered walls, the sanded
+floor, the rough rafters overhead, and the scant, clumsily-fashioned
+furniture, until
+
+  "The rude, bare-raftered room
+   Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom."
+
+Nor must we forget that seldom wanting, always interesting, piece of
+furniture, to which was sure to be accorded the warmest, coziest spot in
+the wide chimney-corner,--the inevitable wooden cradle,--clumsily
+fashioned by loving, but unskilled hands, and always large enough to
+hold, besides the reigning baby, two, and, at a pinch, three, of the
+younger members of the household.
+
+How the favored youngsters delighted in a ride in that clumsy old
+vehicle, nor dreamed that its halting, uncertain gait was other than the
+very poetry of motion! Even mother's own wooden rocking-chair, a bit of
+boughten elegance, with its gay patchwork cushion, and dull, contented
+"creak! creak!" as its dear occupant swayed meditatively to and fro,
+knitting in hand, in the quiet, restful gloaming, was not quite equal to
+that dear, delightful old cradle, for a good brisk canter to "Banbury
+Cross," or to the famous hunting grounds, where "Baby Bunting's rabbit
+skin" was waiting for him.
+
+Many a man, and woman too, whose names are, to-day, blessed and honored
+by thousands of grateful hearts all over the land, dreamed then their
+first misty, childish dreams of a grand and helpful manhood and
+womanhood, and felt swelling up within their young souls inexpressible
+longings to help right the wrongs of the down-trodden and oppressed,
+which they heard their elders talk of, and deplore as past remedy.
+
+The light of other days was simply a home-made tallow candle, and as
+matches were not then invented, careful housewives never suffered the
+kitchen-fire, even in the hottest days of summer, to die out entirely.
+The frequent sight of a child running to the nearest neighbor's, with a
+long-handled iron fire-shovel in hand, to "borry a few coals ter start
+the fire up," was looked upon as a sure sign of slack housewifery; and
+no woman might lay claim to the distinction of a good housekeeper who
+failed to renew her cedar broom as often as every other week.
+
+Equal simplicity in dress prevailed, and a gown of bombazette--a very
+narrow, all-wool goods, worth from seventy-five cents to a dollar a
+yard,--was often worn for best during the owner's lifetime, and at her
+death bequeathed, with the fondly-cherished string of gold beads, to the
+favorite granddaughter, as a precious legacy.
+
+For common wear, pressed home-made and home-dyed flannel in winter; and
+cotton and linen, woven in colored stripes or plaids, for summer, was
+considered plenty good enough, even for the doctor's and minister's
+wives. Under flannels were an unheard-of luxury. And one ceases to
+wonder at the frequency of hereditary consumption, in our own day, when
+he reads that fashionable city ladies, in the very depths of a Northern
+winter, walked the icy streets in thin cotton or silk stockings and low,
+pointed, high-heeled morocco shoes. Rubbers being then unknown, and the
+shoes of stout calf-skin, that their country cousins were only too glad
+to get, were disdained by these dainty dames as coarse and unlady-like.
+
+A girl carded, spun, wove, bleached, and made her one white linen gown,
+lavishing upon it all her simple art of needlecraft, every seam and hem
+stitched by the old-time rule, "take up one thread and skip two," and,
+perhaps, embroidering a pattern of tiny sprays and eyelets upon the
+bosom and sleeves, to give it an air of special gentility.
+
+Finished at last, this choice bit of girlish finery probably served its
+owner for a wedding-dress, and afterwards was cut up into slips for the
+babies.
+
+Matrons, young as well as old, wore caps of plain white muslin, made
+after the same fashion as the round, sweeping caps that tidy
+housekeepers wear at the present day. The younger and gayer ones, who
+had no scruples of conscience on the subject, wore their caps adorned
+with bright ribbons, while the elderly and more sedate contented
+themselves with a plain band of black, across the front, and pinned
+primly at the back, without bow or knot.
+
+After the death of Washington, in 1799, besides the band of crape that
+every citizen of the United States, by the desire of Congress, wore upon
+his left arm for thirty days, many of the loyal matrons provided
+themselves with mourning-cap ribbons, upon which was stamped, in white
+letters, upon a black ground:
+
+          "General George Washington,
+  Departed this life on the 14th of December,
+                 1799, AE. 68,"
+
+--a fac-simile of the inscription upon the coffin-plate of that
+illustrious and well-beloved chief. The wool and flax were home
+productions, but the cotton was brought, in a raw state, from the West
+Indies.
+
+It was first picked over very carefully, to remove the seeds and stray
+bits of foreign rubbish, then "batted," that is, made into small pats,
+each large enough to be carded into a roll, which was spun into thread
+upon either a wool or linnen wheel. This "batting" usually fell to the
+lot of the children of the family, who probably found the monotonous
+task as little to their taste as their grandchildren do, when required
+to wash the dishes or saw wood for the cooking-stove.
+
+Woven plain, by the skilful hands of the housemother, and bleached upon
+the young grass under the blossoming apple boughs, the cloth served for
+the underwear of the family, and was regarded as one of the few luxuries
+of the frugal household,--the raw cotton costing over fifty cents a
+pound, to say nothing of the time and labor required to convert it into
+cloth.
+
+On account of the scarcity of cotton, our modern "comfortables" were a
+thing unheard of, and, for a substitute, woollen quilts, stuffed with
+wool, and closely quilted, often in the most elaborate patterns, were
+used in all New England households. These quilts were often few and thin
+in many a poor home, where the elders had hard work to shield their
+flock of little ones from the bitter cold of winter, in spite of the
+immense fires that even the poorest were able to provide where any
+amount of fuel could be had for the cutting.
+
+I have heard a story of a good lady who lived at that time in a town not
+a hundred miles from Boston, which gives one some idea of the straits to
+which our grandparents were often reduced in those days:--
+
+Watching one bitterly cold night with a sick neighbor, she heard, at
+midnight, the little children crying with cold in the loft overhead, and
+leaving her sleeping patient, she went upstairs, and tried to find an
+extra quilt or blanket to spread over them. But in vain, for in that
+poor home there was not so much as a shoulder-blanket that could be
+spared. At last, in utter desperation, she spread over the shivering
+little ones a _side of leather_, that she found rolled up under the
+eaves.
+
+"It kept out the cold, anyhow," she said, as she told the story years
+afterwards. "And the poor little things stopped their cryin', and
+cuddled down as contented an' comfortable as a nestful o' kittens."
