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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1
+January 1863, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1 January 1863
+       Devoted To Literature And National Policy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 3, 2008 [EBook #24982]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by Cornell
+University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   THE
+
+   CONTINENTAL MONTHLY.
+
+   DEVOTED TO
+
+   Literature and National Policy.
+
+
+   VOL. III.
+
+   JANUARY-JUNE, 1863.
+
+
+   New York:
+   JOHN F. TROW, 50 GREENE STREET,
+   (FOR THE PROPRIETORS.)
+   1863.
+
+
+   ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by
+   JOHN F. TROW,
+   In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
+   the Southern District of New York.
+
+
+   JOHN F. TROW,
+   PRINTER, STEREOTYPER, AND ELECTROTYPER,
+   48 & 50 Greene Street,
+   New York.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+   THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY. DEVOTED TO Literature and National Policy.
+
+
+   JANUARY, 1863.
+
+
+   NEW YORK: JOHN F. TROW 50 GREENE STREET (FOR THE PROPRIETORS).
+
+   HENRY DEXTER AND SINCLAIR TOUSEY. WASHINGTON, D. C.: FRANCK TAYLOR.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+   CONTENTS.--No. XIII.
+
+
+   Huguenots of New Rochelle. Hon. G. P. Disosway,                     1
+
+   Maccaroni and Canvas. No. 10. Henry P. Leland,                      7
+
+   Thought,                                                           23
+
+   Consequences of the Rebellion. Hon. F. P. Stanton,                 26
+
+   "I;" or, Summer in the City,                                       40
+
+   The Ivy. Charles Godfrey Leland,                                   47
+
+   The Mishaps of Miss Hobbs. William L. Williams,                    54
+
+   The Union. No. 4. New York and Virginia Compared,
+   &c. Hon. Robert J. Walker,                                         68
+
+   Promise. Edward S. Rand, Jr.,                                      78
+
+   American Destiny. John Stahl Patterson,                            79
+
+   Was He Successful? Richard B. Kimball,                             98
+
+   The Physical Survey of New York Harbor and its
+   Approaches. Henry Mitchell, Assistant U. S. Coast
+   Survey,                                                           105
+
+   An Englishman in South Carolina. (Concluded),                     110
+
+   Pen, Pallet, and Piano,                                           117
+
+   Literary Notices,                                                 122
+
+   Editor's Table,                                                   126
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The article in the present number entitled "American Destiny," will be
+found worthy of very attentive perusal. It is the production of a
+Private attached to the 20th Battery of Ohio Volunteer Artillery. What
+country but ours supplies _such_ material to the ranks of its common
+soldiery?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The continuation of "A Merchant's Story," by the author of "Among the
+Pines," is unavoidably delayed till the succeeding number.
+
+Our February Number will contain a Review of our Finances and Mr.
+Chase's Report. By Hon. R. J. Walker.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by JAMES R.
+GILMORE, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New York.
+
+John F. Trow, Printer
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY: DEVOTED TO LITERATURE AND NATIONAL POLICY.
+
+VOL. III.-JANUARY, 1863.--No. I.
+
+
+
+
+THE HUGUENOTS OF NEW ROCHELLE.
+
+
+It is worthy of record that Westchester County, New York, was settled by
+emigrants from New England and France, and both seeking homes from
+religious persecutions. As early as 1642, John Throcmorton, with
+thirty-five associates, made the first settlement in this section, with
+the approbation of the Dutch authorities. With Roger Williams, driven
+away from New England by the violence of Hugh Peters, they came here,
+and called the region _Viedeland or Land of Peace_--a beautiful name for
+the region of those seeking rest of conscience from wicked and violent
+men. But even here the Puritan did not find the desired quiet and
+safety; for several of his band perished in the Indian massacre that
+sorely visited New Netherland on the 6th of October, 1643.
+
+The next settlement of Westchester was commenced in the year 1654, also
+by some Puritans from Connecticut, who adopted its present name, and the
+Rev. Ezekiel Fogge was their first 'independent minister;' and in 1684 a
+Mr. Warham Mather was called 'for one whole year, and that he shall have
+sixty pounds, in country produce, at money price, for his salary, and
+that he shall be paid every quarter.' Governor Fletcher, however,
+declined inducting the Presbyterian into that living, 'as it was
+altogether impossible,' he said, 'it being wholly repugnant to the laws
+of England to compel the subject to pay for the maintenance of any
+minister who was not of the national Church.' The Episcopal Governor,
+however, proposes 'a medium in that matter.' Some French emigrants had
+already found their way to this region, and M. Boudet, a French
+Protestant minister of Boston, who was in orders from the Bishop of
+London, could preach in French and English, and the people called him to
+the living, the parish being large enough for two clergymen. M. Boudet
+was accordingly sent for, hoping, as the English Governor writes, 'to
+bring the congregation over to the Church;' but, 'when he came, they
+refused to call him.' The Yankee Puritans were evidently not to be
+outmanaged by the English churchman. Westchester then numbered 'two or
+three hundred English and Dissenters; a few Dutch.'
+
+On the 20th September, 1689, Jacob Leisler, of New York, purchased of
+Mr. Pell 6,000 acres of land in Westchester, a portion of the manor of
+Pelham, obtained from the Indians in 1640-'49. The grantor, heirs, and
+assigns, as an acknowledgment, were to pay Mr. Pell 'one fatted calf on
+every fourth and twentieth day of June, yearly, and every year, forever,
+if demanded.' It is a well known fact that every Huguenot, on the
+festival of St. John, pays his proportion toward the purchase of the fat
+calf whenever claimed.
+
+During the year 1690, Leisler leased to the banished Huguenots these
+lands, purchased for them, as they came directly here from England, and
+were a portion of the 50,000 who found safety in that glorious
+Protestant kingdom four years before the revocation of the Edict of
+Nantes. At the revocation itself, not less than half a million escaped
+from bigoted France to Holland, Germany, and England; and to those in
+the latter country, Charles II., then on the British throne, granted
+letters of denization under the great seal, and Parliament relieved them
+from 'importation duties and passport fees.' During this same year,
+many, flying from France, were aided in their escape by English vessels
+off the island of Rhé, opposite brave _La Rochelle_. According to
+tradition, some of these were transported to this region, naming their
+new settlement in honor of their
+
+   'Own Rochelle, the fair Rochelle,
+     Proud city of the waters.'
+
+In the Documentary History of New York, vol. iii., p. 926, we find a
+petition to Colonel Fletcher, Governor of the colony, signed by Thanet,
+and Elei Cothouneau, in behalf of above twenty of these French refugees.
