diff options
Diffstat (limited to '2504-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 2504-h/2504-h.htm | 1445 |
1 files changed, 1445 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2504-h/2504-h.htm b/2504-h/2504-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3418b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2504-h/2504-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1445 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + Some Cities and San Francisco And Resurgam, by Hubert Howe Bancroft + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Cities and San Francisco and Resurgam, by +Hubert Howe Bancroft + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Some Cities and San Francisco and Resurgam + +Author: Hubert Howe Bancroft + +Release Date: January 2, 2009 [EBook #2504] +Last Updated: January 25, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME CITIES *** + + + + +Produced by David A. Schwan, and David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + SOME CITIES AND SAN FRANCISCO<br /><br />AND RESURGAM + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Hubert Howe Bancroft + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h3> + Contents + </h3> + <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto"> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> SOME CITIES AND SAN FRANCISCO </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> RESURGAM </a> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + SOME CITIES AND SAN FRANCISCO + </h2> + <p> + There had been some discussion as to improving and beautifying the city of + San Francisco prior to the catastrophe of April 18th. Landscape architects + had been consulted, proposals considered, and preliminary plans drawn. + Therefore when on that day the city was swept by fire, obviously it was + the opportune moment for the requisite changes in the rebuilding. For a + brief period enthusiasm waxed warm. It helped to mitigate the blow, this + fencing with fate. Let the earth shake, and fires burn, we will have here + our city, better and more beautiful than ever—and more valuable—an + imperial city of steel it shall be, and thus will we get even with the + misfortunes of this day. + </p> + <p> + Reform in the rebuilding was needed, whatever should be the scale of + beauty or utility decided upon. Fifty years ago the elevating influences + of tasteful environment were not so highly appreciated as now, and all + large cities are fifty years old or more. All large cities, as a rule, had + their beginning with narrow, crooked streets and mean houses. In Europe + and Asia there are aggregations of humanity whose domiciles have remained + unchanged, one might almost say uncleansed, for hundreds or thousands of + years, or ever since their mythical beginning, save only for the covering + of the debris of dead centuries. + </p> + <p> + These ancient towns, mostly offspring of feudalism, begun under castle + walls and continued after walls and castle had crumbled, as their area + enlarged, with some improvement, perhaps, in the suburban parts, still + retained this patch of mediaevalism, until obliterated by war, or fire, or + later by modern progress. Look at Edinburgh, for example. With all its + Scotch thrift and neatness, there yet remains the ill-conditioned and once + filthy quarter, beside which rise the old-time ten-story houses built into + the hillside, while in the modern part of the city in sharp contrast are + broad streets and open squares and fine buildings. + </p> + <p> + In America the birth of towns is quite different. Here are no plantings of + trembling poverty under lordly walls, but bold pioneering, forecasting + agriculture and commerce; no Babel building, with "Go to, let us build + here a Cleveland or a Cincinnati," but rather, "Here for the present we + will abide." If, however, serfdom and mediaevalism were absent in New + World town-planting, so also were aestheticism or any appreciation of the + beautiful apart from the useful. Old cities require reconstruction to make + them what modern taste and intelligence demand; settlements in their + incipiency are dominated by their sturdy founders, who usually have other + things to think about than beauty and adornment. + </p> + <p> + In this day of great wealth and wonderful inventions we realize more and + more the value of the city to mankind, and the quality of the city as a + means of culture. Cities are not merely marts of commerce; they stand for + civility; they are civilization itself. No untried naked Adam in Eden + might ever pass for a civilized man. The city street is the school of + philosophy, of art, of letters; city society is the home of refinement. + When the rustic visits the city he puts on his best clothes and his best + manners. In their reciprocal relations the city is as men make it, while + from the citizen one may determine the quality of the city. The atmosphere + of the city is an eternal force. Therefore as we value the refinement of + the human mind, the enlargement of the human heart, we shall value the + city, and strive so to build, and adorn, and purify, that it may achieve + its ultimate endeavor. + </p> + <p> + Civic betterment has long been in progress among the more civilized + communities through the influence of cultured people capable of + appreciating the commercial as well as the aesthetical value of art. Vast + sums have been spent and great results accomplished, but they are nothing + as compared with the work yet to be done—work which will continue + through the ages and be finished only with the end of time. + </p> + <p> + And not only will larger wealth be yet more freely poured out on artistic + adornment, but such use of money will be regarded as the best to which it + can be applied. For though gold is not beautiful it can make beauty, even + that beauty which elevates and ennobles, which purifies the mind and + inspires the soul. Progress is rapid in this direction as in many others. + A breach of good taste in public works will ere long be adjudged a crime. + For already mediaeval mud has ceased to be fashionable, and the + picturesque in urban ugliness is picturesque no longer. All the capitals + of Europe have had to be made over, Haussmannized, once or several times. + Our own national capital we should scarcely be satisfied with as its + illustrious founder left it. + </p> + <p> + It is a hopeful sign amidst some discouraging ones that wealth as a social + factor and measure of merit is losing something of its prestige; that it + is no longer regarded by the average citizen as the supreme good, or the + pursuit of it the supreme aim in life; there are so many things worth more + than money, so many human aspirations and acquirements worthy of higher + considerations than the inordinate cravings of graft and greed. Hoarded + wealth especially is not so worshipful to-day as it was yesterday, while + the beautiful still grows in grace—the beautiful and the useful, + compelling improvement, always engendered by improved environment. + </p> + <p> + Some cities are born in the purple—rare exceptions to the rule. San + Francisco is not one of these. St. Petersburg, the city of palaces, of + broad avenues and granite-faced quays, whose greatest afflictions are the + occasional overflow of the Neva and the dynamite habit, was spoken into + being by a monarch. Necessity