+
+If there was little of poetry or romance in the lives of those
+hard-working, hard farming men and women of a past generation, there was
+no lack of the patient diligence and simple, unquestioning faith, that
+give strength to weakness, and sweeten toil with the steadfast belief
+that, to the faithful heart and willing hand God's blessing never fails.
+
+One of the favorite proverbs at that time is significant, as proverbs
+usually are, of the character of the people:--
+
+"Begin your web, and God will supply you with thread."
+
+While still another suggests that well-known element in the New England
+character that the Scotch aptly call "canny":--
+
+"A wise man will bend a little rather than be torn up by the roots."
+
+Extravagance was more than a fault, it was an actual sin, in the eyes of
+these prudent, simple-living folk, and you may have heard before the
+story of the ingenious housewife, who, tired of the blank bareness of
+her yellow-painted floors, conceived the bold idea of manufacturing a
+carpet for it herself:
+
+A large square of sail-cloth served her for a canvas, and upon this she
+painted, with the few colors that she could procure, a pattern of
+flowers of every kind that she was familiar with,--blue roses and green
+lilies having the preference, as making more show than their humbler
+sisters. This, when finished, she covered with a thick coat of varnish,
+thus making a very good substitute for the more modern oil-cloth.
+
+Of course everybody, from far and near, came to look, and wonder, and
+admire; and among them a good old deacon, who, after critically
+surveying the wonderful work, turned to the proud artist, and, with a
+look half of amazement, half of pitying reproach, upon his honest,
+weather-beaten face, asked solemnly:--
+
+"Sister ----, do you expect to have _all this_ and _heaven_ too?"
+
+To-day, Boston is sometimes jestingly styled the "Hub of the Universe,"
+but at the beginning of the present century it was, soberly speaking,
+the Hub of New England, for from it spokes projected into every part,
+however distant, of that region.
+
+As in past ages all roads led to Rome, so seventy-five or eighty years
+ago all roads led to or from Boston. In an old Farmer's Almanac, printed
+in 1817, I find, among other things quaint and curious, four
+closely-printed pages devoted to "Roads to the Principal Towns of the
+Continent from Boston, with the distances and names of Innkeepers."
+Beginning with: "From Boston to Newport, over Seekonk, through Rehoboth,
+69 miles," and ending with "Down the Ohio, to the mouth of the
+Muskinqum, 524 miles,"--a tolerably long ride in those days of the
+old-fashioned stage coach.
+
+Naturally, this Umbilicus of the Western World set the fashions in
+theology, literature, dress, and manners for all New England, and any
+one who had made a trip to Boston was venerated as a kind of travelled
+wonder, and forever after regarded as an authority upon all mooted
+points of general interest.
+
+It has been said, on what authority I am unable to state, that "all good
+Americans go to Paris when they die." But in those days of Boston's
+supremacy an aspiring dame in one of our Maine villages, finding herself
+upon her death bed, expressed as her one last wish, that she "might be
+permitted to go to heaven by the way o' Boston."
+
+Evidently the poor soul had pined in vain all her life for a sight of
+its splendors, and could think of nothing so near akin to heaven as a
+peep at this earthly Paradise on her way there.
+
+I might go on indefinitely to call up pictures, heroic, quaint, or
+pathetic, of these earnest-hearted men and women, who toiled, suffered,
+and planned, for the future, that we, their children, have entered into
+the fulness of. But time forbids, and I can only say, in closing this
+paper, that it will be well for us, if, in these days of national
+prosperity and power, when Liberty, proudly triumphant, stands like
+
+  "A bearded man
+      Armed to the teeth,"
+
+ready to hold his own alike against traitors at home and envious
+despotisms abroad, we do not forget with what a world of self-sacrifice
+and patient toil our forbears laid the foundations of this great, free
+government; nor should we deem it a light thing to have been born
+citizens of a Republic a thousand times grander, nobler, and, God grant!
+far more enduring, than those of heathen Greece and Rome, that have long
+since fallen to decay, and now lie buried beneath the melancholy dust of
+centuries.
+
+Let the words of the great poet whose name stands at the head of this
+paper speak like a word of warning to every heart within their reach:--
+
+  "And they who founded in our land
+     The power that rules from sea to sea,
+   Bled they in vain, or vainly planned,
+     To leave their country great and free?
+   Their sleeping ashes from below
+     Send up the thrilling murmur, No!"
+
+
+
+
+TRUST.
+
+BY ARTHUR ELWELL JENKS.
+
+
+  Once let us feel the trust a child bestows
+    Upon the guardian of its life, each day
+  Would set serenely on our troubled souls!
+    To help but one of these, or bring again
+  To lip and eye the smile so full of peace,--
+    Reflection of some tender mother's love,--
+
+  Ah, such were service, that, in future years,
+    Shall shine upon our devious pathway, as
+  The evening star lights up the western sky!
+    O ye who labor for the children's sake,--
+  Setting these jewels for immortal life,--
+    The "Well-done!" of the Master shall be yours!
+
+
+
+
+NEW ENGLAND CHARACTERISTICS.
+
+BY LIZZIE M. WHITTLESEY.
+
+
+"We constantly," as Ruskin affirms, "recognize things by their least
+important attributes, and by help of very few of these. We recognize our
+books by their bindings, our friends by the mere accidents of the body,
+the sport of climate, and food, and time."
+
+Applying this principle to New England, we unconsciously recognize her
+first by her mere outward, incidental properties.
+
+By the waving of her hair in the "Pine-Tree State," by the frown of her
+massive brows in the "Granite" and "Green Mountain," by the glancing
+brightness of her smile in the "Old Bay," by her lithe grace of limb in
+"Little Rhoda," and her firm step and erect carriage in the "Land of
+Steady Habits;" while to all alike belong--
+
+  "Her clear, warm heaven at noon, the mist that shrouds
+     Her twilight hills, her cool and starry eves,
+   The glorious splendor of her sunset clouds,
+     The rainbow beauty of her forest leaves."
+
+Next to the physical traits of a friend we are attracted by those of a
+social nature; and, still keeping the analogy, the same is true of a
+people, and preeminently so of New England.
+
+The characteristics of our four Northern cities have been thus
+distinctively classified and labelled:--
+
+Washington stops between the polka and the waltz to ask, "Can you
+dance?" New York shows us her silks and laces, and politely whispers,
+"What are you worth?"
+
+Philadelphia traces back our genealogy, and questions, "Who was your
+grandfather?" While Boston lifts her eye-glass, and, surveying our
+mental cranium, inquires, "What do you know?"
+
+The social traits of New England proper are so combined with her
+business character that they are with difficulty separated, and both are
+best defined by foreign visitors.
