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+Project Gutenberg's Thirteen Chapters of American History, by Theodore Sutro
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Thirteen Chapters of American History
+       represented by the Edward Moran series of Thirteen
+       Historical Marine Paintings
+
+Author: Theodore Sutro
+
+Release Date: April 4, 2008 [EBook #24990]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THIRTEEN CHAPTERS OF AMER. HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by S. Drawehn, Stephen Hope and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  THIRTEEN
+  HISTORICAL
+  MARINE
+  PAINTINGS
+
+  BY
+
+  EDWARD MORAN
+
+  REPRESENTING
+  THIRTEEN CHAPTERS
+  OF
+  AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+  By THEODORE SUTRO
+
+  1905
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro.
+
+  EDWARD MORAN
+  From a painting by Thomas Sidney Moran]
+
+
+
+
+  THIRTEEN CHAPTERS
+  OF
+  AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+  REPRESENTED
+  BY THE
+  EDWARD MORAN
+  SERIES OF
+  THIRTEEN HISTORICAL
+  MARINE PAINTINGS
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+  _By_ THEODORE SUTRO
+
+  1905
+
+  NEW YORK:
+
+  THEODORE SUTRO, 280 BROADWAY
+
+  AND
+
+  THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO.
+  PUBLISHER'S AGENTS,
+  33-37 EAST 17TH STREET.
+
+  _$1.50 net._
+
+  Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro
+
+
+
+
+  To
+
+  _My Dear Wife_
+
+  FLORENCE
+
+  THROUGH WHOSE STEADFAST FRIENDSHIP FOR
+  MR. AND MRS. EDWARD MORAN AND LOYAL DEVOTION
+  TO ME, I WAS LED TO CHAMPION, AND
+  ENCOURAGED TO PERSEVERE IN ESTABLISHING,
+  THE RIGHTS OF THE WIDOW TO THESE MASTERWORKS,
+  WITHOUT WHICH THE OCCASION FOR
+  PENNING THESE PAGES WOULD NOT HAVE ARISEN--THIS
+  LITTLE WORK IS LOVINGLY INSCRIBED,
+  ON THE
+  TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF OUR MARRIAGE,
+  October 1st, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE.
+
+  FRONTISPIECE--Portrait of Edward Moran, from a painting by
+        THOMAS SIDNEY MORAN
+
+  INTRODUCTORY                                                        7
+
+  BIOGRAPHICAL                                                       15
+
+  PORTRAIT OF MRS. EDWARD MORAN, from a painting by
+        THOMAS SIDNEY MORAN                            Facing page   20
+
+  DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY:
+
+  I. THE OCEAN--THE HIGHWAY OF ALL NATIONS                           27
+
+  II. LANDING OF LIEF ERICKSON IN THE NEW WORLD IN
+      THE YEAR 1001                                                  33
+
+  III. THE SANTA MARIA, NIŅA AND PINTA (Evening of October
+       11th, 1492)                                                   39
+
+  IV. THE DEBARKATION OF COLUMBUS (Morning of October
+      12th, 1492)                                                    39
+
+  V. MIDNIGHT MASS ON THE MISSISSIPPI, OVER THE BODY OF
+     FERDINAND DE SOTO, 1542                                         47
+
+  VI. HENRY HUDSON ENTERING NEW YORK BAY, September
+      11th, 1609                                                     53
+
+  VII. EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS FROM SOUTHAMPTON,
+       August 5th, 1620                                              59
+
+  VIII. FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG BY A
+        FOREIGN GOVERNMENT. In the Harbor of Quiberon,
+        France, February 13th, 1778                                  67
+
+  IX. BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA. In the Harbor
+      of Tripoli, February 16th, 1804                                73
+
+  X. THE BRIG ARMSTRONG ENGAGING THE BRITISH FLEET.
+     In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26th, 1814                    79
+
+  XI. IRON VERSUS WOOD--SINKING OF THE CUMBERLAND BY
+      THE MERRIMAC. In Hampton Roads, March 8th, 1862                87
+
+  XII. THE WHITE SQUADRON'S FAREWELL SALUTE TO THE
+       BODY OF CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON, New York Bay,
+       August 25th, 1890                                             95
+
+  XIII. RETURN OF THE CONQUERORS. Typifying Our Victory
+        in the late Spanish-American War, September 29th, 1899      105
+
+  INDEX                                                             111
+
+
+
+
+  INTRODUCTORY
+
+  [Illustration: T. S. M.]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+The Thirteen Paintings, to a history and description of which (and
+incidentally to a brief memoir of their creator, Edward Moran) these
+pages are devoted, are monumental in their character and importance. Mr.
+Moran designated them as representing the "Marine History of the United
+States." I have somewhat changed this title; for even the untraversed
+"Ocean" and the landing of Columbus in the new world represent periods
+which necessarily affect the whole American Continent.
+
+The conception of these pictures was in itself a mark of genius, for no
+more fitting subjects could have been chosen by the greatest marine
+painter in the United States than the heroic and romantic incidents
+connected with the sea, which are so splendidly depicted in these
+thirteen grand paintings. That their execution required over fifteen
+years of ceaseless labor and the closest historical study is not
+surprising. The localities, the ships, the armament, the personages, the
+costumes, the weapons and all the incidents connected with each epoch
+are minutely and correctly represented, in so far as existing records
+rendered that possible. And yet, interwoven with each canvas, is a tone
+so poetic and imaginative that stamps it at once as the offspring of
+genius and lifts it far above the merely photographic and realistic. The
+series is the result of a life of prolific production, careful study,
+unceasing industry and great experience.
+
+Mr. Moran himself regarded these pictures as his crowning work, and in
+token of his many happy years of married life presented them, several
+years before his death, to his wife, Annette Moran, herself an artist of
+great merit, and whom he always mentioned as his best critic and the
+inspirer of his greatest achievements. This loving act, strange to say,
+gave rise to a protracted legal controversy, by reason of an adverse
+claim to these paintings made by the executor of the estate of Edward
+Moran, the final decision of which in favor of the widow, after three
+years of litigation, lends additional interest to these remarkable works
+of art. Proceedings to recover the pictures from the executor of the
+estate, who had them in his possession and refused to deliver them to
+her, were commenced on February 5, 1902, and after a trial in the
+Supreme Court in the City of New York lasting several days, a jury
+decided that the pictures were the property of the widow as claimed. On
+a technical point of law raised by the executor this finding of the jury
+was temporarily rendered ineffective, but, on an appeal to the Appellate
+Division of the Supreme Court, this technicality was overruled and an
+absolute judgment awarded in favor of the widow.[A] This was on January
+23, 1903. Still not content, the executor appealed to the highest court
+in the State, the Court of Appeals at Albany, which, on January 26,
+1904, finally and absolutely affirmed the decision of the Appellate
+Division.[B] But even then the widow was kept out of her property on
+further applications made by the executor to the court. Also in this he
+failed, and at last, on April 28, 1904, the judgment in her favor was
+satisfied through the delivery of the pictures to her, as her absolute
+property, beyond dispute, cavil or further question.
+
+I have deemed it proper to make this explanation, as it is through my
+connection as counsel for Mrs. Moran throughout this litigation that the
+occasion has presented itself for this publication, and of giving to
+the public the opportunity to examine and enjoy, to the fullest extent,
+these great pictures at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
+
+It may be added that although these paintings have occasionally been
+viewed by artists, they have never before been publicly exhibited as a
+series except for a very short period in the year 1900 in Philadelphia
+and in Washington. During this time they received the highest encomiums
+from critics and the press, and were pronounced the most notable series
+of historic pictures ever painted in this country. While each one of the
+series is a master work, it is as a group that the greatest interest
+attaches to them, and it was Mr. Moran's desire, and it is also that of
+the present owner, that they should, if possible, never be separated.
+
+With reference to the exhibition of these paintings at the Metropolitan
+Museum of Art, I quote from a full page illustrated article which
+appeared in the New York _Herald_ on Sunday, November 6, 1904, as
+follows:
+
+     "The exhibition of these pictures of scenes connected with the
+     history of the United States is not only an artistic but an
+     educational event. Edward Moran was probably the strongest marine
+     painter of the United States. * * * No more artistically valuable
+     and educationally instructive exhibit has been made in New York
+     than that of these paintings of Edward Moran. It is to be hoped
+     that the school children of the city will be taken to see and study
+     them. The public has already testified to its appreciation of the
+     exhibition by its large attendance."
+
+It may be asked why the artist limited or extended the series to the
+number "13." This was done with a purpose. This number seems to have
+been interwoven in many particulars with the history of our country. The
+original colonies were thirteen, and also the first States; the first
+order for the creation of a navy was for thirteen war ships; there were
+and still are thirteen stripes, and there were originally thirteen
+stars, on our flag; on our coat of arms a mailed hand grasps thirteen
+arrows, as do also the left talons of the eagle, while in its right is
+an olive branch with thirteen leaves; there were also thirteen rattles
+on the snake on the first American flag, with the motto "Don't tread on
+me." It was on February 13, 1778, in the harbor of Quiberon, that the
+American flag received its first recognition by a foreign government, an
+incident represented by one of these paintings; thirteen years elapsed
+between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the inauguration of
+the first President, General Washington, in 1789; and the Louisiana
+purchase from France includes the area prospectively covered by thirteen
+States, as soon as Oklahoma and Indian Territories shall, as is now in
+contemplation, be admitted as one State.
+
+This idea of thirteen is already foreshadowed in the introductory
+painting "The Ocean," in which thirteen gulls are seen hovering over the
+water, typical of the important events, linked with that number, which
+would occur in the misty and unknown future.
+
+It is remarkable that although these paintings are by one man, and
+virtually on the same subject, they should exhibit such unusual variety,
+and be individually so exceptionally interesting. It has been said that
+historic pictures may be considered as either representative, suggestive
+or allegoric, but in this series of paintings all these elements are
+combined.
+
+The American navy has been celebrated for its heroic achievements from
+the beginning, and some of these pictures recall vividly to the mind the
+episodes linked with the immortal names of such men as John Paul Jones,
+Stephen Decatur, Samuel Chester Reid, George U. Morris, John L. Worden,
+and the whole galaxy of heroes connected with these memorable events
+down to Dewey, Sampson, Schley, Wainwright and Hobson.
+
+The production of these paintings was the result of a patriotic and
+noble impulse on the part of the artist, through which he has
+immortalized the maritime achievements of our country, and for which we,
+as well as future generations, can hardly be sufficiently grateful!
+
+    "If thou wouldst touch the universal heart,
+    Of thine own country, sing!"
+
+
+
+
+  BIOGRAPHICAL
+
+  [Illustration: T. S. M.]
+
+
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL.
+
+
+Edward Moran was almost seventy-two years of age when he died in the
+City of New York on June 9, 1901, having been born at Bolton,
+Lancashire, England, on August 19, 1829. He was the oldest son of a
+large family of children, and when a mere child was put to work at the
+loom, the humble vocation of his father who, the same as his ancestors
+had been for several generations, was a hand-loom weaver. Already while
+so employed the child was frequently caught sketching with charcoal on
+the white fabric in his loom instead of continually plying the shuttle.
+Whence and how he derived this inborn talent is one of those unsolvable
+problems which seem to set at defiance all the accepted canons of
+heredity. At all events, his talent was recognized by a local village
+celebrity, a decorator, who guided the child, then only nine years of
+age, in a crude way to a development of these artistic instincts, in
+consequence of which it is related that he was soon able to "cut
+marvellous figures from paper and afterwards draw their outlines on
+walls and fences."
+
+The hardship of their pursuit, offering little hope of a brighter future
+for their large family of growing children, induced the parents about
+the year 1844 to join the tide of emigration to that land of golden
+promise, the United States, in immortalizing whose history and in
+furthering whose artistic development through his glorious marine
+pictures, the little Edward was destined to play so important a part.
+The family settled in Maryland, and in the struggle for existence soon
+awakened from their golden dream of a new Eldorado and returned to
+their old vocation. Edward again found employment at the loom, until the
+spirit of adventure and the desire of following the artistic bent of his
+mind impelled him one day, without a dollar in his pocket, to walk all
+the way to Philadelphia, where the boy hoped to find better
+opportunities. There also, however, he was disappointed, and after
+employment in various capacities, first with a cabinetmaker, then in a
+bronzing shop, and then at house painting, he finally returned to the
+loom at the munificent salary of six dollars per week. While so employed
+he attracted the attention of the proprietor, who one day surprised him
+while engaged in a superb drawing, stealing time for this purpose from
+his work. The intelligence of this man in recognizing young Moran's
+exceptional talent, and, as a result, advising him to quit mechanical
+labor, and introducing him to one of the then famous landscape painters
+of Philadelphia, Mr. Paul Webber, was the turning point in his career.
+Subsequently another artist, James Hamilton, guided him in his
+particular bent of marine painting, and after the usual hardships and
+struggle for recognition, the fate of all young artists, he finally was
+enabled to open a little studio in a garret over a cigar store with an
+entrance up a back alley. The works which emanated from there attracted
+such wide attention that he gradually rose to fame and fortune. His
+pictures were accepted by all the American academies, as well as the
+London Royal Academy and the Paris Salon, and he received many medals
+and awards. He was a member of the Water-Color Societies of this country
+and of London, of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, an Associate of
+the National Academy of Design, also Vice-President of the Lotos Club
+and connected with many other artistic and social organizations and
+societies.
+
+Why his artistic tastes should have been particularly directed to
+marine painting can be demonstrated just as little as the possession of
+his extraordinary talents at all; and yet for the former a possible
+solution may be found in the fact that his childish imagination and
+predilections may have been moulded through his sea-coast experiences in
+old Lancashire, that picturesque maritime county of northwestern
+England, which is bounded on the west by the Irish Sea. At all events
+Edward Moran loved the sea, and this love guided every stroke of his
+brush in depicting his favorite element. No artist in this country, or
+perhaps in the world, has ever painted such water, and it was not many
+years after his first successes in Philadelphia that his fame spread
+throughout the United States, and he was easily recognized as its first
+marine painter. Fame and prosperity, however, did not turn his head, as
+they so frequently do with little men, but never with men of true
+genius. On the contrary, he worked with redoubled zeal and industry as
+he grew older, so that the number of works which he produced is
+marvellous.
+
+Among his famous paintings, besides the thirteen herein described, may
+be mentioned the following:
+
+"Virginia Sands."
+
+"A Squally Day off Newport."
+
+"Massachusetts Bay."
+
+"New York Harbor."
+
+"The Yacht Race."
+
+"The Battle of Svold."
+
+"Philadelphia from the New Park."
+
+"Minot's Ledge Light-House."
+
+"White Cliffs of Albion."
+
+"Off Block Island."
+
+"Return of the Fishers."
+
+"Outward Bound."
+
+"Low Tide."
+
+"The Gathering Storm."
+
+"Sentinel Rock, Maine."
+
+"Toilers of the Sea."
+
+"Launching of the Life-Boat." (1865.)
+
+"View on Delaware Bay." (1867.)
+
+"Evening on Vineyard Sound." (1867.)
+
+"Pinchyn Castle, North Wales." (1867.)
+
+"Moonrise at Nahant." (1867.)
+
+"The Lord Staying the Waters." (1867.)
+
+"Coast Scene Near Digby." (1868.)
+
+"Departure of the United States Fleet for Port Royal." (1868.)
+
+"After a Gale." (1869.)
+
+"On the Narrows." (1873.)
+
+"The Commerce of Nations Paying Homage to Liberty" (1877)--the great
+picture which came into the possession of Mr. Joseph Drexel, the
+banker--an allegory suggested by the then proposed Statue of Liberty in
+New York Harbor.
+
+"Young Americans out on a Holiday." (1882.)
+
+"Life-Saving Patrol: New Jersey Coast." (1889.)
+
+"Melodies of the Sea." (1890.)
+
+"South Coast of England." (1900.)
+
+But space forbids the complete enumeration of even his more notable
+works, which may be counted by the hundreds.
+
+Mr. Moran, like all men of genius, felt his own strength, though he
+never overrated it; but as a result of this self-consciousness he would
+not brook depreciation, and when, in May, 1868, the Philadelphia Academy
+of Fine Arts, of which he was a member, had hung some of his pictures in
+an inconspicuous and detrimental position in its gallery, he resorted to
+a novel expedient for showing his displeasure. On "varnishing day,"
+prior to the opening of the exhibition to the public, he used a mixture
+of beer and porter, combined with a dry light red, for the purpose of
+"varnishing" his paintings, but the effect of which was that they were
+all coated with a beautiful opaque red substance, so that none of them
+could be recognized, and yet a substance which he could remove, when so
+inclined, without injuring the pictures at all. This called forth a
+storm of criticism from the "Hanging Committee" and the wiseacres of the
+Academy, but he was fully sustained in his course by public opinion and
+the press, and, instead of diminishing, it added to his fame as an
+artist and certainly to his reputation for the courage of his
+convictions.
+
+Mr. Moran was not only a great artist, but a man of genial and
+companionable qualities, which endeared him to all with whom he came in
+contact. He, furthermore, was not only an artist who used oil,
+water-color and pastel with equal facility, and painted landscapes and
+figure pieces as well as marines, but was versatile in his talents. His
+musical instincts were marked, and, although self-taught, he played on a
+number of instruments, and he had also, through years of industrious
+reading and study, become thoroughly well-informed and an interesting
+conversationalist. He was of a most generous nature, and was not only
+ever ready to assist young artists with advice and material aid as well,
+but also, when the occasion arose, to devote the fruit of his labors to
+any meritorious charitable object. Thus, for example, in March, 1871, he
+exhibited in Philadelphia seventy-five of his landscapes and marines,
+all of which he used in illustrating a beautiful catalogue entitled
+"Land and Sea," and not only gave the entire profits of this exhibition
+and of the sale of the catalogue, but also the price obtained for one of
+his important paintings, entitled "The Relief Ship Entering Havre," to
+aid the sufferers of the Franco-Prussian war.
+
+He did not reach the culminating point of excellence in his work in
+middle life or shortly thereafter, like so many other painters, but on
+the contrary grew in breadth and power with advancing years, so that the
+Thirteen Historical Paintings, described in this little book, although
+he gave them the finishing touches only shortly before his death,
+constitute his greatest achievement.
+
+About the year 1872 Mr. Moran sought a still wider field for his
+activities in removing from Philadelphia to the City of New York, where
+for thirty years he was a conspicuous and admired figure in metropolitan
+life, and in his studios, surrounded by all the luxury and comfort that
+prosperity could suggest, he and his talented and hospitable wife drew
+around them a circle of artists, authors, musicians and notable men of
+all classes, among whom may be mentioned actors like Joseph Jefferson,
+F. F. Mackay (both pupils of Mr. Moran) and Charles W. Couldock, writers
+like Richard Watson Gilder and John Clark Ridpath, lawyers like Col.
+Edward C. James and Robert Ingersoll, art connoisseurs like Samuel P.
+Avery and William Schaus, sculptors like Frederic A. Bartholdi and James
+W. A. Macdonald, and of course a host of artists such as Edwin Abbey,
+Albert Bierstadt, Edwin H. Blashfield, John C. Brown, Thomas B. Craig,
+Hamilton Hamilton, Constant Meyer, Paul de Longpré, Henry W. Ranger,
+Vasili Vereschagin and Napoleon Sarony.
+
+It may be added that Mrs. Moran's maiden name was Annette Parmentier,
+and that she was a Southern girl of French descent from the noted
+scientist Antoine Augustin Parmentier, who was the first to introduce
+the potato into France, for which he was decorated by Louis XVI as a
+public benefactor, and honored by a statue erected in his native town of
+Bordeaux. Mr. Moran married Annette (his second wife) in the year 1869,
+and under his instruction and guidance her own talent as an artist was
+developed, and some of her paintings, among them landscapes entitled "A
+Staten Island Study," "The Fisherman's Return," and other pictures, were
+not only exhibited and greatly admired, but were deemed of sufficient
+importance to be reproduced by prominent art publishers. She survived
+her husband by about three and one-half years, having died, at an
+advanced age, in the City of New York on November 7, 1904.
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro.
+
+  MRS. EDWARD MORAN
+  (NÉE ANNETTE PARMENTIER)
+  From a painting by Thomas Sidney Moran]
+
+In his art Mr. Moran followed mainly the bent of his own genius, though
+if he was influenced by any other artists to any extent it was by
+Clarkson Stanfield and Turner, whom he greatly admired and many of whose
+pictures, for the sake of practice, he copied. He was undoubtedly also
+influenced in a general way, as are all eminent artists, by studying the
+master works of the world in Europe, where for that purpose he spent
+some time in the year 1861 and again in 1878 and also in subsequent
+years.
+
+Of Edward Moran it may be truly said that he is another notable example
+of the fact that true genius is not baffled or impaired through adverse
+circumstances or the most humble beginnings, but soars ever upward and
+onward until it achieves its mission, and compels the recognition and
+admiration of the world, to which it is entitled.
+
+
+
+
+  DESCRIPTIVE
+  AND
+  EXPLANATORY
+
+  [Illustration: T. S. M.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE OCEAN
+  The Highway of All Nations
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY.
+
+I.
+
+THE OCEAN--THE HIGHWAY OF ALL NATIONS.[C]
+
+
+This picture has already been briefly referred to, and is considered by
+some critics the greatest of the thirteen. Probably no such sublime
+ocean has ever been painted. How thoroughly it appeals to those who best
+know the sea is illustrated by the blunt but expressive compliment
+bestowed upon it by Admiral Hopkins of the English navy when, in 1892,
+he saw it in the Union League Club of New York, where it was being
+privately shown. After silently studying it for some minutes he turned
+to Mr. Joseph H. Choate, whose guest he was, and said: "I have always
+believed that only an Englishman could paint the sea, but it seems that
+I had to come to America to look upon the most almighty sea that I have
+ever beheld on canvas."
+
+Admiral Hopkins was not aware that, in this, he was in fact
+complimenting one of his own fellow-countrymen, though, in truth, Mr.
+Moran had become an American of Americans through his patriotic ardor
+and long residence here.
+
+In this painting the powers of Mr. Moran as an artist were tested to the
+utmost. For while others have attempted to paint the sea, among whom
+Turner stands pre-eminent, few have ever succeeded in depicting it on so
+large a scale, without a single other object to disturb the aspect
+excepting only the thirteen sea-gulls hovering over its surface, which
+through their number suggest the whole series of these paintings and the
+interesting events connected with the marine history of the United
+States.
+
+This picture is the largest of the series. Not only the water but the
+sky in this painting is superb, with the faint shimmer of the sunlight
+breaking through the clouds. The color is that peculiar green gray,
+which is the most fascinating hue known to the sea, and only present
+when the sky is overcast. The water and the motion of the waves are
+grand beyond comparison--an actual living, moving, foaming mass and as
+seen in mid-ocean. The conception of this painting as introductory to
+the whole series is most poetic. It suggests the deep, dark, dreaded,
+unknown waste of waters which was shrouded in mystery for thousands of
+years until a few daring seamen, first the Norsemen, and then Columbus
+with his little band, undertook the perilous task of lifting the veil.
+Its unexplored expanse naturally and logically preceded every voyage of
+discovery and is the keynote of all the marvellous achievements which
+subsequently constituted it the link between America and the Eastern
+world. It also typifies the greatest of all republics, which was to
+spring up beyond its westernmost limits, for nothing is so free,
+unfettered and seemingly conscious of its own strength and possibilities
+as the mighty ocean.
+
+This painting may be likened to the opening stanzas of an epic poem, in
+which the theme of the story is foreshadowed, and no grander epic was
+ever written than is depicted in these thirteen mighty paintings, of all
+those qualities of heroism and adventure which have ever been thought
+worthy of commemoration in song or story.
+
+How well the famous stanzas of Lord Byron, in Childe Harold's
+Pilgrimage, illustrate the thoughts suggested by this "Ocean" of Edward
+Moran:
+
+    "Roll on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean--roll!
+    Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain;
+    Man marks the earth with ruin--his control
+    Stops with the shore;--upon the watery plain
+    The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain
+    A shadow of man's ravage, save his own,
+    When, for a moment, like a drop of rain,
+    He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan,
+    Without a grave, unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown.
+
+        *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+    "Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form
+    Glasses itself in tempests; in all time,
+    Calm or convulsed--in breeze, or gale, or storm,
+    Icing the pole, or in the torrid clime
+    Dark-heaving;--boundless, endless and sublime--
+    The image of Eternity--the throne
+    Of the Invisible; even from out thy slime
+    The monsters of the deep are made; each zone
+    Obeys thee; thou goest forth, dread, fathomless, alone."
+
+
+
+
+  LANDING OF LIEF ERICKSON
+  in the New World in 1001
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+LANDING OF LIEF ERICKSON IN THE NEW WORLD, IN 1001.[D]
+
+
+While the most notable occurrence in its influence on America was
+undoubtedly the landing of Columbus, as it resulted in the gradual
+colonization and development of the whole continent, the actual
+discovery of the new world was made ages prior to 1492. The landing of
+Lief Erickson was made in 1001, but there is good reason to believe that
+even long prior to that time either the shores or the islands of America
+were reached by Ph[oe]nicians, Irish and Basques, and its western shores
+by the Chinese. The earliest discovery, however, of which there is any
+authenticated record is that by the Eirek (Erick) family of Iceland, and
+these records are not only embraced in the Sagas or histories of the
+Scandinavian chieftains, but more especially in the "Codex Flataeensis,"
+completed in 1387. According to these, Eirek the Red founded colonies in
+Greenland about the year 985, which prospered for over four centuries.
+Remains of buildings and contemporaneous writings establish this beyond
+a doubt. These colonies became Christianized and established churches,
+monasteries, and had bishops in regular succession for about two hundred
+and fifty years. There is nothing marvellous about this account, as
+Greenland was only about two hundred miles distant from Iceland, and
+therefore nearer to that island than the latter was to Norway, whence
+the Icelanders originally came. These colonies became practically
+extinct in the fourteenth century, owing, it is believed, to enormous
+accumulations of ice on the coast, which prevented intercommunication
+between them and Iceland, and cut off their chief food supplies. They
+may also have been decimated through the great pestilence called the
+Black Death, which prevailed in 1349, especially in the northern
+countries; while, if any remained, they are supposed to have been killed
+by the Esquimos, or Skraelings, as they were then called, and who were a
+far more powerful race than the Esquimos of to-day.
+
+The foothold thus gained by the Norsemen in Greenland led to voyages
+southward. Some years after the establishment of these colonies one
+Bjarne Herjulfson was on one of these voyages driven by a storm far
+south of Greenland and saw the coast of the main continent of North
+America, somewhere, it is supposed from his description, between
+Newfoundland and Nantucket. Without landing, he returned to Greenland,
+whence soon thereafter, induced by his accounts, Leif, the son of Eirek
+the Red, undertook the same journey with a single ship and about
+thirty-five men, for the purpose of obtaining possession of the newly
+discovered country. He landed probably at Nantucket Island, and settled
+in the vicinity of the present Fall River, and called the country
+Vinland on account of the grape-vines which grew there in profusion.
+
+In confirmation of the claim that it was in this locality that Leif
+Erickson first set foot, the Norse records are relied upon, which state
+that, at the season when this discovery was made, the sun rose at 7:30
+A.M. and set at 4:30 P.M. This astronomical observation would locate the
+place of landing on the southern coast of New England in the vicinity
+mentioned. That the Norsemen made a settlement in this country, though
+only of brief duration, is a fact in support of which many learned
+treatises have been written, dealing, among other things, with what are
+supposed to be Icelandic inscriptions discovered in that section of the
+country, and the like, a consideration of which, however, would be
+beyond the scope of this writing.
+
+Leif, the son of Eirek, or to preserve the nomenclature of the artist,
+Lief Erickson, is described in the Sagas and other records as a large,
+strong man, of imposing appearance. The ships in which voyages were made
+by the Norsemen in those days were called drakkars, which were propelled
+both by oar and sail; at the ends rose wooden apartments called kastals.
+All the parts out of water were fashioned after the manner of monsters
+or drakkars (dragons, _Drachen_). The prow of the ship represented the
+terrible head, the sides, a continuation of the body, and the rear, the
+tail of the monster bent upward; they bore a single sail covered with
+warlike paintings, and to the mast were also frequently hoisted the
+coats of arms of various chiefs. It was in ships of this character that
+these bold seamen braved the perils of the ocean, and it was in similar
+ships that William, the Conqueror, came to England; and yet even these
+vessels, frail as they were, were superior, both in seaworthiness and
+size, to the ships of Columbus.
+
+The costumes of the Norsemen consisted of trousers, belt, shirt, and
+often a coat of mail, and over the shoulders they sometimes wore a cloak
+with a fringe or border at the sides. They carried swords with most
+elaborately carved and embossed hilts and scabbards of gilt bronze and
+silver.
+
+To depict the first landing of Lief Erickson amid these surroundings was
+the object of the painter. How well he has succeeded, a mere inspection
+of this canvas will at once reveal. The heroic figure of Lief, himself,
+dreamily and yet with wonderment, looking out upon the newly discovered
+shore, while with uplifted sword his men are apparently consecrating
+the new world with a solemn vow of loyalty, some standing on a small
+boat which is being pushed towards the shore, while others stand
+knee-deep in the shoal water--the form of the ship or drakkar in the
+background, the costumes, swords and all the other accessories--constitute
+a striking and fascinating group. It portrays vividly the solemnity of
+the occasion when the first white men were about to set foot on the
+American continent.
+
+The discovery of Vinland and its subsequent colonization by Thorfinn are
+referred to in the beautiful verses of Bayard Taylor, written on the
+occasion of his visit to Iceland to attend its millennial celebration,
+in August, 1874.
+
+    "We come, the children of thy Vinland,
+      The youngest of the world's high peers,
+    O land of steel, and song, and saga,
+      To greet thy glorious thousand years.
+
+    "Across that sea the son of Erik
+      Dared with his venturous dragon's prow;
+    From shores where Thorfinn set thy banner
+      Their latest children seek thee now.
+
+        *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+    "What though thy native harps be silent?
+      The chord they struck shall ours prolong;
+    We claim thee kindred, call thee mother,
+      O land of saga, steel and song!"
+
+
+
+
+  THE SANTA MARIA, NIŅA AND PINTA
+
+  (_Evening of October 11, 1492_)
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+  THE DEBARKATION OF COLUMBUS
+
+  (_Morning of October 12, 1492_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+THE SANTA MARIA, NIŅA AND PINTA (EVENING OF OCTOBER 11, 1492)[E]
+
+AND
+
+IV.
+
+THE DEBARKATION OF COLUMBUS (MORNING OF OCTOBER 12, 1492).[F]
+
+
+The landing of Columbus was an historical event of such importance in
+its consequences that the artist wisely celebrates it in both of these
+pictures.
+
+We little realize what it meant to brave the perils of the unexplored
+ocean in the year 1492. We marvel when some adventurous navigator, even
+now, when every current and wind of the ocean have been observed for
+five hundred years, and are accurately known and precisely charted,
+undertakes to cross it in a somewhat diminutive vessel. What, then, must
+have been the courage of Columbus, when, at the advanced age of
+fifty-seven, he ventured with his crew upon this perilous undertaking in
+three frail barks or caravels, the largest of them equipped with a
+single deck and a single bridge, with an awkward one-story compartment
+at the prow and a two-story compartment at the stern, and the two others
+without any deck at all, with their little masts carrying awkward,
+unwieldy, partly square and partly lateen sails!
+
+The three crews consisted of only one hundred and four men combined, of
+which fifty were on the little "Santa Maria," which was only about
+sixty-three feet over all in length, with a fifty-one foot keel, twenty
+foot beam, and a depth of ten and one-half feet, under the command of
+the "Admiral" himself, as he was pompously called, and thirty on the
+still smaller "Pinta," under the command of "Captain" Martin Alonso
+Pinzon, while the still more diminutive cockle-shell "Niņa" contained
+the formidable crew of twenty-four under the command of the brother of
+Martin Alonso, the redoubtable "Captain" Vincente Yanez Pinzon. And then
+to think that, instead of being encouraged and lauded for his
+enterprise, the prelude consisted of discouragement, derision and
+persecution of the foolhardy seaman who dared to brave the superstitions
+of the age and the unknown ocean which was supposed to be peopled with
+demons and monsters, in quest of what was believed to be an absolutely
+impossible pathway to China and the East Indies, and from which there
+could not be any hope of return. A model of these caravels was exhibited
+in the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, at the sight of which
+wonder grew to incredulity that, under such circumstances as surrounded
+this first voyage of Columbus, any one should have risked his life in
+such a craft.
+
+Even assuming with John Fiske that the spherical form of the earth was
+known long before Columbus, and that he derived his knowledge of the
+existence of the westernmost shore of the Atlantic Ocean through
+information which he received of the voyages of the Norsemen, on his
+visit to Iceland in 1477, his opinion that the same shore might be
+reached by crossing the Atlantic, where it had never been traversed
+before, was based upon mere surmise. No wonder that his crew were
+disheartened and on the verge of open mutiny when, under such
+circumstances, after about sixty-nine days had elapsed since they had
+sailed from Palos on August 3, 1492, they had still not reached the
+longed-for land. What faith, almost inspired, must have been his, that
+he should succeed in persuading his men to hold out only a few days
+more, and how strange that on the very next day, the seventieth of his
+voyage, on the evening of October 11, 1492, the long-wished-for goal
+should be descried in the dim distance, and that on the following day
+they should actually disembark from their floating prisons to stand once
+more upon solid ground!
+
+The artist has chosen the inspiring moments of these two events to
+immortalize them in these two pictures: in the one, the three tiny barks
+in the shadow of the evening, still in the gloom and uncertainty of what
+the morrow would bring forth--and then, in the other, the brilliant
+spectacle of Columbus with cross uplifted, in magnificent regalia of
+scarlet and gold and purple, and his officers with the standards of
+Castile and Leon, and the white and green colors of the expedition,
+disembarking with his men when his hopes had become a reality, for the
+purpose of claiming the newly discovered land.
+
+I quote from Emilio Castelar the following description of the events
+illustrated by these pictures:
+
+     "Land! land! the cry fell as a joyous peal upon the ears of these
+     mariners who had given themselves up as lost and doomed to die in
+     the fathomless vast.
+
+     "When Columbus heard the glad cry he knelt in rapture on the deck
+     and with clasped hands lifted his joy-filled eyes to Heaven and
+     intoned the 'Gloria in Excelsis' to the Author of all things.
+
+     "The signs of land now made it high time to prepare for the
+     debarkation for which all measures had been wisely planned by the
+     admiral, who had never doubted the realization of his predictions.
+
+     "Each moment brought a revelation. A solitary, half-tamed
+     turtle-dove flew near them and was followed by a floating, leafy
+     reed.
+
+     "About two in the morning of October 12th, amid the sheen of the
+     stars and phosphorescence of the sea, one of the crew, with eyes
+     accustomed, like some nocturnal creature, to the darkness, cried
+     'Land! land!'
+
+               *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+     "Columbus donned his richest apparel, upon his shoulders a cloak of
+     rosy purple, and grasped in one hand the sword of combat and in the
+     other the Redeemer's cross; then, disembarking, he knelt upon the
+     land, and, with uplifted arms, joined with his followers in the Te
+     Deum."
+
+In these paintings much is left to the imagination, which renders them
+all the more beautiful and poetical, although also in them the artist
+has accurately portrayed the caravels, costumes, figures and indications
+of the nearby shore, so that the scenes are vividly brought to mind as
+actually described in the journals of the great navigator himself and
+his first biographer, his own son Ferdinand.
+
+It is not the purpose of the author to write history, and yet how
+tempting, in the study of these pictures, is it to reflect upon and
+recall the romance which surrounds the whole life of Columbus and his
+period: the honors which he received on his return to Spain, his
+subsequent two additional voyages of discovery, when, to those of the
+first, consisting of San Salvador, Cuba, and the other islands, he added
+that of the continent of South America; how he returned from his third
+voyage in chains and afterwards died in poverty and forgotten at
+Valladolid, on May 20, 1506, his name scarcely mentioned at the time in
+the records of that town; how still stranger that Columbus never knew
+that he had discovered a new continent, but believed that, as he had
+originally intended, he had reached the shores of the Indies and China
+or Cathay by a new route, and therefore gave them the name which has
+ever since attached to the islands where he first landed, of the West
+Indies, and called the natives, Indians; and, strangest of all, that
+four hundred and six years after he first landed at San Salvador, the
+remains of the great discoverer should have been transferred from the
+cathedral at Havana to Spain, the scene of all his triumphs and all his
+sorrows, on September 24, 1898, just about the close of the
+Spanish-American war, which is celebrated in the last or thirteenth of
+this remarkable series of paintings.
+
+The courage, faith and fortitude of Columbus in persisting in his
+westward journey, in full confidence that he would eventually reach the
+shore which must ever have been pictured in his mind, in spite of the
+doubts and fears and protestations of his weary crew, are beautifully
+and concisely expressed in the stanzas of Friedrich Schiller:[G]
+
+    "Brave sailor, steer onward! Though the jester deride
+    And the hand of the pilot the helm drops in fear;
+    Sail on to the West, till that shore is descried
+    Which so clearly defined to thy mind doth appear.
+
+    "Follow God's guiding hand and the great silent ocean!
+    For the shore, were it not, from the waves it would rise.
+    With genius is nature linked in such bonds of devotion
+    That what genius presages, nature never denies."
+
+
+
+
+  MIDNIGHT MASS ON THE MISSISSIPPI
+  Over the Body of Ferdinand de Soto
+
+  1542
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+MIDNIGHT MASS ON THE MISSISSIPPI OVER THE BODY OF FERDINAND DE SOTO,
+1542.[H]
+
+
+As simple, gloomy and severe as were the circumstances surrounding the
+departure of the expeditions of Lief Erickson and Columbus, and
+subsequently of Henry Hudson and the Pilgrim Fathers, so brilliant,
+hopeful and coveted was the journey of Fernando De Soto, when he set
+sail from Spain in April, 1538, to conquer Florida and in search of a
+new Eldorado. Having previously returned from the conquest of Peru, as
+the chief lieutenant of Francisco Pizarro, possessed of great wealth,
+and through his marriage with the beautiful Isabella Bobadilla
+affiliated with the highest nobility, and having been appointed Governor
+of Cuba by Charles V.--the flower of the Spanish and Portuguese
+aristocracy flocked to his standard. The seven large and three small
+ships, including his flag-ship, the "San Christoval," in which the
+expedition set sail, were fitted out with great splendor. De Soto was
+then forty-two years of age, having been born at Xeres, Spain, in 1496,
+while his followers were mostly young men, and a more gorgeous or joyous
+company cannot be imagined. With them went the wife of De Soto and many
+other beautiful women, and the voyage was one round of pleasure and
+festivities. After landing and wintering in Cuba he started from there
+in May, 1539, with a following of one thousand men in nine ships,
+leaving the administration of Cuba in the hands of his wife and the
+Lieutenant-Governor. The original splendor was preserved, the leaders
+being clad in gorgeous armor and, followed by a host of servants and
+priests, they took with them all manner of live stock, cattle, horses,
+mules, etc., and were provided with all sorts of weapons and trappings,
+but also, significantly, with blood-hounds, handcuffs and iron
+neck-collars. Thus they landed in Florida, in the neighborhood of Tampa
+Bay, and began their march northward in the month of June, 1539, the
+cavaliers to the number of one hundred and thirteen on horseback, and
+the rest on foot. They passed the winter near the present Georgia
+border, and in the spring of 1540 reached the location of the present
+city of Savannah. Instead of pacifying, they alienated the natives
+through many acts of hostility, in the exuberance of their youth and
+prowess, in consequence of which many members of the expedition were
+killed in battle and others died through sickness and deprivation.
