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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Little Gidding and its inmates in the Time of
+King Charles I., by J. E. Acland
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Little Gidding and its inmates in the Time of King Charles I.
+       with an account of the Harmonies
+
+
+Author: J. E. Acland
+
+
+
+Release Date: April 3, 2008  [eBook #24984]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE GIDDING AND ITS INMATES IN
+THE TIME OF KING CHARLES I.***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1903 S.P.C.K edition by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+
+
+
+
+LITTLE GIDDING
+AND ITS INMATES
+IN THE TIME OF KING CHARLES I.
+
+
+                            WITH AN ACCOUNT OF
+                              THE HARMONIES
+                       DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED BY
+                             NICHOLAS FERRAR.
+
+                                    BY
+                            J. E. ACLAND, M.A.
+
+                                 LONDON:
+                SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE,
+                       NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C.;
+                     43, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C.
+                       BRIGHTON: 129, NORTH STREET.
+                                  1903.
+
+         [PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE TRACT COMMITTEE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I. {1}
+
+
+"How happy a king were I, if I had many more such workmen and workwomen
+in my kingdom!  Their art and ability is excellent.  Let them know I will
+not forget them.  God's blessing on their hearts, and painful hands."
+
+Such were the words and opinions of King Charles I., when speaking of the
+happy and industrious family whose life and labours at Little Gidding are
+described in the following pages, a family entirely devoted to good
+works, under the able direction of Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, whose history has
+happily been preserved for us with great accuracy, and which can hardly
+fail to be attractive.
+
+Although Nicholas Ferrar and Little Gidding are names that are invariably
+associated with one another, it must not be imagined that he spent his
+whole life there.  It was not, indeed, till he was thirty-three years old
+that he left the busy and stirring scenes for which he seemed so suited;
+and before describing the twelve years of seclusion with which he ended
+his life, it is necessary to say something about his more active
+employments as a young man.  They prove beyond doubt that he was endued
+with abilities of the highest order, which might have led him to
+positions of great public importance had his inclinations so prompted
+him.
+
+Nicholas Ferrar was born in the year 1592, his parents being conspicuous
+for their piety and charity, their conscientious discharge of every duty,
+and their careful training of a numerous family in every point of virtue
+and religion, special attention being paid to the study of the Bible,
+large portions of which were committed to memory.
+
+Mr. Ferrar was a merchant, connected with all the great centres of
+commerce, especially with the East and West Indies; and being given to
+most generous hospitality, he was on friendly terms with many persons of
+eminence, such as Drake, Raleigh, and Hawkins.
+
+Nicholas was the third son, and his talents began to develop themselves
+very early.  His memory, which was naturally very retentive, was
+carefully cultivated, and he was at all times eager and diligent in his
+studies.  At the age of fourteen he was admitted to Clare Hall,
+Cambridge; four years later he took his degree, and was before long
+elected to a Fellowship.  But his health now broke down, and it was
+considered that the only chance of his recovery lay in a complete change,
+and in leaving England.  Just at this time the Princess Elizabeth was
+starting for the Palatinate, after her marriage with the Elector
+Frederick, and Ferrar was fortunate in obtaining permission to be
+included in her suite.  They first went to Holland, but before long
+Ferrar left the Royal party, as he had resolved on seeing some places not
+included in the Royal programme.
+
+We must, however, hurry over this part of Ferrar's life, very interesting
+as it is, and it must suffice to say that in the course of five years he
+visited many parts of Germany and Italy, then went to the south of
+France, by sea to Spain, where he had several startling adventures, and
+after travelling five hundred miles alone, and on foot, reached Saint
+Sebastian, from which port he took ship to England.
+
+The advantage of these travels to Ferrar was great in many ways.  He
+thoroughly mastered the languages of the various countries; he studied
+closely their forms of government, trade, and commerce, and acquired an
+insight even into the handicrafts of the people.  He made himself
+acquainted with the doctrines and discipline of the Churches and
+religious sects, and procured, whenever he could do so, the assistance of
+the ablest scholars to instruct him.  Being well supplied with money by
+his father, he was enabled to collect, besides other things, a great
+number of prints and engravings by all the best masters; in fact, it is
+stated that he let nothing of this sort escape him that was valuable; and
+being all relative to, or illustrative of, passages in the Bible, they
+were utilized to great advantage when in his later years he compiled "The
+Harmonies."
+
+On his return home, his natural inclination was to settle at Cambridge
+and resume his work at Clare Hall; but, partly owing to his father's
+advanced age, and partly on account of his elder brother having important
+work in London in connection with the Virginia Plantation Company,
+Nicholas Ferrar determined to settle there with them.  Here he soon
+attracted much attention for his many eminent qualities, reports of which
+had, indeed, been received from abroad, and before long Sir Edwyn Sandys
+and Lord Southampton, both of them governors of the Virginia Company,
+having discovered for themselves his great worth, proposed him as King's
+Counsel for the Plantation.  He thus became deeply engaged in public
+business; and as his work was continually produced in open court, his
+reputation increased more and more.  Two or three years later his powers
+were still further tested, for the Spanish party exerted all their
+influence to overthrow the Company; and as Nicholas Ferrar was at this
+time the deputy-governor, the chief burden of the defence fell on his
+shoulders.  His efforts were, however, all in vain, and before long the
+patent or charter was withdrawn, and the Company was dissolved, owing to
+the false accusations brought against the managers and directors.
+
+Ferrar was now elected Member of Parliament, and was able to bring before
+the House and the public more fully the iniquity of these proceedings,
+and by his skilful management cleared the directors, and brought their
+opponents to justice and punishment.
+
+This was the concluding act of Ferrar's public life, and we shall now
+turn to a scene of a vastly different nature.  But it has been necessary
+to say thus much to exhibit in its true light the force of character, the
+wonderful diligence and activity of the man, who (as we shall now see)
+decided on devoting the rest of his life to religious exercises, to works
+of charity and usefulness, but living apart and without interruption from
+the busy world.
+
+There is evidence to show that this had long been his wish, in fact, that
+from his earliest years some such ideas had been in his mind; but until
+now he had not seen his way to carry them out.
+
+The first and most necessary step was to find a place suitable for his
+purpose, and hearing that the lordship of Little Gidding was for sale, he
+went to inspect it.
+
+It was in an obscure part of the county of Huntingdon, a large manor
+house and a cottage for shepherds the only buildings, with the exception
+of a dilapidated church used as a barn.  The air was healthy, and the
+whole estate lay in pasture.
+
+The spot seemed admirably adapted to his designs, and was accordingly
+bought; and after settling his own business and also his brother's, he
+moved to Little Gidding in the year 1625.
+
+He now gathered round him a very large family party.  His father was
+dead, but his mother, his brother, and his sister, who was married to a
+Mr. Collett, with the children of both families, all joined under the one
+roof.  When the establishment was completed and in proper working order,
+it is said that they numbered forty persons, including schoolmasters and
+servants.
+
+The meeting between Nicholas Ferrar and his mother, who was now 73 years
+old, is so characteristic that it must be related.  Within three or four
+days of his arrival, and before the necessary repairs had been carried
+out, Mrs. Ferrar rides to Gidding from her daughter's home, no great
+distance off.  Nicholas Ferrar meets her outside the manor house, and
+kneeling on the ground, asks and receives her blessing.  He then entreats
+her to enter his dwelling and repose herself after the journey.
+
+"Not so," she says; "yonder I see the church, let us first go there and
+give thanks to God."
+
+She is told she cannot even get inside the door, for there had been no
+time as yet to clear out the hay which was in it.  But she persists in
+her resolve, and thrusting herself in a little way, she kneels and prays.
+Then sending for the workmen employed in the house, the hay is flung out
+of the windows, and the church is cleansed as well as might be for the
+present, and till this is done she will not set foot in her new home.