+
+It was an Englishman who said, "Go ahead is the grand doctrine of New
+England;" and we see that this principle, plainly enforced and
+practically carried out, builds her cities, founds her public libraries,
+carries on her immense commerce, and increases public traffic.
+
+Without this quality, coupled with her independence and disregard for
+romantic associations, the Yankee would never make pilgrimages to the
+Old World for the sole and evident purpose of placarding the pyramids,
+and introducing his invention for removing stains at some half-ruined
+cathedral whose famous "spot of blood" is cherished with reverent care.
+
+"New England excels," according to an English cousin, "in an openness to
+ideas, an aptness for intuitions, and sometimes a seemingly positive
+preference for the bird in the bush," which latter may account for that
+skilful Yankee versatility so perfectly exemplified in the chaplain,
+poet, editor, merchant, speculator, politician, historian, and minister,
+Barlow.
+
+It is this quiet independence, indomitable will, and never-ceasing
+purpose to "get on," which is a characteristic of the New England women,
+and which may be summed up in the expressive adjective "capable." Armed
+with this power, she cheerfully teaches school, makes dresses, binds
+books, or "keeps house," considering no honest work degrading, and
+proving herself equally efficient in each.
+
+Here is found that shrewd, stirring common-sense which is New England's
+strong point. Here is hinted, also, that philosophic humor which is the
+one ray lightening her intense realism.
+
+As indefinable as it is delightful, it comes with a lightning flash of
+wit into the dry, theological conversation of the preacher, relieves
+with its sharp hits the spread-eagle speech of the country orator,
+brightens with its apt allusions the more refined periods of the
+lecturer, flits charmingly in and out of the sympathetic essays of
+Holmes, keeps us in a perpetual chuckle over the mirthful pages of
+Irving, and embodies itself in the quaint good-nature of an indolent,
+contemplative Sam Lawson.
+
+For nowhere is this genial quality found in such purity as among the
+true, rustic Yankees, whose clear-cut, homely phrases and sharp
+localisms are not as entirely extinct as is supposed. Country life has a
+way all its own of preserving the best traits of a people, and in more
+than one old-fashioned farm-house, and among the haymakers in more than
+one sunny meadow, may be heard the witty expressions and strong
+metaphors which led Dickens to say, "In shrewdness of remark and a
+certain cast-iron quaintness the Yankee people unquestionably take the
+lead."
+
+In the country, too, as if growing and blossoming under the influence
+of the warm, unobstructed sunshine, is the sturdy growth of genuineness,
+hearty, cooperative sympathy, and cheery hospitality, the latter having
+its highest exponent in New England's distinctive festival,
+Thanksgiving. The dear old holiday may well be called the cradle of New
+England graces, for it bears much the same relation to the development
+of her social traits that the old Greek and Roman games bore in
+developing characteristics of strength and bravery.
+
+To return to the criticism of foreigners. The absence of historic
+records and relics in New England has often been a matter of contempt,
+and an amusing story is told by J. T. Fields of a stiff, conventional
+Englishman who called on the poet Longfellow at one of his busiest
+hours, and scanning him closely, gravely remarked: "We were doing the
+sights, sir, and as there are no ruins in New England, we decided to
+come and see you!"
+
+We smile at the strange idea, but is there not in it a tacit admission
+that New England's men and women of letters are her best
+characteristics? Is it not to her glory that hers is _not_ a country of
+ruins but one of noble, earnest, _living_ men and women?--men like Dr.
+Hale, instilling by the quiet weapon of the pen strong, true lessons of
+benevolence and truth; men like Longfellow, singing, pure, earnest songs
+of high endeavor and noble attainment; men like Whittier, whose simple,
+touching strains move so grandly on the side of right and justice.
+
+Women like Mrs. Stowe, who, in her great strength of mind and character,
+wrote that wonderful book, which, inspired by zeal, and fired by a
+terrible earnestness, filled New England once with something of her own
+noble enthusiasm. She could do the grand work then, because her country
+needed it, thus illustrating that strong New England trait, latent
+power, a power of which we know nothing till it is called out by some
+mighty need. There have been earnest purpose, determined will, pure
+motive, and unselfish heroism in New England; but their depth and
+strength have never been "guessed" till manifested in some great crisis.
+
+Her contests are those of heart and intellect; and her weapons, hard
+study and earnest thought.
+
+In spite of popular philippics her traits do not change much from the
+summary of them made fifty years ago, "Impatience with wrong, quarrel
+with precedent, love of education, and faith in God."
+
+Ah! now we touch the true characteristics of New England, lying in the
+deep ocean of her history, unmoved by the lighter traits sparkling upon
+the surface.
+
+That is a true boast of Jonathan to John:--
+
+  "We aint so weak and poor, John,
+     With twenty million people,
+   And close to every door, John,
+     A school-house and a steeple."
+
+And this is but the outgrowth of that short formula of the brave
+founders of school and church: "Faith in God, faith in man, faith in
+work;" so that New England's present traits are directly traceable to
+Puritan influence.
+
+Our educational institutions had substantial foundation-stones of
+self-sacrifice and far-seeing purpose, nobly laid by that score of
+sturdy men, dedicating, for the first academy, a peck of corn, or a
+shilling in cash, or a few treasured volumes.
+
+The Sabbath has been called the "poem of New England," and it is that
+always, whether rung out by the city's chiming bells or whispered in the
+sacred repose of the country church. But it was never so truly a poem as
+on that first New England Sabbath, when the church was a weather-beaten
+ship, its support the lashing waves, and the worshippers "a handful of
+sad, stern men and women kneeling in their spray-stiffened garments to
+thank God for freedom to worship him."
+
+New England's best traits, then, are but her rightful inheritance;
+traits "lineally descended" from her founders, softened and purified in
+the transmitting many times, as in the case of their sectional loyalty.
+"They seemed to shrink from trying to get to heaven by any other road
+than that which their fathers travelled, lest they should miss them at
+their journey's end."
+
+And in these days, thank God! religious toleration is creeping over the
+forbidding rock of New England theology, much as the delicate vines of
+the May-flower crept over and beautified the hard, unyielding soil.
+
+Thus New England stands, in her freedom, love of education, and all
+those homely domestic traits which make her the comfortable, clever,
+strong, and tender mother she is, while under and through and over all
+her traits runs, like a strain of restful music, her great, all
+powerful, far-reaching faith.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+A great stride of advancement has been taken in the cultivation of that
+rarest of supernal graces, Christian charity, since the ancient
+patriarchs of New England fell asleep. Occasionally opportunity is given
+us of measuring "with the eye" the distance which has been travelled.
