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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 6,
+June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 6, June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 13, 2008 [EBook #25064]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, JUNE 1886 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+AND
+
+BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+    OLD SERIES       JUNE, 1886.    NEW SERIES
+
+    VOL. IV. NO. 6.                 VOL. I. NO. 6.
+
+Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAMS COLLEGE.
+
+BY REV. N. H. EGLESTON.
+
+
+Williams College has something peculiar and romantic in its history, as
+well as in its site amid the beautiful hills of Berkshire. It had its
+birth upon the very frontiers of civilization, and amid the throes of
+that struggle which was to decide finally whether the control of this
+continent, and the permanent shaping of its institutions and its destiny
+were to be French or English. The nascent colleges of Colorado, Dakota,
+and Oregon are relatively to-day in the position held by Williams when
+it was founded.
+
+Col. Ephraim Williams, from whom the college takes its name, had been an
+active participant in the struggle to which we have alluded. He had been
+commissioned by the General Court of Massachusetts to construct and
+command a line of forts along the northern border of settlements from
+the Connecticut River on the east to the valley of the Hoosac on the
+west. This line coincided nearly with the northern boundary of
+Massachusetts; all above, to the borders of Canada, being then a
+wilderness, through which the roaming savages often burst with sudden
+violence upon the settlements of the English colonists. The westernmost
+of the line of forts was not far from what is now the site of the
+college, and this, being the most exposed and most important, Williams
+commanded in person.
+
+After acting in this capacity for a time, and in a manner which gained
+him much distinction in the colony, he was placed in charge of a
+regiment of troops, designed to participate with other forces in an
+expedition against the French; the special object being the capture of
+Crown Point, a fortress on Lake Champlain. While on the way to Crown
+Point a French force was met, near the head of Lake George. Williams,
+with a detachment of troops, was sent against it. The movement was
+successful. The French were repulsed, but in the encounter Williams lost
+his life. A monument, erected in recent years by the alumni of the
+college, marks the spot where he fell.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+CLARK HALL.]
+
+While engaged in his military duties on the frontier, Williams became
+much interested in the soldiers under his command. Through his
+agency chiefly, two townships of land in the vicinity of Fort
+Massachusetts--the name given to the most western fort in the valley of
+the Hoosac--had been set off by order of the Legislature, and lots in
+them had been disposed of to the soldiers on favorable terms. Williams
+had also expressed the intention of still further benefiting his
+comrades in arms. While resting for a day or two at Albany, on his way
+to Crown Point, he bethought him of his purpose, the execution of which
+had hitherto been postponed. Accordingly, he made his will on the spot,
+by which he devised his property, after making some bequests to
+relatives and friends, for the purpose of establishing what he termed a
+Free School.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+East College. EAST COLLEGE CAMPUS. Library.]
+
+Such was the beginning of Williams College, for the school took the name
+and form of a college in two or three years after its organization. It
+was noble in purpose from the outset, but humble, indeed, in pecuniary
+endowment. Some will smile, now that we think hundreds of thousands, not
+to say millions, necessary for the establishment of a college, when
+they are informed that the executors of Williams' estate were obliged to
+allow the proceeds of it to accumulate for thirty years before they
+ventured to organize the school or erect a building for its use.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+WEST COLLEGE.]
+
+That it was to be something more than an ordinary school was insured
+from the beginning by the character of the trustees who so patiently
+brooded over the work committed to them while the funds in their hands
+were gaining the needful increase. They were among the most
+distinguished and intelligent citizens of the Colony. Most of them were
+of collegiate training, and a large number graduates of Yale. They
+believed in the value of a liberal education, not only to the person
+immediately concerned, but to the community of which he might be a
+member. They believed in the importance of basing liberty upon sound
+education. Such men, at such a time, could hardly have done otherwise
+than to lay foundations which could be fitly built upon for a long time
+to come. They designed to give the youth who might come to their school
+such a training as would fit them for the engagements and duties of
+practical life. So they began their school in the wilderness, as it then
+was, so far out on the verge of settlement that a few years before there
+had been debate as to whether it was not actually beyond the boundaries
+of New England. Now that the wilderness is gone, and the college, long
+secluded from observation, has been made so accessible by the
+construction of one of our transcontinental lines of railway along the
+valley of the Hoosac, and the town to which Williams gave name has
+become noted far and wide for its beauty, one wonders whether those
+early founders were aware of the fair setting which Nature had provided
+for their school. Certainly the ęsthetic sense can ask for nothing more
+in the way of natural scenery than is here presented to the eye in the
+combination of mountain, valley, and stream; the infinite variety on
+every hand, with a quiet grandeur characterizing all. The visitor no
+sooner looks out upon the enchanting scene than he is ready to say this
+is pre-eminently a fit place for the training of students; all without
+is so in harmony with what is best in culture and character.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+COLONEL WILLIAMS' MONUMENT.]
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+MISSION PARK MONUMENT.]
+
+But outward or geographical situation is of secondary importance with a
+seat of learning. Scenery will not make scholars, though it may be
+desirable and helpful, and is likely to impress itself upon the habitual
+beholder with life-long influence. The college is where the teachers
+are. It is also what they are. Plato made the Academy. And judged by
+this standard Williams has not been deficient. From its beginning it has
+had able instructors, men of sound learning, of exemplary character, and
+"apt to teach." Among the earliest was Jeremiah Day, afterwards, and for
+so long a time, serving as the president of Yale College. Ex-President
+Hopkins is just now completing the fiftieth year of continuous
+instruction in the college since he was called to be its head, and no
+name is higher than his as a teacher. With him have been associated fit
+and eminent coadjutors in the various departments of instruction. If the
+work of the college has been done quietly and unobtrusively, it has been
+done well. The faculty of Williams have not been ambitious to make a
+university amid the Berkshire Hills, nor to enter into a strife with
+other institutions for the purpose of swelling the number of its
+students. They have been content to do the work of a simple college, and
+to be judged by the quality rather than the quantity of their work.
+Faithful to the students who might be led to seek the benefits of such
+an institution, they have sought to make their pupils faithful to
+themselves and to their opportunities. In the working of the college,
+the training of character has been regarded as of prime importance.
+While sound scholarship has been insisted upon,--sound rather than
+showy,--no scholarship has been allowed to take the place of character.
+The moral element has ever been held uppermost, and the endeavor has
+been to blend it with all the studies of the assigned curriculum. A
+truly manly character has been the finished product which the college
+has sought to give to the world from year to year in the persons of its
+graduates.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+THE COLLEGE CHAPEL.]
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+GRIFFIN HALL (OLD COLLEGE CHAPEL), AND SOLDIERS' MONUMENT.]
+
+Colleges no less than persons have their peculiarities and special
+characteristics. Its very situation made it almost certain that at
+Williams much attention would be given to the natural sciences. With
+mountains and meadows on every side inviting their exploration, it was
+almost a matter of course that much attention should be given to
+botanical studies, and that the new sciences of chemistry and geology
+should meet a hearty welcome. This was made the more certain by the
+special qualification of the teachers of these sciences. Professor Dewey
+was distinguished by his lectures and experiments in natural philosophy
+and chemistry. Professor Eaton early gave lectures in mineralogy,
+geology, and botany. He was a pioneer in these departments of science,
+and an enthusiast whose spirit easily kindled a like spirit in others.
+To pursue his favorite studies he had forsaken the profession of law. It
+was his custom to take his classes into the fields and woods and there
+interrogate Nature. Emmons, the younger Hopkins, Tenney, and Chadbourne
+were teachers of similar spirit. Aided by the instruction of such men
+the natural sciences have been studied with a zeal which has become
+traditional at Williams. As evidence and result of this, a Lyceum of
+Natural History has been established and maintained for many years by
+the students, and has become a fixed institution. The Society has a
+substantial brick building on the college campus containing a valuable
+collection of specimens in the various departments of natural history,
+and a hall in which the Society holds regular meetings for the reading
+of papers and the discussion of questions relating to natural science.
+The students have been encouraged also to pursue their researches at a
+distance from the college, and various expeditions have been undertaken
+for this purpose. The long summer vacations have frequently been
+profitably spent in this way. In company with a professor of the
+college, as their guide and helper, the members of the Society have
+prosecuted their researches southward to the Gulf, and as far north as
+Greenland. The college has now a table in the building of the United
+States Fish Commission at Wood's Holl, on the southern coast of
+Massachusetts, where the students have the opportunity, every summer, of
+prosecuting their biological studies.
+
+[Illustration: MORGAN HALL.]
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+MAIN STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM EAST COLLEGE HILL.]
+
+Of course every one who knows anything of the college knows that the
+study of mental and moral science has had as prominent place as that of
+the natural sciences. It could not be otherwise with such a man as
+Ex-President Hopkins in the chair of instruction. Dr. Hopkins has had,
+in a remarkable degree, the faculty of making these studies, usually
+regarded as abstruse and repulsive to the majority of students, both
+intelligible and attractive. It has been his conviction that we may
+know and ought to know what is nearest to us--ourselves; that we are
+capable of ascertaining the laws and movements of our own being. This is
+properly the science of Man. This, in his apt, clear way, he has taught
+year after year. He has sought to lead the young men of his classes to
+look within, to study and know themselves. For text-book he has used now
+one and now another. The book has been of secondary importance. The
+familiar, free discussions of the class-room have been the most
+effective means of instruction, and many are the graduates of Williams
+who look back upon their studies in philosophy as the most interesting
+and valuable of their college course.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+JACKSON HALL.]
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+THE OLD OBSERVATORY.]
+
+Since the accession of President Carter to his place at the head of the
+college, while attention to other studies has not been lessened, more
+attention has been given to the study of the modern languages and to our
+own native tongue, formerly so sadly neglected in most of our colleges.
+The belles-lettres studies have been given a larger place than they had
+before. Other changes have also been made in the curriculum and in the
+arrangements and management of the college calculated to adapt it in all
+respects to the wants of the time, and the present condition and needs
+of the country. The list of elective studies has been increased. For
+some years the senior class have had a wide liberty of choice as to the
+studies in which they should be engaged. A similar liberty is now given
+to the juniors. As to the lower classes, the managers of the college are
+not disposed to think that a boy on coming to college is the best judge
+as to the studies to be pursued by him. At the same time they recognize
+the fact that the average age of students is greater by several years
+than it was twenty-five or fifty years ago, and that this may well be
+taken into account and, coupled with the effect of two years of college
+training, may make it safe and even desirable to throw students in the
+latter half of their course partly upon their own responsibility as well
+as privilege of choice. They are not disposed to regard their pupils as
+boys when they are men, or to use compulsory requisitions when free
+choice will accomplish as good results.
+
+[Illustration: GYMNASIUM WILLIAMS COLLEGE MASS]
+
+During President Carter's incumbency of office, or in recent years,
+large additions have been made also to what may be called the furniture
+of the college. Its funds have been sensibly augmented, and its
+equipment of buildings largely increased. A new observatory has been
+erected to supplement the uses of the old one, which was distinguished
+as being the first observatory for astronomical purposes erected in this
+country. The new one has mounted in it a meridian circle of the latest
+and best construction. Other instruments in both observatories in the
+hands of one so eminent as Professor Safford, furnish unusual means for
+the prosecution of astronomical studies. Clark Hall, a fine new
+building, contains the Wilder Mineralogical Cabinet and the college
+archives. A new dormitory has been erected by the liberality of the late
+Ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, and during the present year a spacious
+building of stone has been erected for gymnastic purposes. As new
+buildings have been constructed, old ones have been rearranged and
+better adapted for the various uses of the college, and so it has been
+provided with the means of enlarging and improving its work, and it is
+believed that few, if any, of our colleges are better equipped in this
+respect than Williams.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+GOODRICH HALL.]
+
+With such natural surroundings as the students of Williams have, such
+scenery appealing everywhere to the eye and soul, mountains close at
+hand to climb, and sequestered nooks to explore, it could hardly be
+otherwise than that they should combine with their studies the physical
+exercise necessary for the maintenance of health. They have been
+encouraged also by the college authorities to engage in athletic games
+among themselves, and to participate in friendly contests with the
+students of other colleges, and in these contests the students of
+Williams have held an honorable place.
+
+It would be wrong perhaps not to make a more distinct reference to the
+moral character of the college. As has been seen, the ethical studies
+hold a prominent place in the curriculum. The college has a
+distinctively religious character. By this is not meant that it is a
+religious institution. It was not founded by any religious sect or
+denomination. It is not under the control of any such. It was founded as
+a school, a place of education, with no ulterior aim. But its founder,
+and those who executed his will and gave shape to his design, were men
+of religious character; persons who held moral character above mere
+scholarship, and who believed that every scholar should have a devout
+spirit. Their successors and those who from the first have held the
+position of instructors, have been of like feeling. They have been
+Christian scholars themselves, and have sought to make their pupils
+such; not, however, in any forced or unpleasant way. The chapel has its
+place among the college buildings. There the students assemble every
+morning for the reading of the sacred scriptures and for prayer; and on
+the Sabbath religious services are conducted after the customary manner
+of the churches. Studies in natural theology and in the catechism also
+form a part of the college course. The religious atmosphere which
+surrounds the college is as genial and cheerful as the natural
+atmosphere which bathes the hills and valleys around in October days. It
+has no element of sectarianism or bigotry. Free alike from cant, from
+looseness and indifference, the religious tone of the college is
+altogether wholesome.
+
+Williams, the westernmost of our New England colleges, blends in
+harmonious combination the puritan spirit of the East with the
+progressive spirit of the West, and offers to all who come to her doors
+an education based upon tried principles, and conducted in a healthful
+spirit. At his inauguration to the office of its presidency, Dr. Hopkins
+said, "I desire and shall labor that this may be a safe college; that
+here may be health, and cheerful study, and kind feelings, and pure
+morals." No words perhaps could better describe the character which,
+under his wise management, and that of his associates, the college has
+maintained.
+
+President Carter's inaugural address contained an urgent plea for a
+professorship of the "History and Polity of the Hebrew Theocracy," and
+although the funds for such a professorship are still wanting, the
+college stands faithfully by the old traditions of reverence and worship
+and sound morality.
+
+
+
+
+THE HUNTING OF THE STAG OF OENOĖ.
+
+BY CLINTON SCOLLARD.
+
+
+    From proud Mycenę's lion-guarded gate,
+    Where King Eurystheus reigned in regal state,
+    One springtime morn when every field was fair
+    And song-birds carolled in the azure air,
+    A man of mighty stature swiftly strode,
+    And took his way along the winding road
+    That led to well-walled Argos and the sea.
+    From Lerna's fens a salty breeze blew free,
+    And stirred the locks that fell his shoulders down
+    And wreathed his forehead like a golden crown.
+    Upon his shield--a sight to hold men mute--
+    Was seen the head of the Nemean brute;
+    Within one hand a gnarlčd club he bore,
+    Hewn from an oak bole in the forest hoar.
+    The shafts of Hermes, and the wondrous bow,
+    The helm of Vulcan with its fiery glow,
+    The fine-wrought peplus fluttering in the breeze,
+    Proclaimed the hero valiant Hercules.
+    Beside the torrent Perseia that won
+    Its way to join the sweet Asterion,
+    Through flowery meads and field of greening grain,
+    The hero's pathway led him o'er the plain;
+    But ere the walls of Argos met his view,
+    Or ere he saw the Ęgean shining blue,
+    He turned, and toward the mountain peaks that rose
+    Along the far horizon, capped with snows
+    Of lands Arcadian, pursued his quest.
+    And many days he fared with meagre rest
+    Taken in starlit hours 'neath forest boughs,
+    Where nightly Queen Titania's elves carouse.
+    By day he hasted with unflagging pace
+    Through woodland depths where Dian's hounds gave chase
+    To startled deer, through fields by yeomen tilled,
+    Through vineyards whence the winepress would be filled
+    When teeming Autumn with her purple fine
+    Had tinged the grape upon the yielding vine;
+    Through olive groves that, in good time, would bear
+    A bounteous fruitage 'neath the pruner's care:
+    And those who saw him as he sped along
+    Paused 'mid their work, or hushed the jocund song
+    To do him homage. None in all the land
+    But felt the blessings that his potent hand
+    Had widely wrought; remote were they and few
+    But that his face and stately presence knew.
+    Where'er his many wanderings led, he heard
+    In field or household no unwelcome word;
+    Whene'er he came, though bread and wine were spent,
+    He saw no frown nor look of ill content.
+
+    At last, when many nights the vernal moon
+    Had risen and set, and song-birds presaged June,
+    One sultry eve the weary hero came
+    To mountain hamlet where his matchless fame
+    Had been on all men's lips, but where his face
+    Was known to none; and in the market-place
+    He found a throng with wreaths and garlands bound,
+    And one who blew with clear, harmonious sound
+    Upon a hollow reed. Amidst the folk
+    A goodly ox, unfettered by the yoke,
+    Stood gayly decked with flowers in skilful wise
+    As though prepared for godly sacrifice.
+    When they beheld the noble-visaged man,
+    They bade him join the festal rites of Pan;
+    For some at heart believed that he might be,
+    In mortal guise, a heavenly deity;
+    And much they marveled at his kingly mien,
+    As with the throng he sought the forest green.
+    Within a glade where drooping birches stirred
+    Their silvery leaves, and where the drowsy bird
+    Sang plaintively a tender twilight lay,
+    An altar stood entwined by tendrils gay.
+    And soon thereon the mighty ox, new-slain,
+    Was sprinkled o'er with wine and barley grain;
+    Then one, amid the sound of choral song,
+    The seemly leader of the pastoral throng,
+    With reverent hand brought forth the sacred fire,
+    And prayerful knelt and lit the holy pyre.
+    Amid the roar of sacrificial flame
+    The devotees besought their God by name;
+    And while they worshipped, Hercules unheard,
+    Through flowering, fragrant thickets scarcely stirred
+    By evening's breezes, softly slipped away,
+    His vows fulfilled. The golden orb of day
+    Had ceased to flush the placid western sky;
+    With slowly lengthening shadows night drew nigh,
+    But still the hero with unslackened stride
+    Went hurrying onward, till a torrent wide,
+    Grown fierce with melting snow, his progress barred;
+    And there beneath the cloudless dome, bright-starred,
+    Upon his tawny shield he laid him down,
+    And slept till morning with her rosy crown
+    Followed the car of Phoebus up the East.
+    Then, when his limbs from slumber were released,
+    And he had eaten of his frugal fare,
+    He stemmed the stream, and up a hillside bare
+    Of aught but tangled bush and hindering briar
+    Toiled slowly to the crest, whereon a spire
+    Of splintered pine like lonely sentry stood.
+    Below him lay a wide-outreaching wood,
+    And far beyond a hamlet that he knew,
+    Oenoė called. Before the thick night dew
+    Had dried from off the grass and rustling leaves,
+    Or shepherd maids from under well-thatched eaves
+    Had gone afield to watch the wandering
+    Of flocks that fed beside a crystal spring,
+    Stout Hercules had trodden half the way
+    That 'twixt the pine-tree and the hamlet lay.
+
+    A Titan power, while yet the world was young,
+    Within the woodland's shady heart had flung
+    The green earth open, and a dark ravine,
+    Through which a streamlet purled o'er mossy-green,
+    Gigantic boulders, formed the chosen lair
+    For ravening beasts that through the forest fare.
+    At night or morn the deer were wont to seek
+    The freshening nectar of the crystal creek;
+    At night or morn the pard, with stealthy tread,
+    Crept softly out upon the boughs o'erhead;
+    A wanderer from rocky realms remote,
+    Here laved the mountain bear his shaggy coat;
+    And birds, bright-mirrored on the sedgy brink
+    Of darkling pools, here paused to plume and drink.
+
+    Where o'er the granite ledge the noisy stream
+    Came tossing down athwart the slanting gleam
+    Of morning sunrays, Hercules reclined
+    Beneath a tangled growth of vines that twined
+    Around o'erhanging saplings, oak and elm.
+    Upon the ground was cast his weighty helm,
+    Likewise his shield and shafts, his club and bow.
+    Breathless he listened with his ear bent low
+    Upon the earth. The moments sped; around
+    The honey-hoarding bees' unceasing sound,
+    The crested jay's complaining, shrilly call,
+    Were intermingled with the water's fall.
+    But soon upon his keen, detecting ear
+    There fell a noise which told that hoof of deer
+    Was lightly rustling through the reeds and grass.
+    With eye alert he scanned the narrow pass
+    Beside the stream, and, in a moment more,
+    Beheld a stag upon the shelving shore
+    Whose hoofs seemed brazen, and whose horns outshone
+    With gold like that which binds the slender zone
+    Of fair Aurora, daughter of the Dawn.
+    Deep eyes more tender had no timid fawn;
+    Of perfect form was every graceful limb;
+    The tapering flank symmetrical and slim,
+    The head erect, the nostril fine of curve,
+    The shapely shoulders flawless, and the swerve
+    Of stately neck a marvel to behold.
+    This was the stag a woodland nymph of old
+    To swift Diana gave, remembering she
+    Had been her friend in dire extremity.
+    This stag it was that brave Mycenę's king
+    Had bidden valiant Hercules to bring
+    Alive unto his court. And now so fair
+    The creature stood before him, unaware
+    A foe lurked near, that he at heart was fain
+    To capture it without the piercing pain
+    The wounding dart might give; and so aside
+    He cast his princely peplus, purple-dyed,
+    And softly crept from 'neath the viny roof.
+    But lo! the stag with smite of startled hoof
+    On yielding ground, and toss of antlers high,
+    Flashing a look from out his frightened eye,
+    With agile bound sprang knee-deep in the stream,
+    A moment paused as in a trance or dream;
+    Then, casting back a calmly questioning look,
+    Regained the bank above the brawling brook,
+    And ere the hero seized his barbed dart,
+    Had disappeared within the forest's heart.
+
+    Twelve weary months had slowly dragged away
+    Since Hercules, upon that fateful day,
+    Within Arcadian wilds had sought in vain
+    To snare the sacred stag; through sun and rain,
+    Through wintry cold and winds that tossed and whirled
+    The falling leaf, through drifting snows that pearled
+    Arcadian slopes, untiring in pursuit,
+    He held a lonely chase that bore no fruit;
+    If he at morn descried the stag afar,
+    At night it vanished like a falling star;
+    And though his subtlest woodcraft he had tried,
+    The brazen hoof his cunning still defied.
+    Oft did the harvesters and husbandmen
+    Behold him ranging through an Argive glen,
+    And oft the wandering shepherd saw him rest
+    On some Arcadian upland's bosky crest.
+
+    In rapid flight the hunted stag had come
+    From craggy heights of Artemesium
+    To placid Ladon's fruitful vale, and there
+    Had sought a refuge in a cavern ne'er
+    Beheld by mortal man. Remote it stood
+    Within the precincts of a pathless wood
+    To Dian sacred. Round its entrance grew
+    A tangled copse, and one gigantic yew
+    Towered at its mouth. The river ran near by,
+    And on its bank was heard the bittern's cry,
+    For May had come again.
+
+                            One morn by chance,
+    Just as the sun had flung its earliest lance
+    O'er towering treetops, Hercules drew near
+    The spot where every dawn the brass-hoofed deer
+    From out the grot came softly slipping down
+    To drink and lave its limbs of glossy brown.
+    Day after day the mighty man had sought
+    In vain the stag's retreat; his mind was fraught
+    With gathering fear lest he should find no trace
+    Of royal covert in that wildwood place.
+    Erelong a sound that smote his eager ear
+    Gave swift assurance that his prize was near.
+    With cautious hand a skimmering dart he drew,
+    And eager, peered the tremulous leafage through;
+    The pattering footfalls near and nearer came,
+    A moment paused,--then, like a flash of flame,
+    The stag in splendor dawned upon his sight,
+    And sniffed the crystal air with keen delight.
+    Upon the morning breeze the piercing twang
+    Of taut-drawn bowstring ominously rang,
+    While with a moan the noble creature sank
+    In pain and terror on the reedy bank.
+    Beneath a haughty hemlock's spicy shade
+    The hero stanched the wound his shaft had made;
+    With leathern thong the stag's slight limbs he bound,
+    And striding swiftly o'er the ferny ground,
+    His precious burden on his shoulders wide,
+    Toward fair Mycenę with her walls of pride
+    He hurried on from lisping Ladon's shore,
+    Elate to feel his arduous task was o'er.
+    Before his steps the joyful tidings flew,
+    And when anigh the city's gates he drew,
+    A band of stately elders bade him hail;
+    Then came a troop of youths in garments pale,
+    Upon their lips a merry hunting lay;
+    And following close a group of maidens gay,
+    With twining flowers, freshed plucked, and emerald sprays.
+    And all the concourse wished him length of days,
+    O'erjoyed to see, with horns of glittering gold,
+    The living stag within the hero's hold.
+    Nor here nor there the happy hunter stayed
+    His rapid steps, but while the people made
+    Great clamor in his honor from the wall,
+    Sought out the king within the royal hall;
+    And there, 'mid cries that echoed from the street,
+    He laid his trophy at the monarch's feet.
+
+
+
+
+WEBSTER'S VINDICATION.
+
+BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.
+
+
+The first great National success of the Whig party was in the election
+of their candidates for President and Vice-President in 1840, William
+Henry Harrison, of Ohio, and John Tyler, of Virginia, being the
+successful nominees. The previous influence of the party in many States
+of the Union, their ability to carry out great local measures in their
+respective locations, and their party power in Congress, but made the
+political contest which was long and bitter, the more active and
+important. Party strife ran to the highest pitch throughout the whole
+country, and Mr. Webster, who was the acknowledged head in the North,
+and one of the principal originators of the National Whig organization
+in the United States, was looked up to as a most important personage in
+the contest, and his influence was deeply felt and appreciated. General
+Harrison early selected Mr. Webster for one of his Cabinet, and offered
+him the choice between the Treasury and the State Department. Mr.
+Webster chose the latter, and during the short month of General
+Harrison's life, laid out the ground plan of that important work which
+kept him so busily employed for the next two years, and which under no
+circumstances during the contest between Mr. Tyler, the succeeding
+President, and the Whig party, did he feel willing to leave to the
+chances of a settlement by a successor less familiar and perhaps less
+skilled in National affairs with foreign governments than himself.
+Although Mr. Webster was generally sustained by the party friends in
+Congress, and in part by the whole country, the shortsighted, less
+skilful, and more selfish of Whig partisans denounced him in unmeasured
+terms through the press and upon the stump, for not forsaking his post
+and leaving the President with the rest of the Cabinet. It was here, at
+the great pivotal turn of the Whig party, so far as Mr. Webster was
+concerned, and not at a later period, while in the Senate where he
+delivered his seventh of March speech, or in the Cabinet of President
+Fillmore, that the great coalition of radical partisans was made against
+him. The most bitter denunciations were launched by this premeditated
+alliance of selfish politicians, who, not having been able to bit,
+bridle, and drive Mr. Webster, were determined to rule or ruin, through
+his political disfranchisement, from the great party he was virtually
+the father of. All this, too, by false pretence; for a cool review of
+Mr. Webster's course has satisfied the country that the great depth of
+motive, prescience of danger to the Union and in fact, purpose of that
+speech, was, in the highest sense, proper and patriotic, and in no way
+at variance with the interpretation of either the old or new
+Constitution as now understood. The occasion was seized upon, having
+failed in their first effort to denounce and defame him, in the hope of
+thus building up an influence with some candidate for President, whom
+they could control for their own selfish purposes. It will be remembered
+that some of Mr. Webster's friends, or, at least, those who claimed to
+be such, took occasion to forsake him at that time. He, however, went
+into the Cabinet of President Fillmore after the death of General
+Taylor, where he remained until his death. The bill pending before
+Congress when he left it, was altered after Mr. Webster's speech, and he
+stated to his friends that he should have proposed amendments to it on
+its final passage, if he had been in the Senate. It was at this time
+that he prepared the following paper, which I have always designated as
+"Webster's Vindication." This document, as shown by the endorsement, in
+the handwriting of Colonel Fletcher Webster, was proposed to the Cabinet
+by Mr. Webster, in October, 1850, who intended it as a mandate to the
+United States officials in all the States, but it was rejected by
+President Fillmore, who did not wish thus to be committed. There is no
+doubt about the genuineness of the document itself. It was found in
+looking over Mr. Webster's papers before the Webster mansion was burned,
+and was presented to the writer by Mrs. Fletcher Webster, some years
+before it was made public, at the Webster Centennial Celebration at
+Marshfield in 1882, where it was first read in the presence of President
+Arthur, who was at the meeting. It speaks strongly for itself, and is
+all that will be needed, at this late day, to convince every
+dispassionate lover of justice and truth, of Webster's sincerity and
+singleheartedness of motive, and his unswerving loyalty to the
+Constitution and the Union.
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL WEBSTER.[1]]
+
+
+"PROPOSED
+
+"CABINET CIRCULAR OF DANIEL WEBSTER, OCTOBER, 1850.
+
+"The open manner in which disunion, secession, or a separation of the
+States, is suggested and recommended in some parts of the country,
+naturally calls on those to whom are confided the power and trust of
+maintaining the Constitution, and seeing that the laws of the United
+States be faithfully executed, to reflect upon the duties which events
+not yet indeed probable, but possible, may require them to perform. In
+the Northern and Eastern States, these sentiments of disunion are
+espoused principally by persons of heated imaginations, assembling
+together and passing resolutions of such wild and violent character as
+to render them nearly harmless. It is not so in other parts of the
+country. There are States in the South in which secession and
+dismemberment are proposed or recommended by persons of character and
+influence, filling stations of high public trust, and, it is painful to
+add, in some instances, not unconnected with the Government of the
+United States itself. Legislatures of some of the States have directed
+the government of those States to reassemble them in the contingency of
+the passage of certain laws by Congress. While these occurrences do not
+constitute an exigency calling for any positive proceeding either by the
+Executive Government of the United States or by Congress, yet they
+justly awaken attention, and admonish those in whose hands the
+administration of the government is placed, not to be found either
+unadvised, surprised, or unprepared, should a crisis arrive. The
+Constitution of the United States is founded on the idea of a division
+of power between the general government and the respective State
+governments; and this division is marked out and defined by the
+Constitution of the United States with as much distinctness and accuracy
+as the nature of the subject and the imperfection of language will
+admit. The powers of Congress are specifically enumerated, and all other
+powers necessary to carry these specified powers into effect are also
+expressly granted. The Constitution was adopted by the people in the
+several States, acting through the agency of conventions chosen by
+themselves; the Legislatures of the States had nothing to do with this
+proceeding, but to regulate the time and manner in which these
+conventions thus chosen by the people, the true source of all power,
+should assemble. The Constitution of the United States purports to be a
+perpetual form of government; it contains no limits for its duration,
+and suggests no means and no form of proceeding by which it can be
+dissolved, or its obligations dispensed with; it requires the personal
+allegiance of every citizen of the United States, and demands a solemn
+oath for its support from every man employed in any public trust,
+whether under the Government of the United States, or any State
+government. This obligation and this oath are enjoined in broad and
+general terms without qualification or modification, and with reference
+to no supposed possible change of circumstances or events.
+
+"No man can sit in a State Legislature, or on the bench of a State
+court, or execute the process of such court, or hold a commission in the
+militia, or fill any other office in a State government, without having
+first taken and subscribed an oath to support the Constitution of the
+United States. Without looking, therefore, to what might be the result
+of forcible revolution, since such cases can, of course, be governed by
+no previously established rule, it is certainly the manifest duty of all
+those who are entrusted with the Government of the United States in its
+several branches and departments to uphold and maintain that government
+to the full extent of its constitutional power and authority, to enact
+all laws necessary to that end, and to take care that those laws be
+executed by all the means created and conferred by the Constitution
+itself. We are to look to but one future, and that a future in which the
+Constitution of the country shall stand as it now stands; laws passed in
+conformity to it to be executed as they have hitherto been executed, and
+the public peace maintained as it has hitherto been maintained.
+Whatsoever of the future may be supposed to lie out of this line, is not
+so much a thing to be expected, as a thing to be feared and dreaded, and
+to be guarded against by the firmest resolution and the utmost vigilance
+of all who are entrusted with the conduct of public affairs; no
+alternative can be presented which is to authorize them to depart from
+the course which they have sworn to pursue. In conferring the necessary
+powers on the general government, it was foreseen that questions as to
+the just extent of those powers might occur, and that cases of conflict
+between the laws of the United States and the laws of individual States
+might arise. It was of indispensable necessity, therefore, that the
+manner in which such questions should be settled, and the tribunal which
+should have the ultimate authority to decide them, should be established
+and fixed by the Constitution itself: and this has been clearly and
+amply done. By the Constitution of the United States, that instrument
+itself, all acts of Congress passed in conformity to it, and public
+treaties, constitute the supreme law of the land, and are to be of
+controlling force and effect, anything in any State constitution or
+State law to the contrary notwithstanding; and the judges in every
+State, as well as of the courts of the United States, are expressly
+bound thereby. The supreme rule, then, is plainly and clearly declared
+and established: it is the Constitution of the United States, the laws
+of Congress passed in pursuance thereof, and treaties made under the
+authority of the United States. And here the great and turning question
+arises, Who in the last resort is to construe and interpret this supreme
+law? If it be alleged, for example, that a particular act of a State
+Legislature is a violation of the Constitution of the United States, and
+therefore void, what tribunal has authority finally to determine this
+important question? It is evident that if this power had not been vested
+in the tribunals of the United States, the government would have wanted
+the means of its own preservation; all its granted powers would have
+depended upon the variable and uncertain decisions of State courts.
+
+"It is a well-established maxim in political organization, that the
+judicial power must be made co-extensive with the constitutional and
+legislative power; otherwise there can be no adequate provision for the
+interpretation and execution of the laws. In conformity with this plain
+and necessary principle, the Constitution declares that the judicial
+power of the United States shall extend to all cases in law and equity
+arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States and
+treaties, no matter in what court such a case arises. Whenever and
+wherever such a case comes up, the judicial power of the United States
+extends to it, and attaches upon it; and if it arise in any State court,
+the acts of Congress have made provision for its transfer to the Supreme
+Court of the United States, there to be finally heard and adjudged. This
+proceeding is well known to the profession, and need not now be
+particularly stated or rehearsed. Finally, the President of the United
+States is by the Constitution made commander-in-chief of the army and
+navy, and of the militia when called into the actual service of the
+United States; and all these military means are put under his control in
+order that he may be able to see that the laws be faithfully executed.
+The Government of the United States, therefore, though a government of
+limited powers, is complete in itself, and, to the extent of those
+powers, possesses all the faculties for legislation, interpretation and
+execution of the laws, and nothing is necessary but fidelity in all
+those who are elected by the people to hold office in its various
+departments to cause it to be upheld, maintained, and efficiently
+administered.
+
+"The Constitution assigns particular classes of causes to the original
+jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, and other courts are to exercise such
+powers and duties as are or may be prescribed by Congress. Congress has
+not as yet found it necessary or expedient to confer on the circuit or
+other inferior courts all the jurisdiction created or authorized by the
+Constitution; thus there are many cases in which a summary jurisdiction
+usually belonging to courts, such as that of mandamus and injunction,
+are not provided for by general law, but some such cases are provided
+for. Thus by the act of March 2, 1833, it is declared that the
+jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts of the United States shall extend to
+all cases in law or equity arising under the revenue laws of the United
+States; and if any person be injured in his person or property on
+account of any act by him done under any revenue law of the United
+States, he may bring suit immediately in the Circuit Court of the United
+States; and if he be sued in any State court for such act, he may cause
+such suit to be immediately removed into the Circuit Court of the United
+States; and if the State court refuse a copy of its record, that record
+may be supplied by affidavit; and if the defendant be under arrest, or
+in custody, he is to be brought by _habeas corpus_ before the Circuit
+Court of the United States. Under the first part of these provisions,
+writs of mandamus and injunction may be issued, and all other writs and
+processes suitable to the case; and any judge of any court of the United
+States is authorized to grant writs of _habeas corpus_ in all cases of
+prisoners committed or confined for any act done in pursuance of a law
+of the United States, or of any order, process or decree of any court of
+the United States. These provisions are all found in the permanent
+sections of the act of Congress already referred to. The importance and
+efficiency of these provisions, if events were to arise in which
+obstruction to the collection of revenue should be attempted or
+threatened, are too obvious to require comment. The several district
+attorneys of the United States will take especial care to inform
+themselves of these enactments of law, and be prepared to cause them to
+be enforced in the first and in every case which may arise, justly
+calling for their application.
+
+"Declarations merely theoretical, or resolutions only declaratory of
+opinions, from however high authority emanating, cannot properly be made
+the subject of legal or judicial proceedings. They may be very
+intemperate, they may be very exceptional, they may be very
+unconstitutional; but until something shall be actually done or
+attempted, hindering or obstructing the execution of the laws of the
+United States, or injuring those employed in their execution, the
+officers of the government will remain vigilant indeed, and prepared for
+events, but without any positive exercise of authority. It is most
+earnestly to be hoped that the returning good sense of the people in all
+the States, and an increase of harmony and brotherly good will
+everywhere, may prevent the necessity of resorting to the exercise of
+legal authority; it is to be hoped that all good citizens will be much
+more inclined to reflect on the value of the Union and the benefits
+which it has conferred upon all, than to speculate upon impracticable
+means for its severance or dissolution. No State legislation, it is
+evident, is competent to declare such severance or dissolution--the
+people of no State have clothed their Legislature with any such
+authority; any act therefore proclaiming such severance by a
+Legislature, would be merely null and void as altogether exceeding its
+constitutional powers. No State was brought into the Union by the
+Legislature thereof, and no State can be put out of the Union by the
+Legislature thereof. Doubtless it is to be admitted that revolution,
+forcible revolution, may produce dismemberment more or less extensive;
+but there is no power on earth competent, by any peaceable or recognized
+manner of proceeding, to discharge the consciences of the citizens of
+the United States from the duty of supporting the Constitution. The
+government may be overthrown, or the Union broken into fragments by
+force of arms or force of numbers, but neither can be done by any
+prescribed form or peaceable existing authority."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The above portrait of Daniel Webster is taken from a book just
+issued by the Fowler & Wells Co., New York, entitled, "A Natural System
+of Elocution and Oratory," founded upon analysis of the Human
+Constitution. By Thomas A. Hyde and William Hyde. Among other valuable
+subjects which this book contains is a description and analysis of
+Webster oratory.
+
+
+
+
+HAWTHORNE'S LAST SKETCH.
+
+BY PHILIP R. AMMIDON.
+
+
+In the list of contributors to the old "New England Magazine,"--of which
+this is in a manner the legitimate successor,--among other names
+afterward famous is that of Nathaniel Hawthorne, then an obscure writer
+for various periodicals, and the ill-paid author of those juvenile
+histories that gave Mr. S. G. Goodrich ("Peter Parley") a literary
+reputation he scarcely earned.
+
+The writer has a copy of this respectable and for a time popular
+monthly, with which he would be reluctant to part. It contains, for the
+first time printed, "The White Old Maid," one of the weirdest and most
+fascinating of the "Twice-Told Tales."
+
+My present object is to invite the notice of readers of the "New England
+Magazine" of our day to the last completed work from the hand of that
+man of marvellous genius,
+
+    "Which at its topmost speed let fall the pen,
+      And left the tale half told."
+
+I remember with what concern I once heard a resident of Concord, a man
+not unknown in the world of letters, speak of certain evils likely to
+result from "Hawthorne's fall."
+
+This, to me, conveyed only the idea of physical disaster, and it was
+with a sentiment of relief, commensurate with the contempt inspired by
+such an explanation, that I was given to understand that it was the
+great author's unselfish effort in behalf of his old college comrade and
+life-long friend, that was supposed to imply a state of moral declension
+fitly indicated by the sinister word.
+
+It was thus that men and women, full of the cheap patriotism of the
+time, and puffed up with a sort of loyal egotism that blinded them to
+the possibilities of honest purpose in any whose views on politics and
+public affairs varied never so slightly from their accepted standard of
+right, ventured to condemn what they were constitutionally incapable of
+judging with either coolness or fair appreciation.
+
+The "Life of Franklin Pierce" is by no means a great book, and neither
+the subject nor its treatment entitles it to a place among the immortal
+works that preceded and followed it; but to those of us who knew and
+loved the writer, and to those who through his books got some glimpses
+of the singular purity of his moral nature, a quality of friendship that
+excludes the idea of selfish interest seems its author's only and
+sufficient motive.
+
+When the storm of civil war broke upon us, these worthy critics flung
+themselves with tongue, or pen, or sword--chiefly with tongue--into the
+good cause, and were scandalized at the vision of one who would fain
+have dreamed while they, after their various methods, were fighting; of
+a poet so far aloft in the regions of ideal fancy that the confused
+voices of battle well-nigh failed to reach him. And yet, in the words of
+one of their own writers,
+
+     "There was but one man living whom the country could so ill
+     afford to lose as this strange, wayward, fitful, unreasonable
+     poet and dreamer, who sneered at the war, and at the great
+     nation that waged it, with the pettishness of a spoiled child."
+
+But the charge that Hawthorne sneered at the righteous war, or, far
+worse, at his country, is full of an injustice which seems more bitter
+because it comes from one whose hearty admiration of the AUTHOR should
+have lifted him to a clearer appreciation of the MAN in his purity and
+lofty patriotism.
+
+The writer concludes the article from which I have quoted, and which, in
+keen analysis and generous, literary judgment, is rarely equalled by any
+of Hawthorne's reviewers, with these and like ill-considered words:--
+
+     "Wherever he turned his weary steps, there stood in his path
+     the genius of the time, not beautiful, not romantic, to his
+     eyes; not even grand--but stern enough and in grim earnest,
+     demanding of him what he could not give,--the heart and voice
+     of an American citizen in the hour of America's danger."
+
+The writer forgot, or, blinded by strong feeling, failed to perceive,
+that the silence which, with him as with hundreds of good and earnest
+men, would indeed have indicated a fatal lack of patriotic emotion, was
+in the case of Hawthorne only the inevitable shrinking of a rare and
+sensitive spirit from contact with the awful realities of conflict.
+
+When the "Artist of the Beautiful" descended from the serene atmosphere,
+where his lofty spiritual nature had its true home and highest sphere of
+action, and devoted his delicate gifts to the useful mysteries of
+watch-making, the result, while eminently satisfactory to his old
+employer and well-wisher, the jeweller, and doubtless of blessed effect
+on the poor artist's purse, was disastrous in loss to the world of
+thought, and in its influence on his better and real self.
+
+A writer of tenderer sympathies and nicer discrimination, takes a more
+kindly and a wiser view:--
+
+     "About the whole question of the war, Hawthorne's mind was, I
+     think, always hovering between two views. He sympathized with
+     it in principle; but its inevitable accessories--the bloodshed,
+     the bustle, and above all, perhaps, the bunkum which
+     accompanied it--were to him absolutely hateful.... To any one
+     who knew the man, the mere fact that Hawthorne should have been
+     able to make up his mind to the righteousness and expediency of
+     the war at all, is evidence of the strength of that popular
+     passion which drove the North and South into conflict."
+
+But it was not Hawthorne's silence that provoked to fiercest expression
+the safe zeal of certain literary loyalists. This last sketch from that
+pen, the secret of whose magic was never communicated, and which,
+precious in itself, is invaluable because the last, was published in the
+summer of 1862--less than two years before its author's death. Its
+title, "Chiefly about War Matters," suggests its character. It was, in
+fact, a series of pictures of scenes in and about Washington at this
+stage of the great contest.
+
+The present writer attempts nothing here like a review of this
+remarkable essay, entirely worthy as it was of its subject and its
+author's genius; it is simply my purpose to call the reader's attention
+to a production, which, more than anything else in Hawthorne's writings,
+has kindled the hostile criticism of shallow and uncongenial minds.
+
+So quaintly characteristic is its commencement that I am tempted to give
+its opening paragraphs in full:--
+
+     "There is no remoteness of life and thought, no hermetically
+     scaled seclusion, except, possibly, that of the grave, into
+     which the disturbing influences of this war do not penetrate.
+     Of course, the general heart-quake of the country long ago
+     knocked at my cottage-door, and compelled me, reluctantly, to
+     suspend the contemplation of certain fantasies to which,
+     according to my harmless custom, I was endeavoring to give a
+     sufficiently lifelike aspect to admit of their figuring in a
+     romance. As I make no pretensions to statecraft or
+     soldiership, and could promote the common weal neither by valor
+     nor counsel, it seemed at first a pity that I should be
+     debarred from such unsubstantial business as I had contrived
+     for myself, since nothing more genuine was to be substituted
+     for it.
+
+     "But I magnanimously considered that there is a kind of treason
+     in inoculating one's self from the universal fear and sorrow,
+     and thinking one's idle thoughts in the dread time of civil
+     war; and could a man be so cold and hard-hearted, he would
+     better deserve to be sent to Fort Warren than many who have
+     found their way thither on the score of violent but misdirected
+     sympathies.
+
+     "I remember the touching rebuke administered by King Charles to
+     that rural squire, the echo of whose hunting-horn came to the
+     poor monarch's ear on the morning before a battle, where the
+     sovereignty and constitution of England were at stake. So I
+     gave myself up to reading newspapers, and listening to the
+     click of the telegraph, like other people, until after a great
+     many months of such pastime, it grew so abominably irksome that
+     I determined to look a little more closely at matters with my
+     own eyes."
+
+It was in the early days of March that Hawthorne, in company with his
+friend and publisher, Wm. D. Ticknor, left Boston on a visit to
+Washington and the seat of war, then in its immediate vicinity.
+
+The sketches of natural scenery are touched with the same pencil that
+gave us the charming picture of daily life at the Old Manse.
+
+It was in New York that the travellers had the first clear intimation of
+the unnatural order of things consequent on a state of civil war. Here
+they found a rather prominent display of military goods at the shop
+windows--such as swords, with gilded scabbards and trappings,
+epaulettes, carbines, revolvers, and sometimes a great iron cannon at
+the edge of the pavement, as if Mars had dropped one of his
+pocket-pistols there while hurrying to the field.
+
+As railway companions, they had now and then a volunteer in his
+French-gray great coat, returning from furlough, or a new-made officer
+travelling to join his regiment in his new-made uniform, which was
+perhaps all of the military character that he had about him; but proud
+of his eagle buttons, and likely enough to, do them honor before the
+gilt should be wholly dimmed.
+
+The country, in short, so far as bustle and movement went, was more
+quiet than in ordinary times, because so large a proportion of its
+restless elements had been drawn towards the seat of conflict.
+
+But the air was full of a vague disturbance.
+
+The author's patriotic alarm seems to have been especially excited by
+the host of embryo warriors that filled the cars and thronged the
+stations all along the journey. One cause of this terror will seem to us
+now all the more amusing because there are not wanting those who will
+doubtless honestly believe that in giving it expression he wrote with
+something of prophetic unction:--
+
+     "One terrible idea occurs in reference to this matter. Even
+     supposing the war should end to-morrow, and the army melt into
+     the mass of the population within the year, what an
+     incalculable preponderance will there be of military titles and
+     pretentions for at least half a century to come! Every country
+     neighborhood will have its general or two, its three or four
+     colonels, half a dozen majors, and captains without
+     end--besides noncommissioned officers and privates, more than
+     the recruiting officers ever knew of,--all with their campaign
+     stories which will become the staple of fireside talk
+     forevermore.
+
+     "Military merit, or rather, since that is not so readily
+     estimated, military notoriety, will be the measure of all
+     claims to civil distinction.
+
+     "One bullet-headed general will succeed another in the
+     presidential chair; and veterans will hold the offices at home
+     and abroad, and sit in Congress and the State Legislature, and
+     fill all the avenues of public life. And yet I do not speak of
+     this deprecatingly, since, very likely, it may substitute
+     something more real and genuine, instead of the many shams on
+     which men have heretofore founded their claims to public
+     regard; but it behooves civilians to consider their wretched
+     prospects in the future, and assume the military button before
+     it is too late."
+
+The day of their arrival in Washington was the date of McClellan's
+historic movement on Manassas:--
+
+     "On the very day of our arrival sixty thousand men had crossed
+     the Potomac on their march towards Manassas; and almost with
+     their first steps into the Virginia mud, the phantasmagory of a
+     countless host and impregnable ramparts, before which they had
+     so long remained quiescent, dissolved quite away.
+
+     "It was as if General McClellan had thrust his sword into a
+     gigantic enemy, and, beholding him suddenly collapse, had
+     discovered to himself and the world that he had merely
+     punctured an enormously swollen bladder.
+
+     "There are instances of a similar character in old romances,
+     where great armies are long kept at bay by the arts of the
+     necromancers, who build airy towers and battlements, and
+     muster warriors of terrible aspect, and thus feign a defence of
+     seeming impregnability, until some bolder champion of the
+     besiegers dashes forward to try an encounter with the foremost
+     foeman, and finds him melt away in the death-grapple. With such
+     heroic adventures let the march upon Manassas be hereafter
+     reckoned.
+
+     "The whole business, though connected with the destinies of a
+     nation, takes inevitably a tinge of the ludicrous.
+
+     "The vast preparation of men and warlike material,--the
+     majestic patience and docility,--with which the people waited
+     through those weary and dreary months,--the martial skill,
+     courage, and caution, with which our movement was ultimately
+     made,--and at last the shock with which we were brought
+     suddenly up against nothing at all!"
+
+It is in dealing with ponderous and awful blunders like this that the
+satiric power of the writer finds its favorite field of action.
+
+It is not strange that, in those excited times of bitterness and strife,
+certain genuine but shallow souls should have counted it little short of
+treason to extract anything like fun from an episode which for us, in
+the day of it, was full of very solemn mortification. In this sketch, as
+indeed all through his works, it is in the delineation of individual
+character--in the analysis of motives--that Hawthorne's peculiar and
+amazing power is especially manifest, intermingled withal with a certain
+droll self-distrust and deprecation of adverse criticism, to which he
+has here given expression in a series of foot-notes, ostensibly from the
+editor's pen, but written in fact by the author himself.
+
+The mixture of candor and apologetic self-disapproval in these addenda
+has a sufficiently odd effect, intermingled as it is with the utmost
+freedom of comment and criticism.
+
+Prominent generals, cabinet ministers, and even the President himself,
+are dealt with in a vein of satiric candor, but with a pervasive spirit
+of good-nature evident enough and of sufficient breadth to disarm even
+official sensitiveness of anything like rancor.
+
+Whatever personal descriptions the author may have meditated, or
+accomplished and afterward suppressed, the only full-length portrait he
+has given us is that of McClellan, of all the deeper interest and value
+now that both these famous Americans are numbered with the dead.
+
+His impressions of President Lincoln seemed colored with a trace of
+prejudice, which, however unjust and unfortunate it may appear to us
+now, was really only the inevitable consequence of the wide intellectual
+gulf that yawned between those two men, both of positive character, and
+with tastes and sympathies the most radically opposite. But despite this
+unavoidable repulsion, Hawthorne's keen, resistless insight did not fail
+to penetrate the wonderful purity and simplicity of Lincoln's character.
+In a final word he does him ample justice:--
+
+     "He is evidently a man of keen faculties, and, what is still
+     more to the purpose, of powerful character.
+
+     "As to his integrity, the people have that intuition of it
+     which is never deceived. Before he actually entered upon his
+     great office, and for a considerable time afterwards, there is
+     no reason to suppose that he adequately estimated the gigantic
+     task about to be imposed upon him, or, at least, had any
+     distinct idea how it was to be managed; and I presume there may
+     have been more than one veteran politician to propose to
+     himself to take the power out of President Lincoln's hands into
+     his own, leaving our honest friend only the public
+     responsibility for the good or ill success of the career. The
+     extremely imperfect development of his statesmanly qualities at
+     that period may have justified such designs. But the President
+     is teachable by events, and has now spent a year in a very
+     arduous course of education; he has a flexible mind, capable of
+     much expansion, and convertible towards far loftier studies and
+     activities than those of his early life; and if he came to
+     Washington a backwoods humorist, he has already transformed
+     himself into as good a statesman (to speak modestly) as his
+     prime minister."
+
+So long as a general's sword is seemingly invincible, and the uniformity
+of his success silences even the cavillings of envy,--that most
+persistent of all the unlovely emotions,--just so long he may safely
+count on a unanimity of public approval. But let disaster befall, and,
+justly or otherwise, it matters little which, the voices just now most
+vociferous for coronation, bellow the loudest for crucifixion! Few of
+our commanders in the late war had bitterer evidence of this than
+McClellan. Idolized while victorious, he was vituperated with
+corresponding violence the instant fortune showed signs of wavering in
+her fidelity. At this distance from those stirring times we can easily
+perceive that the idolatry and the abuse were alike unjust and even
+ridiculous; the same wisdom that pronounces it unsafe to praise a man
+until death has set the seal to his earthly reputation, deems it no less
+a folly to bestow adulation or excessive blame on a military commander
+before the end of his campaigns. To his brief estimate of McClellan's
+character and qualifications for his post of vast responsibility, our
+author brought an admirable coolness of judgment, and that wonderful
+insight into men and motives so seldom at fault. Keenly alive to the
+ridiculousness of the attack on Manassas, and declaring that "no rebel
+artillery has played upon us with such overwhelming effect," he was
+capable, with a fairness sufficiently amazing in any critic of those
+days, of doing full justice to the general's indubitable ability and
+patriotism. He closes his sketch of McClellan, by no means the least
+valuable part of the article we are considering, with this decided
+expression of opinion: "I shall not give up my faith in his soldiership
+until he is defeated, nor in his courage and integrity even then."
+
+An odd peculiarity of Hawthorne's mind was the incertitude--I use this
+vile word in lack of a better at the moment--that seemed at times to
+invest his reasoning powers with a sort of Indian summer haziness.
+
+This idiosyncrasy had a striking exemplification when our travellers met
+"a party of contrabands escaping out of the mysterious depths of
+Secessia."
+
+     "They were unlike the specimens of their race whom we are
+     accustomed to see at the North, and, in my judgment, were far
+     more agreeable.
+
+     "So rudely were they attired,--as if their garb had grown upon
+     them spontaneously,--so picturesquely natural in manners, and
+     wearing such a crust of primeval simplicity (which is quite
+     polished away from the Northern black man), that they seemed a
+     kind of creature by themselves, not altogether human, but
+     perhaps quite as good, and akin to the fauns and rustic deities
+     of olden times. I wonder if I shall excite anybody's wrath by
+     saying this?
+
+     "It is no great matter at all events. I felt most kindly
+     towards the poor fugitives, but knew not precisely what to wish
+     in their behalf, nor in the least how to help them. For the
+     sake of the manhood which is latent in them, I would not have
+     turned them back; but I should have felt almost as reluctant on
+     their own account to hasten them forward to the strangers'
+     land; and I think my prevalent idea was that, whoever may be
+     benefited by the results of this war, it will not be the
+     present generation of negroes, the childhood of whose race has
+     now gone forever, and who must henceforth fight a hard battle
+     with the world on very unequal terms. On behalf of my own race,
+     I am glad, and can only hope that an inscrutable Providence
+     means good to both parties."
+
+The whimsical feature in Hawthorne's character to which we have alluded,
+is thus noticed by an intimate and valued friend of the great author:--
+
+     "Nobody disliked slavery more cordially than he did; and yet
+     the difficulty of what was to be done with the slaves weighed
+     constantly upon his mind. He told me once that while he had
+     been consul at Liverpool a vessel arrived there with a number
+     of negro sailors, who had been brought from slave States, and
+     would, of course, be enslaved on their return. He fancied that
+     he ought to inform the men of the fact, but then he was stopped
+     by the reflection--who was to provide for them if they became
+     free? and, as he said with a sigh, 'While I was thinking, the
+     vessel sailed.' So I recollect, on the old battlefield of
+     Manassas, on which I strolled in company with Hawthorne,
+     meeting a batch of runaway slaves--weary, footsore, wretched,
+     and helpless beyond conception; we gave them food and wine,
+     some small sums of money, and got them a lift upon a train
+     going northward; but not long afterwards Hawthorne turned to me
+     with the remark, 'I am not sure that we were doing right, after
+     all. How can those poor beings find food and shelter away from
+     home?'