stands sponsor for Venice, the beautiful, + with her streets of water-ways and airs of heavenly harmony; while nature + herself may claim motherhood of Swedish Stockholm, brilliant with + intermingling lakes islands and canals, rocks hills and forests, rendering + escape from the picturesque impossible. + </p> + <p> + Penn planted his Quakers about 1682, long before many of the present large + cities in America were begun, yet Philadelphia was one of the few sketched + in such generous proportions that little change was afterwards necessary + to make it one of the most spacious of urban commonwealths. With this + example before him came in 1791, more than a century later, the father of + his country, who permitted his surveyors so injudiciously to cover the + spot on the Potomac which he had chosen for the capital city of the + republic as to require much expensive remodeling later. Yet what American + can drive about Washington now and say it is not worth the cost? Further, + as an example, the repeated reconstruction and adornment of the national + capital by Congress are priceless to the whole United States, the + government therein bearing witness to the value of the beautiful. And if + of value on the Potomac, is it not equally so at the portal of the + Pacific? + </p> + <p> + A few other cities there have been which have arisen at the command of + man, potentate or pirate, besides those of the quaker Penn and the tzar + Peter—Alexandria, the old and the new, with Constantinople between; + the first by order of the poor world conqueror, at the hand of the + architect Dinocrates, two or three centuries before Caesar, Cleopatra, and + Antony, but made fit for them and their chariots by streets a hundred feet + wide. + </p> + <p> + The Danube is the mother of many cities, directing the destiny of nations, + from the Iron Gate to the Golden Horn. Vienna has been made brilliantly + modern since 1858. Beside the sufferings of Constantinople our little + calamity seems tame. Seven times during the last half century the city has + been swept by fire, not to mention earthquakes, or pestilence, which on + one occasion took with it three hundred thousand lives. Yet all the while + it grows in magnificence faster than the invisible enemies of Mohammed can + destroy it. But for these purifying fires the city would still be one of + narrow, filthy streets and vile smells, reeking with malaria. The Golden + Horn of the Bosporus possesses no greater natural advantages than the + Golden Gate of San Francisco, nor even so great. The industrial + potentialities of the former are not to be compared with those of the + latter, while for healthful airs and charming environment we have all that + earth can give, and therewith should be content. + </p> + <p> + Cities have been made as the marquis of Bute made Cardiff, by constructing + a dock, and ship canal, and converting the ancient castle into a modern + palace. Many towns have been started as railway stations, but few of them + attained importance. Steamboat landings have been more fortunate. Some + cities owe their origin to war, some to commerce, and not a few to + manufactures. Fanaticism has played a part, as in India and parts of + Africa, where are nestings of half-savage humanity with a touch of the + heavenly in the air. Less disciplined are these than zion—towns, but + nearer the happiness of insensibility—the white—marbled and + jeweled Taj Mahal, Agra on the Jumna, and Delhi, making immortal Jehan the + builder, with his pearl mosque and palace housing the + thirty-million-dollar peacock throne; Benares, on the Ganges, a series of + terraces and long stone steps extending upward from the holy water, while + rising yet higher in the background are temples, towers, mosques, and + palaces, all in oriental splendor. Algiers, likewise, an amphitheatre in + form, might give San Francisco lessons in terrace construction, having + hillsides covered with them, the scene made yet more striking by the + dazzling white of the houses. After the place became French, the streets + were widened and arcades established in the lower part. + </p> + <p> + In fact, the French believe in the utility of beauty, and in Paris at + least they make it pay. The entire expenses of the municipal government, + including police and public works, are met by the spendings of visitors. + To their dissolute monarchs were due such creations as the Tuileries, the + Louvre, and Versailles. Have we not dissolute millionaires enough to give + us at least one fine city? + </p> + <p> + London and Paris stand out in bold contrast, the one for utility, the + other for beauty. Both are adepts in their respective arts. The city + proper of London has better buildings and cleaner streets than when St. + Paul was erected; otherwise it is much the same. Elsewhere in London, + however, are spacious parks and imposing palaces, with now and then a fine + bit of something to look out upon, as the bridges of the murky Thames, the + Parliament houses, the Abbey, Somerset house, and Piccadilly, perhaps. + Children may play at the Zoo, while grown-ups sit in hired chairs under + the trees. + </p> + <p> + Three times London was destroyed by the plague, and five times by fire, + that of 1666 lasting four days, and covering thrice the area of the San + Francisco conflagration; yet it was rebuilt better than before in three + and a half years. Always the city is improved in the rebuilding; how much, + depends upon the intelligence and enterprise of the people. + </p> + <p> + Paris is brilliant with everything that takes the eye—palaces, + arches, Bon Marche shops, arcades, colonnades, great open spaces adorned + with statues, forest parks, elysian driveways, and broad boulevards cut + through mediaeval quarters in every direction, as well for air as for + protection from the canaille blockaded in the narrow streets. San + Francisco may have some canaille of her own to boast of one of these days; + canaille engendered from the scum of Europe and Asia, and educated at our + expense for our destruction. Over and over, these two cities, each a world + metropolis, have been renovated and reconstructed, the work in fact going + on continuously. + </p> + <p> + For some of the most effective of our urban elaborations we must go back + to the first of city builders of whom we have knowledge. The Assyrians + made terraces, nature teaching them. On the level plain building ground + was raised forty feet for effect. Like all artists of precivilization, the + Assyrians placed adornment before convenience, as appeared in Nineveh on + the Tigris and Babylon on the Euphrates. At Thebes and Palmyra it was the + same, their palaces of alabaster, if one chooses to believe what is said, + covering, some of them, a hundred acres. The fashion now is to build + upward rather than outward. Besides this alabaster acreage there are to be + taken into account the pyramids, artificial mountains, and endless + towertowns, supposed to be an improvement on whatever existed before their + time. Around the Mediterranean and over India way were once hundreds of + charming places like the Megara suburb of Carthage and the amphitheatre of + Rhodes, prolific in classic art and architecture, precious gifts of the + gods. + </p> + <p> + But before all other gods or gifts comes Athens, where the men were as + gods and the gods very like the men. Encircling