+More than a hundred and fifty years ago Dr. Cotton Mather spoke of Rhode
+Island as "the Gerizzim of New England, the common receptacle of the
+convicts of Jerusalem and the outcasts of the land." The island itself,
+as a portion of God's creation, he was willing to think worthy of all
+praise. He seems to have felt regarding it as Bishop Heber felt about
+India when he wrote his immortal missionary hymn:--
+
+  "And every prospect pleases,
+    And only man is vile."
+
+"The island is, indeed, for the fertility of its soil, the temperateness
+of its air, etc., the best garden of all the colony, and were it free
+from serpents I would call it the Paradise of New England." As things
+were, however, the good old man could only say regretfully, "_Bona
+terra, mala gens_." He evidently fancied that the serpent was not a
+native of the original home of human innocence, or else his special
+affection for the people of Rhode Island led him to wish for them an
+exemption from exposures which God had not thought necessary to the
+safety and happiness of Adam. The serpent was an honorable member of the
+animal community in Paradise before Ithuriel's "spear of heaven-tempered
+steel" discovered Satan, in the shape of a toad, breathing into the ear
+of the sleeping "Mother of Mankind" deadly insinuations of disobedience
+and rebellion, just as freedom in religion--the serpent so unworthily
+abhorred by New England Puritanism--was a divinely chartered and
+precious privilege of mankind long before the founding of Rhode Island
+colonies or the birth of Roger Williams. The vagaries and fantasies of
+freedom, its excesses, outrages, and crimes, are something fearful to
+contemplate, but freedom is, has been, and must ever continue to be, the
+essential condition of human power and excellence. It has ever been the
+madness of men--and madness that could not claim the poor excuse of
+method--to think of cutting down the tree of liberty, and still hope to
+retain the benefits and blessings of its shade.
+
+The statistics of marriages, as compared with those of population, would
+seem to indicate that there is an increasing unwillingness on the part
+of men or women, or both, to take upon themselves the responsibilities
+of wedded life. Whether because of the increased expense of living due
+to the development of luxurious tastes, and the selfishness which
+results; or the difficulties in the way of securing remunerative and
+constant employment; or because of other reasons, the sly god seems to
+have lost something of his former power. Perhaps the chief cause lies
+with the young men, who dare neither to face the cares of matrimony
+themselves, nor to ask others to do so. Whatever there is of cowardice
+in this matter, we do not believe that it can, as a rule, be charged
+upon the women of America, without regard to their station in life. It
+is claimed that in Massachusetts, of every 1,000 inhabitants in
+1850-1860, 21 married, now only 17; that in Connecticut, while the
+population has increased 56 per cent during the last decade, marriages
+have increased but 34 per cent; that in Providence, R.I., while the
+number capable of marrying was in the last decade 115 percent greater
+than in the decade preceding the war, the number who married was only 77
+per cent greater; and that in Ohio, while, in 1850-1880, the inhabitants
+had increased 37 per cent, the number of marriages had advanced only 26
+per cent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mistakes go in pairs. It was a mistake for a body of Protestant
+ministers to meddle in the matter of the succession to a generalship in
+the army, and it is a mistake for the _Catholic Standard_ to make this
+the occasion for invidious statements in reference to the service of
+Catholics in the late war. "Never," it says, "was any company or any
+regiment or brigade that entwined on its colors emblems of the Catholic
+faith, and on the eve of a battle knelt to receive absolution from a
+Catholic priest, recorded but as first to advance and last to retreat.
+And since then, whether in barracks or in camp, ... you look in vain for
+any disgraceful record of Catholic privates and officers." We submit
+that neither caste nor class nor sect has any place in determining the
+relative merits of the brave soldiers who fought in the Civil War. In
+camp, and upon the field of battle, they stood side by side, not as New
+Yorkers, Vermonters, Germans, Irishmen, Catholics, or Protestants, but
+as patriotic Americans. Some of these, perhaps, were better soldiers
+because they were devout Catholics, and others because they were earnest
+Presbyterians or Methodists, and this for the reason that those who fear
+God are the readier to face duty, brave danger, and die for country. No:
+our army is not an army of Catholics, Baptists, etc., but an army of
+Americans.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Is it true that "a very large part of our free education system is
+devoted to teaching the principles of Nihilism, the absurdities of
+evolution, the crudities of the nineteenth-century philosophy, weakest
+and most watery of all the philosophies of the ages"? Dr. William C.
+Prime makes this claim in the New-York _Journal of Commerce_, and then
+says, "Of what use it is to read the Bible in the morning, and teach in
+the afternoon that the Bible is a poor fiction, perhaps some one can
+explain. That this is precisely what many common schools and free
+educational institutions are doing, may be discovered with little
+difficulty." With due deference to the opinion of our genial _confrere_,
+we cannot accept his conclusions. We have yet to learn of any public
+school in which flouting at the Bible or religion enters into the matter
+of instruction, and we apprehend that the number of teachers who thus
+misuse their office really constitutes so small a fraction of the
+teaching community as to be hardly worthy the learned doctor's
+attention. As a matter of fact, by far the greater number of American
+teachers in public schools and private schools, whatever their faults
+otherwise, are men and women who are either Christians, or filled with a
+reverent regard for the Bible and its teachings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When Daniel Webster was a youth of eighteen, in college, he wrote to a
+friend these suggestive words: "I am fully persuaded that our happiness
+is much at our regulation, and that the 'Know thyself' of the Greek
+philosopher meant no more than rightly to attune and soften our
+appetites and passions till they should symphonize like the harp of
+David."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Perhaps no one ever paid a finer tribute to conscience than John Adams,
+when, after advising his son John Quincy to preserve above all things
+his innocence, he said, "Your conscience is the minister plenipotentiary
+of God Almighty in your heart. See to it that this minister never
+negotiates in vain."
+
+
+
+
+EDUCATION.
+
+
+When in any of the chief activities of human life it becomes necessary
+to adopt new methods, or to make some new application of old and
+well-tried principles, it is always best that change should be
+discriminating, gradual, and slow; and perhaps nowhere does this maxim
+demand recognition and respect more imperatively than in educational
+reform. We are not disposed to find fault with those who contend for the
+authority and sway of the progressive spirit of the present as against
+the spirit of the past. In science, art, literature, education; in
+religion, morals, philosophy, theology, every genuine gain in depth,
+breadth, and fulness is to be hailed with a thousand welcomes. It would
+be a pity if an unenlightened veneration for the traditions and
+principles of a superannuated conservatism were allowed to rob the world
+even of the smallest portion of the benefit of a single new and useful
+idea.
