initial commit of ebook 25040HEADmain

1 files changed, 1221 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/25040.txt b/25040.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c57776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25040.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1221 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bilingualism, by N. A. Belcourt
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bilingualism
+       Address delivered before the Quebec Canadian Club, at
+       Quebec, Tuesday, March 28th, 1916
+
+Author: N. A. Belcourt
+
+Release Date: April 11, 2008 [EBook #25040]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BILINGUALISM ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by K Nordquist, Marcia Brooks & the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ADDRESS
+
+DELIVERED BEFORE THE
+
+QUEBEC CANADIAN CLUB
+
+AT QUEBEC
+
+TUESDAY, MARCH 28th, 1916
+
+BY
+
+The Honorable N. A. BELCOURT, K.C., P.C.
+
+
+BILINGUALISM
+
+
+QUEBEC
+THE TELEGRAPH PRINTING CO.
+
+
+1916
+
+
+
+
+ADDRESS DELIVERED
+
+BEFORE THE
+
+QUEBEC CANADIAN CLUB
+
+AT
+
+QUEBEC
+
+TUESDAY, MARCH 28th, 1916
+
+BY
+
+The Honorable N. A. BELCOURT, K.C., P.C.
+
+
+Gentlemen of the Canadian Club:--Your president has asked me to address
+you this afternoon in the English language. It is with great pleasure
+that I received this invitation and that I avail myself of the privilege
+of speaking to you in that language with regard to the very troublesome,
+somewhat distorted, and certainly much misrepresented school question in
+your sister province. First of all, I wish to assure you that I shall
+not make a speech. I desire, in as simple and lucid English as I can
+command, to endeavor to explain to you the difficulties of that school
+question, addressing myself preferably to your intelligence, rather than
+to your hearts.
+
+I want, if I can, to enlighten you as much as possible with regard to
+this school trouble, a trouble which unfortunately is not a new one for
+us in Ontario, which we have had many times in the past, and which I am
+none too sure we shall not have again in the future. This time, as you
+know, it has broken out over the notorious regulation No. 17. That has
+been the center of the storm, and until the question it has raised is
+solved it must, I am afraid, continue to be a storm center. I want to
+tell you what is the real meaning, what is the object and what will be
+the effect of this regulation. I am going to give you concrete evidence
+of everything that I propose to tell you.
+
+Let me tell you also that I will do so with the greatest care and
+moderation, and, whilst I feel strongly, as you may imagine, upon this
+question, I am going to suppress my own feelings and make a calm and
+dispassionate analysis of the question. I will leave it to your
+intelligence and to your own sympathy to decide what course of action
+each one of you individually may feel called upon to follow.
+
+Regulation No. 17 has been designed, enacted and enforced with no other
+object than the gradual proscription of the French language in the
+primary schools of the Province of Ontario. I say there is no question
+about that, and if anyone of you will take the trouble to follow me
+closely, and afterwards, if any doubts remain about the matter, and you
+will take up the regulation and study it carefully, I am sure you will
+agree with me.
+
+The regulation treats of the use of French in the primary classes in
+Ontario in two ways: First, as a means of instruction or communication;
+and, second, as a subject of study.
+
+Now, as a means of instruction, that is, as a medium of communication
+between the teacher and the pupil, the use of that language in all
+schools, in all classes, at all stages, and on every subject is limited
+to where, in the opinion of the Chief Inspector of the Province, IT IS
+NECESSARY. In other words, as a medium between the teacher and the
+pupil, the French language cannot be used with French-speaking children
+to impart to them any information on any subject whatsoever, unless the
+Chief Inspector has previously decided that in the case of each
+particular child the use of the French language is absolutely necessary
+because the child does not understand enough English to receive
+instruction in that language. I say without hesitation that if anyone of
+you will read regulation No. 17 you will come to no other conclusion
+than that.
+
+And you can imagine how impracticable and impossible it would be for the
+Chief Inspector, with all his other duties, to examine each individual
+child in the hundreds of schools in the Province of Ontario to ascertain
+if such child understands the English language well enough to receive
+instruction in English.
+
+Now, as a subject of study. As a subject of study there is a distinction
+to be made between the schools which were in existence prior to the
+enactment of the regulation, and the schools subsequently established.
+That is, prior to the month of June, 1912, the use of the French
+language as a subject of study was confined to begin with to the
+elementary subjects of reading, composition and grammar. In the schools
+then in existence, subject to the approval again of the Chief Inspector,
+these subjects may be taught to the French Canadian children whose
+parents demand that they shall be taught those subjects. The maximum
+time fixed is one hour, but the Chief Inspector may increase that by
+special order given by himself. But in all cases, let me repeat, these
+subjects cannot be taught for one hour or one minute to any
+French-speaking child in any class, in any school in Ontario, unless the
+Chief Inspector has pronounced upon each individual case. I said a
+moment ago that the time is limited to one hour, but he may make one
+minute if chooses. With reference to the use of the French language,
+whether as a means of instruction and communication, or as a subject of
+study, the decision of the Chief Inspector is in every case final and
+conclusive. There is no appeal.