+
+The following year, 1626, Nicholas Ferrar returned to London for a short
+while to dispose of his house and bid good-bye to his friends.  He now
+was able to carry out a resolution, which it is believed he had made long
+before, and was ordained Deacon by Dr. Laud, the future Archbishop of
+Canterbury.  Many people imagined that this was to enable him to seek
+ecclesiastical preferments, and several valuable livings were soon
+offered to him; but his sole object was that he might have the necessary
+authority to carry on the spiritual work of his own home, and thus be of
+greater use to his family.
+
+He had doubtless by now worked out the general plan of life, and put his
+house and the church into proper order.  Certain glebe lands and tithes
+which had been alienated from their rightful owners were restored; and to
+prove the honesty of his purpose he even pulled down a very large
+dovecote upon the premises, which contained a great number of pigeons.
+The reason for this was that all his property was laid out as pasture,
+and therefore the pigeons fed on his neighbours' corn-fields.  In the
+place of the dovecote he made a school-house, and permission was given to
+the people of the towns and villages within reach to send their children
+to be instructed under his supervision, and without payment or expense.
+For this purpose he provided three resident masters; one was to teach
+English to the poor children and Latin to his nephews and nieces, another
+superintended the writing and arithmetic, while the third was for
+instruction in the theory and practice of music.
+
+There was also especial inducement held out to all children of the
+neighbourhood to learn the Psalms by heart.  Each one was given a
+Psalter, and had to go to Gidding on Sunday mornings to repeat his
+portion learnt during the week.  There were sometimes more than a hundred
+children, and they were given a penny for each Psalm learnt, and a dinner
+served in the great hall.
+
+It will be as well now to describe in detail the "particular and more
+punctual actions of each day in the week," which we get with great
+exactness from the records left us by John Ferrar.  To begin with
+Sunday--early rising was encouraged on this day, as throughout the week,
+namely, five o'clock in winter and four o'clock in summer.  The younger
+children first assembled in the great hall, where was always a good warm
+fire in the winter.  Here they found Nicholas Ferrar awaiting them, to
+whom they repeated such chapters or Psalms as they had been given to
+learn.  After this they returned to their rooms to make themselves "more
+comely in their best attires."  Breakfast, and private reading or
+conversation in their own rooms, went on till nine o'clock, when the bell
+called them together again.  They all met in the great hall, and, having
+sung a hymn, proceeded in decent order to the church.
+
+The three schoolmasters led the way, wearing their black gowns, the
+youths (also in gowns) following two and two, John Ferrar and Mr. Collett
+came next, and then Nicholas Ferrar leading his aged mother; immediately
+behind her came Mrs. Collett and the daughters, and the procession closed
+with all the servants.
+
+Each as they came into church made a low obeisance, and took up their
+allotted places; Nicholas Ferrar, in surplice and hood, saying the
+service.  This over, the "Psalm children" went to the manor house and
+repeated their Psalms.
+
+At half-past ten they went to the church again, when the minister of the
+neighbouring parish came for the Communion Service and to preach.  That
+done, dinner was served in the house, first for the "Psalm children"--old
+Mrs. Ferrar herself very often bringing in the first dish--and afterwards
+for the rest of the family.
+
+Recreation or walking in the garden was permitted till two o'clock, when
+the bell called them together again for evening service at the nearest
+parish church.  Supper-time was five or six o'clock, and while it was
+being prepared the organ was played in the great hall and an anthem was
+sung.  After supper each one could occupy himself as he wished, indoors
+or walking abroad, or "passing the time with good discourse."  At eight
+o'clock there was more singing to the organ, followed by prayers, and
+then the children, after asking the "old gentlewoman's" blessing, all bid
+each good night.
+
+Mr. Ferrar also made it his special care that no work in the house should
+prevent the servants attending church; there were none left behind; and
+on the Sundays when the Holy Communion was administered, "the servants
+that had feasted with them in the church were not thought unworthy to eat
+with them in the parlour," sitting at the end of the same table.
+
+It would be tedious and uninteresting to attempt to follow the week-day
+employments in the exact order in which they were carried out, but the
+general plan may be given with advantage, as illustrating the principles
+inculcated at Gidding.
+
+The day began early--at four or five o'clock--by the children repeating
+to Mr. Ferrar what they had learnt by heart the day before.  At six
+o'clock the recitation of the Psalms began, and it was so planned that
+"certain members of the family repeated certain Psalms at every hour of
+the day, every one knowing his turn and hour of attendance; and thus,
+without undue interruption of other work, the whole book of Psalms was
+repeated once in the twenty-four hours."  In addition to this, the
+children had to say one of the chapters of the Concordance, or Harmony of
+the Four Evangelists, which was arranged purposely by Nicholas Ferrar, so
+that it might be gone through once in every month.
+
+Three times during the day the bell rang to summon them for a short
+service in the church, on each occasion the proceeding being as described
+for Sunday.
+
+Every hour of the day had some special employment, some of the children
+sitting in the great hall watched by Mrs. Ferrar, some in the new
+school-house with the masters.  Their occupations were as varied as
+possible: English, Latin, and other languages, writing and ciphering, and
+learning by heart being interspersed with singing, playing the organ, and
+other instruments, making the Concordances, bookbinding and gilding, and
+embroidery.  At stated times the boys were encouraged in active outdoor
+exercises, running, leaping, and archery.  As the girls grew up they were
+made to perfect themselves in good housewifery.  A month at a time each
+one had control of the housekeeping, all expenditure being carefully
+booked; at the end of the month her accounts were looked over, and her
+duties handed on to the next in rotation.
+
+A room was set apart as an infirmary for any member of the family who
+might require nursing, and another room for the reception of any poor
+person who might be brought in sick or hurt.  The ladies were taught to
+dress their wounds, and to do all things necessary for their relief, but
+the prescribing of medicines Mr. Ferrar kept for himself, as he had many
+years studied this science.  They distilled "cordial waters," and kept in
+the dispensary a good supply of balsams, oils, and all things needful for
+the cure of their patients.
+
+At meal times the custom prevailed of reading aloud, the person whose
+turn it might be, first having some light food, and after the reading was
+finished, "in regard of his forbearance, always having the advantage of
+some more food than his fellows!"
+
+The reading was to be something "delightful and easy, such as stories of
+sea voyages, descriptions of foreign countries, their rise and fall, and
+illustrated by the particular actions of eminent persons."  And in order
+that these stories might not be forgotten, it was further arranged that
+notes (or "a summary collection") should be taken of everything worthy of
+attention, and that these notes should afterwards be transcribed, and put
+into language fitted to the capacity of the children, who then had, in
+turn, to recite the stories.  This practice brought the boys into a habit
+of delivering any speech with assurance and good manner, and of
+expressing themselves in a becoming and elegant style.
+
+They also became thoroughly acquainted with ancient and modern history,
+and knew and understood the great affairs of life better than many who
+lived more in the world.
+
+Analogous to this, and no doubt a development of it, were "The
+maiden-sisters exercises."  These were conversations or dialogues recited
+by the Miss Colletts, illustrative of some special virtue, and always
+enforced by examples taken from history.
+
+The sisters, for this purpose, were known by such titles as The Patient,
+The Cheerful, The Affectionate, etc., and formed themselves into what
+they called "The Little Academy," of which Mary Collett was "The Chief,"
+Mrs. Collett was called "The Moderator," John Ferrar "The Guardian," and
+Nicholas Ferrar "The Visitor."
+
+The subjects and the substance of the exercises were supplied by Nicholas
+Ferrar himself, but the sisters were left to compile them in their own
+words.  They were prepared some time beforehand, and after they had been
+recited were transcribed into books kept for the purpose.
+
+Four folio volumes of these "conversations" are still in existence, and
+are, no doubt, in the handwriting of Mary and Ann Collett.  They are
+bound in black leather, stamped with gilt lines, and with gilt edges, and
+have been passed on from one member of the family to another to the
+present owner, a Mr. Mapletoft Davis, living in Australia. {20}
+
+Some idea of the general plan of these "exercises" may be gathered from
+the following notes taken from the manuscripts.