+Nevertheless, they pushed on still further westward towards the Rocky
+Mountains, and in May, 1541, discovered and crossed the Mississippi
+River near Lower Chickasaw Bluff, a little north of the thirty-fourth
+parallel of latitude, in Tunica County, in what is now the State of
+Mississippi. On again reaching the Mississippi on the return march, De
+Soto, in consequence of the exposure and hardships to which he had been
+subjected, sank down with a fever from which he died on May 21, 1542.
+Owing to the awe which he had inspired in the minds of the natives it
+was deemed wise by the remnant of his followers to conceal the fact of
+his death. Accordingly at the dead of night he was wrapped in a flag, in
+which sand had been sown, and taken in a boat to the middle of the
+river, and amid the glare of torches, the chanting by the priests of the
+midnight mass, and his sorrowing and silent companions, solemnly
+consigned to the depths of the great river.
+
+It is this solemn moment which the artist has caught in the painting
+bearing the above title. As in all the other pictures he has, also in
+this, depicted all the important details of the occasion without
+descending to such minute particularity that the painting would lose its
+poetic character. The sad scene recalls vividly to the mind--in contrast
+with the high hope and magnificent display of the expedition at its
+start--the futility of human ambition.
+
+The tone of the picture is heightened through the mingling of the pale
+moonlight with the lurid reflection from the torches, and the coloring
+altogether is such that it is in perfect harmony with the occasion.
+
+It is unnecessary to dwell upon the subsequent fate of the remnant of
+the expedition, except, perhaps, to say that the picture itself gains in
+interest by contemplating that, after wandering through the pathless
+forests, wading swamps, swimming rivers and fighting Indians all the
+time, and deprived of their leader, and after four years of hardships
+from the time that the expedition set out, those who were left made
+their way to Mexico. In the meantime the beautiful wife of De Soto had
+died brokenhearted, and never was there, all in all, a more tragic
+ending to an expedition commenced amid so much pomp and glory and with
+such sanguine expectations. His longed-for Eldorado was not found, and
+yet De Soto, not unlike Columbus, gained immortality more surely than if
+his expectations had been realized; for the Father of Waters, the
+greatest river in the world, will always be associated with his name,
+and the acquisition of the vast province of Louisiana by Spain led the
+way for its subsequent transfer to the United States. It was on April
+30, 1803, that through the negotiations conducted by James Monroe and
+Robert Livingston the Province of Louisiana was purchased for the sum of
+about $15,000,000 from France, which nation had prior thereto acquired
+it from Spain.
+
+In view of the chapters of history which a contemplation of this picture
+recalls, it is of particular interest during this year (1904), when
+through the magnificent Louisiana Purchase Exposition we are celebrating
+the centennial anniversary of the acquisition by the United States of
+the vast territory, which before De Soto and his followers the foot of
+white man had never trod.
+
+
+
+
+  HENRY HUDSON ENTERING NEW YORK BAY
+
+  (_September 11, 1609_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+HENRY HUDSON ENTERING NEW YORK BAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1609.[I]
+
+
+Previous to his discovery of the Hudson River, Henry Hudson, an
+Englishman, sometimes erroneously called Hendrick Hudson because the
+ship in which he sailed was fitted out under the auspices of the Dutch
+East India Company and the Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce, had made three
+voyages to find a northwest passage to China and India. To reach those
+shores _via_ the Atlantic seems to have been the goal of all the early
+discoverers, including Columbus and also De Soto, who, before his
+Florida expedition, had explored the coast of Central America, on the
+Pacific Ocean, in search of a passage through the American continent;
+and even Hudson sailed up the Hudson River in the expectation that it
+would lead on to the Pacific Ocean and thus to Asia. Hudson was not the
+only Englishman who had received encouragement and assistance from
+Holland when his own land had failed him, the same as did the Pilgrims
+soon thereafter, when they sought refuge in that enlightened and
+enterprising country.
+
+He sailed from Amsterdam on April 6, 1609, in a clumsy, two-masted craft
+with square sails called the "Half Moon," a Dutch galiot of only ninety
+tons, with a crew of twenty men, in an extreme northwesterly direction,
+but being driven back by the ice, skirted along the Atlantic coast,
+passing through Casco Bay, Maine, as far south as Chesapeake Bay, and
+thence again northward, and entered Raritan Bay, south of Staten Island,
+on September 11, 1609, into the present harbor of New York, and, on
+September 14th, sailed up the Hudson River almost as far as Albany.
+
+The return voyage down the Hudson to its mouth, owing to adverse winds,
+occupied eleven days, and on November 7, 1609, he landed at Dartmouth,
+England, where, owing to the jealousy of the English Government, the
+crew was detained and his ship seized, although she had borne the Dutch
+flag and Hudson had claimed the sovereignty of the soil for that country
+over that portion of the American continent which he had discovered. It
+was to all intents and purposes a discovery, as the first definite
+historic account of the existence of this part of the new world dated
+from this voyage, of which he kept a careful journal, however probable
+it may be that, before him, other Europeans had looked upon Manhattan
+Island and the Hudson River, in view of the many expeditions to America
+during the long period from the tenth to the seventeenth centuries.
+
+The discovery of Hudson led almost immediately to numerous trading
+voyages, and thereafter to temporary, and then to regular and permanent
+colonization, and finally to the foundation of the great City of New
+York. Also with Hudson, the same as with Columbus and De Soto, is thus
+linked a discovery far greater in its consequences than if he had
+succeeded in reaching the goal which he originally set out to find. Like
+theirs, also his ending was sad and tragic, for on a subsequent
+northwestern voyage, his mutinous crew cast him, together with his son
+and seven of his faithful men, adrift amid the ice of Hudson Bay, which
+bears his name, thus like De Soto perishing in the very waters which he
+had discovered.
+
+His life is wrapt in mystery; nothing is known of it except during the
+four years occupied with his voyages (1607 to 1611), and that he was
+probably the son of Christopher Hudson, one of the factors of the
+Muscovy Company. There is not even an authentic portrait of him in
+existence.
+
+The interest of this painting centers in the scene, which it vividly
+depicts, of the effect upon the natives of this first sight of a ship.
+Nothing could be more intense than the expression of mingled fear and
+defiant surprise portrayed in the face and attitude of the young Indian
+warrior, that so strange an object should dare to approach his hitherto
+undisputed domain of the shore. This interest is heightened through the
+grouping of the squaw and Indian dog, with the Indian hut or tepee in
+the background on the edge of the forest, and the rocky shore in the
+foreground. The ship itself is subordinated to the representation of
+this idea, being only dimly seen in the distance.
+
+Through this conception, the artist was enabled to present a picture
+which adds to the variety of the series, and at the same time
+demonstrates his surpassing mastery of figure and landscape painting as
+well.
+
+
+
+
+  EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS
+  From Southampton
+
+  (_August 5, 1620_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS FROM SOUTHAMPTON, AUGUST 5, 1620.[J]
+
+
+A sadder journey than that of the Pilgrims, both in its inception in
+leaving home and kindred and fleeing from persecution, and in its ending
+in the inconceivable hardships which they had to endure in the new
+world, was probably never undertaken than when, on August 5, 1620, the
+"Mayflower" sailed out of the harbor of Southampton.
+
+It must have been with heavy hearts and the gloomiest forebodings, and
+yet buoyed up with the hope of finding a permanent refuge beyond the
+ocean, for the exercise of that freedom of conscience for which they had
+previously found only a temporary abode at Leyden, Holland, that the
+hundred brave men and women, representing twenty-three different
+families, consigned their lives and fortunes into the hands of the crew
+of the little one hundred and sixty ton vessel that for almost five long
+months was to battle with storm and winds across the dreaded Atlantic,
+until on December 21, 1620, they anchored on the shores of
+Massachusetts, and, with that spirit of loyalty, still, to the land from
+which they had fled, named the spot where they first landed, Plymouth
+Rock, to which they had been driven in the stress and storm, instead of
+reaching the Virginia colony, for which they had set sail.
+
+What that departure of the Pilgrims from England meant to those left
+behind on the shore at Southampton can hardly be conceived by those who,
+in our day, at some magnificent steamship pier, amid the strains of
+music and a shower of flowers, now and anon wave a farewell to their
+friends, perhaps bound on a pleasure tour in some leviathan of the
+ocean, of twenty thousand or more tons burden, and fitted up in more
+regal splendor than the most gorgeous palaces of the age of the
+Pilgrims.
+
+It is to the sadness of this departure that the artist, in this canvas,
+has undertaken to give expression in the mournful group of friends on
+the shore, waving a final farewell and wistfully gazing at the
+"Mayflower," lying in mid-water and evidently waiting for the last
+passengers to arrive before setting sail on its perilous voyage into the
+mysterious darkness of the approaching night. There is a mellow gray
+light of evening diffused throughout this painting which is almost
+indescribable, with the moon casting its rays across the water, so
+perfectly is it in harmony with the thread of the whole story which is
+suggested by this inimitable picture.
+
+I can think of no more fitting words to accompany this canvas than those
+of Edward Everett, in his oration at Plymouth, on December 22, 1824, on
+"The Emigration of the Pilgrim Fathers":
+
+     "Methinks I see it now, that one solitary, adventurous vessel, the
+     'Mayflower' of a forlorn hope, freighted with the prospects of a
+     future State, and bound across the unknown sea. I behold it
+     pursuing, with a thousand misgivings, the uncertain, the tedious
+     voyage. Suns rise and set, and weeks and months pass, and winter
+     surprises them on the deep, but brings them not the sight of the
+     wished-for shore. I see them now scantily supplied with provisions,
+     crowded almost to suffocation in their ill-stored prison, delayed
+     by calms, pursuing a circuitous route; and now driven in fury
+     before the raging tempest, on the high and giddy waves. The awful
+     voice of the storm howls through the rigging. The laboring masts
+     seem straining from their base; the dismal sound of the pumps is
+     heard; the ship leaps, as it were, madly from billow to billow; the
+     ocean breaks, and settles with engulfing floods over the floating
+     deck, and beats with deadening weight against the staggered vessel.
+     I see them, escaped from these perils, pursuing their all but
+     desperate undertaking, and landed at last, after five months'
+     passage, on the ice-clad rocks of Plymouth,--weak and weary from
+     the voyage, poorly armed, scantily provisioned, depending on the
+     charity of their shipmaster for a draft of beer on board, drinking
+     nothing but water on shore, without shelter, without means,
+     surrounded by hostile tribes."
+
+What an extraordinary coincidence it is that a Dutch slaver, laden with
+slaves for Virginia, should be on the ocean at the same time with the
+"Mayflower," in whose cabin was written the first charter of
+independence, the first American constitution, in the words following:
+
+     "In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the
+     loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the
+     grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland king, defender
+     of the faith, etc., having undertaken, for the glory of God, and
+     advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and
+     country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts
+     of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the
+     presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves
+     together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and
+     preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue
+     hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws,
+     ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time,
+     as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good
+     of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and
+     obedience."
+
+What but a reflection of these words is the memorable preamble to the
+Constitution of the United States, framed by the convention of 1787:
+
+     "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more
+     perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity,
+     provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and
+     secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
+     ordain this Constitution for the United States of America."
+
+What a debt of gratitude we owe to the leaders of that expedition,
+Carver, Winslow, Bradford and Standish, who thus planted this colony in
+the United States, practically the first after that in Virginia--but
+also to the great artist who fortunately came from the shores of the
+same England to immortalize, through this beautiful picture, the first
+scene in the drama whose culmination is the establishment of the
+greatest republic that the world has ever seen!
+
+    "There were men with hoary hair
+      Amidst that pilgrim-band:
+    Why had they come to wither there,
+      Away from their childhood's land?
+
+    "There was woman's fearless eye,
+      Lit by her deep love's truth;
+    There was manhood's brow serenely high,
+      And the fiery heart of youth.
+
+    "What sought they thus afar?
+      Bright jewels of the mine?
+    The wealth of seas, the spoils of war?--
+      They sought a faith's pure shrine!
+
+    "Ay, call it holy ground,
+      The soil where first they trod;
+    They have left unstained what there they found--
+      Freedom to worship God."
+
+                        FELICIA HEMANS.
+
+
+
+
+  FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG
+  By a Foreign Government
+
+  (_In the Harbor of Quiberon, France, February 13, 1778_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG BY A FOREIGN GOVERNMENT.
+
+_In the Harbor of Quiberon, France, February 13, 1778._[K]
+
+    "When Freedom, from her mountain height,
+      Unfurled her standard to the air,
+    She tore the azure robe of night
+      And set the stars of glory there!
+    She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
+    The milky baldric of the skies,
+    And striped its pure, celestial white
+    With streakings of the morning light."
+
+                                    DRAKE.
+
+Between the time of the landing of the Pilgrims and the event
+represented in this picture one hundred and fifty-eight years had
+elapsed. The hardy pioneers who had ventured across the ocean in
+considerable numbers had increased to thirteen colonies, the Declaration
+of Independence had been signed, the War of the Revolution was being
+fought, a preliminary confederation had been formed among the thirteen
+States, the first American Congress had met, and this, on June 14, 1777,
+"Resolved that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen
+stripes, alternate red and white; and the Union be thirteen white stars
+on a blue field," and on the same day had appointed John Paul Jones,
+usually known as Paul Jones, to the command of the "Ranger," who soon
+thereafter hoisted the new flag on board that vessel at Portsmouth. The
+"Ranger" set out to sea about November 1st, her battery consisting of
+sixteen six-pounders, throwing only forty-eight pounds of shot from a
+broadside, an armament which appears grotesquely lilliputian in
+comparison with the thirteen-inch guns, firing projectiles of over half
+a ton from our steel-armored battleships of to-day, which cost as much
+as five million dollars and are of 16,000 tons burden. With this little
+ship he sailed to Europe, capturing two prizes on the way, and, after
+touching at Nantes, sailed to Quiberon Bay, east of Quiberon, on the Bay
+of Biscay, a small town and peninsula about twenty-two miles south-east
+of Lorient, convoying some American vessels, and placing them under the
+protection of the French fleet commanded by Admiral La Motte Piquet. The
+story represented in this picture he tells in his own language in a
+letter to the Naval Committee, dated February 22, 1778: "I am happy to
+have it in my power to congratulate on my having seen the American flag
+for the first time recognized in the fullest and completest manner by
+the flag of France." He then recounts how, after preliminary
+communications with the Admiral, the latter thus honored the flag on
+February 13th, which he characterized as "an acknowledgment of American
+independence."
+
+This, as well as each of the five subsequent paintings, depicts an
+important event in the history of our navy, and must be dear to every
+American heart in the incident which is thus perpetuated. The American
+flag is proudly displayed from the masthead and stern of the "Ranger,"
+and the coloring is so adjusted that the flag appears to wave in the
+brightest light of the picture. The smoke of the booming cannon from the
+French fleet, the motion of the water, and the row-boats evidently
+plying in friendly intercourse among the ships, the sky effect--all
+together combine to produce a piece of superb marine painting.
+
+Space forbids dwelling upon the exceptional, romantic, daring and
+successful career of Paul Jones, who was born in Scotland on July 6,
+1747, and died in Paris on July 18, 1792, the first of that long list of
+heroic figures which have made the history of the American navy so
+illustrious.
+
+    "The man that is not moved at what he reads,
+    That takes not fire at their heroic deeds,
+    Unworthy of the blessings of the brave,
+    Is base in kind, and born to be a slave."
+
+                                       COWPER.
+
+_Note._--Additional interest is lent to this canvas through the fact
+that quite recently (April, 1905) the remains of John Paul Jones, the
+hero of the occasion, were discovered in Paris, and are to be interred
+in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+  BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA
+
+  (_In the Harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA.
+
+_In the Harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804._[L]
+
+
+This canvas represents one of the most daring feats ever performed in
+naval warfare, equalled only, perhaps, by the exploit of Lieutenant
+Hobson in sinking the collier "Merrimac" in the harbor of Santiago
+during the Spanish-American war of 1898. Lord Nelson characterized the
+burning of the "Philadelphia" as the most daring act of the age. The
+"Philadelphia" was the sister ship of the famous "Constitution," and
+under the command of Captain Bainbridge had been despatched to Tripoli
+to demand satisfaction for losses suffered by our merchant marine at the
+hands of Algerian pirates, who had been preying upon the commerce of the
+world for years. Arriving on the Algerian coast, she was led upon a reef
+by pirates whom she was chasing, her officers and crew were taken
+prisoners, her guns were thrown overboard, and she was taken into the
+harbor by her captors, and there remanned, regunned and made ready to
+defend the city against the other American ships which were blockading
+the port.
+
+From his prison Captain Bainbridge managed to get into communication
+with the American fleet, and to suggest the feasibility of destroying
+the "Philadelphia." Acting upon this suggestion Lieutenant Decatur
+undertook the perilous task. Decatur had sailed into the harbor of
+Tripoli in the frigate "United States" in the Preble expedition and
+captured a small Tripolitan vessel, which was renamed the "Intrepid." In
+her, with a crew of seventy-four brave volunteers, and accompanied by
+the "Siren," he sailed straight up to the "Philadelphia" in the evening,
+sprang on board with his men, and after a furious struggle and under the
+fire of the coast batteries, whose cannon swept the approach to the
+"Philadelphia," the Americans either killed or drove into the sea all
+the Tripolitans on board the "Philadelphia," which was set on fire,
+while the "Intrepid," with the assistance of the "Siren," escaped
+without the loss of a single man. It was a deed of marvellous bravery,
+so much so that on November 15, 1804, Thomas Jefferson sent a special
+message to Congress stating that Lieutenant Decatur had been advanced to
+be a Captain, and it is not surprising that so brave a seaman gradually
+rose to the rank of Commodore in the United States navy. He was the hero
+of many subsequent brilliant exploits, principally in foreign waters,
+and effectually showed the nations of Europe how to put an end to the
+piracy and insolence of the Barbary States, which had lasted for nearly
+three centuries. He was the recipient of many distinguished honors, and
+was presented with a sword by Congress for his share in the destruction
+of the "Philadelphia," and in 1812 with a gold medal for his capture of
+the British frigate "Macedonian" by his own ship the "United States."
+His patriotic devotion to his country is well exemplified in a toast
+which he proposed in 1816 on the occasion of a banquet which was
+tendered to him: "Our Country! In her intercourse with foreign nations,
+may she always be in the right; but our Country, right or wrong."
+
+Decatur was born in Maryland on January 5, 1779, and died on March 22,
+1820, in a duel with Commodore Barron.
+
+Andrew Jackson, in his first annual message to Congress on December 8,
+1829, referred to the heroic deed represented in this painting in the
+following language:
+
+     "I cannot close this communication without bringing to your view
+     the just claim of the representatives of Commodore Decatur, his
+     officers and crew, arising from the recapture of the frigate
+     'Philadelphia' under the heavy batteries of Tripoli. Although
+     sensible, as a general rule, of the impropriety of Executive
+     interference under a Government like ours, where every individual
+     enjoys the right of directly petitioning Congress, yet, viewing
+     this case as one of very peculiar character, I deem it my duty to
+     recommend it to your favorable consideration. Besides the justice
+     of this claim, as corresponding to those which have been since
+     recognized and satisfied, it is the fruit of a deed of patriotic
+     and chivalrous daring which infused life and confidence into our
+     infant navy and contributed as much as any exploit in its history
+     to elevate our national character. Public gratitude, therefore,
+     stamps her seal upon it, and the meed should not be withheld which
+     may hereafter operate as a stimulus to our gallant tars."
+
+The burning of the "Philadelphia" is one of the most striking pictures
+in the series. The effect of the mounting flames against the moonless
+and midnight sky is impressive and spectacular, and their lurid
+reflection in the water, with a glimpse of the Algerian fort and
+batteries in the background to the right, and the little vessel of
+Decatur, fittingly named the "Intrepid," skimming along the water away
+from the burning ship, with swelling sail and powerful stroke of oar,
+with the dense masses of smoke rising to the extreme height of the
+painting and a shower of burning embers descending into the
+water--produce an effect, so vivid and realistic, of a great
+conflagration, that the eye is riveted to the scene with never-failing
+interest.
+
+
+
+
+  THE BRIG ARMSTRONG ENGAGING THE BRITISH FLEET
+
+  (_In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26, 1814_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+THE BRIG ARMSTRONG ENGAGING THE BRITISH FLEET.
+
+_In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26, 1814._[M]
+
+
+It is difficult to discriminate, in awarding the meed of praise for
+bravery, amid the many heroic deeds of the American navy. For fighting
+qualities and success in repulsing overwhelming numbers the exploit of
+Captain Samuel Chester Reid, in his battle with the British seamen which
+this picture illustrates, has never been surpassed. It was on the 26th
+of September, 1814, that the privateer, the brig "Armstrong," which had
+been fitted out in New York, cast anchor in the harbor of Fayal, one of
+the Azores, belonging to the neutral government of Portugal. About the
+same time three British ships, the "Plantagenet," the "Carnation" and
+the "Rota," under the command of Commodore Lloyd, appeared in the same
+harbor, and without further ceremony sent out four boat loads of men
+towards the brig "Armstrong," evidently with hostile intention. Captain
+Reid, realizing the futility of relying upon the protection of the
+impotent Portuguese authorities, prepared for the worst, and, on
+receiving a threatening response to a challenge which he addressed to
+the approaching boats, he unhesitatingly opened fire. As his crew
+consisted of only ninety men, his armament of eight nine-pounders, with
+only the famous "Long Tom," a twenty-four pounder (which was exhibited
+at the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893) as a gun of any consequence to
+rely upon, while the enemy numbered over two thousand men and had a
+combined armament of one hundred and thirty-six guns, the hardihood of
+this initial proceeding will be apparent. After having suffered some
+loss in killed and wounded, three of the enemy's boats beat a hasty
+retreat, the fourth having been sunk, but about midnight the attack was
+renewed by fourteen boats, loaded to the guards with at least four
+hundred men. Captain Reid with his men fought like tigers, and "Long
+Tom," under the command of William Copeland, mowed down the enemy
+without giving them a chance to carry out their evident intention of
+capturing the ship. The battle lasted only forty minutes, but during
+this time two boats of the enemy had been captured and two sunk, and
+nearly three hundred of their men either killed or wounded, while Reid
+achieved a complete victory with the loss of only two men killed and
+seven wounded. A third attack was made by the enemy soon after daybreak,
+this time directly with the guns of the brig "Carnation," but "Long
+Tom," with its twenty-four pound shots, did so much damage to the hull
+of the enemy's ship that she was forced to withdraw, thus leaving the
+victory for the third time with Captain Reid. Having so far succeeded in
+warding off the enemy, Captain Reid thereupon, however, realizing the
+futility of continuing to fight against such odds, left the brig, after
+having scuttled and set her on fire, and reached the shore in safety.
+There the inhabitants of the town did all in their power to care for the
+wounded and protect the brave little band, who had barricaded themselves
+in a small stone church; and a demand made by the British commander for
+their surrender, on the ground that there were deserters among them,
+proved futile, as the charge could not be established.
+
+Subsequently the Portuguese Government raised "Long Tom," the historic
+gun of the "Armstrong," and presented it to the United States
+Government, and in January, 1887, Samuel C. Reid, the son and namesake
+of the valiant Captain, offered through President Cleveland to the
+United States the battle sword of his father--thus preserving these two
+invaluable relics as mementos of one of the most remarkable sea-fights
+in history.
+
+Years later, Louis Napoleon, then Emperor of France, undertook to
+arbitrate the claims of the United States Government against the British
+Government for the loss of the "Armstrong," but decided in favor of the
+British on the ground that Captain Reid had opened fire on the British
+ships and thereby had failed to respect the neutrality of the port and
+must abide the result of his commencing hostilities.
+
+The owners of the "Armstrong" made repeated efforts to obtain redress
+for the loss of their ship, but it was not until the year 1897 (about
+the time that Mr. Moran finished this painting) that some money was
+received, and, strange to say, paid over to the widow of the owner, Mr.
+Havens, the old lady then being ninety-eight years of age.
+
+It may be interesting to recall that it was Captain Reid who, about the
+year 1817, designed the present flag of the United States, which for a
+time had been altered to fifteen stripes to designate the number of
+States to which the country had increased. On the suggestion of Captain
+Reid the number was again reduced to thirteen, and the addition of the
+States designated by the number of stars in the blue field. This was
+adopted by Act of Congress on April 4, 1818, and the first flag that was
+flung to the breeze, under the new law, was made by Mrs. Reid, the wife
+of the gallant Captain, the stars in the blue field being arranged at
+that time in the shape of a constellation constituting one great star.
+
+Besides the glory which Captain Reid achieved through his wonderful
+exploit at Fayal--all the more wonderful if it is remembered that he
+and his men were volunteer seamen, untrained in the regular navy of the
+United States--he had rendered his country a service far greater even
+than this feat of arms. It so happened that the ships of Commodore Lloyd
+were bound for the Gulf of Mexico to assist in the attack upon New
+Orleans; but by reason of the injury and demoralization inflicted on
+them by Captain Reid they were delayed long enough to prevent their
+co-operating with the British General, Sir Edward Packenham, in an
+earlier attack upon New Orleans, as originally contemplated, when
+General Jackson was not prepared to meet and defeat the enemy; the
+consequence of which might have been the loss to the United States of
+the entire Province of Louisiana, which had only a decade before been
+acquired from France.
+
+Captain Reid was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on August 25, 1783, and
+died at the venerable age of seventy-eight at New York on January 28,
+1861, on the very eve of our great Civil War, having enjoyed many
+honors, among them an appointment as Warden of the Port of New York.
+
+Not only on account of the extraordinary character of the fight itself,
+but also on account of its indirect consequences, in assisting to bring
+the War of 1812 to a close, is this painting of the greatest interest.
+It measures full up to the excellence of the other numbers of the
+series, notwithstanding the immediate subject was not one which
+presented the most graphic material for the brush of the painter. Mr.
+Moran chose the most thrilling incident of the fight in depicting the
+firing of the brig on the approaching row-boats of the enemy. This he
+has accomplished with consummate skill. He has herein, as in all his
+other battle scenes on the water, avoided the portrayal of carnage and
+destruction of human life in lurid colors as is the custom with most
+painters. He has left these abhorrent scenes to the imagination, and has
+thereby rendered his pictures, while suggesting all the dreadful
+accompaniments of warfare, chaste, and free from scenes which are
+revolting to the feelings.
+
+The picture is perfect in itself, in its representation of the position
+of the "Armstrong," swayed, as it evidently is, through the powerful
+blasts from its own twenty-four pounder--the fire of the rifles from the
+men in the British row-boats--the buildings on the shore in the
+background on the left, with the suggestion of the hills on which the
+town is built and the British ships in the offing on the right--with the
+rising moon in the distance--and the shores of Fayal dimly defined upon
+the horizon, extending, as they do in fact, with their two widening arms
+around the harbor.
+
+
+
+
+  IRON VERSUS WOOD
+  Sinking of the Cumberland by the Merrimac
+
+  (_In Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+IRON VERSUS WOOD--SINKING OF THE CUMBERLAND BY THE MERRIMAC.
+
+_In Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862._[N]
+
+
+The title of this picture suggests not only the unequal character of the
+fight which the wooden ship "Cumberland" fought against the iron-clad
+"Merrimac," the first iron-clad that ever sailed in American waters, but
+also recalls to mind the contrast between the steel-armored battleships
+of the navies of the world of to-day and the wooden hulks which
+prevailed up to that time. It is a long span of time from the battle of
+brave Captain Reid in the harbor of Fayal in 1814 to the year 1861, but
+during that half century little progress had been made in supplying the
+ships of our navy with protecting devices, as there had likewise been
+little occasion for naval warfare. In fact, outside of the Mexican War
+and fights with the Indians, the country was at peace with itself as
+well as with the outside world, and it was not until the great struggle
+for the preservation of the Union called the whole country to arms, both
+on sea and land, that the opportunity was again presented for the
+shedding of additional lustre on our naval history.
+
+The most thrilling and startling of all the events on the sea, during
+this sanguinary conflict, followed when, at noon on March 8, 1862, a
+novel craft, such as had never been seen before, was cut loose from her
+moorings in Norfolk, and, after having steamed down the Elizabeth River,
+was seen to head boldly for Newport News, where lay the United States
+frigate "Congress" of fifty guns, under the command of Lieutenant Joseph
+B. Smith, and the twenty-four gun sloop of war "Cumberland," in charge
+of Lieutenant George U. Morris during the temporary absence of its
+commander, William Radford, two of the fleet of national ships, all
+riding at anchor in fancied security, without a thought of the death and
+destruction which the appearance of the stranger portended. It was an
+odd-looking craft--the "Merrimac," as it is generally called--more like
+a house afloat than a war ship, and the officers of the Federal ships
+were at first inclined to belittle its importance. The undertaking of
+the "Merrimac" itself (or "Virginia," as she was called by the
+Confederates) was one of great courage, the vessel in its last stages
+having but just been converted into an iron-clad, in great haste, out of
+the hulk of a sunken old style man-of-war (the "Merrimac"), which had
+been raised by the Confederates. The experiment was a new one; the men
+had not been drilled; its armament had never been tested, and its
+commander, Commodore Buchanan, had only recently arisen from a sick-bed.
+He had been a Union officer in the regular navy, and as such had placed
+the entire naval service under great obligations in being the first to
+have located the Naval Academy at Annapolis under a commission from the
+Secretary of the Navy. When it was realized by the commanders of the
+American ships that the "Merrimac" was steaming towards them in dead
+earnest there was hurried preparation for the impending conflict, and as
+she approached the "Cumberland" and the "Congress" they opened fire on
+the huge craft, but their heavy projectiles glanced from her as if they
+were paper balls. About 2:30 P.M. the "Merrimac," then within easy
+range, opened fire on the "Cumberland," doing much damage. The two
+Federal ships, which were only about one hundred feet away, then gave
+the "Merrimac" full broadsides, but without the slightest effect, and
+the latter craft mercilessly sent four shells crashing into the
+"Congress," notwithstanding that Commodore Buchanan had a brother,
+McKean Buchanan, paymaster on the "Congress,"--a harrowing illustration
+of the horrifying encounters among the closest kindred in civil warfare.
+After disabling the "Congress," the "Merrimac" directed her attention to
+the "Cumberland," and under a full head of steam her iron prow or ram,
+which projected four feet, struck the Federal ship "nearly at right
+angles under the fore rigging in the starboard fore channels." I quote
+further from Maclay's "History of the Navy": "The shock was scarcely
+felt in the iron-clad, but in the 'Cumberland' it was terrific. The ship
+heeled over to port and trembled as if she had struck a rock under full
+sail, while the iron prow of the 'Merrimac' crushed through her side and
+left a yawning chasm. In backing out of the 'Cumberland,' the 'Merrimac'
+left her iron prow inside the doomed ship. Following up the blow by the
+discharge of her bow gun, she backed clear of the wreck. In response to
+a demand for surrender, Lieutenant Morris defiantly answered, 'Never!
+I'll sink alongside.' * * * * The scene in the 'Cumberland' soon became
+awful. One shell, bursting in the sick bay, killed or wounded four men
+in their cots. More than a hundred of the crew very soon were killed or
+wounded; the cockpit was crowded; the decks were slippery with blood and
+were strewn with the dead and dying, while the inrushing waters and the
+rapid settling of the ship too plainly indicated that she would soon go
+to the bottom. In order to prevent the helpless wounded on the berth
+deck from being drowned, they were lifted up on racks and mess chests,
+and as the ship settled more and more they were removed from this
+temporary refuge and carried on deck and placed amidship. This was all
+that their shipmates could do for them, and when the ship finally went
+down they perished in her."
+
+After sinking the "Cumberland," the "Merrimac" again turned on the
+"Congress" with her entire broadside and, owing to her own impervious
+character, soon got the Federal ship into such condition,
+notwithstanding the heroic defence of her men under Lieutenant Smith,
+who soon was killed, that she had to surrender, and thereafter caught
+fire from the hot shot of the enemy and was destroyed. The "Merrimac,"
+now under the command of Lieutenant Jones, a rifle ball having struck
+both Commodore Buchanan and Flag-Lieutenant Minor, not yet satisfied
+with the destruction which she had wrought, then turned her attention to
+the remaining Federal ships, the "Minnesota," "St. Lawrence" and
+"Roanoke," and after having, with the assistance of some accompanying
+Confederate gunboats, played havoc especially with the "Minnesota,"
+about seven o'clock in the evening, owing to the ebbing tide, turned her
+head towards Sewell's Point, where she anchored for the night, with the
+intention of renewing her dread work on the following morning, after one
+of the most disastrous days in the history of the Federal navy.
+
+In selecting the destruction of the "Cumberland" by the "Merrimac" as
+the subject of this painting, the artist showed his usual good judgment.
+It was one of the earliest as well as most startling incidents of the
+entire war, and in its effect in revolutionizing the construction not
+only of our ships, but those of the world, easily holds first place in
+all naval history. The picture is wonderfully painted and dramatically
+handled and is considered by some critics the most interesting of the
+series.
+
+The huge, truncated bulk of the Confederate ram is shown in the act of
+plunging her prow through the wooden hull of her opponent in the teeth
+of a broadside of fire and shell. The contrast of colors and values is
+forcibly expressed; the black soft coal smoke from the single stack of
+the "Merrimac" drifts forward and envelopes her antagonist as the
+cuttle-fish darkens the water that it may more easily destroy its
+victim.
+
+An examination of this painting is its best description. It is almost
+impossible to paint in words the scene which the great artist has here
+perpetuated with his brush. The water is incomparable and the effect of
+the shipping as a background, the bright afternoon sun, with the stars
+and stripes on the "Cumberland," and the stars and bars, the emblem of
+the Confederacy, on the stern of the death-dealing Southern monster, the
+crowded deck of the "Cumberland," in contrast with the apparently
+unmanned craft of the enemy, all add to the thrilling and vivid effect
+of the extraordinary combat itself.
+
+When the news of the destruction wrought by the "Merrimac" reached the
+North the general consternation was indescribable. At a hastily called
+Cabinet meeting the then Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, is
+reported to have said: "The 'Merrimac' will change the whole character
+of the war; she will destroy every naval vessel; she will lay all
+seaboard cities under contribution; not unlikely we may have a shell or
+cannon ball from one of her guns in the White House before we leave this
+room." But the fate of the "Merrimac" was sealed, for while she was
+being moulded out of the old Federal hulk into the terrifying ram, with
+great ingenuity, by Constructor John L. Porter, with the assistance of
+Chief Engineer William P. Williamson, after some rough drawings prepared
+by Lieutenant John N. Brook, who originated the idea of her
+construction, all then of the Confederate navy--through a strange
+coincidence a genius had been at work in the North perfecting the
+world-renowned little "Monitor," which was soon to meet the formidable
+Southern iron-clad in battle, the history of which is suggested by the
+next painting of the series. It is also strange that in two of the most
+noted dramas in the records of our navy, the one above recounted, and
+that, already referred to, in which Lieutenant Hobson later bore so
+heroic a part, the most conspicuous objects were vessels which were both
+known as the "Merrimac." The valor of Lieutenant Morris, in the part
+which he bore in the defence of the "Cumberland," has been immortalized
+not only through this canvas, but also through a special message of
+Abraham Lincoln to Congress under date of December 10, 1862, as follows:
+
+     "In conformity to the law of July 16, 1862, I most cordially
+     recommend that Lieutenant-Commander George U. Morris, United States
+     Navy, receive a vote of thanks of Congress for the determined valor
+     and heroism displayed in his defence of the United States
+     ship-of-war 'Cumberland,' temporarily under his command, in the
+     naval engagement at Hampton Roads on the 8th March, 1862, with the
+     rebel iron-clad steam frigate 'Merrimac.'"
+
+
+
+
+  THE WHITE SQUADRON'S FAREWELL SALUTE
+  To the Body of
+  CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON
+
+  (_New York Bay, August 25, 1890_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1891, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+THE WHITE SQUADRON'S FAREWELL SALUTE TO THE BODY OF CAPTAIN JOHN
+ERICSSON.
+
+_New York Bay, August 25, 1890._[O]
+
+
+No more fitting funeral cortege could have been devised than the one
+which, on August 25, 1890, conveyed to Sweden, to their last
+resting-place, the remains of the great engineer, John Ericsson, whose
+inventive genius had clad the wooden navies of the world in armor of
+impenetrable iron and steel. Little had he dreamt when, in 1839, at the
+age of thirty-six (he was born at Vermland, Sweden, on July 31, 1803) he
+came to the United States in one of the old wooden ships of that day
+after a weary journey of many weeks--as yet comparatively unknown to
+fame--that at the time of his death, on March 8, 1889, in the city of
+New York, almost twenty-seven years to a day after the epoch-making
+battle of his "Monitor" with the "Merrimac," his name would be on every
+tongue in every land, and that the Government of the United States would
+deem it an honor to place the magnificent protected cruiser "Baltimore"
+of the United States Navy at the disposal of his native country on his
+farewell journey from our shores to his long home, amid the salutes, to
+their flag-ship, of the other giants of the White Squadron and the
+reverent tokens of grief and respect displayed on all the shipping in
+the harbor, as the funeral convoy slowly plied her way towards the
+ocean, with the flags of Sweden and the United States waving at half
+mast over her decks.
+
+It is this impressive panorama which the artist spreads before us in
+this canvas, which was the sensation of the Spring exhibition of 1891 at
+the National Academy of Design in New York. In this picture he has
+delineated details of the shipping from sketches made by himself at the
+time and a careful study of our war vessels, as holds likewise true of
+the next succeeding and last picture of this series. There is something
+impressively grand and solemn about this painting, associated as it is
+with the story of the great inventor. The sky is superb, and the water
+has that realistic motion without turbulence which only Edward Moran
+could depict, while the white gleaming sister ships of the "Baltimore"
+in the background on the right, the shipping in the harbor of all
+descriptions and sizes in more sombre hue on the left, and the Statue of
+Liberty looming up in the rear, stand like sentinels on guard as the
+great white cruiser, with its flags at half mast and its stacks sending
+forth, like a veil of mourning, a cloud of black smoke--ploughs with
+foam encircled prow majestically through the water, like a great living,
+breathing, moving thing.
+
+As this creation of the artist perpetuates the tribute of national
+gratitude to the great inventor of the first "Monitor," so, it may be
+said, a fitting tribute has been paid to the picture itself through its
+reproduction in a superb etching by another great American artist, his
+own brother, Thomas Moran.
+
+That the United States Navy should take so deep an interest in paying
+the last honors to John Ericsson, with an Admiral of the Navy, Daniel L.
+Braine, superintending the ceremonies, and a future Admiral, Winfield
+Scott Schley, commanding the funeral convoy, is not surprising, for to
+Ericsson it owed not only the bomb-proof floating fortresses of the
+ocean, but the screw propeller, first applied in the construction of the
+United States man-of-war "Princeton," with propelling machinery under
+the water line out of the reach of shot. The first steam fire-engine
+ever constructed in the United States was also the work of Ericsson in
+1841, and many and varied were the other inventions of his creative
+brain. But the greatest service rendered by Ericsson was in the
+construction of the "Monitor," not only on account of the immediate,
+almost inestimable benefit which it conferred in saving the United
+States Navy from destruction by the Confederate iron-clad "Merrimac," in
+1862, but also, still more, in view of the impetus which it gave to the
+development of marine craft to their present perfection and in almost
+revolutionizing the entire science of naval warfare.