+
+I told you a moment ago that I would endeavor to give you concrete
+evidence of what I say.
+
+The regulation, as I have said, was promulgated in the year
+1912. There were then hundreds and hundreds of separate schools
+in Ontario--corresponding to your dissentient schools in this
+province--where French had been a subject of study, where French had
+been used as a means of communication. And the permission to use French
+as a subject of study, as I have already explained, is confined to these
+schools. In all schools established after the month of June, 1912, the
+French language is banished at once, completely and forever; and I
+propose to prove it to you in a very conclusive way.
+
+In the Green Valley case, in the county of Glengary, was a case brought
+by Scotch-Catholic rate-payers against the Roman Catholic school
+trustees because during one hour of the day the teacher, who was a
+French-Canadian, taught in French for fifty minutes reading, grammar and
+composition, and gave ten minutes to catechism in French. An action was
+taken for an injunction, and the court granted the injunction. It was
+proved in the case that about seventy-five per cent of the rate-payers
+and seventy-five per cent of the pupils were French-Canadians. The
+injunction was granted and when the trustees continued to employ this
+system they were called up before the judge on a charge of contempt of
+court, with an application to commit them to imprisonment. The judge
+ordered that each of them should pay a fine of five hundred dollars, not
+because they had taught French reading, grammar and composition for
+fifty minutes each day, but because for ten minutes of each day
+catechism had been taught in French to the French-Canadian pupils. Now,
+Catechism is something that is always taught in a Catholic separate
+school. That is the very principle--that is the reason why separate
+schools were established by law. So you will see the extent to which
+French is prohibited in Ontario under this regulation.
+
+Now, with reference to the use of the French language as a subject of
+study in the schools since 1912 we have had several complete and
+authoritative demonstrations of the meaning of the regulation. In the
+City of Windsor there were in 1912 three Roman Catholic Separate
+Schools, namely, the "Sacred Heart," with 45 per cent, "St. Francois,"
+with 65 per cent, and "St. Edmond," with 85 per cent of French speaking
+Catholic pupils. Prior to 1912 French was a subject of study in the
+Sacred Heart school only. French has continued since 1912 to be a
+subject of study in that school. Prior to 1912 there was no French
+taught in St. Francois and St. Edmond School; since 1912 the trustees of
+these two schools have applied to the Department, for permission to
+teach French in these two schools for one-half hour in one of them and
+for one hour in the other. The following letter from the Department
+peremptorily denies them the right to have even one minute of French in
+these two schools:
+
+     Catholic Separate School Board.
+
+     Windsor, Ontario.
+
+     "The Minister of Public Instruction requests me to
+     acknowledge receipt of your letter of August 8th, and to
+     say in answer that he has studied the subject carefully and
+     finds that the regulations of the Department of Education
+     do not allow French to be taught as a subject of study in
+     any of the separate schools of the city of Windsor, with
+     the exception of the Sacred Heart School. Consequently,
+     with a reasonable delay, you will make such changes in the
+     organization of your school as may be necessary under this
+     regulation."
+
+This letter was signed by Mr. Colquhoun, Deputy Minister of Education in
+Ontario, and is dated October 31st, 1914. Now, the other day the acting
+minister of the department, the Hon. Mr. Ferguson, published a long
+statement covering nearly two pages of newspaper, explaining this
+matter. With regard to this particular case, concerning the schools in
+the city of Windsor, his answer was, I respectfully submit, unworthy of
+himself, unworthy of the province, and especially unworthy of the great
+subject of education. His answer was that the children of the
+French-Canadian parents at Windsor had not been refused anything to
+which they were entitled under regulation 17. That was his answer,
+begging the whole question.
+
+May I now give you a very independent and impartial opinion as to the
+effect and nature of this regulation? Within a year after it was
+promulgated and sought to be enforced, the six inspectors appointed by
+the Government, for the very purpose of enforcing the regulation, were
+called to Toronto by the Head of the Department of Education, to make a
+report of their findings after the regulation had been in force about a
+year. The six inspectors were three English-speaking and three
+French-speaking inspectors. They met in Toronto, and, after comparing
+notes, made a unanimous report to the Minister of Education, and please
+remember that this report and the investigation from which it arose were
+both made at the request of the Minister of Education. The report was
+unanimous. I shall not quote it all, but only a few lines:
+
+    "The inspectors agree that the above regulation (17) has not
+    been effective, for the following reasons:
+
+    "IT WAS TAKEN TO MEAN THAT FRENCH COULD NOT BE USED AS A
+    LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION AND COMMUNICATION;
+
+    "IT WAS REGARDED AS AN ATTEMPT TO GRADUALLY ELIMINATE THE
+    FRENCH LANGUAGE FROM THE ENGLISH-FRENCH SCHOOLS."