+
+The first meeting of the "Little Academy" was on Ash Wednesday, 1630,
+when the subject was "The Folly of Delaying Repentance."  The next
+meeting was on Easter Monday, a speech being made on "Happiness,"
+illustrated by stories of King Philip of Spain, King Henry IV. of France,
+and Popes Marcellus and Adrian.  On other occasions the following
+subjects were selected: "Humility towards God, and moderation to equals
+and enemies is most beneficial," illustrated by stories of Charles V.;
+"We must overcome evil with good," illustration, John of Alexandria,
+etc., etc.
+
+At first it seems that the recitations were given on five festivals,
+which days naturally provided suitable subjects, and afterwards it was
+decided to increase the number to twelve days, and they pass the
+following resolution: "Every day must handle a new matter, that's the
+injunction; and because the days afford not any special occasion, the
+particular names imposed on us shall be the subjects successively of our
+several exercises."  The titles were (1) "The Chief" (who chose for her
+subject "Humility"); (2) The Patient; (3) The Affectionate; (4) The
+Cheerful; (5) The Submiss; (6) The Obedient; (7) The Moderate.  Generally
+the conversations were enlivened by music and singing, but when the
+subject was "Patience" this was omitted, and there was much less
+anecdote.  The discourse was also somewhat longer, so that the virtue
+which was being illustrated was at the same time practically enforced.
+It is not quite clear how long the exercises were continued, but in the
+second volume of the manuscripts it is stated that many home troubles had
+helped to break up the "Little Academy," especially old Mrs. Ferrar's
+death, which was in the year 1634, and that the actors were reduced to
+three, when their cousin, young Nicholas Ferrar, "took upon himself to
+revive their antient practises."  But after this the actors all appear
+with fresh names.
+
+Not content with the most careful and minute regulations for the
+employment of every hour of the day in some secular or religious matter,
+(for we read that "every hour had its company for the performance of some
+special duty,") Nicholas Ferrar further arranged that those so inclined
+should pursue their devotional exercises also at night.  Two were to
+watch together in a room set apart for the purpose; the womankind had a
+room at one side of the house, and the men had one on the other side.
+The watching lasted from 9 p.m. till 1 a.m., and during those four hours
+the whole of the Book of Psalms was said over carefully, verse by verse,
+alternately.
+
+Mr. Ferrar himself generally watched twice in the week, the others never
+more than once; and in the winter special precautions were taken to
+prevent them suffering from cold.
+
+At one o'clock, when the watch was finished, they lay down till six
+o'clock, but did not actually go to bed at all, as on other nights.
+
+It was apparently some account of the "Harmonies of the Four Evangelists"
+which first attracted King Charles' attention to the family living at
+Gidding, and about the year 1631, being not far off with his Court, he
+sent a gentleman to ask for the loan of the book.  This was conceded with
+some hesitation, and the King, having once got it into his hands, would
+not part with it again, until he had obtained a promise that another
+similar volume should be made for him.  The work was promptly executed,
+and may now be seen in the British Museum.
+
+The careful study of the Harmonies or Concordances is most interesting,
+and even in these modern times one at least is used daily as a means of
+instruction for the children of the family where the book has an honoured
+home, in much the same manner as the children at Little Gidding used it
+two hundred and fifty years ago.
+
+No more need be said about the Harmonies here, as a full account of the
+manner of their construction and the history and resting-place of all the
+specimens that can be heard of at the present time will be related in
+another chapter.
+
+But in close connection with the making of the Concordances must be
+mentioned the art of bookbinding, and embroidered covers for books, as
+well as embroidery for other purposes.
+
+The Concordances are all bound in velvet or leather, and are nearly all
+stamped with designs in gold, on much the same plan.  The stamps chiefly
+used are _fleurs-de-lis_, acorns, sprigs of oak, etc., and the amount of
+ornamentation appears to depend upon the rank of the person for whom the
+book was intended, and also partly upon the date when the book was made,
+the earlier copies being much less elaborate than the later volumes.
+
+It is also evident that books printed in the ordinary way were bound, or
+re-bound, at Gidding.  One of the most remarkable of which there is any
+authentic account is a large folio Bible, printed by Barker, of London,
+in the year 1639.  It now belongs to the Marquis of Bute, and, as a rule,
+is in his library at Cardiff; but he is most kind in allowing it to be
+exhibited, and it has recently been shown at Bath, and before that at
+Glasgow.  The binding is of blue silk, elaborately decorated with designs
+in gilt and silver thread, and in the centre are the royal arms and
+initials C. R., which prove clearly enough for whom the work was
+originally done.  A competent authority, one of the great professional
+connoisseurs, has declared the binding to be one of the most magnificent
+specimens with which he is acquainted.
+
+It would ill-befit one of the ruder sex to attempt to write critically
+about the needlework of the maidens of Gidding, but we may sing their
+praises for the skill, the industry, and the artistic results exhibited
+by this branch of their daily occupations.
+
+The specimen most easily examined by any one wishing to do so, is a cover
+for a dressing-case in the South Kensington Museum; another similar piece
+of work was lent by a gentleman in London to an exhibition in Dublin a
+few years ago; he kindly supplied the information afterwards that he had
+been for many years a collector and admirer of the Gidding needlework,
+and had one or two Bible covers and some other pieces of their embroidery
+in his possession.
+
+A gentleman at Brighton has also a small 32mo New Testament, printed by
+R. Barker, of London, A.D. 1640, which has a Gidding embroidered cover.
+The design is a simple floral pattern worked in fine close stitches on
+white silk, with a foundation of coarse canvas or holland, which was
+perhaps glued on to the original boards.  He has also a portrait of
+Charles I. made in the same kind of stitch on a satin ground, but it is
+not certain whether this was worked at Gidding or not.  A great deal of
+needlework of that date is wrongly attributed to the Miss Collets.
+
+An altar cloth, shown at Dublin in 1888, was also stated to be their
+work, and it is extremely probable that they would have done such things,
+for it is mentioned "that they were expert with their needles, and made
+them serve the altar and the poor."
+
+In making the embroidery it would appear as if the pattern was first
+drawn on paper, then cut out, and finally worked over, the designs being
+for the most part in somewhat high relief.
+
+It is worthy of remark that, almost invariably, whenever this embroidery
+is put up for sale or is exhibited, it is marked as the work of the "Nuns
+of Little Gidding."  Now, it may be said that all those who at the
+present day take any interest in the life, methods, or work of Nicholas
+Ferrar and his nieces, do so with feelings of admiration, and are, at
+least, not to be numbered amongst their detractors.  Yet it is curious
+how the one name which helped more than anything else to work their ruin
+is even now, as a rule, attached to them.  Within a few years of Nicholas
+Ferrar's death, some of his enemies had a pamphlet printed and
+distributed "not by hundreds, but by thousands, and given into the hands
+of the parliament men as they went daily to the House of Commons."  The
+title was, "The Arminian Nunnery; a description of the newly erected
+Monastical Place, or the Arminian Nunnery at Little Gidding."  The books
+were also given to the Puritan soldiers when near Gidding to excite them
+to offer violence to the family.  But why should the title "Nuns of
+Little Gidding" be still the name most often given to the Miss Colletts?
+Few persons can realize that it is the name invented by their enemies,
+earnestly repudiated by themselves, and entirely devoid of truth.
+
+This may be proved in several ways.  The house at Little Gidding
+contained two _married_ families, the boys and girls all growing up
+together.  The girls were purposely trained in such domestic matters as
+would fit them for _good wives_, and five of them did eventually marry.
+The two eldest alone, having reached the ages of thirty and thirty-two,
+resolved to remain unmarried, but in no way took vows.  Nicholas Ferrar
+himself was once taxed with having started a "nunnery," and replied that
+the name of "nuns" was odious, and declared himself against such vows of
+single life with great earnestness.