+
+     "Thus this ingrained and inherent doubt incapacitated him from
+     following any course vigorously.
+
+     "He thought on the whole that Wendell Phillips and Lloyd
+     Garrison and the abolitionists were in the right, but then he
+     was never quite certain that they were not in the wrong after
+     all; so that his advocacy of their cause was of a very
+     uncertain character."
+
+There is a constant temptation to transcend proper limits in quoting
+from this most characteristic production of our great author.
+
+It was my purpose simply to recall to the minds of readers an article
+whose authorship was scarcely known at the time of its appearance (in
+the July of 1862), and which has never been included in its writer's
+collected works.
+
+Nothing in Hawthorne's books--not even excepting "Twice-Told Tales"--is
+more suggestive and eloquent of the man and the author.
+
+The same matchless purity of style, with never a sophomoric flight nor a
+tinge of dulness; replete with subtle humor, and an irony whose
+tempered edge scarcely wounds by reason of the attendant richness of
+good nature that "steals away its sharpness"; as in the same soil that
+nourishes the keen, aggressive nettle, is always found a certain herb of
+healing potency. I cannot refrain from giving our readers some passages
+near the close. They are descriptive of certain guests at Willard's
+Hotel, in Washington, where the travellers lived during their stay at
+the Capital.
+
+This portion of Hawthorne's last magazine article recalls forcibly
+passages in the first of his published stories, "The Gray Champion."
+
+     "It is curious to observe what antiquated figures and costumes
+     sometimes make their appearance at Willard's. You meet elderly
+     men with frilled shirt-fronts, for example, the fashion of
+     which adornment passed away from among the people of this world
+     half a century ago.
+
+     "It is as if one of Stuart's portraits were walking abroad.
+
+     "I see no way of accounting for this, except that the troubles
+     of the times, the impiety of traitors, and the peril of our
+     sacred Union and Constitution have disturbed in their honored
+     graves, some of the venerable fathers of the country, and
+     summoned them forth to protest against the meditated and
+     half-accomplished sacrilege.
+
+     "If it be so, their wonted fires are not altogether
+     extinguished in their ashes,--in their throats, I might rather
+     say,--for I beheld one of these excellent old men quaffing such
+     a horn of Bourbon whiskey as a toper of the present century
+     would be loath to venture upon.
+
+     "But, really, one would be glad to know where these strange
+     figures come from.
+
+     "It shows, at any rate, how many remote, decaying villages and
+     country neighborhoods of the North, and forest nooks of the
+     West, and old mansion houses in cities, are shaken by the
+     tremor of our native soil, so that men long hidden in
+     retirement put on the garments of their youth and hurry out to
+     inquire what is the matter.
+
+     "The old men whom we see here have generally more marked faces
+     than the young ones, and naturally enough; since it must be an
+     extraordinary vigor and venerability of life that can overcome
+     the rusty sloth of age, and keep the senior flexible enough to
+     take an interest in new things; whereas, hundreds of
+     commonplace young men come hither to stare with eyes of vacant
+     wonder, and with vague hopes of finding out what they are fit
+     for. And this war (we may say so much in its favor) has been
+     the means of discovering that important secret to not a few."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The writer remembers the vivid and untiring pleasure with which, when a
+child, he read and re-read that marvellous book for little people,
+"Grandfather's Arm Chair." It opened to him a new world of poetry and
+beauty--a revelation which close and severest study of the great
+author's mind and character, as developed in his maturer works, has but
+made broader and deeper.
+
+With a grateful memory of the first, I write these few lines to recall
+almost the latest of Hawthorne's writings; the very last indeed, save
+the charming fragment that gave to the world of letters "Little
+Pansy"--"The sweetest child," says Alexander Smith, "in English
+literature."
+
+I cannot close this brief and cursory notice more appropriately than in
+the words of a dear friend and appreciative admirer of our author, James
+Russell Lowell:--
+
+     "This now 'sacred and happy spirit' was cruelly misunderstood
+     among men. There were those who would have taken him away from
+     his proper and peculiar sphere, in which he has done more for
+     the true fame of his country than any other man, and made him a
+     politician and reformer.
+
+     "Even the faithfulness of his friendships was turned into
+     reproach.
+
+     "Him in whom New England was embodied as never before, making a
+     part of every fibre of his soul, we have heard charged with
+     want of patriotism.
+
+     "There were certain things and certain men with whom his
+     essentially aristocratic nature could not sympathize, but he
+     was American to the core. Just after Bull Run he wrote to a
+     friend, 'If the event of this day has left the people of the
+     North in the same grim and bloody mood in which it has left me,
+     it will be a costly victory to the South.'
+
+     "But it is unworthy of this noble man to defend him from
+     imputations which never touched him. As the years go by, his
+     countrymen will grow more and more proud of him, more and more
+     satisfied that it is, after all, something considerable to be
+     only a genius."
+
+
+
+
+ON HOOSAC MOUNTAIN.
+
+BY EDWARD D. GUILD.
+
+
+    One day, when all the city street
+    Lay sultry in the summer heat,
+    I stood on Hoosac's rocky crest,
+    And drank a draught of joy and rest.
+
+    The bracing Berkshire breezes blew
+    Across the hills, and sweeping through
+    The grateful valleys, gently fanned
+    The sun-scorched brow of Greylock grand.
+
+    From off the cragged hills Taghkonic,
+    High o'er the river Housatonic,
+    An eagle in his strength was soaring,
+    The paltry earth beneath ignoring.
+
+    Swift did his wings his will obey;
+    Straight north by east he coursed his way;
+    Proudly he took his fearless flight,
+    Toward fair Monadnock's hazy height.
+
+    Then on this rugged mountain wall,
+    A deeper silence seemed to fall:
+    Over this road, though broad and wide,
+    No traveller was seen to ride.
+
+    Only in vision rumbled by
+    A creaking coach with driver high,
+    Who cracked his whip, and rang his cheers--
+    Echoes they were of other years.
+
+    A group of graves were clustered here;
+    The wind wailed o'er them wild and drear:--
+    Could souls rise higher to the Light
+    When soaring from this mountain height?
+
+    And as I mused, the twilight fell:
+    I heard a distant evening bell;
+    And in the valley far below,
+    I heard the home-bound cattle low.
+
+    Far down where winds the Deerfield stream,
+    I saw a light,--a sudden gleam,
+    As up the narrow river riding
+    The Western train came swiftly gliding.
+
+    Then full to Hoosac's height it came,
+    When, with a sudden flare of flame,
+    Boldly the barrier it defied
+    And plunged into the mountain side.
+
+    The train was lost to sound and sight,
+    But still I knew it kept its flight:
+    I marked its subterranean way;--
+    Below the little graveyard lay.
+
+    Ah! trav'ller, through this cavern deep,
+    Fast in thy thoughts or book asleep,
+    Dost know that high above thy head
+    There rest the ashes of the dead?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+A VERITABLE TRADER.
+
+BY A. T. S.
+
+
+A little remote from the centre of a village, on that strip of seacoast
+in the southeastern part of New Hampshire, lived a self-made trader,
+Joshua Jackson. He occupied a small, unpainted house, two stories in
+front, with the roof sloping down at the back part to one story. In the
+rear was the barn, with its generous red door, a well with its long
+"sweep," a pig-pen, and a hen-pen; but the hens seemed equally or more
+at home in the barn, with liberty of the yard, and sometimes they took a
+peep of curiosity into the back entry of the house.
+
+Here, with his mother, lived Joshua Jackson, familiarly known as "Uncle
+Josh." It is a kind instinct which makes humanity in the rural districts
+claim, as uncle or aunt, any single man or woman who is left one side of
+the common lot of marriage and its ties. It is a relationship accepted
+in silent, good-natured consent on both sides. It was difficult to think
+of Uncle Josh as ever having been young. His hair, his complexion, his
+eyes, and even his coat, all seemed nearly of a color--a kind of
+snuff-colored red. He had a limping, rolling gait, affected by some
+infirmity of lameness which had, perhaps, prevented him from engaging in
+farming or fishing, which employed most men of the village; so he went
+into trade.
+
+One of the "fore rooms," so called, of the house was his shop; the floor
+was of immaculate neatness, and carefully sanded every morning. On one
+side stood a cluster of barrels, one empty barrel surmounted by a board,
+exactly a yard long, the edge notched for the quarters and inches. This
+was his counter, and held a clumsy pair of scales. On the other side was
+a rude table containing boxes of cotton cloth, cambrics or checked
+goods, sewing cotton, buttons, thimbles, scissors, jack-knives, needles,
+and pins. On the mantel-shelf stood a pile of white, blue-edged plates,
+and mugs, and pitchers, from which projected sticks of red and white
+candy, like miniature barber's poles, and heaps of "gibraltars," hard
+and solid, sweet and brittle, and honest. Every child knew that they
+were a cent apiece, and thought them worth it.
+
+No errand was half as welcome as one to Uncle Josh, when they might take
+an egg and get a skein of cotton. Sometimes he dived down into a cask of
+raisins as he passed by it, and filled the hand of the waiting messenger
+when he gave her whatever she came for, and took her money. Uncle Josh
+made no charges; he went on the cash system. He would barter, but he
+kept no running accounts with any one. The youngest child might go to
+him with the same certainty of right measure and weight as the shrewdest
+adult. One bright-faced little girl, who used to come often into his
+store, neatly dressed in her high-necked tier, and cape-bonnet, seemed
+to be a great favorite with him. He would sometimes say, half aside,
+that she was "pooty as a queen," although why the sturdy republican
+should make that comparison is a mystery. One day he stood at the open
+door, wistfully watching her as she walked off with her light, elastic
+step, and his mother, who had come in from the back room, answered to
+his unspoken thought, "Yes, she does, look a sight as Liza used to." The
+one woman whom others had connected with the idea of Uncle Josh's
+marrying had been dead long ago. It was said he had meant to ask her to
+be his wife when he should have laid by a certain sum of money, but the
+shy and reticent man suddenly found her "spoken for," as the villagers
+termed it, by the mate of a vessel. She died of consumption, unmarried.
+Uncle Josh never referred to this passage in his life, but his mother
+knew his mind, and why his words grew fewer than ever. The little Molly
+reproduced the soft hazel eyes and the trim air he so well remembered in
+her aunt.
+
+Uncle Josh had a way of calling all strangers "furiners." A pale-faced
+girl who was boarding at the seashore for her health was delighted to be
+sent by her hostess, or any of the family, on an errand to the queer,
+quaint, old store, kept by "the funny old man." "You're a furiner, I
+guess," he said to her one day. "No, indeed, sir," she answered quickly,
+with an indignant blush, "I am not a foreigner. I came from Rochester,
+New York." "Why! such a long piece off, poor child, poor child," he
+muttered, as he went to a mug and took out a bright red sugar heart, and
+pressed it in her hand. "Ain't you dreadful homesick to live so fur?"
+"Oh, no; my home is very pleasant, and my father and mother are
+travelling; but they left me here because I have not been strong since I
+had the fever, and the doctor said I must bathe every day in the ocean.
+I have nice times. They keep cows where I board, and let me milk them a
+little sometimes. I am going to stay all summer." "Yes, yes; there are
+getting to be a great many furiners here in the summer." "What did Uncle
+Josh mean?" she asked on her return to the house; "did he take me for an
+Irish or a German girl? He asked if I was a foreigner." "Oh, he meant a
+stranger here in the village--some one not born here. He always calls
+'em so. A good many folks do."
+
+When Uncle Josh first went to Boston to buy his stock in trade, it was
+said that a merchant of whom he made large purchases, thought he did not
+know about trusting so queer and shabby looking a customer,--he should
+have to require good security. To his surprise, the countryman looked at
+the amount, unbuttoned his coat, and, from an ample old pocket-book he
+counted off his money; then from the depths of his pantaloon's pocket he
+brought up a round piece of leather twisted together for fastening, and
+from this he counted the exact change. Then he directed how the goods
+should be sent to him by such a schooner at a certain wharf. "Thank you,
+Mr. Jackson," said the merchant; "I hope we shall always be able to
+accommodate you. You prefer to pay down now, I see; but if you would
+like to have your bill remain awhile on credit at any time, we shall be
+happy to trust you." "It is very kind in you, but I don't trade on
+promises. 'Tain't my way. I thank ye all the same."
+
+One day Uncle Josh happened to be in a merchant's store when the head of
+the establishment was absent. The clerk who waited on him had the
+pertness and superior airs of youth, sometimes seen even fifty years
+ago. He thought it fine fun to chaff the old countryman so shabbily
+dressed, and who drawled his words, and seemed so heavy and lumbering in
+his movements. As his customer said he guessed he would take so much of
+one thing, and then of another, the clerk said, "You are running up
+quite an account, it seems to me. Dipping in pretty deep for a man like
+you, hey?" "Perhaps I am," answered the old man; "I'll let 'em go," and
+walked out of the store. Another clerk who had finished business with a
+customer, came forward, and said to his fellow-clerk, "What made Mr.
+Jackson go off so suddenly?" "Who? That old cove? I rather think he was
+miffed at something I said about his dipping in deep. He didn't look as
+if he could afford a mouse-trap." "He? why, he's worth his weight in
+gold--always money down on the spot. If you've offended him, the
+governor'll be in your hair, I can tell you." "Goodness!" cried the
+terrified clerk, "I'll go after him, and bring him back," and off he
+started in quick pursuit. He could easily distinguish the rusty-looking
+suit, and limping, sidelong gait, even among the crowd of passengers on
+the sidewalk. When he had nearly overtaken him, he called out, "Here,
+sir, Mr. Jackson! Please stop," but the countryman still continued to
+move on at his slow pace. The clerk came up to him, and touched his hat,
+saying, "Please excuse me, Mr. Jackson. I am sure I didn't mean
+anything. I hope you will go back to the store, and let us wait on you.
+I am sure Mr. ---- would be so sorry to miss your custom. I hope you will
+excuse--" "You can go back to the store, young man," answered Mr.
+Jackson, "and tell your master I don't trade on excuses."
+
+When the honest old man was gathered to his fathers, those who had known
+him in trade missed him. He always recognized a good article, and was
+willing to pay a fair price for it. He believed in a system of just
+equivalents in all business; he was exact to the smallest fraction, but
+not mean. He was simple, upright, honest, in all his dealings, never
+using his shrewdness to the disadvantage of his fellow-men.
+
+
+
+
+LYDIA MARIA CHILD.
+
+BY OLIVE E. DANA.
+
+
+This is an age of biography. We have the two-volumed "Lives and
+Letters," and the brief and popular biography, with many of varying
+length and value between the two. And the contents of these two are
+outlined for us, again and again, in magazines and newspaper sketches.
+The histories of famous men and women are told and retold. It is the
+public's own fault if there is not a more general interest in, and a
+better knowledge of, the work of the notable characters of the century
+than ever before. This implies, also, a certain familiarity with the
+great movements of reform and philanthropy, and with the literature of
+the time. Some, however, who had a large share in the noblest work of
+this century, are less known, and less brought into notice, than we
+should expect. Among such is Mrs. L. M. Child. Her letters, published in
+1880, were prefaced by a brief memorial sketch by the poet Whittier, and
+contained in an appendix the tribute of Wendell Phillips. An account of
+her life-work, written by Susan Coolidge, appeared in the "Famous Women"
+series. But her life, in many aspects, might profitably have the
+attention of this younger generation, who know little either of her
+antislavery work or of her literary attainments or fame. In both these
+departments her work seems like that of a pioneer. She helped to clear
+the way for the antislavery leaders,--Garrison and Higginson, Curtis and
+Lowell and Whittier. And in a similar manner she led the way into those
+paths where, for two or three decades, the woman-author has been so
+conspicuously advancing,--where her success has been so brilliant and
+varied. As to her literary genius, in the words of Whittier, "It is not
+too much to say that half a century ago she was the most popular
+literary woman in the United States." And again, "It is not
+exaggeration to say that no man or woman of that period rendered
+more substantial service to the cause of freedom, or made such a
+doing it." And when we add that her benevolence and 'great renunciation'
+in philanthropy--unobtrusive as they were--give her a valid claim to
+lasting remembrance, that the originality, insight, and force of
+character manifest in her letters, place them among the most valuable
+and suggestive of the letters of women, and that her truth, beneficence,
+and devotion would have made her life and character memorable if she had
+not written a line, we have stated only the barest truth; yet reason
+sufficient, why we of this generation should know more of her life and
+genius.
+
+Lydia Maria Francis, afterwards Mrs. Child, was born in Medford, Mass.,
+1802. Her education was obtained in her native town, with the advantage
+of only one term in a private seminary. Her first book, "Hobomok,"
+appeared in 1821, followed in 1823 by another novel, "The Rebels." These
+gave her a good degree of popularity. In 1827 she established "The
+Juvenile Miscellany," "pioneer to a long line of children's magazines."
+In 1828 she was married to David Lee Child, and they made their home in
+Boston. Within a very few years she wrote and published "The Frugal
+Housewife," "The Mother's Book," "The Girl's Own Book," "The History of
+Women," and the "Biographies of Good Wives."
+
+Then, while all around her were heard the murmurs of popular praise and
+approval, and while in addition to the appreciation of countless humbler
+readers, she was winning commendation from the highest literary
+authorities,--in 1833 she "startled the country by the publication of
+her noble 'Appeal in behalf of that class of Americans called
+Africans.'" Mr. Whittier says: "It is quite impossible for any one of
+the present generation to imagine the popular surprise and indignation
+which the book called forth, or how entirely its author cut herself off
+from the favor and sympathy of a large number of those who had
+previously delighted to do her honor." And he continues: "Social and
+literary circles, which had been proud of her presence, closed their
+doors against her. The sale of her books, the subscriptions to her
+magazine, fell off to a ruinous extent. She knew all she was hazarding,
+and made the great sacrifice, prepared for all the consequences which
+followed."
+
+She said in the preface: "I am fully aware of the unpopularity of the
+task I have undertaken, but though I expect ridicule and censure, I do
+not fear them. A few years hence the opinion of the world will be a
+matter in which I have not even the most transient interest, but this
+book will be abroad on its mission of humanity, long after the hand that
+wrote it is mingling with the dust. Should it be the means of
+advancing, even one single hour, the inevitable progress of truth and
+justice, I would not exchange the consciousness for all Rothschild's
+wealth or Sir Walter's fame." "Thenceforward," says Mr. Whittier again,
+"her life was a battle, a constant rowing hard against the stream of
+popular prejudice and hatred. And through it all, pecuniary privations,
+loss of friends and position, the painfulness of being suddenly thrust
+from the still air of delightful studies into the bitterest and sternest
+controversy of the age, she bore herself with patience, fortitude, and
+unshaken reliance on the justice and ultimate triumph of the cause she
+had espoused."
+
+In a short time thereafter she had published four more antislavery books
+or pamphlets. "Philothia," a romance whose scene is laid in ancient
+Greece, appeared in 1836. For eight years, dating from 1844, Mr. and
+Mrs. Childs were joint-editors of "The Anti-Slavery Standard," published
+in New York. She had a room in the house of Isaac Hopper,--"a house
+where disinterestedness and noble labor were as daily breath." It was
+during this time that she wrote her "Letters from New York," under which
+title her letters to "The Boston Courier" appeared in a volume having an
+enormous sale. In 1852, having given up the editorship of "The
+Standard," Mrs. Child said: "We made a humble home in Wayland, Mass.,
+where we spent twenty-two pleasant years entirely alone, without any
+domestic; mutually serving each other, and dependent on each other for
+intellectual companionship."
+
+During those years she was deeply and actively interested in the
+progress of the Civil War. Its premonitions roused her. She warmly
+defended the cause of John Brown, sending him a letter offering to go
+nurse him in prison. Very soon she was deep in every sort of
+undertaking,--collecting funds, collecting supplies, urging Whittier to
+the writing of patriotic songs, sewing, knitting, quilting. Her intense
+interest was manifested by generous contributions of money, how earned
+or saved, she only knew. She said, "Nobles or princes cannot invent any
+pleasure equal to earning with one hand and giving with the other."
+Twenty dollars at one time, two hundred at another, and perhaps four
+hundred at yet another, she gave. During these years, too, she was
+writing and compiling other books,--"The Progress of Religious Ideas,"
+"Looking towards Sunset," and "A Romance of the Republic." It was in the
+last of these peaceful years that she wrote: "David and I are growing
+old. He will be eighty in three weeks, and I was seventy-two last
+February. But we keep young in our feelings. We are, in fact, like two
+old children; as much interested as ever in the birds and wild flowers,
+and with sympathies as lively as ever in all that concerns the welfare
+of the world. Our habitual mood is serene and cheerful."
+
+Only a few months after these words were written, her husband died, and
+she left the place so full of memories of him to find a home elsewhere.
+Of these later years it was said: "She lived among a singularly peaceful
+and intelligent community as one of themselves, industrious, wise, and
+happy; with a frugality whose motive of wide benevolence was in itself a
+homily and a benediction." She died in 1880.
+
+
+
+
+BONNIE HAREBELLS.
+
+BY ANNA B. BENSEL.
+
+
+    Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,
+      Ring, oh, ring!
+    Ring across the listening twilight
+      While the fairies sing.
+
+    Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,
+      My love greet!
+    Let her hear you ringing softly
+      At her very feet.
+
+    Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,
+      Sound out clear;
+    Tell a little, watching maiden
+      I am very near.
+
+    Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,
+      Ring, oh, ring!
+    All the world with silence over
+      Waits listening.
+
+
+
+
+MYTH IN AMERICAN COINAGE.
+
+BY ISAAC BASSETT CHOATE.
+
+
+The worship of "the almighty dollar" is of no recent origin, provided it
+be the case that the dollar is represented in gold. This worship forms
+no special _cultus_ in the religions of the world. It is a survival from
+prehistoric times, and is intimately connected with the earliest forms
+of nature-worship. The estimate in which gold has been held has always
+been out of all proportion to its utility, its scarcity, or the
+difficulty of mining it. There have been times when civilized man had a
+comparatively far more abundant supply of gold than he has at present,
+but this circumstance did not avail to depreciate the metal. There were
+long ages of an incipient civilization, during which gold flooded the
+markets of the world as compared with iron, but this did not affect the
+relations between the nobler and the baser article of merchandise. Gold
+was all the time held at a valuation far above what it would have
+received from its importance to mankind in the useful arts. It was
+prized as amber was prized, and the two substances were devoted to quite
+similar uses. They were employed for the decoration of temples and
+shrines, and were worn for personal ornament. But the wearing of such
+ornament had its origin in sentiments which may be regarded as strictly
+religious. Beads and rings were originally amulets to protect the wearer
+against invisible inimical powers, as they were talismans to confer upon
+their possessor supernatural gifts. We can get no distinct view back of
+this custom in time, but we may feel well assured that when gold had
+acquired such use, nature-worship had advanced far into the stage of
+symbolism. It was not the metal itself that was the object of worship.
+That object gold typified and figured to the devout mind.
+
+To discover what property it was that gave this metal its early
+preference, it will be necessary to trace the survival of similar views
+and feelings farther than we have ourselves consciously prolonged them.
+It is to be observed that among the Turks and other Oriental people,
+amber and yellow gems like the topaz, still enjoy a pre-eminence in
+popular favor. These substances are still supposed to possess magical
+power always beneficent. Among the Chinese, yellow is both sacred and it
+is associated with the dignity of imperial rank. Yellow is the color of
+the royal standard, and a yellow sash distinguishes a member of the
+royal family. Robes of state are of the same color. And this
+appropriation of yellow to certain sacred or governmental uses is not
+confined to China. It is common through the East. The farther back we
+trace the idea of special sacredness in color, the more exclusively do
+we see this confined to yellow. This was long saved from vulgar uses and
+associations. It had a significance to the ancients, such as it does not
+have to us. There was a fitness in their decorating the temples and the
+statues of the gods with gold, and silver, and ivory, and amber, and
+gems. These offerings symbolized light, and light stood for the happier
+destinies of man,--for the milder and gentler influences which lead to
+good; while darkness typified malignant powers of evil. There was the
+same distinction conceived of between life and death. White victims were
+offered to the gods of Olympus, while for sacrifice to the gods of the
+under-world black victims were selected.
+
+Gold shines with the brightest and the warmest glow of any of the
+metals, and its brilliancy and lustre are not tarnished by corrosion. To
+the Oriental fancy it typified the genial light of day. To the
+fire-worshipper it was a fit emblem of his faith. Fire was originally
+sacred, perhaps, only as the representative of the sun; and this
+luminary was later spiritualized in the idea of Apollo. Gold was sacred
+as far as this worship was spread, from India to the North of Europe,
+and the great demand for it for sacred uses gave the metal much of its
+preciousness in the markets of the world. It was worn by the living and
+was buried with the dead; so that if humanity had not refined its
+conception of the divine, it would have come to be the case at length
+that every particle of gold in the soil would have had mortal ashes
+sleeping beside it.
+
+Gold and silver were rendered sacred and precious in early times by
+being devoted to purposes of worship. The temples were the safe places
+of deposit, and in these were hoarded the treasures of the world. Partly
+from this circumstance it became the case that when gold and silver were
+first coined, the temples were the mints, and the earliest mint-masters
+were the priests. Naturally, the devices stamped upon the coins issued
+under such auspices would be sacred emblems. We find them such from
+whatever source they came. There was sound policy in this course, as
+well as good reason for it. If coins were to circulate among people who
+had previously been accustomed to paying out and receiving the precious
+metals by actual weight, it was necessary to have the value of these
+pieces certified to in the most solemn manner. To this end the effigies
+of the gods, together with the tokens of their attributes and sacred
+offices, were stamped upon the coin. If we could trace coinage to its
+earliest use, perhaps to its origin, among the people who lived about
+the Ęgean Sea, it would not be unreasonable to expect to find that at
+first gold coin was issued under the patronage of Apollo, that silver
+bore the stamp of Zeus, and that copper coins were dedicated to
+Aphrodite, as the nearest representative among Greek divinities of that
+Phoenician goddess who presided over trade in the ports and markets of
+the East. But among the coins that remain--and some of these are shown
+to be of early date, they are so rude in execution--we do not find this
+distinction kept. It is certain that at an early period the emblems of
+the several divinities were mixed, apparently with a view to giving a
+more weighty sanction to the stamp impressed upon the coin.
+
+The earlier Greek coins were struck by hand. A single die was employed
+in the process, so that an impression of device or of legend appeared
+only on one side. The other side bore an indent which is known as the
+punch-mark. This mark is commonly a square figure divided into four
+smaller squares by lines resembling somewhat a right cross. It is the
+indent of the spike in the anvil on which the ball of metal was laid
+when being struck. Later, the coins were made thinner, and were struck
+with double dies. From that time both sides of the coin received an
+impression. The upper side continued to show the greatest care. As this
+side always bore the head of the god under whose auspices the coin was
+to be issued, it was called the obverse or face of the piece. The
+opposite side was the reverse. So long as coins continued to be struck
+by hand, there was no fixed relative position for the two impressions.
+Coins were always printed as though they were turned horizontally from
+left to right. They still continue to be so printed, and we go on in the
+practice of speaking of the reverse of coins, even when we are
+discussing those of our own coinage; but the fact is that ever since
+American coins were stamped in the mint the impressions on the two
+sides bear a certain fixed relation. In passing from the obverse of our
+coins to the examination of the opposite side, we do this by inverting
+the piece. That side would then properly be called the inverse of the
+coin, and it would, with equal propriety be printed directly beneath its
+obverse.
+
+The shape of early coins is by no means uniform. There is one
+peculiarity of the coins of Boeotia and Macedonia, as well as of many
+colonies of these states, which is worthy of some attention. It may
+indicate how it came about that the round disk is now the prevailing
+form. The coins of these two Greek states in particular were for a long
+period concavo-convex disks, the convex side being in all instances the
+obverse. It has been suggested, by way of accounting for this form, that
+it secured a more perfect impression of the upper die, which always
+struck the obverse. It may be the case that a better impression was
+gained on that side, but an examination will show that the designer and
+engraver spared nothing of art or of skill upon the reverses. These are
+executed with a care and vigor equal to that of the obverse, and are
+struck with equal success. The concave shape preserved the reverse from
+wear, and made it an object for both artist and artisan to put good work
+on this side. It is more in accordance with the Greek way of looking at
+things, to account for this shape on other ground than that of
+expediency. It is more likely than otherwise, that this form is
+emblematic. The ancient buckler was of this form. Of such a figure was
+the escutcheon of these states. Boeotia adopted for hers the shield of
+Herakles, and Macedonia that of Ares. What tends strongly to confirm
+this view, that the buckler was the model for the coin, is the fact that
+for a long time Macedonian coins were finished upon the obverse, in
+imitation of the national shield. This is to be seen in the decoration
+of the border, even on coins that were struck long after Macedonia had
+become a Roman province. May it not be the case that the buckler served
+as model for the circular disk?
+
+As Greek coins were issued under the sanction of some god, it was
+natural that they should go out from his temple bearing his effigy and
+the symbols of his worship. Apollo succeeded to the early worship paid
+the sun and fire. He was the god of light and beauty. In his honor gold
+coins should originally have been struck, and they should bear his
+emblems. It will be of service to see what some of these were. This god
+was, on the whole, beneficent, as the influences of the sun are kindly,
+but he inflicted plagues by shooting his poisoned arrows among the
+people, just as the heat of the sun engenders deadly fevers. We have
+retained a trace of the old feeling, as our language betrays where
+consciousness utterly fails. We attribute certain sudden attacks of
+illness to _sunstroke_. That word "stroke" brings vividly before us the
+smiting of the Greek camp on the plain before Troy. Representing the
+sun, as Apollo did, the head of this god often appears radiated upon
+coins, particularly upon the coins of Rhodes. This was as the poets
+were wont to describe him. Catullus alludes to his flashing
+eyes,--"_radiantibus oculis_." Tibullus speaks of him as this youth
+having his temples bound with sacred laurel--"_hic juvenis casta
+redimitus tempora lauro_" The use of the laurel was reserved to this
+god, and in times of primitive Greek and Roman piety it was allowed to
+men only whose successful general would celebrate a triumph. The
+palm-branch is also connected with the worship of this god, in allusion
+to the sacred palm-tree under which Leta gave birth to him and to
+Artemis. The rays, the laurel, and the palm are the symbols of Apollo
+upon our coins. Other nations have employed the bow, the lyre, and the
+tripod, with many more equally familiar symbols.
+
+The coinage of silver belonged peculiarly to Zeus, the god of the
+thunderbolt. The question arises at once, Was there fancied a
+resemblance between the whiteness of this metal and dazzling brightness
+of the flash of lightning? However that question may be answered, there
+remains the fact that the thunderbolt was a symbol of the power of Zeus,
+and its figure uniformly accompanied the effigy of the god. Ovid speaks
+of Zeus as of one whose hand is armed with three-forked fires,--
+
+      _"Cui deutra trisulces
+    Ignibus armata est."_
+
+It is worth while to give this emblem some little study. It is
+represented under three varieties of one general form. We first find it
+a bundle of flames wreathed closely together in the form of a double
+cone. It is then a token of peace. Zeus is always seated when bearing
+this, and it is held downward. Under its second form the thunderbolt
+consists of a similar double cone, only it is elongated and pointed.
+This cone is crossed obliquely by two zigzag flashes of lightning,
+terminating at either end in arrow-points. Later forms of this symbol
+have the forward end the same, but the other end is wrought into an
+ornamental and somewhat arborescent head. This form with the lightning
+flashes is always borne uplifted, and by the god standing in readiness
+to hurl the bolt. This is the form we are to look for in connection with
+the worship of Zeus. The third form is of rare occurrence in literature
+and art.
+
+Another emblem of the Olympian god, more familiar even than the
+thunderbolt, is the eagle. Ęschylus calls this bird "the winged hound of
+Zeus." This conception of the poet ruled in art as well as in
+literature. It was the popular idea of divine vengeance following and
+punishing guilt that sought concealment. Open impiety drew down upon the
+offender's head the flashing thunderbolt. A comparative examination of a
+few coins will help towards interpreting this symbolism. For this
+purpose the coins of Elis will serve best. Here was Olympia, with its
+famous temple of Zeus, and here were celebrated the great national
+Olympian games in honor of the god. Certainly if any part of Greece was
+more sacred to Zeus than the rest, that part was Elis. Its coins are
+covered with his symbols. Three types of about 371 B.C. form a group of
+especial interest. The first of these has, obverse, an eagle tearing a
+ram, on a shield; reverse, a thunderbolt. Second, obverse, an eagle
+tearing a serpent; reverse, a thunderbolt. Third, obverse, an eagle
+tearing a hare; reverse, a winged thunderbolt. Here the identity is
+sufficiently close to bring these examples under one description. They
+seem to commemorate the just punishment of some enemies of Elis, or,
+possibly, the deserved penalty for some wrong done Zeus himself. It
+would not be easy at this late day to make sure what people or persons
+may have been indicated by the ram, the serpent, and the hare. The
+obverse in each case tells the story of the event so far as we can read
+the story, and the reverse invariably confirms the tenor and spirit of
+the same. This harmony between the two sides of the coin may be traced
+throughout ancient coinage, proving that it was of a medallic character.
+Other coins of Elis are of a peaceful character, and it is of interest
+to see how the emblems are managed upon these. One has, obverse, head of
+eagle; reverse, thunderbolt within a wreath. Another, obverse, head of
+Hera; reverse, eagle standing in wreath. A third, obverse, head of
+Olympia; reverse, eagle within olive-wreath. It will be observed that
+the reverse does not in these instances bear the symbols as before, upon
+an open field, but the field is now enclosed by a wreath. The import of
+this seems to have been about the same as that of the drawn sword and
+the sheathed sword in modern heraldic designs. Still other examples will
+show not only the harmony between obverse and reverse, but how coins
+were dedicated to more than one divinity. This practice was at first
+more common in the colonies than in the metropolitan cities. A coin of
+Crotona of about 479 B.C. has, obverse, eagle perched on the cornice of
+a temple; reverse, tripod and olive-spray. It would seem likely that
+this piece was first dedicated to Zeus, and next to Apollo. Zeus often
+holds the eagle on his hand as falcons were held in the days of hawking,
+and he is then called the eagle-holder (_exetophoros_). When so
+represented, the god is commonly seated as at peace; but there is one
+coin of Messene which shows him holding the bird while he is standing
+and thundering. Later coins show combinations which are particularly
+interesting in connection with the symbolism of our own coins. One of
+the best of these is a Macedonian coin of the time of Perseus--obverse,
+head of Perseus; reverse, an eagle on a thunderbolt, within a wreath of
+oak. In connection with this example should be examined a Roman gold
+coin of about 269 B.C.--obverse, head of Mars; reverse, an eagle holding
+in its talons a thunderbolt. This type of reverse has been pretty
+closely copied by designers for our mint.
+
+The coins of Athens may have furnished the original for the olive-wreath
+so common on American coins. They were issued under the auspices of
+Athene, and bore upon the obverse the head of the goddess. The reverse
+regularly bore the owl and the olive-bough. These coins were familiarly
+called owls, just as we speak of eagles in our currency, and just as the
+English talked of angels and crosses in the time of Elizabeth.
+Aristophanes jocosely calls the Athenian pieces owls of Laurium, in
+allusion to the gold mines there, in which they were hatched.
+
+It would be of interest to trace these heraldic devices through the
+intervening ages, and along the devious ways by which they have come
+down to the present. This task would lead one far afield in history. In
+the hasty glance just now given to the coins of Greece, we have found
+material that will help to an understanding of what is impressed upon
+the coins of our own country. There would be no less of propriety and
+pertinence in asking what significance these symbols have brought to us
+from the time they were struck in faith and in awe by the very shrines
+of the gods in the temples of Greece. We may say that these symbols have
+no significance for us; but centuries hence, when the beginnings of our
+government are no longer a memory with the people, historians will
+relate with what instructive readiness the founders of our government,
+finding these colonies free and independent states, turned to the
+colonies and states of Greece for a model upon which to mould a nation;
+and they will find in early American coinage full confirmation of this
+view. The very same influence was manifested in the architecture of
+America for the first half of this century, as many a public edifice,
+and even private houses, sufficiently prove.
+
+Before examining any particular coin, it may be worth the while to
+notice a few of the more prominent features of our American types. The
+most striking of all is the absence of portrait heads. There is good
+reason for this. The theory of our government is, that it is but the
+collective will of the people. Again, since the invention of printing,
+there is longer reason in giving coins a medallic character. This
+function of coinage has been perpetuated in Germany. A _Sieges-Thaler_
+was struck after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. There were a few
+portrait heads of Washington upon coins struck under his administration;
+but the practice ended there. It is said that the head upon some of our
+later coins is a portrait. If so, its American type is not recognizable.
+The head, whenever it appears upon the obverse of our coins, is Greek in
+outline and expression. This is so strongly the character of the
+features, that even where an attempt has been made to secure a
+distinctly American type, as in the case of the three-dollar gold coin
+of 1854, the cast of features is still Greek. Some slight modification
+is made by accessories, such as the circlet of feathers about the head.
+The obverse of the gold dollar of the same date bears what is described
+as the head of a beautiful Indian; but the features are Greek, and the
+hair is waving, unlike any ever seen among savages.
+
+In descriptions of American coins, the eagle, which appears so often
+and so prominent, is commonly spoken of as the American eagle. If one
+will take the trouble to compare this figure in every position in which
+it is displayed upon our coins, with the effigy of "the winged hound of
+Zeus," so common on the coins of Greece, he will find the identity
+complete. The only difference will be that the old hand-struck coins
+show the vigor of original work, as compared with that of a copy.
+
+Another familiar symbol on American coins is the bundle of arrows held
+in one talon or the other of the eagle. On a few of our earlier coins
+the number of these arrows was four or six, or even more; but commonly
+there have been three, and now they are uniformly of that number. They
+are arranged at a pretty definite angle. The two obliquely transverse
+ones are in position and in form precisely like the two flashes of
+lightning across the thunderbolt of Zeus, only the zigzag lines have
+been straightened into arrow-shafts. It seems highly probable that the
+point of the bolt between the two flashes itself developed into the
+middle arrow, and thus makes up the traditional number three. The fact
+that the thunderbolt is found in the talons of the eagle so often, upon
+both Greek and Roman coins, makes the supposition a likely one.
+
+Regarding the laurel and the olive, it need only be said that the branch
+of itself symbolizes the presence of the divinity, to which the tree is
+sacred, or it typifies some attribute or the exercise of some divine
+office. As an illustration, Apollo is often shown using the laurel-bough
+to sprinkle the people with purifying waters. But when boughs or leaves
+are twined into a wreath, it is commonly to denote worship paid to the
+divinity, or in its name; for in worshipping the gods, wreaths of the
+proper material were placed upon their statues in the sacred places, and
+it was a regular industry in Greek towns to twine wreaths for this very
+use. This import of the wreath is called to mind by observing that the
+legend on the reverse of the three-dollar gold coin of 1854 is
+surrounded by a wreath of the leaves of the tobacco-plant and cereals.
+
+The obverse and the reverse of coins have always been read together, as
+a whole. This rule was never more clearly exemplified than in striking
+the old colonial shillings of Massachusetts, where the legend of the
+obverse--"Massachusetts in"--was completed by turning the coin over and
+reading on the reverse the rest of the sentence--"New England."
+
+It remains now to look at a few examples of our national coinage. The
+eagle of 1795 bears upon its obverse a head of Liberty, wearing a rather
+high Phrygian cap. This cap, and the wand upon which it is more commonly
+raised, are the symbols of this goddess. They are familiar enough in
+Roman art and literature, if not in our own. The reverse of the coin
+bears an eagle with expanded wings, holding in its beak a laurel-wreath,
+and grasping a palm-branch with both talons. From what has already been
+said in regard to the significance of these emblems to an earlier
+generation of men, this inscription, as a whole, may be construed
+somewhat like this: Liberty, through the power of Zeus, has secured
+victory, and through the same helping power she now offers worship to
+the genius of prophetic inspiration. With some such thought of his
+country would an old Greek have scanned this coin when he bartered his
+soul for its possession. In the coinage of 1838, this coin bears on its
+reverse an eagle with a shield--which, by the way, is Roman--on its
+breast, and having its wings uplifted. This eagle holds in its left
+talon three arrows, and in its right an olive-branch.
+
+The double eagle of 1850 bears on its obverse a head of Liberty. The
+face is shown in profile, and the features are of pure Greek type. The
+fillet about the head is such as was worn by the ancient priests. This
+circumstance serves to connect our coinage with the earliest issues made
+from the temples, under direction of the priests. The reverse of the
+coin has a small eagle, nearly hidden by the shield upon its breast. Its
+left talon holds three arrows, and its right an olive-branch. The
+distinctive mark of this reverse is the arc of diverging rays of the sun
+above the head of the eagle. This arc is found with peculiar
+appropriateness upon a gold coin, since it is a symbol of the old
+sun-worship, or of Apollo, under whose auspices gold coins were
+originally issued. Its occurrence here, moreover, emphasizes that total
+disregard for the fitness of things which appears on the reverse of the
+half-eagle of 1796, where clouds are seen above the eagle's head.
+
+The silver coins of our currency have much in common with the gold. Such
+parts of the designs upon these as are like what has been found upon the
+gold coins will call for no further remark. The reverse of the dollar of
+1798 is noticeable for this; that the eagle grasps in his right talon a
+bundle of four arrows instead of three, as on later coins. From 1836 a
+pretty nearly uniform pattern has prevailed for the dollar and its
+subdivisions. The obverse shows a female figure seated. The face is of a
+pronounced Greek type. The drapery is Greek, with one trifling
+variation,--the fastening of the dress is shown upon the right shoulder.
+The ancient fashion of this garment put the fastening only upon the left
+shoulder. Upon these coins the cap of Liberty is not worn upon the head,
+but it is displayed upon a wand held in the left hand. The right hand of
+the figure rests on shield and scroll. The reverse shows an eagle with
+wings expanded as if about to fly. The shield covers its breast. Unlike
+the eagle of the earlier coins, it is with the right talon now that it
+grasps the olive-branch, and the left holds three arrows. The
+quarter-dollar of 1853 has the space above the eagle on the reverse
+filled with diverging rays. Apollo might not, perhaps, take it as a
+compliment to be asked to sanction much of our later silver coinage.
+
+The five-cent nickel coin of 1866 introduced some novel features upon
+its reverse. The shield is most prominent, and it is overhung by
+branches of olive. Above the shield appears for the first time on our
+national coinage the cross. Soon after this coin was first issued, a
+query was made in the "American Historical Magazine" as to the
+significance of this symbol in the place it occupied. The query elicited
+from some official connected with the mint a reply to the effect that
+the cross had not the slightest significance. The reply carried with it
+a confession rather humiliating to make or to admit. Something better
+than that ought to be said for a symbol that has figured in all the
+heraldic decorations of religion and chivalry. It might have been said
+that in colonial times, so early as 1661, coins were struck in Maryland,
+the reverse of which bore a shield, and that this was surmounted by a
+crown and a cross. But the strangest thing about this cross on the
+nickel coin is that it happens to be of a very unusual pattern. It is
+the cross of the Order of Calatrava, a military order of Spain,
+instituted in 1158, and continuing a very honorable existence down to
+the present day. When worn as a decoration embroidered upon the left
+breast of the coat, it is a red cross fancifully worked into some
+resemblance to the _fleur-de-lis_. Of the minor coins no special mention
+need be made. They present nothing unlike what occurs upon those already
+examined and described.
+
+The brief study here made of this subject is barely sufficient to
+indicate a mode of interpretation which can be applied to all that is
+emblematic upon our coins. So far it has nearly all been found
+thoroughly Greek in its origin and character. It is proper that it
+should be so, for our life, in all the activities through which money is
+kept in circulation, is more nearly Greek than it is anything else. This
+is nothing we need blush to own. Original genius like that of Goethe may
+shape its course, as the poet advised, without looking to the past; but
+the less gifted will often turn back to watch the line along which
+progress has hitherto been made, and they will find the strongest
+reliance in keeping steadily upon the same course.
+
+
+
+
+AN INCIDENT OF PORT HUDSON.
+
+BY WILLIAM J. BURGE, M.D.
+
+
+In the passage of Port Hudson by Admiral Farragut, on the night of the
+14th of March, 1863, out of a fleet of eight vessels which attempted to
+run the batteries, only the two foremost ones, the "Hartford" and the
+"Albatross," succeeded in doing so. The "Hartford" was a regular steam
+sloop-of-war, which the admiral had chosen for his flag-ship; while the
+"Albatross" was a rather small propeller which had been purchased by the
+navy department, officered, manned, and put in as complete fighting trim
+as her proportions would admit of. These two vessels, lashed together,
+with the "Albatross" on the port side, headed the procession up the
+Mississippi River. Each of the three other large vessels which followed
+had a smaller one lashed to her port side. The object of this was that,
+in case either of the large vessels got aground, her companion of less
+draught might pull her off. It proved to be a most fortunate precaution;
+for while under the severest fire the "Hartford" grounded, and was
+doubtless saved from total destruction by the strenuous exertions of her
+little consort. This the admiral stated to be his conviction at the
+time.
+
+The relative positions of the two vessels were such that the "Albatross"
+could only work her bow gun, and with the exception of plunging shots
+from the upper batteries, the men who served here were the most exposed
+to the enemy's fire.
+
+Charley Reck was sponger of the parrot-gun on the forecastle, and fully
+realized the danger and responsibility of his position. He was a
+well-built, noble-looking young Frenchman, but could understand and
+speak English quite well. His intelligence, activity, and good temper,
+made him a general favorite on board, and attracted the notice of the
+captain, who appointed him his steward and gave him many privileges,
+allowing him time for reading and correspondence, of which he was
+exceedingly fond.
+
+Down the river at Plaquemine, there was an excellent bakery kept by an
+old Frenchman and his three beautiful daughters. For a long time during
+the preparations for an advance up the river, we had frequently come to
+anchor opposite this little town, and never omitted to supply ourselves
+with fresh bread from this bakery, and enjoy a friendly chat with the
+three charming sisters. They were very affable, and there was an
+artlessness about them, combined with self-respect, which was very
+fascinating. In his daily visits to supply the captain's larder, and
+probably in part on account of like nationality, Charley Reck lost his
+heart. Louise, the youngest daughter, and the most beautiful of the
+three, captured it completely. Theirs was a sincere and honest
+attachment, and the sequel discloses how tender must have been their
+parting when the order came to proceed up the river, and face the
+uncertain issues of mortal combat.
+
+On the 14th of March, early in the morning, we were at the head of
+Prophet's Island, a short distance below Port Hudson, and there the
+vessels of the fleet, one after another, assembled. Then came the order
+to be in readiness to run the batteries at a given signal at night. I
+had never been under fire, and my bump of curiosity probably saved me on
+this occasion from much of the anxiety which otherwise I might have
+felt, but the unusual seriousness which seemed to pervade the whole
+ship's company during that day did not escape my notice, and was, in
+some degree, contagious.
+
+The officers, when not on duty, kept mostly in their staterooms, and
+there was no hilarity among the men.
+
+In the captain's storeroom there was a nook where Charley Reck was in
+the habit of spending his leisure moments, and during that afternoon he
+had been closeted there longer than was his wont. Just before sunset he
+came out, and approaching me with the customary salute, he handed me a
+neat little package, and said, "Doctor, when you go down the river, will
+you please give this to Louise?" Not understanding him, I replied, "Are
+you going to leave us, Charley; aren't you going to stick by the ship?"
+
+Very sadly he answered, "This is my last day; I shall die to-night!" I
+tried to rally him by saying, "Nonsense! you are just as likely to come
+out all right as any of the rest of us!" But he only replied, "Please
+take it, Doctor; I am sponger of that gun, and I shall do my duty; but I
+shall be killed to-night!" Then I took the package and locked it in my
+desk, thinking as I did so that I would return it to him on the morrow,
+and have a good laugh at his expense.
+
+The story of that fearful night has long since been published, and I
+shall not attempt to repeat it, further than relates to the subject of
+this sketch. I had arranged the ward-room for my "cock-pit," and in the
+midst of the awful conflict I heard a voice call down the companion-way,
+"Doctor, here's a man with his arm shot off!" and I shouted back, "Bring
+him down, quick!"
+
+We laid him on the table, unconscious. His right arm was shattered
+midway between the shoulder and elbow. I thought he had fainted from
+loss of blood, but the next moment I saw plainly enough that he was
+dead.
+
+A shell had exploded near him, and sent a large fragment clear through
+his lungs and heart, killing him instantly.
+
+I looked in his calm, white face. It was Charley Reck.
+
+When we were safely at anchor, out of reach of the guns, I thought of
+the package for Louise which he had left in my care. It was not sealed,
+but simply tied, and the captain said, in view of the relation which he
+and Charley had sustained to each other, he would take the
+responsibility of opening it, and ascertaining its contents before it
+should be delivered. There was an ambrotype of the sweet young girl, and
+a letter written in French, breathing all the devotion of a true and
+faithful heart. The following is a correct translation of its closing
+sentences: "Good by, Louise! My darling! My own one! When this reaches
+you, I shall be in the grave, but we shall meet again, and love each
+other forever. Adieu, my love! I kiss you for the last time!" On the
+glass, covering the picture, was plainly visible the print of his ardent
+lips, so soon to be chilled in death.
+
+There were hair-breadth escapes on board the "Albatross" that night, but
+not another man was killed or wounded.
+
+Many will regard this singular presentiment and its literal fulfilment
+as merely a remarkable coincidence. I have stated only the simple facts
+in the case, as they occurred under my own observation; and to me, at
+least, they furnish additional evidence that "there are more things in
+heaven and earth than are dreamed of in our philosophy."
+
+
+
+
+LUCY KEYES.
+
+A STORY OF MOUNT WACHUSETT.
+
+BY A. P. MARBLE.
+
+
+I.
+
+Lucy Keyes was the daughter of Robert Keyes, who lived in the town of
+Princeton, in Massachusetts, about the year 1755. At the age of two and
+a half or three years, she disappeared one night at sunset, and was
+never afterwards heard of by her parents. Her father spent the greater
+part of his life in a fruitless search for her among the various tribes
+of Indians; and her mother lost her reason in the contemplation of the
+unknown fate which had befallen her little daughter. This is an account
+of the little girl's disappearance, and the elucidation of a mystery
+which, for three-quarters of a century, baffled all search. The story is
+derived from traditions in the neighborhood, from allusions to Lucy in
+the local histories, and from the dying statement of a chief actor in
+the tragedy.
+
+The fourth settler in the town was Robert Keyes. It is well known that
+our ancestors had frequent trouble with the Indians, and that white
+people were stolen, to be either put to death or returned to their
+friends for a ransom. Lancaster had been burned seventy-five years
+before, and Mrs. Rowlandson, the minister's wife, was carried into
+captivity. She was taken to New Hampshire, and after wandering with her
+captors thirty days or more, she was returned to the foot of Mount
+Wachusett; and on a rock near the shore of Wachusett Lake, where the
+chiefs held their councils, she was purchased of her captors by John
+Hoar, an ancestor of the distinguished Senator Hoar, for thirty dollars
+in silver, together with some trinkets and provisions. King Philip
+himself was present, and opposed the release of Mrs. Rowlandson; but
+even his influence did not overcome the cupidity of the petty chief who
+held her. From this circumstance the rock is known as Redemption Rock.
+It has been purchased by Senator Hoar, and its southern face now bears
+an appropriate inscription to commemorate the release, and the courage
+and diplomacy of John Hoar.
+
+     THE INSCRIPTION.
+
+     "Upon this rock, May 2d, 1676, was made the agreement for the
+     ransom of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson of Lancaster, between the
+     Indians and John Hoar of Concord.
+
+     "King Philip was with the Indians, but refused his consent."
+
+It was on Pine Hill, a mile or two south of this rock, and at the
+eastern base of the mountain, that Robert Keyes cut down the forest, and
+made a home for his little family. The spot is picturesque and sightly.
+To the north, and seen through the clearing, nestles Lake Wachusett
+among its woody banks; while far in the horizon are seen the New
+Hampshire hills, and beyond, the blue summits of the White Mountains; to
+the east the landscape stretches away, diversified with lake and valley
+and woody slope, till it is lost to sight in the dimly distant line of
+the misty ocean; to the south is the dome-like knoll of Pine Hill
+covered with evergreen trees; and on the west rises the steep acclivity
+of Mount Wachusett, while between these two may be seen the hills,
+twenty miles away, that divide the waters of the Connecticut from the
+streams that supply the Nashua and the Merrimac.
+
+On a sunny afternoon in summer Mr. Keyes and his boys were in the field
+some distance from the house, picking up logs and burning them with the
+stumps and brush, to enlarge the farm. Around the house were fields of
+corn and flax and waving grain. The cows and sheep were browsing in the
+edge of the woods. Mrs. Keyes was spinning flax in front of the cabin
+door, seated on a low, home-made stool upon the hard and smoothly swept
+ground. Within, the neatly kept log cabin had a rough floor strewn with
+white sand. On one side of the single large room there was a settee
+stuffed with shavings of birch-bark; and a cat lay curled up and dozing
+in the sun, which streamed in through the open lattice that took the
+place of a window. Around the room were the rough tables and the benches
+which used to serve as furniture in such primitive dwellings. Shelves
+and cupboards were fastened upon the wall. Dried apples and pumpkins,
+pieces of venison and smoked ham, hung upon poles at the top of the
+room. The wide fireplace and large, open chimney stood at one side. The
+embers smouldered between the great andirons, ready to be kindled for
+preparing the evening meal. Aloft, and reached by a ladder that rested
+against an opening, was the chamber where the family used to sleep. This
+was the happy home of Robert Keyes, where comfort and busy contentment
+reigned.
+
+On the afternoon in question two older daughters were at play with
+little Lucy under the trellis of hop-vines that shaded their mother from
+the sun. Those were not the days of carpets or of painted floors. Neat
+housewives would sprinkle the boards with clean white sand; and this,
+under the tread of feet, would scour the wood and then be swept away.
+The brooms were made by stripping the sapling birch and tying these
+strips in a bundle over the end of the stick, or by tying cedar or
+hemlock boughs at the end of a pointed handle. Housekeepers
+were unacquainted with boughten brushes and corn-brooms and
+sweeping-machines.
+
+At their mother's call the two older girls started with a bucket to go
+to the shore of the lake to fetch some sand for the floor. Little Lucy,
+thus left alone, soon tired of her play, and wandered away among the
+vines and the corn around the door, till she came to the path that led
+to the lake. She followed her sisters a long way behind them, and was
+never again seen by her friends.