+
+The needs and duties of each age require that intelligence should
+steadily advance, and in the field of truth there is always something
+valuable left for the latest gleaner. No one is fitted for the duties of
+to-day who dreads the spirit of free inquiry that breathes around him,
+and fearlessly addresses its questions in every direction. Especially
+should new and better hints be welcomed as to the true science and
+method of instructing the youthful mind. Patience, delicacy,
+intelligence, and skill are nowhere required more than in this.
+
+But while it is true that each generation must have liberty to do its
+work in its own way, no generation can afford to despise or disparage
+the wisdom and experience of previous ages, or to institute reforms
+which revolutionize the methods and the principles of the past. The
+intellectual triumphs and achievements which are the goal of one age are
+indeed no more than the starting-point of the next; but the links of
+connection must be preserved unbroken. The conditions of a successful
+and symmetrical development of the mental powers are substantially the
+same in every land and time, and there are great principles which,
+however variously we may apply them, can never in themselves be violated
+or discarded with impunity. So far as the new education so strenuously
+advocated in our day honors and observes the eternal laws of the mind,
+we can afford to contemplate the new ventures with equanimity, if not
+with hope; but there is reason to fear that the almost unlimited freedom
+of individual choice as to subjects of study accorded to young and
+inexperienced minds in colleges where new departures have been taken is
+scarcely compatible with the compliance those laws rigidly require.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORD.
+
+[_By sending to the editor brief contributions suitable for use in this
+department, readers will greatly add to its completeness and value._]
+
+
+Jan. 25.--About one hundred and fifty members of the Old Colony
+Historical Society were present at the society rooms in the State House,
+and listened to the concluding portion of Hon. Colin M. Ingersoll's
+paper entitled "Leaves from the Diary of a Young Man in St. Petersburg,
+1848-49." Among those present were ex-Gov. English, Hon. C. B. Bowers,
+ex-Mayor Robertson, Rev. Mr. Leonard, Dr. Ayers, Judge L. E. Munson,
+Capt. C. H. Townshend, and many other well-known gentlemen, besides a
+party of friends of Mr. Ingersoll from New York. The paper was a rare
+treat. A vote of thanks was tendered the speaker, on motion of ex-Mayor
+Robertson, and interesting remarks were made by Prof. Baldwin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 10.--The annual dinner of the Washington Association of the Bowdoin
+Alumni took place at Welcker's. Some thirty-five persons sat down, among
+them Hon. Hugh McCulloch, Hon. L. D. M. Sweet, Senator Frye, Hon. W. W.
+Rice, Judge W. B. Snell, Gen. Ellis Spear, Col. J. H. Gilman, U.S.A.,
+Rev. J. S. Sewall, D.D., Gen. John Marshal Brown, Mr. Israel Kimball,
+and Rev. S. M. Newman. The following officers were elected: President,
+Commodore Horatio Bridge; Vice-Presidents, Israel Kimball and Judge
+William B. Snell; treasurer, I. N. Whitney; Corresponding Secretary,
+Prof. J. W. Chickering, and Recording Secretary, James C. Strout.
+
+The Bowdoin Alumni Association of New York also ate their annual dinner,
+and elected officers as follows: E. B. Merrill, president; Francis R.
+Upton, secretary; D. F. H. Dillingham, treasurer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 10.--About one hundred sons of the Granite State, the majority of
+whom belong to the New Hampshire Club, assembled at the Quincy House,
+Boston, under the presidency of Hon. J. C. Moore, of Manchester. Among
+the company were many distinguished gentlemen, invited because they were
+natives of the State, and among these were: Senator J. Gault of Hookset,
+Naval Officer A. O. Kent, Gen. J. L. Stevenson, Speaker J. Q. A.
+Brackett, Mr. Charles F. Morrill of Manchester, Mr. George B. Clifford
+of Grand Forks, Dak., Gen. Charles H. Burns of Wilton, Landlord Crufts
+of the Maplewood House, Bethlehem, Mr. A. A. Folsom of the Boston &
+Providence Railroad, Mr. A. A. Copp of Nashua, Dr. A. H. Hayes of Alton,
+Gen. F. S. Nickerson, and Mr. Charles Pattee of Boston, Mr. Walter C.
+Taft, superintendent of the New York & Boston Dispatch Express Company,
+and Mr. H. B. Dwight, superintendent of the Adams Express Company.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 15.--At an adjourned meeting of the Maiden Historical and
+Genealogical Society the following gentlemen were unanimously elected
+permanent officers of the society for the ensuing year: President, Hon.
+E. S. Converse; Vice-Presidents, Hon. J. K. C. Sleeper, Hon. L. L.
+Fuller, Hon. Marcellus Coggan; Corresponding Secretary and Librarian,
+George D. B. Blanchard; Recording Secretary, George D. Ayers; Treasurer,
+Thomas Lang. These officers are constituted a Board of Directors of the
+society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 22.--The annual meeting of the Cape Cod Historical Society convened
+in Lyceum Hall, Yarmouthport, Hon. Charles F. Swift in the chair. The
+treasurer's report showed the society to be in good financial condition.
+Steps were taken to celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of the
+formation of Barnstable County, which occurs some time in June. These
+officers were chosen: President, Hon. Charles F. Swift, Yarmouthport;
+Vice-Presidents, Thomas P. Howes, Dennis, S. B. Phinney, Barnstable,
+Alonzo Tripp, Boston, E. S. Whittemore, Boston, James Gifford,
+Provincetown; Treasurer, Samuel Snow, Barnstable; Secretary, Josiah
+Paine, Harwich; Executive Committee, J. C. Howes, Dennis, Eben B.
+Crocker, Barnstable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 3.--Annual meeting of the Dedham Historical Society. The Act of
+the General Court, empowering the society to hold real estate to the
+amount of $25,000, was accepted, as was the bequest of land and money
+from the late Hannah Shuttleworth. A memorial sketch of the late Judge
+Colburn was read by Erastus Worthington, Esq. The society chose officers
+as follows: President, Henry O. Hildreth; Vice-president, Alfred Hewins;
+Recording Secretary, John D. Cobb; Treasurer and Librarian, J. H.
+Burdakin; Curators, Erastus Worthington, Henry W. Richards, Don Gleason
+Hill, J. H. Burdakin, Elijah Howe, Jr.; Auditors, George F. Fisher, A.
+Ward Lamson; Chronicler, Don G. Hill; Historiographer, J. H. Tuttle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 9.--Meeting of the Bostonian Society. The essayist was J. M.