+
+When, at 8 o'clock on March 9, 1862, the "Merrimac," after the havoc
+which she had wrought with the Federal ships on the evening before,
+including the burning of the "Congress" and the sinking of the
+"Cumberland," steamed out from the shore in order to continue her work
+of destruction--which contemplated successively the annihilation of the
+"Minnesota," the "Roanoke" and the "St. Lawrence," and would thus clear
+the way for her intended attack on the capital of the nation--she was
+surprised to discover a diminutive craft of peculiar construction,
+almost sunk beneath the water line, with a strange-looking iron turret
+in the centre, steaming boldly towards her from out the shadow of the
+powerful frigate "Minnesota." The "Monitor" had sailed from New York
+Harbor on March 6th, in tow of a tugboat, to brave the waters of the
+Atlantic, although she was originally designed only for smooth inland
+waters. Before she had passed Sandy Hook she received urgent despatches
+to hurry to Washington and, after inconceivable hardships in the
+towering seas of the Atlantic coast, arrived off Fortress Monroe about 9
+o'clock in the evening of March 8th, where she heard for the first time
+of the depredations of the "Merrimac" and witnessed the final
+destruction of the "Congress" amid lurid flames and the bursting of her
+own shells. Though worn out and disheartened in their own struggle for
+life with the tempestuous billows of the ocean on this, her first trial
+trip of thirty-six hours from New York until she reached the side of the
+"Minnesota," the crew of the "Monitor," encouraged and reassured by its
+heroic commander, Lieutenant John L. Worden, prepared for the expected
+combat with their redoubtable opponent.
+
+The eyes not only of the men in the shipping and on shore, both Union
+and Confederate, but of the whole country, were anxiously centred on the
+two iron-clads as they approached each other, and the little "Monitor"
+hardly seemed a match for the huge craft of the Confederates, who looked
+with contempt upon the diminutive "cheese box," as they called it, which
+dared to take up the gage of battle with their formidable "Merrimac."
+Soon, however, it became apparent that the prowess of the little Union
+craft had been entirely underestimated, and in the combat which ensued
+the very smallness of the "Monitor" gave her a great advantage, in the
+swiftness of her movements, over her gigantic opponent, not unlike an
+undersized but agile and skilful athlete in encounter with a large and
+lumbering, though more powerful, antagonist. Lieutenant Worden was the
+hero of the occasion in the rapidity of his man[oe]uvring, while
+Lieutenant Jones, now in command of the "Merrimac," was surprised to
+find that his shot made no impression on the "Monitor." After more than
+two hours of incessant fighting, Lieutenant Worden having been
+temporarily blinded through the powder from an exploding shell which
+struck a sight-hole in the pilot-house of the "Monitor," through which
+he was watching the enemy, its command devolved upon Lieutenant Greene.
+As in the ensuing confusion the "Monitor" had drifted into shoal water,
+where the "Merrimac" could not follow, the latter ship retired to the
+shore, and although refitted and repaired for further combat she did not
+again meet the "Monitor" in battle, and, on the evacuation of Norfolk by
+the Confederates on the 10th of May following, they consigned her to
+destruction.
+
+The courage of Lieutenant Worden in the handling of the novel and
+untested craft under his command, and his brave words--even when blinded
+and wounded by the powder and particles from the shells of the enemy and
+suffering intense pain--when he was told that the "Minnesota" had been
+saved: "Then I can die happy,"--stamp him as worthy of a place in the
+long list of our naval heroes.
+
+It is not surprising that Abraham Lincoln, with his quick perception of
+genuine merit, caused the following communication to be sent to
+Lieutenant Worden:
+
+                                      "NAVY DEPARTMENT, _March 15, 1862_.
+
+     "_Lieutenant John L. Worden, United States Navy,
+          Commanding United States Steamer 'Monitor,'
+          Washington._
+
+     "_Sir_:
+
+     "The naval action which took place on the 10th[P] inst. between the
+     'Monitor' and 'Merrimac' at Hampton Roads, when your vessel, with
+     two guns, engaged a powerful armored steamer of at least eight
+     guns, and after a few hours' conflict repelled her formidable
+     antagonist, has excited general admiration and received the
+     applause of the whole country.
+
+     "The President directs me, while earnestly and deeply sympathizing
+     with you in the injuries which you have sustained, but which it is
+     believed are but temporary, to thank you and your command for the
+     heroism you have displayed and the great service you have rendered.
+
+     "The action of the 10th and the performance, power, and
+     capabilities of the 'Monitor' must effect a radical change in naval
+     warfare.
+
+     "Flag-Officer Goldsborough, in your absence, will be furnished by
+     the Department with a copy of this letter of thanks and instructed
+     to cause it to be read to the officers and crew of the 'Monitor.'
+
+     "I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+                                       "GIDEON WELLES."
+
+The President followed this up with a special message to Congress on
+December 8, 1862, as follows:
+
+     "_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+     "In conformity to the law of July 16, 1862, I most cordially
+     recommend that Commander John L. Worden, United States Navy,
+     receive a vote of thanks of Congress for the eminent skill and
+     gallantry exhibited by him in the late remarkable battle between
+     the United States iron-clad steamer 'Monitor,' under his command,
+     and the rebel iron-clad steamer 'Merrimac,' in March last.
+
+     "The thanks of Congress for his services on the occasion referred
+     to were tendered by a resolution approved July 11, 1862, but the
+     recommendation is now specially made in order to comply with the
+     requirements of the ninth section of the act of July 16, 1862,
+     which is in the following words, viz.:
+
+     "'That any line officer of the Navy or Marine Corps may be advanced
+     one grade if upon recommendation of the President by name he
+     receives the thanks of Congress for highly distinguished conduct in
+     conflict with the enemy or for extraordinary heroism in the line of
+     his profession.'
+
+                                       "ABRAHAM LINCOLN."
+
+In this fight the "Monitor" had been struck twenty-two times without
+appreciable effect, the deepest indentation having been made by a shot
+that penetrated the iron on her side to the depth of four inches. On the
+"Merrimac" ninety-seven indentations of shot were found, twenty of which
+were from the 11-inch guns of the "Monitor," which had shattered six of
+the top layers of her iron plates.
+
+On the 29th of December following, the "Monitor" herself was lost,
+having been foundered and sunk with sixteen of her crew, in a heavy
+gale, a few miles south of Cape Hatteras. But the test to which the
+"Monitor" had been subjected in her battle with the "Merrimac" proved
+beyond doubt that iron was destined to take the place of wood in the
+construction of our men-of-war thereafter, and the confidence of John
+Ericsson in the ultimate success of his experiment, after many
+discouragements and rebuffs on the part of the naval authorities, was
+fully justified in its final results, and the honors which the nation
+showered upon him in the evening of his life, and the tribute which it
+paid to his genius after his death, were merited by him quite as much as
+the perpetuation of his memory through this stirring canvas of the great
+artist, as is also the memory, in the second painting of this series, of
+that other Erickson, his ancestor, who, almost a thousand years before,
+was the first white man known to have set foot on American soil.
+
+
+
+
+  RETURN OF THE CONQUERORS
+  Typifying Our Victory in the Late Spanish-American War
+
+  (_September 29, 1899_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+RETURN OF THE CONQUERORS. TYPIFYING OUR VICTORY IN THE LATE
+SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, SEPTEMBER 29, 1899.[Q]
+
+
+As a fitting close to the grand pictorial illustration of our marine
+history, this canvas represents one of the most magnificent pageants
+ever seen on our waters, in commemoration of the victorious close of the
+last great war, in which our navy added fresh leaves to its laurel
+wreath of heroic achievement. It, at the same time, depicts the
+culminating stage in the evolution of naval construction from the time
+when the Norsemen in their drakkars, and Columbus in his caravels,
+braved the perils of the ocean, until the steel-clad battleships of
+Dewey and Schley and Sampson met in conflict the no less formidable
+floating fortresses of Cervera and Montojo. It is a picture of to-day,
+with the well-defined outlines of the Statue of Liberty in allegorical
+suggestion at the mouth of the great river up which the little "Half
+Moon" first sailed, also on a September day, just two hundred and ninety
+years before. It suggests--in the great, grim, steel-clad leviathans of
+the ocean steaming up the river, with their powerful armament and each
+representing millions of dollars in its construction, along the shores
+of the second largest city in the world, and with flags and banners
+flying proudly from every mast and spar--not only the victory of our
+arms but the growth of the nation, from the sparse settlements in the
+days of the Pilgrim Fathers to a population of 80,000,000 souls, and
+from the thirteen little struggling provinces, at the outbreak of the
+Revolution, to the forty-five great States and four Territories of the
+Union, with its possessions even beyond the confines of the
+continent--imperial in its power and greatness, not dreamt of even when,
+only about a century before, Paul Jones and Decatur and Captain Reid
+performed the feats of daring which are immortalized in the earlier of
+these paintings.
+
+It typifies, as the artist himself points out in his title, our
+conquering arms--in the very motion of the proud battleships, as in
+majestic array, representing both the Pacific and North Atlantic
+squadrons, they seem to sweep gradually forward and onward within full
+view. If Mr. Moran had never painted anything else, this picture would
+stamp him as a surpassing genius. The grouping of the great vessels and
+the indication of their vast number, the brilliancy of the water and the
+whole coloring are matchless. It suggests in the proud procession of the
+ships-of-war, in perspective, as far back as the eye can reach, a
+gathering of almost the entire navy, and is in that respect far more
+than a mere photographic representation of the actual occurrence. In
+this picture he represents the "Olympia" as the principal object, the
+nearest in the foreground, her hull in gleaming white, with the
+suggestion of the figure of Admiral Dewey standing on the bridge, with
+her sister ships of like hue following in her wake; while another line,
+on the left of the picture, headed by the "New York" and "Brooklyn," and
+with Admirals Sampson and Schley on board, appears in more sombre hue,
+only second in importance, however, to the "Olympia." Such a picture
+could only be produced by an artist of the most poetic and imaginative
+instincts as well as a close student of the actualities; for while it is
+to a certain extent allegoric of the event which it records and the
+memories connected with it, nothing could be more real or faithful than
+the reproduction of our iron-clads, with all the detail of armament,
+turret, tackle, anchor, port-holes and even the national coat of arms on
+the prow. Even the signal of the "Olympia," "Remember the Maine," and
+the answering signal of the "Brooklyn," "The Maine is avenged and Cuba
+is free," can be seen flying from their yards.
+
+The events which are recalled by this painting are so recent that it
+would seem superfluous to refer to them at all, and yet, in continuation
+of the historic outline presented in these pages, it may be of interest
+to record that the battle of Manila was fought on May 1, 1898; that not
+a single life was lost on the American side and only a few men wounded,
+without any material injury to the American ships, consisting of four
+cruisers and two gunboats, while the whole Spanish fleet, under the
+command of Admiral Montojo, consisting of seven cruisers and five
+gunboats, was destroyed, with the exception of two, and these were
+captured, and that our ships, in addition, silenced and captured the
+formidable shore batteries on Cavite Point. Furthermore, that our naval
+operations came to a close off Santiago Harbor on July 3, 1898, through
+the destruction or capture by our fleet--under the command of Admirals
+Schley and Sampson, consisting of four battleships, one armored cruiser
+and two converted yachts, one of them the "Gloucester," under the
+command of the intrepid Richard Wainwright--of the entire Spanish fleet,
+consisting of four powerful armored cruisers of the highest class and
+two torpedo boat destroyers, under the command of Admiral Cervera.
+
+Space forbids even a passing reference to the instances of individual
+heroism displayed during this war by the officers and men of our ships,
+as for example that of Lieutenant Richmond P. Hobson, all of which are
+conjured up by a contemplation of this painting. It is also impossible
+to refer at length to the reception itself to Admiral Dewey and the
+other officers and men of our fleets, of which the naval procession
+constituted only one feature; but no eye-witness can ever forget the
+march of the returning victors in the land parade on September 30, 1899,
+as it passed under that masterpiece of American sculpture, the arch
+located at Madison Square.
+
+There were also some touching incidents connected with this celebration.
+Among them, and as suggested by this picture, should be mentioned the
+fact that a sailor by the name of Bartholomew Diggins presented Admiral
+Dewey with the blue flag of Admiral Farragut, which had been in the
+possession of Diggins, who had served with Dewey under Farragut in the
+Civil War, and this flag flew from one of the mast-heads of the
+"Olympia" as she steamed up the river in the van of the magnificent
+array.
+
+How doubly glorious will appear this splendid ovation to our heroes
+immortalized in this picture, if the war, from which they are shown
+returning as conquerors, shall result in a full realization of the noble
+motive, which inspired it, of liberation and not of conquest, and we may
+in patriotic pride address Columbia in the words of Timothy Dwight:
+
+    "To conquest and slaughter let Europe aspire;
+    Whelm nations in blood, and wrap cities in fire;
+    Thy heroes the rights of mankind shall defend,
+    And triumph pursue them, and glory attend!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With this picture the artist closes the commemoration of our naval
+achievements in the four great periods of our history, the War of the
+Revolution, the War of 1812, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War
+of 1898, to which the last six pictures of the series are devoted, as
+the preceding six illustrate the dawn of our history from the first
+landing of the white man to the settlement of the Pilgrim
+Fathers--preceding all of which is the mysterious and unfathomable past
+symbolized by the trackless "Ocean," the first of these paintings.
+
+From the time that Eirek the Red sailed to the bleak shores of Greenland
+down to the brilliant exploit of Admiral Dewey in the Philippine
+Islands, how true it is, in view of each and every one of the events
+immortalized in this unequalled series of paintings, that, in the words
+of Bishop Berkeley,
+
+    "Westward the course of empire takes its way!"
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Agreement of Confederation, written on board "Mayflower," 61, 62
+
+  America, Early Discoveries of, 33, 34
+
+  American Flag, First Recognition of, painting, description of, 68;
+      Designing and Adoption of Present Form, 81.
+
+  Armaments:
+      "Armstrong," 79;
+      Modern Battleships, 68;
+      "Ranger," 68
+
+  "Armstrong," Brig, Engaging the British Fleet, painting, description of,
+  82, 83
+
+
+  Bainbridge, Captain, 73
+
+  "Baltimore," Cruiser, 95
+
+  Braine, Admiral, 96
+
+  Brig "Armstrong" Engaging the British Fleet, painting, description of,
+  82, 83
+
+  "Brooklyn," Cruiser, 106, 107
+
+  Buchanan, Commodore, 88, 89
+
+  Burning of Frigate "Philadelphia," painting, description of, 75, 76
+
+  Byron, Lord, quotation from, 29
+
+
+  Caravels, 40, 105
+
+  Castelar, Emilio, quotation from, 41, 42
+
+  Cervera, Admiral, 105, 107
+
+  Chicago, Columbian Exposition, 40, 80
+
+  Columbus, Christopher, 39 to 43;
+      Death, 42;
+      Transfer of Remains, 43
+
+  Columbus, Debarkation of, painting, description of, 41, 42;
+      "Santa Maria," "Niņa" and "Pinta," painting, description of, 41, 42
+
+  Compact of Pilgrim Fathers, 61, 62
+
+  "Congress," Frigate, 88, 89, 90
+
+  Constitution of United States, Preamble, 62
+
+  Cowper, quotation from, 69
+
+  "Cumberland," The, 87 to 92, 95, 97;
+      Sinking of, by the "Merrimac," painting, description of, 90, 91
+
+
+  Debarkation of Columbus, painting, description of, 41, 42
+
+  Decatur, Stephen, 10, 74, 106;
+      Birth, Death, 75;
+      Sword, 74;
+      Toast to our Country, 74
+
+  De Soto, Ferdinand, 47 to 49;
+      Birth, Death, 47;
+      Expedition of, 47 to 49;
+      Midnight Mass over the Body of, painting, description of, 48, 49
+
+  Dewey, George, Admiral, 10, 105, 106, 107, 109
+
+  Drake, quotation from, 67
+
+  Drakkars, 35, 105
+
+
+  Eirek the Red, 33, 34, 109
+
+  Embarkation of Pilgrims, painting, description of, 60
+
+  Ericsson, John, Birth, Death, 95;
+      "Monitor," 92, 97 to 101;
+      White Squadron's Farewell Salute to body of, painting, description
+      of, 95, 96
+
+  Erickson, Lief, Landing in New World, 33, 34;
+      painting, description of, 35, 36, 101
+
+  Esquimos, 34
+
+  Everett, Edward, quotation from oration on the Pilgrims, 60, 61
+
+  Exhibition of Paintings of Edward Moran, 9, 18, 19
+
+
+  Farewell Salute to John Ericsson, painting, description of, 95, 96
+
+  Farragut, Admiral, 108
+
+  Fayal, 79, 81, 83
+
+  First Recognition of American Flag, painting, description of, 68, 69
+
+  Fiske, John, 40
+
+  Flag, United States, 67, 68;
+      First Recognition of, painting, description of, 68, 69;
+      Captain Reid, 81;
+      Resolutions of Congress authorizing, 67, 81
+
+  Florida, 47, 48
+
+
+  Greenland, Settlement of, 33, 34
+
+
+  "Half-Moon," ship of Hudson, 53, 105
+
+  Hamilton, James, 16
+
+  Hemans, Felicia, quotation from, 62, 63
+
+  _Herald_, New York, quotation from, 9
+
+  Hobson, Richmond Pearson, 10, 73, 92
+
+  Holland, 53, 54, 59
+
+  Hopkins, Admiral, 27
+
+  Hudson, Henry, 53 to 55;
+      Entering New York Bay, painting, description of, 55
+
+  Hudson River, Discovery of, 54
+
+
+  Iceland, 33, 34, 36
+
+  Iron _versus_ Wood, Sinking of "Cumberland" by "Merrimac," painting,
+  description of, 90, 91
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, Defence of New Orleans, 82;
+      Special Message to Congress about burning of frigate "Philadelphia,"
+      75
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, Special Message to Congress about Lieutenant Decatur,
+  74
+
+  Jones, John Paul, 10, 68, 106;
+      Birth and Death, 69;
+      Letter to Naval Committee, 68
+
+
+  La Motte Piquet, Admiral, 68
+
+  Landing of Lief Erickson in the New World, painting, description of, 35,
+  36, 101
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham, Special Message to Congress about Lieutenant George U.
+  Morris, 92;
+      about Lieutenant John Worden, 100;
+      Commendation of Lieutenant John L. Worden, 99, 100
+
+  Litigation about thirteen paintings, 8
+
+  Lloyd, Commodore, 79, 82
+
+  Louisiana Purchase, 10, 49, 82; Exposition, 50
+
+
+  Manila Bay, Battle of, 107
+
+  "Mayflower," 59, 60, 61
+
+  "Merrimac," The, Confederate Ram, 87 to 92, 95, 97 to 101;
+      of Spanish-American War, 92
+
+  Metropolitan Museum of Art, 9
+
+  Midnight Mass over the Body of Ferdinand De Soto, painting, description
+  of, 48, 49
+
+  Mississippi River, Discovery of, 48, 49
+
+  "Monitor," The, 92, 95, 97 to 101
+
+  Montojo, Admiral, 105, 107
+
+  Moran, Annette, 8, 20;
+      Death, 21;
+      Paintings, 20
+
+  Moran, Edward, 15 to 21;
+      Academies, Clubs, Societies, 16, 17;
+      Birth, Death, 15;
+      Marriage, 8, 20;
+      Paintings of, 17, 18
+
+  Moran, Thomas, etching by, 96
+
+  Morris, George U., 10, 88, 89, 92
+
+
+  Nantucket, 34
+
+  Napoleon, Louis, Arbitration about Brig "Armstrong," 81
+
+  Navy, Ships of, 68, 73, 74, 79, 82, 88, 90, 97;
+      Improvement, 87, 97, 105
+
+  New Orleans, 82
+
+  New York, City of, 54
+
+  "New York," Cruiser, 106
+
+  Norse Costumes, 35
+
+  Norsemen, 33, 34, 40, 105
+
+  Norse ships, 35
+
+  Norway, 33
+
+
+  Ocean, The, painting, description of, 10, 27, 28, 109
+
+  "Olympia," The, 106, 107, 108
+
+
+  Paintings of Edward Moran, partial list of, 17, 18
+
+  Parmentier, Antoine Augustin, 20
+
+  "Philadelphia," Frigate, Burning of, painting, description of, 75, 76
+
+  Pilgrims, 59 to 63, 109;
+      Compact in "Mayflower," 61;
+      Embarkation of, painting, description of, 60
+
+  Plymouth Rock, 59
+
+  Portuguese Government, 79, 80
+
+
+  Quiberon, 10, 68
+
+
+  "Ranger," 68
+
+  Reid, Capt. Samuel Chester, 10, 79, 106;
+      Birth, Death, 82;
+      Long Tom, 79, 80, 81;
+      Sword, 81;
+      United States Flag, 81
+
+  Return of the Conquerors, painting, description of, 105, 106, 107
+
+
+  Sampson, William T., 10, 105, 106
+
+  "Santa Maria," "Niņa" and "Pinta," painting, description of, 41, 42
+
+  Santiago Harbor, Battle of, 107
+
+  Schiller, Friedrich, quotation from, 43
+
+  Schley, Winfield Scott, 10, 96, 105, 106
+
+  Ships of Captain Bainbridge, 73;
+      Columbus, 39, 40;
+      Commodore Decatur, 74;
+      De Soto, 47;
+      Dewey, 106, 107;
+      Henry Hudson, 53;
+      Paul Jones, 68;
+      Commodore Lloyd, 79;
+      Commander George U. Morris, 88;
+      Norsemen, 35;
+      Pilgrim Fathers, 59;
+      Captain Samuel C. Reid, 79;
+      Sampson, Schley, 106, 107;
+      Lieutenant Worden, 98
+
+  Sinking of the "Cumberland" by the "Merrimac," painting, description of,
+  90, 91
+
+  Southampton, 60
+
+  Spanish-American War, 105 to 109;
+      Return of Conquerors, painting, description of, 105, 106, 107
+
+  Statue of Liberty, 18, 96, 105
+
+
+  Taylor, Bayard, quotation from, 36
+
+  Thirteen, number connected with events in history of the United States,
+  9, 10, 67
+
+  Thirteen Paintings, Exhibition of, 9, 27;
+      General Description, 7 to 11, 68;
+      Litigation about, 8;
+      Sizes of, 27, 33, 39, 47, 53, 59, 67, 73, 79, 87, 95, 105
+
+  Tripoli, 73, 74
+
+
+  United States, Constitution of, 62; Number of States, 9, 67, 81, 106;
+      Population, 106
+
+
+  Vinland, 34, 36
+
+  Virginia, Colony of, 59
+
+
+  Wainwright, Richard, 10, 107
+
+  Wars:
+      Civil, 82, 87, 108;
+      1812, 82, 108;
+      Revolution, 67, 108;
+      Spanish-American, 43, 108
+
+  Webber, Paul, 16
+
+  Welles, Gideon, Alarm about "Merrimac," 91;
+      Letter to Lieutenant John L. Worden, 99, 100
+
+  West Indies, origin of name, 43
+
+  White Squadron's Farewell Salute to the Body of Capt. John Ericsson,
+  painting, description of, 95, 96
+
+  Worden, John L., 10, 98, 99
+
+  World's Fair, Chicago, 40, 80
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Moran _v._ Morrill, 78 Appellate Division Reports, 440.
+
+[B] Moran _v._ Morrill, 177 New York Reports, 563.
+
+[C] Size of canvas: nine and one-half feet in length by six and
+one-quarter feet in height.
+
+[D] About six feet long by about three and one-half feet high.
+
+[E] Eight feet long by four and one-half feet high.
+
+[F] Four and one-half feet long by three feet high.
+
+[G] It is difficult to preserve the full beauty of the original of these
+concise verses in a translation; but in attempting this I have found it
+quite as easy to rhyme them as to reproduce them simply in the blank
+verse of the original, in which rhymes occur in only two lines.
+
+[H] About four feet long by two and one-half feet high.
+
+[I] About eight feet long by four and one-half feet high.
+
+[J] About four feet long by about two and one-half feet high.
+
+[K] About six feet long by about three and one-third feet high.
+
+[L] This is the only upright canvas of the series, being about five feet
+in height by about three and one-half feet in width.
+
+[M] About five and one-half feet long by about three feet high.
+
+[N] About four and one-quarter feet long by about three feet high.
+
+[O] About four and one-half feet long by about three feet high.
+
+[P] This, it would seem, ought to be March 9th.
+
+[Q] Four and one-half feet long by about three feet high.
+
+
+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+  | Transcriber's Note: Italics are indicated with _underscores_, and  |
+  | oe ligatures are rendered as [oe]. In the original book, omitted   |
+  | text within quotations was indicated with a series of asterisks    |
+  | rather than ellipses. These have been retained as printed. The     |
+  | spelling of "Niņa" has been regularized. Hyphenation has been      |
+  | regularized in the words gunboat(s) and northwestern. One spelling |
+  | error was corrected: Acording to According (p. 33, "According to   |
+  | these, Eirek the Red...")                                          |
+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Thirteen Chapters of American History, by 
+Theodore Sutro
+
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Thirteen Chapters of American History, by Theodore Sutro
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Thirteen Chapters of American History
+       represented by the Edward Moran series of Thirteen
+              Historical Marine Paintings
+
+Author: Theodore Sutro
+
+Release Date: April 4, 2008 [EBook #24990]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THIRTEEN CHAPTERS OF AMER. HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by S. Drawehn, Stephen Hope and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcentercover" style="width: 369px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="311" height="600" alt="Thirteen Historical Marine
+Paintings by Edward Moran, Representing Thirteen Chapters of American History" title="Cover" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 492px;">
+<img src="images/edwardmoran.jpg" width="492" height="700" alt="EDWARD MORAN (Portrait)" title="Frontispiece: Edward Moran" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro.</div>
+<span class="caption">EDWARD MORAN<br />
+From a painting by Thomas Sidney Moran</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="centerbox">
+<h1 class="tpb2line">THIRTEEN CHAPTERS<br />
+<span class="tpsm">OF</span><br />
+AMERICAN HISTORY</h1>
+
+<h1 class="tpsmunb">REPRESENTED<br />
+BY THE<br />
+<span class="tplg">EDWARD MORAN</span><br />
+SERIES OF<br />
+THIRTEEN HISTORICAL<br />
+MARINE PAINTINGS</h1>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 133px;">
+<br />
+<br />
+<img src="images/deco1.png" width="133" height="150" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+<br />
+</div>
+
+<p class="tpt2line tplg"><i>By</i> THEODORE SUTRO<br />
+<span class="tpsmb">1905</span></p>
+
+<p class="tpmed">NEW YORK:<br />
+THEODORE SUTRO, 280 BROADWAY<br />
+<span class="tpsm">AND</span><br />
+THE BAKER &amp; TAYLOR CO.<br />
+
+<span class="tpsm">PUBLISHER'S AGENTS,</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">33-37 East 17th Street.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tpmed"><i>$1.50 net.</i></p>
+
+<p class="tpsm">Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="insclink"><a href="images/hwinscription.png" >Inscription</a>:
+To Mr. Don C. Seitz (April 1918) with compliments of the author Theodore Sutro</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<br />
+<br />
+To<br />
+<i>My Dear Wife</i><br />
+<span class="flo">FLORENCE</span></p>
+
+<p class="tpsm">THROUGH WHOSE STEADFAST FRIENDSHIP FOR<br />
+MR. AND MRS. EDWARD MORAN AND LOYAL DEVOTION<br />
+TO ME, I WAS LED TO CHAMPION, AND<br />
+ENCOURAGED TO PERSEVERE IN ESTABLISHING,<br />
+THE RIGHTS OF THE WIDOW TO THESE MASTERWORKS,<br />
+WITHOUT WHICH THE OCCASION FOR<br />
+PENNING THESE PAGES WOULD NOT HAVE ARISEN&mdash;THIS<br />
+LITTLE WORK IS LOVINGLY INSCRIBED,<br />
+ON THE<br />
+TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF OUR MARRIAGE,<br />
+<span class="smcap">October 1st, 1904.</span><br /><br /><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">Page.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Frontispiece</span>&mdash;Portrait of Edward Moran, from a painting by <span class="smcap">Thomas Sidney Moran</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Introductory</span></td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Biographical</span></td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Portrait of Mrs. Edward Moran</span>, from a painting by <span class="smcap">Thomas Sidney Moran</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Facing&nbsp;page</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Descriptive and Explanatory:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">I. The Ocean&mdash;The Highway of All Nations</span></td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">II. Landing of Lief Erickson in the New World in the Year 1001</span></td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">III. The Santa Maria, Ni&ntilde;a and Pinta</span> (Evening of October 11th, 1492)</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">IV. The Debarkation of Columbus</span> (Morning of October 12th, 1492)</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">V. Midnight Mass on the Mississippi, over the Body of Ferdinand De Soto, 1542</span></td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">VI. Henry Hudson Entering New York Bay</span>, September 11th, 1609</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">VII. Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Southampton</span>, August 5th, 1620</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">VIII. First Recognition of the American Flag by a Foreign Government.</span> In the Harbor of Quiberon, France, February 13th, 1778</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">IX. Burning of the Frigate Philadelphia.</span> In the Harbor of Tripoli, February 16th, 1804</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">X. The Brig Armstrong Engaging the British Fleet.</span> In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26th, 1814</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">XI. Iron versus Wood&mdash;Sinking of the Cumberland by the Merrimac.</span> In Hampton Roads, March 8th, 1862</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">XII. The White Squadron's Farewell Salute to the Body of Captain John Ericsson</span>, New York Bay, August 25th, 1890</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">XIII. Return of the Conquerors.</span> Typifying Our Victory in the late Spanish-American War, September 29th, 1899</td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">INTRODUCTORY</a></h2>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/introductory.png" width="500" height="355" alt="" title="" />
+<div class="caprt">T. S. M.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 7]</span></p>
+<h2 class="h2med">INTRODUCTORY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Thirteen Paintings, to a history and description of which (and
+incidentally to a brief memoir of their creator, Edward Moran) these
+pages are devoted, are monumental in their character and importance. Mr.
+Moran designated them as representing the "Marine History of the United
+States." I have somewhat changed this title; for even the untraversed
+"Ocean" and the landing of Columbus in the new world represent periods
+which necessarily affect the whole American Continent.</p>
+
+<p>The conception of these pictures was in itself a mark of genius, for no
+more fitting subjects could have been chosen by the greatest marine
+painter in the United States than the heroic and romantic incidents
+connected with the sea, which are so splendidly depicted in these
+thirteen grand paintings. That their execution required over fifteen
+years of ceaseless labor and the closest historical study is not
+surprising. The localities, the ships, the armament, the personages, the
+costumes, the weapons and all the incidents connected with each epoch
+are minutely and correctly represented, in so far as existing records
+rendered that possible. And yet, interwoven with each canvas, is a tone
+so poetic and imaginative that stamps it at once as the offspring of
+genius and lifts it far above the merely photographic and realistic. The
+series is the result of a life of prolific production, careful study,
+unceasing industry and great experience.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Moran himself regarded these pictures as his crowning work, and in
+token of his many happy years of<!-- Page 8 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> married life presented them, several
+years before his death, to his wife, Annette Moran, herself an artist of
+great merit, and whom he always mentioned as his best critic and the
+inspirer of his greatest achievements. This loving act, strange to say,
+gave rise to a protracted legal controversy, by reason of an adverse
+claim to these paintings made by the executor of the estate of Edward
+Moran, the final decision of which in favor of the widow, after three
+years of litigation, lends additional interest to these remarkable works
+of art. Proceedings to recover the pictures from the executor of the
+estate, who had them in his possession and refused to deliver them to
+her, were commenced on February 5, 1902, and after a trial in the
+Supreme Court in the City of New York lasting several days, a jury
+decided that the pictures were the property of the widow as claimed. On
+a technical point of law raised by the executor this finding of the jury
+was temporarily rendered ineffective, but, on an appeal to the Appellate
+Division of the Supreme Court, this technicality was overruled and an
+absolute judgment awarded in favor of the widow.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> This was on January
+23, 1903. Still not content, the executor appealed to the highest court
+in the State, the Court of Appeals at Albany, which, on January 26,
+1904, finally and absolutely affirmed the decision of the Appellate
+Division.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> But even then the widow was kept out of her property on
+further applications made by the executor to the court. Also in this he
+failed, and at last, on April 28, 1904, the judgment in her favor was
+satisfied through the delivery of the pictures to her, as her absolute
+property, beyond dispute, cavil or further question.</p>
+
+<p>I have deemed it proper to make this explanation, as it is through my
+connection as counsel for Mrs. Moran throughout this litigation that the
+occasion has presented<!-- Page 9 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> itself for this publication, and of giving to
+the public the opportunity to examine and enjoy, to the fullest extent,
+these great pictures at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.</p>
+
+<p>It may be added that although these paintings have occasionally been
+viewed by artists, they have never before been publicly exhibited as a
+series except for a very short period in the year 1900 in Philadelphia
+and in Washington. During this time they received the highest encomiums
+from critics and the press, and were pronounced the most notable series
+of historic pictures ever painted in this country. While each one of the
+series is a master work, it is as a group that the greatest interest
+attaches to them, and it was Mr. Moran's desire, and it is also that of
+the present owner, that they should, if possible, never be separated.</p>
+
+<p>With reference to the exhibition of these paintings at the Metropolitan
+Museum of Art, I quote from a full page illustrated article which
+appeared in the New York <i>Herald</i> on Sunday, November 6, 1904, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The exhibition of these pictures of scenes connected with the
+history of the United States is not only an artistic but an
+educational event. Edward Moran was probably the strongest marine
+painter of the United States. * * * No more artistically valuable
+and educationally instructive exhibit has been made in New York
+than that of these paintings of Edward Moran. It is to be hoped
+that the school children of the city will be taken to see and study
+them. The public has already testified to its appreciation of the
+exhibition by its large attendance." </p></div>
+
+<p>It may be asked why the artist limited or extended the series to the
+number "13." This was done with a purpose. This number seems to have
+been interwoven in many particulars with the history of our country. The
+original colonies were thirteen, and also the first States; the first
+order for the creation of a navy was for thirteen war ships; there were
+and still are thirteen stripes, and<!-- Page 10 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> there were originally thirteen
+stars, on our flag; on our coat of arms a mailed hand grasps thirteen
+arrows, as do also the left talons of the eagle, while in its right is
+an olive branch with thirteen leaves; there were also thirteen rattles
+on the snake on the first American flag, with the motto "Don't tread on
+me." It was on February 13, 1778, in the harbor of Quiberon, that the
+American flag received its first recognition by a foreign government, an
+incident represented by one of these paintings; thirteen years elapsed
+between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the inauguration of
+the first President, General Washington, in 1789; and the Louisiana
+purchase from France includes the area prospectively covered by thirteen
+States, as soon as Oklahoma and Indian Territories shall, as is now in
+contemplation, be admitted as one State.</p>
+
+<p>This idea of thirteen is already foreshadowed in the introductory
+painting "The Ocean," in which thirteen gulls are seen hovering over the
+water, typical of the important events, linked with that number, which
+would occur in the misty and unknown future.</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that although these paintings are by one man, and
+virtually on the same subject, they should exhibit such unusual variety,
+and be individually so exceptionally interesting. It has been said that
+historic pictures may be considered as either representative, suggestive
+or allegoric, but in this series of paintings all these elements are
+combined.</p>
+
+<p>The American navy has been celebrated for its heroic achievements from
+the beginning, and some of these pictures recall vividly to the mind the
+episodes linked with the immortal names of such men as John Paul Jones,
+Stephen Decatur, Samuel Chester Reid, George U. Morris, John L. Worden,
+and the whole galaxy of heroes connected with these memorable events
+down to Dewey, Sampson, Schley, Wainwright and Hobson.</p>
+
+<p>The production of these paintings was the result of a<!-- Page 11 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> patriotic and
+noble impulse on the part of the artist, through which he has
+immortalized the maritime achievements of our country, and for which we,
+as well as future generations, can hardly be sufficiently grateful!</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"If thou wouldst touch the universal heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of thine own country, sing!"<br /></span></div></div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 13 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">BIOGRAPHICAL</a></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/biographical.png" width="500" height="271" alt="" title="" />
+<div class="caprt">T. S. M.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 14 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 15 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 15]</span></p>
+<h2 class="h2med">BIOGRAPHICAL.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Edward Moran was almost seventy-two years of age when he died in the
+City of New York on June 9, 1901, having been born at Bolton,
+Lancashire, England, on August 19, 1829. He was the oldest son of a
+large family of children, and when a mere child was put to work at the
+loom, the humble vocation of his father who, the same as his ancestors
+had been for several generations, was a hand-loom weaver. Already while
+so employed the child was frequently caught sketching with charcoal on
+the white fabric in his loom instead of continually plying the shuttle.
+Whence and how he derived this inborn talent is one of those unsolvable
+problems which seem to set at defiance all the accepted canons of
+heredity. At all events, his talent was recognized by a local village
+celebrity, a decorator, who guided the child, then only nine years of
+age, in a crude way to a development of these artistic instincts, in
+consequence of which it is related that he was soon able to "cut
+marvellous figures from paper and afterwards draw their outlines on
+walls and fences."</p>
+
+<p>The hardship of their pursuit, offering little hope of a brighter future
+for their large family of growing children, induced the parents about
+the year 1844 to join the tide of emigration to that land of golden
+promise, the United States, in immortalizing whose history and in
+furthering whose artistic development through his glorious marine
+pictures, the little Edward was destined to play so important a part.
+The family settled in Maryland, and in the struggle for existence soon
+awakened<!-- Page 16 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> from their golden dream of a new Eldorado and returned to
+their old vocation. Edward again found employment at the loom, until the
+spirit of adventure and the desire of following the artistic bent of his
+mind impelled him one day, without a dollar in his pocket, to walk all
+the way to Philadelphia, where the boy hoped to find better
+opportunities. There also, however, he was disappointed, and after
+employment in various capacities, first with a cabinetmaker, then in a
+bronzing shop, and then at house painting, he finally returned to the
+loom at the munificent salary of six dollars per week. While so employed
+he attracted the attention of the proprietor, who one day surprised him
+while engaged in a superb drawing, stealing time for this purpose from
+his work. The intelligence of this man in recognizing young Moran's
+exceptional talent, and, as a result, advising him to quit mechanical
+labor, and introducing him to one of the then famous landscape painters
+of Philadelphia, Mr. Paul Webber, was the turning point in his career.