the Acropolis hill—most + ancient cities had their central hill—the city owes its grandeur to + the many temples dedicated to the Olympian deities by the men who made + them, made both deities and temples, that long line of philosophers the + sublimity of whose thoughts civilization fed on and found expression in + the genius of now and then a Pericles or a Phidias. + </p> + <p> + Twenty times Rome suffered, each time worse than ever befell an American + city, the debris of destruction overspreading her sacred soil some fathoms + deep, yet all the while mistress of the world. + </p> + <p> + The Moors in Spain reconstructed and embellished many cities, and built + many entire. To them Spain owes her finest specimens of art and + architecture, as Seville, Cordova, and the Alhambra. In Naples the + mediaeval still overshadows the modern. The city needs cleansing, though + she flourishes in her filth and volcanic belchings. Nice, like Paris, + plans to please her guests. Berlin was a little late with her + reconstructive work; the town walls were not removed till 1866. Though + dating from 1190, Glasgow is practically modern, having been several times + renovated by fire. Antwerp, burned in 1871, was quickly rebuilt. The Hague + is charming as the city of peace. Munich, on the Isar, is every day + drifting into the beautiful, not to say aesthetical. + </p> + <p> + Pekin is a city sui generis, with its Kin-Ching, or prohibited city, + sacred to royalty; its Hwang-Ching, or imperial city, exclusively for + court officials; its Tartar division and Chinese division, all completed + according to the grand khan and Confucius. Happy Celestials! There is + nothing more to be done, nothing to reconstruct, nothing to improve; it + stands alone, the only city in all the world that is absolutely finished + and perfect. But of a truth our public works sink into insignificance + beside those of the ancient barbarians, the great wall and canal of China, + the pyramids of Egypt, and the brilliant cities of Assyria and Palmyra. + </p> + <p> + The cities of Australia—Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide—in common + with all those of the British colonies, are laid out along liberal lines, + with broad streets, parks, public squares, and beautiful modern buildings, + requiring little change for many years to come. The English part of + Calcutta is a city of palaces, built from the spoils of subjugation. + Yokohama was a small fishing station when Commodore Perry called there in + 1854. + </p> + <p> + In the New World as in the Old, from John Cotton to Joseph Smith, religion + with cupidity inspires. One William Blaxton in 1630 lived where Boston now + is, and invited thither Winthrop and his colonists. When banished from + Massachusetts, Roger Williams stepped ashore on the bank of the Seekonk, + on a rock where is now Providence. The French built a fort where Marquette + camped in 1673, and there is now Chicago. Buffalo was a military post in + 1812. St. Paul was an Indian trading station prior to 1838. The building + of Fort Washington was followed by settlers and Cincinnati was begun. + Henry Hudson touched at Manhattan island in 1609, and the Dutch following, + New York was the result. Brigham Young, journeying westward, came to the + Great Salt Lake, where, as he told his followers, he was instructed by + divine revelation to plant the City of the Saints. It proved more + permanent than might have been expected, as zion—cities usually are + quite ephemeral affairs. + </p> + <p> + Boston, the beneficial, swept by fires, smallpox, witchcraft, quakerism, + snowstorms, earthquakes, and proslavery riots, still lives to meditate + upon her own superiority and to instruct mankind. Much attention has been + given of late in Boston and suburban towns to artistic effect in street + architecture. Until recently New York has given but little thought to + pleasing effects. Broadway was not broad, and Fifth Avenue was not + striking. Of late, however, the city has become imperial, houses parks and + driveways being among the finest in the world. New Orleans has survived at + least a dozen great yellow-fever crises since 1812, population meanwhile + increasing twentyfold. After the enforced construction of the levee, the + idea came to some one that the top of it would make a fine driveway, which + in due time was extended from the river and bayous to the lake, thus + becoming the most attractive feature of the place. Though not without + natural attractions, Chicago was not made by or for her things of beauty. + Beginning with low wooden houses along dirty streets, transformations were + continued until systems of parks and boulevards with elegant edifices came + into view,—which shows that, however material the beginning of + American towns may be, if prosperity comes the aesthetical is sure to come + with it. A contrast to Chicago may be found in St. Louis, for a long time + trading-post town and city, which would be of more importance now were her + people of a different quality. Even her chronic calamities, tornadoes, + floods, and epidemics, fail to rouse her energies, so that Chicago, + starting later and under more adverse circumstances, outstripped her in + every particular. Cleveland was laid out for a fine city, so that as she + grew little alteration was found necessary. The streets are wide, 80 to + 120 feet—Superior Street 132 feet—and so abundant is the + foliage, largely maple, that it is called the Forest city. + </p> + <p> + As an instance of modern aesthetic town construction one might cite + Denver, a western Yankee metropolis of ultrarefined men and women from + down Boston way, breathing a nomenclature never so freely used before + among mid-continent mountains, streets, schoolhouses, parks, and gardens—all + alive with the names of New England poets, philosophers, and statesmen. + Scarcely yet turned the half century in age, few such charming cities as + Denver have been made with fewer mistakes. + </p> + <p> + San Francisco at her birth and christening had for godfather neither + prince nor priest, nor any cultured coterie. The sandy peninsula, on whose + inner edge, at the cove called Yerba Buena, stood some hide and tallow + stores and fur depots which drew to them the stragglers that passed that + way, was about as ill-omened a spot as the one designated by the + snake-devouring eagle perched upon an island cactus as the place where the + wandering Aztecs should rest and build their city of Mexico. San + Francisco's godparents were but common humanity, traders and adventurers, + later gold-seekers and pot politicians, intelligent, bold, and for the + most part honest; few intending long to remain, few dreaming of the great + city to arise here; few caring how the town should be made, if one were + made at all. When was improvised an alcalde after the Mexican fashion, and + two boards of aldermen were established after the New York fashion, and + the high officials saw that they could now and then pick up a + twenty-five-dollar fee for deeding a fifty vara lot, if so be they had on + hand some fifty varas, they forthwith went to work to make them by drawing + lines in front of the cove and intersecting them at right angles by lines + running up over the hills, giving their own names, with a sprinkling of + the names of bear-flag heroes, not forgetting the usual Washington and + Jackson, leaving in the centre a plaza, the cove in front to be filled in + later. The streets were narrow, dusty in summer and miry in winter. + Spanish-American streets are usually thirty-six feet wide. Winding trails + led from the Presidio to the Mission, and from Mission and Presidio to the + cove. This was the beginning of San Francisco, which a merciful providence + has five times burned, the original shacks and their successors, the last + time thoroughly, giving the inhabitants the opportunity to build something + better. + </p> + <p> + All this time the matchless bay and inviting shores awaited the coming of + those who should aid in the accomplishment of their high destiny. Situated + on the Pacific relatively as is New York on the Atlantic, the natural + gateway with its unique portal between the old East and the new West, the + only outlet for the drainage of thousands of square miles of garden lands + and grain fields, a harbor in the world's center of highest development, + with no other to speak of within five hundred miles on either side; + dominator of the greatest of oceans, waters more spacious than those of + Rio, airs of purple haze sweeter than those of Italy, hills islands and + shore lines more sublime than any of Greece—all this time these + benefactions of nature have awaited the appreciation and action of those + who for their own benefit and the benefit of the nation would utilize + them. Are they here now, these new city-builders, or must San Francisco + wait for another generation? + </p> + <p> + They must be men of broad minds, for this is no ordinary problem to be + worked out. It is certain that in the near or distant future there will be + here a very large and very wealthy city, probably the largest and + wealthiest in the world. The whole of the peninsula will be covered, and + as much more space beyond it, and around the bay shores to and beyond + Carquinez strait. Viewed in the light of history and progressional + phenomena, this is the only rational conclusion. + </p> + <p> + Always the march of intellectual development has been from east to west, + the old East dying as the new West bursts into being, until now west is + east, and the final issue must here be met. In the advent and progress of + civilization there was first the Mediterranean, then the Atlantic, and + then the Pacific, the last the greatest of all. What else is possible? + Where else on this planet is man to go for his ultimate achievement? + </p> + <p> + Conviction comes slowly in such cases, and properly so. Yet in forecasting + the future from the light of the past cavilers can scarcely go farther + afield than our worshipful forbears, who less than a century ago, on the + floor of the United States congress, decried as absurd settlement beyond + the Missouri, ridiculed buying half a continent of worthless Northwest + wilderness, thanked God for the Rocky mountain barrier to man's + presumption, scouted at a possible wagon road, not to say railway, across + the continent, lamented the unprofitable theft of California, and cursed + the Alaska purchase as money worse than thrown away. In view of what has + been and is, can anyone call it a Utopian dream to picture the Pacific + bordered by an advanced civilization with cities more brilliant than any + of the ancient East, more opulent than any of the cultured West? + </p> + <p> + Rio de Janeiro! what have the Brazilians been doing these last decades? + Decapitating politically dear Dom Pedro, true patriot, though emperor—he + came to me once in my library, pouring out his soul for his beloved Brazil—they + abolished slavery, formed a republic, and modernized the city. They made + boulevards and water drives, the finest in the world. They cut through the + heart of the old town a new Avenida Central, over a mile in length and one + hundred and ten feet wide, lining it on either side with palatial business + houses and costly residences, paving the thoroughfare with asphalt and + adorning it with artistic fixtures for illumination, the street work being + completed in eighteen months. Strangling in their incipiency graft and + greed, after kindly dismissing Dom Pedro with well-filled pockets for + home, these Portuguese brought out their money and spent hundreds of + millions in improving their city, with hundreds of millions left which + they have yet to spend. Thus did these of the Latin race, whom we regard + as less Bostonian than ourselves. + </p> + <p> + With this brief glance at other cities of present and other times, and + having in view the part played by environment in the trend of refining + influences, and remembering further, following the spirit of the times, + that nothing within the scope of human power to accomplish is too vast, or + too valuable, or too advanced for the purpose, it remains with the people + of San Francisco to determine what they will do. + </p> + <p> + It is not necessary to speak of the city's present or future requirements, + as sea water on the bills, and fresh water with electric power from the + Sierra; sea wall, docks, and water-way drives; widened streets and winding + boulevards; embellished hillsides and hilltops; bay tunnels and union + railway station; bay and ocean boating and bathing; arches and arcades; + park strips or boulevards cutting through slums, and the nests of filthy + foreigners, bordered on either side by structures characteristic of their + country—all this and more will come to those who shall have the + matter in charge. The pressing need now is a general plan for all to work + to; this, and taking the reconstruction of the city out of politics and + placing it in the hands of responsible business men. + </p> + <p> + If the people and government of the United States will consider for a + moment the importance to the nation of a well-fortified and imposing city + and seaport at San Francisco bay; the importance to the army and navy, to + art and science, to commerce and manufactures; of the effect of a city + with its broad surroundings, at once elegant and impressive, upon the + nations round the Pacific and on all the world, there should be little + trouble in its accomplishment. + </p> + <p> + And be it remembered that whatever San Francisco, her citizens and her + lovers, do now or neglect to do in this present regeneration will be felt + for good or ill to remotest ages. Let us build and rebuild accordingly, + bearing in mind that the new San Francisco is to stand forever before the + world as the measure of the civic taste and intelligence of her people. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + RESURGAM + </h2> + <p> + The question has been oftener asked than answered, why Chicago should have + grown in wealth and population so much faster than St. Louis, or New + Orleans, or San Francisco. It is not enough to point to her position on + the lakes, the wide extent of contributory industries, and the convergence + of railways; other cities have at their command as great natural + advantages with like limitless opportunity. As to location, city sites are + seldom chosen by convention, or the fittest spots favored. Chicagoans + assert that a worse place than theirs for a city cannot be found on the + shores of Lake Michigan. New York would be better up the Hudson, London in + Bristol channel, and San Francisco at Carquinez strait. Indeed, it was by + a Yankee trick that the sand-blown peninsula secured the principal city of + the Pacific. + </p> + <p> + It happened in this way. General Vallejo, Mexican comandante residing at + Sonoma, upon the arrival of the new American authorities said to them: + "Let it bear the name of my wife, Francesca, and let it be the commercial + and political metropolis of your Pacific possessions, and I will give you + the finest site in the world for a city, with state-house and residences + built and ready for your free occupation." And so it was agreed, and the + general made ready for the coming of the legislature. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile, to the American alcalde, who had established his rule at Yerba + Buena, a trading hamlet in the cove opposite the island of that name and + nucleus of the present San Francisco, came Folsom, United States army + captain and quartermaster, to whom had been given certain lots of land in + Yerba Buena, and said: "Why not call the town San Francisco, and bring + hither ships which clear from various ports for San Francisco bay?" And so + it was done; the fine plans of the Mexican general fell to the ground, and + the name Benicia was given to what had been Francesca. A year or two + later, with five hundred ships of the gold-seekers anchored off the cove, + not all the men and money in the country could have moved the town from + its ill-chosen location. + </p> + <p> + Opportunity is much the same in various times and places, whether + fortuitous or forced. More men make opportunity than are made by it, + particularly among those who achieve great success. Land being + unavailable, Venice the beautiful was built upon the water, while the + Hollanders manage to live along the centuries below sea level. + </p> + <p> + The builders of Chicago possessed varied abilities of a high order, not + least among which was the faculty of working together. They realized at an + early date that the citizens and the city are one; whatever of advantage + they might secure to their city would be returned to them by their city + fourfold. + </p> + <p> + "Oh, I do love this old town!" one of them was heard to exclaim as, + returning from the station, his cab paddled through the slushy streets + under a slushy sky. He was quite a young man, yet he had made a large + fortune there. "It's no credit to us making money here," he added, "we + couldn't help it." So citizenized, what should we expect if not unity of + effort, a willingness to efface self when necessary, and with intense + individualism to subordinate individual ideas and feelings to the public + good? In such an atmosphere rises quickly a new city from the ashes of the + old, or a fairy creation like the Columbian Exposition. Imagine the + peninsula of San Francisco covered by a real city equal in beauty and + grandeur to the Chicago sham city of 1893. + </p> + <p> + The typical West-American city builder has money—created, not + inherited, wealth. But possession merely is not enough; he gives. Yet + possessing and giving are not enough; he works, constantly and + intelligently. The power which wealth gives is often employed in retarding + progress when the interests of the individual seem to clash with those of + the commonwealth; it is always lessened by the absence of respect for its + possessor. But when wealth, intelligence, honesty, and enthusiasm join + hands with patriotism there must be progress. + </p> + <p> + Time and place do not account for all of Chicago's phenomenal growth, nor + do the distance from the world's centres of population and industry, the + comparative isolation, and the evil effects of railway domination account + wholly for San Francisco's slow growth toward the end of the century. For, + following the several spasms of development incident to the ages of gold, + of grain, and of fruit, and the advent of the railway incubus, California + for a time betook herself to rest, which indeed was largely paralysis. + Then, too, those who had come first and cleared the ground, laying the + foundations of fortunes, were passing away, and their successors seemed + more ready to enjoy than to create. But with the opening of a new century + all California awoke and made such progress as was never made before. + </p> + <p> + Coming to the late catastrophe, it was well that too much dependence was + not placed on promises regarding rehabilitation made during the first + flush of sympathy; the words were nevertheless pleasant to the ear at the + time. The insurance companies would act promptly and liberally, taking no + advantage of any technicality; congress would remit duties on building + material for a time, and thus protect the city-builders from the + extortions of the material men; the material men roundly asserted that + there should be no extortion, no advance in prices, but, on the contrary, + all other work should be set aside and precedence given to San Francisco + orders; eastern capitalists were to cooperate with the government in + placing at the portal of the Pacific a city which should be a credit to + the nation and a power in the exploitation of the great ocean. + </p> + <p> + None of these things came to pass. Indeed it was too much to expect of + poor human nature until selfishness and greed are yet further eliminated. + Never to be forgotten was the superb benevolence which so promptly and so + liberally showered comforts upon the poor, the sick, the hungry, and the + houseless until it was feared that the people might become pauperized. But + that was charity, whereas "business is business." + </p> + <p> + The insurance companies, themselves stricken nigh unto death, paused in + the generous impulse to pay quickly and in full and let the new steel city + arise at once in all its glory. They began to consider, then to temporize, + and finally, with notable exceptions, to evade by every means in their + power the payment of their obligations. The loss and the annoyance thus + inflicted upon the insured were increased by the uncertainty as to what + they should finally be able to do. Congress likewise paused to consider + the effect the proposed remission of duties would have on certain members + and their lumber and steel friends. Thus a hundred days passed by, and + with some relief half a hundred more. + </p> + <p> + Outside capital was still ready, but San Franciscans seemed to have + sufficient for present needs. Capital is conservative and Californians + independent. Even from the government they never asked much, though well + aware that since the gold discovery California has given a hundredfold + more than she has received. Her people were accustomed to take care of + themselves, and managed on the whole to get along. A general conflagration + was not a new thing. Four times during gold-digging days San Francisco was + destroyed by fire, and each time new houses were going up before the ashes + were cold. True, there was not so much to burn in those days, but it was + all the people had; there was not so much to rebuild, and there were no + insurance companies to keep them back. San Francisco would be grateful, + and it would be a graceful thing for the government to do, to keep away + the sharks until the people should get their heads above water again, not + as charity, but for the general good. The exaction of duties on lumber + from British Columbia was simply taking money from the San Francisco + builders and thrusting it into the plethoric pockets of the Puget Sound + people, who at once advanced their prices so as seriously to retard + building and render it in many cases impossible. Even as I write word + comes of another advance in the price of lumber, owing to the apathy at + Washington and elsewhere, after twice before raising the price to the + highest limit. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile, in and around the burned district, traffic never ceased. The + inflow of merchandise from all parts continued. Upon the ashes of their + former stores, and scattered about the suburbs, business men established + themselves wherever they could find a house to rent or a lot to build + upon. Shacks were set up in every quarter, and better structures of one or + two stories were permitted, subject to removal by order of the city at any + time they should appear to stand in the way of permanent improvement. Some + business houses were extinguished, but other and larger ones arose in + their stead. Rebuilding was slow because of the debris to be removed and + the more substantial character of the permanent structures to be erected. + </p> + <p> + Around the bay continues the hum of industry. The country teems with + prosperity. Never were the services of the city needed so much as now. + There are no financial disturbances; money is easy, but more will be + required soon; claims are not pressed in the courts. Any San Francisco + bonds thrown upon the market are quickly taken by local capitalists. + Customs receipts are larger than ever before, and there is no shrinkage at + the clearing house. Land values remain much the same; in some quarters + land has depreciated, in other places it has increased in price; buyers + stand ready to take advantage of forced sales. + </p> + <p> + Labor is scarce in both city and country; wages are high and advancing. + Five times the present number of mechanics can find profitable employment + in the city, and it will be so for years to come, as there is much to be + done. + </p> + <p> + With the advance of the labor wage and of lumber, rents are advanced. + Mills and factories are running at their full capacity. Orchards and grain + fields are overflowing, and harvesters are found with difficulty. + Merchants' sales were never so large nor profits so good. Prices of + everything rule high, with an upward tendency, the demand at the shops + being for articles of good quality. Oriental rugs and diamonds are + conspicuously in evidence. Insurers are paying their losses to some + extent, and many people find themselves in possession of more ready money + than they ever had before. They are rich, though they may have no house to + sleep in. It is a momentary return to the flush times of the early + fifties, though upon a broader and more civilized scale, and without their + uncertainty or their romance. + </p> + <p> + In view of the facts it seems superfluous to discuss questions regarding + the future of San Francisco. That is to say, such questions as are + propounded by chronic croakers: Will the city be rebuilt? If so, will it + be a city of fine buildings? Will not the fear of earthquakes drive away + capital and confine reconstruction to insignificance? + </p> + <p> + Let us hasten to assure our friends that the day of doom has not yet come + to this city; that the day of doom never comes to any city for so slight a + cause, or for any cause short of a rain of brimstone and fire, as in the + case of Sodom. Whether of imperial steel or of imperial shacks; whether + calamities come in the form of such temblores as are here met occasionally + in a mild form, or in the far more destructive form of hurricanes, floods, + pestilence, sun—striking, and lightning, so common at the east and + elsewhere, and from which San Francisco is wholly free, there will here + forever be a city, a large, powerful, and wealthy city. + </p> + <p> + Every part of the earth is subject at any time to seismic disturbance, and + no one can truthfully say that California is more liable to another such + occurrence than any other part of the United States. Indeed, it should be + less so, the earth's crust here having settled itself, let us hope, to + some centuries of repose. Never before has anything like this been known + on our Pacific seaboard. Never before, so far as history or tradition or + the physical features of the country can show, has California experienced + a serious earthquake shock—that is to say, one attended by any + considerable loss of life or property. Nor was the earthquake of April + last so terrible as it may seem to some. Apart from the fire there was not + so very much of it, and no great damage was done. The official figures + are: 266 killed by falling walls, 177 by fire, 7 shot, and 2 deaths by + ptomaine poisoning—452 in all. The property damage by the earthquake + is scarcely worth speaking of, being no more than happens elsewhere in the + world from other causes nearly every day; it would have been quickly made + good and little thought of it but for the conflagration that followed. + </p> + <p> + Compare San Francisco casualties with those of other cities. Two hundred + and sixty-six deaths as the result of the greatest calamity that ever + happened in California! Not to mention the floods, fires, and cyclones + common to St. Louis, Chicago, Galveston, and all mid-continent America, + the yellow fever at New Orleans and along the southern shore, or the + 25,000 deaths from cholera in New York and Philadelphia in less than + twenty-five years, or the loss of 1,000 ships on the Atlantic coast in the + hurricane of August, 1873-not to mention the many extraordinary displays + of vindictive nature, take some of the more commonplace calamities + incident to most cities except those along the Pacific coast. + </p> + <p> + Every year more people and more property are destroyed by lightning, + floods, and wind-storms on the Atlantic side of the Rocky mountains than + are affected by earthquakes on the Pacific side in a hundred years. Every + year more people drop dead from sunstrokes in New York, Baltimore, + Philadelphia, and other eastern cities than are killed by earthquakes in + San Francisco in a thousand years, so far as we may know. Yet men and + women continue to live and build houses in those cities without thought of + running away. + </p> + <p> + Nor can California claim the whole even of United States earthquakes. In + 1755 all New England was shaken up, and Boston housetops and walls were + set dancing, the horror coming in "with a roaring noise, like that of + thunder," as the record has it, "and then a swell like the roaring sea"; + and yet, and notwithstanding the great fire later, the city still shows + vitality, the people are not afraid, and property is valuable. And so in + regard to New York and London and all cities. In Missouri, in 1811, the + earth shook almost continuously for several months along a stretch of + three hundred miles, throwing up prairies into sand hills and submerging + forests. Chicago and New York, and all the country between, were visited + by earthquakes in 1870. Then there are Virginia and the Carolinas, Alabama + Texas and Colorado—there is not a state in the union that has not + had a touch of well-authenticated earthquakings at some time in its + history. + </p> + <p> + To