+
+Soon the sun had disappeared behind the summit of the mountain, and the
+deepening shadows were beginning to creep towards the cabin. The mother
+had put away her spinning-wheel, and the smoke was curling up from out
+the wide-mouthed chimney, in preparation of her supper. The farmer and
+his sons had left the field and gone to a little blacksmith shop a few
+rods down the hill, where he had mended a broken buck-scythe. The two
+girls had joined them there; and now they all came trooping together to
+the house. The boys and their father were washing their hands and faces
+from the sweat of the forge and the burnt logs. The mother was busy with
+her cooking. The girls had put away the bucket of sand and gone out to
+play, when they missed Lucy, and began to search for her among the hills
+of corn. Not finding her, they came back to the log cabin and told their
+mother. She thought the little girl must be near, and sent the sisters
+to look again, while she arranged the wooden plates and the pewter
+dippers and the iron knives and wooden spoons upon the table. The girls
+soon came back without finding Lucy, but the mother even then supposed
+that she had fallen asleep, overcome by her play and the heat of the
+sun. She stepped to the door and called loudly for Lucy; and the family
+sat down to supper, expecting her every minute to walk in. She did not
+come; and hastily finishing their meal, they all went to search the
+farm. Not finding Lucy, they became thoroughly alarmed.
+
+Adjoining Mr. Keyes' farm, and between it and the foot of the mountain,
+was the clearing of a Mr. Littlejohn. He had no family. His farm was but
+little cultivated, and his cabin had not the air of home and comfort
+which Mrs. Keyes had put into hers. He was a hunter also, and he had a
+brace or two of dogs. Bearskins were tacked to the walls of his hut, to
+dry; and deer-horns, and fox-skins still further showed the hunter. This
+man was of a morose and hermit-like nature. There was a mystery about
+his early history; he had come from the old world, where he had mingled
+in affairs of state, and whence he had fled. Little children were afraid
+of him. He was quarrelsome, too; and before this time he had claimed a
+part of Mr. Keyes' land. As the two farmers could not agree upon the
+boundary line, they had called in two of their neighbors, and a surveyor
+from Lancaster, to fix the boundary. These had decided in favor of Mr.
+Keyes. The two neighbors had very little to do with each other after
+that; and the hermit became still more unsocial and morose. But in his
+distress Mr. Keyes called upon this man for help, and Mr. Littlejohn
+appeared to enter heartily into the search. The frequency of captures by
+the Indians, at once led to the suspicion that they had stolen Lucy. Mr.
+Littlejohn, as a hunter, assumed direction of the searching party. He
+sent the father and boys to follow the path towards the lake, the mother
+and daughters to go down the hill towards the east, while he went to the
+south and up the mountain. All hunted fast and far till late in the
+evening, when the gathering darkness had settled on the woods and hills;
+and then they turned their weary steps homeward. About this time all
+the members of the Keyes family saw the light of a huge bonfire,
+northwesterly from their house, and turned their steps towards the spot;
+for this was a signal that the lost was found. On reaching the place,
+however, they found Mr. Littlejohn, but no Lucy. He said that the
+darkness prevented further search that night, and he had lighted the
+fire, in order if possible, to attract the attention of the child, and
+also to bring together all the inhabitants around, to institute a more
+thorough search in the morning.
+
+Afterwards others came in; and when they heard the story, one of them
+proposed to give a shoe or an apron of Lucy's to one of the dogs and let
+him follow the scent. But Mr. Littlejohn said this would not do, for the
+dogs were fierce and used to hunting for prey only. They would tear the
+little girl in pieces if they were to find her. And Mrs. Keyes would not
+consent to have the dogs set on the track. Another proposed to hunt with
+torches. With this plan all fell in; and the party, now swelled to ten
+or fifteen, were divided into squads and sent to hunt, each in a
+different direction. All night they kept up the search. They called
+aloud for Lucy again and again, and in all directions; they scoured the
+woods for miles around; they hunted on the shore of the lake for the
+tracks of little feet. Behind rocks and trees, under logs and clumps of
+bushes, they peered; but no trace was to be seen--nothing but darkness
+and gloomy night. Now and then the hoot of an owl would be mistaken for
+a child's cry, and hope would momentarily rise in the breast of a hunter
+only to fall as the sound became more distinct. And thus the night
+dragged on. When morning came, the various squads of hunters came back
+to the houses all with the same story of failure. They were weary with
+wakefulness and the heavy tramp. After a hasty meal they carefully
+searched the ground within two or three miles of the house. The whole
+day was spent in this; and at nightfall the party came back to the
+desolate house without hope. The mother, almost frantic, called for
+Lucy, and nothing but the echoes gave answer. One by one the neighbors
+went to their own homes and cares. The conviction forced itself upon the
+minds of all, that Lucy had been captured by the Indians. Mr. Keyes and
+his boys hunted in the woods for days afterwards, till the only hope
+that Lucy was alive lay in her being captured. Otherwise she must have
+died from exposure or starvation.
+
+Sorrow and desolation now surrounded the cabin of Mr. Keyes. The sanded
+floor remained unswept; the trellis was broken by the wind; the vines
+hung straggling; the smooth, spacious front of the door was cluttered;
+the mewing cat gave voice to the general gloom. Mrs. Keyes could not
+forget her grief. All day she worked listlessly; and as the shadows from
+the mountain crept towards the cottage, she would stand in the doorway,
+and call, "Lucy, Lucy." For years the echoes daily sent back that sunset
+cry.
+
+A few months after the loss of little Lucy, a hunter returned from the
+region of Lake George. On hearing the story, he reported that a white
+child had been seen in that neighborhood with a tribe of Indians; and
+the rumor reached the ears of Mr. Keyes. The autumn leaves had put on
+their dying robes of yellow and crimson and gold when, leaving the rest
+of his harvest to be gathered by his sons, he went to Lake George. After
+great risks, and many a hair-breadth escape, he found a captive maiden;
+but she was many years older than Lucy, and she knew only the life of
+the Indians. He reached his home late in the winter. In the spring a
+friendly Indian reported that a white girl was held captive by a tribe
+on the St. Lawrence; and again Mr. Keyes started in pursuit. Six months
+or more he spent in the search; but when he found the tribe and their
+captive, it was a black-eyed little girl that he saw; but Lucy's eyes
+were blue, and he travelled home. With each new rumor of a captive child
+among the Indian tribes in Maine or Connecticut, in New York or Canada,
+Mr. Keyes would start again on one of those sad pilgrimages; and he
+always came back disappointed and alone. Mr. Littlejohn had now left his
+farm, and it was occupied by strangers.
+
+Meantime, the boys had grown to be men. They no longer had any sympathy
+with the fruitless search. They made homes for themselves in the now
+farther remote frontier. And the girls had grown to womanhood and
+married. Old, and poor, and alone,--for his wife had died, and long ago
+ceased her plaintive evening call for her long-lost little Lucy,--Mr.
+Keyes petitioned the "Great and General Court" for the grant of a tract
+of public land which lay near his home. In this petition, now to be
+found in the archives of the State, he sets forth that he is poor in
+consequence of the prolonged search for his daughter, and too feeble to
+maintain himself.
+
+
+    (_Concluded in next number._)
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+Considerable has been heard lately of the American Institute of Civics,
+an organization whose plans for promoting good citizenship are broader
+and more comprehensive than have ever before been systematically
+attempted in this country. That the Institute is obtaining the
+encouragement and support of many of the strongest public men in the
+country must be gratifying to all who recognize the necessity of having
+sound political ideas prevail among the rising generation. The object of
+the Institute is, in outline, to secure thorough instruction in all
+schools and colleges on topics relating to government and citizenship;
+to establish special schools of civics at important central points; to
+secure, as far as possible, the influence of the press in promotion of
+the same high purpose, and to disseminate, far and wide, sound political
+literature. That the project has the interest of our soundest statesmen
+and scholars may be seen from the fact that the President of the
+National Advisory Board is Chief Justice Waite of the United States
+Supreme Court, while the Board includes United States Senators Colquitt,
+Hawley, Wilson, Blair, and Morrill, Secretary Lamar and Ex-Secretary
+Hugh McCullough, Presidents Noah Porter and Julius H. Seelye,
+Commissioner Eaton, and others. Among the New England officers and
+members are such men as Judge Mellen Chamberlain of Boston, Secretary of
+Education Dickinson, General Carrington, and many college presidents,
+leading business men, prominent editors, etc. The membership is now
+something over two thousand, and it is worth noting that aside from the
+small fees thus obtained, there is no income, and the officers are none
+of them in the receipt of any salary whatsoever. The Institute is
+entirely unpartisan, and the importance of the work, which it is its
+purpose to accomplish, cannot be overestimated. It has entered upon the
+work of political education in the United States at a favorable time,
+under the best of circumstances, and under the auspices of the most
+eminent men of the day. Indeed, it may be doubted whether any
+undertaking of a patriotic and educational character has ever commanded
+in this or any other country the unqualified support of so large a
+number of citizens of high distinction, belonging to every class and
+calling. There seems, so far as our study of the plan of the Institute
+enables us to judge, but one thing needful to its permanency and highest
+success as a moulding influence in American political life of the
+highest importance. So long as its officers are obliged to depend wholly
+upon the dues contributed by members, an element of uncertainty will
+enter into its plans which cannot fail to largely interfere with the
+fullest realization of its possibilities for good. This danger may be
+wholly obviated, the Institute placed on a secure foundation, and its
+future usefulness be assured, if some public-spirited men of wealth,
+desirous of conferring the incalculable benefits upon future
+generations, which will follow upon the realization of the Institute's
+plans, will provide for it an endowment, the income of which will be
+sufficient to defray the expense of maintaining its executive office.
+
+We would be glad if some New England man of ample means should secure
+the honor of thus endowing the American Institute of Civics with a fund
+sufficient to establish it on the firm footing which it should have.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For the New Englander who would seek the delights of the country in the
+summer months, what a diversity of scene may be found in his own six
+States. Within the radius of a few hours' ride from Boston are an almost
+infinite variety of "resorts," from the most primitive to the most
+luxuriant. In Massachusetts alone are the delightful Nantasket and
+Revere beaches, elegant Nahant, and the myriad of charming nooks from
+Cape Ann to Provincetown. Then the Berkshire hills; Lenox and
+Stockbridge, and other equally beautiful towns, but with less
+pretensions to aristocracy; the lovely valley of the Connecticut, the
+romantic Deerfield and the pleasant Franklin hills. In Maine, beginning
+with Old Orchard, perhaps the finest beach on the Atlantic coast, what
+delightful harbors and islands there are. And in the Maine woods there
+is a wealth of health and sport. Grandeur is found in the White
+Mountains, comfort and elegance at their great hotels. And here, as well
+as through the hundreds of rural towns on and among the Green Mountains,
+are the quiet farmhouses where one may abide, and see the New England
+character--sometimes, not always--at its very best. Whether one sighs
+for the wildness of the primeval woods, the quiet of the rural farm, or
+the elegance of a luxurious villa or superb hotel, he need not, unless
+he desires to travel, look beyond the border lines of fair New England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a growing tendency with our New England people to make rest and
+recreation matters of considerable importance in themselves. Business is
+driven at a greater speed than it used to be, and an annual relaxation
+from business or professional cares and toils has become a positive
+necessity. The earlier generations worked more slowly and coolly, and a
+man could endure many years if need be without a thought of a regular
+vacation, while those who did go from the city to the mountains or
+seashore in the summer months were those who could afford it as a
+luxury, rather than so doing as a matter of physical or mental economy.
+Then again, country accommodations were very limited, and facilities for
+travel were exceedingly meagre as compared with the present. This was
+the case no more than a score of years ago. The era of great summer
+hotels, of "special trains for the season," and of swift and commodious
+steamboats to the beaches had not begun. Now the vast amount of summer
+travel forms almost a world of itself. All classes are included. The
+rich merchant resorts to his beautiful cottage by the sea, or to the
+splendid hotel in the mountains, for a stay of perhaps three or four
+months; the family of moderate means engage board at some one of the
+multitude of "resorts"; the ill-paid clerk or poor artisan may arrange
+for a week or two in the country, or, at least, may enjoy a few Saturday
+afternoons at the beaches; and now, God bless them! even the half-fed
+children of the narrowest street and lane may have a run in the green
+fields or shady woods on some hot summer day. That ways exist for the
+relief of so many, rich and poor, from the pent-up city in the sultry
+months is indeed a blessing, and, like all others, it requires
+intelligence for its proper use and appreciation. To work and worry
+eleven months at fever heat, and then relax both brain and body for one,
+may not afford a longer or more happy life than a continuous routine of
+labor performed in a more temperate, less-exciting way; but if we _must_
+work at such high pressure in this age, let us make the most of our
+times of rest. Woe to the man who carries with him to the cool mountains
+or the quiet beach such a paraphernalia of civilization (?) and fashion
+that he comes back to town more jaded than he went.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The impudence of newspaper reporters has furnished material for many a
+good-natured joke, but there is getting to be more truth than humor in
+the imputation. This became very apparent during the weeks preceding the
+marriage of the President, but it reached its climax when the horde of
+men and youth attached to various newspapers rushed to Deer Park and
+almost literally besieged the cottage to which the distinguished couple
+had retired. Such actions would be insolent enough had Mr. Cleveland
+been much less than the President of the United States; but it has
+always been supposed that there was a certain dignity attaching to this
+high office, which citizens, whatever their estimate of the man, were
+bound to respect. Whether this be so or not, it seems pretty certain
+that no dignity has anything to do with "a reporter." Indeed, the
+ability and brilliancy of a newspaper correspondent seem to be
+commensurate with his "cheek,"--to use his own word. And yet, why
+deprecate the reporters? They are simply the servants of the journals
+they represent. They only obey the will of editors and publishers. The
+one and the only conclusion is that the "great dailies,"--excepting
+those which do have a measure left of honor and dignity, of which, thank
+Heaven, a few are yet published--are on a grade far below many things
+which they would not themselves dare to sanction. As the "New York
+Evening Post" says, "If it be true that journalism is really a calling
+in which men must do or say _anything_ which will increase sales, it is
+the lowest occupation, not absolutely criminal, known to modern
+society." And what is worse, these journals attempt to defend their
+pernicious course by declaring that they "give only what the public
+demands." If the public _is_ thus given over to sensationalism and
+folly, is the press fulfilling its mission by pandering to its thirst?
+It was once a theory that the press was a leader of the people. Has the
+journal of the present no ambition beyond the biggest circulation and
+the largest cash receipts?
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORD.
+
+
+April 10.--Serious disaster at the Pemberton Mills, Lawrence, Mass. A
+fire broke out in the picker-room and dye-house, destroying the
+building. Two men were killed and several injured. The great disaster at
+these mills occurred January 10, 1860, when one hundred and forty-five
+persons were killed by falling or fire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 19.--The one hundred and eleventh anniversary of the battle of
+Concord was celebrated in that town. In the evening there was a meeting
+in the town hall, at which Hon. John S. Keyes read the original
+documents relating to the famous fight.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 19.--The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment celebrated, at Lowell, the
+twenty-fifth anniversary of its march through Baltimore. There was an
+enthusiastic attendance. Addresses were delivered by Col. B.F. Watson,
+Col. E. F. Jones, and others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 20.--A large reservoir at East Lee, Mass., gave way, and many
+mills and houses and six bridges were swept away by the flood. Seven
+persons were drowned. A relief fund was established to aid the many
+destitute families, and assistance has also been given to the town,
+whose loss on highways and bridges is very great.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 20.--General meeting of the New England conferences of Methodists
+at Newburyport.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 24.--Arbor Day in Massachusetts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 29.--Annual dinner of the Boston Latin School. Judge Devens
+presided. Addresses were given by President of the Association Dixwell,
+Head-master Moses Merrill, Dr. Benjamin Apthorp Gould, and others. A
+poem was read by Rev. James Freeman Clarke.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 3.--Extensive strike went into effect in Boston, among the
+carpenters and builders. About five thousand men left work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 11.--Monthly meeting of the Bostonian Society. The chief interest
+centered in a collection of historical curiosities, among them the
+original subscription list to a new, large map of New England to be
+published in 1785. Among the subscriber's names were those of General
+Lafayette, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin. The address by
+Daniel Goodwin, Jr., of Chicago, was in relation to this exhibition, and
+dealt largely with the life of James Pitts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 13.--Monthly meeting Massachusetts Historical Society, Dr. Ellis in
+the chair.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 13.--Erection of a statue of William Lloyd Garrison on Commonwealth
+Avenue, Boston. Among the inscriptions on the pedestal are these: "I am
+in earnest; I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retreat
+a single inch, and I will be heard." "My country is the world; my
+countrymen are all mankind."
+
+The statue was designed by Olin L. Warner of New York.
+
+
+
+
+NECROLOGY.
+
+
+April 14.--Edwin C. Morse, born in West Natick, 1817, Judge of the
+Natick Police Court, died at Natick, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 14.--George F. Emery, born in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1812, died in
+Boston. He had been U.S. General Appraiser for New England, also
+paymaster; and was treasurer of the Union Institution for Savings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 15.--Anson K. Warner, of Greenfield, died from the effects of
+injuries received at the West Deerfield railroad disaster. Mr. Warner
+was closely connected with the institutions of his town, and held many
+offices of trust. His will bequeaths $50,000 for the education of
+Greenfield boys and girls.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 18.--Hon. Stephen H. Gifford, Clerk of the Massachusetts Senate,
+died at his home in Duxbury. He was born in Pembroke, Mass., July 21,
+1815, and while a boy earned his living on a farm. He learned the
+shoemaker's trade, and still later attended the academy in Hanover, N.
+H. Subsequently he became a teacher, and established a private school in
+Duxbury, in which he continued until 1885, excepting a year or two in
+which he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1850 he was a member of
+the House; in 1851 was appointed an inspector in the Boston Custom
+House. During a few weeks in 1854 he was Assistant Clerk of the Senate,
+and the next year he was chosen as Assistant Clerk of the House. The
+Legislature of 1855 elected him as Auditor of Accounts, for which office
+he was nominated by the Republicans the same year. The party was
+defeated at the polls, and Mr. Gifford shared the fate of his friends.
+In 1857 he was again appointed Assistant Clerk of the House. In 1858 he
+was elected Clerk of the Senate, and held the office until his death. On
+March 10, 1882, a complimentary dinner was tendered Mr. Gifford in
+testimonial of his twenty-five years of clerkship.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 19.--Hon. Charles Adams, Jr., formerly State Treasurer, died at
+his home in North Brookfield. Mr. Adams was born at Antrim, N. H., Jan.
+31, 1819, and his long life since has been a most busy and useful one.
+In 1816 his father removed from New Hampshire to Massachusetts, settling
+at Oakham, and in the district schools of this town Charles Adams
+received the most of his early education. When sixteen years of age he
+began business as a clerk in a country store at Petersham, and there
+remained five years. He then became bookkeeper for J.B. Fairbanks &
+Co., at Ware, but after a year's service in this position left it to
+enter the employ of T. and E. Batcheller & Co., at North Brookfield, as
+their bookkeeper. For twenty-eight years he remained with Batcheller &
+Co., the last nine years being a partner in the firm. Mr. Adams was
+active in State and national politics, and served seventeen years at the
+State House in various capacities, as member of the Legislature, Senate,
+and Council, and as State Treasurer from 1870 to 1875. He was married
+May 8, 1834, and on May 8, 1884, celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of
+the marriage. Of late years he has given his attention to genealogical
+and historical matters connected with the town of North Brookfield. Mr.
+Adams was an upright, honest man, enjoying the highest confidence of the
+community in which he lived.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 22.--Deacon Nathaniel Hatch, of Bradford, Mass., died suddenly of
+heart disease. He was a graduate of Bowdoin, class of 1844; had been a
+teacher and a business man.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 23.--Hon. John Phelps, who was born in Hubbardston, Mass., in
+1824, died at New Orleans. He went South at the age of twenty-two; was
+one of the founders, and became President of the New Orleans Cotton
+Exchange, and later President of the National Cotton Exchange.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 24.--Death of Maj. Albert L. Richardson, for thirty years
+postmaster of Montvale, in Woburn, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 24.--Mrs. Wendell Phillips died at her home on Common Street,
+Boston. She was married to the great abolitionist orator about fifty
+years ago, but before that time she had espoused the antislavery cause.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 25.--Hon. Edmund Wilson, of Thomaston, Me., died. He had been
+prominent in the political affairs of his section, and was also for the
+past ten years a member of the Democratic National Committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 26.--Joseph Weld Morrison died at Campton Village, N. H., at the
+age of sixty-nine. He was an extensive dealer in lumber.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 27.--Henry H. Richardson died at his residence in Brookline,
+Mass., at the age of 48. Mr. Richardson had achieved a wide reputation
+as an architect, his rank in that profession being variously estimated
+from that of one of the first in this country to that of the first in
+the world or the age. Probably the most conspicuous example of his
+genius is Trinity Church in Boston.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 29.--Col. Ezra J. Trull, a well-known citizen of Boston, died at
+his home in Charlestown at the age of 43. He served in the war with the
+Fourth Battalion of Rifles, the 13th Massachusetts Volunteers, and the
+39th Regiment. At the close of the war he joined the 5th Regiment, of
+which he became colonel. In 1855 he was elected commander of the Ancient
+and Honorable Artillery. He was also commander of the Boston Light
+Infantry Veterans, and a member of the Loyal Legion. Col. Trull was also
+connected with various societies of civil, military, and masonic
+character. In civil office he served in the Boston Common Council in
+1875, 1876, 1877, in the Massachusetts Senate in 1884 and 1885, and was
+a Director of Public Institutions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 1.--Chas. M. Shepard, professor at Amherst College, died at
+Charleston, S.C., at the age of 82.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 3.--Hon. John Boynton Hill, for many years a leading lawyer in
+Bangor, Me., and more recently of Mason, N. H., died at Temple, N. H.
+Mr. Hill was born in Mason, Nov. 25, 1796, and was graduated at Harvard
+College in 1821. Among his classmates were Governor Kent of Maine,
+Charles W. Upham of Salem, Senator Barnwell of South Carolina, and Ralph
+Waldo Emerson.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 4.--Rev. Francis A. Foxcroft, one of the oldest Episcopal clergymen
+in the State, died at Cambridge, Mass., at the age of 77.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 7.--William R. Patten, of Winchester, a soldier in the Civil War,
+and later, Judge-Advocate, died in Concord. He was born in 1837.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 8.--Death of George W. Ray, a citizen and a manufacturer in
+Springfield, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE.
+
+
+In _Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian_,[2] the task has been undertaken
+of rendering the Bible narrative in a form which shall be convenient and
+readable for young readers. Such an idea does not wholly please us, for
+it does not seem possible to rewrite the sacred history without losing
+the spirit of the close translation from the Hebrew and Greek. There is
+an excuse for simplifying Bible stories for young children, but this
+work seems adapted only to those who must be mature enough to fully
+understand the reading of the Scriptures themselves. Yet, for those who
+can profitably employ such a book, this work could hardly be better. It
+is evidently prepared with great care. The first volume, which is at
+hand, contains the Hebrew story from Creation to the Exile, and for it
+one must commend the writers for their conscientious and painstaking
+work, which, without doubt, will prove to be of value to many.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+History is a subject so vast and complex that it requires great skill to
+properly present even an outline of the whole in a single volume. Such
+compendiums have, however, been made, and have had a useful purpose.
+Professor Fisher is a man who has extensive qualifications for such a
+task, and he has given us a work[3] which should have a place in every
+public and private library, and be in the hands of every student. The
+whole subject, from the earliest to present times, is outlined in a
+manner which has rendered it readable and interesting,--a rare quality
+for such a condensed work. We like the arrangement, which does not treat
+each country always by itself, but the whole plan of the book is, in
+general, chronological, by which the condition of different countries at
+any given period is readily compared. By the use of different types in
+printing, a notable convenience is afforded the reader. For instance,
+the general thread of narrative is carried on through the coarser type,
+while in another type one may read of contemporary literature, art,
+science, etc. In fact, the record of these subjects is one of the
+valuable features of the work. The typography is excellent,--a matter of
+special importance in such a book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A concise monograph,[4] lately translated from the German, is
+interesting as an argument in favor of gas as against electricity for
+artificial lighting. The author is impressed with the fact that the
+triumphs of electric lighting have been overestimated, and that its
+healthful, legitimate development has been retarded by the hosts of
+speculators. Dr. Schilling quotes many statistics, from both European
+and American sources, to show that many of the claims for electric
+lighting are unfounded, and that gas has been the subject of numerous
+false assertions as to its danger, etc., simply to glorify the electric
+light. The author seems disposed to fairness, in general, but when,
+after admitting that the electric light has a future before it, he
+declares that "gas will remain in future, as it always has been, the
+universal means of illumination," he is at least injudicious.
+"Universal" and "always" are too broad; certainly, as far as the past is
+concerned, if not the future. Those who are interested in the subject
+will find it worth while to read this book. The translation has been
+carefully made, and it is clearly printed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lynn, Mass., has long been famous for its boots and shoes, but from a
+comfortably sized book[5] in hand, we are led to believe that the town
+has something interesting about it besides heels and soles. This volume
+is, according to its name, a series of sketches of the history of the
+town, well interspersed with anecdotes, most of them from the storehouse
+of the author's own memory. Although he spent, as he declares, twenty
+years on the shoemaker's bench, he has not limited his knowledge to his
+trade. He has evidently been a keen observer; and his command of
+Anglo-Saxon, together with what may be called the genuine Yankee
+language, has enabled him to relate his stories and make his comments in
+a clear and vigorous style. It is, indeed, a very pleasant variation of
+the regulation town history; a volume of information and good-natured
+wit; such a book as we imagine every citizen and native of Lynn would
+delight to read.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian. Arranged and edited for young
+readers as an introduction to the study of the Bible. By Edw. T.
+Bartlett, A.M., and John P. Peters, Ph.D. Vol. I, pp. 545. New York: G.
+P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+[3] Outlines of Universal History. Designed as a text-book and for
+private reading. By George Park Fisher, Professor in Yale College, pp.
+674. New York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co.
+
+[4] The Present Condition of Electric Lighting. A report made at Munich,
+September 26, 1885, by N. H. Schilling, Ph.D. 55 pp. Boston: Cupples,
+Upham & Co.
+
+[5] Sketches of Lynn; or, The Changes of Fifty Years. By David N.
+Johnson, pp. 490. Lynn; Thomas P. Nichols, printer.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO MAGAZINE LITERATURE.
+
+(_MAY, 1886._)
+
+
+ART, ARCHITECTURE. American Country Dwellings. _Mrs. Schuyler van
+Rensselaer._ 1.--The Care of Pictures and Prints. _P. G. Hamerton._
+5.--Art in Brooklyn. _Various._ 16.--Ceilings and Walls. _J. H.
+Pollen._ 22.--An English Sculptor. _Leander Scott._ 22.--Art in Metal
+Work. _Lewis F. Day._22--An American Gallery. _Chas. De Kay._ 22.
+
+BIOGRAPHY, GENEALOGY. The Life of William Lloyd Garrison. _Freeman M.
+Post, D.D._ 3.--A Sturdy Christian. _Henry J. van Dyke, Jr., D.D._
+3.--Edwin M. Stanton. _Dan Piatt._ 4.--Francis Galton., 5.--Horatio
+Seymour. _Isaac S. Hartley, D.D._ 6.--Personal Recollections of John D.
+Philbrick. _Mrs. H. B. B. Lord._ 8.--Gen. Turner Ashby. _A. E.
+Richards._ 17.--Benjamin Disraeli. _George Sandsbury._ 22.--The
+Webster Family. _Hon. Stephen M. Allen._ 23.--Henry Barnard. _John D.
+Philbrick._ 23.
+
+CIVIL WAR. From the Peninsula to Antietam. _Geo. B. McLellan._
+1.--McClellan at the Head of the Grand Army. _Warren Lee Goss._ 1.--The
+Battle of South Mountain, or Boonsboro'. _Gen. D. H. Hill._ 1.--Defence
+of Charleston, S.C. _Gen. G. T. Beauregard._ 4.--The Removal of
+McClellan., 4.--Shiloh. _Gen. W.F. Smith._ 6.--The Battle of Cross
+Keys. _Alfred E. Lee._ 6.--War Prisons and War Poetry. _Jas. W. A.
+Wright._ 17.--Arkansas Past. _Wm. J. Oliphant._ 17.--The War in
+Missouri. _Richard H. Musser._ 17.
+
+DESCRIPTION, TRAVEL, ADVENTURE. The Flour Mills of Minneapolis. _E. V.
+Smalley._ 1.--Lick Observatory. _Taliesin Evans._ 1.--After Geronimo.
+III. _Lieut. John Bigelow._ 7.--The Last Voyage of the Surprise.,
+7.--Around the World on a Bicycle. VIII. _Thomas Stevens._ 7.--Three
+Weeks of Savage Life.--_Maurice Thompson._ 7.--A Blockade Runner under
+Fire. _R. C. Coffin._ 7.--A Lonely Vigil. _T. C. Jones._ 10.--How we
+went Trouting. _W. S. Hutchinson._ 10.--Memories of London. _W. J.
+Stillman._ 11.--English and American Railways. _Wm. H. Rideing._
+16.--The World's Great Bridges. _Mrs. F. G. De Fontaine._ 16.--The
+Women of Brazil. _Frances A. de Magalhaes._ 16.
+
+EDUCATION. Liberal Education in Germany. _J. H. Stuckenberg, D.D._
+3.--History in American Colleges. _Prof. H. B. Adams._ 8.--Public
+Schools and Nervous Children. _Elizabeth Cummings._ 8.--Notable
+Features of the English System of Elementary Education. _A. Tolman
+Smith._ 8.--Improved Methods of Classical Instruction. _Wm. E.
+Jillson._ 8.--The Harvard Annex. _M. C. Smith._ 8.--Elective Studies
+in College. _Prof. Isaac C. Dennett._ 8.--National Aid to Popular
+Education. _R. B. Hayes._ 16.--Trinity College, Hartford. _Prof. Samuel
+Hart._ 23.
+
+HISTORY. Historical Colorado. _Katherine Hodges._ 6.--An Old House in
+New Orleans. _Chas. Dimitry._ 6.--History of a Newspaper. _P. L.
+Ford._ 6.--March of the Spaniards across Illinois. _E. G. Mason._
+6.--History in American Colleges. _H. B. Adams._ 8.--The Martial
+Experiences of the California Volunteers. _Edward Carlson._ 10.--The
+Virginia Cavaliers. _K. M. Rowland._ 17.--The Kentucky Resolutions of
+1798-99. _R. T. Durrett._ 17.--New Bedford. _Herbert L. Aldrich._ 23.
+
+LITERATURE. Hawthorne's Philosophy. _Julian Hawthorne._ 1.--The
+American Dramatist. _Augustin Daly._ 4.--The Evolution of Language. _M.
+A. Hovelacque._ 5.--The Poetry of Thoreau. _Joel Benton._ 9.--Our
+Experience Meetings. _Cora M. Potter_ and _Ella Wheeler Wilcox._
+9.--Dies Irę. A New Translation. _John S. Hagen._ 10.--Wordsworth's
+Passion. _Titus Munson Evan._ 15.--The Novel of our Times. _F. N.
+Zutsickie._ 15.--War Poetry., 17.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS. De Caudelle on the Production of Men of Science. _W. H.
+Larrabee._ 5.--The Aryan Homestead. _E. P. Evans._ 11.--The Marriage
+Question. _Harriett Prescott Spofford_ and _Frances E. Willard._
+16.--Judicial Falsifications of History.--_Hon. Chas. Cowley._ 23.
+
+POLITICS, ECONOMICS, PUBLIC AFFAIRS. The Future of the Colored Race.
+_Frederick Douglass._ 4.--Letter to Judge Thurman. _Arthur Richmond._
+4.--Our "House of Lords.", 4.--Ship Building _vs._ Ship Owning. _Capt.
+John Codman._ 4.
+
+Statesmanship, Old and New. _Gail Hamilton._ 4.--Strikes and
+Arbitration. _T. V. Powderly._ 4.--The Hours of Labor. _Edward
+Atkinson._ 4.--The Difficulties of Railroad Regulation. _Arthur T.
+Hadley._ 5.--An Economic Study of Mexico. II. _David A. Wells._
+4.--Prison Labor. _Robt. Devlin._ 10.--Discussion of the Liquor
+Traffic. _G. A. Moore._ 10.--Weakness of the United States Government
+under the Articles of Confederation. _John Fiske._ 11.--The Present
+Position of Civil Service Reform. _Theodore Roosevelt._ 15.--The
+Freedmen During the War. _O. O. Howard._ 15.--National Aid to Popular
+Education.--_R. B. Hayes._16.
+
+RECREATION, SPORTS. Ranch Life and Game Shooting in the West. III.
+_Theodore Roosevelt._ 7.--The Stanley Show. _Joseph Pennell._
+7.--Trout Fishing in Maine. _J. R. Hitchcock._ 7.--British Yachting.
+_C. J. C. McAlister._ 7.
+
+RELIGION, MORALS. The Possibilities of Religious Reform in Italy. _Wm.
+Chauncy Langdon, D.D._ 3.--Development of the Moral Faculty. _James
+Sully._ 5.--The Seventh Petition. _George Bancroft._ 15.--Are Church
+Fairs Beneficial? _Mrs. H. W. Beecher._ 16.
+
+SCIENCE, NATURAL HISTORY, DISCOVERY, INVENTIONS. The Problem of
+Crystallization. _Alfred Einhorn._ 5.--The Factors of Organic
+Evolution. II. _Herbert Spencer._ 5.--Food Accessories and Digestion.
+_Dr. J. B. Yeo._ 5.--Photographing the Heavens. _Dr. H. Y. Klein._
+5.--How Alcoholic Liquors are Made. _Joseph Dawson._ 5.--The Science of
+Flat-fish., 5.--Must Life, Beginning Here, Necessarily End Here? _E. A.
+Clark._ 10.--The Genesis of Bird Song. _Maurice Thompson._
+11.--Speech: Its Mental and Physical Elements. _M. Allen Starr._
+15.--The Breeding of Fancy Pigeons. _E. S. Starr._ 1.
+
+THEOLOGY, POLEMICS. Evolution and the Faith. _T. T. Munger._
+1.--Egyptian Monotheism. _C. Loring Bruce._ 15.
+
+
+    _1 The Century._
+    _2 Harper's Monthly._
+    _3 Andover Review._
+    _4 North American Review._
+    _5 Popular Science Monthly._
+    _6 Magazine of Am. History._
+    _7 Outing._
+    _8 Education._
+    _9 Lippincott's Magazine._
+    _10 Overland Monthly._
+    _11 Atlantic Monthly._
+    _11 New England Historical and Genealogical Register._
+    _13 Rhode Island Historical Magazine._
+    _14 The Forum._
+    _15 New Princeton Review._
+    _16 The Brooklyn Magazine._
+    _17 The Southern Bivouac._
+    _18 The Citizen._
+    _19 Political Science Quarterly._
+    _20 Unitarian Review._
+    _21 New Englander._
+    _22 Magazine of Art._
+    _23 New England Magazine._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No.
+6, June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, JUNE 1886 ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 6,
+June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 6, June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 13, 2008 [EBook #25064]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, JUNE 1886 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h4>THE</h4>
+
+<h1>NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+<h3>AND</h3>
+
+<h2>BAY STATE MONTHLY.</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Old Series</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">June, 1886.</span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">New Series</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Vol. IV. No. 6</span></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Vol. I. No. 6.</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.</p>
+
+<p class="notes">Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article. Table of contents has been created for the HTML version.</p>
+
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+<p>
+<a href="#WILLIAMS_COLLEGE"><b>WILLIAMS COLLEGE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_HUNTING_OF_THE_STAG_OF_338NOE"><b>THE HUNTING OF THE STAG OF &#338;NO&Euml;.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#WEBSTERS_VINDICATION"><b>WEBSTER'S VINDICATION.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#HAWTHORNES_LAST_SKETCH"><b>HAWTHORNE'S LAST SKETCH.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#ON_HOOSAC_MOUNTAIN"><b>ON HOOSAC MOUNTAIN.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_VERITABLE_TRADER"><b>A VERITABLE TRADER.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#LYDIA_MARIA_CHILD"><b>LYDIA MARIA CHILD.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#BONNIE_HAREBELLS"><b>BONNIE HAREBELLS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MYTH_IN_AMERICAN_COINAGE"><b>MYTH IN AMERICAN COINAGE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#AN_INCIDENT_OF_PORT_HUDSON"><b>AN INCIDENT OF PORT HUDSON.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#LUCY_KEYES"><b>LUCY KEYES.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#EDITORS_TABLE"><b>EDITOR'S TABLE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#HISTORICAL_RECORD"><b>HISTORICAL RECORD.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#NECROLOGY"><b>NECROLOGY.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#LITERATURE"><b>LITERATURE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#INDEX_TO_MAGAZINE_LITERATURE"><b>INDEX TO MAGAZINE LITERATURE.</b></a><br />
+</p>
+<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="WILLIAMS_COLLEGE" id="WILLIAMS_COLLEGE"></a>WILLIAMS COLLEGE.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY REV. N. H. EGLESTON.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Williams College has something peculiar and romantic in its history, as
+well as in its site amid the beautiful hills of Berkshire. It had its
+birth upon the very frontiers of civilization, and amid the throes of
+that struggle which was to decide finally whether the control of this
+continent, and the permanent shaping of its institutions and its destiny
+were to be French or English. The nascent colleges of Colorado, Dakota,
+and Oregon are relatively to-day in the position held by Williams when
+it was founded.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Ephraim Williams, from whom the college takes its name, had been an
+active participant in the struggle to which we have alluded. He had been
+commissioned by the General Court of Massachusetts to construct and
+command a line of forts along the northern border of settlements from
+the Connecticut River on the east to the valley of the Hoosac on the
+west. This line coincided nearly with the northern boundary of
+Massachusetts; all above, to the borders of Canada, being then a
+wilderness, through which the roaming savages often burst with sudden
+violence upon the settlements of the English colonists. The westernmost
+of the line of forts was not far from what is now the site of the
+college, and this, being the most exposed and most important, Williams
+commanded in person.</p>
+
+<p>After acting in this capacity for a time, and in a manner which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span> gained
+him much distinction in the colony, he was placed in charge of a
+regiment of troops, designed to participate with other forces in an
+expedition against the French; the special object being the capture of
+Crown Point, a fortress on Lake Champlain. While on the way to Crown
+Point a French force was met, near the head of Lake George. Williams,
+with a detachment of troops, was sent against it. The movement was
+successful. The French were repulsed, but in the encounter Williams lost
+his life. A monument, erected in recent years by the alumni of the
+college, marks the spot where he fell.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image2.jpg" width="450" height="416" alt="CLARK HALL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+CLARK HALL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>While engaged in his military duties on the frontier, Williams became
+much interested in the soldiers under his command. Through his
+agency chiefly, two townships of land in the vicinity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span> of Fort
+Massachusetts&mdash;the name given to the most western fort in the valley of
+the Hoosac&mdash;had been set off by order of the Legislature, and lots in
+them had been disposed of to the soldiers on favorable terms. Williams
+had also expressed the intention of still further benefiting his
+comrades in arms. While resting for a day or two at Albany, on his way
+to Crown Point, he bethought him of his purpose, the execution of which
+had hitherto been postponed. Accordingly, he made his will on the spot,
+by which he devised his property, after making some bequests to
+relatives and friends, for the purpose of establishing what he termed a
+Free School.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image3.jpg" width="450" height="306" alt="East College. EAST COLLEGE CAMPUS. Library." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+East College.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EAST COLLEGE CAMPUS.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Library.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Such was the beginning of Williams College, for the school took the name
+and form of a college in two or three years after its organization. It
+was noble in purpose from the outset, but humble, indeed, in pecuniary
+endowment. Some will smile, now that we think hundreds of thousands, not
+to say millions, necessary for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span> establishment of a college, when
+they are informed that the executors of Williams' estate were obliged to
+allow the proceeds of it to accumulate for thirty years before they
+ventured to organize the school or erect a building for its use.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image4.jpg" width="450" height="321" alt="WEST COLLEGE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+WEST COLLEGE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>That it was to be something more than an ordinary school was insured
+from the beginning by the character of the trustees who so patiently
+brooded over the work committed to them while the funds in their hands
+were gaining the needful increase. They were among the most
+distinguished and intelligent citizens of the Colony. Most of them were
+of collegiate training, and a large number graduates of Yale. They
+believed in the value of a liberal education, not only to the person
+immediately concerned, but to the community of which he might be a
+member. They believed in the importance of basing liberty upon sound
+education. Such men, at such a time, could hardly have done otherwise
+than to lay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span> foundations which could be fitly built upon for a long time
+to come. They designed to give the youth who might come to their school
+such a training as would fit them for the engagements and duties of
+practical life. So they began their school in the wilderness, as it then
+was, so far out on the verge of settlement that a few years before there
+had been debate as to whether it was not actually beyond the boundaries
+of New England. Now that the wilderness is gone, and the college, long
+secluded from observation, has been made so accessible by the
+construction of one of our transcontinental lines of railway along the
+valley of the Hoosac, and the town to which Williams gave name has
+become noted far and wide for its beauty, one wonders whether those
+early founders were aware of the fair setting which Nature had provided
+for their school. Certainly the &aelig;sthetic sense can ask for nothing more
+in the way of natural scenery than is here presented to the eye in the
+combination of mountain, valley, and stream; the infinite variety on
+every hand, with a quiet grandeur characterizing all. The visitor no
+sooner looks out upon the enchanting scene than he is ready to say this
+is pre-eminently a fit place for the training of students; all without
+is so in harmony with what is best in culture and character.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 294px;">
+<img src="images/image5.jpg" width="294" height="450" alt="COLONEL WILLIAMS&#39; MONUMENT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+COLONEL WILLIAMS&#39; MONUMENT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 323px;">
+<img src="images/image6.jpg" width="323" height="445" alt="MISSION PARK MONUMENT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+MISSION PARK MONUMENT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But outward or geographical situation is of secondary importance with a
+seat of learning. Scenery will not make scholars, though it may be
+desirable and helpful, and is likely to impress itself upon the habitual
+beholder with life-long influence. The college is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</a></span> where the teachers
+are. It is also what they are. Plato made the Academy. And judged by
+this standard Williams has not been deficient. From its beginning it has
+had able instructors, men of sound learning, of exemplary character, and
+"apt to teach." Among the earliest was Jeremiah Day, afterwards, and for
+so long a time, serving as the president of Yale College. Ex-President
+Hopkins is just now completing the fiftieth year of continuous
+instruction in the college since he was called to be its head, and no
+name is higher than his as a teacher. With him have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</a></span> associated fit
+and eminent coadjutors in the various departments of instruction. If the
+work of the college has been done quietly and unobtrusively, it has been
+done well. The faculty of Williams have not been ambitious to make a
+university amid the Berkshire Hills, nor to enter into a strife with
+other institutions for the purpose of swelling the number of its
+students. They have been content to do the work of a simple college, and
+to be judged by the quality rather than the quantity of their work.
+Faithful to the students who might be led to seek the benefits of such
+an institution, they have sought to make their pupils faithful to
+themselves and to their opportunities. In the working of the college,
+the training of character has been regarded as of prime importance.
+While sound scholarship has been insisted upon,&mdash;sound rather than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</a></span>
+showy,&mdash;no scholarship has been allowed to take the place of character.
+The moral element has ever been held uppermost, and the endeavor has
+been to blend it with all the studies of the assigned curriculum. A
+truly manly character has been the finished product which the college
+has sought to give to the world from year to year in the persons of its
+graduates.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image7.jpg" width="450" height="356" alt="THE COLLEGE CHAPEL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+THE COLLEGE CHAPEL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image8.jpg" width="450" height="321" alt="GRIFFIN HALL (OLD COLLEGE CHAPEL), AND SOLDIERS&#39; MONUMENT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+GRIFFIN HALL (OLD COLLEGE CHAPEL), AND SOLDIERS&#39; MONUMENT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Colleges no less than persons have their peculiarities and special
+characteristics. Its very situation made it almost certain that at
+Williams much attention would be given to the natural sciences. With
+mountains and meadows on every side inviting their exploration, it was
+almost a matter of course that much attention should be given to
+botanical studies, and that the new sciences of chemistry and geology
+should meet a hearty welcome. This was made the more certain by the
+special qualification of the teachers of these sciences. Professor Dewey
+was distinguished by his lectures<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[Pg 495]</a></span> and experiments in natural philosophy
+and chemistry. Professor Eaton early gave lectures in mineralogy,
+geology, and botany. He was a pioneer in these departments of science,
+and an enthusiast whose spirit easily kindled a like spirit in others.
+To pursue his favorite studies he had forsaken the profession of law. It
+was his custom to take his classes into the fields and woods and there
+interrogate Nature. Emmons, the younger Hopkins, Tenney, and Chadbourne
+were teachers of similar spirit. Aided by the instruction of such men
+the natural sciences have been studied with a zeal which has become
+traditional at Williams. As evidence and result of this, a Lyceum of
+Natural History has been established and maintained for many years by
+the students, and has become a fixed institution. The Society has a
+substantial brick building on the college campus containing a valuable
+collection of specimens in the various departments of natural history,
+and a hall in which the Society holds regular meetings for the reading
+of papers and the discussion of questions relating to natural science.
+The students have been encouraged also to pursue their researches at a
+distance from the college, and various expeditions have been undertaken
+for this purpose. The long summer vacations have frequently been
+profitably spent in this way. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</a></span> company with a professor of the
+college, as their guide and helper, the members of the Society have
+prosecuted their researches southward to the Gulf, and as far north as
+Greenland. The college has now a table in the building of the United
+States Fish Commission at Wood's Holl, on the southern coast of
+Massachusetts, where the students have the opportunity, every summer, of
+prosecuting their biological studies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image9.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="MORGAN HALL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MORGAN HALL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image10.jpg" width="450" height="357" alt="MAIN STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM EAST COLLEGE HILL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+MAIN STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM EAST COLLEGE HILL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of course every one who knows anything of the college knows that the
+study of mental and moral science has had as prominent place as that of
+the natural sciences. It could not be otherwise with such a man as
+Ex-President Hopkins in the chair of instruction. Dr. Hopkins has had,
+in a remarkable degree, the faculty of making these studies, usually
+regarded as abstruse and repulsive to the majority of students, both
+intelligible and attractive. It has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span> been his conviction that we may
+know and ought to know what is nearest to us&mdash;ourselves; that we are
+capable of ascertaining the laws and movements of our own being. This is
+properly the science of Man. This, in his apt, clear way, he has taught
+year after year. He has sought to lead the young men of his classes to
+look within, to study and know themselves. For text-book he has used now
+one and now another. The book has been of secondary importance. The
+familiar, free discussions of the class-room have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</a></span> been the most
+effective means of instruction, and many are the graduates of Williams
+who look back upon their studies in philosophy as the most interesting
+and valuable of their college course.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;">
+<img src="images/image11.jpg" width="325" height="450" alt="JACKSON HALL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine. Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+JACKSON HALL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image12.jpg" width="450" height="452" alt="THE OLD OBSERVATORY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+THE OLD OBSERVATORY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Since the accession of President Carter to his place at the head of the
+college, while attention to other studies has not been lessened, more
+attention has been given to the study of the modern languages and to our
+own native tongue, formerly so sadly neglected in most of our colleges.
+The belles-lettres studies have been given a larger place than they had
+before. Other changes have also been made in the curriculum and in the
+arrangements and management of the college calculated to adapt it in all
+respects to the wants of the time, and the present condition and needs
+of the country. The list of elective studies has been increased. For<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</a></span>
+some years the senior class have had a wide liberty of choice as to the
+studies in which they should be engaged. A similar liberty is now given
+to the juniors. As to the lower classes, the managers of the college are
+not disposed to think that a boy on coming to college is the best judge
+as to the studies to be pursued by him. At the same time they recognize
+the fact that the average age of students is greater by several years
+than it was twenty-five or fifty years ago, and that this may well be
+taken into account and, coupled with the effect of two years of college
+training, may make it safe and even desirable to throw students in the
+latter half of their course partly upon their own responsibility as well
+as privilege of choice. They are not disposed to regard their pupils as
+boys when they are men, or to use compulsory requisitions when free
+choice will accomplish as good results.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image13.jpg" width="450" height="323" alt="GYMNASIUM WILLIAMS COLLEGE MASS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GYMNASIUM<br /> WILLIAMS COLLEGE MASS</span></div>
+
+<p>During President Carter's incumbency of office, or in recent years,
+large additions have been made also to what may be called the furniture
+of the college. Its funds have been sensibly augmented,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</a></span> and its
+equipment of buildings largely increased. A new observatory has been
+erected to supplement the uses of the old one, which was distinguished
+as being the first observatory for astronomical purposes erected in this
+country. The new one has mounted in it a meridian circle of the latest
+and best construction. Other instruments in both observatories in the
+hands of one so eminent as Professor Safford, furnish unusual means for
+the prosecution of astronomical studies. Clark Hall, a fine new
+building, contains the Wilder Mineralogical Cabinet and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</a></span> college
+archives. A new dormitory has been erected by the liberality of the late
+Ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, and during the present year a spacious
+building of stone has been erected for gymnastic purposes. As new
+buildings have been constructed, old ones have been rearranged and
+better adapted for the various uses of the college, and so it has been
+provided with the means of enlarging and improving its work, and it is
+believed that few, if any, of our colleges are better equipped in this
+respect than Williams.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 366px;">
+<img src="images/image14.jpg" width="366" height="500" alt="GOODRICH HALL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">From Harper&#39;s Magazine Copyright, 1881, by Harper &amp;
+Brothers.<br />
+
+GOODRICH HALL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>With such natural surroundings as the students of Williams have, such
+scenery appealing everywhere to the eye and soul, mountains close at
+hand to climb, and sequestered nooks to explore, it could hardly be
+otherwise than that they should combine with their studies the physical
+exercise necessary for the maintenance of health. They have been
+encouraged also by the college authorities to engage in athletic games
+among themselves, and to participate in friendly contests with the
+students of other colleges, and in these contests the students of
+Williams have held an honorable place.</p>
+
+<p>It would be wrong perhaps not to make a more distinct reference to the
+moral character of the college. As has been seen, the ethical studies
+hold a prominent place in the curriculum. The college has a
+distinctively religious character. By this is not meant that it is a
+religious institution. It was not founded by any religious sect or
+denomination. It is not under the control of any such. It was founded as
+a school, a place of education, with no ulterior aim. But its founder,
+and those who executed his will and gave shape to his design, were men
+of religious character; persons who held moral character above mere
+scholarship, and who believed that every scholar should have a devout
+spirit. Their successors and those who from the first have held the
+position of instructors, have been of like feeling. They have been
+Christian scholars themselves, and have sought to make their pupils
+such; not, however, in any forced or unpleasant way. The chapel has its
+place among the college buildings. There the students assemble every
+morning for the reading of the sacred scriptures and for prayer; and on
+the Sabbath religious services are conducted after the customary manner
+of the churches. Studies in natural theology and in the catechism also
+form a part<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</a></span> of the college course. The religious atmosphere which
+surrounds the college is as genial and cheerful as the natural
+atmosphere which bathes the hills and valleys around in October days. It
+has no element of sectarianism or bigotry. Free alike from cant, from
+looseness and indifference, the religious tone of the college is
+altogether wholesome.</p>
+
+<p>Williams, the westernmost of our New England colleges, blends in
+harmonious combination the puritan spirit of the East with the
+progressive spirit of the West, and offers to all who come to her doors
+an education based upon tried principles, and conducted in a healthful
+spirit. At his inauguration to the office of its presidency, Dr. Hopkins
+said, "I desire and shall labor that this may be a safe college; that
+here may be health, and cheerful study, and kind feelings, and pure
+morals." No words perhaps could better describe the character which,
+under his wise management, and that of his associates, the college has
+maintained.</p>
+
+<p>President Carter's inaugural address contained an urgent plea for a
+professorship of the "History and Polity of the Hebrew Theocracy," and
+although the funds for such a professorship are still wanting, the
+college stands faithfully by the old traditions of reverence and worship
+and sound morality.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[Pg 503]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_HUNTING_OF_THE_STAG_OF_338NOE" id="THE_HUNTING_OF_THE_STAG_OF_338NOE"></a>THE HUNTING OF THE STAG OF &#338;NO&Euml;.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY CLINTON SCOLLARD.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">From proud Mycen&aelig;'s lion-guarded gate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where King Eurystheus reigned in regal state,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One springtime morn when every field was fair<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And song-birds carolled in the azure air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A man of mighty stature swiftly strode,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And took his way along the winding road<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That led to well-walled Argos and the sea.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From Lerna's fens a salty breeze blew free,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And stirred the locks that fell his shoulders down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And wreathed his forehead like a golden crown.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon his shield&mdash;a sight to hold men mute&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was seen the head of the Nemean brute;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Within one hand a gnarl&egrave;d club he bore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hewn from an oak bole in the forest hoar.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The shafts of Hermes, and the wondrous bow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The helm of Vulcan with its fiery glow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fine-wrought peplus fluttering in the breeze,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Proclaimed the hero valiant Hercules.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beside the torrent Perseia that won<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Its way to join the sweet Asterion,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through flowery meads and field of greening grain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hero's pathway led him o'er the plain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But ere the walls of Argos met his view,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or ere he saw the &AElig;gean shining blue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He turned, and toward the mountain peaks that rose<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Along the far horizon, capped with snows<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of lands Arcadian, pursued his quest.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And many days he fared with meagre rest<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Taken in starlit hours 'neath forest boughs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where nightly Queen Titania's elves carouse.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By day he hasted with unflagging pace<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through woodland depths where Dian's hounds gave chase<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To startled deer, through fields by yeomen tilled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through vineyards whence the winepress would be filled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When teeming Autumn with her purple fine<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had tinged the grape upon the yielding vine;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through olive groves that, in good time, would bear<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">A bounteous fruitage 'neath the pruner's care:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And those who saw him as he sped along<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Paused 'mid their work, or hushed the jocund song<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To do him homage. None in all the land<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But felt the blessings that his potent hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had widely wrought; remote were they and few<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But that his face and stately presence knew.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where'er his many wanderings led, he heard<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In field or household no unwelcome word;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whene'er he came, though bread and wine were spent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He saw no frown nor look of ill content.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">At last, when many nights the vernal moon<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had risen and set, and song-birds presaged June,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One sultry eve the weary hero came<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To mountain hamlet where his matchless fame<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had been on all men's lips, but where his face<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was known to none; and in the market-place<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He found a throng with wreaths and garlands bound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And one who blew with clear, harmonious sound<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon a hollow reed. Amidst the folk<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A goodly ox, unfettered by the yoke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stood gayly decked with flowers in skilful wise<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As though prepared for godly sacrifice.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When they beheld the noble-visaged man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They bade him join the festal rites of Pan;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For some at heart believed that he might be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In mortal guise, a heavenly deity;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And much they marveled at his kingly mien,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As with the throng he sought the forest green.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Within a glade where drooping birches stirred<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their silvery leaves, and where the drowsy bird<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sang plaintively a tender twilight lay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An altar stood entwined by tendrils gay.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And soon thereon the mighty ox, new-slain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was sprinkled o'er with wine and barley grain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then one, amid the sound of choral song,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The seemly leader of the pastoral throng,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With reverent hand brought forth the sacred fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And prayerful knelt and lit the holy pyre.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Amid the roar of sacrificial flame<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The devotees besought their God by name;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And while they worshipped, Hercules unheard,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Through flowering, fragrant thickets scarcely stirred<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By evening's breezes, softly slipped away,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His vows fulfilled. The golden orb of day<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had ceased to flush the placid western sky;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With slowly lengthening shadows night drew nigh,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But still the hero with unslackened stride<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Went hurrying onward, till a torrent wide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Grown fierce with melting snow, his progress barred;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And there beneath the cloudless dome, bright-starred,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon his tawny shield he laid him down,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And slept till morning with her rosy crown<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Followed the car of Ph&#339;bus up the East.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then, when his limbs from slumber were released,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he had eaten of his frugal fare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He stemmed the stream, and up a hillside bare<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of aught but tangled bush and hindering briar<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toiled slowly to the crest, whereon a spire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of splintered pine like lonely sentry stood.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Below him lay a wide-outreaching wood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And far beyond a hamlet that he knew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&#338;no&euml; called. Before the thick night dew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had dried from off the grass and rustling leaves,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or shepherd maids from under well-thatched eaves<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had gone afield to watch the wandering<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of flocks that fed beside a crystal spring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stout Hercules had trodden half the way<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That 'twixt the pine-tree and the hamlet lay.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A Titan power, while yet the world was young,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Within the woodland's shady heart had flung<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The green earth open, and a dark ravine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through which a streamlet purled o'er mossy-green,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gigantic boulders, formed the chosen lair<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For ravening beasts that through the forest fare.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At night or morn the deer were wont to seek<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The freshening nectar of the crystal creek;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At night or morn the pard, with stealthy tread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crept softly out upon the boughs o'erhead;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A wanderer from rocky realms remote,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here laved the mountain bear his shaggy coat;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And birds, bright-mirrored on the sedgy brink<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of darkling pools, here paused to plume and drink.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Where o'er the granite ledge the noisy stream<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came tossing down athwart the slanting gleam<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of morning sunrays, Hercules reclined<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beneath a tangled growth of vines that twined<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Around o'erhanging saplings, oak and elm.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon the ground was cast his weighty helm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Likewise his shield and shafts, his club and bow.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Breathless he listened with his ear bent low<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon the earth. The moments sped; around<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The honey-hoarding bees' unceasing sound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The crested jay's complaining, shrilly call,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Were intermingled with the water's fall.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But soon upon his keen, detecting ear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There fell a noise which told that hoof of deer<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was lightly rustling through the reeds and grass.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With eye alert he scanned the narrow pass<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beside the stream, and, in a moment more,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beheld a stag upon the shelving shore<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose hoofs seemed brazen, and whose horns outshone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With gold like that which binds the slender zone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of fair Aurora, daughter of the Dawn.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deep eyes more tender had no timid fawn;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of perfect form was every graceful limb;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The tapering flank symmetrical and slim,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The head erect, the nostril fine of curve,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The shapely shoulders flawless, and the swerve<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of stately neck a marvel to behold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This was the stag a woodland nymph of old<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To swift Diana gave, remembering she<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had been her friend in dire extremity.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This stag it was that brave Mycen&aelig;'s king<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had bidden valiant Hercules to bring<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Alive unto his court. And now so fair<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The creature stood before him, unaware<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A foe lurked near, that he at heart was fain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To capture it without the piercing pain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wounding dart might give; and so aside<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He cast his princely peplus, purple-dyed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And softly crept from 'neath the viny roof.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But lo! the stag with smite of startled hoof<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On yielding ground, and toss of antlers high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Flashing a look from out his frightened eye,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">With agile bound sprang knee-deep in the stream,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A moment paused as in a trance or dream;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then, casting back a calmly questioning look,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Regained the bank above the brawling brook,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And ere the hero seized his barbed dart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had disappeared within the forest's heart.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Twelve weary months had slowly dragged away<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Since Hercules, upon that fateful day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Within Arcadian wilds had sought in vain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To snare the sacred stag; through sun and rain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through wintry cold and winds that tossed and whirled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The falling leaf, through drifting snows that pearled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Arcadian slopes, untiring in pursuit,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He held a lonely chase that bore no fruit;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If he at morn descried the stag afar,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At night it vanished like a falling star;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And though his subtlest woodcraft he had tried,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The brazen hoof his cunning still defied.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oft did the harvesters and husbandmen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Behold him ranging through an Argive glen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And oft the wandering shepherd saw him rest<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On some Arcadian upland's bosky crest.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In rapid flight the hunted stag had come<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From craggy heights of Artemesium<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To placid Ladon's fruitful vale, and there<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had sought a refuge in a cavern ne'er<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beheld by mortal man. Remote it stood<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Within the precincts of a pathless wood<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To Dian sacred. Round its entrance grew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A tangled copse, and one gigantic yew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Towered at its mouth. The river ran near by,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on its bank was heard the bittern's cry,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For May had come again.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i24">One morn by chance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Just as the sun had flung its earliest lance<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O'er towering treetops, Hercules drew near<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The spot where every dawn the brass-hoofed deer<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From out the grot came softly slipping down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To drink and lave its limbs of glossy brown.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Day after day the mighty man had sought<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">In vain the stag's retreat; his mind was fraught<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With gathering fear lest he should find no trace<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of royal covert in that wildwood place.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Erelong a sound that smote his eager ear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gave swift assurance that his prize was near.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With cautious hand a skimmering dart he drew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And eager, peered the tremulous leafage through;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The pattering footfalls near and nearer came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A moment paused,&mdash;then, like a flash of flame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The stag in splendor dawned upon his sight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sniffed the crystal air with keen delight.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon the morning breeze the piercing twang<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of taut-drawn bowstring ominously rang,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While with a moan the noble creature sank<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In pain and terror on the reedy bank.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beneath a haughty hemlock's spicy shade<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hero stanched the wound his shaft had made;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With leathern thong the stag's slight limbs he bound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And striding swiftly o'er the ferny ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His precious burden on his shoulders wide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toward fair Mycen&aelig; with her walls of pride<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He hurried on from lisping Ladon's shore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Elate to feel his arduous task was o'er.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Before his steps the joyful tidings flew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when anigh the city's gates he drew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A band of stately elders bade him hail;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then came a troop of youths in garments pale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon their lips a merry hunting lay;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And following close a group of maidens gay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With twining flowers, freshed plucked, and emerald sprays.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the concourse wished him length of days,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O'erjoyed to see, with horns of glittering gold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The living stag within the hero's hold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor here nor there the happy hunter stayed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His rapid steps, but while the people made<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Great clamor in his honor from the wall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sought out the king within the royal hall;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And there, 'mid cries that echoed from the street,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He laid his trophy at the monarch's feet.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="WEBSTERS_VINDICATION" id="WEBSTERS_VINDICATION"></a>WEBSTER'S VINDICATION.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The first great National success of the Whig party was in the election
+of their candidates for President and Vice-President in 1840, William
+Henry Harrison, of Ohio, and John Tyler, of Virginia, being the
+successful nominees. The previous influence of the party in many States
+of the Union, their ability to carry out great local measures in their
+respective locations, and their party power in Congress, but made the
+political contest which was long and bitter, the more active and
+important. Party strife ran to the highest pitch throughout the whole
+country, and Mr. Webster, who was the acknowledged head in the North,
+and one of the principal originators of the National Whig organization
+in the United States, was looked up to as a most important personage in
+the contest, and his influence was deeply felt and appreciated. General
+Harrison early selected Mr. Webster for one of his Cabinet, and offered
+him the choice between the Treasury and the State Department. Mr.