+Subsequently another artist, James Hamilton, guided him in his
+particular bent of marine painting, and after the usual hardships and
+struggle for recognition, the fate of all young artists, he finally was
+enabled to open a little studio in a garret over a cigar store with an
+entrance up a back alley. The works which emanated from there attracted
+such wide attention that he gradually rose to fame and fortune. His
+pictures were accepted by all the American academies, as well as the
+London Royal Academy and the Paris Salon, and he received many medals
+and awards. He was a member of the Water-Color Societies of this country
+and of London, of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, an Associate of
+the National Academy of Design, also Vice-President of the Lotos Club
+and connected with many other artistic and social organizations and
+societies.</p>
+
+<p>Why his artistic tastes should have been particularly<!-- Page 17 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> directed to
+marine painting can be demonstrated just as little as the possession of
+his extraordinary talents at all; and yet for the former a possible
+solution may be found in the fact that his childish imagination and
+predilections may have been moulded through his sea-coast experiences in
+old Lancashire, that picturesque maritime county of northwestern
+England, which is bounded on the west by the Irish Sea. At all events
+Edward Moran loved the sea, and this love guided every stroke of his
+brush in depicting his favorite element. No artist in this country, or
+perhaps in the world, has ever painted such water, and it was not many
+years after his first successes in Philadelphia that his fame spread
+throughout the United States, and he was easily recognized as its first
+marine painter. Fame and prosperity, however, did not turn his head, as
+they so frequently do with little men, but never with men of true
+genius. On the contrary, he worked with redoubled zeal and industry as
+he grew older, so that the number of works which he produced is
+marvellous.</p>
+
+<p>Among his famous paintings, besides the thirteen herein described, may
+be mentioned the following:</p>
+
+<p>"Virginia Sands."</p>
+
+<p>"A Squally Day off Newport."</p>
+
+<p>"Massachusetts Bay."</p>
+
+<p>"New York Harbor."</p>
+
+<p>"The Yacht Race."</p>
+
+<p>"The Battle of Svold."</p>
+
+<p>"Philadelphia from the New Park."</p>
+
+<p>"Minot's Ledge Light-House."</p>
+
+<p>"White Cliffs of Albion."</p>
+
+<p>"Off Block Island."</p>
+
+<p>"Return of the Fishers."</p>
+
+<p>"Outward Bound."</p>
+
+<p>"Low Tide."</p>
+
+<p>"The Gathering Storm."<!-- Page 18 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Sentinel Rock, Maine."</p>
+
+<p>"Toilers of the Sea."</p>
+
+<p>"Launching of the Life-Boat." (1865.)</p>
+
+<p>"View on Delaware Bay." (1867.)</p>
+
+<p>"Evening on Vineyard Sound." (1867.)</p>
+
+<p>"Pinchyn Castle, North Wales." (1867.)</p>
+
+<p>"Moonrise at Nahant." (1867.)</p>
+
+<p>"The Lord Staying the Waters." (1867.)</p>
+
+<p>"Coast Scene Near Digby." (1868.)</p>
+
+<p>"Departure of the United States Fleet for Port Royal." (1868.)</p>
+
+<p>"After a Gale." (1869.)</p>
+
+<p>"On the Narrows." (1873.)</p>
+
+<p>"The Commerce of Nations Paying Homage to Liberty" (1877)&mdash;the great
+picture which came into the possession of Mr. Joseph Drexel, the
+banker&mdash;an allegory suggested by the then proposed Statue of Liberty in
+New York Harbor.</p>
+
+<p>"Young Americans out on a Holiday." (1882.)</p>
+
+<p>"Life-Saving Patrol: New Jersey Coast." (1889.)</p>
+
+<p>"Melodies of the Sea." (1890.)</p>
+
+<p>"South Coast of England." (1900.)</p>
+
+<p>But space forbids the complete enumeration of even his more notable
+works, which may be counted by the hundreds.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Moran, like all men of genius, felt his own strength, though he
+never overrated it; but as a result of this self-consciousness he would
+not brook depreciation, and when, in May, 1868, the Philadelphia Academy
+of Fine Arts, of which he was a member, had hung some of his pictures in
+an inconspicuous and detrimental position in its gallery, he resorted to
+a novel expedient for showing his displeasure. On "varnishing day,"
+prior to the opening of the exhibition to the public, he used a mixture
+of beer and porter, combined with a dry light red, for the purpose of
+"varnishing" his paintings, but the effect<!-- Page 19 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> of which was that they were
+all coated with a beautiful opaque red substance, so that none of them
+could be recognized, and yet a substance which he could remove, when so
+inclined, without injuring the pictures at all. This called forth a
+storm of criticism from the "Hanging Committee" and the wiseacres of the
+Academy, but he was fully sustained in his course by public opinion and
+the press, and, instead of diminishing, it added to his fame as an
+artist and certainly to his reputation for the courage of his
+convictions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Moran was not only a great artist, but a man of genial and
+companionable qualities, which endeared him to all with whom he came in
+contact. He, furthermore, was not only an artist who used oil,
+water-color and pastel with equal facility, and painted landscapes and
+figure pieces as well as marines, but was versatile in his talents. His
+musical instincts were marked, and, although self-taught, he played on a
+number of instruments, and he had also, through years of industrious
+reading and study, become thoroughly well-informed and an interesting
+conversationalist. He was of a most generous nature, and was not only
+ever ready to assist young artists with advice and material aid as well,
+but also, when the occasion arose, to devote the fruit of his labors to
+any meritorious charitable object. Thus, for example, in March, 1871, he
+exhibited in Philadelphia seventy-five of his landscapes and marines,
+all of which he used in illustrating a beautiful catalogue entitled
+"Land and Sea," and not only gave the entire profits of this exhibition
+and of the sale of the catalogue, but also the price obtained for one of
+his important paintings, entitled "The Relief Ship Entering Havre," to
+aid the sufferers of the Franco-Prussian war.</p>
+
+<p>He did not reach the culminating point of excellence in his work in
+middle life or shortly thereafter, like so many other painters, but on
+the contrary grew in breadth and power with advancing years, so that the
+Thirteen<!-- Page 20 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> Historical Paintings, described in this little book, although
+he gave them the finishing touches only shortly before his death,
+constitute his greatest achievement.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1872 Mr. Moran sought a still wider field for his
+activities in removing from Philadelphia to the City of New York, where
+for thirty years he was a conspicuous and admired figure in metropolitan
+life, and in his studios, surrounded by all the luxury and comfort that
+prosperity could suggest, he and his talented and hospitable wife drew
+around them a circle of artists, authors, musicians and notable men of
+all classes, among whom may be mentioned actors like Joseph Jefferson,
+F. F. Mackay (both pupils of Mr. Moran) and Charles W. Couldock, writers
+like Richard Watson Gilder and John Clark Ridpath, lawyers like Col.
+Edward C. James and Robert Ingersoll, art connoisseurs like Samuel P.
+Avery and William Schaus, sculptors like Frederic A. Bartholdi and James
+W. A. Macdonald, and of course a host of artists such as Edwin Abbey,
+Albert Bierstadt, Edwin H. Blashfield, John C. Brown, Thomas B. Craig,
+Hamilton Hamilton, Constant Meyer, Paul de Longpr&eacute;, Henry W. Ranger,
+Vasili Vereschagin and Napoleon Sarony.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 528px;">
+<img src="images/mrsmoran.jpg" width="528" height="700" alt="MRS. EDWARD MORAN
+(Portrait)" title="MRS. EDWARD MORAN" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro.</div>
+<span class="caption">MRS. EDWARD MORAN<br />
+(N&Eacute;E ANNETTE PARMENTIER)<br />
+From a painting by Thomas Sidney Moran</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It may be added that Mrs. Moran's maiden name was Annette Parmentier,
+and that she was a Southern girl of French descent from the noted
+scientist Antoine Augustin Parmentier, who was the first to introduce
+the potato into France, for which he was decorated by Louis XVI as a
+public benefactor, and honored by a statue erected in his native town of
+Bordeaux. Mr. Moran married Annette (his second wife) in the year 1869,
+and under his instruction and guidance her own talent as an artist was
+developed, and some of her paintings, among them landscapes entitled "A
+Staten Island Study," "The Fisherman's Return," and other pictures, were
+not only exhibited and greatly admired, but were deemed of sufficient
+importance to be reproduced by prominent art publishers. She survived<!-- Page 21 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+her husband by about three and one-half years, having died, at an
+advanced age, in the City of New York on November 7, 1904.</p>
+
+<p>In his art Mr. Moran followed mainly the bent of his own genius, though
+if he was influenced by any other artists to any extent it was by
+Clarkson Stanfield and Turner, whom he greatly admired and many of whose
+pictures, for the sake of practice, he copied. He was undoubtedly also
+influenced in a general way, as are all eminent artists, by studying the
+master works of the world in Europe, where for that purpose he spent
+some time in the year 1861 and again in 1878 and also in subsequent
+years.</p>
+
+<p>Of Edward Moran it may be truly said that he is another notable example
+of the fact that true genius is not baffled or impaired through adverse
+circumstances or the most humble beginnings, but soars ever upward and
+onward until it achieves its mission, and compels the recognition and
+admiration of the world, to which it is entitled.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 22 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 23 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DESCRIPTIVE<br />
+AND<br />
+EXPLANATORY</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/descexplan.png" width="350" height="500" alt="" title="" />
+<div class="caprt">T. S. M.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 25 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">THE OCEAN</a><br />
+The Highway of All Nations</h2>
+
+<p><!-- Page 26 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i032.jpg" width="700" height="426" alt="The Ocean" title="The Ocean" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 27 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 27]</span></p>
+<h2 class="h2med">DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY.</h2>
+
+<h3>I.<br />
+THE OCEAN&mdash;THE HIGHWAY OF ALL NATIONS.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>This picture has already been briefly referred to, and is considered by
+some critics the greatest of the thirteen. Probably no such sublime
+ocean has ever been painted. How thoroughly it appeals to those who best
+know the sea is illustrated by the blunt but expressive compliment
+bestowed upon it by Admiral Hopkins of the English navy when, in 1892,
+he saw it in the Union League Club of New York, where it was being
+privately shown. After silently studying it for some minutes he turned
+to Mr. Joseph H. Choate, whose guest he was, and said: "I have always
+believed that only an Englishman could paint the sea, but it seems that
+I had to come to America to look upon the most almighty sea that I have
+ever beheld on canvas."</p>
+
+<p>Admiral Hopkins was not aware that, in this, he was in fact
+complimenting one of his own fellow-countrymen, though, in truth, Mr.
+Moran had become an American of Americans through his patriotic ardor
+and long residence here.</p>
+
+<p>In this painting the powers of Mr. Moran as an artist were tested to the
+utmost. For while others have at<!-- Page 28 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>tempted to paint the sea, among whom
+Turner stands pre-eminent, few have ever succeeded in depicting it on so
+large a scale, without a single other object to disturb the aspect
+excepting only the thirteen sea-gulls hovering over its surface, which
+through their number suggest the whole series of these paintings and the
+interesting events connected with the marine history of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>This picture is the largest of the series. Not only the water but the
+sky in this painting is superb, with the faint shimmer of the sunlight
+breaking through the clouds. The color is that peculiar green gray,
+which is the most fascinating hue known to the sea, and only present
+when the sky is overcast. The water and the motion of the waves are
+grand beyond comparison&mdash;an actual living, moving, foaming mass and as
+seen in mid-ocean. The conception of this painting as introductory to
+the whole series is most poetic. It suggests the deep, dark, dreaded,
+unknown waste of waters which was shrouded in mystery for thousands of
+years until a few daring seamen, first the Norsemen, and then Columbus
+with his little band, undertook the perilous task of lifting the veil.
+Its unexplored expanse naturally and logically preceded every voyage of
+discovery and is the keynote of all the marvellous achievements which
+subsequently constituted it the link between America and the Eastern
+world. It also typifies the greatest of all republics, which was to
+spring up beyond its westernmost limits, for nothing is so free,
+unfettered and seemingly conscious of its own strength and possibilities
+as the mighty ocean.</p>
+
+<p>This painting may be likened to the opening stanzas of an epic poem, in
+which the theme of the story is foreshadowed, and no grander epic was
+ever written than is depicted in these thirteen mighty paintings, of all
+those qualities of heroism and adventure which have ever been thought
+worthy of commemoration in song or story.</p>
+
+<p>How well the famous stanzas of Lord Byron, in Childe<!-- Page 29 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> Harold's
+Pilgrimage, illustrate the thoughts suggested by this "Ocean" of Edward
+Moran:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Roll on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean&mdash;roll!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Man marks the earth with ruin&mdash;his control<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stops with the shore;&mdash;upon the watery plain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A shadow of man's ravage, save his own,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When, for a moment, like a drop of rain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Without a grave, unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="center">* * * * * * * * *<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Glasses itself in tempests; in all time,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Calm or convulsed&mdash;in breeze, or gale, or storm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Icing the pole, or in the torrid clime<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dark-heaving;&mdash;boundless, endless and sublime&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The image of Eternity&mdash;the throne<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the Invisible; even from out thy slime<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The monsters of the deep are made; each zone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Obeys thee; thou goest forth, dread, fathomless, alone."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 30 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 31 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">LANDING OF LIEF ERICKSON</a><br />
+in the New World in 1001</h2>
+<p><!-- Page 32 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i039.jpg" width="700" height="402" alt="Landing of Lief Erickson
+in the New World" title="Landing of Lief Erickson in the New World" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 33 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 33]</span></p>
+<h3>II.<br />
+LANDING OF LIEF ERICKSON IN THE NEW WORLD, IN 1001.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>While the most notable occurrence in its influence on America was
+undoubtedly the landing of Columbus, as it resulted in the gradual
+colonization and development of the whole continent, the actual
+discovery of the new world was made ages prior to 1492. The landing of
+Lief Erickson was made in 1001, but there is good reason to believe that
+even long prior to that time either the shores or the islands of America
+were reached by Ph&#339;nicians, Irish and Basques, and its western shores
+by the Chinese. The earliest discovery, however, of which there is any
+authenticated record is that by the Eirek (Erick) family of Iceland, and
+these records are not only embraced in the Sagas or histories of the
+Scandinavian chieftains, but more especially in the "Codex Flataeensis,"
+completed in 1387. According to these, Eirek the Red founded colonies in
+Greenland about the year 985, which prospered for over four centuries.
+Remains of buildings and contemporaneous writings establish this beyond
+a doubt. These colonies became Christianized and established churches,
+monasteries, and had bishops in regular succession for about two hundred
+and fifty years. There is nothing marvellous about this account, as
+Greenland was only about two hundred miles distant from Iceland, and
+therefore nearer to that island than the latter was to Norway, whence
+the Icelanders originally came. These<!-- Page 34 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> colonies became practically
+extinct in the fourteenth century, owing, it is believed, to enormous
+accumulations of ice on the coast, which prevented intercommunication
+between them and Iceland, and cut off their chief food supplies. They
+may also have been decimated through the great pestilence called the
+Black Death, which prevailed in 1349, especially in the northern
+countries; while, if any remained, they are supposed to have been killed
+by the Esquimos, or Skraelings, as they were then called, and who were a
+far more powerful race than the Esquimos of to-day.</p>
+
+<p>The foothold thus gained by the Norsemen in Greenland led to voyages
+southward. Some years after the establishment of these colonies one
+Bjarne Herjulfson was on one of these voyages driven by a storm far
+south of Greenland and saw the coast of the main continent of North
+America, somewhere, it is supposed from his description, between
+Newfoundland and Nantucket. Without landing, he returned to Greenland,
+whence soon thereafter, induced by his accounts, Leif, the son of Eirek
+the Red, undertook the same journey with a single ship and about
+thirty-five men, for the purpose of obtaining possession of the newly
+discovered country. He landed probably at Nantucket Island, and settled
+in the vicinity of the present Fall River, and called the country
+Vinland on account of the grape-vines which grew there in profusion.</p>
+
+<p>In confirmation of the claim that it was in this locality that Leif
+Erickson first set foot, the Norse records are relied upon, which state
+that, at the season when this discovery was made, the sun rose at 7:30
+<span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> and set at 4:30 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span> This astronomical observation would locate the
+place of landing on the southern coast of New England in the vicinity
+mentioned. That the Norsemen made a settlement in this country, though
+only of brief duration, is a fact in support of which many<!-- Page 35 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> learned
+treatises have been written, dealing, among other things, with what are
+supposed to be Icelandic inscriptions discovered in that section of the
+country, and the like, a consideration of which, however, would be
+beyond the scope of this writing.</p>
+
+<p>Leif, the son of Eirek, or to preserve the nomenclature of the artist,
+Lief Erickson, is described in the Sagas and other records as a large,
+strong man, of imposing appearance. The ships in which voyages were made
+by the Norsemen in those days were called drakkars, which were propelled
+both by oar and sail; at the ends rose wooden apartments called kastals.
+All the parts out of water were fashioned after the manner of monsters
+or drakkars (dragons, <i>Drachen</i>). The prow of the ship represented the
+terrible head, the sides, a continuation of the body, and the rear, the
+tail of the monster bent upward; they bore a single sail covered with
+warlike paintings, and to the mast were also frequently hoisted the
+coats of arms of various chiefs. It was in ships of this character that
+these bold seamen braved the perils of the ocean, and it was in similar
+ships that William, the Conqueror, came to England; and yet even these
+vessels, frail as they were, were superior, both in seaworthiness and
+size, to the ships of Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>The costumes of the Norsemen consisted of trousers, belt, shirt, and
+often a coat of mail, and over the shoulders they sometimes wore a cloak
+with a fringe or border at the sides. They carried swords with most
+elaborately carved and embossed hilts and scabbards of gilt bronze and
+silver.</p>
+
+<p>To depict the first landing of Lief Erickson amid these surroundings was
+the object of the painter. How well he has succeeded, a mere inspection
+of this canvas will at once reveal. The heroic figure of Lief, himself,
+dreamily and yet with wonderment, looking out upon the newly discovered
+shore, while with uplifted sword his men are<!-- Page 36 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> apparently consecrating
+the new world with a solemn vow of loyalty, some standing on a small
+boat which is being pushed towards the shore, while others stand
+knee-deep in the shoal water&mdash;the form of the ship or drakkar in the
+background, the costumes, swords and all the other
+accessories&mdash;constitute a striking and fascinating group. It portrays
+vividly the solemnity of the occasion when the first white men were
+about to set foot on the American continent.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery of Vinland and its subsequent colonization by Thorfinn are
+referred to in the beautiful verses of Bayard Taylor, written on the
+occasion of his visit to Iceland to attend its millennial celebration,
+in August, 1874.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"We come, the children of thy Vinland,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The youngest of the world's high peers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O land of steel, and song, and saga,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To greet thy glorious thousand years.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Across that sea the son of Erik<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dared with his venturous dragon's prow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From shores where Thorfinn set thy banner<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Their latest children seek thee now.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="center">* * * * * * * * *<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"What though thy native harps be silent?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The chord they struck shall ours prolong;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We claim thee kindred, call thee mother,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">O land of saga, steel and song!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 37 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">THE SANTA MARIA, NI&Ntilde;A</a> <span class="smcap">AND</span> PINTA<br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>Evening of October 11, 1492</i>)</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 157px;">
+<img src="images/deco2.png" width="100" height="42" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE DEBARKATION OF COLUMBUS<br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>Morning of October 12, 1492</i>)</span></h2>
+<p><!-- Page 38 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i046.jpg" width="700" height="388" alt="The Santa Maria, Ni&ntilde;a And Pinta"
+title="The Santa Maria, Ni&ntilde;a And Pinta" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i047.jpg" width="700" height="489" alt="The Debarkation of Columbus" title="The Debarkation of Columbus" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 39 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 39]</span></p>
+<h3>III.<br />
+THE SANTA MARIA, NI&Ntilde;A AND PINTA (EVENING OF OCTOBER 11, 1492)<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a><br />
+<span class="h3sm">AND</span><br />
+IV.<br />
+
+THE DEBARKATION OF COLUMBUS (MORNING OF OCTOBER 12, 1492).<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>The landing of Columbus was an historical event of such importance in
+its consequences that the artist wisely celebrates it in both of these
+pictures.</p>
+
+<p>We little realize what it meant to brave the perils of the unexplored
+ocean in the year 1492. We marvel when some adventurous navigator, even
+now, when every current and wind of the ocean have been observed for
+five hundred years, and are accurately known and precisely charted,
+undertakes to cross it in a somewhat diminutive vessel. What, then, must
+have been the courage of Columbus, when, at the advanced age of
+fifty-seven, he ventured with his crew upon this perilous undertaking in
+three frail barks or caravels, the largest of them equipped with a
+single deck and a single bridge, with an awkward one-story compartment
+at the prow and a two-story compartment at the stern, and the two others
+without any<!-- Page 40 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> deck at all, with their little masts carrying awkward,
+unwieldy, partly square and partly lateen sails!</p>
+
+<p>The three crews consisted of only one hundred and four men combined, of
+which fifty were on the little "Santa Maria," which was only about
+sixty-three feet over all in length, with a fifty-one foot keel, twenty
+foot beam, and a depth of ten and one-half feet, under the command of
+the "Admiral" himself, as he was pompously called, and thirty on the
+still smaller "Pinta," under the command of "Captain" Martin Alonso
+Pinzon, while the still more diminutive cockle-shell "Ni&ntilde;a" contained
+the formidable crew of twenty-four under the command of the brother of
+Martin Alonso, the redoubtable "Captain" Vincente Yanez Pinzon. And then
+to think that, instead of being encouraged and lauded for his
+enterprise, the prelude consisted of discouragement, derision and
+persecution of the foolhardy seaman who dared to brave the superstitions
+of the age and the unknown ocean which was supposed to be peopled with
+demons and monsters, in quest of what was believed to be an absolutely
+impossible pathway to China and the East Indies, and from which there
+could not be any hope of return. A model of these caravels was exhibited
+in the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, at the sight of which
+wonder grew to incredulity that, under such circumstances as surrounded
+this first voyage of Columbus, any one should have risked his life in
+such a craft.</p>
+
+<p>Even assuming with John Fiske that the spherical form of the earth was
+known long before Columbus, and that he derived his knowledge of the
+existence of the westernmost shore of the Atlantic Ocean through
+information which he received of the voyages of the Norsemen, on his
+visit to Iceland in 1477, his opinion that the same shore might be
+reached by crossing the Atlantic, where it had never been traversed
+before, was based upon mere surmise. No wonder that his crew were
+disheartened<!-- Page 41 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> and on the verge of open mutiny when, under such
+circumstances, after about sixty-nine days had elapsed since they had
+sailed from Palos on August 3, 1492, they had still not reached the
+longed-for land. What faith, almost inspired, must have been his, that
+he should succeed in persuading his men to hold out only a few days
+more, and how strange that on the very next day, the seventieth of his
+voyage, on the evening of October 11, 1492, the long-wished-for goal
+should be descried in the dim distance, and that on the following day
+they should actually disembark from their floating prisons to stand once
+more upon solid ground!</p>
+
+<p>The artist has chosen the inspiring moments of these two events to
+immortalize them in these two pictures: in the one, the three tiny barks
+in the shadow of the evening, still in the gloom and uncertainty of what
+the morrow would bring forth&mdash;and then, in the other, the brilliant
+spectacle of Columbus with cross uplifted, in magnificent regalia of
+scarlet and gold and purple, and his officers with the standards of
+Castile and Leon, and the white and green colors of the expedition,
+disembarking with his men when his hopes had become a reality, for the
+purpose of claiming the newly discovered land.</p>
+
+<p>I quote from Emilio Castelar the following description of the events
+illustrated by these pictures:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Land! land! the cry fell as a joyous peal upon the ears of these
+mariners who had given themselves up as lost and doomed to die in
+the fathomless vast.</p>
+
+<p>"When Columbus heard the glad cry he knelt in rapture on the deck
+and with clasped hands lifted his joy-filled eyes to Heaven and
+intoned the 'Gloria in Excelsis' to the Author of all things.</p>
+
+<p>"The signs of land now made it high time to prepare for the
+debarkation for which all measures had been wisely planned by the
+admiral, who had never doubted the realization of his predictions.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 42 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>"Each moment brought a revelation. A solitary, half-tamed
+turtle-dove flew near them and was followed by a floating, leafy
+reed.</p>
+
+<p>"About two in the morning of October 12th, amid the sheen of the
+stars and phosphorescence of the sea, one of the crew, with eyes
+accustomed, like some nocturnal creature, to the darkness, cried
+'Land! land!'</p></div>
+
+<p class="center">*    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Columbus donned his richest apparel, upon his shoulders a cloak of
+rosy purple, and grasped in one hand the sword of combat and in the
+other the Redeemer's cross; then, disembarking, he knelt upon the
+land, and, with uplifted arms, joined with his followers in the Te
+Deum." </p></div>
+
+<p>In these paintings much is left to the imagination, which renders them
+all the more beautiful and poetical, although also in them the artist
+has accurately portrayed the caravels, costumes, figures and indications
+of the nearby shore, so that the scenes are vividly brought to mind as
+actually described in the journals of the great navigator himself and
+his first biographer, his own son Ferdinand.</p>
+
+<p>It is not the purpose of the author to write history, and yet how
+tempting, in the study of these pictures, is it to reflect upon and
+recall the romance which surrounds the whole life of Columbus and his
+period: the honors which he received on his return to Spain, his
+subsequent two additional voyages of discovery, when, to those of the
+first, consisting of San Salvador, Cuba, and the other islands, he added
+that of the continent of South America; how he returned from his third
+voyage in chains and afterwards died in poverty and forgotten at
+Valladolid, on May 20, 1506, his name scarcely mentioned at the time in
+the records of that town; how still stranger that<!-- Page 43 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> Columbus never knew
+that he had discovered a new continent, but believed that, as he had
+originally intended, he had reached the shores of the Indies and China
+or Cathay by a new route, and therefore gave them the name which has
+ever since attached to the islands where he first landed, of the West
+Indies, and called the natives, Indians; and, strangest of all, that
+four hundred and six years after he first landed at San Salvador, the
+remains of the great discoverer should have been transferred from the
+cathedral at Havana to Spain, the scene of all his triumphs and all his
+sorrows, on September 24, 1898, just about the close of the
+Spanish-American war, which is celebrated in the last or thirteenth of
+this remarkable series of paintings.</p>
+
+<p>The courage, faith and fortitude of Columbus in persisting in his
+westward journey, in full confidence that he would eventually reach the
+shore which must ever have been pictured in his mind, in spite of the
+doubts and fears and protestations of his weary crew, are beautifully
+and concisely expressed in the stanzas of Friedrich Schiller:<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Brave sailor, steer onward! Though the jester deride<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the hand of the pilot the helm drops in fear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sail on to the West, till that shore is descried<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which so clearly defined to thy mind doth appear.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Follow God's guiding hand and the great silent ocean!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the shore, were it not, from the waves it would rise.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With genius is nature linked in such bonds of devotion<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That what genius presages, nature never denies."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 44 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 45 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">MIDNIGHT MASS ON THE MISSISSIPPI</a><br />
+Over the Body of Ferdinand de Soto<br />
+1542</h2>
+<p><!-- Page 46 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i056.jpg" width="700" height="453" alt="Midnight Mass over the Body of
+Ferdinand de Soto" title="Midnight Mass over the Body of Ferdinand de Soto" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 47 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 47]</span></p>
+<h3>V.<br />
+MIDNIGHT MASS ON THE MISSISSIPPI OVER THE BODY OF FERDINAND DE SOTO,
+1542.<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>As simple, gloomy and severe as were the circumstances surrounding the
+departure of the expeditions of Lief Erickson and Columbus, and
+subsequently of Henry Hudson and the Pilgrim Fathers, so brilliant,
+hopeful and coveted was the journey of Fernando De Soto, when he set
+sail from Spain in April, 1538, to conquer Florida and in search of a
+new Eldorado. Having previously returned from the conquest of Peru, as
+the chief lieutenant of Francisco Pizarro, possessed of great wealth,
+and through his marriage with the beautiful Isabella Bobadilla
+affiliated with the highest nobility, and having been appointed Governor
+of Cuba by Charles V.&mdash;the flower of the Spanish and Portuguese
+aristocracy flocked to his standard. The seven large and three small
+ships, including his flag-ship, the "San Christoval," in which the
+expedition set sail, were fitted out with great splendor. De Soto was
+then forty-two years of age, having been born at Xeres, Spain, in 1496,
+while his followers were mostly young men, and a more gorgeous or joyous
+company cannot be imagined. With them went the wife of De Soto and many
+other beautiful women, and the voyage was one round of pleasure and
+festivities. After landing and wintering in Cuba he started from there
+in May, 1539, with a following of one thousand men in nine ships,
+leaving the administration of Cuba in the hands of his<!-- Page 48 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> wife and the
+Lieutenant-Governor. The original splendor was preserved, the leaders
+being clad in gorgeous armor and, followed by a host of servants and
+priests, they took with them all manner of live stock, cattle, horses,
+mules, etc., and were provided with all sorts of weapons and trappings,
+but also, significantly, with blood-hounds, handcuffs and iron
+neck-collars. Thus they landed in Florida, in the neighborhood of Tampa
+Bay, and began their march northward in the month of June, 1539, the
+cavaliers to the number of one hundred and thirteen on horseback, and
+the rest on foot. They passed the winter near the present Georgia
+border, and in the spring of 1540 reached the location of the present
+city of Savannah. Instead of pacifying, they alienated the natives
+through many acts of hostility, in the exuberance of their youth and
+prowess, in consequence of which many members of the expedition were
+killed in battle and others died through sickness and deprivation.
+Nevertheless, they pushed on still further westward towards the Rocky
+Mountains, and in May, 1541, discovered and crossed the Mississippi
+River near Lower Chickasaw Bluff, a little north of the thirty-fourth
+parallel of latitude, in Tunica County, in what is now the State of
+Mississippi. On again reaching the Mississippi on the return march, De
+Soto, in consequence of the exposure and hardships to which he had been
+subjected, sank down with a fever from which he died on May 21, 1542.
+Owing to the awe which he had inspired in the minds of the natives it
+was deemed wise by the remnant of his followers to conceal the fact of
+his death. Accordingly at the dead of night he was wrapped in a flag, in
+which sand had been sown, and taken in a boat to the middle of the
+river, and amid the glare of torches, the chanting by the priests of the
+midnight mass, and his sorrowing and silent companions, solemnly
+consigned to the depths of the great river.</p>
+
+<p>It is this solemn moment which the artist has caught<!-- Page 49 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> in the painting
+bearing the above title. As in all the other pictures he has, also in
+this, depicted all the important details of the occasion without
+descending to such minute particularity that the painting would lose its
+poetic character. The sad scene recalls vividly to the mind&mdash;in contrast
+with the high hope and magnificent display of the expedition at its
+start&mdash;the futility of human ambition.</p>
+
+<p>The tone of the picture is heightened through the mingling of the pale
+moonlight with the lurid reflection from the torches, and the coloring
+altogether is such that it is in perfect harmony with the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to dwell upon the subsequent fate of the remnant of
+the expedition, except, perhaps, to say that the picture itself gains in
+interest by contemplating that, after wandering through the pathless
+forests, wading swamps, swimming rivers and fighting Indians all the
+time, and deprived of their leader, and after four years of hardships
+from the time that the expedition set out, those who were left made
+their way to Mexico. In the meantime the beautiful wife of De Soto had
+died brokenhearted, and never was there, all in all, a more tragic
+ending to an expedition commenced amid so much pomp and glory and with
+such sanguine expectations. His longed-for Eldorado was not found, and
+yet De Soto, not unlike Columbus, gained immortality more surely than if
+his expectations had been realized; for the Father of Waters, the
+greatest river in the world, will always be associated with his name,
+and the acquisition of the vast province of Louisiana by Spain led the
+way for its subsequent transfer to the United States. It was on April
+30, 1803, that through the negotiations conducted by James Monroe and
+Robert Livingston the Province of Louisiana was purchased for the sum of
+about $15,000,000 from France, which nation had prior thereto acquired
+it from Spain.<!-- Page 50 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In view of the chapters of history which a contemplation of this picture
+recalls, it is of particular interest during this year (1904), when
+through the magnificent Louisiana Purchase Exposition we are celebrating
+the centennial anniversary of the acquisition by the United States of
+the vast territory, which before De Soto and his followers the foot of
+white man had never trod.</p>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 51 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">HENRY HUDSON ENTERING NEW YORK BAY</a><br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>September 11, 1609</i>)</span></h2>
+<p><!-- Page 52 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i063.jpg" width="700" height="394" alt="Henry Hudson Entering New York Bay" title="Henry Hudson Entering New York Bay" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 53 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 53]</span></p>
+<h3>VI.<br />
+HENRY HUDSON ENTERING NEW YORK BAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1609.<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>Previous to his discovery of the Hudson River, Henry Hudson, an
+Englishman, sometimes erroneously called Hendrick Hudson because the
+ship in which he sailed was fitted out under the auspices of the Dutch
+East India Company and the Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce, had made three
+voyages to find a northwest passage to China and India. To reach those
+shores <i>via</i> the Atlantic seems to have been the goal of all the early
+discoverers, including Columbus and also De Soto, who, before his
+Florida expedition, had explored the coast of Central America, on the
+Pacific Ocean, in search of a passage through the American continent;
+and even Hudson sailed up the Hudson River in the expectation that it
+would lead on to the Pacific Ocean and thus to Asia. Hudson was not the
+only Englishman who had received encouragement and assistance from
+Holland when his own land had failed him, the same as did the Pilgrims
+soon thereafter, when they sought refuge in that enlightened and
+enterprising country.</p>
+
+<p>He sailed from Amsterdam on April 6, 1609, in a clumsy, two-masted craft
+with square sails called the "Half Moon," a Dutch galiot of only ninety
+tons, with a crew of twenty men, in an extreme northwesterly direction,
+but being driven back by the ice, skirted along the<!-- Page 54 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> Atlantic coast,
+passing through Casco Bay, Maine, as far south as Chesapeake Bay, and
+thence again northward, and entered Raritan Bay, south of Staten Island,
+on September 11, 1609, into the present harbor of New York, and, on
+September 14th, sailed up the Hudson River almost as far as Albany.</p>
+
+<p>The return voyage down the Hudson to its mouth, owing to adverse winds,
+occupied eleven days, and on November 7, 1609, he landed at Dartmouth,
+England, where, owing to the jealousy of the English Government, the
+crew was detained and his ship seized, although she had borne the Dutch
+flag and Hudson had claimed the sovereignty of the soil for that country
+over that portion of the American continent which he had discovered. It
+was to all intents and purposes a discovery, as the first definite
+historic account of the existence of this part of the new world dated
+from this voyage, of which he kept a careful journal, however probable
+it may be that, before him, other Europeans had looked upon Manhattan
+Island and the Hudson River, in view of the many expeditions to America
+during the long period from the tenth to the seventeenth centuries.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery of Hudson led almost immediately to numerous trading
+voyages, and thereafter to temporary, and then to regular and permanent
+colonization, and finally to the foundation of the great City of New
+York. Also with Hudson, the same as with Columbus and De Soto, is thus
+linked a discovery far greater in its consequences than if he had
+succeeded in reaching the goal which he originally set out to find. Like
+theirs, also his ending was sad and tragic, for on a subsequent
+northwestern voyage, his mutinous crew cast him, together with his son
+and seven of his faithful men, adrift amid the ice of Hudson Bay, which
+bears his name, thus like De Soto perishing in the very waters which he
+had discovered.<!-- Page 55 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>His life is wrapt in mystery; nothing is known of it except during the
+four years occupied with his voyages (1607 to 1611), and that he was
+probably the son of Christopher Hudson, one of the factors of the
+Muscovy Company. There is not even an authentic portrait of him in
+existence.</p>
+
+<p>The interest of this painting centers in the scene, which it vividly
+depicts, of the effect upon the natives of this first sight of a ship.
+Nothing could be more intense than the expression of mingled fear and
+defiant surprise portrayed in the face and attitude of the young Indian
+warrior, that so strange an object should dare to approach his hitherto
+undisputed domain of the shore. This interest is heightened through the
+grouping of the squaw and Indian dog, with the Indian hut or tepee in
+the background on the edge of the forest, and the rocky shore in the
+foreground. The ship itself is subordinated to the representation of
+this idea, being only dimly seen in the distance.</p>
+
+<p>Through this conception, the artist was enabled to present a picture
+which adds to the variety of the series, and at the same time
+demonstrates his surpassing mastery of figure and landscape painting as
+well.</p>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 56 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 57 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS</a><br />
+From Southampton<br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>August 5, 1620</i>)</span></h2>
+<p><!-- Page 58 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i070.jpg" width="700" height="438" alt="Embarkation of the Pilgrims" title="Embarkation of the Pilgrims" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 59 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 59]</span></p>
+<h3>VII.<br />
+EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS FROM SOUTHAMPTON, AUGUST 5, 1620.<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></h3>
+
+<p>A sadder journey than that of the Pilgrims, both in its inception in
+leaving home and kindred and fleeing from persecution, and in its ending
+in the inconceivable hardships which they had to endure in the new
+world, was probably never undertaken than when, on August 5, 1620, the
+"Mayflower" sailed out of the harbor of Southampton.</p>
+
+<p>It must have been with heavy hearts and the gloomiest forebodings, and
+yet buoyed up with the hope of finding a permanent refuge beyond the
+ocean, for the exercise of that freedom of conscience for which they had
+previously found only a temporary abode at Leyden, Holland, that the
+hundred brave men and women, representing twenty-three different
+families, consigned their lives and fortunes into the hands of the crew
+of the little one hundred and sixty ton vessel that for almost five long
+months was to battle with storm and winds across the dreaded Atlantic,
+until on December 21, 1620, they anchored on the shores of
+Massachusetts, and, with that spirit of loyalty, still, to the land from
+which they had fled, named the spot where they first landed, Plymouth
+Rock, to which they had been driven in the stress and storm, instead of
+reaching the Virginia colony, for which they had set sail.<!-- Page 60 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What that departure of the Pilgrims from England meant to those left
+behind on the shore at Southampton can hardly be conceived by those who,
+in our day, at some magnificent steamship pier, amid the strains of
+music and a shower of flowers, now and anon wave a farewell to their
+friends, perhaps bound on a pleasure tour in some leviathan of the
+ocean, of twenty thousand or more tons burden, and fitted up in more
+regal splendor than the most gorgeous palaces of the age of the
+Pilgrims.</p>
+
+<p>It is to the sadness of this departure that the artist, in this canvas,
+has undertaken to give expression in the mournful group of friends on
+the shore, waving a final farewell and wistfully gazing at the
+"Mayflower," lying in mid-water and evidently waiting for the last
+passengers to arrive before setting sail on its perilous voyage into the
+mysterious darkness of the approaching night. There is a mellow gray
+light of evening diffused throughout this painting which is almost
+indescribable, with the moon casting its rays across the water, so
+perfectly is it in harmony with the thread of the whole story which is
+suggested by this inimitable picture.</p>
+
+<p>I can think of no more fitting words to accompany this canvas than those
+of Edward Everett, in his oration at Plymouth, on December 22, 1824, on
+"The Emigration of the Pilgrim Fathers":</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Methinks I see it now, that one solitary, adventurous vessel, the
+'Mayflower' of a forlorn hope, freighted with the prospects of a
+future State, and bound across the unknown sea. I behold it
+pursuing, with a thousand misgivings, the uncertain, the tedious
+voyage. Suns rise and set, and weeks and months pass, and winter
+surprises them on the deep, but brings them not the sight of the
+wished-for shore. I see them now scantily supplied with provisions,
+crowded almost to suffocation in their ill-stored prison, delayed
+by calms, pursuing a cir<!-- Page 61 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>cuitous route; and now driven in fury
+before the raging tempest, on the high and giddy waves. The awful
+voice of the storm howls through the rigging. The laboring masts
+seem straining from their base; the dismal sound of the pumps is
+heard; the ship leaps, as it were, madly from billow to billow; the
+ocean breaks, and settles with engulfing floods over the floating
+deck, and beats with deadening weight against the staggered vessel.