one who knows the people and the country, the people with their + magnificent energy and ability, their indomitable will and their splendid + courage; the country with its boundless natural wealth and illimitable + potentialities; the city, key to the Golden Gate, which opens the East to + the West and West to East; the bay, mistress primeval, through which flows + the drainage of six hundred miles in length of interior valley, the garden + of the world; to one who has here lived and loved, assisting in this grand + upbuilding, thoughts of relinquishment, of lesser possibilities, of meaner + efforts, do not come. + </p> + <p> + What would you? If there is a spot on earth where life and property are + safer, where men are more enterprising and women more intelligent and + refined, where business is better or fortunes more safely or surely made, + the world should know of it. The earth may tremble now and then, but + houses may be built which cannot be destroyed, fires are liable to occur + wherever material exists that will burn, but fires may be controlled. + </p> + <p> + As for the city, its life and destiny, there is this to be said. The few + square miles of buildings burned were not San Francisco, they were only + buildings. Were every house destroyed and every street obliterated, there + would still remain the city, with its commerce, its manufactures, its + civilization, a spiritual city if you like, yet with material values + incapable of destruction—an atmosphere alive with cheerful industry; + also land values, commercial relations, financial connections, skilled + laborers and professional men, and a hundred other like souls of things. + In a thousand ideas and industries, though the ground is but ashes, the + spirit of progress still hovers over the hills awaiting incarnation. + Dependent on this pile of ashes, or the ghosts thereof, are fleets of + vessels sailing every sea; farms and factories along shore and back to and + beyond the Sierra; merchants and mechanics here and elsewhere; mines and + reclamation systems, and financial relations the world over. + </p> + <p> + The question now is not as to the existence or permanency of a central + city on the shores of San Francisco bay. That fact was established beyond + peradventure with the building of the bay, and nothing short of universal + cataclysm can affect it. It is rather to the quality of that city that the + consideration of the present generation should be directed. The shell has + been injured, but the soul of the city is immortal; and in the restoration + it would be strange if our twentieth-century young men cannot do better in + artistic city building than the sturdy gold-seekers and their successors + of half a century ago. + </p> + <p> + If history and human experiences teach anything; if from the past we may + judge somewhat of the future, we might, if we chose, glance back at the + history of cities, and note how, when the Mediterranean was the greatest + of seas, Carthage and Venice were the greatest of cities; how, when the + Atlantic assumed sway, Ghent, Seville, and London each in turn came to the + front; or how, following the inevitable, as civilization takes possession + of the Pacific, the last, the largest in its native wealth as well as in + its potentialities the richest of all, it is not difficult to see that the + chief city, the mistress of this great ocean, must be mistress of the + world. + </p> + <p> + But this is not all. A great city on this great bay, beside this greatest + of oceans, centrally situated, through whose Golden Gate pass the waters + drained from broad fertile valleys, a harbor without an equal, with some + hundreds of miles of water front ready for a thousand industries, where + ocean vessels may moor beside factories and warehouses, with a climate + temperate, equable, healthful, and brewed for industry; a city here, ugly + or beautiful, fostered or oppressed, given over to the sharks of + speculation or safeguarded as one of the brightest jewels of the nation, + is an inexorable necessity; its destiny is assured; and all the powers of + graft and greed cannot prevail against it. It is a military necessity, for + here will be stationed the chief defenses and defenders of the nation's + western border. It is an industrial necessity, for to this city three + continents and a thousand islands will look for service. As the Spanish + war first revealed to America her greatness, so the possible loss of San + Francisco quickly demonstrates the necessity of her existence to the + nation. It is an educational necessity, whence the dusky peoples around + the Pacific may draw from the higher civilization to the regeneration of + the world. In the University of California, standing opposite the Golden + Gate, with its able and devoted president and professors, this work is + already well established, the results from which will prove too vast and + far-reaching for our minds at present to fathom. + </p> + <p> + And in all the other many byways of progress the results of the last + half-century of effort on our sand-dune peninsula are not lost. + Earthquakes cannot destroy them; fire cannot burn them. San Francisco grew + from the Yerba Buena hamlet in sixty years. In a new and untried field + city-building then was something of an experiment; yet population grew to + half a million, and wealth in proportion; and never was improvement so + marked as just before the fire. With wealth and population but little + impaired, and with the ground cleared for new constructive work, there + would be nothing strange in a city here of three or four millions of + people in another sixty years. Actual progress has scarcely been arrested. + We are rudely hustled and awake to higher and severer effort. No house or + store or factory or business will be rebuilt or established except in a + larger and more efficient way, and that is progress. + </p> + <p> + In and around the city are already more people than were here before the + fire, and soon there will be twice as many, for from every quarter are + coming mechanics and business men, attracted by high wages and the + material requirements of the city. Hundreds of millions of money from the + insurance companies and from local and outside capitalists are finding + safe and profitable investment. And this is only the beginning. + </p> + <p> + San Francisco is already a large manufacturing city; it will be many times + larger. Around its several hundred miles of bay shore and up the Carquinez + strait will be thousands of industries to-day not dreamed of, and all + ministering to the necessities of the thousand cities of the Pacific. + There is no place in the world better adapted for manufacturing. All sorts + of raw material can be gathered here from every quarter of the earth at + small cost, lumber, coal, iron, wool, and cotton for a hundred factories, + and mineral ores for reduction. Likewise labor at a minimum wage, congress + and the lords of labor permitting. Add to these advantages a climate cool + in summer and warm in winter, where work can be comfortably carried on + every day in the year, and a more desirable spot cannot be found. + </p> + <p> + Industrially San Francisco should dominate the Pacific, its firm land and + islands, upon whose borders is to be found more natural wealth, mineral + and agricultural, than upon those of all the other waters