+Webster chose the latter, and during the short month of General
+Harrison's life, laid out the ground plan of that important work which
+kept him so busily employed for the next two years, and which under no
+circumstances during the contest between Mr. Tyler, the succeeding
+President, and the Whig party, did he feel willing to leave to the
+chances of a settlement by a successor less familiar and perhaps less
+skilled in National affairs with foreign governments than himself.
+Although Mr. Webster was generally sustained by the party friends in
+Congress, and in part by the whole country, the shortsighted, less
+skilful, and more selfish of Whig partisans denounced him in unmeasured
+terms through the press and upon the stump, for not forsaking his post
+and leaving the President with the rest of the Cabinet. It was here, at
+the great pivotal turn of the Whig party, so far as Mr. Webster was
+concerned, and not at a later period, while in the Senate where he
+delivered his seventh of March speech, or in the Cabinet of President
+Fillmore, that the great coalition of radical partisans was made against
+him. The most bitter denunciations were launched by this premeditated
+alliance of selfish politicians,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</a></span> who, not having been able to bit,
+bridle, and drive Mr. Webster, were determined to rule or ruin, through
+his political disfranchisement, from the great party he was virtually
+the father of. All this, too, by false pretence; for a cool review of
+Mr. Webster's course has satisfied the country that the great depth of
+motive, prescience of danger to the Union and in fact, purpose of that
+speech, was, in the highest sense, proper and patriotic, and in no way
+at variance with the interpretation of either the old or new
+Constitution as now understood. The occasion was seized upon, having
+failed in their first effort to denounce and defame him, in the hope of
+thus building up an influence with some candidate for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[Pg 511]</a></span> President, whom
+they could control for their own selfish purposes. It will be remembered
+that some of Mr. Webster's friends, or, at least, those who claimed to
+be such, took occasion to forsake him at that time. He, however, went
+into the Cabinet of President Fillmore after the death of General
+Taylor, where he remained until his death. The bill pending before
+Congress when he left it, was altered after Mr. Webster's speech, and he
+stated to his friends that he should have proposed amendments to it on
+its final passage, if he had been in the Senate. It was at this time
+that he prepared the following paper, which I have always designated as
+"Webster's Vindication." This document, as shown by the endorsement, in
+the handwriting of Colonel Fletcher Webster, was proposed to the Cabinet
+by Mr. Webster, in October, 1850, who intended it as a mandate to the
+United States officials in all the States, but it was rejected by
+President Fillmore, who did not wish thus to be committed. There is no
+doubt about the genuineness of the document itself. It was found in
+looking over Mr. Webster's papers before the Webster mansion was burned,
+and was presented to the writer by Mrs. Fletcher Webster, some years
+before it was made public, at the Webster Centennial Celebration at
+Marshfield in 1882, where it was first read in the presence of President
+Arthur, who was at the meeting. It speaks strongly for itself, and is
+all that will be needed, at this late day, to convince every
+dispassionate lover of justice and truth, of Webster's sincerity and
+singleheartedness of motive, and his unswerving loyalty to the
+Constitution and the Union.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image24.jpg" width="450" height="486" alt="DANIEL WEBSTER." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DANIEL WEBSTER.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>"PROPOSED</h3>
+
+<h4>"CABINET CIRCULAR OF DANIEL WEBSTER, OCTOBER, 1850.</h4>
+
+<p>"The open manner in which disunion, secession, or a separation of the
+States, is suggested and recommended in some parts of the country,
+naturally calls on those to whom are confided the power and trust of
+maintaining the Constitution, and seeing that the laws of the United
+States be faithfully executed, to reflect upon the duties which events
+not yet indeed probable, but possible, may require them to perform. In
+the Northern and Eastern States, these sentiments of disunion are
+espoused principally by persons of heated imaginations, assembling
+together and passing resolutions of such wild and violent character as
+to render them nearly harmless. It is not so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[Pg 512]</a></span> in other parts of the
+country. There are States in the South in which secession and
+dismemberment are proposed or recommended by persons of character and
+influence, filling stations of high public trust, and, it is painful to
+add, in some instances, not unconnected with the Government of the
+United States itself. Legislatures of some of the States have directed
+the government of those States to reassemble them in the contingency of
+the passage of certain laws by Congress. While these occurrences do not
+constitute an exigency calling for any positive proceeding either by the
+Executive Government of the United States or by Congress, yet they
+justly awaken attention, and admonish those in whose hands the
+administration of the government is placed, not to be found either
+unadvised, surprised, or unprepared, should a crisis arrive. The
+Constitution of the United States is founded on the idea of a division
+of power between the general government and the respective State
+governments; and this division is marked out and defined by the
+Constitution of the United States with as much distinctness and accuracy
+as the nature of the subject and the imperfection of language will
+admit. The powers of Congress are specifically enumerated, and all other
+powers necessary to carry these specified powers into effect are also
+expressly granted. The Constitution was adopted by the people in the
+several States, acting through the agency of conventions chosen by
+themselves; the Legislatures of the States had nothing to do with this
+proceeding, but to regulate the time and manner in which these
+conventions thus chosen by the people, the true source of all power,
+should assemble. The Constitution of the United States purports to be a
+perpetual form of government; it contains no limits for its duration,
+and suggests no means and no form of proceeding by which it can be
+dissolved, or its obligations dispensed with; it requires the personal
+allegiance of every citizen of the United States, and demands a solemn
+oath for its support from every man employed in any public trust,
+whether under the Government of the United States, or any State
+government. This obligation and this oath are enjoined in broad and
+general terms without qualification or modification, and with reference
+to no supposed possible change of circumstances or events.</p>
+
+<p>"No man can sit in a State Legislature, or on the bench of a State
+court, or execute the process of such court, or hold a commission in the
+militia, or fill any other office in a State government, without having
+first taken and subscribed an oath to support the Constitution of the
+United States. Without looking, therefore, to what might be the result
+of forcible revolution, since such cases can, of course, be governed by
+no previously established rule, it is certainly the manifest duty of all
+those who are entrusted with the Government of the United States in its
+several branches and departments to uphold and maintain that government
+to the full extent of its constitutional power and authority, to enact
+all laws necessary to that end, and to take<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span> care that those laws be
+executed by all the means created and conferred by the Constitution
+itself. We are to look to but one future, and that a future in which the
+Constitution of the country shall stand as it now stands; laws passed in
+conformity to it to be executed as they have hitherto been executed, and
+the public peace maintained as it has hitherto been maintained.
+Whatsoever of the future may be supposed to lie out of this line, is not
+so much a thing to be expected, as a thing to be feared and dreaded, and
+to be guarded against by the firmest resolution and the utmost vigilance
+of all who are entrusted with the conduct of public affairs; no
+alternative can be presented which is to authorize them to depart from
+the course which they have sworn to pursue. In conferring the necessary
+powers on the general government, it was foreseen that questions as to
+the just extent of those powers might occur, and that cases of conflict
+between the laws of the United States and the laws of individual States
+might arise. It was of indispensable necessity, therefore, that the
+manner in which such questions should be settled, and the tribunal which
+should have the ultimate authority to decide them, should be established
+and fixed by the Constitution itself: and this has been clearly and
+amply done. By the Constitution of the United States, that instrument
+itself, all acts of Congress passed in conformity to it, and public
+treaties, constitute the supreme law of the land, and are to be of
+controlling force and effect, anything in any State constitution or
+State law to the contrary notwithstanding; and the judges in every
+State, as well as of the courts of the United States, are expressly
+bound thereby. The supreme rule, then, is plainly and clearly declared
+and established: it is the Constitution of the United States, the laws
+of Congress passed in pursuance thereof, and treaties made under the
+authority of the United States. And here the great and turning question
+arises, Who in the last resort is to construe and interpret this supreme
+law? If it be alleged, for example, that a particular act of a State
+Legislature is a violation of the Constitution of the United States, and
+therefore void, what tribunal has authority finally to determine this
+important question? It is evident that if this power had not been vested
+in the tribunals of the United States, the government would have wanted
+the means of its own preservation; all its granted powers would have
+depended upon the variable and uncertain decisions of State courts.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a well-established maxim in political organization, that the
+judicial power must be made co-extensive with the constitutional and
+legislative power; otherwise there can be no adequate provision for the
+interpretation and execution of the laws. In conformity with this plain
+and necessary principle, the Constitution declares that the judicial
+power of the United States shall extend to all cases in law and equity
+arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States and
+treaties, no matter in what court such a case arises. Whenever and
+wherever such a case comes up, the judicial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span> power of the United States
+extends to it, and attaches upon it; and if it arise in any State court,
+the acts of Congress have made provision for its transfer to the Supreme
+Court of the United States, there to be finally heard and adjudged. This
+proceeding is well known to the profession, and need not now be
+particularly stated or rehearsed. Finally, the President of the United
+States is by the Constitution made commander-in-chief of the army and
+navy, and of the militia when called into the actual service of the
+United States; and all these military means are put under his control in
+order that he may be able to see that the laws be faithfully executed.
+The Government of the United States, therefore, though a government of
+limited powers, is complete in itself, and, to the extent of those
+powers, possesses all the faculties for legislation, interpretation and
+execution of the laws, and nothing is necessary but fidelity in all
+those who are elected by the people to hold office in its various
+departments to cause it to be upheld, maintained, and efficiently
+administered.</p>
+
+<p>"The Constitution assigns particular classes of causes to the original
+jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, and other courts are to exercise such
+powers and duties as are or may be prescribed by Congress. Congress has
+not as yet found it necessary or expedient to confer on the circuit or
+other inferior courts all the jurisdiction created or authorized by the
+Constitution; thus there are many cases in which a summary jurisdiction
+usually belonging to courts, such as that of mandamus and injunction,
+are not provided for by general law, but some such cases are provided
+for. Thus by the act of March 2, 1833, it is declared that the
+jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts of the United States shall extend to
+all cases in law or equity arising under the revenue laws of the United
+States; and if any person be injured in his person or property on
+account of any act by him done under any revenue law of the United
+States, he may bring suit immediately in the Circuit Court of the United
+States; and if he be sued in any State court for such act, he may cause
+such suit to be immediately removed into the Circuit Court of the United
+States; and if the State court refuse a copy of its record, that record
+may be supplied by affidavit; and if the defendant be under arrest, or
+in custody, he is to be brought by <i>habeas corpus</i> before the Circuit
+Court of the United States. Under the first part of these provisions,
+writs of mandamus and injunction may be issued, and all other writs and
+processes suitable to the case; and any judge of any court of the United
+States is authorized to grant writs of <i>habeas corpus</i> in all cases of
+prisoners committed or confined for any act done in pursuance of a law
+of the United States, or of any order, process or decree of any court of
+the United States. These provisions are all found in the permanent
+sections of the act of Congress already referred to. The importance and
+efficiency of these provisions, if events were to arise in which
+obstruction to the collection of revenue should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span> be attempted or
+threatened, are too obvious to require comment. The several district
+attorneys of the United States will take especial care to inform
+themselves of these enactments of law, and be prepared to cause them to
+be enforced in the first and in every case which may arise, justly
+calling for their application.</p>
+
+<p>"Declarations merely theoretical, or resolutions only declaratory of
+opinions, from however high authority emanating, cannot properly be made
+the subject of legal or judicial proceedings. They may be very
+intemperate, they may be very exceptional, they may be very
+unconstitutional; but until something shall be actually done or
+attempted, hindering or obstructing the execution of the laws of the
+United States, or injuring those employed in their execution, the
+officers of the government will remain vigilant indeed, and prepared for
+events, but without any positive exercise of authority. It is most
+earnestly to be hoped that the returning good sense of the people in all
+the States, and an increase of harmony and brotherly good will
+everywhere, may prevent the necessity of resorting to the exercise of
+legal authority; it is to be hoped that all good citizens will be much
+more inclined to reflect on the value of the Union and the benefits
+which it has conferred upon all, than to speculate upon impracticable
+means for its severance or dissolution. No State legislation, it is
+evident, is competent to declare such severance or dissolution&mdash;the
+people of no State have clothed their Legislature with any such
+authority; any act therefore proclaiming such severance by a
+Legislature, would be merely null and void as altogether exceeding its
+constitutional powers. No State was brought into the Union by the
+Legislature thereof, and no State can be put out of the Union by the
+Legislature thereof. Doubtless it is to be admitted that revolution,
+forcible revolution, may produce dismemberment more or less extensive;
+but there is no power on earth competent, by any peaceable or recognized
+manner of proceeding, to discharge the consciences of the citizens of
+the United States from the duty of supporting the Constitution. The
+government may be overthrown, or the Union broken into fragments by
+force of arms or force of numbers, but neither can be done by any
+prescribed form or peaceable existing authority."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The above portrait of Daniel Webster is taken from a book
+just issued by the Fowler &amp; Wells Co., New York, entitled, "A Natural
+System of Elocution and Oratory," founded upon analysis of the Human
+Constitution. By Thomas A. Hyde and William Hyde. Among other valuable
+subjects which this book contains is a description and analysis of
+Webster oratory.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="HAWTHORNES_LAST_SKETCH" id="HAWTHORNES_LAST_SKETCH"></a>HAWTHORNE'S LAST SKETCH.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY PHILIP R. AMMIDON.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the list of contributors to the old "New England Magazine,"&mdash;of which
+this is in a manner the legitimate successor,&mdash;among other names
+afterward famous is that of Nathaniel Hawthorne, then an obscure writer
+for various periodicals, and the ill-paid author of those juvenile
+histories that gave Mr. S. G. Goodrich ("Peter Parley") a literary
+reputation he scarcely earned.</p>
+
+<p>The writer has a copy of this respectable and for a time popular
+monthly, with which he would be reluctant to part. It contains, for the
+first time printed, "The White Old Maid," one of the weirdest and most
+fascinating of the "Twice-Told Tales."</p>
+
+<p>My present object is to invite the notice of readers of the "New England
+Magazine" of our day to the last completed work from the hand of that
+man of marvellous genius,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Which at its topmost speed let fall the pen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And left the tale half told."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I remember with what concern I once heard a resident of Concord, a man
+not unknown in the world of letters, speak of certain evils likely to
+result from "Hawthorne's fall."</p>
+
+<p>This, to me, conveyed only the idea of physical disaster, and it was
+with a sentiment of relief, commensurate with the contempt inspired by
+such an explanation, that I was given to understand that it was the
+great author's unselfish effort in behalf of his old college comrade and
+life-long friend, that was supposed to imply a state of moral declension
+fitly indicated by the sinister word.</p>
+
+<p>It was thus that men and women, full of the cheap patriotism of the
+time, and puffed up with a sort of loyal egotism that blinded them to
+the possibilities of honest purpose in any whose views on politics and
+public affairs varied never so slightly from their accepted standard of
+right, ventured to condemn what they were constitutionally incapable of
+judging with either coolness or fair appreciation.</p>
+
+<p>The "Life of Franklin Pierce" is by no means a great book, and neither
+the subject nor its treatment entitles it to a place among the immortal
+works that preceded and followed it; but to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span> those of us who knew and
+loved the writer, and to those who through his books got some glimpses
+of the singular purity of his moral nature, a quality of friendship that
+excludes the idea of selfish interest seems its author's only and
+sufficient motive.</p>
+
+<p>When the storm of civil war broke upon us, these worthy critics flung
+themselves with tongue, or pen, or sword&mdash;chiefly with tongue&mdash;into the
+good cause, and were scandalized at the vision of one who would fain
+have dreamed while they, after their various methods, were fighting; of
+a poet so far aloft in the regions of ideal fancy that the confused
+voices of battle well-nigh failed to reach him. And yet, in the words of
+one of their own writers,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There was but one man living whom the country could so ill
+afford to lose as this strange, wayward, fitful, unreasonable
+poet and dreamer, who sneered at the war, and at the great
+nation that waged it, with the pettishness of a spoiled child."</p></div>
+
+<p>But the charge that Hawthorne sneered at the righteous war, or, far
+worse, at his country, is full of an injustice which seems more bitter
+because it comes from one whose hearty admiration of the <span class="smcap">Author</span> should
+have lifted him to a clearer appreciation of the <span class="smcap">Man</span> in his purity and
+lofty patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>The writer concludes the article from which I have quoted, and which, in
+keen analysis and generous, literary judgment, is rarely equalled by any
+of Hawthorne's reviewers, with these and like ill-considered words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Wherever he turned his weary steps, there stood in his path
+the genius of the time, not beautiful, not romantic, to his
+eyes; not even grand&mdash;but stern enough and in grim earnest,
+demanding of him what he could not give,&mdash;the heart and voice
+of an American citizen in the hour of America's danger."</p></div>
+
+<p>The writer forgot, or, blinded by strong feeling, failed to perceive,
+that the silence which, with him as with hundreds of good and earnest
+men, would indeed have indicated a fatal lack of patriotic emotion, was
+in the case of Hawthorne only the inevitable shrinking of a rare and
+sensitive spirit from contact with the awful realities of conflict.</p>
+
+<p>When the "Artist of the Beautiful" descended from the serene atmosphere,
+where his lofty spiritual nature had its true home and highest sphere of
+action, and devoted his delicate gifts to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span> the useful mysteries of
+watch-making, the result, while eminently satisfactory to his old
+employer and well-wisher, the jeweller, and doubtless of blessed effect
+on the poor artist's purse, was disastrous in loss to the world of
+thought, and in its influence on his better and real self.</p>
+
+<p>A writer of tenderer sympathies and nicer discrimination, takes a more
+kindly and a wiser view:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"About the whole question of the war, Hawthorne's mind was, I
+think, always hovering between two views. He sympathized with
+it in principle; but its inevitable accessories&mdash;the bloodshed,
+the bustle, and above all, perhaps, the bunkum which
+accompanied it&mdash;were to him absolutely hateful.... To any one
+who knew the man, the mere fact that Hawthorne should have been
+able to make up his mind to the righteousness and expediency of
+the war at all, is evidence of the strength of that popular
+passion which drove the North and South into conflict."</p></div>
+
+<p>But it was not Hawthorne's silence that provoked to fiercest expression
+the safe zeal of certain literary loyalists. This last sketch from that
+pen, the secret of whose magic was never communicated, and which,
+precious in itself, is invaluable because the last, was published in the
+summer of 1862&mdash;less than two years before its author's death. Its
+title, "Chiefly about War Matters," suggests its character. It was, in
+fact, a series of pictures of scenes in and about Washington at this
+stage of the great contest.</p>
+
+<p>The present writer attempts nothing here like a review of this
+remarkable essay, entirely worthy as it was of its subject and its
+author's genius; it is simply my purpose to call the reader's attention
+to a production, which, more than anything else in Hawthorne's writings,
+has kindled the hostile criticism of shallow and uncongenial minds.</p>
+
+<p>So quaintly characteristic is its commencement that I am tempted to give
+its opening paragraphs in full:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There is no remoteness of life and thought, no hermetically
+scaled seclusion, except, possibly, that of the grave, into
+which the disturbing influences of this war do not penetrate.
+Of course, the general heart-quake of the country long ago
+knocked at my cottage-door, and compelled me, reluctantly, to
+suspend the contemplation of certain fantasies to which,
+according to my harmless custom, I was endeavoring to give a
+sufficiently lifelike aspect to admit of their figuring in a
+romance. As I make no pretensions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span> to statecraft or
+soldiership, and could promote the common weal neither by valor
+nor counsel, it seemed at first a pity that I should be
+debarred from such unsubstantial business as I had contrived
+for myself, since nothing more genuine was to be substituted
+for it.</p>
+
+<p>"But I magnanimously considered that there is a kind of treason
+in inoculating one's self from the universal fear and sorrow,
+and thinking one's idle thoughts in the dread time of civil
+war; and could a man be so cold and hard-hearted, he would
+better deserve to be sent to Fort Warren than many who have
+found their way thither on the score of violent but misdirected
+sympathies.</p>
+
+<p>"I remember the touching rebuke administered by King Charles to
+that rural squire, the echo of whose hunting-horn came to the
+poor monarch's ear on the morning before a battle, where the
+sovereignty and constitution of England were at stake. So I
+gave myself up to reading newspapers, and listening to the
+click of the telegraph, like other people, until after a great
+many months of such pastime, it grew so abominably irksome that
+I determined to look a little more closely at matters with my
+own eyes."</p></div>
+
+<p>It was in the early days of March that Hawthorne, in company with his
+friend and publisher, Wm. D. Ticknor, left Boston on a visit to
+Washington and the seat of war, then in its immediate vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>The sketches of natural scenery are touched with the same pencil that
+gave us the charming picture of daily life at the Old Manse.</p>
+
+<p>It was in New York that the travellers had the first clear intimation of
+the unnatural order of things consequent on a state of civil war. Here
+they found a rather prominent display of military goods at the shop
+windows&mdash;such as swords, with gilded scabbards and trappings,
+epaulettes, carbines, revolvers, and sometimes a great iron cannon at
+the edge of the pavement, as if Mars had dropped one of his
+pocket-pistols there while hurrying to the field.</p>
+
+<p>As railway companions, they had now and then a volunteer in his
+French-gray great coat, returning from furlough, or a new-made officer
+travelling to join his regiment in his new-made uniform, which was
+perhaps all of the military character that he had about him; but proud
+of his eagle buttons, and likely enough to, do them honor before the
+gilt should be wholly dimmed.</p>
+
+<p>The country, in short, so far as bustle and movement went, was more
+quiet than in ordinary times, because so large a proportion of its
+restless elements had been drawn towards the seat of conflict.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But the air was full of a vague disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>The author's patriotic alarm seems to have been especially excited by
+the host of embryo warriors that filled the cars and thronged the
+stations all along the journey. One cause of this terror will seem to us
+now all the more amusing because there are not wanting those who will
+doubtless honestly believe that in giving it expression he wrote with
+something of prophetic unction:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"One terrible idea occurs in reference to this matter. Even
+supposing the war should end to-morrow, and the army melt into
+the mass of the population within the year, what an
+incalculable preponderance will there be of military titles and
+pretentions for at least half a century to come! Every country
+neighborhood will have its general or two, its three or four
+colonels, half a dozen majors, and captains without
+end&mdash;besides noncommissioned officers and privates, more than
+the recruiting officers ever knew of,&mdash;all with their campaign
+stories which will become the staple of fireside talk
+forevermore.</p>
+
+<p>"Military merit, or rather, since that is not so readily
+estimated, military notoriety, will be the measure of all
+claims to civil distinction.</p>
+
+<p>"One bullet-headed general will succeed another in the
+presidential chair; and veterans will hold the offices at home
+and abroad, and sit in Congress and the State Legislature, and
+fill all the avenues of public life. And yet I do not speak of
+this deprecatingly, since, very likely, it may substitute
+something more real and genuine, instead of the many shams on
+which men have heretofore founded their claims to public
+regard; but it behooves civilians to consider their wretched
+prospects in the future, and assume the military button before
+it is too late."</p></div>
+
+<p>The day of their arrival in Washington was the date of McClellan's
+historic movement on Manassas:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the very day of our arrival sixty thousand men had crossed
+the Potomac on their march towards Manassas; and almost with
+their first steps into the Virginia mud, the phantasmagory of a
+countless host and impregnable ramparts, before which they had
+so long remained quiescent, dissolved quite away.</p>
+
+<p>"It was as if General McClellan had thrust his sword into a
+gigantic enemy, and, beholding him suddenly collapse, had
+discovered to himself and the world that he had merely
+punctured an enormously swollen bladder.</p>
+
+<p>"There are instances of a similar character in old romances,
+where great armies are long kept at bay by the arts of the
+necromancers, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span> build airy towers and battlements, and
+muster warriors of terrible aspect, and thus feign a defence of
+seeming impregnability, until some bolder champion of the
+besiegers dashes forward to try an encounter with the foremost
+foeman, and finds him melt away in the death-grapple. With such
+heroic adventures let the march upon Manassas be hereafter
+reckoned.</p>
+
+<p>"The whole business, though connected with the destinies of a
+nation, takes inevitably a tinge of the ludicrous.</p>
+
+<p>"The vast preparation of men and warlike material,&mdash;the
+majestic patience and docility,&mdash;with which the people waited
+through those weary and dreary months,&mdash;the martial skill,
+courage, and caution, with which our movement was ultimately
+made,&mdash;and at last the shock with which we were brought
+suddenly up against nothing at all!"</p></div>
+
+<p>It is in dealing with ponderous and awful blunders like this that the
+satiric power of the writer finds its favorite field of action.</p>
+
+<p>It is not strange that, in those excited times of bitterness and strife,
+certain genuine but shallow souls should have counted it little short of
+treason to extract anything like fun from an episode which for us, in
+the day of it, was full of very solemn mortification. In this sketch, as
+indeed all through his works, it is in the delineation of individual
+character&mdash;in the analysis of motives&mdash;that Hawthorne's peculiar and
+amazing power is especially manifest, intermingled withal with a certain
+droll self-distrust and deprecation of adverse criticism, to which he
+has here given expression in a series of foot-notes, ostensibly from the
+editor's pen, but written in fact by the author himself.</p>
+
+<p>The mixture of candor and apologetic self-disapproval in these addenda
+has a sufficiently odd effect, intermingled as it is with the utmost
+freedom of comment and criticism.</p>
+
+<p>Prominent generals, cabinet ministers, and even the President himself,
+are dealt with in a vein of satiric candor, but with a pervasive spirit
+of good-nature evident enough and of sufficient breadth to disarm even
+official sensitiveness of anything like rancor.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever personal descriptions the author may have meditated, or
+accomplished and afterward suppressed, the only full-length portrait he
+has given us is that of McClellan, of all the deeper interest and value
+now that both these famous Americans are numbered with the dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>His impressions of President Lincoln seemed colored with a trace of
+prejudice, which, however unjust and unfortunate it may appear to us
+now, was really only the inevitable consequence of the wide intellectual
+gulf that yawned between those two men, both of positive character, and
+with tastes and sympathies the most radically opposite. But despite this
+unavoidable repulsion, Hawthorne's keen, resistless insight did not fail
+to penetrate the wonderful purity and simplicity of Lincoln's character.
+In a final word he does him ample justice:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"He is evidently a man of keen faculties, and, what is still
+more to the purpose, of powerful character.</p>
+
+<p>"As to his integrity, the people have that intuition of it
+which is never deceived. Before he actually entered upon his
+great office, and for a considerable time afterwards, there is
+no reason to suppose that he adequately estimated the gigantic
+task about to be imposed upon him, or, at least, had any
+distinct idea how it was to be managed; and I presume there may
+have been more than one veteran politician to propose to
+himself to take the power out of President Lincoln's hands into
+his own, leaving our honest friend only the public
+responsibility for the good or ill success of the career. The
+extremely imperfect development of his statesmanly qualities at
+that period may have justified such designs. But the President
+is teachable by events, and has now spent a year in a very
+arduous course of education; he has a flexible mind, capable of
+much expansion, and convertible towards far loftier studies and
+activities than those of his early life; and if he came to
+Washington a backwoods humorist, he has already transformed
+himself into as good a statesman (to speak modestly) as his
+prime minister."</p></div>
+
+<p>So long as a general's sword is seemingly invincible, and the uniformity
+of his success silences even the cavillings of envy,&mdash;that most
+persistent of all the unlovely emotions,&mdash;just so long he may safely
+count on a unanimity of public approval. But let disaster befall, and,
+justly or otherwise, it matters little which, the voices just now most
+vociferous for coronation, bellow the loudest for crucifixion! Few of
+our commanders in the late war had bitterer evidence of this than
+McClellan. Idolized while victorious, he was vituperated with
+corresponding violence the instant fortune showed signs of wavering in
+her fidelity. At this distance from those stirring times we can easily
+perceive that the idolatry and the abuse were alike unjust and even
+ridiculous; the same wisdom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span> that pronounces it unsafe to praise a man
+until death has set the seal to his earthly reputation, deems it no less
+a folly to bestow adulation or excessive blame on a military commander
+before the end of his campaigns. To his brief estimate of McClellan's
+character and qualifications for his post of vast responsibility, our
+author brought an admirable coolness of judgment, and that wonderful
+insight into men and motives so seldom at fault. Keenly alive to the
+ridiculousness of the attack on Manassas, and declaring that "no rebel
+artillery has played upon us with such overwhelming effect," he was
+capable, with a fairness sufficiently amazing in any critic of those
+days, of doing full justice to the general's indubitable ability and
+patriotism. He closes his sketch of McClellan, by no means the least
+valuable part of the article we are considering, with this decided
+expression of opinion: "I shall not give up my faith in his soldiership
+until he is defeated, nor in his courage and integrity even then."</p>
+
+<p>An odd peculiarity of Hawthorne's mind was the incertitude&mdash;I use this
+vile word in lack of a better at the moment&mdash;that seemed at times to
+invest his reasoning powers with a sort of Indian summer haziness.</p>
+
+<p>This idiosyncrasy had a striking exemplification when our travellers met
+"a party of contrabands escaping out of the mysterious depths of
+Secessia."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"They were unlike the specimens of their race whom we are
+accustomed to see at the North, and, in my judgment, were far
+more agreeable.</p>
+
+<p>"So rudely were they attired,&mdash;as if their garb had grown upon
+them spontaneously,&mdash;so picturesquely natural in manners, and
+wearing such a crust of primeval simplicity (which is quite
+polished away from the Northern black man), that they seemed a
+kind of creature by themselves, not altogether human, but
+perhaps quite as good, and akin to the fauns and rustic deities
+of olden times. I wonder if I shall excite anybody's wrath by
+saying this?</p>
+
+<p>"It is no great matter at all events. I felt most kindly
+towards the poor fugitives, but knew not precisely what to wish
+in their behalf, nor in the least how to help them. For the
+sake of the manhood which is latent in them, I would not have
+turned them back; but I should have felt almost as reluctant on
+their own account to hasten them forward to the strangers'
+land; and I think my prevalent idea was that, whoever may be
+benefited by the results of this war, it will not be the
+present generation of negroes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span> the childhood of whose race has
+now gone forever, and who must henceforth fight a hard battle
+with the world on very unequal terms. On behalf of my own race,
+I am glad, and can only hope that an inscrutable Providence
+means good to both parties."</p></div>
+
+<p>The whimsical feature in Hawthorne's character to which we have alluded,
+is thus noticed by an intimate and valued friend of the great author:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Nobody disliked slavery more cordially than he did; and yet
+the difficulty of what was to be done with the slaves weighed
+constantly upon his mind. He told me once that while he had
+been consul at Liverpool a vessel arrived there with a number
+of negro sailors, who had been brought from slave States, and
+would, of course, be enslaved on their return. He fancied that
+he ought to inform the men of the fact, but then he was stopped
+by the reflection&mdash;who was to provide for them if they became
+free? and, as he said with a sigh, 'While I was thinking, the
+vessel sailed.' So I recollect, on the old battlefield of
+Manassas, on which I strolled in company with Hawthorne,
+meeting a batch of runaway slaves&mdash;weary, footsore, wretched,
+and helpless beyond conception; we gave them food and wine,
+some small sums of money, and got them a lift upon a train
+going northward; but not long afterwards Hawthorne turned to me
+with the remark, 'I am not sure that we were doing right, after
+all. How can those poor beings find food and shelter away from
+home?'</p>
+
+<p>"Thus this ingrained and inherent doubt incapacitated him from
+following any course vigorously.</p>
+
+<p>"He thought on the whole that Wendell Phillips and Lloyd
+Garrison and the abolitionists were in the right, but then he
+was never quite certain that they were not in the wrong after
+all; so that his advocacy of their cause was of a very
+uncertain character."</p></div>
+
+<p>There is a constant temptation to transcend proper limits in quoting
+from this most characteristic production of our great author.</p>
+
+<p>It was my purpose simply to recall to the minds of readers an article
+whose authorship was scarcely known at the time of its appearance (in
+the July of 1862), and which has never been included in its writer's
+collected works.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing in Hawthorne's books&mdash;not even excepting "Twice-Told Tales"&mdash;is
+more suggestive and eloquent of the man and the author.</p>
+
+<p>The same matchless purity of style, with never a sophomoric flight nor a
+tinge of dulness; replete with subtle humor, and an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span> irony whose
+tempered edge scarcely wounds by reason of the attendant richness of
+good nature that "steals away its sharpness"; as in the same soil that
+nourishes the keen, aggressive nettle, is always found a certain herb of
+healing potency. I cannot refrain from giving our readers some passages
+near the close. They are descriptive of certain guests at Willard's
+Hotel, in Washington, where the travellers lived during their stay at
+the Capital.</p>
+
+<p>This portion of Hawthorne's last magazine article recalls forcibly
+passages in the first of his published stories, "The Gray Champion."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is curious to observe what antiquated figures and costumes
+sometimes make their appearance at Willard's. You meet elderly
+men with frilled shirt-fronts, for example, the fashion of
+which adornment passed away from among the people of this world
+half a century ago.</p>
+
+<p>"It is as if one of Stuart's portraits were walking abroad.</p>
+
+<p>"I see no way of accounting for this, except that the troubles
+of the times, the impiety of traitors, and the peril of our
+sacred Union and Constitution have disturbed in their honored
+graves, some of the venerable fathers of the country, and
+summoned them forth to protest against the meditated and
+half-accomplished sacrilege.</p>
+
+<p>"If it be so, their wonted fires are not altogether
+extinguished in their ashes,&mdash;in their throats, I might rather
+say,&mdash;for I beheld one of these excellent old men quaffing such
+a horn of Bourbon whiskey as a toper of the present century
+would be loath to venture upon.</p>
+
+<p>"But, really, one would be glad to know where these strange
+figures come from.</p>
+
+<p>"It shows, at any rate, how many remote, decaying villages and
+country neighborhoods of the North, and forest nooks of the
+West, and old mansion houses in cities, are shaken by the
+tremor of our native soil, so that men long hidden in
+retirement put on the garments of their youth and hurry out to
+inquire what is the matter.</p>
+
+<p>"The old men whom we see here have generally more marked faces
+than the young ones, and naturally enough; since it must be an
+extraordinary vigor and venerability of life that can overcome
+the rusty sloth of age, and keep the senior flexible enough to
+take an interest in new things; whereas, hundreds of
+commonplace young men come hither to stare with eyes of vacant
+wonder, and with vague hopes of finding out what they are fit
+for. And this war (we may say so much in its favor) has been
+the means of discovering that important secret to not a few."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The writer remembers the vivid and untiring pleasure with which, when a
+child, he read and re-read that marvellous book for little people,
+"Grandfather's Arm Chair." It opened to him a new world of poetry and
+beauty&mdash;a revelation which close and severest study of the great
+author's mind and character, as developed in his maturer works, has but
+made broader and deeper.</p>
+
+<p>With a grateful memory of the first, I write these few lines to recall
+almost the latest of Hawthorne's writings; the very last indeed, save
+the charming fragment that gave to the world of letters "Little
+Pansy"&mdash;"The sweetest child," says Alexander Smith, "in English
+literature."</p>
+
+<p>I cannot close this brief and cursory notice more appropriately than in
+the words of a dear friend and appreciative admirer of our author, James
+Russell Lowell:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This now 'sacred and happy spirit' was cruelly misunderstood
+among men. There were those who would have taken him away from
+his proper and peculiar sphere, in which he has done more for
+the true fame of his country than any other man, and made him a
+politician and reformer.</p>
+
+<p>"Even the faithfulness of his friendships was turned into
+reproach.</p>
+
+<p>"Him in whom New England was embodied as never before, making a
+part of every fibre of his soul, we have heard charged with
+want of patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>"There were certain things and certain men with whom his
+essentially aristocratic nature could not sympathize, but he
+was American to the core. Just after Bull Run he wrote to a
+friend, 'If the event of this day has left the people of the
+North in the same grim and bloody mood in which it has left me,
+it will be a costly victory to the South.'</p>
+
+<p>"But it is unworthy of this noble man to defend him from
+imputations which never touched him. As the years go by, his
+countrymen will grow more and more proud of him, more and more
+satisfied that it is, after all, something considerable to be
+only a genius."</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="ON_HOOSAC_MOUNTAIN" id="ON_HOOSAC_MOUNTAIN"></a>ON HOOSAC MOUNTAIN.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY EDWARD D. GUILD.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">One day, when all the city street<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lay sultry in the summer heat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I stood on Hoosac's rocky crest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And drank a draught of joy and rest.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The bracing Berkshire breezes blew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Across the hills, and sweeping through<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The grateful valleys, gently fanned<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sun-scorched brow of Greylock grand.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">From off the cragged hills Taghkonic,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">High o'er the river Housatonic,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An eagle in his strength was soaring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The paltry earth beneath ignoring.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Swift did his wings his will obey;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Straight north by east he coursed his way;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Proudly he took his fearless flight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toward fair Monadnock's hazy height.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Then on this rugged mountain wall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A deeper silence seemed to fall:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Over this road, though broad and wide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No traveller was seen to ride.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Only in vision rumbled by<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A creaking coach with driver high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who cracked his whip, and rang his cheers&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Echoes they were of other years.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A group of graves were clustered here;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wind wailed o'er them wild and drear:&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Could souls rise higher to the Light<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When soaring from this mountain height?<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[Pg 528]</a></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And as I mused, the twilight fell:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I heard a distant evening bell;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in the valley far below,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I heard the home-bound cattle low.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Far down where winds the Deerfield stream,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I saw a light,&mdash;a sudden gleam,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As up the narrow river riding<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Western train came swiftly gliding.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Then full to Hoosac's height it came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When, with a sudden flare of flame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Boldly the barrier it defied<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And plunged into the mountain side.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The train was lost to sound and sight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But still I knew it kept its flight:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I marked its subterranean way;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Below the little graveyard lay.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ah! trav'ller, through this cavern deep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fast in thy thoughts or book asleep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dost know that high above thy head<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There rest the ashes of the dead?<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 260px;">
+<img src="images/image42.jpg" width="260" height="250" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_VERITABLE_TRADER" id="A_VERITABLE_TRADER"></a>A VERITABLE TRADER.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY A. T. S.</h3>
+
+
+<p>A little remote from the centre of a village, on that strip of seacoast
+in the southeastern part of New Hampshire, lived a self-made trader,
+Joshua Jackson. He occupied a small, unpainted house, two stories in
+front, with the roof sloping down at the back part to one story. In the
+rear was the barn, with its generous red door, a well with its long
+"sweep," a pig-pen, and a hen-pen; but the hens seemed equally or more
+at home in the barn, with liberty of the yard, and sometimes they took a
+peep of curiosity into the back entry of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Here, with his mother, lived Joshua Jackson, familiarly known as "Uncle
+Josh." It is a kind instinct which makes humanity in the rural districts
+claim, as uncle or aunt, any single man or woman who is left one side of
+the common lot of marriage and its ties. It is a relationship accepted
+in silent, good-natured consent on both sides. It was difficult to think
+of Uncle Josh as ever having been young. His hair, his complexion, his
+eyes, and even his coat, all seemed nearly of a color&mdash;a kind of
+snuff-colored red. He had a limping, rolling gait, affected by some
+infirmity of lameness which had, perhaps, prevented him from engaging in
+farming or fishing, which employed most men of the village; so he went
+into trade.</p>
+
+<p>One of the "fore rooms," so called, of the house was his shop; the floor
+was of immaculate neatness, and carefully sanded every morning. On one
+side stood a cluster of barrels, one empty barrel surmounted by a board,
+exactly a yard long, the edge notched for the quarters and inches. This
+was his counter, and held a clumsy pair of scales. On the other side was
+a rude table containing boxes of cotton cloth, cambrics or checked
+goods, sewing cotton, buttons, thimbles, scissors, jack-knives, needles,
+and pins. On the mantel-shelf stood a pile of white, blue-edged plates,
+and mugs, and pitchers, from which projected sticks of red and white
+candy, like miniature barber's poles, and heaps of "gibraltars," hard
+and solid, sweet and brittle, and honest. Every child knew that they
+were a cent apiece, and thought them worth it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No errand was half as welcome as one to Uncle Josh, when they might take
+an egg and get a skein of cotton. Sometimes he dived down into a cask of
+raisins as he passed by it, and filled the hand of the waiting messenger
+when he gave her whatever she came for, and took her money. Uncle Josh
+made no charges; he went on the cash system. He would barter, but he
+kept no running accounts with any one. The youngest child might go to
+him with the same certainty of right measure and weight as the shrewdest
+adult. One bright-faced little girl, who used to come often into his
+store, neatly dressed in her high-necked tier, and cape-bonnet, seemed
+to be a great favorite with him. He would sometimes say, half aside,
+that she was "pooty as a queen," although why the sturdy republican
+should make that comparison is a mystery. One day he stood at the open
+door, wistfully watching her as she walked off with her light, elastic
+step, and his mother, who had come in from the back room, answered to
+his unspoken thought, "Yes, she does, look a sight as Liza used to." The
+one woman whom others had connected with the idea of Uncle Josh's
+marrying had been dead long ago. It was said he had meant to ask her to
+be his wife when he should have laid by a certain sum of money, but the
+shy and reticent man suddenly found her "spoken for," as the villagers
+termed it, by the mate of a vessel. She died of consumption, unmarried.
+Uncle Josh never referred to this passage in his life, but his mother
+knew his mind, and why his words grew fewer than ever. The little Molly
+reproduced the soft hazel eyes and the trim air he so well remembered in
+her aunt.</p>
+
+<p>Uncle Josh had a way of calling all strangers "furiners." A pale-faced
+girl who was boarding at the seashore for her health was delighted to be
+sent by her hostess, or any of the family, on an errand to the queer,
+quaint, old store, kept by "the funny old man." "You're a furiner, I
+guess," he said to her one day. "No, indeed, sir," she answered quickly,
+with an indignant blush, "I am not a foreigner. I came from Rochester,
+New York." "Why! such a long piece off, poor child, poor child," he
+muttered, as he went to a mug and took out a bright red sugar heart, and
+pressed it in her hand. "Ain't you dreadful homesick to live so fur?"
+"Oh, no; my home is very pleasant, and my father and mother are
+travelling; but they left me here because I have not been strong since I
+had the fever, and the doctor said I must bathe every day<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</a></span> in the ocean.
+I have nice times. They keep cows where I board, and let me milk them a
+little sometimes. I am going to stay all summer." "Yes, yes; there are
+getting to be a great many furiners here in the summer." "What did Uncle
+Josh mean?" she asked on her return to the house; "did he take me for an
+Irish or a German girl? He asked if I was a foreigner." "Oh, he meant a
+stranger here in the village&mdash;some one not born here. He always calls
+'em so. A good many folks do."</p>
+
+<p>When Uncle Josh first went to Boston to buy his stock in trade, it was
+said that a merchant of whom he made large purchases, thought he did not
+know about trusting so queer and shabby looking a customer,&mdash;he should
+have to require good security. To his surprise, the countryman looked at
+the amount, unbuttoned his coat, and, from an ample old pocket-book he
+counted off his money; then from the depths of his pantaloon's pocket he
+brought up a round piece of leather twisted together for fastening, and
+from this he counted the exact change. Then he directed how the goods
+should be sent to him by such a schooner at a certain wharf. "Thank you,
+Mr. Jackson," said the merchant; "I hope we shall always be able to
+accommodate you. You prefer to pay down now, I see; but if you would
+like to have your bill remain awhile on credit at any time, we shall be
+happy to trust you." "It is very kind in you, but I don't trade on
+promises. 'Tain't my way. I thank ye all the same."</p>
+
+<p>One day Uncle Josh happened to be in a merchant's store when the head of
+the establishment was absent. The clerk who waited on him had the
+pertness and superior airs of youth, sometimes seen even fifty years
+ago. He thought it fine fun to chaff the old countryman so shabbily
+dressed, and who drawled his words, and seemed so heavy and lumbering in
+his movements. As his customer said he guessed he would take so much of
+one thing, and then of another, the clerk said, "You are running up
+quite an account, it seems to me. Dipping in pretty deep for a man like
+you, hey?" "Perhaps I am," answered the old man; "I'll let 'em go," and
+walked out of the store. Another clerk who had finished business with a
+customer, came forward, and said to his fellow-clerk, "What made Mr.
+Jackson go off so suddenly?" "Who? That old cove? I rather think he was
+miffed at something I said about his dipping in deep. He didn't look as
+if he could afford<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532">[Pg 532]</a></span> a mouse-trap." "He? why, he's worth his weight in
+gold&mdash;always money down on the spot. If you've offended him, the
+governor'll be in your hair, I can tell you." "Goodness!" cried the
+terrified clerk, "I'll go after him, and bring him back," and off he
+started in quick pursuit. He could easily distinguish the rusty-looking
+suit, and limping, sidelong gait, even among the crowd of passengers on
+the sidewalk. When he had nearly overtaken him, he called out, "Here,
+sir, Mr. Jackson! Please stop," but the countryman still continued to
+move on at his slow pace. The clerk came up to him, and touched his hat,
+saying, "Please excuse me, Mr. Jackson. I am sure I didn't mean
+anything. I hope you will go back to the store, and let us wait on you.
+I am sure Mr. &mdash;&mdash; would be so sorry to miss your custom. I hope you will
+excuse&mdash;" "You can go back to the store, young man," answered Mr.
+Jackson, "and tell your master I don't trade on excuses."</p>
+
+<p>When the honest old man was gathered to his fathers, those who had known
+him in trade missed him. He always recognized a good article, and was
+willing to pay a fair price for it. He believed in a system of just
+equivalents in all business; he was exact to the smallest fraction, but
+not mean. He was simple, upright, honest, in all his dealings, never
+using his shrewdness to the disadvantage of his fellow-men.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LYDIA_MARIA_CHILD" id="LYDIA_MARIA_CHILD"></a>LYDIA MARIA CHILD.</h2>
+
+<h4>BY OLIVE E. DANA.</h4>
+
+
+<p>This is an age of biography. We have the two-volumed "Lives and
+Letters," and the brief and popular biography, with many of varying
+length and value between the two. And the contents of these two are
+outlined for us, again and again, in magazines and newspaper sketches.
+The histories of famous men and women are told and retold. It is the
+public's own fault if there is not a more general interest in, and a
+better knowledge of, the work of the notable characters of the century
+than ever before. This implies, also, a certain familiarity with the
+great movements of reform and philanthropy, and with the literature of
+the time. Some, however, who had a large share in the noblest work of
+this century, are less known, and less brought into notice, than we
+should expect. Among such is Mrs. L. M. Child. Her letters, published in
+1880, were prefaced by a brief memorial sketch by the poet Whittier, and
+contained in an appendix the tribute of Wendell Phillips. An account of
+her life-work, written by Susan Coolidge, appeared in the "Famous Women"
+series. But her life, in many aspects, might profitably have the
+attention of this younger generation, who know little either of her
+antislavery work or of her literary attainments or fame. In both these
+departments her work seems like that of a pioneer. She helped to clear
+the way for the antislavery leaders,&mdash;Garrison and Higginson, Curtis and
+Lowell and Whittier. And in a similar manner she led the way into those
+paths where, for two or three decades, the woman-author has been so
+conspicuously advancing,&mdash;where her success has been so brilliant and
+varied. As to her literary genius, in the words of Whittier, "It is not
+too much to say that half a century ago she was the most popular
+literary woman in the United States." And again, "It is not
+exaggeration to say that no man or woman of that period rendered
+more substantial service to the cause of freedom, or made such a
+doing it." And when we add that her benevolence and 'great renunciation'
+in philanthropy&mdash;unobtrusive as they were&mdash;give her a valid claim to
+lasting remembrance, that the originality, insight, and force of
+character manifest in her letters, place them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</a></span> among the most valuable
+and suggestive of the letters of women, and that her truth, beneficence,
+and devotion would have made her life and character memorable if she had
+not written a line, we have stated only the barest truth; yet reason
+sufficient, why we of this generation should know more of her life and
+genius.</p>
+
+<p>Lydia Maria Francis, afterwards Mrs. Child, was born in Medford, Mass.,
+1802. Her education was obtained in her native town, with the advantage
+of only one term in a private seminary. Her first book, "Hobomok,"
+appeared in 1821, followed in 1823 by another novel, "The Rebels." These
+gave her a good degree of popularity. In 1827 she established "The
+Juvenile Miscellany," "pioneer to a long line of children's magazines."