+I see them, escaped from these perils, pursuing their all but
+desperate undertaking, and landed at last, after five months'
+passage, on the ice-clad rocks of Plymouth,&mdash;weak and weary from
+the voyage, poorly armed, scantily provisioned, depending on the
+charity of their shipmaster for a draft of beer on board, drinking
+nothing but water on shore, without shelter, without means,
+surrounded by hostile tribes." </p></div>
+
+<p>What an extraordinary coincidence it is that a Dutch slaver, laden with
+slaves for Virginia, should be on the ocean at the same time with the
+"Mayflower," in whose cabin was written the first charter of
+independence, the first American constitution, in the words following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the
+loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the
+grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland king, defender
+of the faith, etc., having undertaken, for the glory of God, and
+advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and
+country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts
+of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the
+presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves
+together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and
+preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue
+hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws,
+ordinances,<!-- Page 62 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time,
+as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good
+of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and
+obedience." </p></div>
+
+<p>What but a reflection of these words is the memorable preamble to the
+Constitution of the United States, framed by the convention of 1787:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more
+perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity,
+provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and
+secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
+ordain this Constitution for the United States of America." </p></div>
+
+<p>What a debt of gratitude we owe to the leaders of that expedition,
+Carver, Winslow, Bradford and Standish, who thus planted this colony in
+the United States, practically the first after that in Virginia&mdash;but
+also to the great artist who fortunately came from the shores of the
+same England to immortalize, through this beautiful picture, the first
+scene in the drama whose culmination is the establishment of the
+greatest republic that the world has ever seen!</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"There were men with hoary hair<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Amidst that pilgrim-band:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Why had they come to wither there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Away from their childhood's land?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"There was woman's fearless eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Lit by her deep love's truth;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">There was manhood's brow serenely high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">And the fiery heart of youth.<br /></span>
+<!-- Page 63 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"What sought they thus afar?<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Bright jewels of the mine?<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The wealth of seas, the spoils of war?&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">They sought a faith's pure shrine!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"Ay, call it holy ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The soil where first they trod;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">They have left unstained what there they found&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Freedom to worship God."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i16"><span class="smcap">Felicia Hemans.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 64 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 65 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG</a><br />
+By a Foreign Government<br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>In the Harbor of Quiberon, France, February 13, 1778</i>)</span></h2>
+
+<p><!-- Page 66 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i079.jpg" width="700" height="397" alt="First Recognition of the American Flag by a Foreign Government"
+title="First Recognition of the American Flag by a Foreign Government" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 67 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 67]</span></p>
+<h3>VIII.<br />
+FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG BY A FOREIGN GOVERNMENT.<br />
+<i>In the Harbor of Quiberon, France, February 13, 1778.</i><a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"When Freedom, from her mountain height,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Unfurled her standard to the air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She tore the azure robe of night<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And set the stars of glory there!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She mingled with its gorgeous dyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The milky baldric of the skies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And striped its pure, celestial white<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With streakings of the morning light."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i16"><span class="smcap">Drake.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Between the time of the landing of the Pilgrims and the event
+represented in this picture one hundred and fifty-eight years had
+elapsed. The hardy pioneers who had ventured across the ocean in
+considerable numbers had increased to thirteen colonies, the Declaration
+of Independence had been signed, the War of the Revolution was being
+fought, a preliminary confederation had been formed among the thirteen
+States, the first American Congress had met, and this, on June 14, 1777,
+"Resolved that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen
+stripes, alternate red and white; and the Union be thirteen white stars
+on a blue field," and on the same day had<!-- Page 68 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> appointed John Paul Jones,
+usually known as Paul Jones, to the command of the "Ranger," who soon
+thereafter hoisted the new flag on board that vessel at Portsmouth. The
+"Ranger" set out to sea about November 1st, her battery consisting of
+sixteen six-pounders, throwing only forty-eight pounds of shot from a
+broadside, an armament which appears grotesquely lilliputian in
+comparison with the thirteen-inch guns, firing projectiles of over half
+a ton from our steel-armored battleships of to-day, which cost as much
+as five million dollars and are of 16,000 tons burden. With this little
+ship he sailed to Europe, capturing two prizes on the way, and, after
+touching at Nantes, sailed to Quiberon Bay, east of Quiberon, on the Bay
+of Biscay, a small town and peninsula about twenty-two miles south-east
+of Lorient, convoying some American vessels, and placing them under the
+protection of the French fleet commanded by Admiral La Motte Piquet. The
+story represented in this picture he tells in his own language in a
+letter to the Naval Committee, dated February 22, 1778: "I am happy to
+have it in my power to congratulate on my having seen the American flag
+for the first time recognized in the fullest and completest manner by
+the flag of France." He then recounts how, after preliminary
+communications with the Admiral, the latter thus honored the flag on
+February 13th, which he characterized as "an acknowledgment of American
+independence."</p>
+
+<p>This, as well as each of the five subsequent paintings, depicts an
+important event in the history of our navy, and must be dear to every
+American heart in the incident which is thus perpetuated. The American
+flag is proudly displayed from the masthead and stern of the "Ranger,"
+and the coloring is so adjusted that the flag appears to wave in the
+brightest light of the picture. The smoke of the booming cannon from the
+French fleet, the motion of the water, and the row-boats evidently
+plying in friendly<!-- Page 69 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> intercourse among the ships, the sky effect&mdash;all
+together combine to produce a piece of superb marine painting.</p>
+
+<p>Space forbids dwelling upon the exceptional, romantic, daring and
+successful career of Paul Jones, who was born in Scotland on July 6,
+1747, and died in Paris on July 18, 1792, the first of that long list of
+heroic figures which have made the history of the American navy so
+illustrious.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The man that is not moved at what he reads,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That takes not fire at their heroic deeds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unworthy of the blessings of the brave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is base in kind, and born to be a slave."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i16"><span class="smcap">Cowper.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><i>Note.</i>&mdash;Additional interest is lent to this canvas through the fact
+that quite recently (April, 1905) the remains of John Paul Jones, the
+hero of the occasion, were discovered in Paris, and are to be interred
+in the United States.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 70 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 71 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA</a><br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>In the Harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804</i>)</span></h2>
+<p><!-- Page 72 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 553px;">
+<img src="images/i086.jpg" width="553" height="700" alt="The Burning of the Frigate Philadelphia" title="The Burning of the Frigate Philadelphia" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 73 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 73]</span></p>
+<h3>IX.<br />
+BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA.<br />
+<i>In the Harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804.</i><a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>This canvas represents one of the most daring feats ever performed in
+naval warfare, equalled only, perhaps, by the exploit of Lieutenant
+Hobson in sinking the collier "Merrimac" in the harbor of Santiago
+during the Spanish-American war of 1898. Lord Nelson characterized the
+burning of the "Philadelphia" as the most daring act of the age. The
+"Philadelphia" was the sister ship of the famous "Constitution," and
+under the command of Captain Bainbridge had been despatched to Tripoli
+to demand satisfaction for losses suffered by our merchant marine at the
+hands of Algerian pirates, who had been preying upon the commerce of the
+world for years. Arriving on the Algerian coast, she was led upon a reef
+by pirates whom she was chasing, her officers and crew were taken
+prisoners, her guns were thrown overboard, and she was taken into the
+harbor by her captors, and there remanned, regunned and made ready to
+defend the city against the other American ships which were blockading
+the port.</p>
+
+<p>From his prison Captain Bainbridge managed to get into communication
+with the American fleet, and to sug<!-- Page 74 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>gest the feasibility of destroying
+the "Philadelphia." Acting upon this suggestion Lieutenant Decatur
+undertook the perilous task. Decatur had sailed into the harbor of
+Tripoli in the frigate "United States" in the Preble expedition and
+captured a small Tripolitan vessel, which was renamed the "Intrepid." In
+her, with a crew of seventy-four brave volunteers, and accompanied by
+the "Siren," he sailed straight up to the "Philadelphia" in the evening,
+sprang on board with his men, and after a furious struggle and under the
+fire of the coast batteries, whose cannon swept the approach to the
+"Philadelphia," the Americans either killed or drove into the sea all
+the Tripolitans on board the "Philadelphia," which was set on fire,
+while the "Intrepid," with the assistance of the "Siren," escaped
+without the loss of a single man. It was a deed of marvellous bravery,
+so much so that on November 15, 1804, Thomas Jefferson sent a special
+message to Congress stating that Lieutenant Decatur had been advanced to
+be a Captain, and it is not surprising that so brave a seaman gradually
+rose to the rank of Commodore in the United States navy. He was the hero
+of many subsequent brilliant exploits, principally in foreign waters,
+and effectually showed the nations of Europe how to put an end to the
+piracy and insolence of the Barbary States, which had lasted for nearly
+three centuries. He was the recipient of many distinguished honors, and
+was presented with a sword by Congress for his share in the destruction
+of the "Philadelphia," and in 1812 with a gold medal for his capture of
+the British frigate "Macedonian" by his own ship the "United States."
+His patriotic devotion to his country is well exemplified in a toast
+which he proposed in 1816 on the occasion of a banquet which was
+tendered to him: "Our Country! In her intercourse with foreign nations,
+may she always be in the right; but our Country, right or wrong."<!-- Page 75 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Decatur was born in Maryland on January 5, 1779, and died on March 22,
+1820, in a duel with Commodore Barron.</p>
+
+<p>Andrew Jackson, in his first annual message to Congress on December 8,
+1829, referred to the heroic deed represented in this painting in the
+following language:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I cannot close this communication without bringing to your view
+the just claim of the representatives of Commodore Decatur, his
+officers and crew, arising from the recapture of the frigate
+'Philadelphia' under the heavy batteries of Tripoli. Although
+sensible, as a general rule, of the impropriety of Executive
+interference under a Government like ours, where every individual
+enjoys the right of directly petitioning Congress, yet, viewing
+this case as one of very peculiar character, I deem it my duty to
+recommend it to your favorable consideration. Besides the justice
+of this claim, as corresponding to those which have been since
+recognized and satisfied, it is the fruit of a deed of patriotic
+and chivalrous daring which infused life and confidence into our
+infant navy and contributed as much as any exploit in its history
+to elevate our national character. Public gratitude, therefore,
+stamps her seal upon it, and the meed should not be withheld which
+may hereafter operate as a stimulus to our gallant tars."</p></div>
+
+<p>The burning of the "Philadelphia" is one of the most striking pictures
+in the series. The effect of the mounting flames against the moonless
+and midnight sky is impressive and spectacular, and their lurid
+reflection in the water, with a glimpse of the Algerian fort and
+batteries in the background to the right, and the little vessel of
+Decatur, fittingly named the "Intrepid," skimming along the water away
+from the burning ship, with swelling sail and powerful stroke of oar,
+with the dense masses<!-- Page 76 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> of smoke rising to the extreme height of the
+painting and a shower of burning embers descending into the
+water&mdash;produce an effect, so vivid and realistic, of a great
+conflagration, that the eye is riveted to the scene with never-failing
+interest.</p>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 77 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">THE BRIG ARMSTRONG ENGAGING THE BRITISH FLEET</a><br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26, 1814</i>)</span></h2>
+<p><!-- Page 78 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i093.jpg" width="700" height="392" alt="The Brig 'Armstrong' Engaging the British Fleet" title="The Brig 'Armstrong' Engaging the British Fleet" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 79 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 79]</span></p>
+<h3>X.<br />
+THE BRIG ARMSTRONG ENGAGING THE BRITISH FLEET.<br />
+<i>In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26, 1814.</i><a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>It is difficult to discriminate, in awarding the meed of praise for
+bravery, amid the many heroic deeds of the American navy. For fighting
+qualities and success in repulsing overwhelming numbers the exploit of
+Captain Samuel Chester Reid, in his battle with the British seamen which
+this picture illustrates, has never been surpassed. It was on the 26th
+of September, 1814, that the privateer, the brig "Armstrong," which had
+been fitted out in New York, cast anchor in the harbor of Fayal, one of
+the Azores, belonging to the neutral government of Portugal. About the
+same time three British ships, the "Plantagenet," the "Carnation" and
+the "Rota," under the command of Commodore Lloyd, appeared in the same
+harbor, and without further ceremony sent out four boat loads of men
+towards the brig "Armstrong," evidently with hostile intention. Captain
+Reid, realizing the futility of relying upon the protection of the
+impotent Portuguese authorities, prepared for the worst, and, on
+receiving a threatening response to a challenge which he addressed to
+the approaching boats, he unhesitatingly opened fire. As his crew
+consisted of only ninety men, his armament of eight nine-pounders, with
+only the famous "Long Tom," a twenty-four pounder (which was<!-- Page 80 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> exhibited
+at the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893) as a gun of any consequence to
+rely upon, while the enemy numbered over two thousand men and had a
+combined armament of one hundred and thirty-six guns, the hardihood of
+this initial proceeding will be apparent. After having suffered some
+loss in killed and wounded, three of the enemy's boats beat a hasty
+retreat, the fourth having been sunk, but about midnight the attack was
+renewed by fourteen boats, loaded to the guards with at least four
+hundred men. Captain Reid with his men fought like tigers, and "Long
+Tom," under the command of William Copeland, mowed down the enemy
+without giving them a chance to carry out their evident intention of
+capturing the ship. The battle lasted only forty minutes, but during
+this time two boats of the enemy had been captured and two sunk, and
+nearly three hundred of their men either killed or wounded, while Reid
+achieved a complete victory with the loss of only two men killed and
+seven wounded. A third attack was made by the enemy soon after daybreak,
+this time directly with the guns of the brig "Carnation," but "Long
+Tom," with its twenty-four pound shots, did so much damage to the hull
+of the enemy's ship that she was forced to withdraw, thus leaving the
+victory for the third time with Captain Reid. Having so far succeeded in
+warding off the enemy, Captain Reid thereupon, however, realizing the
+futility of continuing to fight against such odds, left the brig, after
+having scuttled and set her on fire, and reached the shore in safety.
+There the inhabitants of the town did all in their power to care for the
+wounded and protect the brave little band, who had barricaded themselves
+in a small stone church; and a demand made by the British commander for
+their surrender, on the ground that there were deserters among them,
+proved futile, as the charge could not be established.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently the Portuguese Government raised<!-- Page 81 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> "Long Tom," the historic
+gun of the "Armstrong," and presented it to the United States
+Government, and in January, 1887, Samuel C. Reid, the son and namesake
+of the valiant Captain, offered through President Cleveland to the
+United States the battle sword of his father&mdash;thus preserving these two
+invaluable relics as mementos of one of the most remarkable sea-fights
+in history.</p>
+
+<p>Years later, Louis Napoleon, then Emperor of France, undertook to
+arbitrate the claims of the United States Government against the British
+Government for the loss of the "Armstrong," but decided in favor of the
+British on the ground that Captain Reid had opened fire on the British
+ships and thereby had failed to respect the neutrality of the port and
+must abide the result of his commencing hostilities.</p>
+
+<p>The owners of the "Armstrong" made repeated efforts to obtain redress
+for the loss of their ship, but it was not until the year 1897 (about
+the time that Mr. Moran finished this painting) that some money was
+received, and, strange to say, paid over to the widow of the owner, Mr.
+Havens, the old lady then being ninety-eight years of age.</p>
+
+<p>It may be interesting to recall that it was Captain Reid who, about the
+year 1817, designed the present flag of the United States, which for a
+time had been altered to fifteen stripes to designate the number of
+States to which the country had increased. On the suggestion of Captain
+Reid the number was again reduced to thirteen, and the addition of the
+States designated by the number of stars in the blue field. This was
+adopted by Act of Congress on April 4, 1818, and the first flag that was
+flung to the breeze, under the new law, was made by Mrs. Reid, the wife
+of the gallant Captain, the stars in the blue field being arranged at
+that time in the shape of a constellation constituting one great star.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the glory which Captain Reid achieved through his wonderful
+exploit at Fayal&mdash;all the more wonderful<!-- Page 82 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> if it is remembered that he
+and his men were volunteer seamen, untrained in the regular navy of the
+United States&mdash;he had rendered his country a service far greater even
+than this feat of arms. It so happened that the ships of Commodore Lloyd
+were bound for the Gulf of Mexico to assist in the attack upon New
+Orleans; but by reason of the injury and demoralization inflicted on
+them by Captain Reid they were delayed long enough to prevent their
+co-operating with the British General, Sir Edward Packenham, in an
+earlier attack upon New Orleans, as originally contemplated, when
+General Jackson was not prepared to meet and defeat the enemy; the
+consequence of which might have been the loss to the United States of
+the entire Province of Louisiana, which had only a decade before been
+acquired from France.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Reid was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on August 25, 1783, and
+died at the venerable age of seventy-eight at New York on January 28,
+1861, on the very eve of our great Civil War, having enjoyed many
+honors, among them an appointment as Warden of the Port of New York.</p>
+
+<p>Not only on account of the extraordinary character of the fight itself,
+but also on account of its indirect consequences, in assisting to bring
+the War of 1812 to a close, is this painting of the greatest interest.
+It measures full up to the excellence of the other numbers of the
+series, notwithstanding the immediate subject was not one which
+presented the most graphic material for the brush of the painter. Mr.
+Moran chose the most thrilling incident of the fight in depicting the
+firing of the brig on the approaching row-boats of the enemy. This he
+has accomplished with consummate skill. He has herein, as in all his
+other battle scenes on the water, avoided the portrayal of carnage and
+destruction of human life in lurid colors as is the custom with most
+painters. He has left these abhorrent scenes to the imagination, and has
+thereby<!-- Page 83 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> rendered his pictures, while suggesting all the dreadful
+accompaniments of warfare, chaste, and free from scenes which are
+revolting to the feelings.</p>
+
+<p>The picture is perfect in itself, in its representation of the position
+of the "Armstrong," swayed, as it evidently is, through the powerful
+blasts from its own twenty-four pounder&mdash;the fire of the rifles from the
+men in the British row-boats&mdash;the buildings on the shore in the
+background on the left, with the suggestion of the hills on which the
+town is built and the British ships in the offing on the right&mdash;with the
+rising moon in the distance&mdash;and the shores of Fayal dimly defined upon
+the horizon, extending, as they do in fact, with their two widening arms
+around the harbor.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 84 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 85 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">IRON VERSUS WOOD</a><br />
+Sinking of the Cumberland by the Merrimac<br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>In Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862</i>)</span></h2>
+<p><!-- Page 86 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i102.jpg" width="700" height="488" alt="Iron vs. Wood" title="Iron vs. Wood" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 87 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 87]</span></p>
+<h3>XI.<br />
+IRON VERSUS WOOD&mdash;SINKING OF THE CUMBERLAND BY THE MERRIMAC.<br />
+<i>In Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862.</i><a name="FNanchor_N_14" id="FNanchor_N_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_14" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>The title of this picture suggests not only the unequal character of the
+fight which the wooden ship "Cumberland" fought against the iron-clad
+"Merrimac," the first iron-clad that ever sailed in American waters, but
+also recalls to mind the contrast between the steel-armored battleships
+of the navies of the world of to-day and the wooden hulks which
+prevailed up to that time. It is a long span of time from the battle of
+brave Captain Reid in the harbor of Fayal in 1814 to the year 1861, but
+during that half century little progress had been made in supplying the
+ships of our navy with protecting devices, as there had likewise been
+little occasion for naval warfare. In fact, outside of the Mexican War
+and fights with the Indians, the country was at peace with itself as
+well as with the outside world, and it was not until the great struggle
+for the preservation of the Union called the whole country to arms, both
+on sea and land, that the opportunity was again presented for the
+shedding of additional lustre on our naval history.</p>
+
+<p>The most thrilling and startling of all the events on the sea, during
+this sanguinary conflict, followed when, at noon on March 8, 1862, a
+novel craft, such as had<!-- Page 88 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> never been seen before, was cut loose from her
+moorings in Norfolk, and, after having steamed down the Elizabeth River,
+was seen to head boldly for Newport News, where lay the United States
+frigate "Congress" of fifty guns, under the command of Lieutenant Joseph
+B. Smith, and the twenty-four gun sloop of war "Cumberland," in charge
+of Lieutenant George U. Morris during the temporary absence of its
+commander, William Radford, two of the fleet of national ships, all
+riding at anchor in fancied security, without a thought of the death and
+destruction which the appearance of the stranger portended. It was an
+odd-looking craft&mdash;the "Merrimac," as it is generally called&mdash;more like
+a house afloat than a war ship, and the officers of the Federal ships
+were at first inclined to belittle its importance. The undertaking of
+the "Merrimac" itself (or "Virginia," as she was called by the
+Confederates) was one of great courage, the vessel in its last stages
+having but just been converted into an iron-clad, in great haste, out of
+the hulk of a sunken old style man-of-war (the "Merrimac"), which had
+been raised by the Confederates. The experiment was a new one; the men
+had not been drilled; its armament had never been tested, and its
+commander, Commodore Buchanan, had only recently arisen from a sick-bed.
+He had been a Union officer in the regular navy, and as such had placed
+the entire naval service under great obligations in being the first to
+have located the Naval Academy at Annapolis under a commission from the
+Secretary of the Navy. When it was realized by the commanders of the
+American ships that the "Merrimac" was steaming towards them in dead
+earnest there was hurried preparation for the impending conflict, and as
+she approached the "Cumberland" and the "Congress" they opened fire on
+the huge craft, but their heavy projectiles glanced from her as if they
+were paper balls. About 2:30 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> the "Merrimac," then within easy<!-- Page 89 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+range, opened fire on the "Cumberland," doing much damage. The two
+Federal ships, which were only about one hundred feet away, then gave
+the "Merrimac" full broadsides, but without the slightest effect, and
+the latter craft mercilessly sent four shells crashing into the
+"Congress," notwithstanding that Commodore Buchanan had a brother,
+McKean Buchanan, paymaster on the "Congress,"&mdash;a harrowing illustration
+of the horrifying encounters among the closest kindred in civil warfare.
+After disabling the "Congress," the "Merrimac" directed her attention to
+the "Cumberland," and under a full head of steam her iron prow or ram,
+which projected four feet, struck the Federal ship "nearly at right
+angles under the fore rigging in the starboard fore channels." I quote
+further from Maclay's "History of the Navy": "The shock was scarcely
+felt in the iron-clad, but in the 'Cumberland' it was terrific. The ship
+heeled over to port and trembled as if she had struck a rock under full
+sail, while the iron prow of the 'Merrimac' crushed through her side and
+left a yawning chasm. In backing out of the 'Cumberland,' the 'Merrimac'
+left her iron prow inside the doomed ship. Following up the blow by the
+discharge of her bow gun, she backed clear of the wreck. In response to
+a demand for surrender, Lieutenant Morris defiantly answered, 'Never!
+I'll sink alongside.' * * * * The scene in the 'Cumberland' soon became
+awful. One shell, bursting in the sick bay, killed or wounded four men
+in their cots. More than a hundred of the crew very soon were killed or
+wounded; the cockpit was crowded; the decks were slippery with blood and
+were strewn with the dead and dying, while the inrushing waters and the
+rapid settling of the ship too plainly indicated that she would soon go
+to the bottom. In order to prevent the helpless wounded on the berth
+deck from being drowned, they were lifted up on racks and mess<!-- Page 90 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> chests,
+and as the ship settled more and more they were removed from this
+temporary refuge and carried on deck and placed amidship. This was all
+that their shipmates could do for them, and when the ship finally went
+down they perished in her."</p>
+
+<p>After sinking the "Cumberland," the "Merrimac" again turned on the
+"Congress" with her entire broadside and, owing to her own impervious
+character, soon got the Federal ship into such condition,
+notwithstanding the heroic defence of her men under Lieutenant Smith,
+who soon was killed, that she had to surrender, and thereafter caught
+fire from the hot shot of the enemy and was destroyed. The "Merrimac,"
+now under the command of Lieutenant Jones, a rifle ball having struck
+both Commodore Buchanan and Flag-Lieutenant Minor, not yet satisfied
+with the destruction which she had wrought, then turned her attention to
+the remaining Federal ships, the "Minnesota," "St. Lawrence" and
+"Roanoke," and after having, with the assistance of some accompanying
+Confederate gunboats, played havoc especially with the "Minnesota,"
+about seven o'clock in the evening, owing to the ebbing tide, turned her
+head towards Sewell's Point, where she anchored for the night, with the
+intention of renewing her dread work on the following morning, after one
+of the most disastrous days in the history of the Federal navy.</p>
+
+<p>In selecting the destruction of the "Cumberland" by the "Merrimac" as
+the subject of this painting, the artist showed his usual good judgment.
+It was one of the earliest as well as most startling incidents of the
+entire war, and in its effect in revolutionizing the construction not
+only of our ships, but those of the world, easily holds first place in
+all naval history. The picture is wonderfully painted and dramatically
+handled and is considered by some critics the most interesting of the
+series.</p>
+
+<p>The huge, truncated bulk of the Confederate ram is<!-- Page 91 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> shown in the act of
+plunging her prow through the wooden hull of her opponent in the teeth
+of a broadside of fire and shell. The contrast of colors and values is
+forcibly expressed; the black soft coal smoke from the single stack of
+the "Merrimac" drifts forward and envelopes her antagonist as the
+cuttle-fish darkens the water that it may more easily destroy its
+victim.</p>
+
+<p>An examination of this painting is its best description. It is almost
+impossible to paint in words the scene which the great artist has here
+perpetuated with his brush. The water is incomparable and the effect of
+the shipping as a background, the bright afternoon sun, with the stars
+and stripes on the "Cumberland," and the stars and bars, the emblem of
+the Confederacy, on the stern of the death-dealing Southern monster, the
+crowded deck of the "Cumberland," in contrast with the apparently
+unmanned craft of the enemy, all add to the thrilling and vivid effect
+of the extraordinary combat itself.</p>
+
+<p>When the news of the destruction wrought by the "Merrimac" reached the
+North the general consternation was indescribable. At a hastily called
+Cabinet meeting the then Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, is
+reported to have said: "The 'Merrimac' will change the whole character
+of the war; she will destroy every naval vessel; she will lay all
+seaboard cities under contribution; not unlikely we may have a shell or
+cannon ball from one of her guns in the White House before we leave this
+room." But the fate of the "Merrimac" was sealed, for while she was
+being moulded out of the old Federal hulk into the terrifying ram, with
+great ingenuity, by Constructor John L. Porter, with the assistance of
+Chief Engineer William P. Williamson, after some rough drawings prepared
+by Lieutenant John N. Brook, who originated the idea of her
+construction, all then of the Confederate navy&mdash;through a strange
+coincidence a genius had been at work in the North perfecting the<!-- Page 92 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+world-renowned little "Monitor," which was soon to meet the formidable
+Southern iron-clad in battle, the history of which is suggested by the
+next painting of the series. It is also strange that in two of the most
+noted dramas in the records of our navy, the one above recounted, and
+that, already referred to, in which Lieutenant Hobson later bore so
+heroic a part, the most conspicuous objects were vessels which were both
+known as the "Merrimac." The valor of Lieutenant Morris, in the part
+which he bore in the defence of the "Cumberland," has been immortalized
+not only through this canvas, but also through a special message of
+Abraham Lincoln to Congress under date of December 10, 1862, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In conformity to the law of July 16, 1862, I most cordially
+recommend that Lieutenant-Commander George U. Morris, United States
+Navy, receive a vote of thanks of Congress for the determined valor
+and heroism displayed in his defence of the United States
+ship-of-war 'Cumberland,' temporarily under his command, in the
+naval engagement at Hampton Roads on the 8th March, 1862, with the
+rebel iron-clad steam frigate 'Merrimac.'" </p></div>
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 93 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 94 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">THE WHITE SQUADRON'S FAREWELL SALUTE</a><br />
+To the Body of<br />
+CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON<br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>New York Bay, August 25, 1890</i>)</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i111.jpg" width="700" height="489" alt="The White Squadron's Farewell Salute to the Body of Captain John
+Ericsson" title="The White Squadron's Farewell Salute to the Body of Captain John
+Ericsson" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1891, by Edward Moran.</div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 95 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 95]</span></p>
+<h3>XII.<br />
+THE WHITE SQUADRON'S FAREWELL SALUTE TO THE BODY OF CAPTAIN JOHN
+ERICSSON.<br />
+<i>New York Bay, August 25, 1890.</i><a name="FNanchor_O_15" id="FNanchor_O_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_15" class="fnanchor">[O]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>No more fitting funeral cortege could have been devised than the one
+which, on August 25, 1890, conveyed to Sweden, to their last
+resting-place, the remains of the great engineer, John Ericsson, whose
+inventive genius had clad the wooden navies of the world in armor of
+impenetrable iron and steel. Little had he dreamt when, in 1839, at the
+age of thirty-six (he was born at Vermland, Sweden, on July 31, 1803) he
+came to the United States in one of the old wooden ships of that day
+after a weary journey of many weeks&mdash;as yet comparatively unknown to
+fame&mdash;that at the time of his death, on March 8, 1889, in the city of
+New York, almost twenty-seven years to a day after the epoch-making
+battle of his "Monitor" with the "Merrimac," his name would be on every
+tongue in every land, and that the Government of the United States would
+deem it an honor to place the magnificent protected cruiser "Baltimore"
+of the United States Navy at the disposal of his native country on his
+farewell journey from our shores to his long home, amid the salutes, to
+their flag-ship, of the other giants of the White Squadron and the
+reverent tokens of grief and respect displayed on all the shipping in
+the harbor, as the<!-- Page 96 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> funeral convoy slowly plied her way towards the
+ocean, with the flags of Sweden and the United States waving at half
+mast over her decks.</p>
+
+<p>It is this impressive panorama which the artist spreads before us in
+this canvas, which was the sensation of the Spring exhibition of 1891 at
+the National Academy of Design in New York. In this picture he has
+delineated details of the shipping from sketches made by himself at the
+time and a careful study of our war vessels, as holds likewise true of
+the next succeeding and last picture of this series. There is something
+impressively grand and solemn about this painting, associated as it is
+with the story of the great inventor. The sky is superb, and the water
+has that realistic motion without turbulence which only Edward Moran
+could depict, while the white gleaming sister ships of the "Baltimore"
+in the background on the right, the shipping in the harbor of all
+descriptions and sizes in more sombre hue on the left, and the Statue of
+Liberty looming up in the rear, stand like sentinels on guard as the
+great white cruiser, with its flags at half mast and its stacks sending
+forth, like a veil of mourning, a cloud of black smoke&mdash;ploughs with
+foam encircled prow majestically through the water, like a great living,
+breathing, moving thing.</p>
+
+<p>As this creation of the artist perpetuates the tribute of national
+gratitude to the great inventor of the first "Monitor," so, it may be
+said, a fitting tribute has been paid to the picture itself through its
+reproduction in a superb etching by another great American artist, his
+own brother, Thomas Moran.</p>
+
+<p>That the United States Navy should take so deep an interest in paying
+the last honors to John Ericsson, with an Admiral of the Navy, Daniel L.
+Braine, superintending the ceremonies, and a future Admiral, Winfield
+Scott Schley, commanding the funeral convoy, is not surprising, for to
+Ericsson it owed not only the bomb-proof<!-- Page 97 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> floating fortresses of the
+ocean, but the screw propeller, first applied in the construction of the
+United States man-of-war "Princeton," with propelling machinery under
+the water line out of the reach of shot. The first steam fire-engine
+ever constructed in the United States was also the work of Ericsson in
+1841, and many and varied were the other inventions of his creative
+brain. But the greatest service rendered by Ericsson was in the
+construction of the "Monitor," not only on account of the immediate,
+almost inestimable benefit which it conferred in saving the United
+States Navy from destruction by the Confederate iron-clad "Merrimac," in
+1862, but also, still more, in view of the impetus which it gave to the
+development of marine craft to their present perfection and in almost
+revolutionizing the entire science of naval warfare.</p>
+
+<p>When, at 8 o'clock on March 9, 1862, the "Merrimac," after the havoc
+which she had wrought with the Federal ships on the evening before,
+including the burning of the "Congress" and the sinking of the
+"Cumberland," steamed out from the shore in order to continue her work
+of destruction&mdash;which contemplated successively the annihilation of the
+"Minnesota," the "Roanoke" and the "St. Lawrence," and would thus clear
+the way for her intended attack on the capital of the nation&mdash;she was
+surprised to discover a diminutive craft of peculiar construction,
+almost sunk beneath the water line, with a strange-looking iron turret
+in the centre, steaming boldly towards her from out the shadow of the
+powerful frigate "Minnesota." The "Monitor" had sailed from New York
+Harbor on March 6th, in tow of a tugboat, to brave the waters of the
+Atlantic, although she was originally designed only for smooth inland
+waters. Before she had passed Sandy Hook she received urgent despatches
+to hurry to Washington and, after inconceivable hardships in the
+towering seas of the Atlantic coast, arrived off Fortress Monroe about 9
+o'clock in the evening of<!-- Page 98 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> March 8th, where she heard for the first time
+of the depredations of the "Merrimac" and witnessed the final
+destruction of the "Congress" amid lurid flames and the bursting of her
+own shells. Though worn out and disheartened in their own struggle for
+life with the tempestuous billows of the ocean on this, her first trial
+trip of thirty-six hours from New York until she reached the side of the
+"Minnesota," the crew of the "Monitor," encouraged and reassured by its
+heroic commander, Lieutenant John L. Worden, prepared for the expected
+combat with their redoubtable opponent.</p>
+
+<p>The eyes not only of the men in the shipping and on shore, both Union
+and Confederate, but of the whole country, were anxiously centred on the
+two iron-clads as they approached each other, and the little "Monitor"
+hardly seemed a match for the huge craft of the Confederates, who looked
+with contempt upon the diminutive "cheese box," as they called it, which
+dared to take up the gage of battle with their formidable "Merrimac."
+Soon, however, it became apparent that the prowess of the little Union
+craft had been entirely underestimated, and in the combat which ensued
+the very smallness of the "Monitor" gave her a great advantage, in the
+swiftness of her movements, over her gigantic opponent, not unlike an
+undersized but agile and skilful athlete in encounter with a large and
+lumbering, though more powerful, antagonist. Lieutenant Worden was the
+hero of the occasion in the rapidity of his man&#339;uvring, while
+Lieutenant Jones, now in command of the "Merrimac," was surprised to
+find that his shot made no impression on the "Monitor." After more than
+two hours of incessant fighting, Lieutenant Worden having been
+temporarily blinded through the powder from an exploding shell which
+struck a sight-hole in the pilot-house of the "Monitor," through which
+he was watching the enemy, its command devolved upon Lieutenant Greene.
+As in the<!-- Page 99 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> ensuing confusion the "Monitor" had drifted into shoal water,
+where the "Merrimac" could not follow, the latter ship retired to the
+shore, and although refitted and repaired for further combat she did not
+again meet the "Monitor" in battle, and, on the evacuation of Norfolk by
+the Confederates on the 10th of May following, they consigned her to
+destruction.</p>
+
+<p>The courage of Lieutenant Worden in the handling of the novel and
+untested craft under his command, and his brave words&mdash;even when blinded
+and wounded by the powder and particles from the shells of the enemy and
+suffering intense pain&mdash;when he was told that the "Minnesota" had been
+saved: "Then I can die happy,"&mdash;stamp him as worthy of a place in the
+long list of our naval heroes.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that Abraham Lincoln, with his quick perception of
+genuine merit, caused the following communication to be sent to
+Lieutenant Worden:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="quotdate">"<span class="smcap">Navy Department</span>, <i>March 15, 1862</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Lieutenant John L. Worden, United States Navy, Commanding United
+States Steamer 'Monitor,' Washington.</i></p>
+
+<p>"<i>Sir</i>:</p>
+
+<p>"The naval action which took place on the 10th<a name="FNanchor_P_16" id="FNanchor_P_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_16" class="fnanchor">[P]</a> inst. between the
+'Monitor' and 'Merrimac' at Hampton Roads, when your vessel, with
+two guns, engaged a powerful armored steamer of at least eight
+guns, and after a few hours' conflict repelled her formidable
+antagonist, has excited general admiration and received the
+applause of the whole country.</p>
+
+<p>"The President directs me, while earnestly and deeply sympathizing
+with you in the injuries which you have sustained, but which it is
+believed are but temporary, to<!-- Page 100 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> thank you and your command for the
+heroism you have displayed and the great service you have rendered.</p>
+
+<p>"The action of the 10th and the performance, power, and
+capabilities of the 'Monitor' must effect a radical change in naval
+warfare.</p>
+
+<p>"Flag-Officer Goldsborough, in your absence, will be furnished by
+the Department with a copy of this letter of thanks and instructed
+to cause it to be read to the officers and crew of the 'Monitor.'</p>
+
+<p>"I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig">"<span class="smcap">Gideon Welles.</span>"</p></div>
+
+<p>The President followed this up with a special message to Congress on
+December 8, 1862, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>To the Senate and House of Representatives</i>:</p>
+
+<p>"In conformity to the law of July 16, 1862, I most cordially
+recommend that Commander John L. Worden, United States Navy,
+receive a vote of thanks of Congress for the eminent skill and
+gallantry exhibited by him in the late remarkable battle between
+the United States iron-clad steamer 'Monitor,' under his command,
+and the rebel iron-clad steamer 'Merrimac,' in March last.</p>
+
+<p>"The thanks of Congress for his services on the occasion referred
+to were tendered by a resolution approved July 11, 1862, but the
+recommendation is now specially made in order to comply with the
+requirements of the ninth section of the act of July 16, 1862,
+which is in the following words, viz.:</p>
+
+<p>"'That any line officer of the Navy or Marine Corps may be advanced
+one grade if upon recommendation of the President by name he
+receives the thanks of Congress for highly distinguished conduct in
+conflict with the enemy or for extraordinary heroism in the line of
+his profession.'</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig">"<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln.</span>"</p><!-- Page 101 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></div>
+
+<p>In this fight the "Monitor" had been struck twenty-two times without
+appreciable effect, the deepest indentation having been made by a shot
+that penetrated the iron on her side to the depth of four inches. On the
+"Merrimac" ninety-seven indentations of shot were found, twenty of which
+were from the 11-inch guns of the "Monitor," which had shattered six of
+the top layers of her iron plates.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th of December following, the "Monitor" herself was lost,
+having been foundered and sunk with sixteen of her crew, in a heavy
+gale, a few miles south of Cape Hatteras. But the test to which the
+"Monitor" had been subjected in her battle with the "Merrimac" proved
+beyond doubt that iron was destined to take the place of wood in the
+construction of our men-of-war thereafter, and the confidence of John
+Ericsson in the ultimate success of his experiment, after many
+discouragements and rebuffs on the part of the naval authorities, was
+fully justified in its final results, and the honors which the nation
+showered upon him in the evening of his life, and the tribute which it
+paid to his genius after his death, were merited by him quite as much as
+the perpetuation of his memory through this stirring canvas of the great
+artist, as is also the memory, in the second painting of this series, of
+that other Erickson, his ancestor, who, almost a thousand years before,
+was the first white man known to have set foot on American soil.</p>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 102 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span><br />
+<!-- Page 103 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">RETURN OF THE CONQUERORS</a><br />
+Typifying Our Victory in the Late Spanish-American War<br />
+<span class="h2sm">(<i>September 29, 1899</i>)</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<!-- Page 104 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i122.jpg" width="700" height="486" alt="Return of the Conquerors" title="Return of the Conquerors" />
+<div class="caprt">Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 105 --><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 105]</span></p>
+<h3>XIII.<br />
+
+RETURN OF THE CONQUERORS. TYPIFYING OUR VICTORY IN <br />
+THE LATE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, SEPTEMBER 29, 1899.<a name="FNanchor_Q_17" id="FNanchor_Q_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_17" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>As a fitting close to the grand pictorial illustration of our marine
+history, this canvas represents one of the most magnificent pageants
+ever seen on our waters, in commemoration of the victorious close of the
+last great war, in which our navy added fresh leaves to its laurel
+wreath of heroic achievement. It, at the same time, depicts the
+culminating stage in the evolution of naval construction from the time
+when the Norsemen in their drakkars, and Columbus in his caravels,
+braved the perils of the ocean, until the steel-clad battleships of
+Dewey and Schley and Sampson met in conflict the no less formidable
+floating fortresses of Cervera and Montojo. It is a picture of to-day,
+with the well-defined outlines of the Statue of Liberty in allegorical
+suggestion at the mouth of the great river up which the little "Half
+Moon" first sailed, also on a September day, just two hundred and ninety
+years before. It suggests&mdash;in the great, grim, steel-clad leviathans of
+the ocean steaming up the river, with their powerful armament and each
+representing millions of dollars in its construction, along the shores
+of the second largest city in the world, and with flags and banners
+flying proudly from every mast and spar&mdash;not only the victory of our
+arms but the growth of the nation, from the sparse settlements in the
+days of the Pilgrim Fathers<!-- Page 106 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> to a population of 80,000,000 souls, and
+from the thirteen little struggling provinces, at the outbreak of the
+Revolution, to the forty-five great States and four Territories of the
+Union, with its possessions even beyond the confines of the
+continent&mdash;imperial in its power and greatness, not dreamt of even when,
+only about a century before, Paul Jones and Decatur and Captain Reid
+performed the feats of daring which are immortalized in the earlier of
+these paintings.</p>
+
+<p>It typifies, as the artist himself points out in his title, our
+conquering arms&mdash;in the very motion of the proud battleships, as in
+majestic array, representing both the Pacific and North Atlantic
+squadrons, they seem to sweep gradually forward and onward within full
+view. If Mr. Moran had never painted anything else, this picture would
+stamp him as a surpassing genius. The grouping of the great vessels and
+the indication of their vast number, the brilliancy of the water and the
+whole coloring are matchless. It suggests in the proud procession of the
+ships-of-war, in perspective, as far back as the eye can reach, a
+gathering of almost the entire navy, and is in that respect far more
+than a mere photographic representation of the actual occurrence. In
+this picture he represents the "Olympia" as the principal object, the
+nearest in the foreground, her hull in gleaming white, with the
+suggestion of the figure of Admiral Dewey standing on the bridge, with
+her sister ships of like hue following in her wake; while another line,
+on the left of the picture, headed by the "New York" and "Brooklyn," and
+with Admirals Sampson and Schley on board, appears in more sombre hue,
+only second in importance, however, to the "Olympia." Such a picture
+could only be produced by an artist of the most poetic and imaginative
+instincts as well as a close student of the actualities; for while it is
+to a certain extent allegoric of the event which it records and the
+memories connected with it, nothing could be<!-- Page 107 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> more real or faithful than
+the reproduction of our iron-clads, with all the detail of armament,
+turret, tackle, anchor, port-holes and even the national coat of arms on
+the prow. Even the signal of the "Olympia," "Remember the Maine," and
+the answering signal of the "Brooklyn," "The Maine is avenged and Cuba
+is free," can be seen flying from their yards.</p>
+
+<p>The events which are recalled by this painting are so recent that it
+would seem superfluous to refer to them at all, and yet, in continuation
+of the historic outline presented in these pages, it may be of interest
+to record that the battle of Manila was fought on May 1, 1898; that not
+a single life was lost on the American side and only a few men wounded,
+without any material injury to the American ships, consisting of four
+cruisers and two gunboats, while the whole Spanish fleet, under the
+command of Admiral Montojo, consisting of seven cruisers and five
+gunboats, was destroyed, with the exception of two, and these were
+captured, and that our ships, in addition, silenced and captured the
+formidable shore batteries on Cavite Point. Furthermore, that our naval
+operations came to a close off Santiago Harbor on July 3, 1898, through
+the destruction or capture by our fleet&mdash;under the command of Admirals
+Schley and Sampson, consisting of four battleships, one armored cruiser
+and two converted yachts, one of them the "Gloucester," under the
+command of the intrepid Richard Wainwright&mdash;of the entire Spanish fleet,
+consisting of four powerful armored cruisers of the highest class and
+two torpedo boat destroyers, under the command of Admiral Cervera.</p>
+
+<p>Space forbids even a passing reference to the instances of individual
+heroism displayed during this war by the officers and men of our ships,
+as for example that of Lieutenant Richmond P. Hobson, all of which are
+conjured up by a contemplation of this painting. It is also impossible
+to refer at length to the reception itself to<!-- Page 108 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> Admiral Dewey and the
+other officers and men of our fleets, of which the naval procession
+constituted only one feature; but no eye-witness can ever forget the
+march of the returning victors in the land parade on September 30, 1899,
+as it passed under that masterpiece of American sculpture, the arch
+located at Madison Square.</p>
+
+<p>There were also some touching incidents connected with this celebration.