+
+Again, a visitor to Little Gidding, describing the place and the family,
+says, "I saluted the mother and daughter _not like nuns_, but as we
+salute other women."
+
+Probably when the phrase "Nuns of Little Gidding" is used at the present
+time, it is used in no reproachful sense; but the name is misleading, and
+should be avoided, if for no other reason, because it was invented by the
+enemies of Mr. Ferrar's family and objected to by themselves.
+
+The family, as a matter of fact, were by no means recluses; they went
+about amongst their neighbours, and were "very well reported of by all
+who knew them."  They purposely selected a quiet part of the country to
+live in, that they might not be interrupted in their manifold
+employments; but they appear to have been always ready to receive
+visitors, and to treat them with hospitality.
+
+Ferrar's rules for his own life were certainly somewhat austere, and as
+time went on he increased its rigour, more especially after his mother's
+death; but he never enforced on others what he did himself, and every
+hour of the day appears to have been spent usefully and happily.
+
+It may be interesting to give here the opinions of some of his more
+notable friends.  Mention has already been made of the important persons
+he lived amongst in his public life, and besides them at this time there
+was Dr. Laud the Archbishop, who was so delighted to ordain "such a man
+as he never had before nor believed he ever should again."  There was Dr.
+Williams the Bishop of the Diocese, who often went to Gidding and "much
+magnified all that Nicholas and Mrs. Ferrar had done;" and not to mention
+others, there was George Herbert, "his very dear brother," who, "seeing
+he could not draw Gidding any nearer to him, he would draw nearer to his
+brother Ferrar," and was endeavouring to exchange his living merely to
+carry out this wish.  These two good men were indeed very similar in
+their religious views; they "loved and trusted one another most entirely,
+and drove a large stock of Christian intelligence together," and when
+George Herbert died, he sent his manuscripts to Ferrar to publish or to
+withhold, as he thought right.  Chief amongst them were the poems now
+such favourites in many a house.  These, when Ferrar had many and many a
+time read over, he kissed and embraced them again and again, saying,
+"they were most worthy to be in the hands and hearts of all true
+Christians that feared God and loved the Church of England."
+
+The words of the Royal Friend who once or twice visited Gidding in person
+stand at the commencement of this sketch, and sufficiently prove what was
+his estimate of Ferrar and his works.
+
+It may be easily conjectured, however, that this unusual life, conducted
+by a man so well known as Ferrar, attracted a great deal of
+attention--and that in the days when religious differences prevailed to a
+sad extent, there were many persons eager enough not only to find fault,
+but to misrepresent what was done by this family; who, to say the least,
+did a great deal of good to their poorer neighbours, and did harm to no
+one.  But a closer acquaintance with Mr. Ferrar generally dispelled the
+calumnies which report had spread of him and his ways.  And one gentleman
+who went to Gidding purposely to make out their case as bad as possible,
+came away full of their praises.
+
+In the end, however, their enemies prevailed; for the Puritan soldiers
+(about the time of King Charles's death) did drive the family away,
+ransacked the church, plundered the house, and destroyed many very
+valuable books and manuscripts, and, in fact, everything that had been
+left behind in a somewhat hasty flight.  It is related that the organ
+excited their anger more than anything, and that they relieved their
+feelings by breaking it up, setting it on fire, and then roasting some of
+Mr. Ferrar's sheep over it.
+
+But he was not spared to see these distressful times himself, as he died
+in December, 1637, having lived at Gidding about twelve years.  The
+accounts of his last illness are very interesting, as throwing a strong
+light on his intensely religious character.  In November, 1637, on his
+return from the little church, he had an attack of faintness, and never
+afterwards left the house.  He knew from the first that he would not
+recover, and said to those around him, "In former sickness I have had a
+strong desire to live, and an earnestness to pray to my God to spare me,
+which He hath to this day done, when all hopes of life were past by the
+judgments of the most skilful physicians; and I may further say to the
+Glory of His great name, I never earnestly set myself to beg of God
+anything, but He fulfilled the petition of His most unworthy servant.
+But now and of late, I have not, nor do not find in my heart any
+inclination to beg longer life."
+
+During his illness he continually exhorted the family that they should
+"constantly adhere to the doctrine of the Church of England, and to
+continue in the good old way;" he forewarned them of coming oppositions
+and of danger and trouble, and urged them to shrink not to rely on God,
+to serve Him with soul and body, for "He made both, and both must worship
+Him in sincerity of devotion."  "He will have both inward love, and
+outward reverence of body and gesture."
+
+About three days before his death, he made John Ferrar mark out the place
+for his grave seven feet from the west end of the church, leaving space
+for his elder brother's grave nearest the church.  He then directed that
+all the books of comedies, tragedies, love-hymns, etc. (three great
+hampers full, which had been locked up for many years), should be burnt
+on the place marked for his grave.  There were many hundreds in various
+languages, which he had collected when a young man, but which he had
+abjured as dangerous, full of idolatry, and apt to undermine the
+Christian religion.
+
+He retained full power of mind, and suffered no pain throughout the whole
+illness, and passed away at one o'clock on the Sunday night, the very
+hour that he constantly rose up every morning to praise God, and to pray
+unto Him.
+
+The family carried on all the good works in the which they had been
+instructed, until they were driven away by the military zealots of the
+Puritan party; but in later and more peaceful times they again assembled
+in the old home, though there is no authentic account of the date, nor of
+the particular members of the family that returned; but their exile does
+not appear to have been of long duration, as there are entries in the
+register of Gidding church, and inscriptions on brasses or tombstones,
+which record events in the family history of the Ferrars and Collets
+(such as baptisms and burials) as early as the year 1650--and at frequent
+dates afterwards.  The Gidding estate, which had originally been bought
+by old Mrs. Ferrar, passed to her eldest son John, which is proved by his
+being described on his tombstone as "Lord of this Manor," and he was
+succeeded by his eldest son, who was resident there in the year 1715, as
+stated by Dr. Mapletoft in one of the Concordances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+THE CONCORDANCES OR HARMONIES.
+
+
+Of all the work carried on at Gidding, nothing attracted more favourable
+notice at the time, than the Concordances of the Four Evangelists, and of
+other portions of the Bible, and at the present day they are also highly
+valued by those who possess them, partly no doubt from a feeling of
+admiration for Nicholas Ferrar himself, who designed them, but no less
+for their intrinsic worth, and for the skill and industry employed in
+their making.
+
+Even in the books which treat of Ferrar's life with the greatest
+exactness, reference is made to some six or seven Harmonies, but several
+of these have been either lost or destroyed, or cannot now be traced;
+while within the last few years, several not mentioned in the printed
+biographies have been discovered, and in the following pages much
+interesting matter will be brought forward about them, and the histories
+of the various volumes will be given. {35}
+
+The notoriety attaching to the Concordances can be easily accounted for
+by the great interest shown in the work by King Charles I.  There does
+not appear to be any evidence to show that the King knew Nicholas Ferrar
+personally, before he first heard of the Concordance which was in daily
+use at Gidding.  The family had settled there the very year King Charles
+I. began to reign, but in Ferrar's early life, as already stated, he was
+a distinguished public servant and Member of Parliament, and had,
+moreover, travelled in the suite of the King's sister; so that in all
+probability Ferrar's name and character were not unknown to him.
+
+But in order to prove the real value of the work, not only as a clever
+contrivance, but as an aid to religious instruction, and to the study of
+the Gospel history, it is necessary to put on one side the prestige of
+the royal patronage, and to give an accurate description of some one
+volume.
+
+The Harmony selected for this purpose is one of the earliest, and least
+elaborate; it was made for a private friend of the Ferrars, and is no
+doubt almost an exact reproduction of the volume which was used every day
+by the children at Little Gidding; for it was a part of their daily duty
+to repeat portions of the Harmony to Mr. Ferrar--the book being so
+divided that "beginning still at the first day of the month, and ending
+at the last day of the month, all the heads or chapters were said over in
+every month's time."