+In 1828 she was married to David Lee Child, and they made their home in
+Boston. Within a very few years she wrote and published "The Frugal
+Housewife," "The Mother's Book," "The Girl's Own Book," "The History of
+Women," and the "Biographies of Good Wives."</p>
+
+<p>Then, while all around her were heard the murmurs of popular praise and
+approval, and while in addition to the appreciation of countless humbler
+readers, she was winning commendation from the highest literary
+authorities,&mdash;in 1833 she "startled the country by the publication of
+her noble 'Appeal in behalf of that class of Americans called
+Africans.'" Mr. Whittier says: "It is quite impossible for any one of
+the present generation to imagine the popular surprise and indignation
+which the book called forth, or how entirely its author cut herself off
+from the favor and sympathy of a large number of those who had
+previously delighted to do her honor." And he continues: "Social and
+literary circles, which had been proud of her presence, closed their
+doors against her. The sale of her books, the subscriptions to her
+magazine, fell off to a ruinous extent. She knew all she was hazarding,
+and made the great sacrifice, prepared for all the consequences which
+followed."</p>
+
+<p>She said in the preface: "I am fully aware of the unpopularity of the
+task I have undertaken, but though I expect ridicule and censure, I do
+not fear them. A few years hence the opinion of the world will be a
+matter in which I have not even the most transient interest, but this
+book will be abroad on its mission of humanity, long after the hand that
+wrote it is mingling with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">[Pg 535]</a></span> dust. Should it be the means of
+advancing, even one single hour, the inevitable progress of truth and
+justice, I would not exchange the consciousness for all Rothschild's
+wealth or Sir Walter's fame." "Thenceforward," says Mr. Whittier again,
+"her life was a battle, a constant rowing hard against the stream of
+popular prejudice and hatred. And through it all, pecuniary privations,
+loss of friends and position, the painfulness of being suddenly thrust
+from the still air of delightful studies into the bitterest and sternest
+controversy of the age, she bore herself with patience, fortitude, and
+unshaken reliance on the justice and ultimate triumph of the cause she
+had espoused."</p>
+
+<p>In a short time thereafter she had published four more antislavery books
+or pamphlets. "Philothia," a romance whose scene is laid in ancient
+Greece, appeared in 1836. For eight years, dating from 1844, Mr. and
+Mrs. Childs were joint-editors of "The Anti-Slavery Standard," published
+in New York. She had a room in the house of Isaac Hopper,&mdash;"a house
+where disinterestedness and noble labor were as daily breath." It was
+during this time that she wrote her "Letters from New York," under which
+title her letters to "The Boston Courier" appeared in a volume having an
+enormous sale. In 1852, having given up the editorship of "The
+Standard," Mrs. Child said: "We made a humble home in Wayland, Mass.,
+where we spent twenty-two pleasant years entirely alone, without any
+domestic; mutually serving each other, and dependent on each other for
+intellectual companionship."</p>
+
+<p>During those years she was deeply and actively interested in the
+progress of the Civil War. Its premonitions roused her. She warmly
+defended the cause of John Brown, sending him a letter offering to go
+nurse him in prison. Very soon she was deep in every sort of
+undertaking,&mdash;collecting funds, collecting supplies, urging Whittier to
+the writing of patriotic songs, sewing, knitting, quilting. Her intense
+interest was manifested by generous contributions of money, how earned
+or saved, she only knew. She said, "Nobles or princes cannot invent any
+pleasure equal to earning with one hand and giving with the other."
+Twenty dollars at one time, two hundred at another, and perhaps four
+hundred at yet another, she gave. During these years, too, she was
+writing and compiling other books,&mdash;"The Progress of Religious Ideas,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">[Pg 536]</a></span>
+"Looking towards Sunset," and "A Romance of the Republic." It was in the
+last of these peaceful years that she wrote: "David and I are growing
+old. He will be eighty in three weeks, and I was seventy-two last
+February. But we keep young in our feelings. We are, in fact, like two
+old children; as much interested as ever in the birds and wild flowers,
+and with sympathies as lively as ever in all that concerns the welfare
+of the world. Our habitual mood is serene and cheerful."</p>
+
+<p>Only a few months after these words were written, her husband died, and
+she left the place so full of memories of him to find a home elsewhere.
+Of these later years it was said: "She lived among a singularly peaceful
+and intelligent community as one of themselves, industrious, wise, and
+happy; with a frugality whose motive of wide benevolence was in itself a
+homily and a benediction." She died in 1880.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BONNIE_HAREBELLS" id="BONNIE_HAREBELLS"></a>BONNIE HAREBELLS.</h2>
+
+<h4>BY ANNA B. BENSEL.</h4>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ring, oh, ring!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ring across the listening twilight<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">While the fairies sing.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">My love greet!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let her hear you ringing softly<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">At her very feet.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sound out clear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tell a little, watching maiden<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I am very near.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ring, oh, ring!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All the world with silence over<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Waits listening.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[Pg 537]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="MYTH_IN_AMERICAN_COINAGE" id="MYTH_IN_AMERICAN_COINAGE"></a>MYTH IN AMERICAN COINAGE.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY ISAAC BASSETT CHOATE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The worship of "the almighty dollar" is of no recent origin, provided it
+be the case that the dollar is represented in gold. This worship forms
+no special <i>cultus</i> in the religions of the world. It is a survival from
+prehistoric times, and is intimately connected with the earliest forms
+of nature-worship. The estimate in which gold has been held has always
+been out of all proportion to its utility, its scarcity, or the
+difficulty of mining it. There have been times when civilized man had a
+comparatively far more abundant supply of gold than he has at present,
+but this circumstance did not avail to depreciate the metal. There were
+long ages of an incipient civilization, during which gold flooded the
+markets of the world as compared with iron, but this did not affect the
+relations between the nobler and the baser article of merchandise. Gold
+was all the time held at a valuation far above what it would have
+received from its importance to mankind in the useful arts. It was
+prized as amber was prized, and the two substances were devoted to quite
+similar uses. They were employed for the decoration of temples and
+shrines, and were worn for personal ornament. But the wearing of such
+ornament had its origin in sentiments which may be regarded as strictly
+religious. Beads and rings were originally amulets to protect the wearer
+against invisible inimical powers, as they were talismans to confer upon
+their possessor supernatural gifts. We can get no distinct view back of
+this custom in time, but we may feel well assured that when gold had
+acquired such use, nature-worship had advanced far into the stage of
+symbolism. It was not the metal itself that was the object of worship.
+That object gold typified and figured to the devout mind.</p>
+
+<p>To discover what property it was that gave this metal its early
+preference, it will be necessary to trace the survival of similar views
+and feelings farther than we have ourselves consciously prolonged them.
+It is to be observed that among the Turks and other Oriental people,
+amber and yellow gems like the topaz, still enjoy a pre-eminence in
+popular favor. These substances are still supposed to possess magical
+power always beneficent. Among the Chinese, yellow is both sacred and it
+is associated with the dignity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</a></span> of imperial rank. Yellow is the color of
+the royal standard, and a yellow sash distinguishes a member of the
+royal family. Robes of state are of the same color. And this
+appropriation of yellow to certain sacred or governmental uses is not
+confined to China. It is common through the East. The farther back we
+trace the idea of special sacredness in color, the more exclusively do
+we see this confined to yellow. This was long saved from vulgar uses and
+associations. It had a significance to the ancients, such as it does not
+have to us. There was a fitness in their decorating the temples and the
+statues of the gods with gold, and silver, and ivory, and amber, and
+gems. These offerings symbolized light, and light stood for the happier
+destinies of man,&mdash;for the milder and gentler influences which lead to
+good; while darkness typified malignant powers of evil. There was the
+same distinction conceived of between life and death. White victims were
+offered to the gods of Olympus, while for sacrifice to the gods of the
+under-world black victims were selected.</p>
+
+<p>Gold shines with the brightest and the warmest glow of any of the
+metals, and its brilliancy and lustre are not tarnished by corrosion. To
+the Oriental fancy it typified the genial light of day. To the
+fire-worshipper it was a fit emblem of his faith. Fire was originally
+sacred, perhaps, only as the representative of the sun; and this
+luminary was later spiritualized in the idea of Apollo. Gold was sacred
+as far as this worship was spread, from India to the North of Europe,
+and the great demand for it for sacred uses gave the metal much of its
+preciousness in the markets of the world. It was worn by the living and
+was buried with the dead; so that if humanity had not refined its
+conception of the divine, it would have come to be the case at length
+that every particle of gold in the soil would have had mortal ashes
+sleeping beside it.</p>
+
+<p>Gold and silver were rendered sacred and precious in early times by
+being devoted to purposes of worship. The temples were the safe places
+of deposit, and in these were hoarded the treasures of the world. Partly
+from this circumstance it became the case that when gold and silver were
+first coined, the temples were the mints, and the earliest mint-masters
+were the priests. Naturally, the devices stamped upon the coins issued
+under such auspices would be sacred emblems. We find them such from
+whatever source they came. There was sound policy in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</a></span> course, as
+well as good reason for it. If coins were to circulate among people who
+had previously been accustomed to paying out and receiving the precious
+metals by actual weight, it was necessary to have the value of these
+pieces certified to in the most solemn manner. To this end the effigies
+of the gods, together with the tokens of their attributes and sacred
+offices, were stamped upon the coin. If we could trace coinage to its
+earliest use, perhaps to its origin, among the people who lived about
+the &AElig;gean Sea, it would not be unreasonable to expect to find that at
+first gold coin was issued under the patronage of Apollo, that silver
+bore the stamp of Zeus, and that copper coins were dedicated to
+Aphrodite, as the nearest representative among Greek divinities of that
+Phoenician goddess who presided over trade in the ports and markets of
+the East. But among the coins that remain&mdash;and some of these are shown
+to be of early date, they are so rude in execution&mdash;we do not find this
+distinction kept. It is certain that at an early period the emblems of
+the several divinities were mixed, apparently with a view to giving a
+more weighty sanction to the stamp impressed upon the coin.</p>
+
+<p>The earlier Greek coins were struck by hand. A single die was employed
+in the process, so that an impression of device or of legend appeared
+only on one side. The other side bore an indent which is known as the
+punch-mark. This mark is commonly a square figure divided into four
+smaller squares by lines resembling somewhat a right cross. It is the
+indent of the spike in the anvil on which the ball of metal was laid
+when being struck. Later, the coins were made thinner, and were struck
+with double dies. From that time both sides of the coin received an
+impression. The upper side continued to show the greatest care. As this
+side always bore the head of the god under whose auspices the coin was
+to be issued, it was called the obverse or face of the piece. The
+opposite side was the reverse. So long as coins continued to be struck
+by hand, there was no fixed relative position for the two impressions.
+Coins were always printed as though they were turned horizontally from
+left to right. They still continue to be so printed, and we go on in the
+practice of speaking of the reverse of coins, even when we are
+discussing those of our own coinage; but the fact is that ever since
+American coins were stamped in the mint the impressions on the two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</a></span>
+sides bear a certain fixed relation. In passing from the obverse of our
+coins to the examination of the opposite side, we do this by inverting
+the piece. That side would then properly be called the inverse of the
+coin, and it would, with equal propriety be printed directly beneath its
+obverse.</p>
+
+<p>The shape of early coins is by no means uniform. There is one
+peculiarity of the coins of B&#339;otia and Macedonia, as well as of many
+colonies of these states, which is worthy of some attention. It may
+indicate how it came about that the round disk is now the prevailing
+form. The coins of these two Greek states in particular were for a long
+period concavo-convex disks, the convex side being in all instances the
+obverse. It has been suggested, by way of accounting for this form, that
+it secured a more perfect impression of the upper die, which always
+struck the obverse. It may be the case that a better impression was
+gained on that side, but an examination will show that the designer and
+engraver spared nothing of art or of skill upon the reverses. These are
+executed with a care and vigor equal to that of the obverse, and are
+struck with equal success. The concave shape preserved the reverse from
+wear, and made it an object for both artist and artisan to put good work
+on this side. It is more in accordance with the Greek way of looking at
+things, to account for this shape on other ground than that of
+expediency. It is more likely than otherwise, that this form is
+emblematic. The ancient buckler was of this form. Of such a figure was
+the escutcheon of these states. B&#339;otia adopted for hers the shield of
+Herakles, and Macedonia that of Ares. What tends strongly to confirm
+this view, that the buckler was the model for the coin, is the fact that
+for a long time Macedonian coins were finished upon the obverse, in
+imitation of the national shield. This is to be seen in the decoration
+of the border, even on coins that were struck long after Macedonia had
+become a Roman province. May it not be the case that the buckler served
+as model for the circular disk?</p>
+
+<p>As Greek coins were issued under the sanction of some god, it was
+natural that they should go out from his temple bearing his effigy and
+the symbols of his worship. Apollo succeeded to the early worship paid
+the sun and fire. He was the god of light and beauty. In his honor gold
+coins should originally have been struck, and they should bear his
+emblems. It will be of service to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</a></span> see what some of these were. This god
+was, on the whole, beneficent, as the influences of the sun are kindly,
+but he inflicted plagues by shooting his poisoned arrows among the
+people, just as the heat of the sun engenders deadly fevers. We have
+retained a trace of the old feeling, as our language betrays where
+consciousness utterly fails. We attribute certain sudden attacks of
+illness to <i>sunstroke</i>. That word "stroke" brings vividly before us the
+smiting of the Greek camp on the plain before Troy. Representing the
+sun, as Apollo did, the head of this god often appears radiated upon
+coins, particularly upon the coins of Rhodes. This was as the poets
+were wont to describe him. Catullus alludes to his flashing
+eyes,&mdash;"<i>radiantibus oculis</i>." Tibullus speaks of him as this youth
+having his temples bound with sacred laurel&mdash;"<i>hic juvenis casta
+redimitus tempora lauro</i>" The use of the laurel was reserved to this
+god, and in times of primitive Greek and Roman piety it was allowed to
+men only whose successful general would celebrate a triumph. The
+palm-branch is also connected with the worship of this god, in allusion
+to the sacred palm-tree under which Leta gave birth to him and to
+Artemis. The rays, the laurel, and the palm are the symbols of Apollo
+upon our coins. Other nations have employed the bow, the lyre, and the
+tripod, with many more equally familiar symbols.</p>
+
+<p>The coinage of silver belonged peculiarly to Zeus, the god of the
+thunderbolt. The question arises at once, Was there fancied a
+resemblance between the whiteness of this metal and dazzling brightness
+of the flash of lightning? However that question may be answered, there
+remains the fact that the thunderbolt was a symbol of the power of Zeus,
+and its figure uniformly accompanied the effigy of the god. Ovid speaks
+of Zeus as of one whose hand is armed with three-forked fires,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2"><i>"Cui deutra trisulces</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Ignibus armata est."</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is worth while to give this emblem some little study. It is
+represented under three varieties of one general form. We first find it
+a bundle of flames wreathed closely together in the form of a double
+cone. It is then a token of peace. Zeus is always seated when bearing
+this, and it is held downward. Under its second form the thunderbolt
+consists of a similar double cone, only it is elongated and pointed.
+This cone is crossed obliquely by two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</a></span> zigzag flashes of lightning,
+terminating at either end in arrow-points. Later forms of this symbol
+have the forward end the same, but the other end is wrought into an
+ornamental and somewhat arborescent head. This form with the lightning
+flashes is always borne uplifted, and by the god standing in readiness
+to hurl the bolt. This is the form we are to look for in connection with
+the worship of Zeus. The third form is of rare occurrence in literature
+and art.</p>
+
+<p>Another emblem of the Olympian god, more familiar even than the
+thunderbolt, is the eagle. &AElig;schylus calls this bird "the winged hound of
+Zeus." This conception of the poet ruled in art as well as in
+literature. It was the popular idea of divine vengeance following and
+punishing guilt that sought concealment. Open impiety drew down upon the
+offender's head the flashing thunderbolt. A comparative examination of a
+few coins will help towards interpreting this symbolism. For this
+purpose the coins of Elis will serve best. Here was Olympia, with its
+famous temple of Zeus, and here were celebrated the great national
+Olympian games in honor of the god. Certainly if any part of Greece was
+more sacred to Zeus than the rest, that part was Elis. Its coins are
+covered with his symbols. Three types of about 371 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> form a group of
+especial interest. The first of these has, obverse, an eagle tearing a
+ram, on a shield; reverse, a thunderbolt. Second, obverse, an eagle
+tearing a serpent; reverse, a thunderbolt. Third, obverse, an eagle
+tearing a hare; reverse, a winged thunderbolt. Here the identity is
+sufficiently close to bring these examples under one description. They
+seem to commemorate the just punishment of some enemies of Elis, or,
+possibly, the deserved penalty for some wrong done Zeus himself. It
+would not be easy at this late day to make sure what people or persons
+may have been indicated by the ram, the serpent, and the hare. The
+obverse in each case tells the story of the event so far as we can read
+the story, and the reverse invariably confirms the tenor and spirit of
+the same. This harmony between the two sides of the coin may be traced
+throughout ancient coinage, proving that it was of a medallic character.
+Other coins of Elis are of a peaceful character, and it is of interest
+to see how the emblems are managed upon these. One has, obverse, head of
+eagle; reverse, thunderbolt within a wreath. Another, obverse, head of
+Hera; reverse,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</a></span> eagle standing in wreath. A third, obverse, head of
+Olympia; reverse, eagle within olive-wreath. It will be observed that
+the reverse does not in these instances bear the symbols as before, upon
+an open field, but the field is now enclosed by a wreath. The import of
+this seems to have been about the same as that of the drawn sword and
+the sheathed sword in modern heraldic designs. Still other examples will
+show not only the harmony between obverse and reverse, but how coins
+were dedicated to more than one divinity. This practice was at first
+more common in the colonies than in the metropolitan cities. A coin of
+Crotona of about 479 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> has, obverse, eagle perched on the cornice of
+a temple; reverse, tripod and olive-spray. It would seem likely that
+this piece was first dedicated to Zeus, and next to Apollo. Zeus often
+holds the eagle on his hand as falcons were held in the days of hawking,
+and he is then called the eagle-holder (<i>exetophoros</i>). When so
+represented, the god is commonly seated as at peace; but there is one
+coin of Messene which shows him holding the bird while he is standing
+and thundering. Later coins show combinations which are particularly
+interesting in connection with the symbolism of our own coins. One of
+the best of these is a Macedonian coin of the time of Perseus&mdash;obverse,
+head of Perseus; reverse, an eagle on a thunderbolt, within a wreath of
+oak. In connection with this example should be examined a Roman gold
+coin of about 269 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>&mdash;obverse, head of Mars; reverse, an eagle holding
+in its talons a thunderbolt. This type of reverse has been pretty
+closely copied by designers for our mint.</p>
+
+<p>The coins of Athens may have furnished the original for the olive-wreath
+so common on American coins. They were issued under the auspices of
+Athene, and bore upon the obverse the head of the goddess. The reverse
+regularly bore the owl and the olive-bough. These coins were familiarly
+called owls, just as we speak of eagles in our currency, and just as the
+English talked of angels and crosses in the time of Elizabeth.
+Aristophanes jocosely calls the Athenian pieces owls of Laurium, in
+allusion to the gold mines there, in which they were hatched.</p>
+
+<p>It would be of interest to trace these heraldic devices through the
+intervening ages, and along the devious ways by which they have come
+down to the present. This task would lead one far afield in history. In
+the hasty glance just now given to the coins<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</a></span> of Greece, we have found
+material that will help to an understanding of what is impressed upon
+the coins of our own country. There would be no less of propriety and
+pertinence in asking what significance these symbols have brought to us
+from the time they were struck in faith and in awe by the very shrines
+of the gods in the temples of Greece. We may say that these symbols have
+no significance for us; but centuries hence, when the beginnings of our
+government are no longer a memory with the people, historians will
+relate with what instructive readiness the founders of our government,
+finding these colonies free and independent states, turned to the
+colonies and states of Greece for a model upon which to mould a nation;
+and they will find in early American coinage full confirmation of this
+view. The very same influence was manifested in the architecture of
+America for the first half of this century, as many a public edifice,
+and even private houses, sufficiently prove.</p>
+
+<p>Before examining any particular coin, it may be worth the while to
+notice a few of the more prominent features of our American types. The
+most striking of all is the absence of portrait heads. There is good
+reason for this. The theory of our government is, that it is but the
+collective will of the people. Again, since the invention of printing,
+there is longer reason in giving coins a medallic character. This
+function of coinage has been perpetuated in Germany. A <i>Sieges-Thaler</i>
+was struck after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. There were a few
+portrait heads of Washington upon coins struck under his administration;
+but the practice ended there. It is said that the head upon some of our
+later coins is a portrait. If so, its American type is not recognizable.
+The head, whenever it appears upon the obverse of our coins, is Greek in
+outline and expression. This is so strongly the character of the
+features, that even where an attempt has been made to secure a
+distinctly American type, as in the case of the three-dollar gold coin
+of 1854, the cast of features is still Greek. Some slight modification
+is made by accessories, such as the circlet of feathers about the head.
+The obverse of the gold dollar of the same date bears what is described
+as the head of a beautiful Indian; but the features are Greek, and the
+hair is waving, unlike any ever seen among savages.</p>
+
+<p>In descriptions of American coins, the eagle, which appears so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545">[Pg 545]</a></span> often
+and so prominent, is commonly spoken of as the American eagle. If one
+will take the trouble to compare this figure in every position in which
+it is displayed upon our coins, with the effigy of "the winged hound of
+Zeus," so common on the coins of Greece, he will find the identity
+complete. The only difference will be that the old hand-struck coins
+show the vigor of original work, as compared with that of a copy.</p>
+
+<p>Another familiar symbol on American coins is the bundle of arrows held
+in one talon or the other of the eagle. On a few of our earlier coins
+the number of these arrows was four or six, or even more; but commonly
+there have been three, and now they are uniformly of that number. They
+are arranged at a pretty definite angle. The two obliquely transverse
+ones are in position and in form precisely like the two flashes of
+lightning across the thunderbolt of Zeus, only the zigzag lines have
+been straightened into arrow-shafts. It seems highly probable that the
+point of the bolt between the two flashes itself developed into the
+middle arrow, and thus makes up the traditional number three. The fact
+that the thunderbolt is found in the talons of the eagle so often, upon
+both Greek and Roman coins, makes the supposition a likely one.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the laurel and the olive, it need only be said that the branch
+of itself symbolizes the presence of the divinity, to which the tree is
+sacred, or it typifies some attribute or the exercise of some divine
+office. As an illustration, Apollo is often shown using the laurel-bough
+to sprinkle the people with purifying waters. But when boughs or leaves
+are twined into a wreath, it is commonly to denote worship paid to the
+divinity, or in its name; for in worshipping the gods, wreaths of the
+proper material were placed upon their statues in the sacred places, and
+it was a regular industry in Greek towns to twine wreaths for this very
+use. This import of the wreath is called to mind by observing that the
+legend on the reverse of the three-dollar gold coin of 1854 is
+surrounded by a wreath of the leaves of the tobacco-plant and cereals.</p>
+
+<p>The obverse and the reverse of coins have always been read together, as
+a whole. This rule was never more clearly exemplified than in striking
+the old colonial shillings of Massachusetts, where the legend of the
+obverse&mdash;"Massachusetts in"&mdash;was completed by turning the coin over and
+reading on the reverse the rest of the sentence&mdash;"New England."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It remains now to look at a few examples of our national coinage. The
+eagle of 1795 bears upon its obverse a head of Liberty, wearing a rather
+high Phrygian cap. This cap, and the wand upon which it is more commonly
+raised, are the symbols of this goddess. They are familiar enough in
+Roman art and literature, if not in our own. The reverse of the coin
+bears an eagle with expanded wings, holding in its beak a laurel-wreath,
+and grasping a palm-branch with both talons. From what has already been
+said in regard to the significance of these emblems to an earlier
+generation of men, this inscription, as a whole, may be construed
+somewhat like this: Liberty, through the power of Zeus, has secured
+victory, and through the same helping power she now offers worship to
+the genius of prophetic inspiration. With some such thought of his
+country would an old Greek have scanned this coin when he bartered his
+soul for its possession. In the coinage of 1838, this coin bears on its
+reverse an eagle with a shield&mdash;which, by the way, is Roman&mdash;on its
+breast, and having its wings uplifted. This eagle holds in its left
+talon three arrows, and in its right an olive-branch.</p>
+
+<p>The double eagle of 1850 bears on its obverse a head of Liberty. The
+face is shown in profile, and the features are of pure Greek type. The
+fillet about the head is such as was worn by the ancient priests. This
+circumstance serves to connect our coinage with the earliest issues made
+from the temples, under direction of the priests. The reverse of the
+coin has a small eagle, nearly hidden by the shield upon its breast. Its
+left talon holds three arrows, and its right an olive-branch. The
+distinctive mark of this reverse is the arc of diverging rays of the sun
+above the head of the eagle. This arc is found with peculiar
+appropriateness upon a gold coin, since it is a symbol of the old
+sun-worship, or of Apollo, under whose auspices gold coins were
+originally issued. Its occurrence here, moreover, emphasizes that total
+disregard for the fitness of things which appears on the reverse of the
+half-eagle of 1796, where clouds are seen above the eagle's head.</p>
+
+<p>The silver coins of our currency have much in common with the gold. Such
+parts of the designs upon these as are like what has been found upon the
+gold coins will call for no further remark. The reverse of the dollar of
+1798 is noticeable for this; that the eagle grasps in his right talon a
+bundle of four arrows instead of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">[Pg 547]</a></span> three, as on later coins. From 1836 a
+pretty nearly uniform pattern has prevailed for the dollar and its
+subdivisions. The obverse shows a female figure seated. The face is of a
+pronounced Greek type. The drapery is Greek, with one trifling
+variation,&mdash;the fastening of the dress is shown upon the right shoulder.
+The ancient fashion of this garment put the fastening only upon the left
+shoulder. Upon these coins the cap of Liberty is not worn upon the head,
+but it is displayed upon a wand held in the left hand. The right hand of
+the figure rests on shield and scroll. The reverse shows an eagle with
+wings expanded as if about to fly. The shield covers its breast. Unlike
+the eagle of the earlier coins, it is with the right talon now that it
+grasps the olive-branch, and the left holds three arrows. The
+quarter-dollar of 1853 has the space above the eagle on the reverse
+filled with diverging rays. Apollo might not, perhaps, take it as a
+compliment to be asked to sanction much of our later silver coinage.</p>
+
+<p>The five-cent nickel coin of 1866 introduced some novel features upon
+its reverse. The shield is most prominent, and it is overhung by
+branches of olive. Above the shield appears for the first time on our
+national coinage the cross. Soon after this coin was first issued, a
+query was made in the "American Historical Magazine" as to the
+significance of this symbol in the place it occupied. The query elicited
+from some official connected with the mint a reply to the effect that
+the cross had not the slightest significance. The reply carried with it
+a confession rather humiliating to make or to admit. Something better
+than that ought to be said for a symbol that has figured in all the
+heraldic decorations of religion and chivalry. It might have been said
+that in colonial times, so early as 1661, coins were struck in Maryland,
+the reverse of which bore a shield, and that this was surmounted by a
+crown and a cross. But the strangest thing about this cross on the
+nickel coin is that it happens to be of a very unusual pattern. It is
+the cross of the Order of Calatrava, a military order of Spain,
+instituted in 1158, and continuing a very honorable existence down to
+the present day. When worn as a decoration embroidered upon the left
+breast of the coat, it is a red cross fancifully worked into some
+resemblance to the <i>fleur-de-lis</i>. Of the minor coins no special mention
+need be made. They present nothing unlike what occurs upon those already
+examined and described.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548">[Pg 548]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The brief study here made of this subject is barely sufficient to
+indicate a mode of interpretation which can be applied to all that is
+emblematic upon our coins. So far it has nearly all been found
+thoroughly Greek in its origin and character. It is proper that it
+should be so, for our life, in all the activities through which money is
+kept in circulation, is more nearly Greek than it is anything else. This
+is nothing we need blush to own. Original genius like that of Goethe may
+shape its course, as the poet advised, without looking to the past; but
+the less gifted will often turn back to watch the line along which
+progress has hitherto been made, and they will find the strongest
+reliance in keeping steadily upon the same course.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AN_INCIDENT_OF_PORT_HUDSON" id="AN_INCIDENT_OF_PORT_HUDSON"></a>AN INCIDENT OF PORT HUDSON.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY WILLIAM J. BURGE, M.D.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the passage of Port Hudson by Admiral Farragut, on the night of the
+14th of March, 1863, out of a fleet of eight vessels which attempted to
+run the batteries, only the two foremost ones, the "Hartford" and the
+"Albatross," succeeded in doing so. The "Hartford" was a regular steam
+sloop-of-war, which the admiral had chosen for his flag-ship; while the
+"Albatross" was a rather small propeller which had been purchased by the
+navy department, officered, manned, and put in as complete fighting trim
+as her proportions would admit of. These two vessels, lashed together,
+with the "Albatross" on the port side, headed the procession up the
+Mississippi River. Each of the three other large vessels which followed
+had a smaller one lashed to her port side. The object of this was that,
+in case either of the large vessels got aground, her companion of less
+draught might pull her off. It proved to be a most fortunate precaution;
+for while under the severest fire the "Hartford" grounded, and was
+doubtless saved from total destruction by the strenuous exertions of her
+little consort. This the admiral stated to be his conviction at the
+time.</p>
+
+<p>The relative positions of the two vessels were such that the "Albatross"
+could only work her bow gun, and with the exception of plunging shots
+from the upper batteries, the men who served here were the most exposed
+to the enemy's fire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Charley Reck was sponger of the parrot-gun on the forecastle, and fully
+realized the danger and responsibility of his position. He was a
+well-built, noble-looking young Frenchman, but could understand and
+speak English quite well. His intelligence, activity, and good temper,
+made him a general favorite on board, and attracted the notice of the
+captain, who appointed him his steward and gave him many privileges,
+allowing him time for reading and correspondence, of which he was
+exceedingly fond.</p>
+
+<p>Down the river at Plaquemine, there was an excellent bakery kept by an
+old Frenchman and his three beautiful daughters. For a long time during
+the preparations for an advance up the river, we had frequently come to
+anchor opposite this little town, and never omitted to supply ourselves
+with fresh bread from this bakery, and enjoy a friendly chat with the
+three charming sisters. They were very affable, and there was an
+artlessness about them, combined with self-respect, which was very
+fascinating. In his daily visits to supply the captain's larder, and
+probably in part on account of like nationality, Charley Reck lost his
+heart. Louise, the youngest daughter, and the most beautiful of the
+three, captured it completely. Theirs was a sincere and honest
+attachment, and the sequel discloses how tender must have been their
+parting when the order came to proceed up the river, and face the
+uncertain issues of mortal combat.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of March, early in the morning, we were at the head of
+Prophet's Island, a short distance below Port Hudson, and there the
+vessels of the fleet, one after another, assembled. Then came the order
+to be in readiness to run the batteries at a given signal at night. I
+had never been under fire, and my bump of curiosity probably saved me on
+this occasion from much of the anxiety which otherwise I might have
+felt, but the unusual seriousness which seemed to pervade the whole
+ship's company during that day did not escape my notice, and was, in
+some degree, contagious.</p>
+
+<p>The officers, when not on duty, kept mostly in their staterooms, and
+there was no hilarity among the men.</p>
+
+<p>In the captain's storeroom there was a nook where Charley Reck was in
+the habit of spending his leisure moments, and during that afternoon he
+had been closeted there longer than was his wont. Just before sunset he
+came out, and approaching me with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550">[Pg 550]</a></span> customary salute, he handed me a
+neat little package, and said, "Doctor, when you go down the river, will
+you please give this to Louise?" Not understanding him, I replied, "Are
+you going to leave us, Charley; aren't you going to stick by the ship?"</p>
+
+<p>Very sadly he answered, "This is my last day; I shall die to-night!" I
+tried to rally him by saying, "Nonsense! you are just as likely to come
+out all right as any of the rest of us!" But he only replied, "Please
+take it, Doctor; I am sponger of that gun, and I shall do my duty; but I
+shall be killed to-night!" Then I took the package and locked it in my
+desk, thinking as I did so that I would return it to him on the morrow,
+and have a good laugh at his expense.</p>
+
+<p>The story of that fearful night has long since been published, and I
+shall not attempt to repeat it, further than relates to the subject of
+this sketch. I had arranged the ward-room for my "cock-pit," and in the
+midst of the awful conflict I heard a voice call down the companion-way,
+"Doctor, here's a man with his arm shot off!" and I shouted back, "Bring
+him down, quick!"</p>
+
+<p>We laid him on the table, unconscious. His right arm was shattered
+midway between the shoulder and elbow. I thought he had fainted from
+loss of blood, but the next moment I saw plainly enough that he was
+dead.</p>
+
+<p>A shell had exploded near him, and sent a large fragment clear through
+his lungs and heart, killing him instantly.</p>
+
+<p>I looked in his calm, white face. It was Charley Reck.</p>
+
+<p>When we were safely at anchor, out of reach of the guns, I thought of
+the package for Louise which he had left in my care. It was not sealed,
+but simply tied, and the captain said, in view of the relation which he
+and Charley had sustained to each other, he would take the
+responsibility of opening it, and ascertaining its contents before it
+should be delivered. There was an ambrotype of the sweet young girl, and
+a letter written in French, breathing all the devotion of a true and
+faithful heart. The following is a correct translation of its closing
+sentences: "Good by, Louise! My darling! My own one! When this reaches
+you, I shall be in the grave, but we shall meet again, and love each
+other forever. Adieu, my love! I kiss you for the last time!" On the
+glass, covering the picture, was plainly visible the print of his ardent
+lips, so soon to be chilled in death.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">[Pg 551]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There were hair-breadth escapes on board the "Albatross" that night, but
+not another man was killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Many will regard this singular presentiment and its literal fulfilment
+as merely a remarkable coincidence. I have stated only the simple facts
+in the case, as they occurred under my own observation; and to me, at
+least, they furnish additional evidence that "there are more things in
+heaven and earth than are dreamed of in our philosophy."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LUCY_KEYES" id="LUCY_KEYES"></a>LUCY KEYES.</h2>
+
+<h3>A STORY OF MOUNT WACHUSETT.</h3>
+
+<h3>BY A. P. MARBLE.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>I.</h4>
+
+<p>Lucy Keyes was the daughter of Robert Keyes, who lived in the town of
+Princeton, in Massachusetts, about the year 1755. At the age of two and
+a half or three years, she disappeared one night at sunset, and was
+never afterwards heard of by her parents. Her father spent the greater
+part of his life in a fruitless search for her among the various tribes
+of Indians; and her mother lost her reason in the contemplation of the
+unknown fate which had befallen her little daughter. This is an account
+of the little girl's disappearance, and the elucidation of a mystery
+which, for three-quarters of a century, baffled all search. The story is
+derived from traditions in the neighborhood, from allusions to Lucy in
+the local histories, and from the dying statement of a chief actor in
+the tragedy.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth settler in the town was Robert Keyes. It is well known that
+our ancestors had frequent trouble with the Indians, and that white
+people were stolen, to be either put to death or returned to their
+friends for a ransom. Lancaster had been burned seventy-five years
+before, and Mrs. Rowlandson, the minister's wife, was carried into
+captivity. She was taken to New Hampshire, and after wandering with her
+captors thirty days or more, she was returned to the foot of Mount
+Wachusett; and on a rock near the shore of Wachusett Lake,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552">[Pg 552]</a></span> where the
+chiefs held their councils, she was purchased of her captors by John
+Hoar, an ancestor of the distinguished Senator Hoar, for thirty dollars
+in silver, together with some trinkets and provisions. King Philip
+himself was present, and opposed the release of Mrs. Rowlandson; but
+even his influence did not overcome the cupidity of the petty chief who
+held her. From this circumstance the rock is known as Redemption Rock.
+It has been purchased by Senator Hoar, and its southern face now bears
+an appropriate inscription to commemorate the release, and the courage
+and diplomacy of John Hoar.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Inscription.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Upon this rock, May 2d, 1676, was made the agreement for the
+ransom of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson of Lancaster, between the
+Indians and John Hoar of Concord.</p>
+
+<p>"King Philip was with the Indians, but refused his consent."</p></div>
+
+<p>It was on Pine Hill, a mile or two south of this rock, and at the
+eastern base of the mountain, that Robert Keyes cut down the forest, and
+made a home for his little family. The spot is picturesque and sightly.
+To the north, and seen through the clearing, nestles Lake Wachusett
+among its woody banks; while far in the horizon are seen the New
+Hampshire hills, and beyond, the blue summits of the White Mountains; to
+the east the landscape stretches away, diversified with lake and valley
+and woody slope, till it is lost to sight in the dimly distant line of
+the misty ocean; to the south is the dome-like knoll of Pine Hill
+covered with evergreen trees; and on the west rises the steep acclivity
+of Mount Wachusett, while between these two may be seen the hills,
+twenty miles away, that divide the waters of the Connecticut from the
+streams that supply the Nashua and the Merrimac.</p>
+
+<p>On a sunny afternoon in summer Mr. Keyes and his boys were in the field
+some distance from the house, picking up logs and burning them with the
+stumps and brush, to enlarge the farm. Around the house were fields of
+corn and flax and waving grain. The cows and sheep were browsing in the
+edge of the woods. Mrs. Keyes was spinning flax in front of the cabin
+door, seated on a low, home-made stool upon the hard and smoothly swept
+ground. Within, the neatly kept log cabin had a rough floor strewn with
+white sand. On one side of the single large room there was a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553">[Pg 553]</a></span> settee
+stuffed with shavings of birch-bark; and a cat lay curled up and dozing
+in the sun, which streamed in through the open lattice that took the
+place of a window. Around the room were the rough tables and the benches
+which used to serve as furniture in such primitive dwellings. Shelves
+and cupboards were fastened upon the wall. Dried apples and pumpkins,
+pieces of venison and smoked ham, hung upon poles at the top of the
+room. The wide fireplace and large, open chimney stood at one side. The
+embers smouldered between the great andirons, ready to be kindled for
+preparing the evening meal. Aloft, and reached by a ladder that rested
+against an opening, was the chamber where the family used to sleep. This
+was the happy home of Robert Keyes, where comfort and busy contentment
+reigned.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon in question two older daughters were at play with
+little Lucy under the trellis of hop-vines that shaded their mother from
+the sun. Those were not the days of carpets or of painted floors. Neat
+housewives would sprinkle the boards with clean white sand; and this,
+under the tread of feet, would scour the wood and then be swept away.
+The brooms were made by stripping the sapling birch and tying these
+strips in a bundle over the end of the stick, or by tying cedar or
+hemlock boughs at the end of a pointed handle. Housekeepers
+were unacquainted with boughten brushes and corn-brooms and
+sweeping-machines.</p>
+
+<p>At their mother's call the two older girls started with a bucket to go
+to the shore of the lake to fetch some sand for the floor. Little Lucy,
+thus left alone, soon tired of her play, and wandered away among the
+vines and the corn around the door, till she came to the path that led
+to the lake. She followed her sisters a long way behind them, and was
+never again seen by her friends.</p>
+
+<p>Soon the sun had disappeared behind the summit of the mountain, and the
+deepening shadows were beginning to creep towards the cabin. The mother
+had put away her spinning-wheel, and the smoke was curling up from out
+the wide-mouthed chimney, in preparation of her supper. The farmer and
+his sons had left the field and gone to a little blacksmith shop a few
+rods down the hill, where he had mended a broken buck-scythe. The two
+girls had joined them there; and now they all came trooping together to
+the house. The boys and their father were washing their hands and faces
+from the sweat of the forge and the burnt logs. The mother was busy with
+her cooking. The girls had put away the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</a></span> bucket of sand and gone out to
+play, when they missed Lucy, and began to search for her among the hills
+of corn. Not finding her, they came back to the log cabin and told their
+mother. She thought the little girl must be near, and sent the sisters
+to look again, while she arranged the wooden plates and the pewter
+dippers and the iron knives and wooden spoons upon the table. The girls
+soon came back without finding Lucy, but the mother even then supposed
+that she had fallen asleep, overcome by her play and the heat of the
+sun. She stepped to the door and called loudly for Lucy; and the family
+sat down to supper, expecting her every minute to walk in. She did not
+come; and hastily finishing their meal, they all went to search the
+farm. Not finding Lucy, they became thoroughly alarmed.</p>
+
+<p>Adjoining Mr. Keyes' farm, and between it and the foot of the mountain,
+was the clearing of a Mr. Littlejohn. He had no family. His farm was but
+little cultivated, and his cabin had not the air of home and comfort
+which Mrs. Keyes had put into hers. He was a hunter also, and he had a
+brace or two of dogs. Bearskins were tacked to the walls of his hut, to
+dry; and deer-horns, and fox-skins still further showed the hunter. This
+man was of a morose and hermit-like nature. There was a mystery about
+his early history; he had come from the old world, where he had mingled
+in affairs of state, and whence he had fled. Little children were afraid
+of him. He was quarrelsome, too; and before this time he had claimed a
+part of Mr. Keyes' land. As the two farmers could not agree upon the
+boundary line, they had called in two of their neighbors, and a surveyor
+from Lancaster, to fix the boundary. These had decided in favor of Mr.
+Keyes. The two neighbors had very little to do with each other after
+that; and the hermit became still more unsocial and morose. But in his
+distress Mr. Keyes called upon this man for help, and Mr. Littlejohn
+appeared to enter heartily into the search. The frequency of captures by
+the Indians, at once led to the suspicion that they had stolen Lucy. Mr.
+Littlejohn, as a hunter, assumed direction of the searching party. He
+sent the father and boys to follow the path towards the lake, the mother
+and daughters to go down the hill towards the east, while he went to the
+south and up the mountain. All hunted fast and far till late in the
+evening, when the gathering darkness had settled on the woods and hills;
+and then they turned their weary steps homeward. About this time all
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555">[Pg 555]</a></span> members of the Keyes family saw the light of a huge bonfire,
+northwesterly from their house, and turned their steps towards the spot;
+for this was a signal that the lost was found. On reaching the place,
+however, they found Mr. Littlejohn, but no Lucy. He said that the
+darkness prevented further search that night, and he had lighted the
+fire, in order if possible, to attract the attention of the child, and
+also to bring together all the inhabitants around, to institute a more
+thorough search in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards others came in; and when they heard the story, one of them
+proposed to give a shoe or an apron of Lucy's to one of the dogs and let
+him follow the scent. But Mr. Littlejohn said this would not do, for the
+dogs were fierce and used to hunting for prey only. They would tear the
+little girl in pieces if they were to find her. And Mrs. Keyes would not
+consent to have the dogs set on the track. Another proposed to hunt with
+torches. With this plan all fell in; and the party, now swelled to ten
+or fifteen, were divided into squads and sent to hunt, each in a
+different direction. All night they kept up the search. They called
+aloud for Lucy again and again, and in all directions; they scoured the
+woods for miles around; they hunted on the shore of the lake for the
+tracks of little feet. Behind rocks and trees, under logs and clumps of
+bushes, they peered; but no trace was to be seen&mdash;nothing but darkness
+and gloomy night. Now and then the hoot of an owl would be mistaken for
+a child's cry, and hope would momentarily rise in the breast of a hunter
+only to fall as the sound became more distinct. And thus the night
+dragged on. When morning came, the various squads of hunters came back
+to the houses all with the same story of failure. They were weary with
+wakefulness and the heavy tramp. After a hasty meal they carefully
+searched the ground within two or three miles of the house. The whole
+day was spent in this; and at nightfall the party came back to the
+desolate house without hope. The mother, almost frantic, called for
+Lucy, and nothing but the echoes gave answer. One by one the neighbors
+went to their own homes and cares. The conviction forced itself upon the
+minds of all, that Lucy had been captured by the Indians. Mr. Keyes and
+his boys hunted in the woods for days afterwards, till the only hope
+that Lucy was alive lay in her being captured. Otherwise she must have
+died from exposure or starvation.</p>
+
+<p>Sorrow and desolation now surrounded the cabin of Mr. Keyes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556">[Pg 556]</a></span> The sanded
+floor remained unswept; the trellis was broken by the wind; the vines
+hung straggling; the smooth, spacious front of the door was cluttered;
+the mewing cat gave voice to the general gloom. Mrs. Keyes could not
+forget her grief. All day she worked listlessly; and as the shadows from
+the mountain crept towards the cottage, she would stand in the doorway,
+and call, "Lucy, Lucy." For years the echoes daily sent back that sunset
+cry.</p>
+
+<p>A few months after the loss of little Lucy, a hunter returned from the
+region of Lake George. On hearing the story, he reported that a white
+child had been seen in that neighborhood with a tribe of Indians; and
+the rumor reached the ears of Mr. Keyes. The autumn leaves had put on
+their dying robes of yellow and crimson and gold when, leaving the rest
+of his harvest to be gathered by his sons, he went to Lake George. After
+great risks, and many a hair-breadth escape, he found a captive maiden;
+but she was many years older than Lucy, and she knew only the life of
+the Indians. He reached his home late in the winter. In the spring a
+friendly Indian reported that a white girl was held captive by a tribe
+on the St. Lawrence; and again Mr. Keyes started in pursuit. Six months
+or more he spent in the search; but when he found the tribe and their
+captive, it was a black-eyed little girl that he saw; but Lucy's eyes
+were blue, and he travelled home. With each new rumor of a captive child
+among the Indian tribes in Maine or Connecticut, in New York or Canada,
+Mr. Keyes would start again on one of those sad pilgrimages; and he
+always came back disappointed and alone. Mr. Littlejohn had now left his
+farm, and it was occupied by strangers.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, the boys had grown to be men. They no longer had any sympathy
+with the fruitless search. They made homes for themselves in the now
+farther remote frontier. And the girls had grown to womanhood and
+married. Old, and poor, and alone,&mdash;for his wife had died, and long ago
+ceased her plaintive evening call for her long-lost little Lucy,&mdash;Mr.
+Keyes petitioned the "Great and General Court" for the grant of a tract
+of public land which lay near his home. In this petition, now to be
+found in the archives of the State, he sets forth that he is poor in
+consequence of the prolonged search for his daughter, and too feeble to
+maintain himself.</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">(<i>Concluded in next number.</i>)<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557">[Pg 557]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="EDITORS_TABLE" id="EDITORS_TABLE"></a>EDITOR'S TABLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Considerable has been heard lately of the American Institute of Civics,
+an organization whose plans for promoting good citizenship are broader
+and more comprehensive than have ever before been systematically
+attempted in this country. That the Institute is obtaining the
+encouragement and support of many of the strongest public men in the
+country must be gratifying to all who recognize the necessity of having
+sound political ideas prevail among the rising generation. The object of
+the Institute is, in outline, to secure thorough instruction in all
+schools and colleges on topics relating to government and citizenship;
+to establish special schools of civics at important central points; to
+secure, as far as possible, the influence of the press in promotion of
+the same high purpose, and to disseminate, far and wide, sound political
+literature. That the project has the interest of our soundest statesmen
+and scholars may be seen from the fact that the President of the
+National Advisory Board is Chief Justice Waite of the United States
+Supreme Court, while the Board includes United States Senators Colquitt,
+Hawley, Wilson, Blair, and Morrill, Secretary Lamar and Ex-Secretary
+Hugh McCullough, Presidents Noah Porter and Julius H. Seelye,
+Commissioner Eaton, and others. Among the New England officers and
+members are such men as Judge Mellen Chamberlain of Boston, Secretary of
+Education Dickinson, General Carrington, and many college presidents,
+leading business men, prominent editors, etc. The membership is now
+something over two thousand, and it is worth noting that aside from the
+small fees thus obtained, there is no income, and the officers are none
+of them in the receipt of any salary whatsoever. The Institute is
+entirely unpartisan, and the importance of the work, which it is its
+purpose to accomplish, cannot be overestimated. It has entered upon the
+work of political education in the United States at a favorable time,
+under the best of circumstances, and under the auspices of the most
+eminent men of the day. Indeed, it may be doubted whether any
+undertaking of a patriotic and educational character has ever commanded
+in this or any other country the unqualified support of so large a
+number of citizens of high distinction, belonging to every class and
+calling. There seems, so far as our study of the plan of the Institute
+enables us to judge, but one thing needful to its permanency and highest
+success as a moulding influence in American political life of the
+highest importance. So long as its officers are obliged to depend wholly
+upon the dues contributed by members, an element of uncertainty will
+enter into its plans which cannot fail to largely interfere with the
+fullest realization of its possibilities for good. This danger may be
+wholly obviated, the Institute placed on a secure foundation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">[Pg 558]</a></span> and its
+future usefulness be assured, if some public-spirited men of wealth,
+desirous of conferring the incalculable benefits upon future
+generations, which will follow upon the realization of the Institute's
+plans, will provide for it an endowment, the income of which will be
+sufficient to defray the expense of maintaining its executive office.</p>
+
+<p>We would be glad if some New England man of ample means should secure
+the honor of thus endowing the American Institute of Civics with a fund
+sufficient to establish it on the firm footing which it should have.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>For the New Englander who would seek the delights of the country in the
+summer months, what a diversity of scene may be found in his own six
+States. Within the radius of a few hours' ride from Boston are an almost
+infinite variety of "resorts," from the most primitive to the most
+luxuriant. In Massachusetts alone are the delightful Nantasket and
+Revere beaches, elegant Nahant, and the myriad of charming nooks from
+Cape Ann to Provincetown. Then the Berkshire hills; Lenox and
+Stockbridge, and other equally beautiful towns, but with less
+pretensions to aristocracy; the lovely valley of the Connecticut, the
+romantic Deerfield and the pleasant Franklin hills. In Maine, beginning
+with Old Orchard, perhaps the finest beach on the Atlantic coast, what
+delightful harbors and islands there are. And in the Maine woods there
+is a wealth of health and sport. Grandeur is found in the White
+Mountains, comfort and elegance at their great hotels. And here, as well
+as through the hundreds of rural towns on and among the Green Mountains,
+are the quiet farmhouses where one may abide, and see the New England
+character&mdash;sometimes, not always&mdash;at its very best. Whether one sighs
+for the wildness of the primeval woods, the quiet of the rural farm, or
+the elegance of a luxurious villa or superb hotel, he need not, unless
+he desires to travel, look beyond the border lines of fair New England.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There is a growing tendency with our New England people to make rest and
+recreation matters of considerable importance in themselves. Business is
+driven at a greater speed than it used to be, and an annual relaxation
+from business or professional cares and toils has become a positive
+necessity. The earlier generations worked more slowly and coolly, and a
+man could endure many years if need be without a thought of a regular
+vacation, while those who did go from the city to the mountains or
+seashore in the summer months were those who could afford it as a
+luxury, rather than so doing as a matter of physical or mental economy.
+Then again, country accommodations were very limited, and facilities for
+travel were exceedingly meagre as compared with the present. This was
+the case no more than a score of years ago. The era of great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">[Pg 559]</a></span> summer
+hotels, of "special trains for the season," and of swift and commodious
+steamboats to the beaches had not begun. Now the vast amount of summer
+travel forms almost a world of itself. All classes are included. The
+rich merchant resorts to his beautiful cottage by the sea, or to the
+splendid hotel in the mountains, for a stay of perhaps three or four
+months; the family of moderate means engage board at some one of the
+multitude of "resorts"; the ill-paid clerk or poor artisan may arrange
+for a week or two in the country, or, at least, may enjoy a few Saturday
+afternoons at the beaches; and now, God bless them! even the half-fed
+children of the narrowest street and lane may have a run in the green
+fields or shady woods on some hot summer day. That ways exist for the
+relief of so many, rich and poor, from the pent-up city in the sultry
+months is indeed a blessing, and, like all others, it requires
+intelligence for its proper use and appreciation. To work and worry
+eleven months at fever heat, and then relax both brain and body for one,
+may not afford a longer or more happy life than a continuous routine of
+labor performed in a more temperate, less-exciting way; but if we <i>must</i>
+work at such high pressure in this age, let us make the most of our
+times of rest. Woe to the man who carries with him to the cool mountains
+or the quiet beach such a paraphernalia of civilization (?) and fashion
+that he comes back to town more jaded than he went.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The impudence of newspaper reporters has furnished material for many a
+good-natured joke, but there is getting to be more truth than humor in
+the imputation. This became very apparent during the weeks preceding the
+marriage of the President, but it reached its climax when the horde of
+men and youth attached to various newspapers rushed to Deer Park and
+almost literally besieged the cottage to which the distinguished couple
+had retired. Such actions would be insolent enough had Mr. Cleveland
+been much less than the President of the United States; but it has
+always been supposed that there was a certain dignity attaching to this
+high office, which citizens, whatever their estimate of the man, were
+bound to respect. Whether this be so or not, it seems pretty certain
+that no dignity has anything to do with "a reporter." Indeed, the
+ability and brilliancy of a newspaper correspondent seem to be
+commensurate with his "cheek,"&mdash;to use his own word. And yet, why
+deprecate the reporters? They are simply the servants of the journals
+they represent. They only obey the will of editors and publishers. The
+one and the only conclusion is that the "great dailies,"&mdash;excepting
+those which do have a measure left of honor and dignity, of which, thank
+Heaven, a few are yet published&mdash;are on a grade far below many things
+which they would not themselves dare to sanction. As the "New York
+Evening Post" says, "If it be true that journalism is really a calling
+in which men must do or say <i>anything</i> which will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560">[Pg 560]</a></span> increase sales, it is
+the lowest occupation, not absolutely criminal, known to modern
+society." And what is worse, these journals attempt to defend their
+pernicious course by declaring that they "give only what the public
+demands." If the public <i>is</i> thus given over to sensationalism and
+folly, is the press fulfilling its mission by pandering to its thirst?
+It was once a theory that the press was a leader of the people. Has the
+journal of the present no ambition beyond the biggest circulation and
+the largest cash receipts?</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="HISTORICAL_RECORD" id="HISTORICAL_RECORD"></a>HISTORICAL RECORD.</h2>
+
+
+<p>April 10.&mdash;Serious disaster at the Pemberton Mills, Lawrence, Mass. A
+fire broke out in the picker-room and dye-house, destroying the
+building. Two men were killed and several injured. The great disaster at
+these mills occurred January 10, 1860, when one hundred and forty-five
+persons were killed by falling or fire.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 19.&mdash;The one hundred and eleventh anniversary of the battle of
+Concord was celebrated in that town. In the evening there was a meeting
+in the town hall, at which Hon. John S. Keyes read the original
+documents relating to the famous fight.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 19.&mdash;The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment celebrated, at Lowell, the
+twenty-fifth anniversary of its march through Baltimore. There was an
+enthusiastic attendance. Addresses were delivered by Col. B.F. Watson,
+Col. E. F. Jones, and others.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 20.&mdash;A large reservoir at East Lee, Mass., gave way, and many
+mills and houses and six bridges were swept away by the flood. Seven
+persons were drowned. A relief fund was established to aid the many
+destitute families, and assistance has also been given to the town,
+whose loss on highways and bridges is very great.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 20.&mdash;General meeting of the New England conferences of Methodists
+at Newburyport.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 24.&mdash;Arbor Day in Massachusetts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">[Pg 561]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 29.&mdash;Annual dinner of the Boston Latin School. Judge Devens
+presided. Addresses were given by President of the Association Dixwell,
+Head-master Moses Merrill, Dr. Benjamin Apthorp Gould, and others. A
+poem was read by Rev. James Freeman Clarke.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 3.&mdash;Extensive strike went into effect in Boston, among the
+carpenters and builders. About five thousand men left work.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 11.&mdash;Monthly meeting of the Bostonian Society. The chief interest
+centered in a collection of historical curiosities, among them the
+original subscription list to a new, large map of New England to be
+published in 1785. Among the subscriber's names were those of General
+Lafayette, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin. The address by
+Daniel Goodwin, Jr., of Chicago, was in relation to this exhibition, and
+dealt largely with the life of James Pitts.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 13.&mdash;Monthly meeting Massachusetts Historical Society, Dr. Ellis in
+the chair.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 13.&mdash;Erection of a statue of William Lloyd Garrison on Commonwealth
+Avenue, Boston. Among the inscriptions on the pedestal are these: "I am
+in earnest; I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retreat
+a single inch, and I will be heard." "My country is the world; my
+countrymen are all mankind."</p>
+
+<p>The statue was designed by Olin L. Warner of New York.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562">[Pg 562]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="NECROLOGY" id="NECROLOGY"></a>NECROLOGY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>April 14.&mdash;Edwin C. Morse, born in West Natick, 1817, Judge of the
+Natick Police Court, died at Natick, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 14.&mdash;George F. Emery, born in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1812, died in
+Boston. He had been U.S. General Appraiser for New England, also
+paymaster; and was treasurer of the Union Institution for Savings.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 15.&mdash;Anson K. Warner, of Greenfield, died from the effects of
+injuries received at the West Deerfield railroad disaster. Mr. Warner
+was closely connected with the institutions of his town, and held many
+offices of trust. His will bequeaths $50,000 for the education of
+Greenfield boys and girls.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 18.&mdash;Hon. Stephen H. Gifford, Clerk of the Massachusetts Senate,
+died at his home in Duxbury. He was born in Pembroke, Mass., July 21,
+1815, and while a boy earned his living on a farm. He learned the
+shoemaker's trade, and still later attended the academy in Hanover, N.