+Hubbard, whose subject was "Boston, in 1710, Preparing for a Small
+War." It appeared during the reading that the military enterprise on
+hand was the capture of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, then in the hands of
+the French. The reason why Boston was peculiarly interested in it was
+that this Nova Scotia harbor was a resort and head-quarters for a great
+number of French privateers, which made short cruises along this coast,
+capturing many merchant-vessels and fishing-craft, greatly to the injury
+of the commerce of Boston. The English Government accordingly sent
+hither a small fleet with a body of marines, expecting that the force
+would be augmented by troops raised in the Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+and New Hampshire provinces. The whole expedition was to be commanded by
+Colonel Francis Nicholson, who came in the fleet from England. To
+provide for the requirements of the local forces the Provincial Council
+of Massachusetts ordered that L15,000 in bills of credit of the province
+be printed, which was a ready way to raise the money.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 9.--The _Concord Monitor_, in announcing the result of the vote
+on this day on the question of calling a constitutional convention, says
+that New Hampshire towns have been directed to vote on the expediency of
+calling a constitutional convention by the Legislatures of 1799, 1806,
+1813, 1820, 1832, 1833, 1837, 1844, 1846, 1849, 1857, 1860, 1862, 1864,
+1868, 1869, 1875, 1883, resulting in the conventions of 1850-1 and
+1876-7. The proposition had a sufficient majority this time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 10.--An explosion on the tug-boat "John Markee," in Boston Harbor,
+instantly killed the entire crew, consisting of five men.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 12.--At a special meeting of both branches of the Cambridge City
+Council, a special committee was appointed on the part of the city
+government to confer with the committee on the part of the citizens
+relative to a suitable observance of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
+departure for the seat of war of Co. C, Third Regiment of Infantry, of
+Cambridge. This was the first volunteer company organized for the war of
+the rebellion in the city. Ex-Mayors Montague, Saunders, and Harding,
+ex-Aldermen Thurston and Chapman, and Mr. J. W. Merrill, made short
+addresses, urging the necessity of making the 17th of April a day of
+local pride for Cambridge. The following committee on the part of the
+citizens was chosen: ex-Mayors Bradford, Harding, Montague, and
+Saunders, ex-Alderman F. L. Chapman and D. H. Thurston, and Messrs.
+George H. Howard, J. C. Wellington, and L. B. Porter. On the part of
+the City Council there were chosen Mayor Russell, Aldermen Hincks and
+Lindsay, and Councilmen Kemp, Ivers, Coveney, and President Corcoran.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 15.--At a meeting of the committee having in charge the
+preparations for the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the
+incorporation of the city of Lowell, the following programme was agreed
+on, for April 1: In the morning, singing by public-school children, and
+address by C. C. Chase, former principal of the High School. In the
+afternoon, prayer by the Rev. Owen Street; address by Mayor Abbott;
+oration by the Hon. F. T. Greenhalge; in the evening, addresses by
+ex-mayors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 15.--The regular monthly meeting of the Methodist Historical
+Society was one of unusual interest. Rev. Hebron Vincent, of Edgartown,
+occupied the chair, and Rev. C. L. Goodell, of Providence, presented and
+read an interesting sketch of the rise and progress of Methodism in
+Rhode Island, bringing out particularly the history of the Chestnut
+Street Church, of which he is the present pastor, and whose
+semi-centennial was recently observed. Rev. Dr. Chadbourne, of
+Charlestown, found in the files of the _Columbian Sentinel_ for 1806 the
+following: "On Thursday morning Mrs. Maria Odiorne, aged 29, wife of Mr.
+George Odiorne, eldest daughter of the Rev. Jas. Creighton of London,
+Eng. Her funeral will proceed from the dwelling of Mr. O., in May
+Street, this afternoon at half-past three o'clock, which the friends and
+acquaintances are requested to attend." The interest of the Methodist
+fraternity in this lady arises from the fact of her being the daughter
+of one of Mr. Wesley's most intimate friends and associates, and whose
+home was the scene of this great man's oft-repeated visits when she was
+but fourteen years of age. Her husband, Mr. George Odiorne, met her in
+London on one of his business trips across the ocean, and they were
+married there, she accompanying him to his American home. Her son, James
+Creighton Odiorne, born at his grandfather's house in London, graduated
+at Yale College in 1826, and was one of the founders of the New England
+Anti-Slavery Society, among whose members was the late William Lloyd
+Garrison, and of which Oliver Johnson, Esq., is the only living member.
+The next meeting of the Society occurs on Monday, April 12. Rev. L. B.
+Bates will present a sketch of the late Rev. Lewis Bates.
+
+
+
+
+NECROLOGY.
+
+
+Feb. 2.--John D. Philbrick, late superintendent of the Boston public
+schools, and one of the leading educators of the country, died Feb. 2.
+The funeral services, which took place at the home of the deceased in
+Danvers, Mass., were attended by a large representative body of
+educators from Boston and other cities. Rev. C. B. Rice, a past member
+of the State Board of Education, officiating. The train from Boston
+which arrived at noon was crowded with masters and other friends of the
+deceased, who came to join the bereaved community in the last sad rites.
+The committee from the Boston Evening High School consisted of Richard
+F. Sullivan, William J. Haines, William D. L. McKissick, John W. Mooney,
+William F. Donovan, ex-School Committee, Charles Hutchins, W. H.
+Learnard, Jr., Dr. E. T. Eastman, and others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 16.--Calvin S. Harrington, Professor of Latin in Wesleyan
+University, died at his home in Middletown, Conn. He was born May 17,
+1826, in St. Johnsbury, Vt.; was graduated from Wesleyan University in
+1852; 1852 to 1855 he was teacher of Latin in New Hampshire Conference
+Seminary, Sanbornton Bridge, N.H.; 1855 to 1860, principal of same; 1861
+to 1863, Professor of Greek, and 1863 to his death, professor in
+Wesleyan University.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 18.--John B. Gough, the famous temperance orator, died in
+Philadelphia. He was attacked by apoplexy Monday, February 15, while
+lecturing on "Peculiar People," in Philadelphia. When he arose to
+address the crowded gathering he was feeling well, and for forty minutes
+he spoke with his usual fire and eloquence. Then suddenly his head
+dropped upon his chest, and he fell prostrate to the floor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 19.--Edward Learned, one of the most prominent citizens of
+Berkshire county, died at his home, in Pittsfield, Mass., of disease of
+the heart. He was sixty-six years old, and a native of Watervliet. He
+was a Representative to the Legislature in 1857, and a Senator in 1873
+and 1874.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 25.--Death of John Smith, a well-known manufacturer of Andover,
+Mass. He was nearly ninety years of age, and for years maintained a
+personal interest in the town, in which place he first settled on
+arriving in this country from Scotland. His detestation of the
+pro-slavery preaching of the day led him, with others, to form the Free
+Christian Church in 1846. He was also a generous supporter of
+educational interests, and large sums went from his hand to the infant
+colleges of the West, as well as to older institutions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Feb. 28.--Mary Jane Welles, widow of the Hon. Gideon Welles, Secretary
+of the Navy under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, died at her residence
+in Hartford, Conn., aged 69 years. She was a daughter of Elias W. Hale,
+who graduated at Yale College in 1795, and subsequently was one of the
+original settlers of Lewistown, Penn. She married Mr. Welles in 1835.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 6.--The Rev. Henry Martyn Grout, D.D., pastor of the Trinitarian
+Congregational Church in Concord, Mass., died in Boston after a brief
+sickness. He was born in Newfane, Vt., May 14, 1831. He entered Williams
+College in 1850, and was graduated in 1854. Dr. Grout entered the
+ministry in September, 1858, when he was ordained and installed as
+pastor of the Orthodox Church in Putney, Vt. After preaching there, at
+West Rutland, Vt., and Springfield, Mass., he moved to Boston, and
+became a member of the editorial staff of the _Congregationalist_, which
+position he filled with great credit to himself and the paper during Dr.