+
+The principle of the work was this--to make one continuous history of all
+the actions and discourses of our Lord wherever related, and this to be
+so arranged that the Gospel of any one Evangelist could be read straight
+through from first to last.
+
+To do this without confusion was no easy task, for every word of all four
+Evangelists is in the Harmony, and yet in reading them as one connected
+story there is no repetition.  The whole of the Gospel history is divided
+for this purpose into one hundred and fifty heads or chapters, each
+chapter containing some special subject, and being made complete by the
+bringing together the words of each Evangelist treating of that subject.
+
+The following selection will show the manner in which the subjects were
+chosen--
+
+54.  Christ's second going about Galilee and sending the Apostles.
+
+55.  John's beheading.
+
+56.  The five loaves.
+
+57.  Jesus walking on the sea.
+
+58.  Discourse of the Bread from Heaven.
+
+The method adopted throughout the work was very simple and ingenious.  It
+was this: the words of each Evangelist were marked in the margin by a
+distinguishing letter, viz. St. Matthew, by A; St. Mark, by B; St. Luke,
+by C.; St. John by D, so that to read any one Gospel straight through, it
+was only necessary to read all the passages marked by the same initial
+letter, omitting all the others.  But when, as often happens, two or more
+writers use identical language, the words which had been inserted before,
+were put in different type.  The body of the work was given in ordinary
+Roman type, but the words which occurred a second time and were,
+therefore, unnecessary for the continuous history were given in old
+English lettering.
+
+To make this contrivance quite clear the following directions were
+written at the beginning of the concordance--
+
+"If you would read the Evangelical History keepe on still from one of the
+marking letters to another, reading onely that which is in the Roman
+letter.  But if you would read the Evangelists severally, then you must
+keepe still from section to section in the same letter with which you
+begin, reading both context and supplement, that is the Roman letter and
+the Inglish letter annexed.  Where you find any one word or more streaked
+under, you are to omit it in the reading of the context to make the
+clearer sence; but it is necessarily left remaining for the reading of
+the Evangelist severally."
+
+To carry out this scheme in the first instance required a complete
+acquaintance with the text, a clear idea of the sequence of events, an
+ingenious head to plot out the work, and no small amount of purely
+mechanical skill to bring it to a successful result.
+
+Nicholas Ferrar himself planned the whole Concordance, and also
+superintended his nephews and nieces while they did the work; but the
+system adopted may well be given in the words of the old manuscripts.  A
+large room was set apart purposely for the work, and called "the
+Concordance room," which was all coloured over with green, pleasant
+colour, varnished for the more pleasure to their eyes, and round the
+upper part of the walls were sentences written, suggested by each person
+of the family and some good friends, such as "Glory be to God on high,"
+"Prosper Thou, O Lord, the work of our hands," "Innocency is never better
+lodged than at the sign of labour," "The industrious man hath no leisure
+to sin; and the idle man hath no power to avoid sin."
+
+In this room Mr. Ferrar "every day spent one hour in contriving the
+Concordance, and directed his nieces that attended him in what manner
+they should cut the pieces out of the Evangelist, and so, and so, to lay
+them together as to make and perfect such a head or chapter.  When they
+had first cut out those pieces with their knives or scissors, then they
+did neatly and exactly fit each verse that was so cut out, to be pasted
+down on sheets of paper; and so artificially they performed it, that it
+looked like a new kind of printing, when it was finished; so finely were
+all the pieces joined together, and with great presses for that purpose,
+pressed down upon the white sheets of paper."
+
+Even this description scarcely conveys an adequate impression of the
+labour involved, for in many cases only two or three words are taken out
+of one Evangelist, and added to the account given by another.
+
+And, besides the letterpress, every page is supplied with engravings,
+relating to the subject in hand; and when, as often happened, they could
+not find an engraving to suit exactly, parts of different prints were
+combined, so as to make a suitable illustration; and so cleverly is this
+"splicing" carried out, that it is almost impossible to be sure where the
+pictures join.
+
+It will give some idea of the work if a few details are given from the
+volume under consideration.  In one place the narrative is composed of
+five verses from St. Matthew, seven from St. Mark, and four from St.
+Luke; but there are forty-four separate cuttings pasted in; in another
+case seventeen verses required fifty-three cuttings, and in another,
+fifteen verses from the four Evangelists are inserted with thirty-four
+cuttings.
+
+But even when whole verses, or perhaps whole chapters, could have been
+put in entire (as would occur in the discourses related only by St.
+John), the Miss Collets did not save themselves trouble if the appearance
+of the page could be improved.  Some of the most attractive sheets are
+those where each line has been cut out, and pasted in again in the
+original sequence, but with open spacing, so as to occupy the full page.
+In one case fifty-six lines have been treated thus, in another
+fifty-eight, in another fifty-one, where each passage might have been
+inserted entire.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+Some instances may now be given to show the clever compilation of
+connected sentences out of the accounts of different Evangelists,
+_e.g._--
+
+    "And came into the coasts of Judea, beyond Jordan, into the place
+    where John at first baptized, and there He abode, and great
+    multitudes followed Him, and He healed them there, and as He was wont
+    He taught them again" (_vide_ St. Matt. xix. 1; St. John x. 40; St.
+    Mark x. 1),
+
+which reads as if it was one sentence, but is in reality four extracts
+from three Evangelists.
+
+Again--At the supper at Bethany--
+
+    "She annointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped His feet with her hair,
+    and she brake the box, and poured it on His head, and the house was
+    filled with the odour of the ointment" (_vide_ St. John xii. 3; St.
+    Mark xiv. 3).
+
+Or this:
+
+    "Ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her, whereon never man
+    sat; loose them and bring them unto me" (_vide_ St. Matt. xxi. 2; St.
+    Mark xi. 2).
+
+In both these extracts a little incident supplied by St. Mark is
+introduced into the main narrative of another Evangelist, who had not
+mentioned it.
+
+The following also is interesting, taken from the gospels of St. Matthew,
+St. Mark, and St. Luke--
+
+    "Is not this Joseph's son?"  "Is not this the carpenter's son?"  "Is
+    not this the carpenter, the son of Mary?" (_vide_ St. Luke iv. 23;
+    St. Matt. xiii. 55; St. Mark vi. 3).
+
+It must not be thought that in the Concordance these extracts are printed
+straight off, as they read here.  If that were the case, it would be open
+to objection that something like a new Gospel history was being compiled;
+but in every case, without exception, wherever words are introduced from
+another Evangelist, a space is left, a fresh line commenced, and the
+distinguishing letter placed in the margin.  One short extract, printed
+as in the original, will make this quite clear.
+
+C. 8.  23.                But as they sailed He fell asleep.
+A. 8.  24.                And behold there arose a great
+                          tempest in the sea.
+C.                        And there came down a storm of wind
+                          on the lake.
+B. 4.  37.                And the waves beat into the ship, so
+                          that it was now full.
+C.                        And they were filled with water, and
+                          were in jeopardy.
+
+Thus far the instances have been given to illustrate the plan of making
+the Gospel history continuous.  One or two examples may now be selected
+to show how the two distinct types of print were used, which became
+necessary for the reading of any one Evangelist alone.
+
+                          THE TRANSFIGURATION.
+
+C. 9.  28.                And it came to pass about an eight days after
+                          these sayings, he took Peter and John and James.
+A. 17.  1.                And after six days Jesus taketh Peter, James,
+                          and John his brother and bringeth them up into
+                          an high mountain apart.
+B. 9.  2.                 And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter
+                          and James and John,
+                          And leadeth them up into an high mountain apart
+                          by themselves,
+C.                        And went up into a mountain to pray.
+
+                          THE TEMPEST STILLED.