+Among them, and as suggested by this picture, should be mentioned the
+fact that a sailor by the name of Bartholomew Diggins presented Admiral
+Dewey with the blue flag of Admiral Farragut, which had been in the
+possession of Diggins, who had served with Dewey under Farragut in the
+Civil War, and this flag flew from one of the mast-heads of the
+"Olympia" as she steamed up the river in the van of the magnificent
+array.</p>
+
+<p>How doubly glorious will appear this splendid ovation to our heroes
+immortalized in this picture, if the war, from which they are shown
+returning as conquerors, shall result in a full realization of the noble
+motive, which inspired it, of liberation and not of conquest, and we may
+in patriotic pride address Columbia in the words of Timothy Dwight:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"To conquest and slaughter let Europe aspire;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whelm nations in blood, and wrap cities in fire;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy heroes the rights of mankind shall defend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And triumph pursue them, and glory attend!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>With this picture the artist closes the commemoration of our naval
+achievements in the four great periods of our history, the War of the
+Revolution, the War of 1812, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War
+of 1898, to which the last six pictures of the series are devoted, as
+the preceding six illustrate the dawn of our history<!-- Page 109 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> from the first
+landing of the white man to the settlement of the Pilgrim
+Fathers&mdash;preceding all of which is the mysterious and unfathomable past
+symbolized by the trackless "Ocean," the first of these paintings.</p>
+
+<p>From the time that Eirek the Red sailed to the bleak shores of Greenland
+down to the brilliant exploit of Admiral Dewey in the Philippine
+Islands, how true it is, in view of each and every one of the events
+immortalized in this unequalled series of paintings, that, in the words
+of Bishop Berkeley,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Westward the course of empire takes its way!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/end.png" width="500" height="303" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 110 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 80%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 111 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Agreement of Confederation, written on board "Mayflower," <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>America, Early Discoveries of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>American Flag, First Recognition of, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Designing and Adoption of Present Form, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Armaments:
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>"Armstrong," <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
+  <li>Modern Battleships, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
+  <li>"Ranger," <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>"Armstrong," Brig, Engaging the British Fleet, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Bainbridge, Captain, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>"Baltimore," Cruiser, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Braine, Admiral, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Brig "Armstrong" Engaging the British Fleet, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>"Brooklyn," Cruiser, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Buchanan, Commodore, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Burning of Frigate "Philadelphia," painting, description of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>Byron, Lord, quotation from, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Caravels, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Castelar, Emilio, quotation from, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Cervera, Admiral, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Chicago, Columbian Exposition, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Columbus, Christopher, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> to <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Death, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
+  <li>Transfer of Remains, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Columbus, Debarkation of, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>"Santa Maria," "Ni&ntilde;a" and "Pinta," painting, description of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Compact of Pilgrim Fathers, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>"Congress," Frigate, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Constitution of United States, Preamble, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Cowper, quotation from, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>"Cumberland," The, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> to <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Sinking of, by the "Merrimac," painting, description of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /><br /></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+
+<li>Debarkation of Columbus, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Decatur, Stephen, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Birth, Death, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
+  <li>Sword, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>
+  <li>Toast to our Country, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>De Soto, Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_47">47</a> to <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Birth, Death, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
+  <li>Expedition of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a> to <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
+  <li>Midnight Mass over the Body of, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Dewey, George, Admiral, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Drake, quotation from, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Drakkars, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Eirek the Red, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Embarkation of Pilgrims, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Ericsson, John, Birth, Death, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>"Monitor," <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> to <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li>
+  <li>White Squadron's Farewell Salute to body of, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Erickson, Lief, Landing in New World, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>painting, description of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Esquimos, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>Everett, Edward, quotation from oration on the Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><!-- Page 112 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></li>
+<li>Exhibition of Paintings of Edward Moran, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Farewell Salute to John Ericsson, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Farragut, Admiral, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Fayal, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>First Recognition of American Flag, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Fiske, John, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>Flag, United States, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>First Recognition of, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+  <li>Captain Reid, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+  <li>Resolutions of Congress authorizing, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Florida, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Greenland, Settlement of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>"Half-Moon," ship of Hudson, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, James, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li>Hemans, Felicia, quotation from, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Herald</i>, New York, quotation from, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li>Hobson, Richmond Pearson, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>Holland, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Hopkins, Admiral, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li>Hudson, Henry, <a href="#Page_53">53</a> to <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Entering New York Bay, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Hudson River, Discovery of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Iceland, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Iron <i>versus</i> Wood, Sinking of "Cumberland" by "Merrimac," painting, description of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Jackson, Andrew, Defence of New Orleans, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Special Message to Congress about burning of frigate "Philadelphia," <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Jefferson, Thomas, Special Message to Congress about Lieutenant Decatur, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Jones, John Paul, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Birth and Death, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+  <li>Letter to Naval Committee, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /><br /></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+
+<li>La Motte Piquet, Admiral, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Landing of Lief Erickson in the New World, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Lincoln, Abraham, Special Message to Congress about Lieutenant George U. Morris, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>about Lieutenant John Worden, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li>
+  <li>Commendation of Lieutenant John L. Worden, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Litigation about thirteen paintings, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Lloyd, Commodore, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Louisiana Purchase, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Exposition, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /><br /></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+
+<li>Manila Bay, Battle of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>"Mayflower," <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>"Merrimac," The, Confederate Ram, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> to <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> to <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>of Spanish-American War, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Metropolitan Museum of Art, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li>Midnight Mass over the Body of Ferdinand De Soto, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Mississippi River, Discovery of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>"Monitor," The, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> to <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Montojo, Admiral, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Moran, Annette, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Death,<a href="#Page_21"> 21</a>;</li>
+  <li>Paintings, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Moran, Edward, <a href="#Page_15">15</a> to <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Academies, Clubs, Societies, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
+  <li>Birth, Death, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
+  <li>Marriage, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+  <li>Paintings of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Moran, Thomas, etching by, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Morris, George U., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Nantucket, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>Napoleon, Louis, Arbitration about Brig "Armstrong," <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Navy, Ships of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Improvement, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><!-- Page 113 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>New Orleans, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>New York, City of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>"New York," Cruiser, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Norse Costumes, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Norsemen, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Norse ships, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Norway, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Ocean, The, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>"Olympia," The, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Paintings of Edward Moran, partial list of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li>Parmentier, Antoine Augustin, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li>"Philadelphia," Frigate, Burning of, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_59">59</a> to <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Compact in "Mayflower," <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
+  <li>Embarkation of, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Plymouth Rock, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Portuguese Government, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Quiberon, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>"Ranger," <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Reid, Capt. Samuel Chester, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Birth, Death, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li>
+  <li>Long Tom, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+  <li>Sword, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+  <li>United States Flag, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Return of the Conquerors, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Sampson, William T., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>"Santa Maria," "Ni&ntilde;a" and "Pinta," painting, description of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Santiago Harbor, Battle of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Schiller, Friedrich, quotation from, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Schley, Winfield Scott, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Ships of Captain Bainbridge, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Columbus, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
+  <li>Commodore Decatur, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>
+  <li>De Soto, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
+  <li>Dewey, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
+  <li>Henry Hudson, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+  <li>Paul Jones, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
+  <li>Commodore Lloyd, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
+  <li>Commander George U. Morris, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li>
+  <li>Norsemen, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li>
+  <li>Pilgrim Fathers, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li>
+  <li>Captain Samuel C. Reid, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
+  <li>Sampson, Schley, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
+  <li>Lieutenant Worden, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Sinking of the "Cumberland" by the "Merrimac," painting, description of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>Southampton, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Spanish-American War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a> to <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Return of Conquerors, painting, description of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Statue of Liberty, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Taylor, Bayard, quotation from, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Thirteen, number connected with events in history of the United States, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Thirteen Paintings, Exhibition of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>General Description, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> to <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
+  <li>Litigation about, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+  <li>Sizes of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>Tripoli, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>United States, Constitution of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Number of States, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li>
+  <li>Population, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /><br /></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+
+<li>Vinland, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Virginia, Colony of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+
+<li>Wainwright, Richard, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Wars:
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Civil, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li>
+  <li>1812, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li>
+  <li>Revolution, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li>
+  <li>Spanish-American, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Webber, Paul, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li>Welles, Gideon, Alarm about "Merrimac," <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+<ul class="index">
+  <li>Letter to Lieutenant John L. Worden, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li>West Indies, origin of name, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>White Squadron's Farewell Salute to the Body of Capt. John Ericsson,
+painting, description of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Worden, John L., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>World's Fair, Chicago, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h2 class="h2sm">FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Moran <i>v.</i> Morrill, 78 Appellate Division Reports, 440.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Moran <i>v.</i> Morrill, 177 New York Reports, 563.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Size of canvas: nine and one-half feet in length by six and
+one-quarter feet in height.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> About six feet long by about three and one-half feet high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Eight feet long by four and one-half feet high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Four and one-half feet long by three feet high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> It is difficult to preserve the full beauty of the original
+of these concise verses in a translation; but in attempting this I have
+found it quite as easy to rhyme them as to reproduce them simply in the
+blank verse of the original, in which rhymes occur in only two lines.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> About four feet long by two and one-half feet high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> About eight feet long by four and one-half feet high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> About four feet long by about two and one-half feet high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> About six feet long by about three and one-third feet
+high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> This is the only upright canvas of the series, being about
+five feet in height by about three and one-half feet in width.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> About five and one-half feet long by about three feet
+high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_N_14" id="Footnote_N_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_14"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> About four and one-quarter feet long by about three feet
+high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_O_15" id="Footnote_O_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_15"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> About four and one-half feet long by about three feet
+high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_P_16" id="Footnote_P_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_16"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> This, it would seem, ought to be March 9th.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Q_17" id="Footnote_Q_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_17"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> Four and one-half feet long by about three feet high.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="tr">Transcriber's Note: In the original book, omitted text within
+quotations was indicated with a series of asterisks rather than
+ellipses. These have been retained as printed. The spelling of "Ni&ntilde;a"
+has been regularized. Hyphenation has been regularized in the words
+gunboat(s) and northwestern. One spelling error was corrected:
+Acording to According (p. 33, "According to these, Eirek the Red...")<br />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Thirteen Chapters of American History, by Theodore Sutro
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Thirteen Chapters of American History
+       represented by the Edward Moran series of Thirteen
+       Historical Marine Paintings
+
+Author: Theodore Sutro
+
+Release Date: April 4, 2008 [EBook #24990]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THIRTEEN CHAPTERS - AMER. HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by S. Drawehn, Stephen Hope and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  THIRTEEN
+  HISTORICAL
+  MARINE
+  PAINTINGS
+
+  BY
+
+  EDWARD MORAN
+
+  REPRESENTING
+  THIRTEEN CHAPTERS
+  OF
+  AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+  By THEODORE SUTRO
+
+  1905
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro.
+
+  EDWARD MORAN
+  From a painting by Thomas Sidney Moran]
+
+
+
+
+  THIRTEEN CHAPTERS
+  OF
+  AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+  REPRESENTED
+  BY THE
+  EDWARD MORAN
+  SERIES OF
+  THIRTEEN HISTORICAL
+  MARINE PAINTINGS
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+  _By_ THEODORE SUTRO
+
+  1905
+
+  NEW YORK:
+
+  THEODORE SUTRO, 280 BROADWAY
+
+  AND
+
+  THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO.
+  PUBLISHER'S AGENTS,
+  33-37 EAST 17TH STREET.
+
+  _$1.50 net._
+
+  Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro
+
+
+
+
+  To
+
+  _My Dear Wife_
+
+  FLORENCE
+
+  THROUGH WHOSE STEADFAST FRIENDSHIP FOR
+  MR. AND MRS. EDWARD MORAN AND LOYAL DEVOTION
+  TO ME, I WAS LED TO CHAMPION, AND
+  ENCOURAGED TO PERSEVERE IN ESTABLISHING,
+  THE RIGHTS OF THE WIDOW TO THESE MASTERWORKS,
+  WITHOUT WHICH THE OCCASION FOR
+  PENNING THESE PAGES WOULD NOT HAVE ARISEN--THIS
+  LITTLE WORK IS LOVINGLY INSCRIBED,
+  ON THE
+  TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF OUR MARRIAGE,
+  October 1st, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE.
+
+  FRONTISPIECE--Portrait of Edward Moran, from a painting by
+        THOMAS SIDNEY MORAN
+
+  INTRODUCTORY                                                        7
+
+  BIOGRAPHICAL                                                       15
+
+  PORTRAIT OF MRS. EDWARD MORAN, from a painting by
+        THOMAS SIDNEY MORAN                            Facing page   20
+
+  DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY:
+
+  I. THE OCEAN--THE HIGHWAY OF ALL NATIONS                           27
+
+  II. LANDING OF LIEF ERICKSON IN THE NEW WORLD IN
+      THE YEAR 1001                                                  33
+
+  III. THE SANTA MARIA, NINA AND PINTA (Evening of October
+       11th, 1492)                                                   39
+
+  IV. THE DEBARKATION OF COLUMBUS (Morning of October
+      12th, 1492)                                                    39
+
+  V. MIDNIGHT MASS ON THE MISSISSIPPI, OVER THE BODY OF
+     FERDINAND DE SOTO, 1542                                         47
+
+  VI. HENRY HUDSON ENTERING NEW YORK BAY, September
+      11th, 1609                                                     53
+
+  VII. EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS FROM SOUTHAMPTON,
+       August 5th, 1620                                              59
+
+  VIII. FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG BY A
+        FOREIGN GOVERNMENT. In the Harbor of Quiberon,
+        France, February 13th, 1778                                  67
+
+  IX. BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA. In the Harbor
+      of Tripoli, February 16th, 1804                                73
+
+  X. THE BRIG ARMSTRONG ENGAGING THE BRITISH FLEET.
+     In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26th, 1814                    79
+
+  XI. IRON VERSUS WOOD--SINKING OF THE CUMBERLAND BY
+      THE MERRIMAC. In Hampton Roads, March 8th, 1862                87
+
+  XII. THE WHITE SQUADRON'S FAREWELL SALUTE TO THE
+       BODY OF CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON, New York Bay,
+       August 25th, 1890                                             95
+
+  XIII. RETURN OF THE CONQUERORS. Typifying Our Victory
+        in the late Spanish-American War, September 29th, 1899      105
+
+  INDEX                                                             111
+
+
+
+
+  INTRODUCTORY
+
+  [Illustration: T. S. M.]
+
+
+
+
+  INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+The Thirteen Paintings, to a history and description of which (and
+incidentally to a brief memoir of their creator, Edward Moran) these
+pages are devoted, are monumental in their character and importance. Mr.
+Moran designated them as representing the "Marine History of the United
+States." I have somewhat changed this title; for even the untraversed
+"Ocean" and the landing of Columbus in the new world represent periods
+which necessarily affect the whole American Continent.
+
+The conception of these pictures was in itself a mark of genius, for no
+more fitting subjects could have been chosen by the greatest marine
+painter in the United States than the heroic and romantic incidents
+connected with the sea, which are so splendidly depicted in these
+thirteen grand paintings. That their execution required over fifteen
+years of ceaseless labor and the closest historical study is not
+surprising. The localities, the ships, the armament, the personages, the
+costumes, the weapons and all the incidents connected with each epoch
+are minutely and correctly represented, in so far as existing records
+rendered that possible. And yet, interwoven with each canvas, is a tone
+so poetic and imaginative that stamps it at once as the offspring of
+genius and lifts it far above the merely photographic and realistic. The
+series is the result of a life of prolific production, careful study,
+unceasing industry and great experience.
+
+Mr. Moran himself regarded these pictures as his crowning work, and in
+token of his many happy years of married life presented them, several
+years before his death, to his wife, Annette Moran, herself an artist of
+great merit, and whom he always mentioned as his best critic and the
+inspirer of his greatest achievements. This loving act, strange to say,
+gave rise to a protracted legal controversy, by reason of an adverse
+claim to these paintings made by the executor of the estate of Edward
+Moran, the final decision of which in favor of the widow, after three
+years of litigation, lends additional interest to these remarkable works
+of art. Proceedings to recover the pictures from the executor of the
+estate, who had them in his possession and refused to deliver them to
+her, were commenced on February 5, 1902, and after a trial in the
+Supreme Court in the City of New York lasting several days, a jury
+decided that the pictures were the property of the widow as claimed. On
+a technical point of law raised by the executor this finding of the jury
+was temporarily rendered ineffective, but, on an appeal to the Appellate
+Division of the Supreme Court, this technicality was overruled and an
+absolute judgment awarded in favor of the widow.[A] This was on January
+23, 1903. Still not content, the executor appealed to the highest court
+in the State, the Court of Appeals at Albany, which, on January 26,
+1904, finally and absolutely affirmed the decision of the Appellate
+Division.[B] But even then the widow was kept out of her property on
+further applications made by the executor to the court. Also in this he
+failed, and at last, on April 28, 1904, the judgment in her favor was
+satisfied through the delivery of the pictures to her, as her absolute
+property, beyond dispute, cavil or further question.
+
+I have deemed it proper to make this explanation, as it is through my
+connection as counsel for Mrs. Moran throughout this litigation that the
+occasion has presented itself for this publication, and of giving to
+the public the opportunity to examine and enjoy, to the fullest extent,
+these great pictures at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
+
+It may be added that although these paintings have occasionally been
+viewed by artists, they have never before been publicly exhibited as a
+series except for a very short period in the year 1900 in Philadelphia
+and in Washington. During this time they received the highest encomiums
+from critics and the press, and were pronounced the most notable series
+of historic pictures ever painted in this country. While each one of the
+series is a master work, it is as a group that the greatest interest
+attaches to them, and it was Mr. Moran's desire, and it is also that of
+the present owner, that they should, if possible, never be separated.
+
+With reference to the exhibition of these paintings at the Metropolitan
+Museum of Art, I quote from a full page illustrated article which
+appeared in the New York _Herald_ on Sunday, November 6, 1904, as
+follows:
+
+     "The exhibition of these pictures of scenes connected with the
+     history of the United States is not only an artistic but an
+     educational event. Edward Moran was probably the strongest marine
+     painter of the United States. * * * No more artistically valuable
+     and educationally instructive exhibit has been made in New York
+     than that of these paintings of Edward Moran. It is to be hoped
+     that the school children of the city will be taken to see and study
+     them. The public has already testified to its appreciation of the
+     exhibition by its large attendance."
+
+It may be asked why the artist limited or extended the series to the
+number "13." This was done with a purpose. This number seems to have
+been interwoven in many particulars with the history of our country. The
+original colonies were thirteen, and also the first States; the first
+order for the creation of a navy was for thirteen war ships; there were
+and still are thirteen stripes, and there were originally thirteen
+stars, on our flag; on our coat of arms a mailed hand grasps thirteen
+arrows, as do also the left talons of the eagle, while in its right is
+an olive branch with thirteen leaves; there were also thirteen rattles
+on the snake on the first American flag, with the motto "Don't tread on
+me." It was on February 13, 1778, in the harbor of Quiberon, that the
+American flag received its first recognition by a foreign government, an
+incident represented by one of these paintings; thirteen years elapsed
+between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the inauguration of
+the first President, General Washington, in 1789; and the Louisiana
+purchase from France includes the area prospectively covered by thirteen
+States, as soon as Oklahoma and Indian Territories shall, as is now in
+contemplation, be admitted as one State.
+
+This idea of thirteen is already foreshadowed in the introductory
+painting "The Ocean," in which thirteen gulls are seen hovering over the
+water, typical of the important events, linked with that number, which
+would occur in the misty and unknown future.
+
+It is remarkable that although these paintings are by one man, and
+virtually on the same subject, they should exhibit such unusual variety,
+and be individually so exceptionally interesting. It has been said that
+historic pictures may be considered as either representative, suggestive
+or allegoric, but in this series of paintings all these elements are
+combined.
+
+The American navy has been celebrated for its heroic achievements from
+the beginning, and some of these pictures recall vividly to the mind the
+episodes linked with the immortal names of such men as John Paul Jones,
+Stephen Decatur, Samuel Chester Reid, George U. Morris, John L. Worden,
+and the whole galaxy of heroes connected with these memorable events
+down to Dewey, Sampson, Schley, Wainwright and Hobson.
+
+The production of these paintings was the result of a patriotic and
+noble impulse on the part of the artist, through which he has
+immortalized the maritime achievements of our country, and for which we,
+as well as future generations, can hardly be sufficiently grateful!
+
+    "If thou wouldst touch the universal heart,
+    Of thine own country, sing!"
+
+
+
+
+  BIOGRAPHICAL
+
+  [Illustration: T. S. M.]
+
+
+
+
+  BIOGRAPHICAL.
+
+
+Edward Moran was almost seventy-two years of age when he died in the
+City of New York on June 9, 1901, having been born at Bolton,
+Lancashire, England, on August 19, 1829. He was the oldest son of a
+large family of children, and when a mere child was put to work at the
+loom, the humble vocation of his father who, the same as his ancestors
+had been for several generations, was a hand-loom weaver. Already while
+so employed the child was frequently caught sketching with charcoal on
+the white fabric in his loom instead of continually plying the shuttle.
+Whence and how he derived this inborn talent is one of those unsolvable
+problems which seem to set at defiance all the accepted canons of
+heredity. At all events, his talent was recognized by a local village
+celebrity, a decorator, who guided the child, then only nine years of
+age, in a crude way to a development of these artistic instincts, in
+consequence of which it is related that he was soon able to "cut
+marvellous figures from paper and afterwards draw their outlines on
+walls and fences."
+
+The hardship of their pursuit, offering little hope of a brighter future
+for their large family of growing children, induced the parents about
+the year 1844 to join the tide of emigration to that land of golden
+promise, the United States, in immortalizing whose history and in
+furthering whose artistic development through his glorious marine
+pictures, the little Edward was destined to play so important a part.
+The family settled in Maryland, and in the struggle for existence soon
+awakened from their golden dream of a new Eldorado and returned to
+their old vocation. Edward again found employment at the loom, until the
+spirit of adventure and the desire of following the artistic bent of his
+mind impelled him one day, without a dollar in his pocket, to walk all
+the way to Philadelphia, where the boy hoped to find better
+opportunities. There also, however, he was disappointed, and after
+employment in various capacities, first with a cabinetmaker, then in a
+bronzing shop, and then at house painting, he finally returned to the
+loom at the munificent salary of six dollars per week. While so employed
+he attracted the attention of the proprietor, who one day surprised him
+while engaged in a superb drawing, stealing time for this purpose from
+his work. The intelligence of this man in recognizing young Moran's
+exceptional talent, and, as a result, advising him to quit mechanical
+labor, and introducing him to one of the then famous landscape painters
+of Philadelphia, Mr. Paul Webber, was the turning point in his career.
+Subsequently another artist, James Hamilton, guided him in his
+particular bent of marine painting, and after the usual hardships and
+struggle for recognition, the fate of all young artists, he finally was
+enabled to open a little studio in a garret over a cigar store with an
+entrance up a back alley. The works which emanated from there attracted
+such wide attention that he gradually rose to fame and fortune. His
+pictures were accepted by all the American academies, as well as the
+London Royal Academy and the Paris Salon, and he received many medals
+and awards. He was a member of the Water-Color Societies of this country
+and of London, of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, an Associate of
+the National Academy of Design, also Vice-President of the Lotos Club
+and connected with many other artistic and social organizations and
+societies.
+
+Why his artistic tastes should have been particularly directed to
+marine painting can be demonstrated just as little as the possession of
+his extraordinary talents at all; and yet for the former a possible
+solution may be found in the fact that his childish imagination and
+predilections may have been moulded through his sea-coast experiences in
+old Lancashire, that picturesque maritime county of northwestern
+England, which is bounded on the west by the Irish Sea. At all events
+Edward Moran loved the sea, and this love guided every stroke of his
+brush in depicting his favorite element. No artist in this country, or
+perhaps in the world, has ever painted such water, and it was not many
+years after his first successes in Philadelphia that his fame spread
+throughout the United States, and he was easily recognized as its first
+marine painter. Fame and prosperity, however, did not turn his head, as
+they so frequently do with little men, but never with men of true
+genius. On the contrary, he worked with redoubled zeal and industry as
+he grew older, so that the number of works which he produced is
+marvellous.
+
+Among his famous paintings, besides the thirteen herein described, may
+be mentioned the following:
+
+"Virginia Sands."
+
+"A Squally Day off Newport."
+
+"Massachusetts Bay."
+
+"New York Harbor."
+
+"The Yacht Race."
+
+"The Battle of Svold."
+
+"Philadelphia from the New Park."
+
+"Minot's Ledge Light-House."
+
+"White Cliffs of Albion."
+
+"Off Block Island."
+
+"Return of the Fishers."
+
+"Outward Bound."
+
+"Low Tide."
+
+"The Gathering Storm."
+
+"Sentinel Rock, Maine."
+
+"Toilers of the Sea."
+
+"Launching of the Life-Boat." (1865.)
+
+"View on Delaware Bay." (1867.)
+
+"Evening on Vineyard Sound." (1867.)
+
+"Pinchyn Castle, North Wales." (1867.)
+
+"Moonrise at Nahant." (1867.)
+
+"The Lord Staying the Waters." (1867.)
+
+"Coast Scene Near Digby." (1868.)
+
+"Departure of the United States Fleet for Port Royal." (1868.)
+
+"After a Gale." (1869.)
+
+"On the Narrows." (1873.)
+
+"The Commerce of Nations Paying Homage to Liberty" (1877)--the great
+picture which came into the possession of Mr. Joseph Drexel, the
+banker--an allegory suggested by the then proposed Statue of Liberty in
+New York Harbor.
+
+"Young Americans out on a Holiday." (1882.)
+
+"Life-Saving Patrol: New Jersey Coast." (1889.)
+
+"Melodies of the Sea." (1890.)
+
+"South Coast of England." (1900.)
+
+But space forbids the complete enumeration of even his more notable
+works, which may be counted by the hundreds.
+
+Mr. Moran, like all men of genius, felt his own strength, though he
+never overrated it; but as a result of this self-consciousness he would
+not brook depreciation, and when, in May, 1868, the Philadelphia Academy
+of Fine Arts, of which he was a member, had hung some of his pictures in
+an inconspicuous and detrimental position in its gallery, he resorted to
+a novel expedient for showing his displeasure. On "varnishing day,"
+prior to the opening of the exhibition to the public, he used a mixture
+of beer and porter, combined with a dry light red, for the purpose of
+"varnishing" his paintings, but the effect of which was that they were
+all coated with a beautiful opaque red substance, so that none of them
+could be recognized, and yet a substance which he could remove, when so
+inclined, without injuring the pictures at all. This called forth a
+storm of criticism from the "Hanging Committee" and the wiseacres of the
+Academy, but he was fully sustained in his course by public opinion and
+the press, and, instead of diminishing, it added to his fame as an
+artist and certainly to his reputation for the courage of his
+convictions.
+
+Mr. Moran was not only a great artist, but a man of genial and
+companionable qualities, which endeared him to all with whom he came in
+contact. He, furthermore, was not only an artist who used oil,
+water-color and pastel with equal facility, and painted landscapes and
+figure pieces as well as marines, but was versatile in his talents. His
+musical instincts were marked, and, although self-taught, he played on a
+number of instruments, and he had also, through years of industrious
+reading and study, become thoroughly well-informed and an interesting
+conversationalist. He was of a most generous nature, and was not only
+ever ready to assist young artists with advice and material aid as well,
+but also, when the occasion arose, to devote the fruit of his labors to
+any meritorious charitable object. Thus, for example, in March, 1871, he
+exhibited in Philadelphia seventy-five of his landscapes and marines,
+all of which he used in illustrating a beautiful catalogue entitled
+"Land and Sea," and not only gave the entire profits of this exhibition
+and of the sale of the catalogue, but also the price obtained for one of
+his important paintings, entitled "The Relief Ship Entering Havre," to
+aid the sufferers of the Franco-Prussian war.
+
+He did not reach the culminating point of excellence in his work in
+middle life or shortly thereafter, like so many other painters, but on
+the contrary grew in breadth and power with advancing years, so that the
+Thirteen Historical Paintings, described in this little book, although
+he gave them the finishing touches only shortly before his death,
+constitute his greatest achievement.
+
+About the year 1872 Mr. Moran sought a still wider field for his
+activities in removing from Philadelphia to the City of New York, where
+for thirty years he was a conspicuous and admired figure in metropolitan
+life, and in his studios, surrounded by all the luxury and comfort that
+prosperity could suggest, he and his talented and hospitable wife drew
+around them a circle of artists, authors, musicians and notable men of
+all classes, among whom may be mentioned actors like Joseph Jefferson,
+F. F. Mackay (both pupils of Mr. Moran) and Charles W. Couldock, writers
+like Richard Watson Gilder and John Clark Ridpath, lawyers like Col.
+Edward C. James and Robert Ingersoll, art connoisseurs like Samuel P.
+Avery and William Schaus, sculptors like Frederic A. Bartholdi and James
+W. A. Macdonald, and of course a host of artists such as Edwin Abbey,
+Albert Bierstadt, Edwin H. Blashfield, John C. Brown, Thomas B. Craig,
+Hamilton Hamilton, Constant Meyer, Paul de Longpre, Henry W. Ranger,
+Vasili Vereschagin and Napoleon Sarony.
+
+It may be added that Mrs. Moran's maiden name was Annette Parmentier,
+and that she was a Southern girl of French descent from the noted
+scientist Antoine Augustin Parmentier, who was the first to introduce
+the potato into France, for which he was decorated by Louis XVI as a
+public benefactor, and honored by a statue erected in his native town of
+Bordeaux. Mr. Moran married Annette (his second wife) in the year 1869,
+and under his instruction and guidance her own talent as an artist was
+developed, and some of her paintings, among them landscapes entitled "A
+Staten Island Study," "The Fisherman's Return," and other pictures, were
+not only exhibited and greatly admired, but were deemed of sufficient
+importance to be reproduced by prominent art publishers. She survived
+her husband by about three and one-half years, having died, at an
+advanced age, in the City of New York on November 7, 1904.
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1905, by Theodore Sutro.
+
+  MRS. EDWARD MORAN
+  (NEE ANNETTE PARMENTIER)
+  From a painting by Thomas Sidney Moran]
+
+In his art Mr. Moran followed mainly the bent of his own genius, though
+if he was influenced by any other artists to any extent it was by
+Clarkson Stanfield and Turner, whom he greatly admired and many of whose
+pictures, for the sake of practice, he copied. He was undoubtedly also
+influenced in a general way, as are all eminent artists, by studying the
+master works of the world in Europe, where for that purpose he spent
+some time in the year 1861 and again in 1878 and also in subsequent
+years.
+
+Of Edward Moran it may be truly said that he is another notable example
+of the fact that true genius is not baffled or impaired through adverse
+circumstances or the most humble beginnings, but soars ever upward and
+onward until it achieves its mission, and compels the recognition and
+admiration of the world, to which it is entitled.
+
+
+
+
+  DESCRIPTIVE
+  AND
+  EXPLANATORY
+
+  [Illustration: T. S. M.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE OCEAN
+  The Highway of All Nations
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY.
+
+I.
+
+THE OCEAN--THE HIGHWAY OF ALL NATIONS.[C]
+
+
+This picture has already been briefly referred to, and is considered by
+some critics the greatest of the thirteen. Probably no such sublime
+ocean has ever been painted. How thoroughly it appeals to those who best
+know the sea is illustrated by the blunt but expressive compliment
+bestowed upon it by Admiral Hopkins of the English navy when, in 1892,
+he saw it in the Union League Club of New York, where it was being
+privately shown. After silently studying it for some minutes he turned
+to Mr. Joseph H. Choate, whose guest he was, and said: "I have always
+believed that only an Englishman could paint the sea, but it seems that
+I had to come to America to look upon the most almighty sea that I have
+ever beheld on canvas."
+
+Admiral Hopkins was not aware that, in this, he was in fact
+complimenting one of his own fellow-countrymen, though, in truth, Mr.
+Moran had become an American of Americans through his patriotic ardor
+and long residence here.
+
+In this painting the powers of Mr. Moran as an artist were tested to the
+utmost. For while others have attempted to paint the sea, among whom
+Turner stands pre-eminent, few have ever succeeded in depicting it on so
+large a scale, without a single other object to disturb the aspect
+excepting only the thirteen sea-gulls hovering over its surface, which
+through their number suggest the whole series of these paintings and the
+interesting events connected with the marine history of the United
+States.
+
+This picture is the largest of the series. Not only the water but the
+sky in this painting is superb, with the faint shimmer of the sunlight
+breaking through the clouds. The color is that peculiar green gray,
+which is the most fascinating hue known to the sea, and only present
+when the sky is overcast. The water and the motion of the waves are
+grand beyond comparison--an actual living, moving, foaming mass and as
+seen in mid-ocean. The conception of this painting as introductory to
+the whole series is most poetic. It suggests the deep, dark, dreaded,
+unknown waste of waters which was shrouded in mystery for thousands of
+years until a few daring seamen, first the Norsemen, and then Columbus
+with his little band, undertook the perilous task of lifting the veil.
+Its unexplored expanse naturally and logically preceded every voyage of
+discovery and is the keynote of all the marvellous achievements which
+subsequently constituted it the link between America and the Eastern
+world. It also typifies the greatest of all republics, which was to
+spring up beyond its westernmost limits, for nothing is so free,
+unfettered and seemingly conscious of its own strength and possibilities
+as the mighty ocean.
+
+This painting may be likened to the opening stanzas of an epic poem, in
+which the theme of the story is foreshadowed, and no grander epic was
+ever written than is depicted in these thirteen mighty paintings, of all
+those qualities of heroism and adventure which have ever been thought
+worthy of commemoration in song or story.
+
+How well the famous stanzas of Lord Byron, in Childe Harold's
+Pilgrimage, illustrate the thoughts suggested by this "Ocean" of Edward
+Moran:
+
+    "Roll on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean--roll!
+    Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain;
+    Man marks the earth with ruin--his control
+    Stops with the shore;--upon the watery plain
+    The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain
+    A shadow of man's ravage, save his own,
+    When, for a moment, like a drop of rain,
+    He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan,
+    Without a grave, unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown.
+
+        *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+    "Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form
+    Glasses itself in tempests; in all time,
+    Calm or convulsed--in breeze, or gale, or storm,
+    Icing the pole, or in the torrid clime
+    Dark-heaving;--boundless, endless and sublime--
+    The image of Eternity--the throne
+    Of the Invisible; even from out thy slime
+    The monsters of the deep are made; each zone
+    Obeys thee; thou goest forth, dread, fathomless, alone."
+
+
+
+
+  LANDING OF LIEF ERICKSON
+  in the New World in 1001
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+LANDING OF LIEF ERICKSON IN THE NEW WORLD, IN 1001.[D]
+
+
+While the most notable occurrence in its influence on America was
+undoubtedly the landing of Columbus, as it resulted in the gradual
+colonization and development of the whole continent, the actual
+discovery of the new world was made ages prior to 1492. The landing of
+Lief Erickson was made in 1001, but there is good reason to believe that
+even long prior to that time either the shores or the islands of America
+were reached by Phoenicians, Irish and Basques, and its western shores
+by the Chinese. The earliest discovery, however, of which there is any
+authenticated record is that by the Eirek (Erick) family of Iceland, and
+these records are not only embraced in the Sagas or histories of the
+Scandinavian chieftains, but more especially in the "Codex Flataeensis,"
+completed in 1387. According to these, Eirek the Red founded colonies in
+Greenland about the year 985, which prospered for over four centuries.