+Dexter's absence abroad. He had occupied the pulpit of the church in
+Concord since 1872.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 8.--The Rev. Nicholas Hoppin, D.D., rector of Christ Church,
+Cambridge, from 1839 to 1874, died suddenly. He was born in Providence,
+R.I., Dec. 3, 1812, and grew up in St. John's Church, of which the
+famous Dr. Crocker was rector, and was one of a large number of young
+men whom Dr. Crocker induced to enter the Episcopal ministry. He was
+graduated from Brown University in 1831. He was a member of the
+Massachusetts Historical Society, of the New England Historic
+Genealogical Society, and of the American Oriental Society. He was at
+his death, with the exception of the Rev. T. R. Lambert, the oldest
+Episcopal clergyman in Massachusetts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 9.--Colonel William S. Clark, ex-president of Amherst Agricultural
+College, long associated with the educational and agricultural interests
+of the State, died at his home in Amherst, Mass., of Bright's-disease,
+after a painful illness of three years. He was born in Ashfield, July
+31, 1826, and was graduated at Amherst College in 1848. He studied
+chemistry and mining at the Gottingen University, received the degree of
+Ph.D. in 1852, and received the degree of LL.D. from Amherst in 1874. In
+1877 Colonel Clark was invited by the Japanese Government to organize
+the Imperial Agricultural College, where he passed a year, leaving the
+institution in the most flourishing condition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 10.--Death at her home in South Boston of Mrs. Julia Romana
+Anagnos, wife of Michael Anagnos, and eldest child of the late Dr.
+Samuel G. and Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. She was a woman of broad,
+intellectual mind, and a writer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 10.--Sudden death of H. B. Safford, postmaster of White River
+Junction, Vt., treasurer of the State Agricultural Society, and a
+leading citizen of the State.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 11.--Death of Charles Powers, a prominent citizen of Somerville,
+and the senior member of the grain-elevator firm of Powers, Melvin, &
+Co.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 13.--Hon. Peter Buchanan, of Barnet, Vt., died at his residence in
+McIndoe's Falls Village, aged seventy-eight years. He was of Scotch
+descent, and inherited many of the sterling qualities of his race. He
+was born in Barnet, where he always resided, and held nearly every
+office within the gift of his fellow-townsmen. He represented the town
+in the Legislature in 1876, and was twice elected Assistant Judge of the
+Caledonia County Court.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 15.--Death of Prof. Edward Tuckerman, LL.D., of Amherst College.
+He was born in Boston in 1820, was graduated at Union College in 1837,
+at the Law School in 1839, and at Harvard in 1847. In 1854 he came to
+Amherst as lecturer on history, and the next year was appointed to the
+professorship. Three years later he became Professor of Botany.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE.
+
+[First numeral refers to foot-note and name of periodical. Second
+numeral to page. Date of periodical is that of the month preceding this
+issue of the New England Magazine, unless otherwise stated.]
+
+
+ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL. Biological Training in Colleges. _Prof. W. G.
+Farlow._ 5, 577.--Health and Sex in Higher Education. _John Dewey,
+Ph.D._ 5, 606.--Boston University School of Law. _Benjamin. R. Curtis._
+8, 218.--The School-house in American Development. _Rev. A. E. Winship._
+10, 387.--Knowledge which Earns Bread. _Sarah K. Bolton._ 10, 394.--The
+Philosophical Phase of a System of Education. _Chas. E. Lowrey._ 10,
+397.--The Ancient-Modern Language Controversy. _Minna Caroline Smith._
+10, 405.--The Problem of Woman's Education. _Nicolo D'Alfonso._ 10,
+420.--Relation of the High School to the Community. _David W. Hoyt._ 10,
+429.
+
+ARCHITECTURE. Japanese House-building. _Prof. E. S. Morse._ 5,
+643.--Recent Architecture in America, City Dwellings. _Mrs. Schuyler van
+Rensselaer._ 7, 677.--Some Notable Vanes. 1, 193.--At the White House.
+_Hester M. Poole._ 19, 170.--The Old Guard Ball.--How the Metropolitan
+House can be made Beautiful. 19, 184.
+
+ART. Decorations of the New York Academy of Music. 19, 172.--Growth in
+Art. _Mary Parmele._ 19, 177.--Some Philadelphia Studios. _Anne H.
+Wharton._ 19, 178.--Ceramics and Ceramic Painting. 19, 180.
+
+BIOGRAPHY. B. F. Wade, the Politician. _Hon. A. G. Riddle._ 3,
+471.--George Washington Tifft. _Francis F. Fargo._ 3, 544.--Two
+Interesting Traditions. _Irving Beman._ 3, 484.--Sketch of Sir J.
+Bennett Lawes. 5, 694.--Castelar the Orator. _William Jackson Strong._
+7, 785.--Thomas Middleton. _Algernon C. Swinburne._ 16, 335.--George
+Borrow. _George Saintsbury._ 16, 322.--Edmund Hatch Bennett. 8,
+225.--Daniel Webster. _Hon. Edward S. Tobey._ 8, 228.--John Dudley
+Philbrick. 10, 442.--Dr. Henry Norman Hudson. 10, 448.