+
+A. 8.  25.                And his disciples came to Him, and
+                          awoke Him saying
+B.  4.                    Unto him, Master, carest thou not
+                          that we perish.
+A.                        Lord save us, we perish.
+26.                       And he saith unto them, Why are ye
+                          fearful, O ye of little faith.  Then
+                          he arose and rebukes the winds and
+                          the sea, and there was a great calm.
+C.  8.                    Then he arose and rebuked the wind
+                          and the raging of the water, and they
+                          ceased and there was a calm.  25. And
+                          he said unto them
+B.  39.                   And he arose and rebuked the wind and
+                          said unto the sea, Peace, be still;
+                          and the wind ceased, and there was a
+                          great calm.  40. And he said unto
+                          them, Why are ye so fearful?  How is
+                          it that ye have no faith?
+C.                        Where is your faith?  And they being
+                          afraid, wondered, saying one to
+                          another, what manner of man is this?
+A.  27.                   But the men marvelled, saying, What
+                          manner of man is this that even the
+                          winds and the sea obey him?
+B.  41.                   And they feared exceedingly, and said
+                          one to another, What manner of man is
+                          this that even the winds and the sea
+                          obey him?
+C.                        For he commandeth even the winds and
+                          water, and they obey him.
+
+It is interesting to read these passages in the various ways intended by
+the compiler, first taking the Evangelists separately, and reading all
+the verses marked with the proper letter, in both sorts of type, and then
+reading only the common type, straight on, irrespective of the marking
+letters.
+
+There is still another way in which the value of the Harmony may be
+tested.  It is of course well-known that the historical sequence of
+events varies greatly in the records of the different Evangelists.  To
+reconcile these discrepancies, is often a very difficult matter, and when
+combined with the other principles on which the Harmonies were
+constructed must have caused a great deal of trouble, and required much
+skilful adaptation.  This part of the work can be tested by examining
+some one chapter of the Authorized Version, and we can then discover how
+the subjects are treated.  The eighth chapter of St. Luke's Gospel will
+be a good example--
+
+Vers. 1-3: "A general account of Christ's ministry and followers," appear
+on p. 102 of the Harmony.
+
+Vers. 4-15: "Parable of the Sower, and explanation," come on pp. 90-93,
+being composed of the narratives of the other two Evangelists
+interpolated with St. Luke's.
+
+Vers. 16-18 follow in natural order, but
+
+Vers. 19-21: "Christ's mother and brethren," are found on p. 90, _before_
+the Parable of the Sower; while
+
+Vers. 22-25: "The Storm on the Lake," come still earlier in the Harmony,
+on p. 45.
+
+Vers. 26-39: "The herd of swine drowned," following on p. 47.
+
+Ver. 40.  Stands by itself on p. 50, preceeding the events recorded in
+St. Luke's fifth chapter.
+
+Vers. 41-56: "The raising of Jairus' daughter," come prior to the events
+narrated in St. Luke's sixth and seventh chapters, and appear on p. 56 of
+the Harmony.
+
+If we may take Nicholas Ferrar's chronology to be correct, it is clearly
+seen that the Harmony is a most valuable aid to the study of the Gospels.
+
+Mention has been made already of the engravings with which the
+Concordances are nearly all supplied.  On the title-page, after
+describing the contents of the book, these words always occur: "to which
+are added sundry pictures, expressing either the facts themselves or
+their types and figures, or other matters appertaining thereunto."
+
+These "pictures" are in many cases delightfully quaint, and are probably
+of considerable value, having been collected by Nicholas Ferrar on his
+journey through Holland, Germany, Italy, and Spain in the years 1613 to
+1618, it being expressly stated that they were by the best masters of
+that time, and that he let nothing valuable of this sort escape him.
+
+Unfortunately, many of these prints have been cut, to make them fit into
+the pages, but on others there are the names or monograms of the artist
+and engraver.  On one the date 1564 appears after the name M. Heern,
+invent.  Other names occurring are M. de Vos, Joannes Strada, Th. Galle,
+Phl. Galle, Crispin Van de Passe, Brvegel, etc., etc.
+
+The most usual arrangement is for the engraving to occupy the upper half
+of the page, and the letterpress to be put in two columns underneath; but
+occasionally there are two or three prints in the same page.  In the copy
+under consideration now, being one of the smaller volumes, there are 138
+folio pages, and about 220 prints, varying in size from 12 inches by 8,
+to small delicate engravings of about 2.5 inches by 1 inch.
+
+It would be useless to attempt to describe the pictures, so as to give an
+adequate idea of their interest, but some of the subjects may be
+mentioned.
+
+There is a series of small engravings of the eleven Apostles (a blank
+space being left in a conspicuous manner for Judas), which represent each
+one with his proper emblem, and in the background of each picture a very
+small illustration of the manner of his death; for instance, St. Peter on
+a cross, upside down; St. Thomas being killed by the spears of savages;
+St. Simon being sawn asunder.  Near the beginning of the volume is a
+print of the Blessed Virgin with a sword piercing her body, and
+surrounded by seven medallions, showing "the seven griefs."  The parable
+of "The mote and the beam" is quaintly depicted by two men standing near
+together, one with an enormous log of wood, equal in length to a third of
+his height, projecting unsupported from his own eye, attempting to pull a
+small bit of straw from the eye of the other.
+
+In the pictures of the Resurrection is one with a small representation in
+the background of our Blessed Lord appearing to his mother, "who had
+remained at her own home."
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+Perhaps enough has now been said to give a general description of the
+design of the Concordances.  They were all made on one plan, but no two
+were exactly alike.  The actual sizes vary considerably, and the number
+of pages also, from sixty-five up to four hundred.  By far the greater
+number deal with the Gospels of the four Evangelists, but in addition to
+these there are Concordances of the Books of Kings and Chronicles, and
+the five Books of Moses.
+
+Some slight account may now be given of all the volumes known to be in
+existence at the present time.  With the exception of the original book,
+made for the instruction of the home family, which was in daily use at
+Gidding, the splendid copy made for Charles I. is the earliest of which
+there is any authentic history.
+
+As stated on a previous page, it was at the King's urgent request that
+this was put in hand, and, after twelve months' hard work, was safely
+delivered to his Majesty, who declared it to be a "rich and rare jewel,
+and that there was no defect in the skill, care, and cost used in it, but
+a superlative diligence in all about it."
+
+This fine volume is now in the British Museum, having been sent there
+from Windsor by George II.  It is a large square folio, measuring 1 foot
+7 inches by I foot 2 inches, and has 287 pages, bound in leather, with a
+great deal of gilding on the sides; the date on the title-page is 1635.
+
+The Concordance described on pp. 36-47, and from which the extracts were
+taken, has the same date on the title-page, and the words "done at Little
+Gidding" added also.  It is much smaller than the Royal copy, with less
+than half the number of pages.  Its history is not quite so clear, but on
+the inside of the cover appear the arms of Sir R. Cotton, who commenced
+the library given by his grandson to the nation.  The Cottons were near
+neighbours of the Ferrars, and nothing is more likely than that a lover
+of books should have procured one of the earliest of the works which were
+rapidly becoming famous.  From the Cottons it passed to the family of
+Bowdlers, one of whom married a daughter of the last baronet; and the
+grandson of this Mr. Bowdler left the book to the father of the writer of
+this sketch, now living in Dorchester, who still makes use of the book in
+the religious instruction of his children.
+
+The next volume made was a Harmony of the Kings and Chronicles, the idea
+being originated by Charles himself.  He is reported to have asked for it
+at the very time he received his first Harmony, saying, "I would gladly
+have these skilful persons to make me another book that might be so
+ordered, that I might read these stories of Kings and Chronicles, so
+interwoven by them, as if one pen had written the whole book, and to make
+it a complete history; yet so ordering the matter that I may also read
+them severally and apart."