+
+That is not my statement, remember, gentlemen, but the unanimous
+statement of three English inspectors and three French inspectors
+charged with the duty of enforcing this regulation.
+
+Naturally the French-Canadians of Ontario, of whom there are 250,000,
+who have in the past enjoyed the right of teaching their language to
+their own children, promptly and strongly resented all this. But they
+have not been the aggressive and turbulent agitators which they have
+been represented to be. On the contrary, they took the constitutional
+means of going to the Department about the matter. Memorials,
+representations and calm and dignified protests were made. Delegations
+were sent to Toronto. On one occasion the chairman of the Ottawa
+separate school board went to Toronto as the representative of most of
+the different separate school boards throughout the province. Nothing
+came of it. Sir James Whitney told them that he was not going to
+establish RACIAL SCHOOLS in the Province of Ontario, whatever the
+meaning of that may be. He sought to make them feel that he looked upon
+the use of French in the Ontario schools as introducing racial schools.
+
+Gentlemen, I have to touch on these points very briefly because I know
+your time is precious, and I do not want to trespass upon your
+indulgence. I might say that such litigation followed. However I do not
+propose to go into that as I do not know that much profit could be
+derived from it in the time which you have kindly allowed me.
+
+Then this statute was passed last year, of which we are now asking the
+disallowance, and I am going to speak of that briefly. I am sure you
+have heard something of the petitions which have been circulated, not
+only in the Province of Ontario, but also in Quebec, calling upon the
+Dominion Government to disallow this statute passed in 1915. The statute
+has two effects, the validating of regulation 17, which in the meantime
+was being tried in the courts, and the purpose of establishing the
+Ottawa Separate School Commission, of which I have no doubt you have
+also heard.
+
+The act takes all the powers from the Roman Catholic Separate School
+Trustees elected by the Roman Catholic rate-payers and confers them upon
+the Commission. This Commission--which I shall not qualify, but which I
+shall describe--was composed of three gentlemen, Mr. Denis Murphy, Mr.
+D'Arcy McGee, and Mr. Charbonneau. The first two being Irish Catholics,
+and the other a French-Canadian Catholic.
+
+The Roman Catholic population of Ottawa is composed of nearly 50,000
+people, of whom about 33,000 are French-Canadians and about 17,000 are
+Irish Catholics. As I said, the Government appointed two Irish Catholics
+and made one of them chairman, the other vice-chairman, and Mr.
+Charbonneau simply a member. This commission was vested with all the
+powers which the board of elected trustees had the statutory right and
+the duty to administer. You can imagine, gentlemen, how efficiently
+these schools could be conducted under such conditions and with such a
+commission. You can imagine the provocation it was to the
+French-Canadian population of Ottawa. I should add that one of the
+commissioners--they are all respectable men--but one was in the
+unfortunate position of being a license holder under the Government
+which appointed him. Mr. Charbonneau, or the firm to which he belonged,
+held a license for the sale of intoxicating liquors. He held his license
+from the Government appointing him, and this was the man who was going
+to administer these schools in the capital of Canada. You can imagine
+the resentment of the people and how difficult--how impossible--it was
+for such a commission to administer in a proper way the schools confided
+to their care. The result was confusion worse confounded, and
+considerable agitation, with the result that to-day there are nearly
+5,000 children belonging to the English-French schools of Ottawa who are
+deprived of an education, and have been so deprived for two months.
+Their teachers have not been paid some of them for five, ten, fifteen
+and twenty months. The taxes belonging to the French-Canadian supporters
+of these schools have been used for the payment of the teachers in the
+schools attended by the Irish Catholics, schools which have not in any
+way, at any time, under any conditions being interfered with by the
+French-Canadian people of Ottawa.
+
+Another result of regulation No. 17 is--I doubt if there is anyone in
+this room who will really believe me, but I assure you that it is
+true--let me tell you, gentlemen, that to-day the Germans in the
+Province of Ontario have and are enjoying, with the consent and
+participation of the Department, rights that are absolutely denied to
+the French-Canadian population. I knew you would say "shame." I know no
+intelligent person will believe this at first, but I pledge you my word
+that that is the case. I am going to read you regulation 15 so that I
+shall not be misunderstood. Regulation 15 says: "15. In school sections
+where the French or German language prevails, the trustees may, in
+addition to the course of study prescribed for public schools, require
+instruction to be given in reading, grammar and composition to such
+pupils as are directed by their parents or guardians to study either of
+these languages, and in all such cases the authorized text books in
+French or German shall be used."
+
+Regulation 17 has abrogated this provision with respect to French in all
+schools established after June, 1912, and with respect to German the
+matter remains as it was under regulation 15.