+H. Subsequently he became a teacher, and established a private school in
+Duxbury, in which he continued until 1885, excepting a year or two in
+which he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1850 he was a member of
+the House; in 1851 was appointed an inspector in the Boston Custom
+House. During a few weeks in 1854 he was Assistant Clerk of the Senate,
+and the next year he was chosen as Assistant Clerk of the House. The
+Legislature of 1855 elected him as Auditor of Accounts, for which office
+he was nominated by the Republicans the same year. The party was
+defeated at the polls, and Mr. Gifford shared the fate of his friends.
+In 1857 he was again appointed Assistant Clerk of the House. In 1858 he
+was elected Clerk of the Senate, and held the office until his death. On
+March 10, 1882, a complimentary dinner was tendered Mr. Gifford in
+testimonial of his twenty-five years of clerkship.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 19.&mdash;Hon. Charles Adams, Jr., formerly State Treasurer, died at
+his home in North Brookfield. Mr. Adams was born at Antrim, N. H., Jan.
+31, 1819, and his long life since has been a most busy and useful one.
+In 1816 his father removed from New Hampshire to Massachusetts, settling
+at Oakham, and in the district schools of this town Charles Adams
+received the most of his early education. When sixteen years of age he
+began business as a clerk in a country store at Petersham, and there
+remained five<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563">[Pg 563]</a></span> years. He then became bookkeeper for J.B. Fairbanks &amp;
+Co., at Ware, but after a year's service in this position left it to
+enter the employ of T. and E. Batcheller &amp; Co., at North Brookfield, as
+their bookkeeper. For twenty-eight years he remained with Batcheller &amp;
+Co., the last nine years being a partner in the firm. Mr. Adams was
+active in State and national politics, and served seventeen years at the
+State House in various capacities, as member of the Legislature, Senate,
+and Council, and as State Treasurer from 1870 to 1875. He was married
+May 8, 1834, and on May 8, 1884, celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of
+the marriage. Of late years he has given his attention to genealogical
+and historical matters connected with the town of North Brookfield. Mr.
+Adams was an upright, honest man, enjoying the highest confidence of the
+community in which he lived.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 22.&mdash;Deacon Nathaniel Hatch, of Bradford, Mass., died suddenly of
+heart disease. He was a graduate of Bowdoin, class of 1844; had been a
+teacher and a business man.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 23.&mdash;Hon. John Phelps, who was born in Hubbardston, Mass., in
+1824, died at New Orleans. He went South at the age of twenty-two; was
+one of the founders, and became President of the New Orleans Cotton
+Exchange, and later President of the National Cotton Exchange.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 24.&mdash;Death of Maj. Albert L. Richardson, for thirty years
+postmaster of Montvale, in Woburn, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 24.&mdash;Mrs. Wendell Phillips died at her home on Common Street,
+Boston. She was married to the great abolitionist orator about fifty
+years ago, but before that time she had espoused the antislavery cause.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 25.&mdash;Hon. Edmund Wilson, of Thomaston, Me., died. He had been
+prominent in the political affairs of his section, and was also for the
+past ten years a member of the Democratic National Committee.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 26.&mdash;Joseph Weld Morrison died at Campton Village, N. H., at the
+age of sixty-nine. He was an extensive dealer in lumber.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 27.&mdash;Henry H. Richardson died at his residence in Brookline,
+Mass., at the age of 48. Mr. Richardson had achieved a wide reputation
+as an architect, his rank in that profession being variously estimated
+from that of one of the first in this country to that of the first in
+the world or the age. Probably the most conspicuous example of his
+genius is Trinity Church in Boston.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564">[Pg 564]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>April 29.&mdash;Col. Ezra J. Trull, a well-known citizen of Boston, died at
+his home in Charlestown at the age of 43. He served in the war with the
+Fourth Battalion of Rifles, the 13th Massachusetts Volunteers, and the
+39th Regiment. At the close of the war he joined the 5th Regiment, of
+which he became colonel. In 1855 he was elected commander of the Ancient
+and Honorable Artillery. He was also commander of the Boston Light
+Infantry Veterans, and a member of the Loyal Legion. Col. Trull was also
+connected with various societies of civil, military, and masonic
+character. In civil office he served in the Boston Common Council in
+1875, 1876, 1877, in the Massachusetts Senate in 1884 and 1885, and was
+a Director of Public Institutions.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 1.&mdash;Chas. M. Shepard, professor at Amherst College, died at
+Charleston, S.C., at the age of 82.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 3.&mdash;Hon. John Boynton Hill, for many years a leading lawyer in
+Bangor, Me., and more recently of Mason, N. H., died at Temple, N. H.
+Mr. Hill was born in Mason, Nov. 25, 1796, and was graduated at Harvard
+College in 1821. Among his classmates were Governor Kent of Maine,
+Charles W. Upham of Salem, Senator Barnwell of South Carolina, and Ralph
+Waldo Emerson.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 4.&mdash;Rev. Francis A. Foxcroft, one of the oldest Episcopal clergymen
+in the State, died at Cambridge, Mass., at the age of 77.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 7.&mdash;William R. Patten, of Winchester, a soldier in the Civil War,
+and later, Judge-Advocate, died in Concord. He was born in 1837.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May 8.&mdash;Death of George W. Ray, a citizen and a manufacturer in
+Springfield, Mass.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565">[Pg 565]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LITERATURE" id="LITERATURE"></a>LITERATURE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In <i>Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian</i>,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> the task has been undertaken
+of rendering the Bible narrative in a form which shall be convenient and
+readable for young readers. Such an idea does not wholly please us, for
+it does not seem possible to rewrite the sacred history without losing
+the spirit of the close translation from the Hebrew and Greek. There is
+an excuse for simplifying Bible stories for young children, but this
+work seems adapted only to those who must be mature enough to fully
+understand the reading of the Scriptures themselves. Yet, for those who
+can profitably employ such a book, this work could hardly be better. It
+is evidently prepared with great care. The first volume, which is at
+hand, contains the Hebrew story from Creation to the Exile, and for it
+one must commend the writers for their conscientious and painstaking
+work, which, without doubt, will prove to be of value to many.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>History is a subject so vast and complex that it requires great skill to
+properly present even an outline of the whole in a single volume. Such
+compendiums have, however, been made, and have had a useful purpose.
+Professor Fisher is a man who has extensive qualifications for such a
+task, and he has given us a work<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> which should have a place in every
+public and private library, and be in the hands of every student. The
+whole subject, from the earliest to present times, is outlined in a
+manner which has rendered it readable and interesting,&mdash;a rare quality
+for such a condensed work. We like the arrangement, which does not treat
+each country always by itself, but the whole plan of the book is, in
+general, chronological, by which the condition of different countries at
+any given period is readily compared. By the use of different types in
+printing, a notable convenience is afforded the reader. For instance,
+the general thread of narrative is carried on through the coarser type,
+while in another type one may read of contemporary literature, art,
+science, etc. In fact, the record of these subjects is one of the
+valuable features of the work. The typography is excellent,&mdash;a matter of
+special importance in such a book.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566">[Pg 566]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A concise monograph,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> lately translated from the German, is
+interesting as an argument in favor of gas as against electricity for
+artificial lighting. The author is impressed with the fact that the
+triumphs of electric lighting have been overestimated, and that its
+healthful, legitimate development has been retarded by the hosts of
+speculators. Dr. Schilling quotes many statistics, from both European
+and American sources, to show that many of the claims for electric
+lighting are unfounded, and that gas has been the subject of numerous
+false assertions as to its danger, etc., simply to glorify the electric
+light. The author seems disposed to fairness, in general, but when,
+after admitting that the electric light has a future before it, he
+declares that "gas will remain in future, as it always has been, the
+universal means of illumination," he is at least injudicious.
+"Universal" and "always" are too broad; certainly, as far as the past is
+concerned, if not the future. Those who are interested in the subject
+will find it worth while to read this book. The translation has been
+carefully made, and it is clearly printed.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Lynn, Mass., has long been famous for its boots and shoes, but from a
+comfortably sized book<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> in hand, we are led to believe that the town
+has something interesting about it besides heels and soles. This volume
+is, according to its name, a series of sketches of the history of the
+town, well interspersed with anecdotes, most of them from the storehouse
+of the author's own memory. Although he spent, as he declares, twenty
+years on the shoemaker's bench, he has not limited his knowledge to his
+trade. He has evidently been a keen observer; and his command of
+Anglo-Saxon, together with what may be called the genuine Yankee
+language, has enabled him to relate his stories and make his comments in
+a clear and vigorous style. It is, indeed, a very pleasant variation of
+the regulation town history; a volume of information and good-natured
+wit; such a book as we imagine every citizen and native of Lynn would
+delight to read.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">[Pg 567]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian. Arranged and edited for
+young readers as an introduction to the study of the Bible. By Edw. T.
+Bartlett, A.M., and John P. Peters, Ph.D. Vol. I, pp. 545. New York: G.
+P. Putnam's Sons.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Outlines of Universal History. Designed as a text-book and
+for private reading. By George Park Fisher, Professor in Yale College,
+pp. 674. New York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor &amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The Present Condition of Electric Lighting. A report made
+at Munich, September 26, 1885, by N. H. Schilling, Ph.D. 55 pp. Boston:
+Cupples, Upham &amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Sketches of Lynn; or, The Changes of Fifty Years. By David
+N. Johnson, pp. 490. Lynn; Thomas P. Nichols, printer.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX_TO_MAGAZINE_LITERATURE" id="INDEX_TO_MAGAZINE_LITERATURE"></a>INDEX TO MAGAZINE LITERATURE.</h2>
+
+<h4>(<i>MAY, 1886.</i>)</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art, Architecture.</span> American Country Dwellings. <i>Mrs. Schuyler van
+Rensselaer.</i> 1.&mdash;The Care of Pictures and Prints. <i>P. G. Hamerton.</i>
+5.&mdash;Art in Brooklyn. <i>Various.</i> 16.&mdash;Ceilings and Walls. <i>J. H.
+Pollen.</i> 22.&mdash;An English Sculptor. <i>Leander Scott.</i> 22.&mdash;Art in Metal
+Work. <i>Lewis F. Day.</i> 22&mdash;An American Gallery. <i>Chas. De Kay.</i> 22.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Biography, Genealogy.</span> The Life of William Lloyd Garrison. <i>Freeman M.
+Post, D.D.</i> 3.&mdash;A Sturdy Christian. <i>Henry J. van Dyke, Jr., D.D.</i>
+3.&mdash;Edwin M. Stanton. <i>Dan Piatt.</i> 4.&mdash;Francis Galton., 5.&mdash;Horatio
+Seymour. <i>Isaac S. Hartley, D.D.</i> 6.&mdash;Personal Recollections of John D.
+Philbrick. <i>Mrs. H. B. B. Lord.</i> 8.&mdash;Gen. Turner Ashby. <i>A. E.
+Richards.</i> 17.&mdash;Benjamin Disraeli. <i>George Sandsbury.</i> 22.&mdash;The
+Webster Family. <i>Hon. Stephen M. Allen.</i> 23.&mdash;Henry Barnard. <i>John D.
+Philbrick.</i> 23.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Civil War.</span> From the Peninsula to Antietam. <i>Geo. B. McLellan.</i>
+1.&mdash;McClellan at the Head of the Grand Army. <i>Warren Lee Goss.</i> 1.&mdash;The
+Battle of South Mountain, or Boonsboro'. <i>Gen. D. H. Hill.</i> 1.&mdash;Defence
+of Charleston, S.C. <i>Gen. G. T. Beauregard.</i> 4.&mdash;The Removal of
+McClellan., 4.&mdash;Shiloh. <i>Gen. W.F. Smith.</i> 6.&mdash;The Battle of Cross
+Keys. <i>Alfred E. Lee.</i> 6.&mdash;War Prisons and War Poetry. <i>Jas. W. A.
+Wright.</i> 17.&mdash;Arkansas Past. <i>Wm. J. Oliphant.</i> 17.&mdash;The War in
+Missouri. <i>Richard H. Musser.</i> 17.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Description, Travel, Adventure.</span> The Flour Mills of Minneapolis. <i>E. V.
+Smalley.</i> 1.&mdash;Lick Observatory. <i>Taliesin Evans.</i> 1.&mdash;After Geronimo.
+III. <i>Lieut. John Bigelow.</i> 7.&mdash;The Last Voyage of the Surprise.,
+7.&mdash;Around the World on a Bicycle. VIII. <i>Thomas Stevens.</i> 7.&mdash;Three
+Weeks of Savage Life.&mdash;<i>Maurice Thompson.</i> 7.&mdash;A Blockade Runner under
+Fire. <i>R. C. Coffin.</i> 7.&mdash;A Lonely Vigil. <i>T. C. Jones.</i> 10.&mdash;How we
+went Trouting. <i>W. S. Hutchinson.</i> 10.&mdash;Memories of London. <i>W. J.
+Stillman.</i> 11.&mdash;English and American Railways. <i>Wm. H. Rideing.</i>
+16.&mdash;The World's Great Bridges. <i>Mrs. F. G. De Fontaine.</i> 16.&mdash;The
+Women of Brazil. <i>Frances A. de Magalhaes.</i> 16.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Education.</span> Liberal Education in Germany. <i>J. H. Stuckenberg, D.D.</i>
+3.&mdash;History in American Colleges. <i>Prof. H. B. Adams.</i> 8.&mdash;Public
+Schools and Nervous Children. <i>Elizabeth Cummings.</i> 8.&mdash;Notable
+Features of the English System of Elementary Education. <i>A. Tolman
+Smith.</i> 8.&mdash;Improved Methods of Classical Instruction. <i>Wm. E.
+Jillson.</i> 8.&mdash;The Harvard Annex. <i>M. C. Smith.</i> 8.&mdash;Elective Studies
+in College. <i>Prof. Isaac C. Dennett.</i> 8.&mdash;National Aid to Popular
+Education. <i>R. B. Hayes.</i> 16.&mdash;Trinity College, Hartford. <i>Prof. Samuel
+Hart.</i> 23.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">History.</span> Historical Colorado. <i>Katherine Hodges.</i> 6.&mdash;An Old House in
+New Orleans. <i>Chas. Dimitry.</i> 6.&mdash;History of a Newspaper. <i>P. L.
+Ford.</i> 6.&mdash;March of the Spaniards across Illinois. <i>E. G. Mason.</i>
+6.&mdash;History in American Colleges. <i>H. B. Adams.</i> 8.&mdash;The Martial
+Experiences of the California Volunteers. <i>Edward Carlson.</i> 10.&mdash;The
+Virginia Cavaliers. <i>K. M. Rowland.</i> 17.&mdash;The Kentucky Resolutions of
+1798-99. <i>R. T. Durrett.</i> 17.&mdash;New Bedford. <i>Herbert L. Aldrich.</i> 23.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Literature.</span> Hawthorne's Philosophy. <i>Julian Hawthorne.</i> 1.&mdash;The
+American Dramatist. <i>Augustin Daly.</i> 4.&mdash;The Evolution of Language. <i>M.
+A. Hovelacque.</i> 5.&mdash;The Poetry of Thoreau. <i>Joel Benton.</i> 9.&mdash;Our
+Experience Meetings. <i>Cora M. Potter</i> and <i>Ella Wheeler Wilcox.</i>
+9.&mdash;Dies Ir&aelig;. A New Translation. <i>John S. Hagen.</i> 10.&mdash;Wordsworth's
+Passion. <i>Titus Munson Evan.</i> 15.&mdash;The Novel of our Times. <i>F. N.
+Zutsickie.</i> 15.&mdash;War Poetry., 17.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous.</span> De Caudelle on the Production of Men of Science. <i>W. H.
+Larrabee.</i> 5.&mdash;The Aryan Homestead. <i>E. P. Evans.</i> 11.&mdash;The Marriage
+Question. <i>Harriett Prescott Spofford</i> and <i>Frances E. Willard.</i>
+16.&mdash;Judicial Falsifications of History.&mdash;<i>Hon. Chas. Cowley.</i> 23.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Politics, Economics, Public Affairs.</span> The Future of the Colored Race.
+<i>Frederick Douglass.</i> 4.&mdash;Letter to Judge Thurman. <i>Arthur Richmond.</i>
+4.&mdash;Our "House of Lords.", 4.&mdash;Ship Building <i>vs.</i> Ship Owning. <i>Capt.
+John Codman.</i> 4.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568">[Pg 568]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Statesmanship, Old and New. <i>Gail Hamilton.</i> 4.&mdash;Strikes and
+Arbitration. <i>T. V. Powderly.</i> 4.&mdash;The Hours of Labor. <i>Edward
+Atkinson.</i> 4.&mdash;The Difficulties of Railroad Regulation. <i>Arthur T.
+Hadley.</i> 5.&mdash;An Economic Study of Mexico. II. <i>David A. Wells.</i>
+4.&mdash;Prison Labor. <i>Robt. Devlin.</i> 10.&mdash;Discussion of the Liquor
+Traffic. <i>G. A. Moore.</i> 10.&mdash;Weakness of the United States Government
+under the Articles of Confederation. <i>John Fiske.</i> 11.&mdash;The Present
+Position of Civil Service Reform. <i>Theodore Roosevelt.</i> 15.&mdash;The
+Freedmen During the War. <i>O. O. Howard.</i> 15.&mdash;National Aid to Popular
+Education.&mdash;<i>R. B. Hayes.</i>16.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Recreation, Sports.</span> Ranch Life and Game Shooting in the West. III.
+<i>Theodore Roosevelt.</i> 7.&mdash;The Stanley Show. <i>Joseph Pennell.</i>
+7.&mdash;Trout Fishing in Maine. <i>J. R. Hitchcock.</i> 7.&mdash;British Yachting.
+<i>C. J. C. McAlister.</i> 7.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Religion, Morals.</span> The Possibilities of Religious Reform in Italy. <i>Wm.
+Chauncy Langdon, D.D.</i> 3.&mdash;Development of the Moral Faculty. <i>James
+Sully.</i> 5.&mdash;The Seventh Petition. <i>George Bancroft.</i> 15.&mdash;Are Church
+Fairs Beneficial? <i>Mrs. H. W. Beecher.</i> 16.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Science, Natural History, Discovery, Inventions.</span> The Problem of
+Crystallization. <i>Alfred Einhorn.</i> 5.&mdash;The Factors of Organic
+Evolution. II. <i>Herbert Spencer.</i> 5.&mdash;Food Accessories and Digestion.
+<i>Dr. J. B. Yeo.</i> 5.&mdash;Photographing the Heavens. <i>Dr. H. Y. Klein.</i>
+5.&mdash;How Alcoholic Liquors are Made. <i>Joseph Dawson.</i> 5.&mdash;The Science of
+Flat-fish., 5.&mdash;Must Life, Beginning Here, Necessarily End Here? <i>E. A.
+Clark.</i> 10.&mdash;The Genesis of Bird Song. <i>Maurice Thompson.</i>
+11.&mdash;Speech: Its Mental and Physical Elements. <i>M. Allen Starr.</i>
+15.&mdash;The Breeding of Fancy Pigeons. <i>E. S. Starr.</i> 1.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Theology, Polemics.</span> Evolution and the Faith. <i>T. T. Munger.</i>
+1.&mdash;Egyptian Monotheism. <i>C. Loring Bruce.</i> 15.</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>1 The Century.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>2 Harper's Monthly.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>3 Andover Review.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>4 North American Review.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>5 Popular Science Monthly.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>6 Magazine of Am. History.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>7 Outing.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>8 Education.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>9 Lippincott's Magazine.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>10 Overland Monthly.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>11 Atlantic Monthly.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>11 New England Historical and Genealogical Register.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>13 Rhode Island Historical Magazine.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>14 The Forum.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>15 New Princeton Review.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>16 The Brooklyn Magazine.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>17 The Southern Bivouac.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>18 The Citizen.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>19 Political Science Quarterly.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>20 Unitarian Review.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>21 New Englander.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>22 Magazine of Art.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>23 New England Magazine.</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No.
+6, June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, JUNE 1886 ***
+
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,3577 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 6,
+June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 6, June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 13, 2008 [EBook #25064]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, JUNE 1886 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+AND
+
+BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+    OLD SERIES       JUNE, 1886.    NEW SERIES
+
+    VOL. IV. NO. 6.                 VOL. I. NO. 6.
+
+Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAMS COLLEGE.
+
+BY REV. N. H. EGLESTON.
+
+
+Williams College has something peculiar and romantic in its history, as
+well as in its site amid the beautiful hills of Berkshire. It had its
+birth upon the very frontiers of civilization, and amid the throes of
+that struggle which was to decide finally whether the control of this
+continent, and the permanent shaping of its institutions and its destiny
+were to be French or English. The nascent colleges of Colorado, Dakota,
+and Oregon are relatively to-day in the position held by Williams when
+it was founded.
+
+Col. Ephraim Williams, from whom the college takes its name, had been an
+active participant in the struggle to which we have alluded. He had been
+commissioned by the General Court of Massachusetts to construct and
+command a line of forts along the northern border of settlements from
+the Connecticut River on the east to the valley of the Hoosac on the
+west. This line coincided nearly with the northern boundary of
+Massachusetts; all above, to the borders of Canada, being then a
+wilderness, through which the roaming savages often burst with sudden
+violence upon the settlements of the English colonists. The westernmost
+of the line of forts was not far from what is now the site of the
+college, and this, being the most exposed and most important, Williams
+commanded in person.
+
+After acting in this capacity for a time, and in a manner which gained
+him much distinction in the colony, he was placed in charge of a
+regiment of troops, designed to participate with other forces in an
+expedition against the French; the special object being the capture of
+Crown Point, a fortress on Lake Champlain. While on the way to Crown
+Point a French force was met, near the head of Lake George. Williams,
+with a detachment of troops, was sent against it. The movement was
+successful. The French were repulsed, but in the encounter Williams lost
+his life. A monument, erected in recent years by the alumni of the
+college, marks the spot where he fell.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+CLARK HALL.]
+
+While engaged in his military duties on the frontier, Williams became
+much interested in the soldiers under his command. Through his
+agency chiefly, two townships of land in the vicinity of Fort
+Massachusetts--the name given to the most western fort in the valley of
+the Hoosac--had been set off by order of the Legislature, and lots in
+them had been disposed of to the soldiers on favorable terms. Williams
+had also expressed the intention of still further benefiting his
+comrades in arms. While resting for a day or two at Albany, on his way
+to Crown Point, he bethought him of his purpose, the execution of which
+had hitherto been postponed. Accordingly, he made his will on the spot,
+by which he devised his property, after making some bequests to
+relatives and friends, for the purpose of establishing what he termed a
+Free School.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+East College. EAST COLLEGE CAMPUS. Library.]
+
+Such was the beginning of Williams College, for the school took the name
+and form of a college in two or three years after its organization. It
+was noble in purpose from the outset, but humble, indeed, in pecuniary
+endowment. Some will smile, now that we think hundreds of thousands, not
+to say millions, necessary for the establishment of a college, when
+they are informed that the executors of Williams' estate were obliged to
+allow the proceeds of it to accumulate for thirty years before they
+ventured to organize the school or erect a building for its use.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+WEST COLLEGE.]
+
+That it was to be something more than an ordinary school was insured
+from the beginning by the character of the trustees who so patiently
+brooded over the work committed to them while the funds in their hands
+were gaining the needful increase. They were among the most
+distinguished and intelligent citizens of the Colony. Most of them were
+of collegiate training, and a large number graduates of Yale. They
+believed in the value of a liberal education, not only to the person
+immediately concerned, but to the community of which he might be a
+member. They believed in the importance of basing liberty upon sound
+education. Such men, at such a time, could hardly have done otherwise
+than to lay foundations which could be fitly built upon for a long time
+to come. They designed to give the youth who might come to their school
+such a training as would fit them for the engagements and duties of
+practical life. So they began their school in the wilderness, as it then
+was, so far out on the verge of settlement that a few years before there
+had been debate as to whether it was not actually beyond the boundaries
+of New England. Now that the wilderness is gone, and the college, long
+secluded from observation, has been made so accessible by the
+construction of one of our transcontinental lines of railway along the
+valley of the Hoosac, and the town to which Williams gave name has
+become noted far and wide for its beauty, one wonders whether those
+early founders were aware of the fair setting which Nature had provided
+for their school. Certainly the aesthetic sense can ask for nothing more
+in the way of natural scenery than is here presented to the eye in the
+combination of mountain, valley, and stream; the infinite variety on
+every hand, with a quiet grandeur characterizing all. The visitor no
+sooner looks out upon the enchanting scene than he is ready to say this
+is pre-eminently a fit place for the training of students; all without
+is so in harmony with what is best in culture and character.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+COLONEL WILLIAMS' MONUMENT.]
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+MISSION PARK MONUMENT.]
+
+But outward or geographical situation is of secondary importance with a
+seat of learning. Scenery will not make scholars, though it may be
+desirable and helpful, and is likely to impress itself upon the habitual
+beholder with life-long influence. The college is where the teachers
+are. It is also what they are. Plato made the Academy. And judged by
+this standard Williams has not been deficient. From its beginning it has
+had able instructors, men of sound learning, of exemplary character, and
+"apt to teach." Among the earliest was Jeremiah Day, afterwards, and for
+so long a time, serving as the president of Yale College. Ex-President
+Hopkins is just now completing the fiftieth year of continuous
+instruction in the college since he was called to be its head, and no
+name is higher than his as a teacher. With him have been associated fit
+and eminent coadjutors in the various departments of instruction. If the
+work of the college has been done quietly and unobtrusively, it has been
+done well. The faculty of Williams have not been ambitious to make a
+university amid the Berkshire Hills, nor to enter into a strife with
+other institutions for the purpose of swelling the number of its
+students. They have been content to do the work of a simple college, and
+to be judged by the quality rather than the quantity of their work.
+Faithful to the students who might be led to seek the benefits of such
+an institution, they have sought to make their pupils faithful to
+themselves and to their opportunities. In the working of the college,
+the training of character has been regarded as of prime importance.
+While sound scholarship has been insisted upon,--sound rather than
+showy,--no scholarship has been allowed to take the place of character.
+The moral element has ever been held uppermost, and the endeavor has
+been to blend it with all the studies of the assigned curriculum. A
+truly manly character has been the finished product which the college
+has sought to give to the world from year to year in the persons of its
+graduates.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+THE COLLEGE CHAPEL.]
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+GRIFFIN HALL (OLD COLLEGE CHAPEL), AND SOLDIERS' MONUMENT.]
+
+Colleges no less than persons have their peculiarities and special
+characteristics. Its very situation made it almost certain that at
+Williams much attention would be given to the natural sciences. With
+mountains and meadows on every side inviting their exploration, it was
+almost a matter of course that much attention should be given to
+botanical studies, and that the new sciences of chemistry and geology
+should meet a hearty welcome. This was made the more certain by the
+special qualification of the teachers of these sciences. Professor Dewey
+was distinguished by his lectures and experiments in natural philosophy
+and chemistry. Professor Eaton early gave lectures in mineralogy,
+geology, and botany. He was a pioneer in these departments of science,
+and an enthusiast whose spirit easily kindled a like spirit in others.
+To pursue his favorite studies he had forsaken the profession of law. It
+was his custom to take his classes into the fields and woods and there
+interrogate Nature. Emmons, the younger Hopkins, Tenney, and Chadbourne
+were teachers of similar spirit. Aided by the instruction of such men
+the natural sciences have been studied with a zeal which has become
+traditional at Williams. As evidence and result of this, a Lyceum of
+Natural History has been established and maintained for many years by
+the students, and has become a fixed institution. The Society has a
+substantial brick building on the college campus containing a valuable
+collection of specimens in the various departments of natural history,
+and a hall in which the Society holds regular meetings for the reading
+of papers and the discussion of questions relating to natural science.
+The students have been encouraged also to pursue their researches at a
+distance from the college, and various expeditions have been undertaken
+for this purpose. The long summer vacations have frequently been
+profitably spent in this way. In company with a professor of the
+college, as their guide and helper, the members of the Society have
+prosecuted their researches southward to the Gulf, and as far north as
+Greenland. The college has now a table in the building of the United
+States Fish Commission at Wood's Holl, on the southern coast of
+Massachusetts, where the students have the opportunity, every summer, of
+prosecuting their biological studies.
+
+[Illustration: MORGAN HALL.]
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+MAIN STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM EAST COLLEGE HILL.]
+
+Of course every one who knows anything of the college knows that the
+study of mental and moral science has had as prominent place as that of
+the natural sciences. It could not be otherwise with such a man as
+Ex-President Hopkins in the chair of instruction. Dr. Hopkins has had,
+in a remarkable degree, the faculty of making these studies, usually
+regarded as abstruse and repulsive to the majority of students, both
+intelligible and attractive. It has been his conviction that we may
+know and ought to know what is nearest to us--ourselves; that we are
+capable of ascertaining the laws and movements of our own being. This is
+properly the science of Man. This, in his apt, clear way, he has taught
+year after year. He has sought to lead the young men of his classes to
+look within, to study and know themselves. For text-book he has used now
+one and now another. The book has been of secondary importance. The
+familiar, free discussions of the class-room have been the most
+effective means of instruction, and many are the graduates of Williams
+who look back upon their studies in philosophy as the most interesting
+and valuable of their college course.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE. Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+JACKSON HALL.]
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+THE OLD OBSERVATORY.]
+
+Since the accession of President Carter to his place at the head of the
+college, while attention to other studies has not been lessened, more
+attention has been given to the study of the modern languages and to our
+own native tongue, formerly so sadly neglected in most of our colleges.
+The belles-lettres studies have been given a larger place than they had
+before. Other changes have also been made in the curriculum and in the
+arrangements and management of the college calculated to adapt it in all
+respects to the wants of the time, and the present condition and needs
+of the country. The list of elective studies has been increased. For
+some years the senior class have had a wide liberty of choice as to the
+studies in which they should be engaged. A similar liberty is now given
+to the juniors. As to the lower classes, the managers of the college are
+not disposed to think that a boy on coming to college is the best judge
+as to the studies to be pursued by him. At the same time they recognize
+the fact that the average age of students is greater by several years
+than it was twenty-five or fifty years ago, and that this may well be
+taken into account and, coupled with the effect of two years of college
+training, may make it safe and even desirable to throw students in the
+latter half of their course partly upon their own responsibility as well
+as privilege of choice. They are not disposed to regard their pupils as
+boys when they are men, or to use compulsory requisitions when free
+choice will accomplish as good results.
+
+[Illustration: GYMNASIUM WILLIAMS COLLEGE MASS]
+
+During President Carter's incumbency of office, or in recent years,
+large additions have been made also to what may be called the furniture
+of the college. Its funds have been sensibly augmented, and its
+equipment of buildings largely increased. A new observatory has been
+erected to supplement the uses of the old one, which was distinguished
+as being the first observatory for astronomical purposes erected in this
+country. The new one has mounted in it a meridian circle of the latest
+and best construction. Other instruments in both observatories in the
+hands of one so eminent as Professor Safford, furnish unusual means for
+the prosecution of astronomical studies. Clark Hall, a fine new
+building, contains the Wilder Mineralogical Cabinet and the college
+archives. A new dormitory has been erected by the liberality of the late
+Ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, and during the present year a spacious
+building of stone has been erected for gymnastic purposes. As new
+buildings have been constructed, old ones have been rearranged and
+better adapted for the various uses of the college, and so it has been
+provided with the means of enlarging and improving its work, and it is
+believed that few, if any, of our colleges are better equipped in this
+respect than Williams.
+
+[Illustration: From HARPER'S MAGAZINE Copyright, 1881, by HARPER &
+BROTHERS.
+
+GOODRICH HALL.]
+
+With such natural surroundings as the students of Williams have, such
+scenery appealing everywhere to the eye and soul, mountains close at
+hand to climb, and sequestered nooks to explore, it could hardly be
+otherwise than that they should combine with their studies the physical
+exercise necessary for the maintenance of health. They have been
+encouraged also by the college authorities to engage in athletic games
+among themselves, and to participate in friendly contests with the
+students of other colleges, and in these contests the students of
+Williams have held an honorable place.
+
+It would be wrong perhaps not to make a more distinct reference to the
+moral character of the college. As has been seen, the ethical studies
+hold a prominent place in the curriculum. The college has a
+distinctively religious character. By this is not meant that it is a
+religious institution. It was not founded by any religious sect or
+denomination. It is not under the control of any such. It was founded as
+a school, a place of education, with no ulterior aim. But its founder,
+and those who executed his will and gave shape to his design, were men
+of religious character; persons who held moral character above mere
+scholarship, and who believed that every scholar should have a devout
+spirit. Their successors and those who from the first have held the
+position of instructors, have been of like feeling. They have been
+Christian scholars themselves, and have sought to make their pupils
+such; not, however, in any forced or unpleasant way. The chapel has its
+place among the college buildings. There the students assemble every
+morning for the reading of the sacred scriptures and for prayer; and on
+the Sabbath religious services are conducted after the customary manner
+of the churches. Studies in natural theology and in the catechism also
+form a part of the college course. The religious atmosphere which
+surrounds the college is as genial and cheerful as the natural
+atmosphere which bathes the hills and valleys around in October days. It
+has no element of sectarianism or bigotry. Free alike from cant, from
+looseness and indifference, the religious tone of the college is
+altogether wholesome.
+
+Williams, the westernmost of our New England colleges, blends in
+harmonious combination the puritan spirit of the East with the
+progressive spirit of the West, and offers to all who come to her doors
+an education based upon tried principles, and conducted in a healthful
+spirit. At his inauguration to the office of its presidency, Dr. Hopkins
+said, "I desire and shall labor that this may be a safe college; that
+here may be health, and cheerful study, and kind feelings, and pure
+morals." No words perhaps could better describe the character which,
+under his wise management, and that of his associates, the college has
+maintained.
+
+President Carter's inaugural address contained an urgent plea for a
+professorship of the "History and Polity of the Hebrew Theocracy," and
+although the funds for such a professorship are still wanting, the
+college stands faithfully by the old traditions of reverence and worship
+and sound morality.
+
+
+
+
+THE HUNTING OF THE STAG OF OENOE.
+
+BY CLINTON SCOLLARD.
+
+
+    From proud Mycenae's lion-guarded gate,
+    Where King Eurystheus reigned in regal state,
+    One springtime morn when every field was fair
+    And song-birds carolled in the azure air,
+    A man of mighty stature swiftly strode,
+    And took his way along the winding road
+    That led to well-walled Argos and the sea.
+    From Lerna's fens a salty breeze blew free,
+    And stirred the locks that fell his shoulders down
+    And wreathed his forehead like a golden crown.
+    Upon his shield--a sight to hold men mute--
+    Was seen the head of the Nemean brute;
+    Within one hand a gnarled club he bore,
+    Hewn from an oak bole in the forest hoar.
+    The shafts of Hermes, and the wondrous bow,
+    The helm of Vulcan with its fiery glow,
+    The fine-wrought peplus fluttering in the breeze,
+    Proclaimed the hero valiant Hercules.
+    Beside the torrent Perseia that won
+    Its way to join the sweet Asterion,
+    Through flowery meads and field of greening grain,
+    The hero's pathway led him o'er the plain;
+    But ere the walls of Argos met his view,
+    Or ere he saw the AEgean shining blue,
+    He turned, and toward the mountain peaks that rose
+    Along the far horizon, capped with snows
+    Of lands Arcadian, pursued his quest.
+    And many days he fared with meagre rest
+    Taken in starlit hours 'neath forest boughs,
+    Where nightly Queen Titania's elves carouse.
+    By day he hasted with unflagging pace
+    Through woodland depths where Dian's hounds gave chase
+    To startled deer, through fields by yeomen tilled,
+    Through vineyards whence the winepress would be filled
+    When teeming Autumn with her purple fine
+    Had tinged the grape upon the yielding vine;
+    Through olive groves that, in good time, would bear
+    A bounteous fruitage 'neath the pruner's care:
+    And those who saw him as he sped along
+    Paused 'mid their work, or hushed the jocund song
+    To do him homage. None in all the land
+    But felt the blessings that his potent hand
+    Had widely wrought; remote were they and few
+    But that his face and stately presence knew.
+    Where'er his many wanderings led, he heard
+    In field or household no unwelcome word;
+    Whene'er he came, though bread and wine were spent,
+    He saw no frown nor look of ill content.
+
+    At last, when many nights the vernal moon
+    Had risen and set, and song-birds presaged June,
+    One sultry eve the weary hero came
+    To mountain hamlet where his matchless fame
+    Had been on all men's lips, but where his face
+    Was known to none; and in the market-place
+    He found a throng with wreaths and garlands bound,
+    And one who blew with clear, harmonious sound
+    Upon a hollow reed. Amidst the folk
+    A goodly ox, unfettered by the yoke,
+    Stood gayly decked with flowers in skilful wise
+    As though prepared for godly sacrifice.
+    When they beheld the noble-visaged man,
+    They bade him join the festal rites of Pan;
+    For some at heart believed that he might be,
+    In mortal guise, a heavenly deity;
+    And much they marveled at his kingly mien,
+    As with the throng he sought the forest green.
+    Within a glade where drooping birches stirred
+    Their silvery leaves, and where the drowsy bird
+    Sang plaintively a tender twilight lay,
+    An altar stood entwined by tendrils gay.
+    And soon thereon the mighty ox, new-slain,
+    Was sprinkled o'er with wine and barley grain;
+    Then one, amid the sound of choral song,
+    The seemly leader of the pastoral throng,
+    With reverent hand brought forth the sacred fire,
+    And prayerful knelt and lit the holy pyre.
+    Amid the roar of sacrificial flame
+    The devotees besought their God by name;
+    And while they worshipped, Hercules unheard,
+    Through flowering, fragrant thickets scarcely stirred
+    By evening's breezes, softly slipped away,
+    His vows fulfilled. The golden orb of day
+    Had ceased to flush the placid western sky;
+    With slowly lengthening shadows night drew nigh,
+    But still the hero with unslackened stride
+    Went hurrying onward, till a torrent wide,
+    Grown fierce with melting snow, his progress barred;
+    And there beneath the cloudless dome, bright-starred,
+    Upon his tawny shield he laid him down,
+    And slept till morning with her rosy crown
+    Followed the car of Phoebus up the East.
+    Then, when his limbs from slumber were released,
+    And he had eaten of his frugal fare,
+    He stemmed the stream, and up a hillside bare
+    Of aught but tangled bush and hindering briar
+    Toiled slowly to the crest, whereon a spire
+    Of splintered pine like lonely sentry stood.
+    Below him lay a wide-outreaching wood,
+    And far beyond a hamlet that he knew,
+    Oenoe called. Before the thick night dew
+    Had dried from off the grass and rustling leaves,
+    Or shepherd maids from under well-thatched eaves
+    Had gone afield to watch the wandering
+    Of flocks that fed beside a crystal spring,
+    Stout Hercules had trodden half the way
+    That 'twixt the pine-tree and the hamlet lay.
+
+    A Titan power, while yet the world was young,
+    Within the woodland's shady heart had flung
+    The green earth open, and a dark ravine,
+    Through which a streamlet purled o'er mossy-green,
+    Gigantic boulders, formed the chosen lair
+    For ravening beasts that through the forest fare.
+    At night or morn the deer were wont to seek
+    The freshening nectar of the crystal creek;
+    At night or morn the pard, with stealthy tread,
+    Crept softly out upon the boughs o'erhead;
+    A wanderer from rocky realms remote,
+    Here laved the mountain bear his shaggy coat;
+    And birds, bright-mirrored on the sedgy brink
+    Of darkling pools, here paused to plume and drink.
+
+    Where o'er the granite ledge the noisy stream
+    Came tossing down athwart the slanting gleam
+    Of morning sunrays, Hercules reclined
+    Beneath a tangled growth of vines that twined
+    Around o'erhanging saplings, oak and elm.
+    Upon the ground was cast his weighty helm,
+    Likewise his shield and shafts, his club and bow.
+    Breathless he listened with his ear bent low
+    Upon the earth. The moments sped; around
+    The honey-hoarding bees' unceasing sound,
+    The crested jay's complaining, shrilly call,
+    Were intermingled with the water's fall.
+    But soon upon his keen, detecting ear
+    There fell a noise which told that hoof of deer
+    Was lightly rustling through the reeds and grass.
+    With eye alert he scanned the narrow pass
+    Beside the stream, and, in a moment more,
+    Beheld a stag upon the shelving shore
+    Whose hoofs seemed brazen, and whose horns outshone
+    With gold like that which binds the slender zone
+    Of fair Aurora, daughter of the Dawn.
+    Deep eyes more tender had no timid fawn;
+    Of perfect form was every graceful limb;
+    The tapering flank symmetrical and slim,
+    The head erect, the nostril fine of curve,
+    The shapely shoulders flawless, and the swerve
+    Of stately neck a marvel to behold.
+    This was the stag a woodland nymph of old
+    To swift Diana gave, remembering she
+    Had been her friend in dire extremity.
+    This stag it was that brave Mycenae's king
+    Had bidden valiant Hercules to bring
+    Alive unto his court. And now so fair
+    The creature stood before him, unaware
+    A foe lurked near, that he at heart was fain
+    To capture it without the piercing pain
+    The wounding dart might give; and so aside
+    He cast his princely peplus, purple-dyed,
+    And softly crept from 'neath the viny roof.
+    But lo! the stag with smite of startled hoof
+    On yielding ground, and toss of antlers high,
+    Flashing a look from out his frightened eye,
+    With agile bound sprang knee-deep in the stream,
+    A moment paused as in a trance or dream;
+    Then, casting back a calmly questioning look,
+    Regained the bank above the brawling brook,
+    And ere the hero seized his barbed dart,
+    Had disappeared within the forest's heart.
+
+    Twelve weary months had slowly dragged away
+    Since Hercules, upon that fateful day,
+    Within Arcadian wilds had sought in vain
+    To snare the sacred stag; through sun and rain,
+    Through wintry cold and winds that tossed and whirled
+    The falling leaf, through drifting snows that pearled
+    Arcadian slopes, untiring in pursuit,
+    He held a lonely chase that bore no fruit;
+    If he at morn descried the stag afar,
+    At night it vanished like a falling star;
+    And though his subtlest woodcraft he had tried,
+    The brazen hoof his cunning still defied.
+    Oft did the harvesters and husbandmen
+    Behold him ranging through an Argive glen,
+    And oft the wandering shepherd saw him rest
+    On some Arcadian upland's bosky crest.
+
+    In rapid flight the hunted stag had come
+    From craggy heights of Artemesium
+    To placid Ladon's fruitful vale, and there
+    Had sought a refuge in a cavern ne'er
+    Beheld by mortal man. Remote it stood
+    Within the precincts of a pathless wood
+    To Dian sacred. Round its entrance grew
+    A tangled copse, and one gigantic yew
+    Towered at its mouth. The river ran near by,
+    And on its bank was heard the bittern's cry,
+    For May had come again.
+
+                            One morn by chance,
+    Just as the sun had flung its earliest lance
+    O'er towering treetops, Hercules drew near
+    The spot where every dawn the brass-hoofed deer
+    From out the grot came softly slipping down
+    To drink and lave its limbs of glossy brown.
+    Day after day the mighty man had sought
+    In vain the stag's retreat; his mind was fraught
+    With gathering fear lest he should find no trace
+    Of royal covert in that wildwood place.
+    Erelong a sound that smote his eager ear
+    Gave swift assurance that his prize was near.
+    With cautious hand a skimmering dart he drew,
+    And eager, peered the tremulous leafage through;
+    The pattering footfalls near and nearer came,
+    A moment paused,--then, like a flash of flame,
+    The stag in splendor dawned upon his sight,
+    And sniffed the crystal air with keen delight.
+    Upon the morning breeze the piercing twang
+    Of taut-drawn bowstring ominously rang,
+    While with a moan the noble creature sank
+    In pain and terror on the reedy bank.
+    Beneath a haughty hemlock's spicy shade
+    The hero stanched the wound his shaft had made;
+    With leathern thong the stag's slight limbs he bound,
+    And striding swiftly o'er the ferny ground,
+    His precious burden on his shoulders wide,
+    Toward fair Mycenae with her walls of pride
+    He hurried on from lisping Ladon's shore,
+    Elate to feel his arduous task was o'er.
+    Before his steps the joyful tidings flew,
+    And when anigh the city's gates he drew,
+    A band of stately elders bade him hail;
+    Then came a troop of youths in garments pale,
+    Upon their lips a merry hunting lay;
+    And following close a group of maidens gay,
+    With twining flowers, freshed plucked, and emerald sprays.
+    And all the concourse wished him length of days,
+    O'erjoyed to see, with horns of glittering gold,
+    The living stag within the hero's hold.
+    Nor here nor there the happy hunter stayed
+    His rapid steps, but while the people made
+    Great clamor in his honor from the wall,
+    Sought out the king within the royal hall;
+    And there, 'mid cries that echoed from the street,
+    He laid his trophy at the monarch's feet.
+
+
+
+
+WEBSTER'S VINDICATION.
+
+BY HON. STEPHEN M. ALLEN.
+
+
+The first great National success of the Whig party was in the election
+of their candidates for President and Vice-President in 1840, William
+Henry Harrison, of Ohio, and John Tyler, of Virginia, being the
+successful nominees. The previous influence of the party in many States
+of the Union, their ability to carry out great local measures in their
+respective locations, and their party power in Congress, but made the
+political contest which was long and bitter, the more active and
+important. Party strife ran to the highest pitch throughout the whole
+country, and Mr. Webster, who was the acknowledged head in the North,
+and one of the principal originators of the National Whig organization
+in the United States, was looked up to as a most important personage in
+the contest, and his influence was deeply felt and appreciated. General
+Harrison early selected Mr. Webster for one of his Cabinet, and offered
+him the choice between the Treasury and the State Department. Mr.
+Webster chose the latter, and during the short month of General
+Harrison's life, laid out the ground plan of that important work which
+kept him so busily employed for the next two years, and which under no
+circumstances during the contest between Mr. Tyler, the succeeding
+President, and the Whig party, did he feel willing to leave to the
+chances of a settlement by a successor less familiar and perhaps less
+skilled in National affairs with foreign governments than himself.
+Although Mr. Webster was generally sustained by the party friends in
+Congress, and in part by the whole country, the shortsighted, less
+skilful, and more selfish of Whig partisans denounced him in unmeasured
+terms through the press and upon the stump, for not forsaking his post
+and leaving the President with the rest of the Cabinet. It was here, at
+the great pivotal turn of the Whig party, so far as Mr. Webster was
+concerned, and not at a later period, while in the Senate where he
+delivered his seventh of March speech, or in the Cabinet of President
+Fillmore, that the great coalition of radical partisans was made against
+him. The most bitter denunciations were launched by this premeditated
+alliance of selfish politicians, who, not having been able to bit,
+bridle, and drive Mr. Webster, were determined to rule or ruin, through
+his political disfranchisement, from the great party he was virtually
+the father of. All this, too, by false pretence; for a cool review of
+Mr. Webster's course has satisfied the country that the great depth of
+motive, prescience of danger to the Union and in fact, purpose of that
+speech, was, in the highest sense, proper and patriotic, and in no way
+at variance with the interpretation of either the old or new
+Constitution as now understood. The occasion was seized upon, having
+failed in their first effort to denounce and defame him, in the hope of
+thus building up an influence with some candidate for President, whom
+they could control for their own selfish purposes. It will be remembered
+that some of Mr. Webster's friends, or, at least, those who claimed to
+be such, took occasion to forsake him at that time. He, however, went
+into the Cabinet of President Fillmore after the death of General
+Taylor, where he remained until his death. The bill pending before
+Congress when he left it, was altered after Mr. Webster's speech, and he
+stated to his friends that he should have proposed amendments to it on
+its final passage, if he had been in the Senate. It was at this time
+that he prepared the following paper, which I have always designated as
+"Webster's Vindication." This document, as shown by the endorsement, in
+the handwriting of Colonel Fletcher Webster, was proposed to the Cabinet
+by Mr. Webster, in October, 1850, who intended it as a mandate to the
+United States officials in all the States, but it was rejected by
+President Fillmore, who did not wish thus to be committed. There is no
+doubt about the genuineness of the document itself. It was found in
+looking over Mr. Webster's papers before the Webster mansion was burned,
+and was presented to the writer by Mrs. Fletcher Webster, some years
+before it was made public, at the Webster Centennial Celebration at
+Marshfield in 1882, where it was first read in the presence of President
+Arthur, who was at the meeting. It speaks strongly for itself, and is
+all that will be needed, at this late day, to convince every
+dispassionate lover of justice and truth, of Webster's sincerity and
+singleheartedness of motive, and his unswerving loyalty to the
+Constitution and the Union.
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL WEBSTER.[1]]
+
+
+"PROPOSED
+
+"CABINET CIRCULAR OF DANIEL WEBSTER, OCTOBER, 1850.
+
+"The open manner in which disunion, secession, or a separation of the
+States, is suggested and recommended in some parts of the country,
+naturally calls on those to whom are confided the power and trust of
+maintaining the Constitution, and seeing that the laws of the United
+States be faithfully executed, to reflect upon the duties which events
+not yet indeed probable, but possible, may require them to perform. In
+the Northern and Eastern States, these sentiments of disunion are
+espoused principally by persons of heated imaginations, assembling
+together and passing resolutions of such wild and violent character as
+to render them nearly harmless. It is not so in other parts of the
+country. There are States in the South in which secession and
+dismemberment are proposed or recommended by persons of character and
+influence, filling stations of high public trust, and, it is painful to
+add, in some instances, not unconnected with the Government of the
+United States itself. Legislatures of some of the States have directed
+the government of those States to reassemble them in the contingency of
+the passage of certain laws by Congress. While these occurrences do not
+constitute an exigency calling for any positive proceeding either by the
+Executive Government of the United States or by Congress, yet they
+justly awaken attention, and admonish those in whose hands the
+administration of the government is placed, not to be found either
+unadvised, surprised, or unprepared, should a crisis arrive. The
+Constitution of the United States is founded on the idea of a division
+of power between the general government and the respective State
+governments; and this division is marked out and defined by the
+Constitution of the United States with as much distinctness and accuracy
+as the nature of the subject and the imperfection of language will
+admit. The powers of Congress are specifically enumerated, and all other
+powers necessary to carry these specified powers into effect are also
+expressly granted. The Constitution was adopted by the people in the
+several States, acting through the agency of conventions chosen by
+themselves; the Legislatures of the States had nothing to do with this
+proceeding, but to regulate the time and manner in which these
+conventions thus chosen by the people, the true source of all power,
+should assemble. The Constitution of the United States purports to be a
+perpetual form of government; it contains no limits for its duration,
+and suggests no means and no form of proceeding by which it can be
+dissolved, or its obligations dispensed with; it requires the personal
+allegiance of every citizen of the United States, and demands a solemn
+oath for its support from every man employed in any public trust,
+whether under the Government of the United States, or any State
+government. This obligation and this oath are enjoined in broad and
+general terms without qualification or modification, and with reference
+to no supposed possible change of circumstances or events.
+
+"No man can sit in a State Legislature, or on the bench of a State
+court, or execute the process of such court, or hold a commission in the
+militia, or fill any other office in a State government, without having
+first taken and subscribed an oath to support the Constitution of the
+United States. Without looking, therefore, to what might be the result
+of forcible revolution, since such cases can, of course, be governed by
+no previously established rule, it is certainly the manifest duty of all
+those who are entrusted with the Government of the United States in its
+several branches and departments to uphold and maintain that government
+to the full extent of its constitutional power and authority, to enact
+all laws necessary to that end, and to take care that those laws be
+executed by all the means created and conferred by the Constitution
+itself. We are to look to but one future, and that a future in which the
+Constitution of the country shall stand as it now stands; laws passed in
+conformity to it to be executed as they have hitherto been executed, and
+the public peace maintained as it has hitherto been maintained.
+Whatsoever of the future may be supposed to lie out of this line, is not
+so much a thing to be expected, as a thing to be feared and dreaded, and
+to be guarded against by the firmest resolution and the utmost vigilance
+of all who are entrusted with the conduct of public affairs; no
+alternative can be presented which is to authorize them to depart from
+the course which they have sworn to pursue. In conferring the necessary
+powers on the general government, it was foreseen that questions as to
+the just extent of those powers might occur, and that cases of conflict
+between the laws of the United States and the laws of individual States
+might arise. It was of indispensable necessity, therefore, that the
+manner in which such questions should be settled, and the tribunal which
+should have the ultimate authority to decide them, should be established
+and fixed by the Constitution itself: and this has been clearly and
+amply done. By the Constitution of the United States, that instrument
+itself, all acts of Congress passed in conformity to it, and public
+treaties, constitute the supreme law of the land, and are to be of
+controlling force and effect, anything in any State constitution or
+State law to the contrary notwithstanding; and the judges in every
+State, as well as of the courts of the United States, are expressly
+bound thereby. The supreme rule, then, is plainly and clearly declared
+and established: it is the Constitution of the United States, the laws
+of Congress passed in pursuance thereof, and treaties made under the
+authority of the United States. And here the great and turning question
+arises, Who in the last resort is to construe and interpret this supreme
+law? If it be alleged, for example, that a particular act of a State
+Legislature is a violation of the Constitution of the United States, and
+therefore void, what tribunal has authority finally to determine this
+important question? It is evident that if this power had not been vested
+in the tribunals of the United States, the government would have wanted
+the means of its own preservation; all its granted powers would have
+depended upon the variable and uncertain decisions of State courts.
+
+"It is a well-established maxim in political organization, that the
+judicial power must be made co-extensive with the constitutional and
+legislative power; otherwise there can be no adequate provision for the
+interpretation and execution of the laws. In conformity with this plain
+and necessary principle, the Constitution declares that the judicial
+power of the United States shall extend to all cases in law and equity
+arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States and
+treaties, no matter in what court such a case arises. Whenever and
+wherever such a case comes up, the judicial power of the United States
+extends to it, and attaches upon it; and if it arise in any State court,
+the acts of Congress have made provision for its transfer to the Supreme
+Court of the United States, there to be finally heard and adjudged. This
+proceeding is well known to the profession, and need not now be
+particularly stated or rehearsed. Finally, the President of the United
+States is by the Constitution made commander-in-chief of the army and
+navy, and of the militia when called into the actual service of the
+United States; and all these military means are put under his control in
+order that he may be able to see that the laws be faithfully executed.
+The Government of the United States, therefore, though a government of
+limited powers, is complete in itself, and, to the extent of those
+powers, possesses all the faculties for legislation, interpretation and
+execution of the laws, and nothing is necessary but fidelity in all
+those who are elected by the people to hold office in its various
+departments to cause it to be upheld, maintained, and efficiently
+administered.