+
+This was faithfully carried out.  The date on the title-page is 1637, and
+the book is now at the British Museum.  It is bound in leather, curiously
+gilt, rather smaller than the first volume, and without any
+illustrations; but a great deal of care was taken in its compilation,
+especially in the construction of three tables relating to the contents
+and to the various passages related in the Books of Kings and Chronicles
+"severally or jointly."
+
+A third volume was also sent to the British Museum by George II., as
+being a Little Gidding work; but it is not, strictly speaking, a
+Concordance, being in many ways different to all the other Gidding works.
+
+It contains merely the Acts of the Apostles and the Revelations of St.
+John.  The title-page is very fully and curiously decorated; there is no
+date, and the form of title which occurs with very little alteration in
+every other specimen is also absent.
+
+As the King took so much interest in these works, and valued them so
+highly, it followed as a very natural result that the young Princes
+should demand similar volumes for themselves; though it is perhaps
+doubtful if they would have appreciated a Concordance without any
+pictures.
+
+Prince Charles asked the King to give him the first Harmony, but was met
+with the reply "that he might not part with it, as he used it daily."  A
+request was therefore sent to Gidding that a Harmony might be prepared
+for the Prince, and Mr. Ferrar being dead, the Miss Colletts and their
+cousin, Nicholas Ferrar (junior), decided to complete a Concordance
+similar to the first, but in four languages, English, Latin, French, and
+Italian.  The book was ready and taken to London by young Ferrar just
+before Easter, 1640, which date is affixed to the title-page.  It was
+first submitted for the King's approval, and, being greatly admired, was
+then taken to Prince Charles at Richmond, who was intensely delighted
+with his new acquisition.  It is, indeed, a splendid volume, containing
+over 200 pages, bound in green velvet, with designs of _fleurs de lis_
+and sprigs of oak stamped in gold.  The book measured 2 feet by 1 foot 5
+inches, and has "a store of rare pictures to delight the eye."  The four
+languages are arranged in four parallel columns in each page.
+
+It is now in Lord Normanton's library at Somerley.  The name by which it
+is commonly known is "Monotessaron," which word, in Greek characters,
+stands at the head of the title-page.
+
+One work led on to another; and no sooner had Prince Charles become the
+happy owner of an illustrated Harmony, than the young Duke of York, who
+was with his brother at Richmond, must needs want one for himself.
+Nicholas Ferrar assured him that he should have one "with all good
+speed."  "But how long will that be?" said the Prince.  "I pray you tell
+the gentlewomen at Gidding I will heartily thank them if they will
+dispatch it."
+
+And, in accordance with the promise, another work was no doubt taken in
+hand; but young Ferrar did not live to see it completed, dying (as he
+did) at the early age of 21, within a very few weeks of his visit to
+Richmond, and it is almost certain that the Duke of York never had it
+given to him.  But the Marquis of Salisbury has at Hatfield a Harmony of
+the Four Gospels, there being no record of the person for whom it was
+made.  Now the appearance of the binding and the evidence of considerable
+care being taken in its preparation would lead to the conclusion that it
+was originally intended for a member of the Royal family.  It is bound in
+purple velvet, sprigs of oak and _fleurs de lis_ being prominent in the
+decoration of the outside.  There is no date on the title-page, and the
+earliest authority as to the owner is the book-plate of "the Right Hon
+James Cecill, 1704."  In all essential points it is identical with the
+copy made for Charles I., and may be considered as the book intended for
+the Duke of York.
+
+The King and his suite visited Gidding in the year 1642, and while there
+was shown another splendid Concordance, which he had heard was being made
+for Prince Charles' use, but which was not quite ready for presentation
+at the time.  If the conjecture is correct (and there seems very little
+doubt that it is so), that this is the volume now in the possession of
+Captain Gaussen, of Brookmans Park--near Hatfield, it is no wonder that
+several years were occupied in its completion.  One of the King's
+attendants remarked at the time, it was the "gallantest greatest book in
+the world," adding, "I never saw such paper before.  I believe there is
+no book of this largeness to be seen in Christendom," and as the Royal
+party were at this time making a somewhat hasty journey northwards on
+account of the disorders prevalent in the country, the book would have
+been a very unsuitable addition to their baggage.  The writer can vouch
+for the fact that it is quite as much as a man can do to carry it
+comfortably across a room.  It is magnificently bound in purple velvet,
+with the usual gilt stamping, chiefly in patterns made of small crowns.
+The measurements are 2 feet 5 inches by 1 foot 8 inches, and there are
+nearly 450 pages of the thickest paper, besides which every page is
+profusely illustrated by the pasting on of engravings, in the same manner
+as the other Gidding works.
+
+The contents of this volume are, however, different to any yet mentioned.
+The first part deals with "the whole law of God as it is delivered in the
+five Books of Moses" methodically distributed into three great
+classes--moral, ceremonial, and political--and each of these again
+subdivided into several heads, etc.  There follows an "harmonical
+parallel between the types of the Old Testament and the Four Evangelists'
+relations of our Lord and Saviour;" also a "discourse of the estate of
+the Jews," by Dr. Jackson, "The destruction of Jerusalem," and long
+extracts from a work entitled "Moses unveiled," besides other matter.
+
+The history of this book is very obscure.  The account from which the
+above is taken concludes with these words, "This book hath been preserved
+at Gidding, and attends the happy hour to be delivered into the right
+owner's hands."  This was probably written about 1653.  The next piece of
+evidence is a note made in the book itself, that the Rev. J. Bourdillon
+bought it in the year 1776, but did not then know who had compiled it.
+There is then another break in its history, until the beginning of the
+nineteenth century, when it was found walled up in a cupboard at the
+house now belonging to Captain Gaussen.  But within the last few years
+the "gallant book" has had another interesting and dangerous experience,
+as its home was burnt to the ground.  The Concordance was, however,
+rescued from an untimely fate.
+
+A somewhat similar volume, but much smaller, is to be seen in the library
+of St. John's College, Oxford.  It is dated 1640, and contains only the
+"Five Books of Moses," treated in the same manner as that last described.
+There is good reason for saying that it was made for the Archbishop of
+Canterbury (Laud), and sent by him to Oxford.  It is illustrated
+throughout, and is handsomely bound in purple velvet.
+
+The late Bishop of Bath and Wells, Lord Arthur Hervey, had another
+specimen of Gidding handywork.  It is one of the smaller volumes,
+containing only 66 pages, bound in leather, and with the usual style of
+engravings.  It is a Harmony of the Four Gospels, and the different
+names, or book-plates, of the various owners show that it has been in the
+Hervey family from the first.  The last line of the title page is as
+follows: "Done at Little Gidding, A.D. 1640, by Virginia Ferrar, age 12."
+It would be interesting to know how much was actually "done" by this
+young lady.  She was daughter of John Ferrar, and sister of Nicholas
+Ferrar, junior, and was given her name "out of affection to the
+remembrance of the plantation of Virginia, and that they might daily have
+the memorial of it, as not to cease praying for the prosperity of it, and
+that looking upon her they might think upon both at once."  This book is
+now in the possession of Lord Bristol, at Ickworth, Bury St. Edmunds.
+
+Mention has now been made of nine Concordances; and of the two that still
+remain to be noticed there is this interesting fact to be stated--that in
+all probability they were originally made for members of the family, and
+that until a few years ago they belonged to their descendants, who, for
+this very reason, regarded them with special affection.  They are both
+Harmonies of the Four Gospels; one, dated 1640, is a small work, and
+belonged to Miss Heming, of Hillingdon, a descendant of a Mr. Mapletoft,
+who married one of the Miss Colletts, it is now in the possession of
+Colonel Garrat, Bishop's Court, Exeter.  The other is a somewhat larger
+book, now in the British Museum, recently in the possession of a Mr.