+
+Now, what is the case of the French Canadians of Ontario, on what do
+they rely, on what do they base their claim that French should be used
+in their schools? By the British North America Act it is provided that
+the rights and privileges enjoyed by Roman Catholics in the Province of
+Ontario at the time of Confederation, or by the Protestant minority in
+the Province of Quebec, shall not be interfered with by the provinces.
+Subject to these rights the provinces are given absolute power to
+legislate on school matters. There is the whole question so far as the
+legal and constitutional aspect is concerned. You have to see what in
+1867 were the rights of the respective minorities in Ontario and Quebec.
+So far as Quebec is concerned, it is not and never was subject of
+misunderstanding. Everyone has agreed as to what the rights of the
+Protestant minority were and are, and no one has interfered with them.
+But it is different in Ontario. I have been there for thirty-two years,
+and it has always been more or less a subject of discussion and dispute.
+The rights of the Catholics in Ontario in 1867 were the rights given by
+the act of 1863.
+
+The first part of the act gave to the Roman Catholics the right to elect
+trustees to conduct the Catholic separate schools, in other words the
+right to fully administer the schools. Other provisions of the statute
+dealt with the right to determine the kind and description of the
+schools, in other words the right to have schools where both languages
+would be taught, as it had been previous to 1863. Then there was the
+right to appoint teachers and define their duties; also to appoint
+inspectors or superintendents. Every one of these essential
+things has been wiped out and taken away from the separate schools
+supporters of the city of Ottawa, not in part, but wholly and
+completely, and conferred upon Government appointed Commissioners.
+
+Let us see what this means. The questions involved in this controversy
+are in principle as essential and as important as any question that ever
+came before the British people. Why, it goes back to Runnymede, when
+this principle was settled forever--No taxation without representation.
+The French-Canadians of Ottawa are compelled to pay taxes and they have
+no representation. They are taxed and have to pay taxes for schools, and
+yet they have nothing to say regarding the expenditure of their taxes or
+the conduct of these schools.
+
+What would you say if my good friend, Sir Lomer Gouin, undertook to say
+to the city of Quebec: I don't like the members that you send to
+represent you--they don't do things as I like to have them done, and
+hereafter you are not going to select your representatives, but I am
+going to name or appoint them for you; or if he arrogated to himself the
+right to have your dissentient schools conducted and administered wholly
+not by your elected trustees or Commissioners, but by certain persons
+chosen by him. Gentlemen, I say in all solemnity that there is no
+difference between that and the things that have been done in the
+Province of Ontario. Am I not right in saying that this question should
+be of the deepest concern to all lovers of British constitutional law
+and constitutional history?
+
+Now, as to the second point, the kind, number and description of
+schools.
+
+Prior to Confederation there were French schools--not English-French
+schools, but exclusively French schools under the Department of Public
+Instruction in the Province of Ontario. I use that term advisably,
+because it was so called at that time, although it is now called the
+Department of Education. Time and again it occurred, with the approval
+of the educational authorities, that teachers who could not speak a word
+of English, but only German or French, were employed in the schools of
+Ontario. There were schools in the Province of Ontario before
+Confederation where no English was taught, and that with the sanction of
+the Department. In many parts of Ontario there were schools, many of
+them, where there was only French, and there were many others where both
+the English and the French languages were taught. They had French
+teachers and French inspectors, and French text books. I am referring to
+this in order that you can fix in your minds what were the conditions in
+1867. In other words, what were the conditions which the Act of
+Confederation, an Imperial Act, has made perpetual in Ontario, as well
+as in Quebec.
+
+We had these rights in 1867; in what way and when have we been deprived
+of these rights--on what authority have they been taken away? Absolutely
+none. There was only one authority that could deprive the Roman
+Catholics French-Canadians of Ontario of their rights in that province,
+or the Protestant minority of their rights in the Province of Quebec.
+There is only one authority, not the Ontario Legislature, not the Quebec
+Legislature, not the Dominion Parliament, but the Parliament of
+Westminster. The Act of Confederation is an Imperial Act which no
+Canadian Parliament or Legislature can in any way affect. The Imperial
+Parliament has not dealt with the question. If I have made it clear to
+you that there were rights which were enjoyed in 1867, since those
+rights have not been touched by the only authority that could touch
+them--have I not made out an absolute case that those are rights which
+we had then and still have to-day, and ought to have now and in the
+future?
+
+Section 133 of the British North America Act--and I refer to it because,
+strangely enough, it has been quoted and relied on by both sides in this
+controversy--section 133, you will remember, provides that either the
+English or the French language may be used in the Parliament of Canada,
+the Legislature of Quebec, and the Federal and Quebec provincial courts,
+and it places these two languages on an equal footing in such
+Parliament, Legislature and courts. It is argued by those opposed to us
+that that is a restrictive provision, a limitative provision, on the
+doctrine "inclusio unius fit exclusio alterius." I do not think so at
+all. Here were new forums being created: The Parliament of Canada, the
+Federal Courts, where it was absolutely necessary that the language to
+be used should be determined without doubt--there should be no doubt
+that in the Federal Parliament both languages should be official--no
+doubt that is what was in the minds of the fathers of Confederation.