+Remains of buildings and contemporaneous writings establish this beyond
+a doubt. These colonies became Christianized and established churches,
+monasteries, and had bishops in regular succession for about two hundred
+and fifty years. There is nothing marvellous about this account, as
+Greenland was only about two hundred miles distant from Iceland, and
+therefore nearer to that island than the latter was to Norway, whence
+the Icelanders originally came. These colonies became practically
+extinct in the fourteenth century, owing, it is believed, to enormous
+accumulations of ice on the coast, which prevented intercommunication
+between them and Iceland, and cut off their chief food supplies. They
+may also have been decimated through the great pestilence called the
+Black Death, which prevailed in 1349, especially in the northern
+countries; while, if any remained, they are supposed to have been killed
+by the Esquimos, or Skraelings, as they were then called, and who were a
+far more powerful race than the Esquimos of to-day.
+
+The foothold thus gained by the Norsemen in Greenland led to voyages
+southward. Some years after the establishment of these colonies one
+Bjarne Herjulfson was on one of these voyages driven by a storm far
+south of Greenland and saw the coast of the main continent of North
+America, somewhere, it is supposed from his description, between
+Newfoundland and Nantucket. Without landing, he returned to Greenland,
+whence soon thereafter, induced by his accounts, Leif, the son of Eirek
+the Red, undertook the same journey with a single ship and about
+thirty-five men, for the purpose of obtaining possession of the newly
+discovered country. He landed probably at Nantucket Island, and settled
+in the vicinity of the present Fall River, and called the country
+Vinland on account of the grape-vines which grew there in profusion.
+
+In confirmation of the claim that it was in this locality that Leif
+Erickson first set foot, the Norse records are relied upon, which state
+that, at the season when this discovery was made, the sun rose at 7:30
+A.M. and set at 4:30 P.M. This astronomical observation would locate the
+place of landing on the southern coast of New England in the vicinity
+mentioned. That the Norsemen made a settlement in this country, though
+only of brief duration, is a fact in support of which many learned
+treatises have been written, dealing, among other things, with what are
+supposed to be Icelandic inscriptions discovered in that section of the
+country, and the like, a consideration of which, however, would be
+beyond the scope of this writing.
+
+Leif, the son of Eirek, or to preserve the nomenclature of the artist,
+Lief Erickson, is described in the Sagas and other records as a large,
+strong man, of imposing appearance. The ships in which voyages were made
+by the Norsemen in those days were called drakkars, which were propelled
+both by oar and sail; at the ends rose wooden apartments called kastals.
+All the parts out of water were fashioned after the manner of monsters
+or drakkars (dragons, _Drachen_). The prow of the ship represented the
+terrible head, the sides, a continuation of the body, and the rear, the
+tail of the monster bent upward; they bore a single sail covered with
+warlike paintings, and to the mast were also frequently hoisted the
+coats of arms of various chiefs. It was in ships of this character that
+these bold seamen braved the perils of the ocean, and it was in similar
+ships that William, the Conqueror, came to England; and yet even these
+vessels, frail as they were, were superior, both in seaworthiness and
+size, to the ships of Columbus.
+
+The costumes of the Norsemen consisted of trousers, belt, shirt, and
+often a coat of mail, and over the shoulders they sometimes wore a cloak
+with a fringe or border at the sides. They carried swords with most
+elaborately carved and embossed hilts and scabbards of gilt bronze and
+silver.
+
+To depict the first landing of Lief Erickson amid these surroundings was
+the object of the painter. How well he has succeeded, a mere inspection
+of this canvas will at once reveal. The heroic figure of Lief, himself,
+dreamily and yet with wonderment, looking out upon the newly discovered
+shore, while with uplifted sword his men are apparently consecrating
+the new world with a solemn vow of loyalty, some standing on a small
+boat which is being pushed towards the shore, while others stand
+knee-deep in the shoal water--the form of the ship or drakkar in the
+background, the costumes, swords and all the other accessories--constitute
+a striking and fascinating group. It portrays vividly the solemnity of
+the occasion when the first white men were about to set foot on the
+American continent.
+
+The discovery of Vinland and its subsequent colonization by Thorfinn are
+referred to in the beautiful verses of Bayard Taylor, written on the
+occasion of his visit to Iceland to attend its millennial celebration,
+in August, 1874.
+
+    "We come, the children of thy Vinland,
+      The youngest of the world's high peers,
+    O land of steel, and song, and saga,
+      To greet thy glorious thousand years.
+
+    "Across that sea the son of Erik
+      Dared with his venturous dragon's prow;
+    From shores where Thorfinn set thy banner
+      Their latest children seek thee now.
+
+        *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+    "What though thy native harps be silent?
+      The chord they struck shall ours prolong;
+    We claim thee kindred, call thee mother,
+      O land of saga, steel and song!"
+
+
+
+
+  THE SANTA MARIA, NINA AND PINTA
+
+  (_Evening of October 11, 1492_)
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+  THE DEBARKATION OF COLUMBUS
+
+  (_Morning of October 12, 1492_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+THE SANTA MARIA, NINA AND PINTA (EVENING OF OCTOBER 11, 1492)[E]
+
+AND
+
+IV.
+
+THE DEBARKATION OF COLUMBUS (MORNING OF OCTOBER 12, 1492).[F]
+
+
+The landing of Columbus was an historical event of such importance in
+its consequences that the artist wisely celebrates it in both of these
+pictures.
+
+We little realize what it meant to brave the perils of the unexplored
+ocean in the year 1492. We marvel when some adventurous navigator, even
+now, when every current and wind of the ocean have been observed for
+five hundred years, and are accurately known and precisely charted,
+undertakes to cross it in a somewhat diminutive vessel. What, then, must
+have been the courage of Columbus, when, at the advanced age of
+fifty-seven, he ventured with his crew upon this perilous undertaking in
+three frail barks or caravels, the largest of them equipped with a
+single deck and a single bridge, with an awkward one-story compartment
+at the prow and a two-story compartment at the stern, and the two others
+without any deck at all, with their little masts carrying awkward,
+unwieldy, partly square and partly lateen sails!
+
+The three crews consisted of only one hundred and four men combined, of
+which fifty were on the little "Santa Maria," which was only about
+sixty-three feet over all in length, with a fifty-one foot keel, twenty
+foot beam, and a depth of ten and one-half feet, under the command of
+the "Admiral" himself, as he was pompously called, and thirty on the
+still smaller "Pinta," under the command of "Captain" Martin Alonso
+Pinzon, while the still more diminutive cockle-shell "Nina" contained
+the formidable crew of twenty-four under the command of the brother of
+Martin Alonso, the redoubtable "Captain" Vincente Yanez Pinzon. And then
+to think that, instead of being encouraged and lauded for his
+enterprise, the prelude consisted of discouragement, derision and
+persecution of the foolhardy seaman who dared to brave the superstitions
+of the age and the unknown ocean which was supposed to be peopled with
+demons and monsters, in quest of what was believed to be an absolutely
+impossible pathway to China and the East Indies, and from which there
+could not be any hope of return. A model of these caravels was exhibited
+in the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, at the sight of which
+wonder grew to incredulity that, under such circumstances as surrounded
+this first voyage of Columbus, any one should have risked his life in
+such a craft.
+
+Even assuming with John Fiske that the spherical form of the earth was
+known long before Columbus, and that he derived his knowledge of the
+existence of the westernmost shore of the Atlantic Ocean through
+information which he received of the voyages of the Norsemen, on his
+visit to Iceland in 1477, his opinion that the same shore might be
+reached by crossing the Atlantic, where it had never been traversed
+before, was based upon mere surmise. No wonder that his crew were
+disheartened and on the verge of open mutiny when, under such
+circumstances, after about sixty-nine days had elapsed since they had
+sailed from Palos on August 3, 1492, they had still not reached the
+longed-for land. What faith, almost inspired, must have been his, that
+he should succeed in persuading his men to hold out only a few days
+more, and how strange that on the very next day, the seventieth of his
+voyage, on the evening of October 11, 1492, the long-wished-for goal
+should be descried in the dim distance, and that on the following day
+they should actually disembark from their floating prisons to stand once
+more upon solid ground!
+
+The artist has chosen the inspiring moments of these two events to
+immortalize them in these two pictures: in the one, the three tiny barks
+in the shadow of the evening, still in the gloom and uncertainty of what
+the morrow would bring forth--and then, in the other, the brilliant
+spectacle of Columbus with cross uplifted, in magnificent regalia of
+scarlet and gold and purple, and his officers with the standards of
+Castile and Leon, and the white and green colors of the expedition,
+disembarking with his men when his hopes had become a reality, for the
+purpose of claiming the newly discovered land.
+
+I quote from Emilio Castelar the following description of the events
+illustrated by these pictures:
+
+     "Land! land! the cry fell as a joyous peal upon the ears of these
+     mariners who had given themselves up as lost and doomed to die in
+     the fathomless vast.
+
+     "When Columbus heard the glad cry he knelt in rapture on the deck
+     and with clasped hands lifted his joy-filled eyes to Heaven and
+     intoned the 'Gloria in Excelsis' to the Author of all things.
+
+     "The signs of land now made it high time to prepare for the
+     debarkation for which all measures had been wisely planned by the
+     admiral, who had never doubted the realization of his predictions.
+
+     "Each moment brought a revelation. A solitary, half-tamed
+     turtle-dove flew near them and was followed by a floating, leafy
+     reed.
+
+     "About two in the morning of October 12th, amid the sheen of the
+     stars and phosphorescence of the sea, one of the crew, with eyes
+     accustomed, like some nocturnal creature, to the darkness, cried
+     'Land! land!'
+
+               *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+     "Columbus donned his richest apparel, upon his shoulders a cloak of
+     rosy purple, and grasped in one hand the sword of combat and in the
+     other the Redeemer's cross; then, disembarking, he knelt upon the
+     land, and, with uplifted arms, joined with his followers in the Te
+     Deum."
+
+In these paintings much is left to the imagination, which renders them
+all the more beautiful and poetical, although also in them the artist
+has accurately portrayed the caravels, costumes, figures and indications
+of the nearby shore, so that the scenes are vividly brought to mind as
+actually described in the journals of the great navigator himself and
+his first biographer, his own son Ferdinand.
+
+It is not the purpose of the author to write history, and yet how
+tempting, in the study of these pictures, is it to reflect upon and
+recall the romance which surrounds the whole life of Columbus and his
+period: the honors which he received on his return to Spain, his
+subsequent two additional voyages of discovery, when, to those of the
+first, consisting of San Salvador, Cuba, and the other islands, he added
+that of the continent of South America; how he returned from his third
+voyage in chains and afterwards died in poverty and forgotten at
+Valladolid, on May 20, 1506, his name scarcely mentioned at the time in
+the records of that town; how still stranger that Columbus never knew
+that he had discovered a new continent, but believed that, as he had
+originally intended, he had reached the shores of the Indies and China
+or Cathay by a new route, and therefore gave them the name which has
+ever since attached to the islands where he first landed, of the West
+Indies, and called the natives, Indians; and, strangest of all, that
+four hundred and six years after he first landed at San Salvador, the
+remains of the great discoverer should have been transferred from the
+cathedral at Havana to Spain, the scene of all his triumphs and all his
+sorrows, on September 24, 1898, just about the close of the
+Spanish-American war, which is celebrated in the last or thirteenth of
+this remarkable series of paintings.
+
+The courage, faith and fortitude of Columbus in persisting in his
+westward journey, in full confidence that he would eventually reach the
+shore which must ever have been pictured in his mind, in spite of the
+doubts and fears and protestations of his weary crew, are beautifully
+and concisely expressed in the stanzas of Friedrich Schiller:[G]
+
+    "Brave sailor, steer onward! Though the jester deride
+    And the hand of the pilot the helm drops in fear;
+    Sail on to the West, till that shore is descried
+    Which so clearly defined to thy mind doth appear.
+
+    "Follow God's guiding hand and the great silent ocean!
+    For the shore, were it not, from the waves it would rise.
+    With genius is nature linked in such bonds of devotion
+    That what genius presages, nature never denies."
+
+
+
+
+  MIDNIGHT MASS ON THE MISSISSIPPI
+  Over the Body of Ferdinand de Soto
+
+  1542
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+MIDNIGHT MASS ON THE MISSISSIPPI OVER THE BODY OF FERDINAND DE SOTO,
+1542.[H]
+
+
+As simple, gloomy and severe as were the circumstances surrounding the
+departure of the expeditions of Lief Erickson and Columbus, and
+subsequently of Henry Hudson and the Pilgrim Fathers, so brilliant,
+hopeful and coveted was the journey of Fernando De Soto, when he set
+sail from Spain in April, 1538, to conquer Florida and in search of a
+new Eldorado. Having previously returned from the conquest of Peru, as
+the chief lieutenant of Francisco Pizarro, possessed of great wealth,
+and through his marriage with the beautiful Isabella Bobadilla
+affiliated with the highest nobility, and having been appointed Governor
+of Cuba by Charles V.--the flower of the Spanish and Portuguese
+aristocracy flocked to his standard. The seven large and three small
+ships, including his flag-ship, the "San Christoval," in which the
+expedition set sail, were fitted out with great splendor. De Soto was
+then forty-two years of age, having been born at Xeres, Spain, in 1496,
+while his followers were mostly young men, and a more gorgeous or joyous
+company cannot be imagined. With them went the wife of De Soto and many
+other beautiful women, and the voyage was one round of pleasure and
+festivities. After landing and wintering in Cuba he started from there
+in May, 1539, with a following of one thousand men in nine ships,
+leaving the administration of Cuba in the hands of his wife and the
+Lieutenant-Governor. The original splendor was preserved, the leaders
+being clad in gorgeous armor and, followed by a host of servants and
+priests, they took with them all manner of live stock, cattle, horses,
+mules, etc., and were provided with all sorts of weapons and trappings,
+but also, significantly, with blood-hounds, handcuffs and iron
+neck-collars. Thus they landed in Florida, in the neighborhood of Tampa
+Bay, and began their march northward in the month of June, 1539, the
+cavaliers to the number of one hundred and thirteen on horseback, and
+the rest on foot. They passed the winter near the present Georgia
+border, and in the spring of 1540 reached the location of the present
+city of Savannah. Instead of pacifying, they alienated the natives
+through many acts of hostility, in the exuberance of their youth and
+prowess, in consequence of which many members of the expedition were
+killed in battle and others died through sickness and deprivation.
+Nevertheless, they pushed on still further westward towards the Rocky
+Mountains, and in May, 1541, discovered and crossed the Mississippi
+River near Lower Chickasaw Bluff, a little north of the thirty-fourth
+parallel of latitude, in Tunica County, in what is now the State of
+Mississippi. On again reaching the Mississippi on the return march, De
+Soto, in consequence of the exposure and hardships to which he had been
+subjected, sank down with a fever from which he died on May 21, 1542.
+Owing to the awe which he had inspired in the minds of the natives it
+was deemed wise by the remnant of his followers to conceal the fact of
+his death. Accordingly at the dead of night he was wrapped in a flag, in
+which sand had been sown, and taken in a boat to the middle of the
+river, and amid the glare of torches, the chanting by the priests of the
+midnight mass, and his sorrowing and silent companions, solemnly
+consigned to the depths of the great river.
+
+It is this solemn moment which the artist has caught in the painting
+bearing the above title. As in all the other pictures he has, also in
+this, depicted all the important details of the occasion without
+descending to such minute particularity that the painting would lose its
+poetic character. The sad scene recalls vividly to the mind--in contrast
+with the high hope and magnificent display of the expedition at its
+start--the futility of human ambition.
+
+The tone of the picture is heightened through the mingling of the pale
+moonlight with the lurid reflection from the torches, and the coloring
+altogether is such that it is in perfect harmony with the occasion.
+
+It is unnecessary to dwell upon the subsequent fate of the remnant of
+the expedition, except, perhaps, to say that the picture itself gains in
+interest by contemplating that, after wandering through the pathless
+forests, wading swamps, swimming rivers and fighting Indians all the
+time, and deprived of their leader, and after four years of hardships
+from the time that the expedition set out, those who were left made
+their way to Mexico. In the meantime the beautiful wife of De Soto had
+died brokenhearted, and never was there, all in all, a more tragic
+ending to an expedition commenced amid so much pomp and glory and with
+such sanguine expectations. His longed-for Eldorado was not found, and
+yet De Soto, not unlike Columbus, gained immortality more surely than if
+his expectations had been realized; for the Father of Waters, the
+greatest river in the world, will always be associated with his name,
+and the acquisition of the vast province of Louisiana by Spain led the
+way for its subsequent transfer to the United States. It was on April
+30, 1803, that through the negotiations conducted by James Monroe and
+Robert Livingston the Province of Louisiana was purchased for the sum of
+about $15,000,000 from France, which nation had prior thereto acquired
+it from Spain.
+
+In view of the chapters of history which a contemplation of this picture
+recalls, it is of particular interest during this year (1904), when
+through the magnificent Louisiana Purchase Exposition we are celebrating
+the centennial anniversary of the acquisition by the United States of
+the vast territory, which before De Soto and his followers the foot of
+white man had never trod.
+
+
+
+
+  HENRY HUDSON ENTERING NEW YORK BAY
+
+  (_September 11, 1609_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+HENRY HUDSON ENTERING NEW YORK BAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1609.[I]
+
+
+Previous to his discovery of the Hudson River, Henry Hudson, an
+Englishman, sometimes erroneously called Hendrick Hudson because the
+ship in which he sailed was fitted out under the auspices of the Dutch
+East India Company and the Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce, had made three
+voyages to find a northwest passage to China and India. To reach those
+shores _via_ the Atlantic seems to have been the goal of all the early
+discoverers, including Columbus and also De Soto, who, before his
+Florida expedition, had explored the coast of Central America, on the
+Pacific Ocean, in search of a passage through the American continent;
+and even Hudson sailed up the Hudson River in the expectation that it
+would lead on to the Pacific Ocean and thus to Asia. Hudson was not the
+only Englishman who had received encouragement and assistance from
+Holland when his own land had failed him, the same as did the Pilgrims
+soon thereafter, when they sought refuge in that enlightened and
+enterprising country.
+
+He sailed from Amsterdam on April 6, 1609, in a clumsy, two-masted craft
+with square sails called the "Half Moon," a Dutch galiot of only ninety
+tons, with a crew of twenty men, in an extreme northwesterly direction,
+but being driven back by the ice, skirted along the Atlantic coast,
+passing through Casco Bay, Maine, as far south as Chesapeake Bay, and
+thence again northward, and entered Raritan Bay, south of Staten Island,
+on September 11, 1609, into the present harbor of New York, and, on
+September 14th, sailed up the Hudson River almost as far as Albany.
+
+The return voyage down the Hudson to its mouth, owing to adverse winds,
+occupied eleven days, and on November 7, 1609, he landed at Dartmouth,
+England, where, owing to the jealousy of the English Government, the
+crew was detained and his ship seized, although she had borne the Dutch
+flag and Hudson had claimed the sovereignty of the soil for that country
+over that portion of the American continent which he had discovered. It
+was to all intents and purposes a discovery, as the first definite
+historic account of the existence of this part of the new world dated
+from this voyage, of which he kept a careful journal, however probable
+it may be that, before him, other Europeans had looked upon Manhattan
+Island and the Hudson River, in view of the many expeditions to America
+during the long period from the tenth to the seventeenth centuries.
+
+The discovery of Hudson led almost immediately to numerous trading
+voyages, and thereafter to temporary, and then to regular and permanent
+colonization, and finally to the foundation of the great City of New
+York. Also with Hudson, the same as with Columbus and De Soto, is thus
+linked a discovery far greater in its consequences than if he had
+succeeded in reaching the goal which he originally set out to find. Like
+theirs, also his ending was sad and tragic, for on a subsequent
+northwestern voyage, his mutinous crew cast him, together with his son
+and seven of his faithful men, adrift amid the ice of Hudson Bay, which
+bears his name, thus like De Soto perishing in the very waters which he
+had discovered.
+
+His life is wrapt in mystery; nothing is known of it except during the
+four years occupied with his voyages (1607 to 1611), and that he was
+probably the son of Christopher Hudson, one of the factors of the
+Muscovy Company. There is not even an authentic portrait of him in
+existence.
+
+The interest of this painting centers in the scene, which it vividly
+depicts, of the effect upon the natives of this first sight of a ship.
+Nothing could be more intense than the expression of mingled fear and
+defiant surprise portrayed in the face and attitude of the young Indian
+warrior, that so strange an object should dare to approach his hitherto
+undisputed domain of the shore. This interest is heightened through the
+grouping of the squaw and Indian dog, with the Indian hut or tepee in
+the background on the edge of the forest, and the rocky shore in the
+foreground. The ship itself is subordinated to the representation of
+this idea, being only dimly seen in the distance.
+
+Through this conception, the artist was enabled to present a picture
+which adds to the variety of the series, and at the same time
+demonstrates his surpassing mastery of figure and landscape painting as
+well.
+
+
+
+
+  EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS
+  From Southampton
+
+  (_August 5, 1620_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS FROM SOUTHAMPTON, AUGUST 5, 1620.[J]
+
+
+A sadder journey than that of the Pilgrims, both in its inception in
+leaving home and kindred and fleeing from persecution, and in its ending
+in the inconceivable hardships which they had to endure in the new
+world, was probably never undertaken than when, on August 5, 1620, the
+"Mayflower" sailed out of the harbor of Southampton.
+
+It must have been with heavy hearts and the gloomiest forebodings, and
+yet buoyed up with the hope of finding a permanent refuge beyond the
+ocean, for the exercise of that freedom of conscience for which they had
+previously found only a temporary abode at Leyden, Holland, that the
+hundred brave men and women, representing twenty-three different
+families, consigned their lives and fortunes into the hands of the crew
+of the little one hundred and sixty ton vessel that for almost five long
+months was to battle with storm and winds across the dreaded Atlantic,
+until on December 21, 1620, they anchored on the shores of
+Massachusetts, and, with that spirit of loyalty, still, to the land from
+which they had fled, named the spot where they first landed, Plymouth
+Rock, to which they had been driven in the stress and storm, instead of
+reaching the Virginia colony, for which they had set sail.
+
+What that departure of the Pilgrims from England meant to those left
+behind on the shore at Southampton can hardly be conceived by those who,
+in our day, at some magnificent steamship pier, amid the strains of
+music and a shower of flowers, now and anon wave a farewell to their
+friends, perhaps bound on a pleasure tour in some leviathan of the
+ocean, of twenty thousand or more tons burden, and fitted up in more
+regal splendor than the most gorgeous palaces of the age of the
+Pilgrims.
+
+It is to the sadness of this departure that the artist, in this canvas,
+has undertaken to give expression in the mournful group of friends on
+the shore, waving a final farewell and wistfully gazing at the
+"Mayflower," lying in mid-water and evidently waiting for the last
+passengers to arrive before setting sail on its perilous voyage into the
+mysterious darkness of the approaching night. There is a mellow gray
+light of evening diffused throughout this painting which is almost
+indescribable, with the moon casting its rays across the water, so
+perfectly is it in harmony with the thread of the whole story which is
+suggested by this inimitable picture.
+
+I can think of no more fitting words to accompany this canvas than those
+of Edward Everett, in his oration at Plymouth, on December 22, 1824, on
+"The Emigration of the Pilgrim Fathers":
+
+     "Methinks I see it now, that one solitary, adventurous vessel, the
+     'Mayflower' of a forlorn hope, freighted with the prospects of a
+     future State, and bound across the unknown sea. I behold it
+     pursuing, with a thousand misgivings, the uncertain, the tedious
+     voyage. Suns rise and set, and weeks and months pass, and winter
+     surprises them on the deep, but brings them not the sight of the
+     wished-for shore. I see them now scantily supplied with provisions,
+     crowded almost to suffocation in their ill-stored prison, delayed
+     by calms, pursuing a circuitous route; and now driven in fury
+     before the raging tempest, on the high and giddy waves. The awful
+     voice of the storm howls through the rigging. The laboring masts
+     seem straining from their base; the dismal sound of the pumps is
+     heard; the ship leaps, as it were, madly from billow to billow; the
+     ocean breaks, and settles with engulfing floods over the floating
+     deck, and beats with deadening weight against the staggered vessel.
+     I see them, escaped from these perils, pursuing their all but
+     desperate undertaking, and landed at last, after five months'
+     passage, on the ice-clad rocks of Plymouth,--weak and weary from
+     the voyage, poorly armed, scantily provisioned, depending on the
+     charity of their shipmaster for a draft of beer on board, drinking
+     nothing but water on shore, without shelter, without means,
+     surrounded by hostile tribes."
+
+What an extraordinary coincidence it is that a Dutch slaver, laden with
+slaves for Virginia, should be on the ocean at the same time with the
+"Mayflower," in whose cabin was written the first charter of
+independence, the first American constitution, in the words following:
+
+     "In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the
+     loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the
+     grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland king, defender
+     of the faith, etc., having undertaken, for the glory of God, and
+     advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and
+     country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts
+     of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the
+     presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves
+     together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and
+     preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue
+     hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws,
+     ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time,
+     as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good
+     of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and
+     obedience."
+
+What but a reflection of these words is the memorable preamble to the
+Constitution of the United States, framed by the convention of 1787:
+
+     "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more
+     perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity,
+     provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and
+     secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
+     ordain this Constitution for the United States of America."
+
+What a debt of gratitude we owe to the leaders of that expedition,
+Carver, Winslow, Bradford and Standish, who thus planted this colony in
+the United States, practically the first after that in Virginia--but
+also to the great artist who fortunately came from the shores of the
+same England to immortalize, through this beautiful picture, the first
+scene in the drama whose culmination is the establishment of the
+greatest republic that the world has ever seen!
+
+    "There were men with hoary hair
+      Amidst that pilgrim-band:
+    Why had they come to wither there,
+      Away from their childhood's land?
+
+    "There was woman's fearless eye,
+      Lit by her deep love's truth;
+    There was manhood's brow serenely high,
+      And the fiery heart of youth.
+
+    "What sought they thus afar?
+      Bright jewels of the mine?
+    The wealth of seas, the spoils of war?--
+      They sought a faith's pure shrine!
+
+    "Ay, call it holy ground,
+      The soil where first they trod;
+    They have left unstained what there they found--
+      Freedom to worship God."
+
+                        FELICIA HEMANS.
+
+
+
+
+  FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG
+  By a Foreign Government
+
+  (_In the Harbor of Quiberon, France, February 13, 1778_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG BY A FOREIGN GOVERNMENT.
+
+_In the Harbor of Quiberon, France, February 13, 1778._[K]
+
+    "When Freedom, from her mountain height,
+      Unfurled her standard to the air,
+    She tore the azure robe of night
+      And set the stars of glory there!
+    She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
+    The milky baldric of the skies,
+    And striped its pure, celestial white
+    With streakings of the morning light."
+
+                                    DRAKE.
+
+Between the time of the landing of the Pilgrims and the event
+represented in this picture one hundred and fifty-eight years had
+elapsed. The hardy pioneers who had ventured across the ocean in
+considerable numbers had increased to thirteen colonies, the Declaration
+of Independence had been signed, the War of the Revolution was being
+fought, a preliminary confederation had been formed among the thirteen
+States, the first American Congress had met, and this, on June 14, 1777,
+"Resolved that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen
+stripes, alternate red and white; and the Union be thirteen white stars
+on a blue field," and on the same day had appointed John Paul Jones,
+usually known as Paul Jones, to the command of the "Ranger," who soon
+thereafter hoisted the new flag on board that vessel at Portsmouth. The
+"Ranger" set out to sea about November 1st, her battery consisting of
+sixteen six-pounders, throwing only forty-eight pounds of shot from a
+broadside, an armament which appears grotesquely lilliputian in
+comparison with the thirteen-inch guns, firing projectiles of over half
+a ton from our steel-armored battleships of to-day, which cost as much
+as five million dollars and are of 16,000 tons burden. With this little
+ship he sailed to Europe, capturing two prizes on the way, and, after
+touching at Nantes, sailed to Quiberon Bay, east of Quiberon, on the Bay
+of Biscay, a small town and peninsula about twenty-two miles south-east
+of Lorient, convoying some American vessels, and placing them under the
+protection of the French fleet commanded by Admiral La Motte Piquet. The
+story represented in this picture he tells in his own language in a
+letter to the Naval Committee, dated February 22, 1778: "I am happy to
+have it in my power to congratulate on my having seen the American flag
+for the first time recognized in the fullest and completest manner by
+the flag of France." He then recounts how, after preliminary
+communications with the Admiral, the latter thus honored the flag on
+February 13th, which he characterized as "an acknowledgment of American
+independence."
+
+This, as well as each of the five subsequent paintings, depicts an
+important event in the history of our navy, and must be dear to every
+American heart in the incident which is thus perpetuated. The American
+flag is proudly displayed from the masthead and stern of the "Ranger,"
+and the coloring is so adjusted that the flag appears to wave in the
+brightest light of the picture. The smoke of the booming cannon from the
+French fleet, the motion of the water, and the row-boats evidently
+plying in friendly intercourse among the ships, the sky effect--all
+together combine to produce a piece of superb marine painting.
+
+Space forbids dwelling upon the exceptional, romantic, daring and
+successful career of Paul Jones, who was born in Scotland on July 6,
+1747, and died in Paris on July 18, 1792, the first of that long list of
+heroic figures which have made the history of the American navy so
+illustrious.
+
+    "The man that is not moved at what he reads,
+    That takes not fire at their heroic deeds,
+    Unworthy of the blessings of the brave,
+    Is base in kind, and born to be a slave."
+
+                                       COWPER.
+
+_Note._--Additional interest is lent to this canvas through the fact
+that quite recently (April, 1905) the remains of John Paul Jones, the
+hero of the occasion, were discovered in Paris, and are to be interred
+in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+  BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA
+
+  (_In the Harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA.
+
+_In the Harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804._[L]
+
+
+This canvas represents one of the most daring feats ever performed in
+naval warfare, equalled only, perhaps, by the exploit of Lieutenant
+Hobson in sinking the collier "Merrimac" in the harbor of Santiago
+during the Spanish-American war of 1898. Lord Nelson characterized the
+burning of the "Philadelphia" as the most daring act of the age. The
+"Philadelphia" was the sister ship of the famous "Constitution," and
+under the command of Captain Bainbridge had been despatched to Tripoli
+to demand satisfaction for losses suffered by our merchant marine at the
+hands of Algerian pirates, who had been preying upon the commerce of the
+world for years. Arriving on the Algerian coast, she was led upon a reef
+by pirates whom she was chasing, her officers and crew were taken
+prisoners, her guns were thrown overboard, and she was taken into the
+harbor by her captors, and there remanned, regunned and made ready to
+defend the city against the other American ships which were blockading
+the port.
+
+From his prison Captain Bainbridge managed to get into communication
+with the American fleet, and to suggest the feasibility of destroying
+the "Philadelphia." Acting upon this suggestion Lieutenant Decatur
+undertook the perilous task. Decatur had sailed into the harbor of
+Tripoli in the frigate "United States" in the Preble expedition and
+captured a small Tripolitan vessel, which was renamed the "Intrepid." In
+her, with a crew of seventy-four brave volunteers, and accompanied by
+the "Siren," he sailed straight up to the "Philadelphia" in the evening,
+sprang on board with his men, and after a furious struggle and under the
+fire of the coast batteries, whose cannon swept the approach to the
+"Philadelphia," the Americans either killed or drove into the sea all
+the Tripolitans on board the "Philadelphia," which was set on fire,
+while the "Intrepid," with the assistance of the "Siren," escaped
+without the loss of a single man. It was a deed of marvellous bravery,
+so much so that on November 15, 1804, Thomas Jefferson sent a special
+message to Congress stating that Lieutenant Decatur had been advanced to
+be a Captain, and it is not surprising that so brave a seaman gradually
+rose to the rank of Commodore in the United States navy. He was the hero
+of many subsequent brilliant exploits, principally in foreign waters,
+and effectually showed the nations of Europe how to put an end to the
+piracy and insolence of the Barbary States, which had lasted for nearly
+three centuries. He was the recipient of many distinguished honors, and
+was presented with a sword by Congress for his share in the destruction
+of the "Philadelphia," and in 1812 with a gold medal for his capture of
+the British frigate "Macedonian" by his own ship the "United States."
+His patriotic devotion to his country is well exemplified in a toast
+which he proposed in 1816 on the occasion of a banquet which was
+tendered to him: "Our Country! In her intercourse with foreign nations,
+may she always be in the right; but our Country, right or wrong."
+
+Decatur was born in Maryland on January 5, 1779, and died on March 22,
+1820, in a duel with Commodore Barron.
+
+Andrew Jackson, in his first annual message to Congress on December 8,
+1829, referred to the heroic deed represented in this painting in the
+following language:
+
+     "I cannot close this communication without bringing to your view
+     the just claim of the representatives of Commodore Decatur, his
+     officers and crew, arising from the recapture of the frigate
+     'Philadelphia' under the heavy batteries of Tripoli. Although
+     sensible, as a general rule, of the impropriety of Executive
+     interference under a Government like ours, where every individual
+     enjoys the right of directly petitioning Congress, yet, viewing
+     this case as one of very peculiar character, I deem it my duty to
+     recommend it to your favorable consideration. Besides the justice
+     of this claim, as corresponding to those which have been since
+     recognized and satisfied, it is the fruit of a deed of patriotic
+     and chivalrous daring which infused life and confidence into our
+     infant navy and contributed as much as any exploit in its history
+     to elevate our national character. Public gratitude, therefore,
+     stamps her seal upon it, and the meed should not be withheld which
+     may hereafter operate as a stimulus to our gallant tars."
+
+The burning of the "Philadelphia" is one of the most striking pictures
+in the series. The effect of the mounting flames against the moonless
+and midnight sky is impressive and spectacular, and their lurid
+reflection in the water, with a glimpse of the Algerian fort and
+batteries in the background to the right, and the little vessel of
+Decatur, fittingly named the "Intrepid," skimming along the water away
+from the burning ship, with swelling sail and powerful stroke of oar,
+with the dense masses of smoke rising to the extreme height of the
+painting and a shower of burning embers descending into the
+water--produce an effect, so vivid and realistic, of a great
+conflagration, that the eye is riveted to the scene with never-failing
+interest.
+
+
+
+
+  THE BRIG ARMSTRONG ENGAGING THE BRITISH FLEET
+
+  (_In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26, 1814_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+THE BRIG ARMSTRONG ENGAGING THE BRITISH FLEET.
+
+_In the Harbor of Fayal, September 26, 1814._[M]
+
+
+It is difficult to discriminate, in awarding the meed of praise for
+bravery, amid the many heroic deeds of the American navy. For fighting
+qualities and success in repulsing overwhelming numbers the exploit of
+Captain Samuel Chester Reid, in his battle with the British seamen which
+this picture illustrates, has never been surpassed. It was on the 26th
+of September, 1814, that the privateer, the brig "Armstrong," which had
+been fitted out in New York, cast anchor in the harbor of Fayal, one of
+the Azores, belonging to the neutral government of Portugal. About the
+same time three British ships, the "Plantagenet," the "Carnation" and
+the "Rota," under the command of Commodore Lloyd, appeared in the same
+harbor, and without further ceremony sent out four boat loads of men
+towards the brig "Armstrong," evidently with hostile intention. Captain
+Reid, realizing the futility of relying upon the protection of the
+impotent Portuguese authorities, prepared for the worst, and, on
+receiving a threatening response to a challenge which he addressed to
+the approaching boats, he unhesitatingly opened fire. As his crew
+consisted of only ninety men, his armament of eight nine-pounders, with
+only the famous "Long Tom," a twenty-four pounder (which was exhibited
+at the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893) as a gun of any consequence to
+rely upon, while the enemy numbered over two thousand men and had a
+combined armament of one hundred and thirty-six guns, the hardihood of
+this initial proceeding will be apparent. After having suffered some
+loss in killed and wounded, three of the enemy's boats beat a hasty
+retreat, the fourth having been sunk, but about midnight the attack was
+renewed by fourteen boats, loaded to the guards with at least four
+hundred men. Captain Reid with his men fought like tigers, and "Long
+Tom," under the command of William Copeland, mowed down the enemy
+without giving them a chance to carry out their evident intention of
+capturing the ship. The battle lasted only forty minutes, but during
+this time two boats of the enemy had been captured and two sunk, and
+nearly three hundred of their men either killed or wounded, while Reid
+achieved a complete victory with the loss of only two men killed and
+seven wounded. A third attack was made by the enemy soon after daybreak,
+this time directly with the guns of the brig "Carnation," but "Long
+Tom," with its twenty-four pound shots, did so much damage to the hull
+of the enemy's ship that she was forced to withdraw, thus leaving the
+victory for the third time with Captain Reid. Having so far succeeded in
+warding off the enemy, Captain Reid thereupon, however, realizing the
+futility of continuing to fight against such odds, left the brig, after
+having scuttled and set her on fire, and reached the shore in safety.
+There the inhabitants of the town did all in their power to care for the
+wounded and protect the brave little band, who had barricaded themselves
+in a small stone church; and a demand made by the British commander for
+their surrender, on the ground that there were deserters among them,
+proved futile, as the charge could not be established.
+
+Subsequently the Portuguese Government raised "Long Tom," the historic
+gun of the "Armstrong," and presented it to the United States
+Government, and in January, 1887, Samuel C. Reid, the son and namesake
+of the valiant Captain, offered through President Cleveland to the
+United States the battle sword of his father--thus preserving these two
+invaluable relics as mementos of one of the most remarkable sea-fights
+in history.
+
+Years later, Louis Napoleon, then Emperor of France, undertook to
+arbitrate the claims of the United States Government against the British
+Government for the loss of the "Armstrong," but decided in favor of the
+British on the ground that Captain Reid had opened fire on the British
+ships and thereby had failed to respect the neutrality of the port and
+must abide the result of his commencing hostilities.
+
+The owners of the "Armstrong" made repeated efforts to obtain redress
+for the loss of their ship, but it was not until the year 1897 (about
+the time that Mr. Moran finished this painting) that some money was
+received, and, strange to say, paid over to the widow of the owner, Mr.
+Havens, the old lady then being ninety-eight years of age.
+
+It may be interesting to recall that it was Captain Reid who, about the
+year 1817, designed the present flag of the United States, which for a
+time had been altered to fifteen stripes to designate the number of
+States to which the country had increased. On the suggestion of Captain
+Reid the number was again reduced to thirteen, and the addition of the
+States designated by the number of stars in the blue field. This was
+adopted by Act of Congress on April 4, 1818, and the first flag that was
+flung to the breeze, under the new law, was made by Mrs. Reid, the wife
+of the gallant Captain, the stars in the blue field being arranged at
+that time in the shape of a constellation constituting one great star.
+
+Besides the glory which Captain Reid achieved through his wonderful
+exploit at Fayal--all the more wonderful if it is remembered that he
+and his men were volunteer seamen, untrained in the regular navy of the
+United States--he had rendered his country a service far greater even
+than this feat of arms. It so happened that the ships of Commodore Lloyd
+were bound for the Gulf of Mexico to assist in the attack upon New
+Orleans; but by reason of the injury and demoralization inflicted on
+them by Captain Reid they were delayed long enough to prevent their
+co-operating with the British General, Sir Edward Packenham, in an
+earlier attack upon New Orleans, as originally contemplated, when
+General Jackson was not prepared to meet and defeat the enemy; the
+consequence of which might have been the loss to the United States of
+the entire Province of Louisiana, which had only a decade before been
+acquired from France.