+
+HISTORY. Van Cortlandt Manor-house. _Mrs. Martha J. Lamb._ 2,
+217.--Champlain's American Experiences in 1613. _Arthur Harvey._ 2,
+246.--Girty, the White Indian. _George W. Ranck._ 2, 256.--The Trent
+Affair. _Hon. Horatio King._ 2, 278.--Shiloh. _Gen. William Farrar
+Smith._ 2, 292.--One Night's Work, April 20, 1862. _George B. Bacon._ 2,
+305.--Chicago. _Consul Willshire Butterfield._ 3, 445.--Michigan's
+Boundary Trouble. _Walter Buell._ 3, 457.--History of the Historical and
+Philosophical Society of Ohio. _Prof. W. H. Venable._ 3,
+499.--Pittsburgh. _James Henry Seymour._ 3, 506.--The City of the
+Straits. _Henry A. Griffin._ 3, 539.--Shiloh Reviewed. _Gen. Don Carlos
+Buell._ 7, 749.--Memoranda on the Civil War. 7, 781.--Forty Years of
+Frontier Life in the Pocomtuck Valley. _Hon. George Sheldon._ 8,
+236.--How we Ran the Blockade. _Captain Roland F. Coffin._ 12, 616.
+
+INDUSTRY. Maple Sugar-making in Vermont. _J. M. French, M.D._ 8, 208.
+
+LITERATURE. The American Play. _Lawrence Halton._ 4, 289.--AEschylus and
+Shakespeare, the "Eumenides" and "Hamlet." _Julia Wedgwood._ 16, 395.--A
+Novelist's Favorite Theme. 16, 353.--Modern French Fiction. _Henry
+Greville._ 13, 309.
+
+RELIGION, THEOLOGY. Proem to Genesis, Reply to Prof. Huxley. _W. E.
+Gladstone._ 5, 614.--Proem to Genesis, A Plea for a Fair Trial. _Rt.
+Hon. W. E. Gladstone._ 16, 289.--Why am I a Unitarian. _Edward Everett
+Hale._ 13, 230.
+
+MEDICINE, HYGIENE, PHYSIOLOGY. A Thinking-Machine. _Grant Allen._ 5,
+596.--Health and Sex in Higher Education. _John Dewey, Ph.D._ 5,
+606.--Colorado as a Winter Sanatarium. _Fish._ 5, 668. Climatic
+Treatment of Disease. _H. O. Marcy, A.M., M.D._ 15, 193.--Water Supply:
+Southern River Water. _Thomas F. Wood, M.D._ 15, 212.--An Epidemic of
+Typhoid Fever. _C. A. Lindsay, M.D._ 15, 223.--Health of the United
+States Army. _Benjamin F. Pope._ 15, 227.--Bureau of Public
+Health--Bills before Congress. 15, 245.--Maritime Sanitation. _S. T.
+Armstrong, M.D., Ph.D._ 15, 234.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS. My First Imprisonment. _William T. Stead._ 16, 404.--On
+the Verge of a Tragedy. _George Austin._ 16, 414.--Impressions of a
+Modern Arcadian. _Mrs. E. M. Nicholl._ 16, 361.
+
+MILITARY. Unpublished War Letters. _Gen. U. S. Grant_ and _Gen. H. W.
+Halleck._ 13, 270.--An Open Letter. _Gen. J. B. Fry._ 13, 290.
+
+NATURAL HISTORY. Animal Weather Lore. _Charles C. Abbott, M.D._ 5,
+635.--Durability of Resinous Trees. _Heinrich Mayr, Ph.D._ 5, 679.
+
+POLITICS, ECONOMICS. Shall we have Colonies and a Navy? _Hon. John W.
+Johnston._ 2, 238.--Discrimination in Railway Rates. _Gerrit L.
+Lansing._ 5, 586.--Strength and Weakness of Socialism. _Washington
+Gladden._ 7, 737.--Darwinism and Democracy. _W. S. Lilly._ 16,
+310.--Government in the United States. _Gamaliel Bradford._ 16,
+346.--Fishery Question. _Theodore S. Woolsey._ 13, 219.--Government
+Telegraphy. _Cyrus W. Field._ 13, 227.--A Confederate Veto. _Jefferson
+Davis._ 13, 244.--American Landlordism. _Henry Strong_ and _David B.
+King._ 13, 246.
+
+RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT. Song-games and Myth-dramas at Washington. _W.
+H. Babcock._ 4, 239.--A Trip Around Cape Ann. _Elizabeth Porter Gould._
+8, 268.--Moose-Hunting. _Frederick Schwatka_ and _T. E. Lambert._ 12,
+621.--Salmon-Fishing in Canada. _W. J. Bruce._ 12, 640.--Around the
+World on a Bicycle. _Thomas Stevens._ 12, 655.--Lacrosse in the United
+States. _J. A. Hodge._ 12, 665.
+
+SCIENCE, DISCOVERY, INVENTIONS. Influence of Inventions on Civilization.
+_C. Smith._ 5, 658.--The Air Telegraph. _Thomas A. Edison._ 13,
+283.--Dr. Pavy and the Polar Expedition. _Mrs. Lilly Pavy._ 13, 280.
+
+TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. The One Pioneer of Terra Del Fuego. _Randle
+Holme._ 4, 319.--Italy from a Tricycle. _Elizabeth Robbins Pennell._ 7,
+643.--Mountaineering in Persia. _S. G. W. Benjamin._ 7, 703.--Along the
+Kennebec. _Henry S. Bicknell._ 8, 197.--Ranch Life and Game-Shooting in
+the West. _Theodore Roosevelt._ 12, 611.--Bermuda Yachts and Dinghies.
+_Charles E. Clay._ 12, 642.
+
+   1 _The Quiver._
+   2 _Magazine of Am. History._
+   3 _Magazine of Western History_ (Cleveland, O.)
+   4 _Lippincott's Magazine._
+   5 _Popular Science Monthly._
+   6 _Queries_ (Buffalo, N.Y.).
+   7 _The Century._
+   8 _New England Magazine._
+   9 _St. Nicholas._
+  10 _Education._
+  11 _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science._
+  12 _Outing._
+  13 _North American Review._
+  14 _Overland Monthly._
+  15 _The Samaritan._
+  16 _The Eclectic._
+  17 _The Ohio Educational Monthly._
+  18 _The Brooklyn Magazine._
+  19 _The Decorator and Furnisher._
+  20 _The Musical Herald._
+
+[Illustration: HON. HENRY BARNARD, LL.D.,
+The first United States Commissioner of Education.
+
+[From a portrait made in 1858.]]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1,
+No. 4, Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, April, 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, APRIL 1886 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25072.txt or 25072.zip *****
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