+
+But, they say, why mention Quebec at all? Why did they say that English
+could be used in the Legislature of Quebec and why not say that French
+could be used in the Legislature of Ontario?
+
+The answer to that is that the English language was safeguarded in the
+Legislature of Quebec simply because our English friends were on that
+occasion, as usual, a little more practical than we are. They wanted the
+English language to be official in the Legislature of Quebec, and asked
+to have it stated in the Act. That was a concession to the Protestant,
+or rather to the English-speaking minority in the Province of Quebec.
+Section 133 is not limitative. Some people are apt to look upon this
+matter in a very strange way. We are told that we are not to claim any
+rights for the French Language in Ontario, because there is no text of
+law. I ask you, gentlemen, if you have ever seen anywhere a text of law
+which says that the English language is the official language of the
+British Empire? No, there is no such law, none anywhere, not at
+Westminster, at Ottawa or at Toronto. Why? Simply because language is a
+natural right--there are rights that we all enjoy which do not need the
+sanction of law, the right to live, to breathe, the right of
+property--these are rights which do not need the sanction of law, that
+is, of any special text of law, but belong inherently to all individuals
+and everyone is entitled to their enjoyment without any text of law.
+These rights are the necessary attributes of individual freedom.
+
+The rights of the minority in the Province of Quebec with reference to
+their religious tenets and their language have no other and no better
+foundation than the same rights of the French or Catholics in the
+Province of Ontario. If we are deprived of the right to use the French
+language in our schools in the Province of Ontario, and if that is
+constitutionally sound, there is nothing to prevent the government of
+the Province of Quebec from saying that in the English schools of the
+Province of Quebec there shall be no word of English spoken. I should
+think the contemplation of such a thing would make you shudder. It is
+really inconceivable with anyone in Quebec.
+
+I have tried to show you the conditions at Confederation. I said I would
+give you authority for my statements, and I am going to give you the
+authority of different and most competent people. First of all, I will
+give you the authority of Sir Oliver Mowat. He had no doubt on this
+matter, nor had Sir George Ross, and both of them said so in very clear
+and unmistakeable language. As long as their authority lasted the use of
+the French language in the Province of Ontario was not interfered with,
+but was treated in a broad and sympathetic way. I will quote also from
+Doctor Ryerson, who was the father of the Ontario school system, and who
+for thirty-five years exercised undisputed sway over the schools of that
+province. I will likewise cite Sir James Whitney.
+
+Sir Oliver Mowat, in a speech made at Woodstock, on December 3rd. 1889,
+said:
+
+    "French-Canadians cherish their own language lovingly; they
+    wish their children to love it and be educated in it; but
+    they know it will be for their interest to be familiar with
+    English also, and to be educated in English, as well as
+    French. Proscribe French, their mother tongue, and they will
+    hate you and have nothing to do with your schools. Permit
+    their own language to receive attention, and they are glad
+    to have their children learn English also as soon and as
+    fast as it can be imparted. Such was the view of the
+    Commissioners as to the proper policy; it is the view of
+    this Government; and it is the view of all intelligent men,
+    except our political opponents. It was the view of Dr.
+    Ryerson and his Council of Public Instruction, even to the
+    extent of putting no pressure whatever on French or German
+    schools, and of awaiting their own spontaneous action as to
+    English and other matters.
+
+    "Our opponents insist that the Government should insist on
+    all instruction being given to the French children in the
+    English language. No such regulation was suggested by the
+    Commissioners, and none such has been made, because such a
+    regulation would be absurd; and, instead, of serving the
+    cause of education, would often prevent education
+    altogether. How can you teach in a language which the
+    children do not understand?"
+
+Gentlemen, I want to quote also a letter of Dr. Ryerson, whose name I
+have just mentioned, dating as far back as 1857, and this letter,
+although it contains but four lines, contains the whole thesis upon
+which this question rests. I invite your special attention to every word
+of this letter, not only because of the man who wrote it, but on account
+of the significance of the words he uses. It is as follows:
+
+    "24th April, 1857.
+
+    "Gentlemen:--
+
+    "I have the honour to state in reply to your letter of the
+    16th instant THAT, AS THE FRENCH IS THE RECOGNIZED LANGUAGE
+    OF THE COUNTRY, as well as the English, IT IS QUITE PROPER
+    AND LAWFUL for the trustees to ALLOW BOTH LANGUAGES TO BE
+    TAUGHT in their schools to children whose parents may desire
+    them to learn both.
+
+    "I have the honour to be, Gentlemen,
+
+    "Your obedient servant,
+
+    "(Sgd.) E. Ryerson."