+'Your petitioners,' they state, 'having been forced, by the late
+persecutions in France, to forsake their country and estates, and flye
+to ye Protestant princes * * *, wherefore they were invited to come and
+buy lands in this province, and they might by their labour help the
+necessityes of their families, and did spend all their small store with
+the aid of their friends, whereof they did borrow great sums of money
+[MS. torn]. They had lost their country and their estates, but saved
+their good principles and a pure faith; and, in a strange land,
+petitioned his Excellency 'to take their case in serious consideration,
+and out of charity and pity to grant them for some years what help and
+privileges your Excellency shall think convenient.' This is one of the
+earliest authentic records (1681) we have met with concerning the New
+Rochelle French refugees.
+
+Pell, the lord of the manor, besides the 6,000 acres already obtained,
+also granted 100 additional, 'for the sake of the French church, erected
+or about to be erected, by the inhabitants of the said tract of land.'
+This Huguenot church in New Rochelle was built about 1692-'93, of wood,
+and stood in the rear of the present mansion house. It was destroyed
+soon after the Revolutionary war. Louis Bougeaud, about the same time,
+donated a piece of land forty paces square, for a churchyard to bury
+their dead; and, subsequently, a house with three acres of land was
+given by the town to the Huguenot church forever.
+
+The Rev. DAVID BOUREPOS was the first minister of the New Rochelle
+Huguenots; he had likewise served his French brethren on Staten Island.
+The Governor requesting him to nominate 'some persons for the vacant
+offices of justices of the peace,' he replies that 'he could not comply,
+as none of his colonists at New Rochelle had a knowledge of the English
+tongue.' Nothing now is known of Bourepos' ministry or history. From his
+title of D.D., he must have been a man of learning; and we can learn
+something about the time when he died from the date of his will.
+'Letters of administration were granted to Martha Bourepos, wife of
+David Bourepos, 25th of October, 1711' (New York Surrogates' Office). He
+probably resigned his pastoral charge in 1694.
+
+Rev. DANIEL BOUDET, A. M., was the next minister of the French
+Protestant church at New Rochelle, a native of France; and he
+accompanied the French refugees, who reached Boston in the summer of
+1686. About the year 1695, M. Boudet came to New Rochelle, and at first
+used the French prayers, according to the Protestant churches of France,
+and subsequently, every third Sunday, the Liturgy of the English Church.
+In 1709 the French church at New Rochelle determined to follow the
+example of some of their Reformed brethren in England, and conform to
+the English Church. All the members except _two_ agreed to adopt the
+Liturgy and Rites of the Church of England, as established by law. Some
+thirty names appear on the document, requesting this important
+ecclesiastical change; and for the information especially of the
+genealogical reader, we note some of them: Michael Houdin, Jacob
+Bleecker, David Lispenard, Isaac Guion, Peter Bertain, John Soulice,
+Paul Lecord, Jean Abby, Jos. Antuny, Peter Bonnet, Peter Parquot, Benj.
+Seacord, Judith Leconet, Allida Guion, Josiah Le Conte, Elizabeth
+Lispenard, Moses de St. Croix, Deborah Foulon, Marie Neufville, Mary
+Stouppe, Jean Nicolle, John Bryan, Oliver Besley, Frederick King,
+Susanna Landrin, Anne Danielson, Rutger Bleecker, Mary Rodman, Agnes
+Donaldson, Esther Angeoine, Thomas Steel, Jane Contine, Jane Maraux,
+James Pine. 'The petitioners are members of the French Church at New
+Rochelle' (1793), and 'principally descendants from French Protestants,
+who fled from the religious persecutions in France, in the year one
+thousand six hundred and eighty-one.' Their fathers settled at New
+Rochelle, 1689, nearly a century before the date of this document. Few
+lists of family names are more imposing than this; and to this day,
+their descendants in Westchester County, increased to thousands, rank
+with our most useful and respectable citizens in wealth, good works, and
+piety. We are no great sticklers for genealogical _trees_ or _Doomsday
+Books_, yet we believe in pride of family to a proper extent. There was
+a time once, in this republican land of ours, when many gloried in
+ignoring the fact that they came from distinguished stocks, as the
+spirit of our democratic institutions opposed the notion of family
+histories. We were all born of an honest, industrious race, for several
+generations back, and that is enough; and so it may be. Still, a man,
+when asked if he had a grandfather, would logically infer he had one,
+but he could not historically, unless there was some record of the fact.
+This indifference is happily passing way, and an interest of late is
+manifesting itself in such researches. No American, in whose veins runs
+Huguenot blood, need be ashamed of his origin. His ancestral history is
+most honorable, brave, and proud.
+
+In 1705, Colonel Heathcote thus speaks of M. Boudet, the Huguenot
+preacher at New Rochelle: 'A good man, and preaches very intelligibly in
+English, which he does every third Sunday in his French congregation,
+when he uses the Liturgy of the Church. He has done a great deal of
+service since his first coming into this country. * * * He has thirty
+pounds a year settled on him out of the public revenue here, as the
+French minister in York hath; but that is paid with so much uncertainty
+that he starves, for the use of it.' During the year 1710, Governor
+Hunter permitted his congregation to build a new church of England, as
+by law established, and the 'Venerable Propagation Society' presented
+the new church with 'one hundred French prayer books of the small sort,
+and twenty of a larger impression; and in consideration of the great
+learning and piety of Monsieur Boudet, and his long and faithful
+discharge of his office, they augmented his salary from £30 to £50 per
+annum.' At this period we find the following excellent record of this
+excellent French minister: 'M. Boudet is a good old man, near sixty
+years of age, sober, just, and religious.' One hundred more French
+prayer books were sent to his church, 'for the edification of the French
+youth who have learned so much of that language as to join with him
+therein.' During the year 1714, M. Boudet took the spiritual charge of
+the Mohegan or River Indians, at which period he is called 'minister of
+the French colonistic congregation at New Rochelle.' In 1714 he reports
+fifty communicants in his church, and asks for an English Bible, with a
+small quantity of English Common Prayers, because 'our young people, or
+some of them, have sufficiently learned to read English for to join in
+the public service, when read in English.'
+
+M. Boudet died in September, 1722, aged sixty-nine years, nearly
+twenty-seven of which he had been the minister of the New Rochelle
+church. He was eminently useful in keeping his congregation together
+amidst its adverse circumstances, and was greatly beloved. He was
+interred beneath the chancel floor of the old church; and for whose use
+he bequeathed his library.
+
+The Rev. PIERRE STOUPPE, A. M., succeeded M. Boudet. He was also a
+native of France, and said to be a son or nearly related to the Rev. M.
+Stouppe, pastor of the French Protestant church in London, who was sent
+to Geneva, in 1654, by Oliver Cromwell, to negotiate there in the
+affairs of the French Protestants. He was born 1690, studied divinity at
+Geneva, and accepted a call to the Huguenot church at Charleston, S. C.