+
+"The Constitution assigns particular classes of causes to the original
+jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, and other courts are to exercise such
+powers and duties as are or may be prescribed by Congress. Congress has
+not as yet found it necessary or expedient to confer on the circuit or
+other inferior courts all the jurisdiction created or authorized by the
+Constitution; thus there are many cases in which a summary jurisdiction
+usually belonging to courts, such as that of mandamus and injunction,
+are not provided for by general law, but some such cases are provided
+for. Thus by the act of March 2, 1833, it is declared that the
+jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts of the United States shall extend to
+all cases in law or equity arising under the revenue laws of the United
+States; and if any person be injured in his person or property on
+account of any act by him done under any revenue law of the United
+States, he may bring suit immediately in the Circuit Court of the United
+States; and if he be sued in any State court for such act, he may cause
+such suit to be immediately removed into the Circuit Court of the United
+States; and if the State court refuse a copy of its record, that record
+may be supplied by affidavit; and if the defendant be under arrest, or
+in custody, he is to be brought by _habeas corpus_ before the Circuit
+Court of the United States. Under the first part of these provisions,
+writs of mandamus and injunction may be issued, and all other writs and
+processes suitable to the case; and any judge of any court of the United
+States is authorized to grant writs of _habeas corpus_ in all cases of
+prisoners committed or confined for any act done in pursuance of a law
+of the United States, or of any order, process or decree of any court of
+the United States. These provisions are all found in the permanent
+sections of the act of Congress already referred to. The importance and
+efficiency of these provisions, if events were to arise in which
+obstruction to the collection of revenue should be attempted or
+threatened, are too obvious to require comment. The several district
+attorneys of the United States will take especial care to inform
+themselves of these enactments of law, and be prepared to cause them to
+be enforced in the first and in every case which may arise, justly
+calling for their application.
+
+"Declarations merely theoretical, or resolutions only declaratory of
+opinions, from however high authority emanating, cannot properly be made
+the subject of legal or judicial proceedings. They may be very
+intemperate, they may be very exceptional, they may be very
+unconstitutional; but until something shall be actually done or
+attempted, hindering or obstructing the execution of the laws of the
+United States, or injuring those employed in their execution, the
+officers of the government will remain vigilant indeed, and prepared for
+events, but without any positive exercise of authority. It is most
+earnestly to be hoped that the returning good sense of the people in all
+the States, and an increase of harmony and brotherly good will
+everywhere, may prevent the necessity of resorting to the exercise of
+legal authority; it is to be hoped that all good citizens will be much
+more inclined to reflect on the value of the Union and the benefits
+which it has conferred upon all, than to speculate upon impracticable
+means for its severance or dissolution. No State legislation, it is
+evident, is competent to declare such severance or dissolution--the
+people of no State have clothed their Legislature with any such
+authority; any act therefore proclaiming such severance by a
+Legislature, would be merely null and void as altogether exceeding its
+constitutional powers. No State was brought into the Union by the
+Legislature thereof, and no State can be put out of the Union by the
+Legislature thereof. Doubtless it is to be admitted that revolution,
+forcible revolution, may produce dismemberment more or less extensive;
+but there is no power on earth competent, by any peaceable or recognized
+manner of proceeding, to discharge the consciences of the citizens of
+the United States from the duty of supporting the Constitution. The
+government may be overthrown, or the Union broken into fragments by
+force of arms or force of numbers, but neither can be done by any
+prescribed form or peaceable existing authority."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The above portrait of Daniel Webster is taken from a book just
+issued by the Fowler & Wells Co., New York, entitled, "A Natural System
+of Elocution and Oratory," founded upon analysis of the Human
+Constitution. By Thomas A. Hyde and William Hyde. Among other valuable
+subjects which this book contains is a description and analysis of
+Webster oratory.
+
+
+
+
+HAWTHORNE'S LAST SKETCH.
+
+BY PHILIP R. AMMIDON.
+
+
+In the list of contributors to the old "New England Magazine,"--of which
+this is in a manner the legitimate successor,--among other names
+afterward famous is that of Nathaniel Hawthorne, then an obscure writer
+for various periodicals, and the ill-paid author of those juvenile
+histories that gave Mr. S. G. Goodrich ("Peter Parley") a literary
+reputation he scarcely earned.
+
+The writer has a copy of this respectable and for a time popular
+monthly, with which he would be reluctant to part. It contains, for the
+first time printed, "The White Old Maid," one of the weirdest and most
+fascinating of the "Twice-Told Tales."
+
+My present object is to invite the notice of readers of the "New England
+Magazine" of our day to the last completed work from the hand of that
+man of marvellous genius,
+
+    "Which at its topmost speed let fall the pen,
+      And left the tale half told."
+
+I remember with what concern I once heard a resident of Concord, a man
+not unknown in the world of letters, speak of certain evils likely to
+result from "Hawthorne's fall."
+
+This, to me, conveyed only the idea of physical disaster, and it was
+with a sentiment of relief, commensurate with the contempt inspired by
+such an explanation, that I was given to understand that it was the
+great author's unselfish effort in behalf of his old college comrade and
+life-long friend, that was supposed to imply a state of moral declension
+fitly indicated by the sinister word.
+
+It was thus that men and women, full of the cheap patriotism of the
+time, and puffed up with a sort of loyal egotism that blinded them to
+the possibilities of honest purpose in any whose views on politics and
+public affairs varied never so slightly from their accepted standard of
+right, ventured to condemn what they were constitutionally incapable of
+judging with either coolness or fair appreciation.
+
+The "Life of Franklin Pierce" is by no means a great book, and neither
+the subject nor its treatment entitles it to a place among the immortal
+works that preceded and followed it; but to those of us who knew and
+loved the writer, and to those who through his books got some glimpses
+of the singular purity of his moral nature, a quality of friendship that
+excludes the idea of selfish interest seems its author's only and
+sufficient motive.
+
+When the storm of civil war broke upon us, these worthy critics flung
+themselves with tongue, or pen, or sword--chiefly with tongue--into the
+good cause, and were scandalized at the vision of one who would fain
+have dreamed while they, after their various methods, were fighting; of
+a poet so far aloft in the regions of ideal fancy that the confused
+voices of battle well-nigh failed to reach him. And yet, in the words of
+one of their own writers,
+
+     "There was but one man living whom the country could so ill
+     afford to lose as this strange, wayward, fitful, unreasonable
+     poet and dreamer, who sneered at the war, and at the great
+     nation that waged it, with the pettishness of a spoiled child."
+
+But the charge that Hawthorne sneered at the righteous war, or, far
+worse, at his country, is full of an injustice which seems more bitter
+because it comes from one whose hearty admiration of the AUTHOR should
+have lifted him to a clearer appreciation of the MAN in his purity and
+lofty patriotism.
+
+The writer concludes the article from which I have quoted, and which, in
+keen analysis and generous, literary judgment, is rarely equalled by any
+of Hawthorne's reviewers, with these and like ill-considered words:--
+
+     "Wherever he turned his weary steps, there stood in his path
+     the genius of the time, not beautiful, not romantic, to his
+     eyes; not even grand--but stern enough and in grim earnest,
+     demanding of him what he could not give,--the heart and voice
+     of an American citizen in the hour of America's danger."
+
+The writer forgot, or, blinded by strong feeling, failed to perceive,
+that the silence which, with him as with hundreds of good and earnest
+men, would indeed have indicated a fatal lack of patriotic emotion, was
+in the case of Hawthorne only the inevitable shrinking of a rare and
+sensitive spirit from contact with the awful realities of conflict.
+
+When the "Artist of the Beautiful" descended from the serene atmosphere,
+where his lofty spiritual nature had its true home and highest sphere of
+action, and devoted his delicate gifts to the useful mysteries of
+watch-making, the result, while eminently satisfactory to his old
+employer and well-wisher, the jeweller, and doubtless of blessed effect
+on the poor artist's purse, was disastrous in loss to the world of
+thought, and in its influence on his better and real self.
+
+A writer of tenderer sympathies and nicer discrimination, takes a more
+kindly and a wiser view:--
+
+     "About the whole question of the war, Hawthorne's mind was, I
+     think, always hovering between two views. He sympathized with
+     it in principle; but its inevitable accessories--the bloodshed,
+     the bustle, and above all, perhaps, the bunkum which
+     accompanied it--were to him absolutely hateful.... To any one
+     who knew the man, the mere fact that Hawthorne should have been
+     able to make up his mind to the righteousness and expediency of
+     the war at all, is evidence of the strength of that popular
+     passion which drove the North and South into conflict."
+
+But it was not Hawthorne's silence that provoked to fiercest expression
+the safe zeal of certain literary loyalists. This last sketch from that
+pen, the secret of whose magic was never communicated, and which,
+precious in itself, is invaluable because the last, was published in the
+summer of 1862--less than two years before its author's death. Its
+title, "Chiefly about War Matters," suggests its character. It was, in
+fact, a series of pictures of scenes in and about Washington at this
+stage of the great contest.
+
+The present writer attempts nothing here like a review of this
+remarkable essay, entirely worthy as it was of its subject and its
+author's genius; it is simply my purpose to call the reader's attention
+to a production, which, more than anything else in Hawthorne's writings,
+has kindled the hostile criticism of shallow and uncongenial minds.
+
+So quaintly characteristic is its commencement that I am tempted to give
+its opening paragraphs in full:--
+
+     "There is no remoteness of life and thought, no hermetically
+     scaled seclusion, except, possibly, that of the grave, into
+     which the disturbing influences of this war do not penetrate.
+     Of course, the general heart-quake of the country long ago
+     knocked at my cottage-door, and compelled me, reluctantly, to
+     suspend the contemplation of certain fantasies to which,
+     according to my harmless custom, I was endeavoring to give a
+     sufficiently lifelike aspect to admit of their figuring in a
+     romance. As I make no pretensions to statecraft or
+     soldiership, and could promote the common weal neither by valor
+     nor counsel, it seemed at first a pity that I should be
+     debarred from such unsubstantial business as I had contrived
+     for myself, since nothing more genuine was to be substituted
+     for it.
+
+     "But I magnanimously considered that there is a kind of treason
+     in inoculating one's self from the universal fear and sorrow,
+     and thinking one's idle thoughts in the dread time of civil
+     war; and could a man be so cold and hard-hearted, he would
+     better deserve to be sent to Fort Warren than many who have
+     found their way thither on the score of violent but misdirected
+     sympathies.
+
+     "I remember the touching rebuke administered by King Charles to
+     that rural squire, the echo of whose hunting-horn came to the
+     poor monarch's ear on the morning before a battle, where the
+     sovereignty and constitution of England were at stake. So I
+     gave myself up to reading newspapers, and listening to the
+     click of the telegraph, like other people, until after a great
+     many months of such pastime, it grew so abominably irksome that
+     I determined to look a little more closely at matters with my
+     own eyes."
+
+It was in the early days of March that Hawthorne, in company with his
+friend and publisher, Wm. D. Ticknor, left Boston on a visit to
+Washington and the seat of war, then in its immediate vicinity.
+
+The sketches of natural scenery are touched with the same pencil that
+gave us the charming picture of daily life at the Old Manse.
+
+It was in New York that the travellers had the first clear intimation of
+the unnatural order of things consequent on a state of civil war. Here
+they found a rather prominent display of military goods at the shop
+windows--such as swords, with gilded scabbards and trappings,
+epaulettes, carbines, revolvers, and sometimes a great iron cannon at
+the edge of the pavement, as if Mars had dropped one of his
+pocket-pistols there while hurrying to the field.
+
+As railway companions, they had now and then a volunteer in his
+French-gray great coat, returning from furlough, or a new-made officer
+travelling to join his regiment in his new-made uniform, which was
+perhaps all of the military character that he had about him; but proud
+of his eagle buttons, and likely enough to, do them honor before the
+gilt should be wholly dimmed.
+
+The country, in short, so far as bustle and movement went, was more
+quiet than in ordinary times, because so large a proportion of its
+restless elements had been drawn towards the seat of conflict.
+
+But the air was full of a vague disturbance.
+
+The author's patriotic alarm seems to have been especially excited by
+the host of embryo warriors that filled the cars and thronged the
+stations all along the journey. One cause of this terror will seem to us
+now all the more amusing because there are not wanting those who will
+doubtless honestly believe that in giving it expression he wrote with
+something of prophetic unction:--
+
+     "One terrible idea occurs in reference to this matter. Even
+     supposing the war should end to-morrow, and the army melt into
+     the mass of the population within the year, what an
+     incalculable preponderance will there be of military titles and
+     pretentions for at least half a century to come! Every country
+     neighborhood will have its general or two, its three or four
+     colonels, half a dozen majors, and captains without
+     end--besides noncommissioned officers and privates, more than
+     the recruiting officers ever knew of,--all with their campaign
+     stories which will become the staple of fireside talk
+     forevermore.
+
+     "Military merit, or rather, since that is not so readily
+     estimated, military notoriety, will be the measure of all
+     claims to civil distinction.
+
+     "One bullet-headed general will succeed another in the
+     presidential chair; and veterans will hold the offices at home
+     and abroad, and sit in Congress and the State Legislature, and
+     fill all the avenues of public life. And yet I do not speak of
+     this deprecatingly, since, very likely, it may substitute
+     something more real and genuine, instead of the many shams on
+     which men have heretofore founded their claims to public
+     regard; but it behooves civilians to consider their wretched
+     prospects in the future, and assume the military button before
+     it is too late."
+
+The day of their arrival in Washington was the date of McClellan's
+historic movement on Manassas:--
+
+     "On the very day of our arrival sixty thousand men had crossed
+     the Potomac on their march towards Manassas; and almost with
+     their first steps into the Virginia mud, the phantasmagory of a
+     countless host and impregnable ramparts, before which they had
+     so long remained quiescent, dissolved quite away.
+
+     "It was as if General McClellan had thrust his sword into a
+     gigantic enemy, and, beholding him suddenly collapse, had
+     discovered to himself and the world that he had merely
+     punctured an enormously swollen bladder.
+
+     "There are instances of a similar character in old romances,
+     where great armies are long kept at bay by the arts of the
+     necromancers, who build airy towers and battlements, and
+     muster warriors of terrible aspect, and thus feign a defence of
+     seeming impregnability, until some bolder champion of the
+     besiegers dashes forward to try an encounter with the foremost
+     foeman, and finds him melt away in the death-grapple. With such
+     heroic adventures let the march upon Manassas be hereafter
+     reckoned.
+
+     "The whole business, though connected with the destinies of a
+     nation, takes inevitably a tinge of the ludicrous.
+
+     "The vast preparation of men and warlike material,--the
+     majestic patience and docility,--with which the people waited
+     through those weary and dreary months,--the martial skill,
+     courage, and caution, with which our movement was ultimately
+     made,--and at last the shock with which we were brought
+     suddenly up against nothing at all!"
+
+It is in dealing with ponderous and awful blunders like this that the
+satiric power of the writer finds its favorite field of action.
+
+It is not strange that, in those excited times of bitterness and strife,
+certain genuine but shallow souls should have counted it little short of
+treason to extract anything like fun from an episode which for us, in
+the day of it, was full of very solemn mortification. In this sketch, as
+indeed all through his works, it is in the delineation of individual
+character--in the analysis of motives--that Hawthorne's peculiar and
+amazing power is especially manifest, intermingled withal with a certain
+droll self-distrust and deprecation of adverse criticism, to which he
+has here given expression in a series of foot-notes, ostensibly from the
+editor's pen, but written in fact by the author himself.
+
+The mixture of candor and apologetic self-disapproval in these addenda
+has a sufficiently odd effect, intermingled as it is with the utmost
+freedom of comment and criticism.
+
+Prominent generals, cabinet ministers, and even the President himself,
+are dealt with in a vein of satiric candor, but with a pervasive spirit
+of good-nature evident enough and of sufficient breadth to disarm even
+official sensitiveness of anything like rancor.
+
+Whatever personal descriptions the author may have meditated, or
+accomplished and afterward suppressed, the only full-length portrait he
+has given us is that of McClellan, of all the deeper interest and value
+now that both these famous Americans are numbered with the dead.
+
+His impressions of President Lincoln seemed colored with a trace of
+prejudice, which, however unjust and unfortunate it may appear to us
+now, was really only the inevitable consequence of the wide intellectual
+gulf that yawned between those two men, both of positive character, and
+with tastes and sympathies the most radically opposite. But despite this
+unavoidable repulsion, Hawthorne's keen, resistless insight did not fail
+to penetrate the wonderful purity and simplicity of Lincoln's character.
+In a final word he does him ample justice:--
+
+     "He is evidently a man of keen faculties, and, what is still
+     more to the purpose, of powerful character.
+
+     "As to his integrity, the people have that intuition of it
+     which is never deceived. Before he actually entered upon his
+     great office, and for a considerable time afterwards, there is
+     no reason to suppose that he adequately estimated the gigantic
+     task about to be imposed upon him, or, at least, had any
+     distinct idea how it was to be managed; and I presume there may
+     have been more than one veteran politician to propose to
+     himself to take the power out of President Lincoln's hands into
+     his own, leaving our honest friend only the public
+     responsibility for the good or ill success of the career. The
+     extremely imperfect development of his statesmanly qualities at
+     that period may have justified such designs. But the President
+     is teachable by events, and has now spent a year in a very
+     arduous course of education; he has a flexible mind, capable of
+     much expansion, and convertible towards far loftier studies and
+     activities than those of his early life; and if he came to
+     Washington a backwoods humorist, he has already transformed
+     himself into as good a statesman (to speak modestly) as his
+     prime minister."
+
+So long as a general's sword is seemingly invincible, and the uniformity
+of his success silences even the cavillings of envy,--that most
+persistent of all the unlovely emotions,--just so long he may safely
+count on a unanimity of public approval. But let disaster befall, and,
+justly or otherwise, it matters little which, the voices just now most
+vociferous for coronation, bellow the loudest for crucifixion! Few of
+our commanders in the late war had bitterer evidence of this than
+McClellan. Idolized while victorious, he was vituperated with
+corresponding violence the instant fortune showed signs of wavering in
+her fidelity. At this distance from those stirring times we can easily
+perceive that the idolatry and the abuse were alike unjust and even
+ridiculous; the same wisdom that pronounces it unsafe to praise a man
+until death has set the seal to his earthly reputation, deems it no less
+a folly to bestow adulation or excessive blame on a military commander
+before the end of his campaigns. To his brief estimate of McClellan's
+character and qualifications for his post of vast responsibility, our
+author brought an admirable coolness of judgment, and that wonderful
+insight into men and motives so seldom at fault. Keenly alive to the
+ridiculousness of the attack on Manassas, and declaring that "no rebel
+artillery has played upon us with such overwhelming effect," he was
+capable, with a fairness sufficiently amazing in any critic of those
+days, of doing full justice to the general's indubitable ability and
+patriotism. He closes his sketch of McClellan, by no means the least
+valuable part of the article we are considering, with this decided
+expression of opinion: "I shall not give up my faith in his soldiership
+until he is defeated, nor in his courage and integrity even then."
+
+An odd peculiarity of Hawthorne's mind was the incertitude--I use this
+vile word in lack of a better at the moment--that seemed at times to
+invest his reasoning powers with a sort of Indian summer haziness.
+
+This idiosyncrasy had a striking exemplification when our travellers met
+"a party of contrabands escaping out of the mysterious depths of
+Secessia."
+
+     "They were unlike the specimens of their race whom we are
+     accustomed to see at the North, and, in my judgment, were far
+     more agreeable.
+
+     "So rudely were they attired,--as if their garb had grown upon
+     them spontaneously,--so picturesquely natural in manners, and
+     wearing such a crust of primeval simplicity (which is quite
+     polished away from the Northern black man), that they seemed a
+     kind of creature by themselves, not altogether human, but
+     perhaps quite as good, and akin to the fauns and rustic deities
+     of olden times. I wonder if I shall excite anybody's wrath by
+     saying this?
+
+     "It is no great matter at all events. I felt most kindly
+     towards the poor fugitives, but knew not precisely what to wish
+     in their behalf, nor in the least how to help them. For the
+     sake of the manhood which is latent in them, I would not have
+     turned them back; but I should have felt almost as reluctant on
+     their own account to hasten them forward to the strangers'
+     land; and I think my prevalent idea was that, whoever may be
+     benefited by the results of this war, it will not be the
+     present generation of negroes, the childhood of whose race has
+     now gone forever, and who must henceforth fight a hard battle
+     with the world on very unequal terms. On behalf of my own race,
+     I am glad, and can only hope that an inscrutable Providence
+     means good to both parties."
+
+The whimsical feature in Hawthorne's character to which we have alluded,
+is thus noticed by an intimate and valued friend of the great author:--
+
+     "Nobody disliked slavery more cordially than he did; and yet
+     the difficulty of what was to be done with the slaves weighed
+     constantly upon his mind. He told me once that while he had
+     been consul at Liverpool a vessel arrived there with a number
+     of negro sailors, who had been brought from slave States, and
+     would, of course, be enslaved on their return. He fancied that
+     he ought to inform the men of the fact, but then he was stopped
+     by the reflection--who was to provide for them if they became
+     free? and, as he said with a sigh, 'While I was thinking, the
+     vessel sailed.' So I recollect, on the old battlefield of
+     Manassas, on which I strolled in company with Hawthorne,
+     meeting a batch of runaway slaves--weary, footsore, wretched,
+     and helpless beyond conception; we gave them food and wine,
+     some small sums of money, and got them a lift upon a train
+     going northward; but not long afterwards Hawthorne turned to me
+     with the remark, 'I am not sure that we were doing right, after
+     all. How can those poor beings find food and shelter away from
+     home?'
+
+     "Thus this ingrained and inherent doubt incapacitated him from
+     following any course vigorously.
+
+     "He thought on the whole that Wendell Phillips and Lloyd
+     Garrison and the abolitionists were in the right, but then he
+     was never quite certain that they were not in the wrong after
+     all; so that his advocacy of their cause was of a very
+     uncertain character."
+
+There is a constant temptation to transcend proper limits in quoting
+from this most characteristic production of our great author.
+
+It was my purpose simply to recall to the minds of readers an article
+whose authorship was scarcely known at the time of its appearance (in
+the July of 1862), and which has never been included in its writer's
+collected works.
+
+Nothing in Hawthorne's books--not even excepting "Twice-Told Tales"--is
+more suggestive and eloquent of the man and the author.
+
+The same matchless purity of style, with never a sophomoric flight nor a
+tinge of dulness; replete with subtle humor, and an irony whose
+tempered edge scarcely wounds by reason of the attendant richness of
+good nature that "steals away its sharpness"; as in the same soil that
+nourishes the keen, aggressive nettle, is always found a certain herb of
+healing potency. I cannot refrain from giving our readers some passages
+near the close. They are descriptive of certain guests at Willard's
+Hotel, in Washington, where the travellers lived during their stay at
+the Capital.
+
+This portion of Hawthorne's last magazine article recalls forcibly
+passages in the first of his published stories, "The Gray Champion."
+
+     "It is curious to observe what antiquated figures and costumes
+     sometimes make their appearance at Willard's. You meet elderly
+     men with frilled shirt-fronts, for example, the fashion of
+     which adornment passed away from among the people of this world
+     half a century ago.
+
+     "It is as if one of Stuart's portraits were walking abroad.
+
+     "I see no way of accounting for this, except that the troubles
+     of the times, the impiety of traitors, and the peril of our
+     sacred Union and Constitution have disturbed in their honored
+     graves, some of the venerable fathers of the country, and
+     summoned them forth to protest against the meditated and
+     half-accomplished sacrilege.
+
+     "If it be so, their wonted fires are not altogether
+     extinguished in their ashes,--in their throats, I might rather
+     say,--for I beheld one of these excellent old men quaffing such
+     a horn of Bourbon whiskey as a toper of the present century
+     would be loath to venture upon.
+
+     "But, really, one would be glad to know where these strange
+     figures come from.
+
+     "It shows, at any rate, how many remote, decaying villages and
+     country neighborhoods of the North, and forest nooks of the
+     West, and old mansion houses in cities, are shaken by the
+     tremor of our native soil, so that men long hidden in
+     retirement put on the garments of their youth and hurry out to
+     inquire what is the matter.
+
+     "The old men whom we see here have generally more marked faces
+     than the young ones, and naturally enough; since it must be an
+     extraordinary vigor and venerability of life that can overcome
+     the rusty sloth of age, and keep the senior flexible enough to
+     take an interest in new things; whereas, hundreds of
+     commonplace young men come hither to stare with eyes of vacant
+     wonder, and with vague hopes of finding out what they are fit
+     for. And this war (we may say so much in its favor) has been
+     the means of discovering that important secret to not a few."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The writer remembers the vivid and untiring pleasure with which, when a
+child, he read and re-read that marvellous book for little people,
+"Grandfather's Arm Chair." It opened to him a new world of poetry and
+beauty--a revelation which close and severest study of the great
+author's mind and character, as developed in his maturer works, has but
+made broader and deeper.
+
+With a grateful memory of the first, I write these few lines to recall
+almost the latest of Hawthorne's writings; the very last indeed, save
+the charming fragment that gave to the world of letters "Little
+Pansy"--"The sweetest child," says Alexander Smith, "in English
+literature."
+
+I cannot close this brief and cursory notice more appropriately than in
+the words of a dear friend and appreciative admirer of our author, James
+Russell Lowell:--
+
+     "This now 'sacred and happy spirit' was cruelly misunderstood
+     among men. There were those who would have taken him away from
+     his proper and peculiar sphere, in which he has done more for
+     the true fame of his country than any other man, and made him a
+     politician and reformer.
+
+     "Even the faithfulness of his friendships was turned into
+     reproach.
+
+     "Him in whom New England was embodied as never before, making a
+     part of every fibre of his soul, we have heard charged with
+     want of patriotism.
+
+     "There were certain things and certain men with whom his
+     essentially aristocratic nature could not sympathize, but he
+     was American to the core. Just after Bull Run he wrote to a
+     friend, 'If the event of this day has left the people of the
+     North in the same grim and bloody mood in which it has left me,
+     it will be a costly victory to the South.'
+
+     "But it is unworthy of this noble man to defend him from
+     imputations which never touched him. As the years go by, his
+     countrymen will grow more and more proud of him, more and more
+     satisfied that it is, after all, something considerable to be
+     only a genius."
+
+
+
+
+ON HOOSAC MOUNTAIN.
+
+BY EDWARD D. GUILD.
+
+
+    One day, when all the city street
+    Lay sultry in the summer heat,
+    I stood on Hoosac's rocky crest,
+    And drank a draught of joy and rest.
+
+    The bracing Berkshire breezes blew
+    Across the hills, and sweeping through
+    The grateful valleys, gently fanned
+    The sun-scorched brow of Greylock grand.
+
+    From off the cragged hills Taghkonic,
+    High o'er the river Housatonic,
+    An eagle in his strength was soaring,
+    The paltry earth beneath ignoring.
+
+    Swift did his wings his will obey;
+    Straight north by east he coursed his way;
+    Proudly he took his fearless flight,
+    Toward fair Monadnock's hazy height.
+
+    Then on this rugged mountain wall,
+    A deeper silence seemed to fall:
+    Over this road, though broad and wide,
+    No traveller was seen to ride.
+
+    Only in vision rumbled by
+    A creaking coach with driver high,
+    Who cracked his whip, and rang his cheers--
+    Echoes they were of other years.
+
+    A group of graves were clustered here;
+    The wind wailed o'er them wild and drear:--
+    Could souls rise higher to the Light
+    When soaring from this mountain height?
+
+    And as I mused, the twilight fell:
+    I heard a distant evening bell;
+    And in the valley far below,
+    I heard the home-bound cattle low.
+
+    Far down where winds the Deerfield stream,
+    I saw a light,--a sudden gleam,
+    As up the narrow river riding
+    The Western train came swiftly gliding.
+
+    Then full to Hoosac's height it came,
+    When, with a sudden flare of flame,
+    Boldly the barrier it defied
+    And plunged into the mountain side.
+
+    The train was lost to sound and sight,
+    But still I knew it kept its flight:
+    I marked its subterranean way;--
+    Below the little graveyard lay.
+
+    Ah! trav'ller, through this cavern deep,
+    Fast in thy thoughts or book asleep,
+    Dost know that high above thy head
+    There rest the ashes of the dead?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+A VERITABLE TRADER.
+
+BY A. T. S.
+
+
+A little remote from the centre of a village, on that strip of seacoast
+in the southeastern part of New Hampshire, lived a self-made trader,
+Joshua Jackson. He occupied a small, unpainted house, two stories in
+front, with the roof sloping down at the back part to one story. In the
+rear was the barn, with its generous red door, a well with its long
+"sweep," a pig-pen, and a hen-pen; but the hens seemed equally or more
+at home in the barn, with liberty of the yard, and sometimes they took a
+peep of curiosity into the back entry of the house.
+
+Here, with his mother, lived Joshua Jackson, familiarly known as "Uncle
+Josh." It is a kind instinct which makes humanity in the rural districts
+claim, as uncle or aunt, any single man or woman who is left one side of
+the common lot of marriage and its ties. It is a relationship accepted
+in silent, good-natured consent on both sides. It was difficult to think
+of Uncle Josh as ever having been young. His hair, his complexion, his
+eyes, and even his coat, all seemed nearly of a color--a kind of
+snuff-colored red. He had a limping, rolling gait, affected by some
+infirmity of lameness which had, perhaps, prevented him from engaging in
+farming or fishing, which employed most men of the village; so he went
+into trade.
+
+One of the "fore rooms," so called, of the house was his shop; the floor
+was of immaculate neatness, and carefully sanded every morning. On one
+side stood a cluster of barrels, one empty barrel surmounted by a board,
+exactly a yard long, the edge notched for the quarters and inches. This
+was his counter, and held a clumsy pair of scales. On the other side was
+a rude table containing boxes of cotton cloth, cambrics or checked
+goods, sewing cotton, buttons, thimbles, scissors, jack-knives, needles,
+and pins. On the mantel-shelf stood a pile of white, blue-edged plates,
+and mugs, and pitchers, from which projected sticks of red and white
+candy, like miniature barber's poles, and heaps of "gibraltars," hard
+and solid, sweet and brittle, and honest. Every child knew that they
+were a cent apiece, and thought them worth it.
+
+No errand was half as welcome as one to Uncle Josh, when they might take
+an egg and get a skein of cotton. Sometimes he dived down into a cask of
+raisins as he passed by it, and filled the hand of the waiting messenger
+when he gave her whatever she came for, and took her money. Uncle Josh
+made no charges; he went on the cash system. He would barter, but he
+kept no running accounts with any one. The youngest child might go to
+him with the same certainty of right measure and weight as the shrewdest
+adult. One bright-faced little girl, who used to come often into his
+store, neatly dressed in her high-necked tier, and cape-bonnet, seemed
+to be a great favorite with him. He would sometimes say, half aside,
+that she was "pooty as a queen," although why the sturdy republican
+should make that comparison is a mystery. One day he stood at the open
+door, wistfully watching her as she walked off with her light, elastic
+step, and his mother, who had come in from the back room, answered to
+his unspoken thought, "Yes, she does, look a sight as Liza used to." The
+one woman whom others had connected with the idea of Uncle Josh's
+marrying had been dead long ago. It was said he had meant to ask her to
+be his wife when he should have laid by a certain sum of money, but the
+shy and reticent man suddenly found her "spoken for," as the villagers
+termed it, by the mate of a vessel. She died of consumption, unmarried.
+Uncle Josh never referred to this passage in his life, but his mother
+knew his mind, and why his words grew fewer than ever. The little Molly
+reproduced the soft hazel eyes and the trim air he so well remembered in
+her aunt.
+
+Uncle Josh had a way of calling all strangers "furiners." A pale-faced
+girl who was boarding at the seashore for her health was delighted to be
+sent by her hostess, or any of the family, on an errand to the queer,
+quaint, old store, kept by "the funny old man." "You're a furiner, I
+guess," he said to her one day. "No, indeed, sir," she answered quickly,
+with an indignant blush, "I am not a foreigner. I came from Rochester,
+New York." "Why! such a long piece off, poor child, poor child," he
+muttered, as he went to a mug and took out a bright red sugar heart, and
+pressed it in her hand. "Ain't you dreadful homesick to live so fur?"
+"Oh, no; my home is very pleasant, and my father and mother are
+travelling; but they left me here because I have not been strong since I
+had the fever, and the doctor said I must bathe every day in the ocean.
+I have nice times. They keep cows where I board, and let me milk them a
+little sometimes. I am going to stay all summer." "Yes, yes; there are
+getting to be a great many furiners here in the summer." "What did Uncle
+Josh mean?" she asked on her return to the house; "did he take me for an
+Irish or a German girl? He asked if I was a foreigner." "Oh, he meant a
+stranger here in the village--some one not born here. He always calls
+'em so. A good many folks do."
+
+When Uncle Josh first went to Boston to buy his stock in trade, it was
+said that a merchant of whom he made large purchases, thought he did not
+know about trusting so queer and shabby looking a customer,--he should
+have to require good security. To his surprise, the countryman looked at
+the amount, unbuttoned his coat, and, from an ample old pocket-book he
+counted off his money; then from the depths of his pantaloon's pocket he
+brought up a round piece of leather twisted together for fastening, and
+from this he counted the exact change. Then he directed how the goods
+should be sent to him by such a schooner at a certain wharf. "Thank you,
+Mr. Jackson," said the merchant; "I hope we shall always be able to
+accommodate you. You prefer to pay down now, I see; but if you would
+like to have your bill remain awhile on credit at any time, we shall be
+happy to trust you." "It is very kind in you, but I don't trade on
+promises. 'Tain't my way. I thank ye all the same."
+
+One day Uncle Josh happened to be in a merchant's store when the head of
+the establishment was absent. The clerk who waited on him had the
+pertness and superior airs of youth, sometimes seen even fifty years
+ago. He thought it fine fun to chaff the old countryman so shabbily
+dressed, and who drawled his words, and seemed so heavy and lumbering in
+his movements. As his customer said he guessed he would take so much of
+one thing, and then of another, the clerk said, "You are running up
+quite an account, it seems to me. Dipping in pretty deep for a man like
+you, hey?" "Perhaps I am," answered the old man; "I'll let 'em go," and
+walked out of the store. Another clerk who had finished business with a
+customer, came forward, and said to his fellow-clerk, "What made Mr.
+Jackson go off so suddenly?" "Who? That old cove? I rather think he was
+miffed at something I said about his dipping in deep. He didn't look as
+if he could afford a mouse-trap." "He? why, he's worth his weight in
+gold--always money down on the spot. If you've offended him, the
+governor'll be in your hair, I can tell you." "Goodness!" cried the
+terrified clerk, "I'll go after him, and bring him back," and off he
+started in quick pursuit. He could easily distinguish the rusty-looking
+suit, and limping, sidelong gait, even among the crowd of passengers on
+the sidewalk. When he had nearly overtaken him, he called out, "Here,
+sir, Mr. Jackson! Please stop," but the countryman still continued to
+move on at his slow pace. The clerk came up to him, and touched his hat,
+saying, "Please excuse me, Mr. Jackson. I am sure I didn't mean
+anything. I hope you will go back to the store, and let us wait on you.
+I am sure Mr. ---- would be so sorry to miss your custom. I hope you will
+excuse--" "You can go back to the store, young man," answered Mr.
+Jackson, "and tell your master I don't trade on excuses."
+
+When the honest old man was gathered to his fathers, those who had known
+him in trade missed him. He always recognized a good article, and was
+willing to pay a fair price for it. He believed in a system of just
+equivalents in all business; he was exact to the smallest fraction, but
+not mean. He was simple, upright, honest, in all his dealings, never
+using his shrewdness to the disadvantage of his fellow-men.
+
+
+
+
+LYDIA MARIA CHILD.
+
+BY OLIVE E. DANA.
+
+
+This is an age of biography. We have the two-volumed "Lives and
+Letters," and the brief and popular biography, with many of varying
+length and value between the two. And the contents of these two are
+outlined for us, again and again, in magazines and newspaper sketches.
+The histories of famous men and women are told and retold. It is the
+public's own fault if there is not a more general interest in, and a
+better knowledge of, the work of the notable characters of the century
+than ever before. This implies, also, a certain familiarity with the
+great movements of reform and philanthropy, and with the literature of
+the time. Some, however, who had a large share in the noblest work of
+this century, are less known, and less brought into notice, than we
+should expect. Among such is Mrs. L. M. Child. Her letters, published in
+1880, were prefaced by a brief memorial sketch by the poet Whittier, and
+contained in an appendix the tribute of Wendell Phillips. An account of
+her life-work, written by Susan Coolidge, appeared in the "Famous Women"
+series. But her life, in many aspects, might profitably have the
+attention of this younger generation, who know little either of her
+antislavery work or of her literary attainments or fame. In both these
+departments her work seems like that of a pioneer. She helped to clear
+the way for the antislavery leaders,--Garrison and Higginson, Curtis and
+Lowell and Whittier. And in a similar manner she led the way into those
+paths where, for two or three decades, the woman-author has been so
+conspicuously advancing,--where her success has been so brilliant and
+varied. As to her literary genius, in the words of Whittier, "It is not
+too much to say that half a century ago she was the most popular
+literary woman in the United States." And again, "It is not
+exaggeration to say that no man or woman of that period rendered
+more substantial service to the cause of freedom, or made such a
+doing it." And when we add that her benevolence and 'great renunciation'
+in philanthropy--unobtrusive as they were--give her a valid claim to
+lasting remembrance, that the originality, insight, and force of
+character manifest in her letters, place them among the most valuable
+and suggestive of the letters of women, and that her truth, beneficence,
+and devotion would have made her life and character memorable if she had
+not written a line, we have stated only the barest truth; yet reason
+sufficient, why we of this generation should know more of her life and
+genius.
+
+Lydia Maria Francis, afterwards Mrs. Child, was born in Medford, Mass.,
+1802. Her education was obtained in her native town, with the advantage
+of only one term in a private seminary. Her first book, "Hobomok,"
+appeared in 1821, followed in 1823 by another novel, "The Rebels." These
+gave her a good degree of popularity. In 1827 she established "The
+Juvenile Miscellany," "pioneer to a long line of children's magazines."
+In 1828 she was married to David Lee Child, and they made their home in
+Boston. Within a very few years she wrote and published "The Frugal
+Housewife," "The Mother's Book," "The Girl's Own Book," "The History of
+Women," and the "Biographies of Good Wives."
+
+Then, while all around her were heard the murmurs of popular praise and
+approval, and while in addition to the appreciation of countless humbler
+readers, she was winning commendation from the highest literary
+authorities,--in 1833 she "startled the country by the publication of
+her noble 'Appeal in behalf of that class of Americans called
+Africans.'" Mr. Whittier says: "It is quite impossible for any one of
+the present generation to imagine the popular surprise and indignation
+which the book called forth, or how entirely its author cut herself off
+from the favor and sympathy of a large number of those who had
+previously delighted to do her honor." And he continues: "Social and
+literary circles, which had been proud of her presence, closed their
+doors against her. The sale of her books, the subscriptions to her
+magazine, fell off to a ruinous extent. She knew all she was hazarding,
+and made the great sacrifice, prepared for all the consequences which
+followed."
+
+She said in the preface: "I am fully aware of the unpopularity of the
+task I have undertaken, but though I expect ridicule and censure, I do
+not fear them. A few years hence the opinion of the world will be a
+matter in which I have not even the most transient interest, but this
+book will be abroad on its mission of humanity, long after the hand that
+wrote it is mingling with the dust. Should it be the means of
+advancing, even one single hour, the inevitable progress of truth and
+justice, I would not exchange the consciousness for all Rothschild's
+wealth or Sir Walter's fame." "Thenceforward," says Mr. Whittier again,
+"her life was a battle, a constant rowing hard against the stream of
+popular prejudice and hatred. And through it all, pecuniary privations,
+loss of friends and position, the painfulness of being suddenly thrust
+from the still air of delightful studies into the bitterest and sternest
+controversy of the age, she bore herself with patience, fortitude, and
+unshaken reliance on the justice and ultimate triumph of the cause she
+had espoused."
+
+In a short time thereafter she had published four more antislavery books
+or pamphlets. "Philothia," a romance whose scene is laid in ancient
+Greece, appeared in 1836. For eight years, dating from 1844, Mr. and
+Mrs. Childs were joint-editors of "The Anti-Slavery Standard," published
+in New York. She had a room in the house of Isaac Hopper,--"a house
+where disinterestedness and noble labor were as daily breath." It was
+during this time that she wrote her "Letters from New York," under which
+title her letters to "The Boston Courier" appeared in a volume having an
+enormous sale. In 1852, having given up the editorship of "The
+Standard," Mrs. Child said: "We made a humble home in Wayland, Mass.,
+where we spent twenty-two pleasant years entirely alone, without any
+domestic; mutually serving each other, and dependent on each other for
+intellectual companionship."
+
+During those years she was deeply and actively interested in the
+progress of the Civil War. Its premonitions roused her. She warmly
+defended the cause of John Brown, sending him a letter offering to go
+nurse him in prison. Very soon she was deep in every sort of
+undertaking,--collecting funds, collecting supplies, urging Whittier to
+the writing of patriotic songs, sewing, knitting, quilting. Her intense
+interest was manifested by generous contributions of money, how earned
+or saved, she only knew. She said, "Nobles or princes cannot invent any
+pleasure equal to earning with one hand and giving with the other."
+Twenty dollars at one time, two hundred at another, and perhaps four
+hundred at yet another, she gave. During these years, too, she was
+writing and compiling other books,--"The Progress of Religious Ideas,"
+"Looking towards Sunset," and "A Romance of the Republic." It was in the
+last of these peaceful years that she wrote: "David and I are growing
+old. He will be eighty in three weeks, and I was seventy-two last
+February. But we keep young in our feelings. We are, in fact, like two
+old children; as much interested as ever in the birds and wild flowers,
+and with sympathies as lively as ever in all that concerns the welfare
+of the world. Our habitual mood is serene and cheerful."
+
+Only a few months after these words were written, her husband died, and
+she left the place so full of memories of him to find a home elsewhere.
+Of these later years it was said: "She lived among a singularly peaceful
+and intelligent community as one of themselves, industrious, wise, and
+happy; with a frugality whose motive of wide benevolence was in itself a
+homily and a benediction." She died in 1880.
+
+
+
+
+BONNIE HAREBELLS.
+
+BY ANNA B. BENSEL.
+
+
+    Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,
+      Ring, oh, ring!
+    Ring across the listening twilight
+      While the fairies sing.
+
+    Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,
+      My love greet!
+    Let her hear you ringing softly
+      At her very feet.
+
+    Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,
+      Sound out clear;
+    Tell a little, watching maiden
+      I am very near.
+
+    Bonnie harebells, bonnie harebells,
+      Ring, oh, ring!
+    All the world with silence over
+      Waits listening.
+
+
+
+
+MYTH IN AMERICAN COINAGE.
+
+BY ISAAC BASSETT CHOATE.
+
+
+The worship of "the almighty dollar" is of no recent origin, provided it
+be the case that the dollar is represented in gold. This worship forms
+no special _cultus_ in the religions of the world. It is a survival from
+prehistoric times, and is intimately connected with the earliest forms
+of nature-worship. The estimate in which gold has been held has always
+been out of all proportion to its utility, its scarcity, or the
+difficulty of mining it. There have been times when civilized man had a
+comparatively far more abundant supply of gold than he has at present,
+but this circumstance did not avail to depreciate the metal. There were
+long ages of an incipient civilization, during which gold flooded the
+markets of the world as compared with iron, but this did not affect the
+relations between the nobler and the baser article of merchandise. Gold
+was all the time held at a valuation far above what it would have
+received from its importance to mankind in the useful arts. It was
+prized as amber was prized, and the two substances were devoted to quite
+similar uses. They were employed for the decoration of temples and
+shrines, and were worn for personal ornament. But the wearing of such
+ornament had its origin in sentiments which may be regarded as strictly
+religious. Beads and rings were originally amulets to protect the wearer
+against invisible inimical powers, as they were talismans to confer upon
+their possessor supernatural gifts. We can get no distinct view back of
+this custom in time, but we may feel well assured that when gold had
+acquired such use, nature-worship had advanced far into the stage of
+symbolism. It was not the metal itself that was the object of worship.
+That object gold typified and figured to the devout mind.
+
+To discover what property it was that gave this metal its early
+preference, it will be necessary to trace the survival of similar views
+and feelings farther than we have ourselves consciously prolonged them.
+It is to be observed that among the Turks and other Oriental people,
+amber and yellow gems like the topaz, still enjoy a pre-eminence in
+popular favor. These substances are still supposed to possess magical
+power always beneficent. Among the Chinese, yellow is both sacred and it
+is associated with the dignity of imperial rank. Yellow is the color of
+the royal standard, and a yellow sash distinguishes a member of the
+royal family. Robes of state are of the same color. And this
+appropriation of yellow to certain sacred or governmental uses is not
+confined to China. It is common through the East. The farther back we
+trace the idea of special sacredness in color, the more exclusively do
+we see this confined to yellow. This was long saved from vulgar uses and
+associations. It had a significance to the ancients, such as it does not
+have to us. There was a fitness in their decorating the temples and the
+statues of the gods with gold, and silver, and ivory, and amber, and
+gems. These offerings symbolized light, and light stood for the happier
+destinies of man,--for the milder and gentler influences which lead to
+good; while darkness typified malignant powers of evil. There was the
+same distinction conceived of between life and death. White victims were
+offered to the gods of Olympus, while for sacrifice to the gods of the
+under-world black victims were selected.
+
+Gold shines with the brightest and the warmest glow of any of the
+metals, and its brilliancy and lustre are not tarnished by corrosion. To
+the Oriental fancy it typified the genial light of day. To the
+fire-worshipper it was a fit emblem of his faith. Fire was originally
+sacred, perhaps, only as the representative of the sun; and this
+luminary was later spiritualized in the idea of Apollo. Gold was sacred
+as far as this worship was spread, from India to the North of Europe,
+and the great demand for it for sacred uses gave the metal much of its
+preciousness in the markets of the world. It was worn by the living and
+was buried with the dead; so that if humanity had not refined its
+conception of the divine, it would have come to be the case at length
+that every particle of gold in the soil would have had mortal ashes
+sleeping beside it.
+
+Gold and silver were rendered sacred and precious in early times by
+being devoted to purposes of worship. The temples were the safe places
+of deposit, and in these were hoarded the treasures of the world. Partly
+from this circumstance it became the case that when gold and silver were
+first coined, the temples were the mints, and the earliest mint-masters
+were the priests. Naturally, the devices stamped upon the coins issued
+under such auspices would be sacred emblems. We find them such from
+whatever source they came. There was sound policy in this course, as
+well as good reason for it. If coins were to circulate among people who
+had previously been accustomed to paying out and receiving the precious
+metals by actual weight, it was necessary to have the value of these
+pieces certified to in the most solemn manner. To this end the effigies
+of the gods, together with the tokens of their attributes and sacred
+offices, were stamped upon the coin. If we could trace coinage to its
+earliest use, perhaps to its origin, among the people who lived about
+the AEgean Sea, it would not be unreasonable to expect to find that at
+first gold coin was issued under the patronage of Apollo, that silver
+bore the stamp of Zeus, and that copper coins were dedicated to
+Aphrodite, as the nearest representative among Greek divinities of that
+Phoenician goddess who presided over trade in the ports and markets of
+the East. But among the coins that remain--and some of these are shown
+to be of early date, they are so rude in execution--we do not find this
+distinction kept. It is certain that at an early period the emblems of
+the several divinities were mixed, apparently with a view to giving a
+more weighty sanction to the stamp impressed upon the coin.
+
+The earlier Greek coins were struck by hand. A single die was employed
+in the process, so that an impression of device or of legend appeared
+only on one side. The other side bore an indent which is known as the
+punch-mark. This mark is commonly a square figure divided into four
+smaller squares by lines resembling somewhat a right cross. It is the
+indent of the spike in the anvil on which the ball of metal was laid
+when being struck. Later, the coins were made thinner, and were struck
+with double dies. From that time both sides of the coin received an
+impression. The upper side continued to show the greatest care. As this
+side always bore the head of the god under whose auspices the coin was
+to be issued, it was called the obverse or face of the piece. The
+opposite side was the reverse. So long as coins continued to be struck
+by hand, there was no fixed relative position for the two impressions.
+Coins were always printed as though they were turned horizontally from
+left to right. They still continue to be so printed, and we go on in the
+practice of speaking of the reverse of coins, even when we are
+discussing those of our own coinage; but the fact is that ever since
+American coins were stamped in the mint the impressions on the two
+sides bear a certain fixed relation. In passing from the obverse of our
+coins to the examination of the opposite side, we do this by inverting
+the piece. That side would then properly be called the inverse of the
+coin, and it would, with equal propriety be printed directly beneath its
+obverse.
+
+The shape of early coins is by no means uniform. There is one
+peculiarity of the coins of Boeotia and Macedonia, as well as of many
+colonies of these states, which is worthy of some attention. It may
+indicate how it came about that the round disk is now the prevailing
+form. The coins of these two Greek states in particular were for a long
+period concavo-convex disks, the convex side being in all instances the
+obverse. It has been suggested, by way of accounting for this form, that
+it secured a more perfect impression of the upper die, which always
+struck the obverse. It may be the case that a better impression was
+gained on that side, but an examination will show that the designer and
+engraver spared nothing of art or of skill upon the reverses. These are
+executed with a care and vigor equal to that of the obverse, and are
+struck with equal success. The concave shape preserved the reverse from
+wear, and made it an object for both artist and artisan to put good work
+on this side. It is more in accordance with the Greek way of looking at
+things, to account for this shape on other ground than that of
+expediency. It is more likely than otherwise, that this form is
+emblematic. The ancient buckler was of this form. Of such a figure was
+the escutcheon of these states. Boeotia adopted for hers the shield of
+Herakles, and Macedonia that of Ares. What tends strongly to confirm
+this view, that the buckler was the model for the coin, is the fact that
+for a long time Macedonian coins were finished upon the obverse, in
+imitation of the national shield. This is to be seen in the decoration
+of the border, even on coins that were struck long after Macedonia had
+become a Roman province. May it not be the case that the buckler served
+as model for the circular disk?
+
+As Greek coins were issued under the sanction of some god, it was
+natural that they should go out from his temple bearing his effigy and
+the symbols of his worship. Apollo succeeded to the early worship paid
+the sun and fire. He was the god of light and beauty. In his honor gold
+coins should originally have been struck, and they should bear his
+emblems. It will be of service to see what some of these were. This god
+was, on the whole, beneficent, as the influences of the sun are kindly,
+but he inflicted plagues by shooting his poisoned arrows among the
+people, just as the heat of the sun engenders deadly fevers. We have
+retained a trace of the old feeling, as our language betrays where
+consciousness utterly fails. We attribute certain sudden attacks of
+illness to _sunstroke_. That word "stroke" brings vividly before us the
+smiting of the Greek camp on the plain before Troy. Representing the
+sun, as Apollo did, the head of this god often appears radiated upon
+coins, particularly upon the coins of Rhodes. This was as the poets
+were wont to describe him. Catullus alludes to his flashing
+eyes,--"_radiantibus oculis_." Tibullus speaks of him as this youth
+having his temples bound with sacred laurel--"_hic juvenis casta
+redimitus tempora lauro_" The use of the laurel was reserved to this
+god, and in times of primitive Greek and Roman piety it was allowed to
+men only whose successful general would celebrate a triumph. The
+palm-branch is also connected with the worship of this god, in allusion
+to the sacred palm-tree under which Leta gave birth to him and to
+Artemis. The rays, the laurel, and the palm are the symbols of Apollo
+upon our coins. Other nations have employed the bow, the lyre, and the
+tripod, with many more equally familiar symbols.
+
+The coinage of silver belonged peculiarly to Zeus, the god of the
+thunderbolt. The question arises at once, Was there fancied a
+resemblance between the whiteness of this metal and dazzling brightness
+of the flash of lightning? However that question may be answered, there
+remains the fact that the thunderbolt was a symbol of the power of Zeus,
+and its figure uniformly accompanied the effigy of the god. Ovid speaks
+of Zeus as of one whose hand is armed with three-forked fires,--
+
+      _"Cui deutra trisulces
+    Ignibus armata est."_
+
+It is worth while to give this emblem some little study. It is
+represented under three varieties of one general form. We first find it
+a bundle of flames wreathed closely together in the form of a double
+cone. It is then a token of peace. Zeus is always seated when bearing
+this, and it is held downward. Under its second form the thunderbolt
+consists of a similar double cone, only it is elongated and pointed.
+This cone is crossed obliquely by two zigzag flashes of lightning,
+terminating at either end in arrow-points. Later forms of this symbol
+have the forward end the same, but the other end is wrought into an
+ornamental and somewhat arborescent head. This form with the lightning
+flashes is always borne uplifted, and by the god standing in readiness
+to hurl the bolt. This is the form we are to look for in connection with
+the worship of Zeus. The third form is of rare occurrence in literature
+and art.
+
+Another emblem of the Olympian god, more familiar even than the
+thunderbolt, is the eagle. AEschylus calls this bird "the winged hound of
+Zeus." This conception of the poet ruled in art as well as in
+literature. It was the popular idea of divine vengeance following and
+punishing guilt that sought concealment. Open impiety drew down upon the
+offender's head the flashing thunderbolt. A comparative examination of a
+few coins will help towards interpreting this symbolism. For this
+purpose the coins of Elis will serve best. Here was Olympia, with its
+famous temple of Zeus, and here were celebrated the great national
+Olympian games in honor of the god. Certainly if any part of Greece was
+more sacred to Zeus than the rest, that part was Elis. Its coins are
+covered with his symbols. Three types of about 371 B.C. form a group of
+especial interest. The first of these has, obverse, an eagle tearing a
+ram, on a shield; reverse, a thunderbolt. Second, obverse, an eagle
+tearing a serpent; reverse, a thunderbolt. Third, obverse, an eagle
+tearing a hare; reverse, a winged thunderbolt. Here the identity is
+sufficiently close to bring these examples under one description. They
+seem to commemorate the just punishment of some enemies of Elis, or,
+possibly, the deserved penalty for some wrong done Zeus himself. It
+would not be easy at this late day to make sure what people or persons
+may have been indicated by the ram, the serpent, and the hare. The
+obverse in each case tells the story of the event so far as we can read
+the story, and the reverse invariably confirms the tenor and spirit of
+the same. This harmony between the two sides of the coin may be traced
+throughout ancient coinage, proving that it was of a medallic character.
+Other coins of Elis are of a peaceful character, and it is of interest
+to see how the emblems are managed upon these. One has, obverse, head of
+eagle; reverse, thunderbolt within a wreath. Another, obverse, head of
+Hera; reverse, eagle standing in wreath. A third, obverse, head of
+Olympia; reverse, eagle within olive-wreath. It will be observed that
+the reverse does not in these instances bear the symbols as before, upon
+an open field, but the field is now enclosed by a wreath. The import of
+this seems to have been about the same as that of the drawn sword and
+the sheathed sword in modern heraldic designs. Still other examples will
+show not only the harmony between obverse and reverse, but how coins
+were dedicated to more than one divinity. This practice was at first
+more common in the colonies than in the metropolitan cities. A coin of
+Crotona of about 479 B.C. has, obverse, eagle perched on the cornice of
+a temple; reverse, tripod and olive-spray. It would seem likely that
+this piece was first dedicated to Zeus, and next to Apollo. Zeus often
+holds the eagle on his hand as falcons were held in the days of hawking,
+and he is then called the eagle-holder (_exetophoros_). When so
+represented, the god is commonly seated as at peace; but there is one
+coin of Messene which shows him holding the bird while he is standing
+and thundering. Later coins show combinations which are particularly
+interesting in connection with the symbolism of our own coins. One of
+the best of these is a Macedonian coin of the time of Perseus--obverse,
+head of Perseus; reverse, an eagle on a thunderbolt, within a wreath of
+oak. In connection with this example should be examined a Roman gold
+coin of about 269 B.C.--obverse, head of Mars; reverse, an eagle holding
+in its talons a thunderbolt. This type of reverse has been pretty
+closely copied by designers for our mint.