+
+I also stated that I would quote Sir James Whitney, and that is very
+much more recent history. Within a few months of the promulgation of
+regulation No. 17, in fact on the 25th of July, 1911, Sir James Whitney
+caused this letter to be written:
+
+    "25th July, 1911.
+
+    "Reverend and Dear Sir:--
+
+    "I am directed by the Prime Minister, Sir James Whitney, to
+    acknowledge your letter of the 21st and to state that no
+    change has been made in the school law or the department
+    regulations AFFECTING THE STUDY OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE IN
+    THE SCHOOLS.
+
+    "I AM DIRECTED TO POINT OUT THAT THE QUESTION IS ONE
+    ENTIRELY UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES....
+
+    "(Signed) A. H. U. Colquhoun.
+
+    "Deputy Minister of Education."
+
+This letter was written to Reverend Father Chaine, of Arnprior, a town
+not far from Ottawa.
+
+I spoke to you a moment ago of the right to appoint trustees. I want
+you, gentlemen, many of whom I have the honour of calling my friends,
+and whom I see before me, my Protestant friends of Quebec, how would
+you like it if the Roman Catholic School Committee in this province were
+to arrogate to itself the right to appoint the teachers in your
+dissentient schools, and to define their duties? How would you like it?
+Would you think that was keeping faith with the British North America
+Act? Would you think that was keeping faith with the Confederation
+partnership? How would you like it if this same Committee, not only
+would assume to appoint your teachers and your inspectors, and would
+take good care also to appoint Catholic inspectors in your Protestant
+schools--how would you like it? Will you not take that suggestion home
+with you, gentlemen, and think it over? How would you like this
+regulation No. 17 to be applied to the Province of Quebec?
+
+Let me read the two or three most important sections of the regulation
+and substitute the word "French" for the word "English" and vice versa
+wherever they occur, and I want you to take that home also and think it
+over. Let us read section 3 of the regulation No. 17:
+
+     3. Subject in the case of each school to the direction and
+     approval of the superintendent of Education (I use that
+     term advisably as corresponding to the term used in
+     Ontario) the following modifications shall also be made in
+     the course of study in separate schools.
+
+     The use of ENGLISH FOR INSTRUCTION AND COMMUNICATION.
+
+     (1) WHERE NECESSARY, in the case of English-speaking
+     pupils, English may be used as the language of instruction
+     and communication; but such use of English shall not be
+     continued beyond Form 1 (that is the first two years the
+     child goes to school) excepting that on the approval of the
+     Superintendent of Education, it may also be used as the
+     language of instruction and communication in the case of
+     pupils beyond Form 1, who are unable to speak and
+     understand the French language.
+
+Now, gentlemen, will you seriously consider that? How would you like
+that kind of thing, you the English-speaking people of the Province of
+Quebec, if you could use your language in your schools, as a means of
+instruction and communication in the first form, that is during the
+first two years, only if and when the Superintendent of Education for
+this Province, after examination of your children, might say it was
+absolutely necessary to use English?
+
+As a subject of study let us carry on the same process. I will read
+further from regulation 17, making the same transposition:
+
+     "English as a subject of study in separate (or dissentient)
+     schools."
+
+     4. In schools where English--(remember, gentlemen, we are
+     now in 1912)--has HITHERTO been a subject of study, the
+     separate (or dissentient) school board may provide, under
+     the following conditions, for instruction in English,
+     reading, grammar and composition in Form 1 to 4, in
+     addition to the subjects prescribed for the separate (or
+     dissentient) schools.
+
+     (1) Such instruction in English may be taken only by pupils
+     whose parents or guardians direct that they shall do so,
+     and may, notwithstanding section 3 above, be given in the
+     English language.
+
+     (2) Such instruction in English shall not interfere with
+     the adequacy of the instruction in French, and the
+     provision for such instruction in English in the time-table
+     of the school shall be subject to the approval and
+     direction of the Superintendent of Education, and shall not
+     in any day EXCEED ONE HOUR in each class room, except where
+     the time is increased upon the order of the superintendent.
+
+Would that be agreeable to you, gentlemen, to have only one hour of
+English in your school, and that confined to reading, composition and
+grammar, and nothing else, and just one hour--and more than that if it
+pleased the Superintendent of Education to say that you should have
+English for one minute only each day, would you be satisfied with that?
+That is Regulation No. 17 in all its simplicity!
+
+Are you surprised, gentlemen, that the French-Canadians of Ontario have
+strenuously protested and intend to continue to do so, and have asked
+the support of the Province of Quebec under conditions of that kind? We
+have sought the support of our French-Canadian friends in the Province,
+and we have got it; but I for one am very much more anxious to have the
+sympathy and the help of the English-speaking people of the Province of
+Quebec. If I accepted the invitation to come here within half an hour
+after getting the telegram from my good friend Mr. Paradis, it was
+because I thought that I might contribute in some small way to assist my
+English-speaking friends in the Province of Quebec to a proper
+understanding of the real meaning and object of this very troublesome
+question.