+Here he continued to preach until 1723, when, resigning the charge, he
+conformed to the Church of England, crossing the Atlantic for
+ordination. He was admitted to holy orders in 1723, and licensed to
+officiate as a missionary in the colony of New York, and to the French
+Protestants of New Rochelle, with a salary of £50 per annum. To this
+latter flock he proved very acceptable, from his ability to preach in
+French, the only language which most of them understood. His elders, or
+_anciens_, as sometimes called, were then Isaac Quantein and Isaac
+Guion. The new Huguenot pastor soon found trouble, as his predecessor
+had, with the dissatisfied M. Moulinais and his followers. Still he was
+useful: in 1726 he writes that he 'baptized six grown negroes and seven
+negro children, fitted eight young people for the sacrament of the
+Lord's Supper, to which they have been accordingly admitted,' and 'the
+number of communicants at Easter was thirty-three.'
+
+In a letter of December 11, 1727, he presents some important information
+concerning the early settlement of New Rochelle: 'The present number of
+inhabitants amounts to very near four hundred persons. There is a dozen
+of houses near the church, standing pretty close to one another, which
+makes the place a sort of a town; the remainder of the houses and
+settlements are dispersed up and down, as far as the above 6,000 acres
+of land could bear. Nay, besides these, there were several other French
+families, members of New Rochelle, settled without its bounds.' Such was
+the commencement of the present picturesque and beautiful village of New
+Rochelle. More than a century and a half has passed away since its
+founders, the French refugees, emigrated to the spot; but their noble
+and holy principles have left good, undying influences, now seen in the
+refinement, morals, and religion of their descendants, in this entire
+region.
+
+M. Stouppe further states that there were in the settlement two Quaker
+families, three Dutch ones, four Lutherans. 'The first never assist on
+assemblies; the Dutch and Lutheran, on the contrary, constantly assist
+when divine service is performed in English, so that they may understand
+it; and their children, likewise, have all been baptized by ministers of
+the church. Only the French Dissenters have deserted it, upon M.
+Moulinais, formerly one of the French ministers of New York, coming and
+settling, now a year ago, among us; and it is also by his means and
+inducement that they have built a wooden meeting-house within the time
+they were unprovided for, that is, from my predecessor's death to my
+arrival here. * * *
+
+'There is no schoolmaster as yet in New Rochelle: the parents take care
+to instruct their own children, and that they do generally pretty well,
+besides what instructions are given them in the church during summer by
+the minister. * * * The number of slaves within New Rochelle is
+seventy-eight: part of them constantly attend divine service, and have
+had some instruction in the Christian faith by the care and assistance
+of their respective masters and mistresses, so that my predecessor did
+not scruple to baptize some, and even admit them to the communion of the
+Lord's Supper; and I myself have, for the same consideration, baptized
+fifteen of them within these three years, some children and some grown
+persons, without the least prejudice to the rest of my flock.' It would
+be well, in our boasted day of zeal and philanthropy, if all ministers
+of the blessed gospel manifested the same commendable interest for the
+spiritual welfare of the negroes, as this Huguenot pastor.
+
+About the period of the French war, he writes, June 5, 1758, 'that since
+the war broke out, there have been great alterations in his
+congregations, which have lost many of their members by removals, and by
+enlisting in the king's service, and by death; nevertheless, the number
+of his communicants is seventy-four, and he has baptized, within the
+present half year, fifteen white and five black children.'
+
+The ministry of this faithful Huguenot terminated on the earth, by his
+death in July, 1760. His biographer esteemed him a 'simple-minded,
+conscientious man, who for thirty-seven years continued faithfully to
+discharge the duties of his mission.' His communicants had increased
+from thirty-eight to eighty, and he was greatly beloved by his
+congregation. His remains were interred under the chancel of the old
+French church at New Rochelle, where so long he had watched over the
+little flock of his Master. M. Stouppe was succeeded by the
+
+Rev. MICHAEL HOUDIN, A.M. He was born in France, 1705, educated a
+Franciscan friar, and, on Easter day, 1730, ordained a priest by the
+Archbishop of Trêves, and subsequently preferred to the post of superior
+in the convent of the Recollects at Montreal. But, disgusted with
+monastic life, M. Houdin, at the commencement of the French war, left
+Canada and retired to the city of New York. Here, on Easter day, 1747,
+he made a public renunciation of Popery, and joined the Church of
+England. Attaining great proficiency in the English language, in June,
+1750, he was invited by the people of Trenton, N.J., to officiate as a
+missionary in that State.
+
+When he first reached New York with his wife, in June, 1744, Governor
+Clinton, suspicious of all Frenchmen at that moment, confined them to
+their lodgings, guarded by two sentinels. The following day he was
+examined by his Excellency, and learned that 'the French intended to
+attack Oswego with eight hundred men, the French having a great desire
+of being masters of that place.' Then M. Houdin was ordered to reside at
+Jamaica, Long Island, where he complained that his circumstances were
+'very low,' and 'can do nothing to get a living;' that 'his wife and
+himself must soon come to want, unless his Excellency will be pleased to
+take him into consideration.' After this appeal, the authorities advised
+his return to the city, on his taking the oath of allegiance.
+
+For some years, M. Houdin officiated at Trenton and the neighboring
+places as an 'itinerant missionary;' and in 1759 his services were
+required, as a guide, for General Wolfe, in his well-known expedition
+against Quebec. Before marching, he preached to the Provincial troops
+destined for Canada, in St. Peter's church, Westchester, from St.
+Matthew, ch. x. 28: 'Fear not them which kill the body.' And the French
+chaplain escaped the dangers of the war; but his brave General, at the
+very moment of victory, fell mortally wounded, on the Heights of
+Abraham, September 13, 1759. After the reduction of Quebec, he asked
+leave to join his mission again; but General Murray would not consent,
+as there was no other person who could be depended on for intelligence
+of the French movements. While M. Houdin was stationed at Quebec, an
+attempt was made by the Vicar-General of all Canada to seduce him from
+English allegiance, with an offer of great preferment in the Romish
+Church. This pressing invitation found its way into the hands of
+Generals Murray and Gage, when they sent a guard to arrest the
+Vicar-General.
+
+M. Houdin, returning to New York, in 1761, was appointed 'itinerant
+missionary' to New Rochelle, by the 'Venerable Society' of England, 'he
+being a Frenchman by birth, and capable of doing his duty to them, both
+in the French and English languages.' During his incumbency, Trinity
+church, New Rochelle, received its first charter from George III., which
+the present corporation still enjoys with all its trusts and powers. It
+is dated in 1762, and was exemplified by his Excellency George Clinton
+in 1793. In 1763 he writes, complaining that the Calvinists used
+unlawful methods to obtain possession of the church glebe. These were
+the few old French Protestant families who had not conformed to the
+Church of England; and Houdin says of them: 'Seeing the Calvinists will
+not agree upon any terms of peace proposed to them by our church, * * *
+we are in hopes the strong bleeding of their purse will bring them to an
+agreement after New York court.'