+Mapletoft Davis, living in New South Wales, who also had the four volumes
+of the "Exercises of the Little Academy" previously described; all these
+works, and some other relics of the Ferrars, having passed on through
+different branches of the family to the late owner.  An inscription in
+this Concordance is worthy of reproduction here; it runs as follows:
+"This was the book of my honoured aunt, Mrs. Mary Collet, compiled at
+Little Gidding by the direction of her uncle, Mr. N. Ferrar, and bound, I
+believe, by herself.  It was given to me by my good and dear cousin, Mrs.
+Elizabeth Kestian.  I give it to my son, and if he dies without issue, to
+my daughter Eliz. Gastrell, and I desire it may be preserved in my family
+as long as may be.  There were never above two more of the form that I
+ever heard of--one was presented to Charles the First . . . the other to
+King Charles II., 1660, by John Ferrar, who is now owner of Little
+Gidding.--John Mapletoft, Jan., 1715."
+
+It is certainly a curious fact that this Dr. Mapletoft should have
+thought that there were only three Concordances made; and the same
+mistaken idea was entertained by the owner of Colonel Garratt's copy,
+words almost identical being written in that work by another Dr.
+Mapletoft in the year 1764.  The John Ferrar referred to as giving the
+Concordance to Charles II. must have been the son of John Ferrar, brother
+of Nicholas; so it is evident that the estates of Gidding were enjoyed by
+the family for many years after their return from the flight caused by
+the Parliamentary soldiers.
+
+It is not known how long the business of making Concordances was
+continued at Gidding.  There is a letter from John Ferrar printed, in
+which occurs a remark that perhaps if "noble or learned personages knew
+of them, they would desire to have some made for their own use, or for
+some library, as rarities in their kind."  He also says that this work,
+"which costs much time and labour, might be an answer to the libel that
+no work was done at Gidding, but all the time spent in contemplation, as
+it would make the world believe."  There is also a request to a Dr.
+Basire for two copies each of various editions and translations of the
+New Testament in many different languages, so it is certain that the work
+was to be carried on and developed as far as possible; and in all
+probability it only ceased when the "handy workwomen" went away from
+their united home to marry, and devote themselves to more serious, and
+perhaps less pleasant, occupations.
+
+In the library of Magdalen College, Cambridge, may be seen all the
+materials for a Concordance similar to that at St. John's, Oxford, viz.
+"The Five Books of Moses."  There are two big bundles of folio sheets,
+designed and plotted out for engravings and letterpress; but no progress
+had been made with the work, except (curiously enough) the title-page,
+which was completed, and finishes with the words, "Done at Little
+Gidding, A.D. 1641."
+
+This method of bookmaking is not exactly in accordance with modern ideas,
+but it may throw a little light on the fact that although we know the
+King's Concordance took a whole year to complete, there are no less than
+four volumes dated 1640, and one of these is the great Harmony in four
+languages.  Until this unfinished Concordance was brought to light, it
+was always difficult to explain why four works were dated the same year.
+
+Before we leave this subject, a few words must be said on some wonderful
+productions of the younger Nicholas Ferrar, which are reported to have
+been shown to the King when "the Monotessaron" was presented to Prince
+Charles; but they were afterwards taken back to Gidding.
+
+There was, first, "The Gospel according to the holy Evangelists in eight
+languages, viz. Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, High Dutch, Saxon,
+and Welsh, interpreted with Latin or English, word for word, and at one
+view to be seen and read."
+
+Second: "The New Testament in twenty-four languages," each language
+written in its proper characters;
+
+Third: "The Gospel of St. John in as many languages as there are chapters
+(_i.e._ each chapter in a different language), and interpreted word for
+word into Latin or English."
+
+These were not printed books, but all in the handwriting of young Ferrar,
+who at the early age of twenty-one had apparently mastered twenty-four
+languages.
+
+This brief sketch must now be brought to a close, with the hope that it
+may prove interesting to some who are unable to peruse the longer
+narratives on the same subject, and which are, indeed, very scarce at the
+present time.  Should the writer's hopes be fulfilled, it will surely be
+to them, as it is to him, a matter of great satisfaction that at least a
+part of the work carried on at Little Gidding should have been of such a
+permanent nature that, after 250 years, the result can still be seen and
+enjoyed almost in its original freshness, and can, indeed, be actually
+used for its original purpose.
+
+The workmanship of the Concordances was so excellent in every detail,
+even to the paste used for their construction, that the volumes may well
+last for another period of 250 years.  And as we turn over their pages
+and admire the method, the neatness, and the skilful design therein
+exhibited, our thoughts are carried back to the days and the scenes of
+their creation, and we picture to ourselves more vividly the happy and
+religious family which day by day met in the great Concordance room, the
+well-ordered procession wending its way to the little church at their
+gate, the meals in the great hall, enlivened only by the "historical
+anecdote, easy and delightful," the daily repetition of David's Psalms,
+and the frequent singing to the organ, which was tuned so low as to be a
+disturbance to no one, and the words of the hymn which was frequently
+sung every day--
+
+    "So angels sing, and so sing we,
+    To God on high all glory be,
+    Let Him on earth His peace bestow,
+    And unto men His favour show."
+
+But though our fancy naturally dwells on the younger and more active
+members, we must by no means forget the mother of the family, the source
+of all the virtues exhibited in her children and grandchildren.
+
+Living to the age of seventy-nine, Mrs. Ferrar "at her dying day had no
+infirmity and scarce any sign of old age upon her."  "There were few
+women, as all that knew her can testify, that exceeded her in comeliness
+of body and excellent beauty; of fair, modest, and sober deportment,
+grave in her looks, humble in her carriage towards all people,
+superlative in discretion; of few words but when she spoke (as occasion
+offered itself) no woman passed her in eloquence, in judgement, and
+wisdom.  Great was her devotion to God, and her love to God's word,
+constant her reading of the Scriptures, and her singing of the Psalms,
+when she sat at work with her children and maids about her."
+
+An inscription in the great parlour, written by her in the last year of
+her life, may well be given here as a fitting conclusion to this
+imperfect narrative:--
+
+                               I. H. S.
+
+He who by reproof of             And            He who, by a cheerful
+our errors, and                                 participation and
+remonstrance of that                            approbation of that which
+which is more perfect                           is good, confirms us in
+seeks to make us                                the same is welcome as a
+better, is welcome as                           Christian Friend.
+an Angel of God.
+                                 But
+He who any ways goes             And            He who faults us in
+about to disturb us                             absence, for that which
+in that which is and                            in presence he made show
+ought to be amongst                             to approve of, doth by a
+Christians (tho' it                             double guilt of flattery
+be not usual in the                             and slander, violate the
+world) is a burden                              bands both of friendship
+whilst he stays, and                            and charity.
+shall bear his
+judgement, whosoever
+he be.
+                           Mary Ferrar, Widow,
+                          Mother of this family,
+                     and aged about fourscore years,
+           who bids adieu to all fears and hopes of this world
+                      and only desires to serve God,
+                            set up this Table.
+
+     PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+{1}  The details of the life at Little Gidding contained in the following
+pages are derived chiefly from "Two lives of Nicholas Ferrar, by his
+brother John, and by Dr. Jebb," Baker's MSS., edited by Dr. Mayor, of
+Cambridge, and from "Life of Nicholas Ferrar, by Dr. Turner," Bishop of
+Ely.  Both these works are now out of print.  The accounts of the various
+Harmonies or Concordances are derived entirely from personal examination
+of the separate volumes, or from direct communication with their owners.
+
+{20}  Three of these volumes are now in the British Museum.
+
+{35}  The most accurate accounts are those in "Nicholas Ferrar," edited
+by Canon Carter, published 1892, and in a paper by the present Author,
+prepared for the Society of Antiquaries, and printed in _Archaeologia_
+for 1888.  Even these accounts are not quite accurate at the present
+time, some of the volumes having changed hands in the last few years.--J.
+E. A.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE GIDDING AND ITS INMATES IN
+THE TIME OF KING CHARLES I.***
+
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