+
+Perhaps you may think it impertinence on my part, but will you not allow
+me to say that you owe it to yourselves first of all to look carefully
+into this matter. To-day it is a question in Ontario, but to-morrow it
+may be a question in Quebec. Don't you owe it to yourselves to consider
+this most carefully? But, to put it on a higher ground--because I have
+unbounded confidence in the feelings of justice and fair play of the
+Protestants in the Province of Quebec--don't you owe it to us
+French-Canadians, in both Provinces, to come to our assistance in the
+Province of Ontario, where we are seeking the preservation of our most
+elementary rights? I think you owe it also to Canada, to Confederation,
+to take a part in this matter. I am not trying to convince you of
+something which is not right or just or fair, but convince yourselves,
+gentlemen, look into these questions, and if you are not satisfied with
+the explanations that I have given, come to me, or go to some one else
+in whom you may have more confidence, and find out--learn about it all.
+Permit me also to say to you, with all the solemnity and earnestness of
+which I am capable, that it is your duty, because the present is as
+grave and as dangerous a situation as ever arose in Canada. I say Quebec
+is as much a partner in Confederation as the other provinces.
+Confederation is a partnership in which we are all jointly and severally
+responsible for the performance of duties and obligations assumed by
+every one of the provinces, and for that reason I am sure--I hope at all
+events--that you will agree with me, that it is incumbent upon you to
+look into this very serious matter and do what you can to bring about a
+just settlement of it.
+
+Nay more, I say in the interests of the Empire--and I am one of those
+who believe in some form of a united Empire--though no one seems to have
+yet found the formula, yet I hope it will be found some day--is it not
+necessary that we should first have national unity, Canadian unity,
+before we can seriously consider Empire unity? How are you going to
+bring it about? And is national unity, in Quebec, in Ontario, in Canada,
+or the British Empire, dependent upon unity of language? How shall we
+have a united Empire if all parts must speak the English language? How
+and when are you going to change the 144 dialects of India into English?
+Then there are Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, and other places where
+French is spoken. And what about South Africa? Here is a colony which a
+few years ago was under arms against England, and did everything it
+could do to break the British power. When the time came for England to
+deal with the Boers she treated them not with her ancient generosity
+only, but with a measure overflowing--she treated the Boers in a way in
+which we are not treated in the Province of Ontario. To-day in the Boer
+States the Boer language and the English language are on an absolute
+equality. They do not have to ask a superintendent or any one else for
+one hour a day in the school to learn their national language. And are
+we, the French-Canadian people, the descendants of the race who
+colonized not only this country but a large portion of the North
+American continent, who explored it from Hudson's Bay to the Gulf of
+Mexico and from the St. Lawrence to the Rocky Mountains, to leave behind
+us and bury for ever, a history which has never been surpassed anywhere
+in the world, for courage, devotion and heroism; are we the descendants
+of these men, in this Canada of ours, to be deprived of the use of the
+language of our forefathers? Are we to be told that in order to have a
+united Canada and a Empire we must forever renounce and deny our origin,
+our traditions and our beloved language? I ask you, gentlemen, is there
+any man in the city of Quebec, any Protestant or English-speaking man,
+who would not despise me if I threw all this to the winds? If I did so I
+would richly deserve your supreme contempt and you would not be slow in
+extending it to me--and yet this is what we are asked to do.
+
+And was there ever a time, gentlemen, less than the present, when
+Frenchmen any where in the world, let alone in Canada, could be asked to
+forget their origin and their language? When the France of 1915 and 1916
+has compelled the unbounded admiration of the whole world for her
+sublime courage and devotion. And yet we are asked, we who speak the
+same language as the men, our full brothers who have fought so nobly in
+the trenches in Flanders, whose defence of the Verdun forts is the
+finest and most glorious event of the present horrible war, to forego
+our French language and all that it carries with it, we are told that
+our children cannot learn it, and must despise it and allow it to die an
+unnatural death in Canada. I ask you, my English-speaking friends of the
+Province of Quebec, will you not come to our rescue and look into this
+question? I believe that there is not one who has done me the honor to
+listen to me to-day, and who will take the trouble to seriously ponder
+over the matter, but will say: Yes, I am going to help our
+French-Canadian friends in Ontario to solve this question and obtain
+justice and British fair play.
+
+I hope the appeal which you have permitted me to make to you will bear
+some fruit, and that the interest, the influence and the sympathy of the
+English-speaking minority in the Province of Quebec will be aroused, and
+that you will take such steps as you may think proper to bring about a
+solution of a question which, I repeat, is of the very gravest
+character, a question which, if not solved promptly, will bring about--I
+dare not say what--I would rather let you draw your own conclusions. We
+French-Canadians of Ontario have done all we can in the Province of
+Ontario to enlighten public opinion. But all in vain. There is not one
+English newspaper in the Province of Ontario which has printed or paid
+the slightest attention to any of the arguments which for four years we
+have advanced. All our literature has been thrown in the waste-paper
+basket--not one newspaper has taken the trouble to investigate the
+question. Our arguments have been met with nothing but contempt and
+abuse.