+
+The French Protestant preacher continued his pious labors at New
+Rochelle until October, 1766, when he departed this life. He was a man
+of considerable learning, irreproachable character, and esteemed a
+worthy Christian missionary. His remains, which were the last of the
+Huguenot pastors, were interred beneath the chancel of the old French
+church at New Rochelle, and by the side of his predecessors, Boudet and
+Stouppe. Since the removal of this sacred edifice, the ashes of these
+earliest Protestant French missionaries to our land repose beneath the
+public highway, and not a stone tells where they lie, or commemorates
+their usefulness, excellences, or piety. Their silent graves ought not
+thus to remain neglected and unhonored: some monumental record should
+mark the spot where these early Huguenot preachers in America were
+entombed.
+
+Boudet, Stouppe, and Houdin were the last of the Huguenot preachers in
+our land of whose histories we can find anything, and as they never can
+be fully written, we have made a more full record of these fragments
+concerning their memories, than otherwise would have been written.
+Especially let the children of the French Protestants in Westchester
+venerate these men, who were consecrated to sacred offices in the days
+of their pious ancestors, and, like Moses, led them from oppression and
+bondage to the land of Canaan in this Western World.
+
+We might mention many who deserve the honor, among the descendants of
+the New Rochelle Huguenots; but the name of one will suit our
+purpose--JOHN JAY. He was born in New York, from a family originally of
+La Guienne, France; and he was sent, by his fellow citizens to the
+General Congress which assembled at the commencement of the conflict
+between the colonies and England. In 1774 he signed the act of
+association to suspend the importation of British merchandise; in 1779
+he was honored with the presidency of Congress. At the expiration of
+this important post, Mr. Jay was commissioned to represent his country
+at the court of Louis XVI., and he was one of the four commissioners
+who signed, on the 30th November, 1782, the treaty of Versailles, by
+which Great Britain recognized our NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE. A Huguenot,
+ELIAS BOUDINOT, was the first president of the great national
+institution, the American Bible Society; and at his death, bequeathed to
+it a noble benefaction. The French Protestants were always ardent lovers
+of the BIBLE, and John Jay succeeded Mr. Boudinot in his important
+office of president to that noble institution. 'No one in America,' says
+the eminent Dr. Baird, 'need blush at having one of these respectable
+Huguenots among his ancestors;' and Bancroft, the historian of our land,
+recognizes in them that moral elevation of which they gave so many
+proofs in every country where they settled; and he adds: 'The children
+of the French Calvinists have certainly good reason to hold the memory
+of their fathers in great honor.' (Vol. ii, p. 183.) So think we.
+
+
+
+
+MACCARONI AND CANVAS.
+
+X.
+
+A WALK AROUND SEGNI.
+
+
+There are three quiet old places on the Continent that Caper always
+remembers with solemn pleasure--Breda in Holland, Segni in Italy,
+Neufchâtel in Switzerland. He reposed in Breda, rested in Segni, was
+severely tranquil in Neufchâtel: the real charm of travelling is best
+appreciated when one is able to pause in one's headlong career in some
+such place and meditate over it. Caper paused for many months at Segni.
+
+SEGNI, or Signia, a Latium city of the Volscians, was, after its
+colonization by the Romans, always faithful to the Republic. Strabo,
+Pliny, Plautus, Martial, Juvenal, Silius, Italicus, Dionysius
+Halicarnassus, and Livy, all make mention, in one way or another, of
+this city. Little is known of its history, from the fact that it was
+burned to the ground by the order of the Duke of Alva, viceroy of
+Naples, on the 14th of August, 1557; and in the fire all records of the
+city were destroyed. Its polygonal or Cyclopean walls, of Pelasgic
+origin, still remain in many parts as perfect as they ever were:
+consisting of gigantic blocks of hewn limestone, they are fitted one
+into another with admirable precision; no mortar was used in laying
+them, and there they stand, these well-named Cyclopean walls, for some
+of the stones are 12 feet long by 5 feet wide, firmly as if centuries on
+centuries had not sent a myriad of storms to try their strength. There
+are several gates in these walls, noted among which is one called the
+Saracen's Gate; it is known in architecture from its indicating by its
+form one of the first attempts toward the pointed arch.
+
+In walking through the town, you find here and there bits of middle-age
+architecture, which have escaped ruin; here a door, there a window, of
+graceful design, built around with the rough masonwork for which Segni
+is noted in later days; but the greater number of the houses are
+constructed in the rudest manner, indicating the poverty and ignorance
+of the majority of the inhabitants. It is, however, a decent poverty,
+for, to the credit of the town be it spoken, there was not, when Caper
+was there, a professional beggar, excepting the friars, in or around it.
+
+Taking the first street--if a rough road winding around the top of the
+mountain, and but four or five feet wide, may be called so--Caper saw at
+the doors of the houses, standing chatting to each other, many old
+women, their white hair flying in every direction, who, as they talked,
+knitted stockings; or, with distaff in hand, twirled the spindle, making
+flax into thread for spinning, or wool into woof and web for weaving.
+Hearing a shuttle, he looked in at an open door, and found a young girl
+busily weaving a heavy blue cloth at a queer old loom; not far from her,
+an elderly woman was weaving flax thread into coarse, heavy linen goods.
+Passing along, he heard the whir of millstones, and, entering a house,
+saw a girl working one of the handmills of the country; on a stand,
+where there was a stone basin, the girl turned in the wheat; another
+stone, fitting exactly in the basin, was attached to the ceiling by a
+long pole; catching hold of this, she gave the stone a rotary motion,
+grinding the wheat very fairly.
+
+Suddenly Caper saw in the back part of the room a woman, holding what
+seemed a large, red-headed caterpillar, without any fuzz on it; she was
+evidently nourishing it in the way represented in that famous painting
+'The Roman Daughter,' thus proving that it was a baby. Its resemblance
+to the caterpillar arose from the way it was swathed: around all the
+Segnian infants they wind a strip of knit or woven cloth, about eight
+feet long and four inches wide, fairly mummifying them; then, to crown
+the work, they put on their little bullet heads, a scarlet cap with
+brilliant flowers and ribbons, making the poor babies resemble anything
+but Christian productions. In a neighboring town they hang their babies
+up in a wicker basket, resembling the birch-bark contrivances for our
+Indian papooses.