+
+The coins of Athens may have furnished the original for the olive-wreath
+so common on American coins. They were issued under the auspices of
+Athene, and bore upon the obverse the head of the goddess. The reverse
+regularly bore the owl and the olive-bough. These coins were familiarly
+called owls, just as we speak of eagles in our currency, and just as the
+English talked of angels and crosses in the time of Elizabeth.
+Aristophanes jocosely calls the Athenian pieces owls of Laurium, in
+allusion to the gold mines there, in which they were hatched.
+
+It would be of interest to trace these heraldic devices through the
+intervening ages, and along the devious ways by which they have come
+down to the present. This task would lead one far afield in history. In
+the hasty glance just now given to the coins of Greece, we have found
+material that will help to an understanding of what is impressed upon
+the coins of our own country. There would be no less of propriety and
+pertinence in asking what significance these symbols have brought to us
+from the time they were struck in faith and in awe by the very shrines
+of the gods in the temples of Greece. We may say that these symbols have
+no significance for us; but centuries hence, when the beginnings of our
+government are no longer a memory with the people, historians will
+relate with what instructive readiness the founders of our government,
+finding these colonies free and independent states, turned to the
+colonies and states of Greece for a model upon which to mould a nation;
+and they will find in early American coinage full confirmation of this
+view. The very same influence was manifested in the architecture of
+America for the first half of this century, as many a public edifice,
+and even private houses, sufficiently prove.
+
+Before examining any particular coin, it may be worth the while to
+notice a few of the more prominent features of our American types. The
+most striking of all is the absence of portrait heads. There is good
+reason for this. The theory of our government is, that it is but the
+collective will of the people. Again, since the invention of printing,
+there is longer reason in giving coins a medallic character. This
+function of coinage has been perpetuated in Germany. A _Sieges-Thaler_
+was struck after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. There were a few
+portrait heads of Washington upon coins struck under his administration;
+but the practice ended there. It is said that the head upon some of our
+later coins is a portrait. If so, its American type is not recognizable.
+The head, whenever it appears upon the obverse of our coins, is Greek in
+outline and expression. This is so strongly the character of the
+features, that even where an attempt has been made to secure a
+distinctly American type, as in the case of the three-dollar gold coin
+of 1854, the cast of features is still Greek. Some slight modification
+is made by accessories, such as the circlet of feathers about the head.
+The obverse of the gold dollar of the same date bears what is described
+as the head of a beautiful Indian; but the features are Greek, and the
+hair is waving, unlike any ever seen among savages.
+
+In descriptions of American coins, the eagle, which appears so often
+and so prominent, is commonly spoken of as the American eagle. If one
+will take the trouble to compare this figure in every position in which
+it is displayed upon our coins, with the effigy of "the winged hound of
+Zeus," so common on the coins of Greece, he will find the identity
+complete. The only difference will be that the old hand-struck coins
+show the vigor of original work, as compared with that of a copy.
+
+Another familiar symbol on American coins is the bundle of arrows held
+in one talon or the other of the eagle. On a few of our earlier coins
+the number of these arrows was four or six, or even more; but commonly
+there have been three, and now they are uniformly of that number. They
+are arranged at a pretty definite angle. The two obliquely transverse
+ones are in position and in form precisely like the two flashes of
+lightning across the thunderbolt of Zeus, only the zigzag lines have
+been straightened into arrow-shafts. It seems highly probable that the
+point of the bolt between the two flashes itself developed into the
+middle arrow, and thus makes up the traditional number three. The fact
+that the thunderbolt is found in the talons of the eagle so often, upon
+both Greek and Roman coins, makes the supposition a likely one.
+
+Regarding the laurel and the olive, it need only be said that the branch
+of itself symbolizes the presence of the divinity, to which the tree is
+sacred, or it typifies some attribute or the exercise of some divine
+office. As an illustration, Apollo is often shown using the laurel-bough
+to sprinkle the people with purifying waters. But when boughs or leaves
+are twined into a wreath, it is commonly to denote worship paid to the
+divinity, or in its name; for in worshipping the gods, wreaths of the
+proper material were placed upon their statues in the sacred places, and
+it was a regular industry in Greek towns to twine wreaths for this very
+use. This import of the wreath is called to mind by observing that the
+legend on the reverse of the three-dollar gold coin of 1854 is
+surrounded by a wreath of the leaves of the tobacco-plant and cereals.
+
+The obverse and the reverse of coins have always been read together, as
+a whole. This rule was never more clearly exemplified than in striking
+the old colonial shillings of Massachusetts, where the legend of the
+obverse--"Massachusetts in"--was completed by turning the coin over and
+reading on the reverse the rest of the sentence--"New England."
+
+It remains now to look at a few examples of our national coinage. The
+eagle of 1795 bears upon its obverse a head of Liberty, wearing a rather
+high Phrygian cap. This cap, and the wand upon which it is more commonly
+raised, are the symbols of this goddess. They are familiar enough in
+Roman art and literature, if not in our own. The reverse of the coin
+bears an eagle with expanded wings, holding in its beak a laurel-wreath,
+and grasping a palm-branch with both talons. From what has already been
+said in regard to the significance of these emblems to an earlier
+generation of men, this inscription, as a whole, may be construed
+somewhat like this: Liberty, through the power of Zeus, has secured
+victory, and through the same helping power she now offers worship to
+the genius of prophetic inspiration. With some such thought of his
+country would an old Greek have scanned this coin when he bartered his
+soul for its possession. In the coinage of 1838, this coin bears on its
+reverse an eagle with a shield--which, by the way, is Roman--on its
+breast, and having its wings uplifted. This eagle holds in its left
+talon three arrows, and in its right an olive-branch.
+
+The double eagle of 1850 bears on its obverse a head of Liberty. The
+face is shown in profile, and the features are of pure Greek type. The
+fillet about the head is such as was worn by the ancient priests. This
+circumstance serves to connect our coinage with the earliest issues made
+from the temples, under direction of the priests. The reverse of the
+coin has a small eagle, nearly hidden by the shield upon its breast. Its
+left talon holds three arrows, and its right an olive-branch. The
+distinctive mark of this reverse is the arc of diverging rays of the sun
+above the head of the eagle. This arc is found with peculiar
+appropriateness upon a gold coin, since it is a symbol of the old
+sun-worship, or of Apollo, under whose auspices gold coins were
+originally issued. Its occurrence here, moreover, emphasizes that total
+disregard for the fitness of things which appears on the reverse of the
+half-eagle of 1796, where clouds are seen above the eagle's head.
+
+The silver coins of our currency have much in common with the gold. Such
+parts of the designs upon these as are like what has been found upon the
+gold coins will call for no further remark. The reverse of the dollar of
+1798 is noticeable for this; that the eagle grasps in his right talon a
+bundle of four arrows instead of three, as on later coins. From 1836 a
+pretty nearly uniform pattern has prevailed for the dollar and its
+subdivisions. The obverse shows a female figure seated. The face is of a
+pronounced Greek type. The drapery is Greek, with one trifling
+variation,--the fastening of the dress is shown upon the right shoulder.
+The ancient fashion of this garment put the fastening only upon the left
+shoulder. Upon these coins the cap of Liberty is not worn upon the head,
+but it is displayed upon a wand held in the left hand. The right hand of
+the figure rests on shield and scroll. The reverse shows an eagle with
+wings expanded as if about to fly. The shield covers its breast. Unlike
+the eagle of the earlier coins, it is with the right talon now that it
+grasps the olive-branch, and the left holds three arrows. The
+quarter-dollar of 1853 has the space above the eagle on the reverse
+filled with diverging rays. Apollo might not, perhaps, take it as a
+compliment to be asked to sanction much of our later silver coinage.
+
+The five-cent nickel coin of 1866 introduced some novel features upon
+its reverse. The shield is most prominent, and it is overhung by
+branches of olive. Above the shield appears for the first time on our
+national coinage the cross. Soon after this coin was first issued, a
+query was made in the "American Historical Magazine" as to the
+significance of this symbol in the place it occupied. The query elicited
+from some official connected with the mint a reply to the effect that
+the cross had not the slightest significance. The reply carried with it
+a confession rather humiliating to make or to admit. Something better
+than that ought to be said for a symbol that has figured in all the
+heraldic decorations of religion and chivalry. It might have been said
+that in colonial times, so early as 1661, coins were struck in Maryland,
+the reverse of which bore a shield, and that this was surmounted by a
+crown and a cross. But the strangest thing about this cross on the
+nickel coin is that it happens to be of a very unusual pattern. It is
+the cross of the Order of Calatrava, a military order of Spain,
+instituted in 1158, and continuing a very honorable existence down to
+the present day. When worn as a decoration embroidered upon the left
+breast of the coat, it is a red cross fancifully worked into some
+resemblance to the _fleur-de-lis_. Of the minor coins no special mention
+need be made. They present nothing unlike what occurs upon those already
+examined and described.
+
+The brief study here made of this subject is barely sufficient to
+indicate a mode of interpretation which can be applied to all that is
+emblematic upon our coins. So far it has nearly all been found
+thoroughly Greek in its origin and character. It is proper that it
+should be so, for our life, in all the activities through which money is
+kept in circulation, is more nearly Greek than it is anything else. This
+is nothing we need blush to own. Original genius like that of Goethe may
+shape its course, as the poet advised, without looking to the past; but
+the less gifted will often turn back to watch the line along which
+progress has hitherto been made, and they will find the strongest
+reliance in keeping steadily upon the same course.
+
+
+
+
+AN INCIDENT OF PORT HUDSON.
+
+BY WILLIAM J. BURGE, M.D.
+
+
+In the passage of Port Hudson by Admiral Farragut, on the night of the
+14th of March, 1863, out of a fleet of eight vessels which attempted to
+run the batteries, only the two foremost ones, the "Hartford" and the
+"Albatross," succeeded in doing so. The "Hartford" was a regular steam
+sloop-of-war, which the admiral had chosen for his flag-ship; while the
+"Albatross" was a rather small propeller which had been purchased by the
+navy department, officered, manned, and put in as complete fighting trim
+as her proportions would admit of. These two vessels, lashed together,
+with the "Albatross" on the port side, headed the procession up the
+Mississippi River. Each of the three other large vessels which followed
+had a smaller one lashed to her port side. The object of this was that,
+in case either of the large vessels got aground, her companion of less
+draught might pull her off. It proved to be a most fortunate precaution;
+for while under the severest fire the "Hartford" grounded, and was
+doubtless saved from total destruction by the strenuous exertions of her
+little consort. This the admiral stated to be his conviction at the
+time.
+
+The relative positions of the two vessels were such that the "Albatross"
+could only work her bow gun, and with the exception of plunging shots
+from the upper batteries, the men who served here were the most exposed
+to the enemy's fire.
+
+Charley Reck was sponger of the parrot-gun on the forecastle, and fully
+realized the danger and responsibility of his position. He was a
+well-built, noble-looking young Frenchman, but could understand and
+speak English quite well. His intelligence, activity, and good temper,
+made him a general favorite on board, and attracted the notice of the
+captain, who appointed him his steward and gave him many privileges,
+allowing him time for reading and correspondence, of which he was
+exceedingly fond.
+
+Down the river at Plaquemine, there was an excellent bakery kept by an
+old Frenchman and his three beautiful daughters. For a long time during
+the preparations for an advance up the river, we had frequently come to
+anchor opposite this little town, and never omitted to supply ourselves
+with fresh bread from this bakery, and enjoy a friendly chat with the
+three charming sisters. They were very affable, and there was an
+artlessness about them, combined with self-respect, which was very
+fascinating. In his daily visits to supply the captain's larder, and
+probably in part on account of like nationality, Charley Reck lost his
+heart. Louise, the youngest daughter, and the most beautiful of the
+three, captured it completely. Theirs was a sincere and honest
+attachment, and the sequel discloses how tender must have been their
+parting when the order came to proceed up the river, and face the
+uncertain issues of mortal combat.
+
+On the 14th of March, early in the morning, we were at the head of
+Prophet's Island, a short distance below Port Hudson, and there the
+vessels of the fleet, one after another, assembled. Then came the order
+to be in readiness to run the batteries at a given signal at night. I
+had never been under fire, and my bump of curiosity probably saved me on
+this occasion from much of the anxiety which otherwise I might have
+felt, but the unusual seriousness which seemed to pervade the whole
+ship's company during that day did not escape my notice, and was, in
+some degree, contagious.
+
+The officers, when not on duty, kept mostly in their staterooms, and
+there was no hilarity among the men.
+
+In the captain's storeroom there was a nook where Charley Reck was in
+the habit of spending his leisure moments, and during that afternoon he
+had been closeted there longer than was his wont. Just before sunset he
+came out, and approaching me with the customary salute, he handed me a
+neat little package, and said, "Doctor, when you go down the river, will
+you please give this to Louise?" Not understanding him, I replied, "Are
+you going to leave us, Charley; aren't you going to stick by the ship?"
+
+Very sadly he answered, "This is my last day; I shall die to-night!" I
+tried to rally him by saying, "Nonsense! you are just as likely to come
+out all right as any of the rest of us!" But he only replied, "Please
+take it, Doctor; I am sponger of that gun, and I shall do my duty; but I
+shall be killed to-night!" Then I took the package and locked it in my
+desk, thinking as I did so that I would return it to him on the morrow,
+and have a good laugh at his expense.
+
+The story of that fearful night has long since been published, and I
+shall not attempt to repeat it, further than relates to the subject of
+this sketch. I had arranged the ward-room for my "cock-pit," and in the
+midst of the awful conflict I heard a voice call down the companion-way,
+"Doctor, here's a man with his arm shot off!" and I shouted back, "Bring
+him down, quick!"
+
+We laid him on the table, unconscious. His right arm was shattered
+midway between the shoulder and elbow. I thought he had fainted from
+loss of blood, but the next moment I saw plainly enough that he was
+dead.
+
+A shell had exploded near him, and sent a large fragment clear through
+his lungs and heart, killing him instantly.
+
+I looked in his calm, white face. It was Charley Reck.
+
+When we were safely at anchor, out of reach of the guns, I thought of
+the package for Louise which he had left in my care. It was not sealed,
+but simply tied, and the captain said, in view of the relation which he
+and Charley had sustained to each other, he would take the
+responsibility of opening it, and ascertaining its contents before it
+should be delivered. There was an ambrotype of the sweet young girl, and
+a letter written in French, breathing all the devotion of a true and
+faithful heart. The following is a correct translation of its closing
+sentences: "Good by, Louise! My darling! My own one! When this reaches
+you, I shall be in the grave, but we shall meet again, and love each
+other forever. Adieu, my love! I kiss you for the last time!" On the
+glass, covering the picture, was plainly visible the print of his ardent
+lips, so soon to be chilled in death.
+
+There were hair-breadth escapes on board the "Albatross" that night, but
+not another man was killed or wounded.
+
+Many will regard this singular presentiment and its literal fulfilment
+as merely a remarkable coincidence. I have stated only the simple facts
+in the case, as they occurred under my own observation; and to me, at
+least, they furnish additional evidence that "there are more things in
+heaven and earth than are dreamed of in our philosophy."
+
+
+
+
+LUCY KEYES.
+
+A STORY OF MOUNT WACHUSETT.
+
+BY A. P. MARBLE.
+
+
+I.
+
+Lucy Keyes was the daughter of Robert Keyes, who lived in the town of
+Princeton, in Massachusetts, about the year 1755. At the age of two and
+a half or three years, she disappeared one night at sunset, and was
+never afterwards heard of by her parents. Her father spent the greater
+part of his life in a fruitless search for her among the various tribes
+of Indians; and her mother lost her reason in the contemplation of the
+unknown fate which had befallen her little daughter. This is an account
+of the little girl's disappearance, and the elucidation of a mystery
+which, for three-quarters of a century, baffled all search. The story is
+derived from traditions in the neighborhood, from allusions to Lucy in
+the local histories, and from the dying statement of a chief actor in
+the tragedy.
+
+The fourth settler in the town was Robert Keyes. It is well known that
+our ancestors had frequent trouble with the Indians, and that white
+people were stolen, to be either put to death or returned to their
+friends for a ransom. Lancaster had been burned seventy-five years
+before, and Mrs. Rowlandson, the minister's wife, was carried into
+captivity. She was taken to New Hampshire, and after wandering with her
+captors thirty days or more, she was returned to the foot of Mount
+Wachusett; and on a rock near the shore of Wachusett Lake, where the
+chiefs held their councils, she was purchased of her captors by John
+Hoar, an ancestor of the distinguished Senator Hoar, for thirty dollars
+in silver, together with some trinkets and provisions. King Philip
+himself was present, and opposed the release of Mrs. Rowlandson; but
+even his influence did not overcome the cupidity of the petty chief who
+held her. From this circumstance the rock is known as Redemption Rock.
+It has been purchased by Senator Hoar, and its southern face now bears
+an appropriate inscription to commemorate the release, and the courage
+and diplomacy of John Hoar.
+
+     THE INSCRIPTION.
+
+     "Upon this rock, May 2d, 1676, was made the agreement for the
+     ransom of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson of Lancaster, between the
+     Indians and John Hoar of Concord.
+
+     "King Philip was with the Indians, but refused his consent."
+
+It was on Pine Hill, a mile or two south of this rock, and at the
+eastern base of the mountain, that Robert Keyes cut down the forest, and
+made a home for his little family. The spot is picturesque and sightly.
+To the north, and seen through the clearing, nestles Lake Wachusett
+among its woody banks; while far in the horizon are seen the New
+Hampshire hills, and beyond, the blue summits of the White Mountains; to
+the east the landscape stretches away, diversified with lake and valley
+and woody slope, till it is lost to sight in the dimly distant line of
+the misty ocean; to the south is the dome-like knoll of Pine Hill
+covered with evergreen trees; and on the west rises the steep acclivity
+of Mount Wachusett, while between these two may be seen the hills,
+twenty miles away, that divide the waters of the Connecticut from the
+streams that supply the Nashua and the Merrimac.
+
+On a sunny afternoon in summer Mr. Keyes and his boys were in the field
+some distance from the house, picking up logs and burning them with the
+stumps and brush, to enlarge the farm. Around the house were fields of
+corn and flax and waving grain. The cows and sheep were browsing in the
+edge of the woods. Mrs. Keyes was spinning flax in front of the cabin
+door, seated on a low, home-made stool upon the hard and smoothly swept
+ground. Within, the neatly kept log cabin had a rough floor strewn with
+white sand. On one side of the single large room there was a settee
+stuffed with shavings of birch-bark; and a cat lay curled up and dozing
+in the sun, which streamed in through the open lattice that took the
+place of a window. Around the room were the rough tables and the benches
+which used to serve as furniture in such primitive dwellings. Shelves
+and cupboards were fastened upon the wall. Dried apples and pumpkins,
+pieces of venison and smoked ham, hung upon poles at the top of the
+room. The wide fireplace and large, open chimney stood at one side. The
+embers smouldered between the great andirons, ready to be kindled for
+preparing the evening meal. Aloft, and reached by a ladder that rested
+against an opening, was the chamber where the family used to sleep. This
+was the happy home of Robert Keyes, where comfort and busy contentment
+reigned.
+
+On the afternoon in question two older daughters were at play with
+little Lucy under the trellis of hop-vines that shaded their mother from
+the sun. Those were not the days of carpets or of painted floors. Neat
+housewives would sprinkle the boards with clean white sand; and this,
+under the tread of feet, would scour the wood and then be swept away.
+The brooms were made by stripping the sapling birch and tying these
+strips in a bundle over the end of the stick, or by tying cedar or
+hemlock boughs at the end of a pointed handle. Housekeepers
+were unacquainted with boughten brushes and corn-brooms and
+sweeping-machines.
+
+At their mother's call the two older girls started with a bucket to go
+to the shore of the lake to fetch some sand for the floor. Little Lucy,
+thus left alone, soon tired of her play, and wandered away among the
+vines and the corn around the door, till she came to the path that led
+to the lake. She followed her sisters a long way behind them, and was
+never again seen by her friends.
+
+Soon the sun had disappeared behind the summit of the mountain, and the
+deepening shadows were beginning to creep towards the cabin. The mother
+had put away her spinning-wheel, and the smoke was curling up from out
+the wide-mouthed chimney, in preparation of her supper. The farmer and
+his sons had left the field and gone to a little blacksmith shop a few
+rods down the hill, where he had mended a broken buck-scythe. The two
+girls had joined them there; and now they all came trooping together to
+the house. The boys and their father were washing their hands and faces
+from the sweat of the forge and the burnt logs. The mother was busy with
+her cooking. The girls had put away the bucket of sand and gone out to
+play, when they missed Lucy, and began to search for her among the hills
+of corn. Not finding her, they came back to the log cabin and told their
+mother. She thought the little girl must be near, and sent the sisters
+to look again, while she arranged the wooden plates and the pewter
+dippers and the iron knives and wooden spoons upon the table. The girls
+soon came back without finding Lucy, but the mother even then supposed
+that she had fallen asleep, overcome by her play and the heat of the
+sun. She stepped to the door and called loudly for Lucy; and the family
+sat down to supper, expecting her every minute to walk in. She did not
+come; and hastily finishing their meal, they all went to search the
+farm. Not finding Lucy, they became thoroughly alarmed.
+
+Adjoining Mr. Keyes' farm, and between it and the foot of the mountain,
+was the clearing of a Mr. Littlejohn. He had no family. His farm was but
+little cultivated, and his cabin had not the air of home and comfort
+which Mrs. Keyes had put into hers. He was a hunter also, and he had a
+brace or two of dogs. Bearskins were tacked to the walls of his hut, to
+dry; and deer-horns, and fox-skins still further showed the hunter. This
+man was of a morose and hermit-like nature. There was a mystery about
+his early history; he had come from the old world, where he had mingled
+in affairs of state, and whence he had fled. Little children were afraid
+of him. He was quarrelsome, too; and before this time he had claimed a
+part of Mr. Keyes' land. As the two farmers could not agree upon the
+boundary line, they had called in two of their neighbors, and a surveyor
+from Lancaster, to fix the boundary. These had decided in favor of Mr.
+Keyes. The two neighbors had very little to do with each other after
+that; and the hermit became still more unsocial and morose. But in his
+distress Mr. Keyes called upon this man for help, and Mr. Littlejohn
+appeared to enter heartily into the search. The frequency of captures by
+the Indians, at once led to the suspicion that they had stolen Lucy. Mr.
+Littlejohn, as a hunter, assumed direction of the searching party. He
+sent the father and boys to follow the path towards the lake, the mother
+and daughters to go down the hill towards the east, while he went to the
+south and up the mountain. All hunted fast and far till late in the
+evening, when the gathering darkness had settled on the woods and hills;
+and then they turned their weary steps homeward. About this time all
+the members of the Keyes family saw the light of a huge bonfire,
+northwesterly from their house, and turned their steps towards the spot;
+for this was a signal that the lost was found. On reaching the place,
+however, they found Mr. Littlejohn, but no Lucy. He said that the
+darkness prevented further search that night, and he had lighted the
+fire, in order if possible, to attract the attention of the child, and
+also to bring together all the inhabitants around, to institute a more
+thorough search in the morning.
+
+Afterwards others came in; and when they heard the story, one of them
+proposed to give a shoe or an apron of Lucy's to one of the dogs and let
+him follow the scent. But Mr. Littlejohn said this would not do, for the
+dogs were fierce and used to hunting for prey only. They would tear the
+little girl in pieces if they were to find her. And Mrs. Keyes would not
+consent to have the dogs set on the track. Another proposed to hunt with
+torches. With this plan all fell in; and the party, now swelled to ten
+or fifteen, were divided into squads and sent to hunt, each in a
+different direction. All night they kept up the search. They called
+aloud for Lucy again and again, and in all directions; they scoured the
+woods for miles around; they hunted on the shore of the lake for the
+tracks of little feet. Behind rocks and trees, under logs and clumps of
+bushes, they peered; but no trace was to be seen--nothing but darkness
+and gloomy night. Now and then the hoot of an owl would be mistaken for
+a child's cry, and hope would momentarily rise in the breast of a hunter
+only to fall as the sound became more distinct. And thus the night
+dragged on. When morning came, the various squads of hunters came back
+to the houses all with the same story of failure. They were weary with
+wakefulness and the heavy tramp. After a hasty meal they carefully
+searched the ground within two or three miles of the house. The whole
+day was spent in this; and at nightfall the party came back to the
+desolate house without hope. The mother, almost frantic, called for
+Lucy, and nothing but the echoes gave answer. One by one the neighbors
+went to their own homes and cares. The conviction forced itself upon the
+minds of all, that Lucy had been captured by the Indians. Mr. Keyes and
+his boys hunted in the woods for days afterwards, till the only hope
+that Lucy was alive lay in her being captured. Otherwise she must have
+died from exposure or starvation.
+
+Sorrow and desolation now surrounded the cabin of Mr. Keyes. The sanded
+floor remained unswept; the trellis was broken by the wind; the vines
+hung straggling; the smooth, spacious front of the door was cluttered;
+the mewing cat gave voice to the general gloom. Mrs. Keyes could not
+forget her grief. All day she worked listlessly; and as the shadows from
+the mountain crept towards the cottage, she would stand in the doorway,
+and call, "Lucy, Lucy." For years the echoes daily sent back that sunset
+cry.
+
+A few months after the loss of little Lucy, a hunter returned from the
+region of Lake George. On hearing the story, he reported that a white
+child had been seen in that neighborhood with a tribe of Indians; and
+the rumor reached the ears of Mr. Keyes. The autumn leaves had put on
+their dying robes of yellow and crimson and gold when, leaving the rest
+of his harvest to be gathered by his sons, he went to Lake George. After
+great risks, and many a hair-breadth escape, he found a captive maiden;
+but she was many years older than Lucy, and she knew only the life of
+the Indians. He reached his home late in the winter. In the spring a
+friendly Indian reported that a white girl was held captive by a tribe
+on the St. Lawrence; and again Mr. Keyes started in pursuit. Six months
+or more he spent in the search; but when he found the tribe and their
+captive, it was a black-eyed little girl that he saw; but Lucy's eyes
+were blue, and he travelled home. With each new rumor of a captive child
+among the Indian tribes in Maine or Connecticut, in New York or Canada,
+Mr. Keyes would start again on one of those sad pilgrimages; and he
+always came back disappointed and alone. Mr. Littlejohn had now left his
+farm, and it was occupied by strangers.
+
+Meantime, the boys had grown to be men. They no longer had any sympathy
+with the fruitless search. They made homes for themselves in the now
+farther remote frontier. And the girls had grown to womanhood and
+married. Old, and poor, and alone,--for his wife had died, and long ago
+ceased her plaintive evening call for her long-lost little Lucy,--Mr.
+Keyes petitioned the "Great and General Court" for the grant of a tract
+of public land which lay near his home. In this petition, now to be
+found in the archives of the State, he sets forth that he is poor in
+consequence of the prolonged search for his daughter, and too feeble to
+maintain himself.
+
+
+    (_Concluded in next number._)
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+Considerable has been heard lately of the American Institute of Civics,
+an organization whose plans for promoting good citizenship are broader
+and more comprehensive than have ever before been systematically
+attempted in this country. That the Institute is obtaining the
+encouragement and support of many of the strongest public men in the
+country must be gratifying to all who recognize the necessity of having
+sound political ideas prevail among the rising generation. The object of
+the Institute is, in outline, to secure thorough instruction in all
+schools and colleges on topics relating to government and citizenship;
+to establish special schools of civics at important central points; to
+secure, as far as possible, the influence of the press in promotion of
+the same high purpose, and to disseminate, far and wide, sound political
+literature. That the project has the interest of our soundest statesmen
+and scholars may be seen from the fact that the President of the
+National Advisory Board is Chief Justice Waite of the United States
+Supreme Court, while the Board includes United States Senators Colquitt,
+Hawley, Wilson, Blair, and Morrill, Secretary Lamar and Ex-Secretary
+Hugh McCullough, Presidents Noah Porter and Julius H. Seelye,
+Commissioner Eaton, and others. Among the New England officers and
+members are such men as Judge Mellen Chamberlain of Boston, Secretary of
+Education Dickinson, General Carrington, and many college presidents,
+leading business men, prominent editors, etc. The membership is now
+something over two thousand, and it is worth noting that aside from the
+small fees thus obtained, there is no income, and the officers are none
+of them in the receipt of any salary whatsoever. The Institute is
+entirely unpartisan, and the importance of the work, which it is its
+purpose to accomplish, cannot be overestimated. It has entered upon the
+work of political education in the United States at a favorable time,
+under the best of circumstances, and under the auspices of the most
+eminent men of the day. Indeed, it may be doubted whether any
+undertaking of a patriotic and educational character has ever commanded
+in this or any other country the unqualified support of so large a
+number of citizens of high distinction, belonging to every class and
+calling. There seems, so far as our study of the plan of the Institute
+enables us to judge, but one thing needful to its permanency and highest
+success as a moulding influence in American political life of the
+highest importance. So long as its officers are obliged to depend wholly
+upon the dues contributed by members, an element of uncertainty will
+enter into its plans which cannot fail to largely interfere with the
+fullest realization of its possibilities for good. This danger may be
+wholly obviated, the Institute placed on a secure foundation, and its
+future usefulness be assured, if some public-spirited men of wealth,
+desirous of conferring the incalculable benefits upon future
+generations, which will follow upon the realization of the Institute's
+plans, will provide for it an endowment, the income of which will be
+sufficient to defray the expense of maintaining its executive office.
+
+We would be glad if some New England man of ample means should secure
+the honor of thus endowing the American Institute of Civics with a fund
+sufficient to establish it on the firm footing which it should have.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For the New Englander who would seek the delights of the country in the
+summer months, what a diversity of scene may be found in his own six
+States. Within the radius of a few hours' ride from Boston are an almost
+infinite variety of "resorts," from the most primitive to the most
+luxuriant. In Massachusetts alone are the delightful Nantasket and
+Revere beaches, elegant Nahant, and the myriad of charming nooks from
+Cape Ann to Provincetown. Then the Berkshire hills; Lenox and
+Stockbridge, and other equally beautiful towns, but with less
+pretensions to aristocracy; the lovely valley of the Connecticut, the
+romantic Deerfield and the pleasant Franklin hills. In Maine, beginning
+with Old Orchard, perhaps the finest beach on the Atlantic coast, what
+delightful harbors and islands there are. And in the Maine woods there
+is a wealth of health and sport. Grandeur is found in the White
+Mountains, comfort and elegance at their great hotels. And here, as well
+as through the hundreds of rural towns on and among the Green Mountains,
+are the quiet farmhouses where one may abide, and see the New England
+character--sometimes, not always--at its very best. Whether one sighs
+for the wildness of the primeval woods, the quiet of the rural farm, or
+the elegance of a luxurious villa or superb hotel, he need not, unless
+he desires to travel, look beyond the border lines of fair New England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a growing tendency with our New England people to make rest and
+recreation matters of considerable importance in themselves. Business is
+driven at a greater speed than it used to be, and an annual relaxation
+from business or professional cares and toils has become a positive
+necessity. The earlier generations worked more slowly and coolly, and a
+man could endure many years if need be without a thought of a regular
+vacation, while those who did go from the city to the mountains or
+seashore in the summer months were those who could afford it as a
+luxury, rather than so doing as a matter of physical or mental economy.
+Then again, country accommodations were very limited, and facilities for
+travel were exceedingly meagre as compared with the present. This was
+the case no more than a score of years ago. The era of great summer
+hotels, of "special trains for the season," and of swift and commodious
+steamboats to the beaches had not begun. Now the vast amount of summer
+travel forms almost a world of itself. All classes are included. The
+rich merchant resorts to his beautiful cottage by the sea, or to the
+splendid hotel in the mountains, for a stay of perhaps three or four
+months; the family of moderate means engage board at some one of the
+multitude of "resorts"; the ill-paid clerk or poor artisan may arrange
+for a week or two in the country, or, at least, may enjoy a few Saturday
+afternoons at the beaches; and now, God bless them! even the half-fed
+children of the narrowest street and lane may have a run in the green
+fields or shady woods on some hot summer day. That ways exist for the
+relief of so many, rich and poor, from the pent-up city in the sultry
+months is indeed a blessing, and, like all others, it requires
+intelligence for its proper use and appreciation. To work and worry
+eleven months at fever heat, and then relax both brain and body for one,
+may not afford a longer or more happy life than a continuous routine of
+labor performed in a more temperate, less-exciting way; but if we _must_
+work at such high pressure in this age, let us make the most of our
+times of rest. Woe to the man who carries with him to the cool mountains
+or the quiet beach such a paraphernalia of civilization (?) and fashion
+that he comes back to town more jaded than he went.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The impudence of newspaper reporters has furnished material for many a
+good-natured joke, but there is getting to be more truth than humor in
+the imputation. This became very apparent during the weeks preceding the
+marriage of the President, but it reached its climax when the horde of
+men and youth attached to various newspapers rushed to Deer Park and
+almost literally besieged the cottage to which the distinguished couple
+had retired. Such actions would be insolent enough had Mr. Cleveland
+been much less than the President of the United States; but it has
+always been supposed that there was a certain dignity attaching to this
+high office, which citizens, whatever their estimate of the man, were
+bound to respect. Whether this be so or not, it seems pretty certain
+that no dignity has anything to do with "a reporter." Indeed, the
+ability and brilliancy of a newspaper correspondent seem to be
+commensurate with his "cheek,"--to use his own word. And yet, why
+deprecate the reporters? They are simply the servants of the journals
+they represent. They only obey the will of editors and publishers. The
+one and the only conclusion is that the "great dailies,"--excepting
+those which do have a measure left of honor and dignity, of which, thank
+Heaven, a few are yet published--are on a grade far below many things
+which they would not themselves dare to sanction. As the "New York
+Evening Post" says, "If it be true that journalism is really a calling
+in which men must do or say _anything_ which will increase sales, it is
+the lowest occupation, not absolutely criminal, known to modern
+society." And what is worse, these journals attempt to defend their
+pernicious course by declaring that they "give only what the public
+demands." If the public _is_ thus given over to sensationalism and
+folly, is the press fulfilling its mission by pandering to its thirst?
+It was once a theory that the press was a leader of the people. Has the
+journal of the present no ambition beyond the biggest circulation and
+the largest cash receipts?
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORD.
+
+
+April 10.--Serious disaster at the Pemberton Mills, Lawrence, Mass. A
+fire broke out in the picker-room and dye-house, destroying the
+building. Two men were killed and several injured. The great disaster at
+these mills occurred January 10, 1860, when one hundred and forty-five
+persons were killed by falling or fire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 19.--The one hundred and eleventh anniversary of the battle of
+Concord was celebrated in that town. In the evening there was a meeting
+in the town hall, at which Hon. John S. Keyes read the original
+documents relating to the famous fight.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 19.--The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment celebrated, at Lowell, the
+twenty-fifth anniversary of its march through Baltimore. There was an
+enthusiastic attendance. Addresses were delivered by Col. B.F. Watson,
+Col. E. F. Jones, and others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 20.--A large reservoir at East Lee, Mass., gave way, and many
+mills and houses and six bridges were swept away by the flood. Seven
+persons were drowned. A relief fund was established to aid the many
+destitute families, and assistance has also been given to the town,
+whose loss on highways and bridges is very great.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 20.--General meeting of the New England conferences of Methodists
+at Newburyport.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 24.--Arbor Day in Massachusetts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 29.--Annual dinner of the Boston Latin School. Judge Devens
+presided. Addresses were given by President of the Association Dixwell,
+Head-master Moses Merrill, Dr. Benjamin Apthorp Gould, and others. A
+poem was read by Rev. James Freeman Clarke.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 3.--Extensive strike went into effect in Boston, among the
+carpenters and builders. About five thousand men left work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 11.--Monthly meeting of the Bostonian Society. The chief interest
+centered in a collection of historical curiosities, among them the
+original subscription list to a new, large map of New England to be
+published in 1785. Among the subscriber's names were those of General
+Lafayette, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin. The address by
+Daniel Goodwin, Jr., of Chicago, was in relation to this exhibition, and
+dealt largely with the life of James Pitts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 13.--Monthly meeting Massachusetts Historical Society, Dr. Ellis in
+the chair.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 13.--Erection of a statue of William Lloyd Garrison on Commonwealth
+Avenue, Boston. Among the inscriptions on the pedestal are these: "I am
+in earnest; I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retreat
+a single inch, and I will be heard." "My country is the world; my
+countrymen are all mankind."
+
+The statue was designed by Olin L. Warner of New York.
+
+
+
+
+NECROLOGY.
+
+
+April 14.--Edwin C. Morse, born in West Natick, 1817, Judge of the
+Natick Police Court, died at Natick, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 14.--George F. Emery, born in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1812, died in
+Boston. He had been U.S. General Appraiser for New England, also
+paymaster; and was treasurer of the Union Institution for Savings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 15.--Anson K. Warner, of Greenfield, died from the effects of
+injuries received at the West Deerfield railroad disaster. Mr. Warner
+was closely connected with the institutions of his town, and held many
+offices of trust. His will bequeaths $50,000 for the education of
+Greenfield boys and girls.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 18.--Hon. Stephen H. Gifford, Clerk of the Massachusetts Senate,
+died at his home in Duxbury. He was born in Pembroke, Mass., July 21,
+1815, and while a boy earned his living on a farm. He learned the
+shoemaker's trade, and still later attended the academy in Hanover, N.
+H. Subsequently he became a teacher, and established a private school in
+Duxbury, in which he continued until 1885, excepting a year or two in
+which he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1850 he was a member of
+the House; in 1851 was appointed an inspector in the Boston Custom
+House. During a few weeks in 1854 he was Assistant Clerk of the Senate,
+and the next year he was chosen as Assistant Clerk of the House. The
+Legislature of 1855 elected him as Auditor of Accounts, for which office
+he was nominated by the Republicans the same year. The party was
+defeated at the polls, and Mr. Gifford shared the fate of his friends.
+In 1857 he was again appointed Assistant Clerk of the House. In 1858 he
+was elected Clerk of the Senate, and held the office until his death. On
+March 10, 1882, a complimentary dinner was tendered Mr. Gifford in
+testimonial of his twenty-five years of clerkship.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 19.--Hon. Charles Adams, Jr., formerly State Treasurer, died at
+his home in North Brookfield. Mr. Adams was born at Antrim, N. H., Jan.
+31, 1819, and his long life since has been a most busy and useful one.
+In 1816 his father removed from New Hampshire to Massachusetts, settling
+at Oakham, and in the district schools of this town Charles Adams
+received the most of his early education. When sixteen years of age he
+began business as a clerk in a country store at Petersham, and there
+remained five years. He then became bookkeeper for J.B. Fairbanks &
+Co., at Ware, but after a year's service in this position left it to
+enter the employ of T. and E. Batcheller & Co., at North Brookfield, as
+their bookkeeper. For twenty-eight years he remained with Batcheller &
+Co., the last nine years being a partner in the firm. Mr. Adams was
+active in State and national politics, and served seventeen years at the
+State House in various capacities, as member of the Legislature, Senate,
+and Council, and as State Treasurer from 1870 to 1875. He was married
+May 8, 1834, and on May 8, 1884, celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of
+the marriage. Of late years he has given his attention to genealogical
+and historical matters connected with the town of North Brookfield. Mr.
+Adams was an upright, honest man, enjoying the highest confidence of the
+community in which he lived.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 22.--Deacon Nathaniel Hatch, of Bradford, Mass., died suddenly of
+heart disease. He was a graduate of Bowdoin, class of 1844; had been a
+teacher and a business man.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 23.--Hon. John Phelps, who was born in Hubbardston, Mass., in
+1824, died at New Orleans. He went South at the age of twenty-two; was
+one of the founders, and became President of the New Orleans Cotton
+Exchange, and later President of the National Cotton Exchange.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 24.--Death of Maj. Albert L. Richardson, for thirty years
+postmaster of Montvale, in Woburn, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 24.--Mrs. Wendell Phillips died at her home on Common Street,
+Boston. She was married to the great abolitionist orator about fifty
+years ago, but before that time she had espoused the antislavery cause.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 25.--Hon. Edmund Wilson, of Thomaston, Me., died. He had been
+prominent in the political affairs of his section, and was also for the
+past ten years a member of the Democratic National Committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 26.--Joseph Weld Morrison died at Campton Village, N. H., at the
+age of sixty-nine. He was an extensive dealer in lumber.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 27.--Henry H. Richardson died at his residence in Brookline,
+Mass., at the age of 48. Mr. Richardson had achieved a wide reputation
+as an architect, his rank in that profession being variously estimated
+from that of one of the first in this country to that of the first in
+the world or the age. Probably the most conspicuous example of his
+genius is Trinity Church in Boston.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+April 29.--Col. Ezra J. Trull, a well-known citizen of Boston, died at
+his home in Charlestown at the age of 43. He served in the war with the
+Fourth Battalion of Rifles, the 13th Massachusetts Volunteers, and the
+39th Regiment. At the close of the war he joined the 5th Regiment, of
+which he became colonel. In 1855 he was elected commander of the Ancient
+and Honorable Artillery. He was also commander of the Boston Light
+Infantry Veterans, and a member of the Loyal Legion. Col. Trull was also
+connected with various societies of civil, military, and masonic
+character. In civil office he served in the Boston Common Council in
+1875, 1876, 1877, in the Massachusetts Senate in 1884 and 1885, and was
+a Director of Public Institutions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 1.--Chas. M. Shepard, professor at Amherst College, died at
+Charleston, S.C., at the age of 82.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 3.--Hon. John Boynton Hill, for many years a leading lawyer in
+Bangor, Me., and more recently of Mason, N. H., died at Temple, N. H.
+Mr. Hill was born in Mason, Nov. 25, 1796, and was graduated at Harvard
+College in 1821. Among his classmates were Governor Kent of Maine,
+Charles W. Upham of Salem, Senator Barnwell of South Carolina, and Ralph
+Waldo Emerson.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 4.--Rev. Francis A. Foxcroft, one of the oldest Episcopal clergymen
+in the State, died at Cambridge, Mass., at the age of 77.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 7.--William R. Patten, of Winchester, a soldier in the Civil War,
+and later, Judge-Advocate, died in Concord. He was born in 1837.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May 8.--Death of George W. Ray, a citizen and a manufacturer in
+Springfield, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE.
+
+
+In _Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian_,[2] the task has been undertaken
+of rendering the Bible narrative in a form which shall be convenient and
+readable for young readers. Such an idea does not wholly please us, for
+it does not seem possible to rewrite the sacred history without losing
+the spirit of the close translation from the Hebrew and Greek. There is
+an excuse for simplifying Bible stories for young children, but this
+work seems adapted only to those who must be mature enough to fully
+understand the reading of the Scriptures themselves. Yet, for those who
+can profitably employ such a book, this work could hardly be better. It
+is evidently prepared with great care. The first volume, which is at
+hand, contains the Hebrew story from Creation to the Exile, and for it
+one must commend the writers for their conscientious and painstaking
+work, which, without doubt, will prove to be of value to many.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+History is a subject so vast and complex that it requires great skill to
+properly present even an outline of the whole in a single volume. Such
+compendiums have, however, been made, and have had a useful purpose.
+Professor Fisher is a man who has extensive qualifications for such a
+task, and he has given us a work[3] which should have a place in every
+public and private library, and be in the hands of every student. The
+whole subject, from the earliest to present times, is outlined in a
+manner which has rendered it readable and interesting,--a rare quality
+for such a condensed work. We like the arrangement, which does not treat
+each country always by itself, but the whole plan of the book is, in
+general, chronological, by which the condition of different countries at
+any given period is readily compared. By the use of different types in
+printing, a notable convenience is afforded the reader. For instance,
+the general thread of narrative is carried on through the coarser type,
+while in another type one may read of contemporary literature, art,
+science, etc. In fact, the record of these subjects is one of the
+valuable features of the work. The typography is excellent,--a matter of
+special importance in such a book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A concise monograph,[4] lately translated from the German, is
+interesting as an argument in favor of gas as against electricity for
+artificial lighting. The author is impressed with the fact that the
+triumphs of electric lighting have been overestimated, and that its
+healthful, legitimate development has been retarded by the hosts of
+speculators. Dr. Schilling quotes many statistics, from both European
+and American sources, to show that many of the claims for electric
+lighting are unfounded, and that gas has been the subject of numerous
+false assertions as to its danger, etc., simply to glorify the electric
+light. The author seems disposed to fairness, in general, but when,
+after admitting that the electric light has a future before it, he
+declares that "gas will remain in future, as it always has been, the
+universal means of illumination," he is at least injudicious.
+"Universal" and "always" are too broad; certainly, as far as the past is
+concerned, if not the future. Those who are interested in the subject
+will find it worth while to read this book. The translation has been
+carefully made, and it is clearly printed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lynn, Mass., has long been famous for its boots and shoes, but from a
+comfortably sized book[5] in hand, we are led to believe that the town
+has something interesting about it besides heels and soles. This volume
+is, according to its name, a series of sketches of the history of the
+town, well interspersed with anecdotes, most of them from the storehouse
+of the author's own memory. Although he spent, as he declares, twenty
+years on the shoemaker's bench, he has not limited his knowledge to his
+trade. He has evidently been a keen observer; and his command of
+Anglo-Saxon, together with what may be called the genuine Yankee
+language, has enabled him to relate his stories and make his comments in
+a clear and vigorous style. It is, indeed, a very pleasant variation of
+the regulation town history; a volume of information and good-natured
+wit; such a book as we imagine every citizen and native of Lynn would
+delight to read.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian. Arranged and edited for young
+readers as an introduction to the study of the Bible. By Edw. T.
+Bartlett, A.M., and John P. Peters, Ph.D. Vol. I, pp. 545. New York: G.
+P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+[3] Outlines of Universal History. Designed as a text-book and for
+private reading. By George Park Fisher, Professor in Yale College, pp.
+674. New York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co.
+
+[4] The Present Condition of Electric Lighting. A report made at Munich,
+September 26, 1885, by N. H. Schilling, Ph.D. 55 pp. Boston: Cupples,
+Upham & Co.
+
+[5] Sketches of Lynn; or, The Changes of Fifty Years. By David N.
+Johnson, pp. 490. Lynn; Thomas P. Nichols, printer.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO MAGAZINE LITERATURE.
+
+(_MAY, 1886._)
+
+
+ART, ARCHITECTURE. American Country Dwellings. _Mrs. Schuyler van
+Rensselaer._ 1.--The Care of Pictures and Prints. _P. G. Hamerton._
+5.--Art in Brooklyn. _Various._ 16.--Ceilings and Walls. _J. H.
+Pollen._ 22.--An English Sculptor. _Leander Scott._ 22.--Art in Metal
+Work. _Lewis F. Day._22--An American Gallery. _Chas. De Kay._ 22.
+
+BIOGRAPHY, GENEALOGY. The Life of William Lloyd Garrison. _Freeman M.
+Post, D.D._ 3.--A Sturdy Christian. _Henry J. van Dyke, Jr., D.D._
+3.--Edwin M. Stanton. _Dan Piatt._ 4.--Francis Galton., 5.--Horatio
+Seymour. _Isaac S. Hartley, D.D._ 6.--Personal Recollections of John D.
+Philbrick. _Mrs. H. B. B. Lord._ 8.--Gen. Turner Ashby. _A. E.
+Richards._ 17.--Benjamin Disraeli. _George Sandsbury._ 22.--The
+Webster Family. _Hon. Stephen M. Allen._ 23.--Henry Barnard. _John D.
+Philbrick._ 23.
+
+CIVIL WAR. From the Peninsula to Antietam. _Geo. B. McLellan._
+1.--McClellan at the Head of the Grand Army. _Warren Lee Goss._ 1.--The
+Battle of South Mountain, or Boonsboro'. _Gen. D. H. Hill._ 1.--Defence
+of Charleston, S.C. _Gen. G. T. Beauregard._ 4.--The Removal of
+McClellan., 4.--Shiloh. _Gen. W.F. Smith._ 6.--The Battle of Cross
+Keys. _Alfred E. Lee._ 6.--War Prisons and War Poetry. _Jas. W. A.
+Wright._ 17.--Arkansas Past. _Wm. J. Oliphant._ 17.--The War in
+Missouri. _Richard H. Musser._ 17.
+
+DESCRIPTION, TRAVEL, ADVENTURE. The Flour Mills of Minneapolis. _E. V.
+Smalley._ 1.--Lick Observatory. _Taliesin Evans._ 1.--After Geronimo.
+III. _Lieut. John Bigelow._ 7.--The Last Voyage of the Surprise.,
+7.--Around the World on a Bicycle. VIII. _Thomas Stevens._ 7.--Three
+Weeks of Savage Life.--_Maurice Thompson._ 7.--A Blockade Runner under
+Fire. _R. C. Coffin._ 7.--A Lonely Vigil. _T. C. Jones._ 10.--How we
+went Trouting. _W. S. Hutchinson._ 10.--Memories of London. _W. J.
+Stillman._ 11.--English and American Railways. _Wm. H. Rideing._
+16.--The World's Great Bridges. _Mrs. F. G. De Fontaine._ 16.--The
+Women of Brazil. _Frances A. de Magalhaes._ 16.
+
+EDUCATION. Liberal Education in Germany. _J. H. Stuckenberg, D.D._
+3.--History in American Colleges. _Prof. H. B. Adams._ 8.--Public
+Schools and Nervous Children. _Elizabeth Cummings._ 8.--Notable
+Features of the English System of Elementary Education. _A. Tolman
+Smith._ 8.--Improved Methods of Classical Instruction. _Wm. E.
+Jillson._ 8.--The Harvard Annex. _M. C. Smith._ 8.--Elective Studies
+in College. _Prof. Isaac C. Dennett._ 8.--National Aid to Popular
+Education. _R. B. Hayes._ 16.--Trinity College, Hartford. _Prof. Samuel
+Hart._ 23.
+
+HISTORY. Historical Colorado. _Katherine Hodges._ 6.--An Old House in
+New Orleans. _Chas. Dimitry._ 6.--History of a Newspaper. _P. L.
+Ford._ 6.--March of the Spaniards across Illinois. _E. G. Mason._
+6.--History in American Colleges. _H. B. Adams._ 8.--The Martial
+Experiences of the California Volunteers. _Edward Carlson._ 10.--The
+Virginia Cavaliers. _K. M. Rowland._ 17.--The Kentucky Resolutions of
+1798-99. _R. T. Durrett._ 17.--New Bedford. _Herbert L. Aldrich._ 23.
+
+LITERATURE. Hawthorne's Philosophy. _Julian Hawthorne._ 1.--The
+American Dramatist. _Augustin Daly._ 4.--The Evolution of Language. _M.
+A. Hovelacque._ 5.--The Poetry of Thoreau. _Joel Benton._ 9.--Our
+Experience Meetings. _Cora M. Potter_ and _Ella Wheeler Wilcox._
+9.--Dies Irae. A New Translation. _John S. Hagen._ 10.--Wordsworth's
+Passion. _Titus Munson Evan._ 15.--The Novel of our Times. _F. N.
+Zutsickie._ 15.--War Poetry., 17.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS. De Caudelle on the Production of Men of Science. _W. H.
+Larrabee._ 5.--The Aryan Homestead. _E. P. Evans._ 11.--The Marriage
+Question. _Harriett Prescott Spofford_ and _Frances E. Willard._
+16.--Judicial Falsifications of History.--_Hon. Chas. Cowley._ 23.
+
+POLITICS, ECONOMICS, PUBLIC AFFAIRS. The Future of the Colored Race.
+_Frederick Douglass._ 4.--Letter to Judge Thurman. _Arthur Richmond._
+4.--Our "House of Lords.", 4.--Ship Building _vs._ Ship Owning. _Capt.
+John Codman._ 4.
+
+Statesmanship, Old and New. _Gail Hamilton._ 4.--Strikes and
+Arbitration. _T. V. Powderly._ 4.--The Hours of Labor. _Edward
+Atkinson._ 4.--The Difficulties of Railroad Regulation. _Arthur T.
+Hadley._ 5.--An Economic Study of Mexico. II. _David A. Wells._
+4.--Prison Labor. _Robt. Devlin._ 10.--Discussion of the Liquor
+Traffic. _G. A. Moore._ 10.--Weakness of the United States Government
+under the Articles of Confederation. _John Fiske._ 11.--The Present
+Position of Civil Service Reform. _Theodore Roosevelt._ 15.--The
+Freedmen During the War. _O. O. Howard._ 15.--National Aid to Popular
+Education.--_R. B. Hayes._16.
+
+RECREATION, SPORTS. Ranch Life and Game Shooting in the West. III.
+_Theodore Roosevelt._ 7.--The Stanley Show. _Joseph Pennell._
+7.--Trout Fishing in Maine. _J. R. Hitchcock._ 7.--British Yachting.
+_C. J. C. McAlister._ 7.
+
+RELIGION, MORALS. The Possibilities of Religious Reform in Italy. _Wm.
+Chauncy Langdon, D.D._ 3.--Development of the Moral Faculty. _James
+Sully._ 5.--The Seventh Petition. _George Bancroft._ 15.--Are Church
+Fairs Beneficial? _Mrs. H. W. Beecher._ 16.
+
+SCIENCE, NATURAL HISTORY, DISCOVERY, INVENTIONS. The Problem of
+Crystallization. _Alfred Einhorn._ 5.--The Factors of Organic
+Evolution. II. _Herbert Spencer._ 5.--Food Accessories and Digestion.
+_Dr. J. B. Yeo._ 5.--Photographing the Heavens. _Dr. H. Y. Klein._
+5.--How Alcoholic Liquors are Made. _Joseph Dawson._ 5.--The Science of
+Flat-fish., 5.--Must Life, Beginning Here, Necessarily End Here? _E. A.
+Clark._ 10.--The Genesis of Bird Song. _Maurice Thompson._
+11.--Speech: Its Mental and Physical Elements. _M. Allen Starr._
+15.--The Breeding of Fancy Pigeons. _E. S. Starr._ 1.
+
+THEOLOGY, POLEMICS. Evolution and the Faith. _T. T. Munger._
+1.--Egyptian Monotheism. _C. Loring Bruce._ 15.
+
+
+    _1 The Century._
+    _2 Harper's Monthly._
+    _3 Andover Review._
+    _4 North American Review._
+    _5 Popular Science Monthly._
+    _6 Magazine of Am. History._
+    _7 Outing._
+    _8 Education._
+    _9 Lippincott's Magazine._
+    _10 Overland Monthly._
+    _11 Atlantic Monthly._
+    _11 New England Historical and Genealogical Register._
+    _13 Rhode Island Historical Magazine._
+    _14 The Forum._
+    _15 New Princeton Review._
+    _16 The Brooklyn Magazine._
+    _17 The Southern Bivouac._
+    _18 The Citizen._
+    _19 Political Science Quarterly._
+    _20 Unitarian Review._
+    _21 New Englander._
+    _22 Magazine of Art._
+    _23 New England Magazine._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No.
+6, June, 1886, Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 6, June, 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, JUNE 1886 ***
+
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