+
+Now, I say again, I, for one, wish to appeal as earnestly, as solemnly
+as I can, to you English-speaking Protestants and Catholics of the
+Province of Quebec, for your help and succor in the solution of this
+momentous situation. I wish to again offer you my most grateful thanks
+for your very kind attention and indulgence.
+
+The Honorable Mr. JUSTICE McCORKILL:--Mr. Chairman and Senator Belcourt,
+fellow-members of the Quebec Canadian Club. When I left the Court House
+to come here, I had not the faintest idea that I was going to be singled
+out for the duty of moving a vote of thanks for the lecturer of to-day.
+I came here because I am a Canadian, because I think I have a proper
+appreciation of the French race and the French language, and thirdly
+because I have known Senator Belcourt for a good many years. We were
+students at the same time--I am sorry to have told you that, because you
+will think that he is older than he really is--and I knew that what we
+would hear to-day would be worth hearing.
+
+The English Canadians of the Province of Quebec have been puzzled--I
+mean the English-Canadians native-born, those who have been brought up
+with the French-Canadians, who have spoken with them in their language,
+who have played with them in their school grounds, as I have done, on
+the lacrosse fields, who have served with them in the ranks of the
+militia, and in the Legislature.
+
+I am sorry that I was not given warning of the task that was before me.
+I came here determined to listen, and I have listened. Nothing has gone
+through my mind as to what I am to say, except to express my humiliation
+to think that we English-Canadians here have listened to a French
+lecturer who can speak our language as well as his own, as well as we
+can ourselves. Of how many of us could the same be said with regard to
+the French language?
+
+I may say, as far as I have known the speaker of to-day, he is a
+thorough Canadian, and I am sure that the fact that we all listened to
+what he has said to-day will produce an effect. I am sure he was moved
+not only because he is a French-Canadian, but because he is a Canadian,
+to come here and address us on this occasion. It is a very serious
+question agitating the Province of Ontario, and we English here, as I
+said a moment ago, cannot understand how such a feeling should arise.
+
+I have some friends in the Province of Ontario, and I must say they are
+imbued with the same idea as those who passed regulation No. 17. I am
+sorry for it; I have done my very best to convince them they were wrong,
+and I knew they wouldn't feel as they did if they had had the experience
+I have had with French-Canadians.
+
+I need not tell you that I have been a student of Canadian history from
+the very earliest days. I have read with the greatest interest the
+history of the old regime, the opening up of the country, and then of
+the abandonment of the people by their country, so to speak, and of the
+tremendous efforts they made to keep the country for themselves. I have
+read the history of the country under the British regime, and how they
+have fallen in so well with the administration of justice, the
+administration in our Legislatures and municipalities under the British
+system. I believe that a certain French-Canadian at Ottawa is one of the
+greatest parliamentarians under the British Constitution that we have in
+any part of the Empire.
+
+They have adopted our system, but there are two things they have clung
+to, their religion and their language. I believe that their national
+sentiment is even stronger than their religious sentiment--I really
+believe so. The national feeling among them is intensely strong, but I
+would ask you English, Irish and Scotch descendants born in this
+country, and brought up here, supposing a regulation similar to No. 17
+were passed in the Province of Quebec, what do you think our duty
+towards it would be? Supposing Sir Lomer Gouin--I cannot imagine it--but
+supposing he did have the courage, or the nerve, so to speak, to pass a
+regulation of that kind. There would be a rebellion in this Province, I
+think. And here we have our French-Canadian brethren in the sister
+Province who by constitutional means are trying to obtain the repeal or
+the modification of the regulation, or some other settlement of the
+question which would be satisfactory to all concerned.
+
+Gentlemen, you didn't come here to hear me, and I am not going to detain
+you any longer. I wish to express, on behalf of the members of this
+club, our sense of pleasure and obligation to Senator Belcourt for
+coming here to address us on this question. I am delighted to see so
+many English-Canadians here to-day. Some may have felt it required a
+little extra courage to appear, but I do not think so. It does not mean
+that you are all in sympathy with everything that has been said, but it
+means that you want education and enlightenment on this matter. And I am
+sure the appeal the Senator has made to us to study the question will
+have its effect. And I will agree with him, in the hope that they may
+have our sympathy and co-operation in bringing about a satisfactory
+settlement of the question in Ontario.
+
+[Illustration: Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bilingualism, by N. A. Belcourt
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BILINGUALISM ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25040.txt or 25040.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/0/4/25040/
+
+Produced by K Nordquist, Marcia Brooks & the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.