+
+Continuing his walk, our artist next came to where they were building a
+house; and its future occupant, who was a man of some enterprise and
+action, told Caper, with a long face, that he almost despaired of seeing
+it completed: the harvest came, and almost every workman went off to the
+wheat fields, leaving the house unfinished until they were ready to
+recommence work on it, well knowing that there were no other ones in the
+town able to do their labor; however, those who mixed mortar, carried
+tiles, and stone, and plaster, were hard at work. These laborers were
+girls of from twelve to sixteen years old, and one or two of them, spite
+of dirt and hard labor, were really handsome, with bright, intelligent
+countenances. They earned one paul (ten cents) each a day, and seemed
+contented and happy, joking with each other and laughing heartily nearly
+all the time. Probably our Chippewa Indians would think twice before
+they set the young women of their tribe to hod-carrying as a livelihood;
+but then the Chippewas are savages. The hods carried by these girls on
+their heads were flat, wooden trays, square at each end: once poised on
+the head, they balanced themselves, and were carried around without a
+fall. This carrying on the head, by the women, from an eight-gallon
+barrel of wine down to a sickle or pocket handkerchief, helps to give
+them their straight forms and fine carriage of head, neck, and
+shoulders.
+
+Napoleon the First, in breaking down most of the feudal customs of the
+Papal States, should be regarded by the poor inhabitants as one of their
+greatest benefactors; still, many a remnant of the middle ages remains
+firmly marked in the habits of the country people. Even now the
+inhabitants of the Campagna live, not in isolated houses, but in small
+towns built around the once protecting castle or powerful monastery,
+where, in times past, they fled, when attacked in the fields by the
+followers of some house inimical to the one under whose protection they
+lived. Follow the entire Campagna, from Rome to Naples, by way of
+Frosinone, and you will see the ruins of watch towers, built to warn the
+workmen in the fields of the approaching enemy. Thus, in Segni, although
+the fields cultured by the inhabitants, lay miles away at the foot of
+the mountain, yet every day seven eighths of the 5,000 inhabitants
+walked from four to six miles or more down the mountains to the scene of
+their daily labors, returning the same distance at sunset. Often and
+often Caper saw the mother, unable to leave the infant at home, carry it
+in a basket on her head to the far-away fields, bringing it back at
+night with the additional burden of corn shelled or wheat garnered in
+the field. Trotting along gayly at her side, you may be sure, was the
+ever-present black pig, with a long string wound around his body, by
+which he is attached to some tree or stone as soon as he reaches the
+fields, and thus prevented from rooting where he should not root. The
+day's labor of his mistress finished, she unties him, wraps the string
+around his body, and he follows her up to the town with the docility of
+a well-trained dog.
+
+It is the women, too, who daily walk four or five miles up the mountain
+for their supply of firewood. Arriving at the forest of the commune,
+they collect split wood and fagots, tying them into round bundles, a
+yard long, and two or three feet in diameter, and return to Segni,
+carrying this small woodpile all the way on their heads. It is the
+women, too, who bring water from the fountains for their household use,
+in A copper vessels (_conche_) holding from two to three gallons: these
+are placed on the head, and carried self-balancing sometimes for long
+distances. At a fair held at Frosinone, Caper once saw several women,
+each one carrying on her head two of these conche filled with water, one
+balanced on the other; and this for half a mile up a steep road, from
+the fountain at the foot of the mountain, to the town above.
+
+The women, too, do their fair share of harvesting; they cut the wheat
+with sickles; then, after it is cut, separate the grains from the stalk
+by rubbing a handful of stalks with a small piece of wood in which a
+series of iron rings are placed, making a rude rasp; collecting the
+grains, they then carry them from the fields, sifting them at their
+leisure in a large round sieve, suspended from a triangle of long poles;
+then, on a breezy day, you may see them standing over a large cloth,
+holding a double handful of wheat high above their heads, and letting it
+fall: the wind blows away the chaff, and the clean grain falls on the
+outspread cloth.
+
+In the autumn, when the men are employed in the vintage, comes the
+chestnut season; and then the women, who are not busy in the vineyard,
+and who regard it as a frolic, go for miles up in the mountains,
+collecting the nuts, large as our horse chestnuts. They form no small
+part of the winter stock of food for the mountaineers, while the refuse
+nuts are used to fatten the pet pig. We can have but small conception of
+the primeval look these chestnut woods wear, the trees growing to an
+enormous size, many a one being ten to twelve feet in diameter. The
+weather is glorious during this season: clear, bright, and buoyantly
+refreshing, blow the autumn winds; and as Caper, day after day, wandered
+among the old trees, now helping an old woman to fill a sack with the
+brown nuts, now clubbing the chestnuts from the trees for a young girl,
+he, too, voted chestnut gathering a rare good time. Far off, and now
+near, the girls were singing their quaint wild songs. Thus heard, the
+_rondinella_ sounds well: it is of the woods and deserts; strange,
+barbaric, oriental, bacchantic, what you please, save dawdling
+drawing-room and piano-ic.
+
+To resume the walk around the town: Caper, after leaving the man who was
+employing the sylphide hod-carriers, called in at the shop were cigars
+were sold, and outside of which was a tin sign, on which was painted the
+papal coat-of-arms, and the usual words, indicating that the government
+monopolies, salt and tobacco, were for sale. Having bought some cigars,
+he entered into conversation with the man who kept the store. He
+learned, what he already knew, that everything in the town was done by
+hand, weaving, spinning, thrashing, grinding wheat and corn, &c.
+
+'Do you know,' said Caper, 'that in some countries all these labors are
+done by steam?'
+
+It is dangerous to tell great truths; and after our artist had spoken,
+he saw, by the expression of the man's face, that he had placed himself
+in danger; but suddenly the cigar-seller's face was illuminated with
+intelligence, as he exclaimed:
+
+'Oh, you mean that infernal thing that goes _boo-hoo-hoo_? I saw it when
+I was in Rome, last week: it's going to drag cars to Civita Vecchia on
+the iron road.'
+
+'That's it,' answered Caper, greatly relieved.
+
+'_Benissimo!_ we never had anything of the kind; and what is more, WE
+DON'T WANT ONE!'
+
+Caper walked out, determined to write to New York, and beg some of the
+good people there to save a few missionaries from death among the
+Fejees, and send them to Segni, where there was a wide field open for
+the dissemination of knowledge.
+
+Passing along, he next came to the small square in front of the church,
+where once every week a market was held: here he found a man, who had
+just arrived with fresh fish from Terracina--the Terracina of the opera
+of 'Fra Diavolo.' Among the small fish, sardines, &c., which were
+brought to town that day, in time for Friday's dinner, when every one
+kept _vigilia_, was one large fish, which our artist determined to buy
+and present to his landlord at the inn. He asked its price.
+
+'That fish,' said the fishman, 'is for the dinner of the Illustrissimo
+and Reverendissimo Monsignore the Bishop; and if you were to turn every
+scale in its body into baioccho, _and give them all to me_, you couldn't
+have it.'