of the earth + combined, and the exploitation of which has scarcely begun. Here in + abundance are every mineral and metal, rich and varied soils, all fruits + and native products, fuels and forests, for some of which we may even + thank earthquakes and kindred volcanic forces. Manufactures compel + commerce, and the commerce of the Pacific will rule the world. The + essentials of commerce are here. Intelligence and enterprise are here and + open to enlargement. + </p> + <p> + For the late severe loss the city may find some compensations—as the + cleansing effect of fire; much filth, material and moral, has been + destroyed. Yet one is forced to observe that the precincts of Satan retain + their land values equal to any other locality. The greatest blessing of + the destruction, however, is in the saving from a life of luxury and + idleness our best young men and women, who will in consequence enter + spheres of usefulness, elevating and ennobling, thus exercising a + beneficial influence on future generations. Already work has become the + fashion; snobbism is in disgrace; and some elements or influences of the + simple life thus reestablished will remain. + </p> + <p> + When all has been said that may be regarding the present and the future, + regarding purposes and potentialities, the simple fact remains that the + city of San Francisco will be what people make of it, neither more nor + less. The fruitful interior and the pine-clad Sierra; the great ocean, its + islands and opulent shores, with their fifty thousand miles of littoral + frontage, and every nation thereon awaiting a higher culture than any + which has yet appeared; the Panama canal, the world's highway, linking + east and west, all these will be everything or nothing to those who sit at + the Golden Gate, according as they themselves shall determine. For the + glory of a city is not altogether in its marble palaces and structures of + steel, though these have their value, but in its citizens, its men and + women, its men of ability, of unity, of energy, and public spirit, and its + brave and true women. And has not this city these? Surely, if in the late + catastrophe all that is noble, benevolent, and self-effacing did not + appear in every movement of our people, then no such qualities exist + anywhere. The manner in which they rose to meet the emergency argues well + for the city's future. Before the calamity was fairly upon them they + sprang to grapple it and ward it off so far as possible. It was owing to + them and to the military that the city was saved from starvation, anarchy, + and disease. It also speaks well for men so severely stricken to be the + first to send aid to a similarly stricken city, the metropolis of Pacific + South America. + </p> + <p> + All this leads us to the highest hopes for the future. What we need most + of all is a centralization of mechanical industries around the shores of + this bay. Let everything that is made be made here, and the requirements + of all the peoples facing this ocean here be met. The Panama canal will be + a blessing or a curse to California in proportion as she rises to the + occasion and makes opportunities. Manufactures and commerce tell the whole + story. Let us have the city beautiful by all means—it will pay; + Paris makes it pay; but we must have the useful in any event—this, + and a municipality with its several parts subordinated to a general + scheme. What we can do without is demagogism, with its attendant labor + wrangles, and all the fraud, lying, and hypocrisy incident to a too free + government. We want a city superior to any other in beauty, as well as in + utility, and it will pay these United States well to see that we have it. + If we build no better than before, we gain nothing by this fire which has + cost many a heartache. + </p> + <p> + The game of the gods is in our hands; shall we play it worthily? Two + decades of inaction at this juncture, like those which followed the advent + of the overland railway, would decide the fate of the city adversely for + the century, and the effect of it would last for ten centuries. When the + shores of the Pacific are occupied as the shores of the Atlantic now are, + when all around the vast arena formed by America, Asia, and Australia are + great nations of wealth and culture, with hundreds of Bostons and + Baltimores, of Londons and Liverpools, the great American republic would + scarcely be satisfied with only a porter's lodge at her western gateway. + </p> + <p> + It is not much to say that the new city will be modern and up to date, + with some widened streets and winding boulevards, gardens banging to the + hillside, parks with lakes and cascades, reservoirs of sea water on every + hilltop; public work and public service, street cars telephones and + lighting being of the best. Plans for such changes were prepared before + the fire; they can be extended and carried out with greater facility since + the ground has been cleared from obstructions. All this and more may + easily be done if the government can be made to see where the true + interests of the people lie, to regard a west-coast metropolis with an eye + for something of beauty as well as of utility, an eye which can see + utility in beauty, and withal an eye of pride in possession. A paltry two + or three hundred millions judiciously expended here by the government + would make a city which would ever remain the pride of the whole people + and command the admiration and respect of all the nations around this + great ocean. + </p> + <p> + Of what avail are art and architecture if they may not be employed in a + cause like this? Here is an opportunity which the world has never before + witnessed. With limitless wealth, with genius of as high an order as any + that has gone before, with the stored experiences of all ages and nations—what + better use can be made of it all than to establish at the nation's western + gate a city which shall be the initial point of a new order of + development? Away back in the days of Palmyra and Thebes the rulers of + those cities seemed to understand it, if the people did not—that is + to say, the value of embellishment. And had we now but one American + Nebuchadnezzar we might have a Babylon at our Pacific seaport. For a + six-months' world's fair any considerable city can get from the government + five or ten millions. And why not? There's politics in it. Can we not have + some of "those politics" for a respectable west-coast city? Would it not + be economy to spend some millions on an industrial metropolis which should + be a permanent world's fair for the enlightenment of the Pacific? The + nation has made its capital beautiful, and so established the doctrine + that art, architecture, and beautiful environment have a value above ugly + utility. May we not hope for something a little out of the common for the + nation's chief seaport on the Pacific, a little fresh gilding for our + Golden Gate? + </p> + <p> + THE END <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Cities and San Francisco and +Resurgam, by Hubert Howe Bancroft + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME CITIES *** + +***** This file should be named 2504-h.htm or 2504-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/0/2504/ + +Produced by David A. Schwan, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + </body> +</html> |