+
+Captain Reid was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on August 25, 1783, and
+died at the venerable age of seventy-eight at New York on January 28,
+1861, on the very eve of our great Civil War, having enjoyed many
+honors, among them an appointment as Warden of the Port of New York.
+
+Not only on account of the extraordinary character of the fight itself,
+but also on account of its indirect consequences, in assisting to bring
+the War of 1812 to a close, is this painting of the greatest interest.
+It measures full up to the excellence of the other numbers of the
+series, notwithstanding the immediate subject was not one which
+presented the most graphic material for the brush of the painter. Mr.
+Moran chose the most thrilling incident of the fight in depicting the
+firing of the brig on the approaching row-boats of the enemy. This he
+has accomplished with consummate skill. He has herein, as in all his
+other battle scenes on the water, avoided the portrayal of carnage and
+destruction of human life in lurid colors as is the custom with most
+painters. He has left these abhorrent scenes to the imagination, and has
+thereby rendered his pictures, while suggesting all the dreadful
+accompaniments of warfare, chaste, and free from scenes which are
+revolting to the feelings.
+
+The picture is perfect in itself, in its representation of the position
+of the "Armstrong," swayed, as it evidently is, through the powerful
+blasts from its own twenty-four pounder--the fire of the rifles from the
+men in the British row-boats--the buildings on the shore in the
+background on the left, with the suggestion of the hills on which the
+town is built and the British ships in the offing on the right--with the
+rising moon in the distance--and the shores of Fayal dimly defined upon
+the horizon, extending, as they do in fact, with their two widening arms
+around the harbor.
+
+
+
+
+  IRON VERSUS WOOD
+  Sinking of the Cumberland by the Merrimac
+
+  (_In Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+IRON VERSUS WOOD--SINKING OF THE CUMBERLAND BY THE MERRIMAC.
+
+_In Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862._[N]
+
+
+The title of this picture suggests not only the unequal character of the
+fight which the wooden ship "Cumberland" fought against the iron-clad
+"Merrimac," the first iron-clad that ever sailed in American waters, but
+also recalls to mind the contrast between the steel-armored battleships
+of the navies of the world of to-day and the wooden hulks which
+prevailed up to that time. It is a long span of time from the battle of
+brave Captain Reid in the harbor of Fayal in 1814 to the year 1861, but
+during that half century little progress had been made in supplying the
+ships of our navy with protecting devices, as there had likewise been
+little occasion for naval warfare. In fact, outside of the Mexican War
+and fights with the Indians, the country was at peace with itself as
+well as with the outside world, and it was not until the great struggle
+for the preservation of the Union called the whole country to arms, both
+on sea and land, that the opportunity was again presented for the
+shedding of additional lustre on our naval history.
+
+The most thrilling and startling of all the events on the sea, during
+this sanguinary conflict, followed when, at noon on March 8, 1862, a
+novel craft, such as had never been seen before, was cut loose from her
+moorings in Norfolk, and, after having steamed down the Elizabeth River,
+was seen to head boldly for Newport News, where lay the United States
+frigate "Congress" of fifty guns, under the command of Lieutenant Joseph
+B. Smith, and the twenty-four gun sloop of war "Cumberland," in charge
+of Lieutenant George U. Morris during the temporary absence of its
+commander, William Radford, two of the fleet of national ships, all
+riding at anchor in fancied security, without a thought of the death and
+destruction which the appearance of the stranger portended. It was an
+odd-looking craft--the "Merrimac," as it is generally called--more like
+a house afloat than a war ship, and the officers of the Federal ships
+were at first inclined to belittle its importance. The undertaking of
+the "Merrimac" itself (or "Virginia," as she was called by the
+Confederates) was one of great courage, the vessel in its last stages
+having but just been converted into an iron-clad, in great haste, out of
+the hulk of a sunken old style man-of-war (the "Merrimac"), which had
+been raised by the Confederates. The experiment was a new one; the men
+had not been drilled; its armament had never been tested, and its
+commander, Commodore Buchanan, had only recently arisen from a sick-bed.
+He had been a Union officer in the regular navy, and as such had placed
+the entire naval service under great obligations in being the first to
+have located the Naval Academy at Annapolis under a commission from the
+Secretary of the Navy. When it was realized by the commanders of the
+American ships that the "Merrimac" was steaming towards them in dead
+earnest there was hurried preparation for the impending conflict, and as
+she approached the "Cumberland" and the "Congress" they opened fire on
+the huge craft, but their heavy projectiles glanced from her as if they
+were paper balls. About 2:30 P.M. the "Merrimac," then within easy
+range, opened fire on the "Cumberland," doing much damage. The two
+Federal ships, which were only about one hundred feet away, then gave
+the "Merrimac" full broadsides, but without the slightest effect, and
+the latter craft mercilessly sent four shells crashing into the
+"Congress," notwithstanding that Commodore Buchanan had a brother,
+McKean Buchanan, paymaster on the "Congress,"--a harrowing illustration
+of the horrifying encounters among the closest kindred in civil warfare.
+After disabling the "Congress," the "Merrimac" directed her attention to
+the "Cumberland," and under a full head of steam her iron prow or ram,
+which projected four feet, struck the Federal ship "nearly at right
+angles under the fore rigging in the starboard fore channels." I quote
+further from Maclay's "History of the Navy": "The shock was scarcely
+felt in the iron-clad, but in the 'Cumberland' it was terrific. The ship
+heeled over to port and trembled as if she had struck a rock under full
+sail, while the iron prow of the 'Merrimac' crushed through her side and
+left a yawning chasm. In backing out of the 'Cumberland,' the 'Merrimac'
+left her iron prow inside the doomed ship. Following up the blow by the
+discharge of her bow gun, she backed clear of the wreck. In response to
+a demand for surrender, Lieutenant Morris defiantly answered, 'Never!
+I'll sink alongside.' * * * * The scene in the 'Cumberland' soon became
+awful. One shell, bursting in the sick bay, killed or wounded four men
+in their cots. More than a hundred of the crew very soon were killed or
+wounded; the cockpit was crowded; the decks were slippery with blood and
+were strewn with the dead and dying, while the inrushing waters and the
+rapid settling of the ship too plainly indicated that she would soon go
+to the bottom. In order to prevent the helpless wounded on the berth
+deck from being drowned, they were lifted up on racks and mess chests,
+and as the ship settled more and more they were removed from this
+temporary refuge and carried on deck and placed amidship. This was all
+that their shipmates could do for them, and when the ship finally went
+down they perished in her."
+
+After sinking the "Cumberland," the "Merrimac" again turned on the
+"Congress" with her entire broadside and, owing to her own impervious
+character, soon got the Federal ship into such condition,
+notwithstanding the heroic defence of her men under Lieutenant Smith,
+who soon was killed, that she had to surrender, and thereafter caught
+fire from the hot shot of the enemy and was destroyed. The "Merrimac,"
+now under the command of Lieutenant Jones, a rifle ball having struck
+both Commodore Buchanan and Flag-Lieutenant Minor, not yet satisfied
+with the destruction which she had wrought, then turned her attention to
+the remaining Federal ships, the "Minnesota," "St. Lawrence" and
+"Roanoke," and after having, with the assistance of some accompanying
+Confederate gunboats, played havoc especially with the "Minnesota,"
+about seven o'clock in the evening, owing to the ebbing tide, turned her
+head towards Sewell's Point, where she anchored for the night, with the
+intention of renewing her dread work on the following morning, after one
+of the most disastrous days in the history of the Federal navy.
+
+In selecting the destruction of the "Cumberland" by the "Merrimac" as
+the subject of this painting, the artist showed his usual good judgment.
+It was one of the earliest as well as most startling incidents of the
+entire war, and in its effect in revolutionizing the construction not
+only of our ships, but those of the world, easily holds first place in
+all naval history. The picture is wonderfully painted and dramatically
+handled and is considered by some critics the most interesting of the
+series.
+
+The huge, truncated bulk of the Confederate ram is shown in the act of
+plunging her prow through the wooden hull of her opponent in the teeth
+of a broadside of fire and shell. The contrast of colors and values is
+forcibly expressed; the black soft coal smoke from the single stack of
+the "Merrimac" drifts forward and envelopes her antagonist as the
+cuttle-fish darkens the water that it may more easily destroy its
+victim.
+
+An examination of this painting is its best description. It is almost
+impossible to paint in words the scene which the great artist has here
+perpetuated with his brush. The water is incomparable and the effect of
+the shipping as a background, the bright afternoon sun, with the stars
+and stripes on the "Cumberland," and the stars and bars, the emblem of
+the Confederacy, on the stern of the death-dealing Southern monster, the
+crowded deck of the "Cumberland," in contrast with the apparently
+unmanned craft of the enemy, all add to the thrilling and vivid effect
+of the extraordinary combat itself.
+
+When the news of the destruction wrought by the "Merrimac" reached the
+North the general consternation was indescribable. At a hastily called
+Cabinet meeting the then Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, is
+reported to have said: "The 'Merrimac' will change the whole character
+of the war; she will destroy every naval vessel; she will lay all
+seaboard cities under contribution; not unlikely we may have a shell or
+cannon ball from one of her guns in the White House before we leave this
+room." But the fate of the "Merrimac" was sealed, for while she was
+being moulded out of the old Federal hulk into the terrifying ram, with
+great ingenuity, by Constructor John L. Porter, with the assistance of
+Chief Engineer William P. Williamson, after some rough drawings prepared
+by Lieutenant John N. Brook, who originated the idea of her
+construction, all then of the Confederate navy--through a strange
+coincidence a genius had been at work in the North perfecting the
+world-renowned little "Monitor," which was soon to meet the formidable
+Southern iron-clad in battle, the history of which is suggested by the
+next painting of the series. It is also strange that in two of the most
+noted dramas in the records of our navy, the one above recounted, and
+that, already referred to, in which Lieutenant Hobson later bore so
+heroic a part, the most conspicuous objects were vessels which were both
+known as the "Merrimac." The valor of Lieutenant Morris, in the part
+which he bore in the defence of the "Cumberland," has been immortalized
+not only through this canvas, but also through a special message of
+Abraham Lincoln to Congress under date of December 10, 1862, as follows:
+
+     "In conformity to the law of July 16, 1862, I most cordially
+     recommend that Lieutenant-Commander George U. Morris, United States
+     Navy, receive a vote of thanks of Congress for the determined valor
+     and heroism displayed in his defence of the United States
+     ship-of-war 'Cumberland,' temporarily under his command, in the
+     naval engagement at Hampton Roads on the 8th March, 1862, with the
+     rebel iron-clad steam frigate 'Merrimac.'"
+
+
+
+
+  THE WHITE SQUADRON'S FAREWELL SALUTE
+  To the Body of
+  CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON
+
+  (_New York Bay, August 25, 1890_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1891, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+THE WHITE SQUADRON'S FAREWELL SALUTE TO THE BODY OF CAPTAIN JOHN
+ERICSSON.
+
+_New York Bay, August 25, 1890._[O]
+
+
+No more fitting funeral cortege could have been devised than the one
+which, on August 25, 1890, conveyed to Sweden, to their last
+resting-place, the remains of the great engineer, John Ericsson, whose
+inventive genius had clad the wooden navies of the world in armor of
+impenetrable iron and steel. Little had he dreamt when, in 1839, at the
+age of thirty-six (he was born at Vermland, Sweden, on July 31, 1803) he
+came to the United States in one of the old wooden ships of that day
+after a weary journey of many weeks--as yet comparatively unknown to
+fame--that at the time of his death, on March 8, 1889, in the city of
+New York, almost twenty-seven years to a day after the epoch-making
+battle of his "Monitor" with the "Merrimac," his name would be on every
+tongue in every land, and that the Government of the United States would
+deem it an honor to place the magnificent protected cruiser "Baltimore"
+of the United States Navy at the disposal of his native country on his
+farewell journey from our shores to his long home, amid the salutes, to
+their flag-ship, of the other giants of the White Squadron and the
+reverent tokens of grief and respect displayed on all the shipping in
+the harbor, as the funeral convoy slowly plied her way towards the
+ocean, with the flags of Sweden and the United States waving at half
+mast over her decks.
+
+It is this impressive panorama which the artist spreads before us in
+this canvas, which was the sensation of the Spring exhibition of 1891 at
+the National Academy of Design in New York. In this picture he has
+delineated details of the shipping from sketches made by himself at the
+time and a careful study of our war vessels, as holds likewise true of
+the next succeeding and last picture of this series. There is something
+impressively grand and solemn about this painting, associated as it is
+with the story of the great inventor. The sky is superb, and the water
+has that realistic motion without turbulence which only Edward Moran
+could depict, while the white gleaming sister ships of the "Baltimore"
+in the background on the right, the shipping in the harbor of all
+descriptions and sizes in more sombre hue on the left, and the Statue of
+Liberty looming up in the rear, stand like sentinels on guard as the
+great white cruiser, with its flags at half mast and its stacks sending
+forth, like a veil of mourning, a cloud of black smoke--ploughs with
+foam encircled prow majestically through the water, like a great living,
+breathing, moving thing.
+
+As this creation of the artist perpetuates the tribute of national
+gratitude to the great inventor of the first "Monitor," so, it may be
+said, a fitting tribute has been paid to the picture itself through its
+reproduction in a superb etching by another great American artist, his
+own brother, Thomas Moran.
+
+That the United States Navy should take so deep an interest in paying
+the last honors to John Ericsson, with an Admiral of the Navy, Daniel L.
+Braine, superintending the ceremonies, and a future Admiral, Winfield
+Scott Schley, commanding the funeral convoy, is not surprising, for to
+Ericsson it owed not only the bomb-proof floating fortresses of the
+ocean, but the screw propeller, first applied in the construction of the
+United States man-of-war "Princeton," with propelling machinery under
+the water line out of the reach of shot. The first steam fire-engine
+ever constructed in the United States was also the work of Ericsson in
+1841, and many and varied were the other inventions of his creative
+brain. But the greatest service rendered by Ericsson was in the
+construction of the "Monitor," not only on account of the immediate,
+almost inestimable benefit which it conferred in saving the United
+States Navy from destruction by the Confederate iron-clad "Merrimac," in
+1862, but also, still more, in view of the impetus which it gave to the
+development of marine craft to their present perfection and in almost
+revolutionizing the entire science of naval warfare.
+
+When, at 8 o'clock on March 9, 1862, the "Merrimac," after the havoc
+which she had wrought with the Federal ships on the evening before,
+including the burning of the "Congress" and the sinking of the
+"Cumberland," steamed out from the shore in order to continue her work
+of destruction--which contemplated successively the annihilation of the
+"Minnesota," the "Roanoke" and the "St. Lawrence," and would thus clear
+the way for her intended attack on the capital of the nation--she was
+surprised to discover a diminutive craft of peculiar construction,
+almost sunk beneath the water line, with a strange-looking iron turret
+in the centre, steaming boldly towards her from out the shadow of the
+powerful frigate "Minnesota." The "Monitor" had sailed from New York
+Harbor on March 6th, in tow of a tugboat, to brave the waters of the
+Atlantic, although she was originally designed only for smooth inland
+waters. Before she had passed Sandy Hook she received urgent despatches
+to hurry to Washington and, after inconceivable hardships in the
+towering seas of the Atlantic coast, arrived off Fortress Monroe about 9
+o'clock in the evening of March 8th, where she heard for the first time
+of the depredations of the "Merrimac" and witnessed the final
+destruction of the "Congress" amid lurid flames and the bursting of her
+own shells. Though worn out and disheartened in their own struggle for
+life with the tempestuous billows of the ocean on this, her first trial
+trip of thirty-six hours from New York until she reached the side of the
+"Minnesota," the crew of the "Monitor," encouraged and reassured by its
+heroic commander, Lieutenant John L. Worden, prepared for the expected
+combat with their redoubtable opponent.
+
+The eyes not only of the men in the shipping and on shore, both Union
+and Confederate, but of the whole country, were anxiously centred on the
+two iron-clads as they approached each other, and the little "Monitor"
+hardly seemed a match for the huge craft of the Confederates, who looked
+with contempt upon the diminutive "cheese box," as they called it, which
+dared to take up the gage of battle with their formidable "Merrimac."
+Soon, however, it became apparent that the prowess of the little Union
+craft had been entirely underestimated, and in the combat which ensued
+the very smallness of the "Monitor" gave her a great advantage, in the
+swiftness of her movements, over her gigantic opponent, not unlike an
+undersized but agile and skilful athlete in encounter with a large and
+lumbering, though more powerful, antagonist. Lieutenant Worden was the
+hero of the occasion in the rapidity of his manoeuvring, while
+Lieutenant Jones, now in command of the "Merrimac," was surprised to
+find that his shot made no impression on the "Monitor." After more than
+two hours of incessant fighting, Lieutenant Worden having been
+temporarily blinded through the powder from an exploding shell which
+struck a sight-hole in the pilot-house of the "Monitor," through which
+he was watching the enemy, its command devolved upon Lieutenant Greene.
+As in the ensuing confusion the "Monitor" had drifted into shoal water,
+where the "Merrimac" could not follow, the latter ship retired to the
+shore, and although refitted and repaired for further combat she did not
+again meet the "Monitor" in battle, and, on the evacuation of Norfolk by
+the Confederates on the 10th of May following, they consigned her to
+destruction.
+
+The courage of Lieutenant Worden in the handling of the novel and
+untested craft under his command, and his brave words--even when blinded
+and wounded by the powder and particles from the shells of the enemy and
+suffering intense pain--when he was told that the "Minnesota" had been
+saved: "Then I can die happy,"--stamp him as worthy of a place in the
+long list of our naval heroes.
+
+It is not surprising that Abraham Lincoln, with his quick perception of
+genuine merit, caused the following communication to be sent to
+Lieutenant Worden:
+
+                                      "NAVY DEPARTMENT, _March 15, 1862_.
+
+     "_Lieutenant John L. Worden, United States Navy,
+          Commanding United States Steamer 'Monitor,'
+          Washington._
+
+     "_Sir_:
+
+     "The naval action which took place on the 10th[P] inst. between the
+     'Monitor' and 'Merrimac' at Hampton Roads, when your vessel, with
+     two guns, engaged a powerful armored steamer of at least eight
+     guns, and after a few hours' conflict repelled her formidable
+     antagonist, has excited general admiration and received the
+     applause of the whole country.
+
+     "The President directs me, while earnestly and deeply sympathizing
+     with you in the injuries which you have sustained, but which it is
+     believed are but temporary, to thank you and your command for the
+     heroism you have displayed and the great service you have rendered.
+
+     "The action of the 10th and the performance, power, and
+     capabilities of the 'Monitor' must effect a radical change in naval
+     warfare.
+
+     "Flag-Officer Goldsborough, in your absence, will be furnished by
+     the Department with a copy of this letter of thanks and instructed
+     to cause it to be read to the officers and crew of the 'Monitor.'
+
+     "I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+                                       "GIDEON WELLES."
+
+The President followed this up with a special message to Congress on
+December 8, 1862, as follows:
+
+     "_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+     "In conformity to the law of July 16, 1862, I most cordially
+     recommend that Commander John L. Worden, United States Navy,
+     receive a vote of thanks of Congress for the eminent skill and
+     gallantry exhibited by him in the late remarkable battle between
+     the United States iron-clad steamer 'Monitor,' under his command,
+     and the rebel iron-clad steamer 'Merrimac,' in March last.
+
+     "The thanks of Congress for his services on the occasion referred
+     to were tendered by a resolution approved July 11, 1862, but the
+     recommendation is now specially made in order to comply with the
+     requirements of the ninth section of the act of July 16, 1862,
+     which is in the following words, viz.:
+
+     "'That any line officer of the Navy or Marine Corps may be advanced
+     one grade if upon recommendation of the President by name he
+     receives the thanks of Congress for highly distinguished conduct in
+     conflict with the enemy or for extraordinary heroism in the line of
+     his profession.'
+
+                                       "ABRAHAM LINCOLN."
+
+In this fight the "Monitor" had been struck twenty-two times without
+appreciable effect, the deepest indentation having been made by a shot
+that penetrated the iron on her side to the depth of four inches. On the
+"Merrimac" ninety-seven indentations of shot were found, twenty of which
+were from the 11-inch guns of the "Monitor," which had shattered six of
+the top layers of her iron plates.
+
+On the 29th of December following, the "Monitor" herself was lost,
+having been foundered and sunk with sixteen of her crew, in a heavy
+gale, a few miles south of Cape Hatteras. But the test to which the
+"Monitor" had been subjected in her battle with the "Merrimac" proved
+beyond doubt that iron was destined to take the place of wood in the
+construction of our men-of-war thereafter, and the confidence of John
+Ericsson in the ultimate success of his experiment, after many
+discouragements and rebuffs on the part of the naval authorities, was
+fully justified in its final results, and the honors which the nation
+showered upon him in the evening of his life, and the tribute which it
+paid to his genius after his death, were merited by him quite as much as
+the perpetuation of his memory through this stirring canvas of the great
+artist, as is also the memory, in the second painting of this series, of
+that other Erickson, his ancestor, who, almost a thousand years before,
+was the first white man known to have set foot on American soil.
+
+
+
+
+  RETURN OF THE CONQUERORS
+  Typifying Our Victory in the Late Spanish-American War
+
+  (_September 29, 1899_)
+
+  [Illustration: Copyright, 1898, by Edward Moran.]
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+RETURN OF THE CONQUERORS. TYPIFYING OUR VICTORY IN THE LATE
+SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, SEPTEMBER 29, 1899.[Q]
+
+
+As a fitting close to the grand pictorial illustration of our marine
+history, this canvas represents one of the most magnificent pageants
+ever seen on our waters, in commemoration of the victorious close of the
+last great war, in which our navy added fresh leaves to its laurel
+wreath of heroic achievement. It, at the same time, depicts the
+culminating stage in the evolution of naval construction from the time
+when the Norsemen in their drakkars, and Columbus in his caravels,
+braved the perils of the ocean, until the steel-clad battleships of
+Dewey and Schley and Sampson met in conflict the no less formidable
+floating fortresses of Cervera and Montojo. It is a picture of to-day,
+with the well-defined outlines of the Statue of Liberty in allegorical
+suggestion at the mouth of the great river up which the little "Half
+Moon" first sailed, also on a September day, just two hundred and ninety
+years before. It suggests--in the great, grim, steel-clad leviathans of
+the ocean steaming up the river, with their powerful armament and each
+representing millions of dollars in its construction, along the shores
+of the second largest city in the world, and with flags and banners
+flying proudly from every mast and spar--not only the victory of our
+arms but the growth of the nation, from the sparse settlements in the
+days of the Pilgrim Fathers to a population of 80,000,000 souls, and
+from the thirteen little struggling provinces, at the outbreak of the
+Revolution, to the forty-five great States and four Territories of the
+Union, with its possessions even beyond the confines of the
+continent--imperial in its power and greatness, not dreamt of even when,
+only about a century before, Paul Jones and Decatur and Captain Reid
+performed the feats of daring which are immortalized in the earlier of
+these paintings.
+
+It typifies, as the artist himself points out in his title, our
+conquering arms--in the very motion of the proud battleships, as in
+majestic array, representing both the Pacific and North Atlantic
+squadrons, they seem to sweep gradually forward and onward within full
+view. If Mr. Moran had never painted anything else, this picture would
+stamp him as a surpassing genius. The grouping of the great vessels and
+the indication of their vast number, the brilliancy of the water and the
+whole coloring are matchless. It suggests in the proud procession of the
+ships-of-war, in perspective, as far back as the eye can reach, a
+gathering of almost the entire navy, and is in that respect far more
+than a mere photographic representation of the actual occurrence. In
+this picture he represents the "Olympia" as the principal object, the
+nearest in the foreground, her hull in gleaming white, with the
+suggestion of the figure of Admiral Dewey standing on the bridge, with
+her sister ships of like hue following in her wake; while another line,
+on the left of the picture, headed by the "New York" and "Brooklyn," and
+with Admirals Sampson and Schley on board, appears in more sombre hue,
+only second in importance, however, to the "Olympia." Such a picture
+could only be produced by an artist of the most poetic and imaginative
+instincts as well as a close student of the actualities; for while it is
+to a certain extent allegoric of the event which it records and the
+memories connected with it, nothing could be more real or faithful than
+the reproduction of our iron-clads, with all the detail of armament,
+turret, tackle, anchor, port-holes and even the national coat of arms on
+the prow. Even the signal of the "Olympia," "Remember the Maine," and
+the answering signal of the "Brooklyn," "The Maine is avenged and Cuba
+is free," can be seen flying from their yards.
+
+The events which are recalled by this painting are so recent that it
+would seem superfluous to refer to them at all, and yet, in continuation
+of the historic outline presented in these pages, it may be of interest
+to record that the battle of Manila was fought on May 1, 1898; that not
+a single life was lost on the American side and only a few men wounded,
+without any material injury to the American ships, consisting of four
+cruisers and two gunboats, while the whole Spanish fleet, under the
+command of Admiral Montojo, consisting of seven cruisers and five
+gunboats, was destroyed, with the exception of two, and these were
+captured, and that our ships, in addition, silenced and captured the
+formidable shore batteries on Cavite Point. Furthermore, that our naval
+operations came to a close off Santiago Harbor on July 3, 1898, through
+the destruction or capture by our fleet--under the command of Admirals
+Schley and Sampson, consisting of four battleships, one armored cruiser
+and two converted yachts, one of them the "Gloucester," under the
+command of the intrepid Richard Wainwright--of the entire Spanish fleet,
+consisting of four powerful armored cruisers of the highest class and
+two torpedo boat destroyers, under the command of Admiral Cervera.
+
+Space forbids even a passing reference to the instances of individual
+heroism displayed during this war by the officers and men of our ships,
+as for example that of Lieutenant Richmond P. Hobson, all of which are
+conjured up by a contemplation of this painting. It is also impossible
+to refer at length to the reception itself to Admiral Dewey and the
+other officers and men of our fleets, of which the naval procession
+constituted only one feature; but no eye-witness can ever forget the
+march of the returning victors in the land parade on September 30, 1899,
+as it passed under that masterpiece of American sculpture, the arch
+located at Madison Square.
+
+There were also some touching incidents connected with this celebration.
+Among them, and as suggested by this picture, should be mentioned the
+fact that a sailor by the name of Bartholomew Diggins presented Admiral
+Dewey with the blue flag of Admiral Farragut, which had been in the
+possession of Diggins, who had served with Dewey under Farragut in the
+Civil War, and this flag flew from one of the mast-heads of the
+"Olympia" as she steamed up the river in the van of the magnificent
+array.
+
+How doubly glorious will appear this splendid ovation to our heroes
+immortalized in this picture, if the war, from which they are shown
+returning as conquerors, shall result in a full realization of the noble
+motive, which inspired it, of liberation and not of conquest, and we may
+in patriotic pride address Columbia in the words of Timothy Dwight:
+
+    "To conquest and slaughter let Europe aspire;
+    Whelm nations in blood, and wrap cities in fire;
+    Thy heroes the rights of mankind shall defend,
+    And triumph pursue them, and glory attend!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With this picture the artist closes the commemoration of our naval
+achievements in the four great periods of our history, the War of the
+Revolution, the War of 1812, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War
+of 1898, to which the last six pictures of the series are devoted, as
+the preceding six illustrate the dawn of our history from the first
+landing of the white man to the settlement of the Pilgrim
+Fathers--preceding all of which is the mysterious and unfathomable past
+symbolized by the trackless "Ocean," the first of these paintings.
+
+From the time that Eirek the Red sailed to the bleak shores of Greenland
+down to the brilliant exploit of Admiral Dewey in the Philippine
+Islands, how true it is, in view of each and every one of the events
+immortalized in this unequalled series of paintings, that, in the words
+of Bishop Berkeley,
+
+    "Westward the course of empire takes its way!"
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Agreement of Confederation, written on board "Mayflower," 61, 62
+
+  America, Early Discoveries of, 33, 34
+
+  American Flag, First Recognition of, painting, description of, 68;
+      Designing and Adoption of Present Form, 81.
+
+  Armaments:
+      "Armstrong," 79;
+      Modern Battleships, 68;
+      "Ranger," 68
+
+  "Armstrong," Brig, Engaging the British Fleet, painting, description of,
+  82, 83
+
+
+  Bainbridge, Captain, 73
+
+  "Baltimore," Cruiser, 95
+
+  Braine, Admiral, 96
+
+  Brig "Armstrong" Engaging the British Fleet, painting, description of,
+  82, 83
+
+  "Brooklyn," Cruiser, 106, 107
+
+  Buchanan, Commodore, 88, 89
+
+  Burning of Frigate "Philadelphia," painting, description of, 75, 76
+
+  Byron, Lord, quotation from, 29
+
+
+  Caravels, 40, 105
+
+  Castelar, Emilio, quotation from, 41, 42
+
+  Cervera, Admiral, 105, 107
+
+  Chicago, Columbian Exposition, 40, 80
+
+  Columbus, Christopher, 39 to 43;
+      Death, 42;
+      Transfer of Remains, 43
+
+  Columbus, Debarkation of, painting, description of, 41, 42;
+      "Santa Maria," "Nina" and "Pinta," painting, description of, 41, 42
+
+  Compact of Pilgrim Fathers, 61, 62
+
+  "Congress," Frigate, 88, 89, 90
+
+  Constitution of United States, Preamble, 62
+
+  Cowper, quotation from, 69
+
+  "Cumberland," The, 87 to 92, 95, 97;
+      Sinking of, by the "Merrimac," painting, description of, 90, 91
+
+
+  Debarkation of Columbus, painting, description of, 41, 42
+
+  Decatur, Stephen, 10, 74, 106;
+      Birth, Death, 75;
+      Sword, 74;
+      Toast to our Country, 74
+
+  De Soto, Ferdinand, 47 to 49;
+      Birth, Death, 47;
+      Expedition of, 47 to 49;
+      Midnight Mass over the Body of, painting, description of, 48, 49
+
+  Dewey, George, Admiral, 10, 105, 106, 107, 109
+
+  Drake, quotation from, 67
+
+  Drakkars, 35, 105
+
+
+  Eirek the Red, 33, 34, 109
+
+  Embarkation of Pilgrims, painting, description of, 60
+
+  Ericsson, John, Birth, Death, 95;
+      "Monitor," 92, 97 to 101;
+      White Squadron's Farewell Salute to body of, painting, description
+      of, 95, 96
+
+  Erickson, Lief, Landing in New World, 33, 34;
+      painting, description of, 35, 36, 101
+
+  Esquimos, 34
+
+  Everett, Edward, quotation from oration on the Pilgrims, 60, 61
+
+  Exhibition of Paintings of Edward Moran, 9, 18, 19
+
+
+  Farewell Salute to John Ericsson, painting, description of, 95, 96
+
+  Farragut, Admiral, 108
+
+  Fayal, 79, 81, 83
+
+  First Recognition of American Flag, painting, description of, 68, 69
+
+  Fiske, John, 40
+
+  Flag, United States, 67, 68;
+      First Recognition of, painting, description of, 68, 69;
+      Captain Reid, 81;
+      Resolutions of Congress authorizing, 67, 81
+
+  Florida, 47, 48
+
+
+  Greenland, Settlement of, 33, 34
+
+
+  "Half-Moon," ship of Hudson, 53, 105
+
+  Hamilton, James, 16
+
+  Hemans, Felicia, quotation from, 62, 63
+
+  _Herald_, New York, quotation from, 9
+
+  Hobson, Richmond Pearson, 10, 73, 92
+
+  Holland, 53, 54, 59
+
+  Hopkins, Admiral, 27
+
+  Hudson, Henry, 53 to 55;
+      Entering New York Bay, painting, description of, 55
+
+  Hudson River, Discovery of, 54
+
+
+  Iceland, 33, 34, 36
+
+  Iron _versus_ Wood, Sinking of "Cumberland" by "Merrimac," painting,
+  description of, 90, 91
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, Defence of New Orleans, 82;
+      Special Message to Congress about burning of frigate "Philadelphia,"
+      75
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, Special Message to Congress about Lieutenant Decatur,
+  74
+
+  Jones, John Paul, 10, 68, 106;
+      Birth and Death, 69;
+      Letter to Naval Committee, 68
+
+
+  La Motte Piquet, Admiral, 68
+
+  Landing of Lief Erickson in the New World, painting, description of, 35,
+  36, 101
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham, Special Message to Congress about Lieutenant George U.
+  Morris, 92;
+      about Lieutenant John Worden, 100;
+      Commendation of Lieutenant John L. Worden, 99, 100
+
+  Litigation about thirteen paintings, 8
+
+  Lloyd, Commodore, 79, 82
+
+  Louisiana Purchase, 10, 49, 82; Exposition, 50
+
+
+  Manila Bay, Battle of, 107
+
+  "Mayflower," 59, 60, 61
+
+  "Merrimac," The, Confederate Ram, 87 to 92, 95, 97 to 101;
+      of Spanish-American War, 92
+
+  Metropolitan Museum of Art, 9
+
+  Midnight Mass over the Body of Ferdinand De Soto, painting, description
+  of, 48, 49
+
+  Mississippi River, Discovery of, 48, 49
+
+  "Monitor," The, 92, 95, 97 to 101
+
+  Montojo, Admiral, 105, 107
+
+  Moran, Annette, 8, 20;
+      Death, 21;
+      Paintings, 20
+
+  Moran, Edward, 15 to 21;
+      Academies, Clubs, Societies, 16, 17;
+      Birth, Death, 15;
+      Marriage, 8, 20;
+      Paintings of, 17, 18
+
+  Moran, Thomas, etching by, 96
+
+  Morris, George U., 10, 88, 89, 92
+
+
+  Nantucket, 34
+
+  Napoleon, Louis, Arbitration about Brig "Armstrong," 81
+
+  Navy, Ships of, 68, 73, 74, 79, 82, 88, 90, 97;
+      Improvement, 87, 97, 105
+
+  New Orleans, 82
+
+  New York, City of, 54
+
+  "New York," Cruiser, 106
+
+  Norse Costumes, 35
+
+  Norsemen, 33, 34, 40, 105
+
+  Norse ships, 35
+
+  Norway, 33
+
+
+  Ocean, The, painting, description of, 10, 27, 28, 109
+
+  "Olympia," The, 106, 107, 108
+
+
+  Paintings of Edward Moran, partial list of, 17, 18
+
+  Parmentier, Antoine Augustin, 20
+
+  "Philadelphia," Frigate, Burning of, painting, description of, 75, 76
+
+  Pilgrims, 59 to 63, 109;
+      Compact in "Mayflower," 61;
+      Embarkation of, painting, description of, 60
+
+  Plymouth Rock, 59
+
+  Portuguese Government, 79, 80
+
+
+  Quiberon, 10, 68
+
+
+  "Ranger," 68
+
+  Reid, Capt. Samuel Chester, 10, 79, 106;
+      Birth, Death, 82;
+      Long Tom, 79, 80, 81;
+      Sword, 81;
+      United States Flag, 81
+
+  Return of the Conquerors, painting, description of, 105, 106, 107
+
+
+  Sampson, William T., 10, 105, 106
+
+  "Santa Maria," "Nina" and "Pinta," painting, description of, 41, 42
+
+  Santiago Harbor, Battle of, 107
+
+  Schiller, Friedrich, quotation from, 43
+
+  Schley, Winfield Scott, 10, 96, 105, 106
+
+  Ships of Captain Bainbridge, 73;
+      Columbus, 39, 40;
+      Commodore Decatur, 74;
+      De Soto, 47;
+      Dewey, 106, 107;
+      Henry Hudson, 53;
+      Paul Jones, 68;
+      Commodore Lloyd, 79;
+      Commander George U. Morris, 88;
+      Norsemen, 35;
+      Pilgrim Fathers, 59;
+      Captain Samuel C. Reid, 79;
+      Sampson, Schley, 106, 107;
+      Lieutenant Worden, 98
+
+  Sinking of the "Cumberland" by the "Merrimac," painting, description of,
+  90, 91
+
+  Southampton, 60
+
+  Spanish-American War, 105 to 109;
+      Return of Conquerors, painting, description of, 105, 106, 107
+
+  Statue of Liberty, 18, 96, 105
+
+
+  Taylor, Bayard, quotation from, 36
+
+  Thirteen, number connected with events in history of the United States,
+  9, 10, 67
+
+  Thirteen Paintings, Exhibition of, 9, 27;
+      General Description, 7 to 11, 68;
+      Litigation about, 8;
+      Sizes of, 27, 33, 39, 47, 53, 59, 67, 73, 79, 87, 95, 105
+
+  Tripoli, 73, 74
+
+
+  United States, Constitution of, 62; Number of States, 9, 67, 81, 106;
+      Population, 106
+
+
+  Vinland, 34, 36
+
+  Virginia, Colony of, 59
+
+
+  Wainwright, Richard, 10, 107
+
+  Wars:
+      Civil, 82, 87, 108;
+      1812, 82, 108;
+      Revolution, 67, 108;
+      Spanish-American, 43, 108
+
+  Webber, Paul, 16
+
+  Welles, Gideon, Alarm about "Merrimac," 91;
+      Letter to Lieutenant John L. Worden, 99, 100
+
+  West Indies, origin of name, 43
+
+  White Squadron's Farewell Salute to the Body of Capt. John Ericsson,
+  painting, description of, 95, 96
+
+  Worden, John L., 10, 98, 99
+
+  World's Fair, Chicago, 40, 80
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Moran _v._ Morrill, 78 Appellate Division Reports, 440.
+
+[B] Moran _v._ Morrill, 177 New York Reports, 563.
+
+[C] Size of canvas: nine and one-half feet in length by six and
+one-quarter feet in height.
+
+[D] About six feet long by about three and one-half feet high.
+
+[E] Eight feet long by four and one-half feet high.
+
+[F] Four and one-half feet long by three feet high.
+
+[G] It is difficult to preserve the full beauty of the original of these
+concise verses in a translation; but in attempting this I have found it
+quite as easy to rhyme them as to reproduce them simply in the blank
+verse of the original, in which rhymes occur in only two lines.
+
+[H] About four feet long by two and one-half feet high.
+
+[I] About eight feet long by four and one-half feet high.
+
+[J] About four feet long by about two and one-half feet high.
+
+[K] About six feet long by about three and one-third feet high.
+
+[L] This is the only upright canvas of the series, being about five feet
+in height by about three and one-half feet in width.
+
+[M] About five and one-half feet long by about three feet high.
+
+[N] About four and one-quarter feet long by about three feet high.
+
+[O] About four and one-half feet long by about three feet high.
+
+[P] This, it would seem, ought to be March 9th.
+
+[Q] Four and one-half feet long by about three feet high.
+
+
+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+  | Transcriber's Note: Italics are rendered as _underscores_, and     |
+  | accents and ligatures have been removed from the following words:  |
+  | manoeuvring (oe lig.), Phoenicians (oe lig.), Nina (n tilde),      |
+  | Longpre (e acute), nee (1st e acute). In the original book,        |
+  | omitted text within quotations was indicated with a series of      |
+  | asterisks rather than ellipses. These have been retained as        |
+  | printed. Hyphenation has been regularized in the words gunboat(s)  |
+  | and northwestern. One spelling error was corrected: Acording to    |
+  | According (p. 33, "According to these, Eirek the Red...")          |
+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Thirteen Chapters of American History, by 
+Theodore Sutro
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THIRTEEN CHAPTERS - AMER. HISTORY ***
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