+
+Caper was sorely tempted to turn the scales in his own favor, for he
+knew, if he were to pay well, he could bear off the fish triumphantly,
+spite of the seller's declaration; but a thought of the sore affliction
+he would bring into the mind of the fat old gentleman in purple, with a
+gold chain around his neck, who rejoiced in the name of bishop, deterred
+him from his heretical proceeding, and he walked away in deep
+meditation.
+
+The patron saint of Segni is San Bruno; and, to do him honor, every
+other male baby born in the town is called Bruno; so our artist, in his
+walks around town, heard this name howled, cried, screamed, shrieked,
+called, and appealed to, on an average once in five minutes, through the
+hours when the male inhabitants were about and awake. This similarity in
+names was, by no means, accompanied by similarity in appearance, for
+there were more light-haired and blue-eyed men by this name in the place
+than any one, having the popular idea of what an Italian looks like,
+would believe could be found in a town of the same size in America.
+Trying to account for the Norse look of many of the Segnians, and the
+Oriental look of many others, Caper climbed up to the top of the
+mountain above the town, and seating himself in the shadow of the old
+Cyclopean wall, looked down the mountain side to the broad valley below
+him.
+
+'As all roads lead to Rome,'soliloquized he, 'it's no wonder that those
+two famous old ways down there in the valley, the Via Trajana and the
+Via Latina, should have once been passed over by white-haired, blue-eyed
+Goths, and, seeing the old town perched up here, they should have
+climbed up, having strong legs. Once here, they put all the men to the
+sword, made love to the girls, plundered all that was plunderable; drank
+up all the liquor, Sambuca, Rosoglio, 'Rhum di Giamaica,' and Acqua
+viva, they could put their paws on; then, having a call further on, left
+the girls, small babes, and other _impedimenta_ (baggage!), rushing onto
+Rome to settle accounts with their bankers there, like hon-o-rable men.
+_So_ you find many flaxen-haired, sky-eyed people up here, and they are
+rough and bold and independent.
+
+Years and years after them, clambering over the mountains from the
+seacoast, came the Saracens--oh, you were the boys!--and they, being a
+refined and elegantly educated circle, compared with the Goths, of
+course did the same amount of slaughtering and love-making, only more
+refinedly and elegantly; cutting off heads instead of knocking them in;
+and with the gold spoons and other instruments that they found in the
+church, instead of making sword hilts and helmets, they at once worked
+them into graceful, crescent-shaped earrings, and curious rings, chains,
+and brooches, giving them to the girls and winning their hearts in the
+old-fashioned style. The girls, for their part, declared to each other
+that when these odious Moors went away, they would give all the earrings
+and brooches back to the church. But they forgot to; which accounts for
+their wearing them, or those of similar pattern, to this day.
+
+The gentle Saracens, moreover, wishing to introduce their own school of
+music, taught the girls to sing; proof of which is the horrible songs
+the contadini still have, resembling in no wise pious Christian hymns,
+but rather a cross between a growl to Odin and a yell to Allah! A growl
+to Odin, for the girls could not forget the Goths, albeit they only knew
+them through reports of their foremothers.
+
+Then the Saracens turned their attention to crockery ware, pots, pans,
+and water jars; forming like fruits and flowers the yielding clay, and
+establishing models that are every hour to be seen around one in this
+old nest. Clothes, too, they thought, should be made as they saw 'fit;'
+and, accordingly, head-dresses and dresses, under garments, &c., _à la
+Saracenesca_, were all the rage; and as the colors were in no wise
+sombre or melancholy to behold, the girls took kindly to them, and,
+slightly modified, wear them still. When you see the _pane_, the white
+cloth worn on the women's heads, remember it was once an Oriental
+_yashmak_, falling around and concealing the face of the Italian lady
+love of a Saracen; but when the Saracens departed, they rolled up the
+veil and disclosed to delighted Christians the features of Rita or
+Maria, who figured for a time as Zoe or Fatima.
+
+With their religion, the Saracens were not so successful--they could not
+make it popular; so they waived this point, contented with having set
+the fashions, and introduced their own style of music, crockery, and
+jewelry.
+
+Thus reflecting, Caper stopped short, regarded his watch, found it was
+near dinner time--the pastoral hour of noon-day--and then turned to walk
+down to the inn. On his way he passed a store having French calicoes in
+the window, and mourned in his heart to think how short a time it would
+be before these became popular, and the homemade picturesque dresses of
+the female Segnians would be discarded. The time, too, was fast
+coming--with the railroad from Rome to Naples--when travellers will
+overrun these mountain towns, and the price of board shoot up from forty
+cents to a dollar or two: then the inhabitants will learn geography and
+become mercenary, and will learn arithmetic and blaspheme (in their way)
+at _forestieri Inglese_, _Americani_, _Francese_, or _Tedeschi_, and
+cheat them. Then the peace of the Volscians will have departed, never,
+oh, never more to return.
+
+Then the women will wear--bonnets! and cheap French goods; will no
+longer look like moving woodyards, bringing fagots on their heads down
+mountain sides; no longer bear aloft the graceful _conche_ filled with
+sweet water from the fountain, for hydraulic rams will do their
+business; no longer lead the sportive pig to pastures new, but pen him
+up, and feed him when the neighbors are not looking on! These days will
+sorely try the men: now they labor in the fields in shirts and drawers,
+never thinking of putting on their pantaloons until they return to the
+very gates of the town, where, at sunset, you may see them, ten or
+twelve deep, thus employed before entering the city; but in the future
+they will have to observe _les convenances_ and make their toilette in
+the fields. This they will do with great grumbling, returning homeward,
+and they will sing _rondinelle_ bearing severely on the _forestieri_ who
+have ruined the good old pod-augur days when they made _vendetta_
+without trouble: thus reflecting, the donkeys they ride, while their
+wives walk and carry a load, will receive many virulent punches intended
+for other objects.
+
+'Signor Giacomo, dinner is served,' said the landlord, as Caper entered
+the old inn.
+
+Cool wine, roast lamb, wild pigeons, crisp salad, with a broiled
+partridge; great bunches of luscious grapes, figs freshly picked, _and_
+maccaroni à la Milanese. Such was our artist's dinner that day.
+Patriarchally simple of a necessity; but, then, what can you expect in a
+town where the British Lion has never yet growled for a bushel of raw
+beef when he is fed, or swore at the landlord for not having a pint of
+hay boiled in hot water (tea?) for breakfast, when he is nervous?
+
+
+FIVE FAIRS AND FESTIVALS.
+
+Do not believe, in spite of all you hear about the benighted Papal
+States, that the people spend their holidays groaning and begging to
+depart from this vale of tears: on the contrary, the ignorant wretches
+believe in enjoying every moment of life; and, to judge by the Segnians,
+who are by no means dyspeptical, they do so with all their might. They
+know, if they fall sick, good Doctor Matteucci attends them carefully
+and well, without any charge, for he receives a salary from the commune.
+They know, if they have good health and do their work, they will be
+rewarded every now and then with a holiday, in which religion is so
+tempered with lottery tickets, wine drinking, fireworks, horse races,
+and trading, that, shorn lambs as they are, paying to the church three
+cents for every twenty-five pounds of corn they may grind, and as large
+a portion of their crops for the rent of the lands they till, they still
+have jolly good times at the fairs and festivals in their own and
+neighboring towns.
+
+Every town has its patron saint, and it is in honor of his day that they
+hold one grand festival each year. To accommodate temporal affairs, a
+fair is also held on the same day, so that the country people of the
+neighborhood may purchase not only the necessaries, but the simple
+luxuries they need or long for.
+
+Besides the only principal festival and fair in Segni to San Bruno,
+already described, they had three minor celebrations of minor saints,
+substitutes, as Rocjean declared, for Pomona, Bacchus, and Ceres:
+certainly, the saints' days fell very curiously about the same time
+their predecessors were worshipped.
+
+It is, however, of five festivals and fairs held in five neighboring
+towns, that the present chapter treats; so let the drums beat while our
+three artists proceed to enjoy on paper the days they celebrated.
+
+One evening, the vetturino, Francesco, came to the trio and told them
+that on the next day but one, Sunday, there would be a fair and _festa_
+at Frosinone, a town about twenty-three miles from Segni, and that if
+they wished to go, he had three seats to hire in his _vettura_. Having
+heard that the costumes to be seen there were highly picturesque, and
+anxious to study the habits of the people in holiday guise, our artists
+determined to go. At daybreak on the appointed morning, having
+breakfasted and filled their flasks with wine, they started with a guide
+to walk down to Casa Bianca, a small _osteria_, distant, as the guide
+assured them, about two miles; three miles, as Francesco swore to; four
+miles, as Gaetano, the landlord declared; and six miles as Caper and
+Rocjean were ready to affirm to. Down the mountain road they scrambled,
+only losing their patience when they found they had to wade a small
+marsh, where their tempers and polished boots were sorely tried. Once
+over, they reached Casa Bianca, and found the vettura there, having
+arrived an hour before from Rome, thirty odd (and peculiar) miles
+distant; and now with the same horses they had to make twenty-three
+miles more before ten A. M., according to agreement. Rocjean and Caper
+sat outside the carriage, while Dexter sat inside, and conversed with
+two other passengers, cheerful and good-natured people, who did all in
+their power to make everybody around them contented and jolly.
+
+The road went through the fertile Sacco valley; right and left rich
+pasture grounds, or wheat and corn fields; the mountains on either side
+rising in grandeur in the early sunlight, their tops wreathed with veils
+of rising mist. They soon passed Castelaccio (the termination _accio_ is
+one, according to Don Boschi, of vilification; consequently, the name
+may be translated Bigbad Castle): this castle belongs to Prince
+Torlonia, apropos of which prince it is rather singular that all his
+money cannot buy good Latin; for any one may read at Frascati, staring
+you in the face as it does, as you wind up the villa, engraved on a
+large marble tablet, an inscription touching
+
+   TORLONIA ET UXSOR EJUS, ETC.
+
+UXSOR may be Latin, but it is the kind that is paid for, and not the
+spontaneous gift of classic Italy.
+
+The carriage next passed through Ferentino, _Ferentinum_ of the
+Volscians, where it stopped for a time to let Rocjean see the stone
+called _La Fata_, whereon is inscribed the noble generosity of
+Quintilius Priscus, who gave _crustula_ and _mulsum_ (cakes and mead) to
+the old people; _sportulæ_ (cold victuals?) to the decurions, and _nucum
+sparsiones_ (a sprinkling of nuts) for the small children.
+
+After which antiquarian research, and a drink of wine at the _Hotel des
+Étrangères_, the trio called loudly on Francesco to drive on; for the
+name of the inn suggested similar signboards, Hotel d'Angleterre, Hotel
+Vitoria, Hotel des Isles Brittaniques, at all of which one or other of
+our travellers had been savagely fleeced.
+
+The carriage at last arrived at the tavern, at the foot of the mountain
+on which Frosinone stands, and our artists found that the ascent must be
+made on foot: this, in the face of the broiling sun, was equal to two
+hot baths at least. However, they determined to take it easily, and
+accordingly tarried for a while by an old bridge crossing a small
+stream, running bright and clear, where cattle were drinking; then they
+stopped at the neighboring fountain, where the girls were filling copper
+water jars, and dusty contadini were washing themselves in order to
+present a clean face at the fair; and listened with pleasure to the
+hearty laughter and holiday jests bandied about with profusion. Thus in
+refreshed spirits they commenced the ascent.
+
+On the brow of the mountain, in front rank of the houses of the city,
+arose the walls of what they thought at first glance was a very large
+factory; they subsequently learned it was a male-factory or prison;
+this, with the governor's palace and other lofty buildings, gives
+Frosinone a stately air, only lost on entering the place and finding
+the streets narrow, steep, and not particularly clean. On entering the
+street leading to the main gate of entrance, their ears were saluted by
+the squealing and grunting of many hogs collected together in small
+droves, on both sides the way, for sale or barter. Here stood a bronzed
+peasant, dressed only in shirt and drawers, with boots up to his knees;
+a steeple crowned straw hat, with a large carnation pink in it, shading
+his closely shaved face, on which no hair was seen save two long curls
+pendent in front of his ears, while the back part of his head was shaved
+nearly as smooth as his face. This man held in his arms a small pig in a
+violent state of squeals. Mixed up among the pigs were many women
+dressed in lively colored costumes, looking graceful and pretty, and
+gaining added effect from the dark tones of the old gray houses around
+them. Advancing upward, at times at angles of forty-five degrees and
+more, through narrow streets crowded with picturesque houses (if they
+did threaten to tumble down), they at last reached the Piazza: here the
+squeeze commenced, crockery, garlic, hardware, clothing, rosaries and
+pictures of the saints, flowers; while donkeys, gensdarmes, jackasses,
+and shovel hats, strangers, and pretty girls were all pressing with
+might and main--they did not seem to know where--probably to the nearest
+wine shops, which were driving a brisk trade.
+
+Reaching an inn, our artists ordered dinner, and amused themselves,
+while it was being prepared, looking out of the window at the crowds in
+the street beneath. On the opposite side of the way were two open
+windows, evidently 'behind the scenes' of the main church, since many of
+the principal actors in the ceremonies were here attiring themselves in
+curious robes prior to their appearing in public. A tallow-faced looking
+youth, with no hair on the extreme crown of his head, while swinging a
+long wax candle around, struck a fat old gentleman, with a black silk
+gown and white lace bertha over it, in the back; whereupon, I regret to
+write it, the fat old gentleman struck the tallow-faced youth the
+severest kind of a blow below the belt, entirely contrary to the rules
+of the P. R. Dexter, having watched the performance, at its conclusion
+shouted for very joy; whereupon the stout man, raising his eyes, saw in
+the opposite windows the three _forestieri_, and I do assure you that
+such a look of malevolence as crossed his face for a moment contained
+all the Borgias ever knew of poisons and assassinations. Luckily, the
+artists did not have to go to confession to that man.
+
+Dinner finished, Rocjean proposed a walk. They first went to the old
+church, but found its interior ruined with whitewash and tawdry
+decorations. The music, however, was excellent, but the crowd of
+worshippers intense; so they repaired to the cattle market, in the
+piazza in front of the prison. They had been there but a short time,
+before the procession in honor of the patron saint of Frosinone, whose
+full-length seated effigy was carried by bearers, passed them. Along
+with other emblems borne by priests or laymen was a cross, apparently of
+solid wood, the upright piece fully twelve feet long, and as large round
+at the base as your thigh; the transverse piece of the cross was
+proportionately large; this was borne with ease by a moderate-sized man.
+Caper was at a loss to account for the facility with which the bearer
+handled pieces of timber as large as small joists of a house; so he
+asked a good-natured looking citizen standing near him, if that wooden
+cross was not very heavy?
+
+'Eh! that heavy? Why, it's not wood; it's made of stove-pipes!'
+
+The citizen also told Caper that the seated effigy of the patron saint
+had had a hard time of it some years ago, for the country around
+Frosinone suffering from a long drought, the inhabitants had in vain
+prayed, begged, and supplicated the aforementioned saint to send them
+rain; but he remained obdurate, until at last, seeing him so stubborn,
+they seized him, in spite of the priests, carried him down to the
+bridge, neck and heels, and threatened him, by all his brother and
+sister saints, to put him to bed--bed of the stream (it was nearly
+dry)--unless he speedily gave them a good supply of rain. In a couple of
+days, sure enough, the rain came down, and in such torrents, that there
+was a grand rush of the country people from the vicinity, begging the
+saint to hold up. Since that time he has behaved very decently, and just
+now is in high favor.
+
+There were some fine cattle at the fair; and Dexter, noticing a peculiar
+and becoming headdress to several of the long-horned oxen, made of the
+skin of some animal, ornamented with bright-colored strips of woollen
+with tassels at the end, tried to purchase a pair, but found the owners
+generally unwilling to sell them: however, one man at last agreed to
+sell a pair made of wolf-skin, with bright red, yellow, and green strips
+and tassels, for a fair price, and Dexter at once bought them--as a
+study, and also as an ornament for his studio.
+
+The tombola in the Piazza Tosti drew together a large crowd; and then it
+was that Rocjean was in his element, Caper delighted, and Dexter
+rejoiced in the study of costumes and motives for paintings. The straw
+hats worn here looked more picturesque than the black felt conical hats
+of the other end of the valley, but the 'soaplocks' of the men were
+villanous. The women were brilliant in holiday attire, among their
+dresses showing that half-modern Greek, half Neapolitan style, uniting
+the classic with the middle age. The _ciociare_, as those who wear
+_ciocie_ or sandals are called, were there in full force: one of these
+men, with whom Rocjean had a long conversation, told our artist that the
+price paid for enough leather for a pair was forty cents. Each sandal is
+made of a square piece of sole leather, about twelve inches long by five
+inches wide, and is attached to the foot by strings crossing from one
+side to the other, and bending the leather into the rough resemblance of
+a shoe. The leather is sold by weight, and the _ciociara_ declared that
+sandals were far better than shoes.
+
+'But, when it rains, your feet are wet,' suggested Rocjean.
+
+'_Seguro_' (certainly), answered _ciociara_.
+
+'And when it snows, they are wet; and when it is muddy, they won't keep
+the mud out; and when it's dusty, where is the dust?'
+
+'Down there in the Campagna!' answered the man. 'But you seem to forget
+that we wrap cloths over our feet and legs, as high as the knee, and tie
+them all on with strings; or else our women knit brown woollen leggings,
+which cover our feet and legs. Well, good or bad, they are better for
+_us_ (_noi oltri_) than shoes.'
+
+Fireworks and a ball at the Governor's palace closed that saint's day;
+and the next afternoon our artists left the town to return to Segni; but
+as toward midnight they began to ascend the long, steep road leading to
+the town, they were overtaken by a thunderstorm, which for grandeur
+equalled anything that Caper at least had ever seen. The lightning was
+nearly incessant, at one flash revealing the valley below them, and
+distant mountain peaks after peaks trembling in white light, then all
+black as black could be; patches of road in front of the old carriage,
+silver one second, sable another; while the thunder cracked and roared,
+echoing and reechoing from rock to rock, ringing away up the wild gorge
+around which the road wound. The rain fell in torrents, and pebbles and
+stones loosened from the mountain sides came falling around them.
+Francesco, the driver, on foot, urged the tired horses onward with
+blows and the most powerful language he could bring to bear; he accused
+the off-horse of being a pickpocket and an _arciprete_, and a robber of
+a small family, of which Francesco assured him he knew he was the
+father. Then the mare Filomena came in for her share of vilifications,
+being called a '_giovinastra_ (naughty girl), a _vecchierellaccia_ (vile
+old hag), a--' Here the rain, pebbles, lightning, and thunder
+interrupted the driver, and Rocjean told him to take breath and a pull
+at his flask, which was filled with _Sambuca_. Thus refreshed, although
+soaked to the skin, Francesco livened up, and from despondency passed to
+hope, then to joy, finally landing the old carriage near the gate of
+Segni, in time for the artists to see far below them the clouds rolling
+rapidly away, and hear the thunder grumbling far off, over some other
+town, some other benighted travellers.
+
+VALMONTONE was the next town visited, and the festival in honor of its
+patron saint, Luigi Gonzago, was a decided success; the singing in the
+church operatically excellent; a good-sized tombola; a funny dinner in
+the back room of a grocery store, one half of the floor of which was
+covered with shelled corn, while the other half was occupied by the
+united legs of two tables, a dozen chairs, four dogs, one cat, six male
+and three female country people. There was a lamb roasted whole, a small
+barrel of wine, plenty of bread, find-your-own-knives-and-be-happy
+dinner. Coming out of this small den, and passing a fine large house,
+opposite the grand palace of the Prince of Valmontone, behold an Italian
+acquaintance of Caper's standing in a balcony with a very handsome
+woman; another moment, and Caper was invited in, and passed from poverty
+to wealth in the twinkling of an eye. Rooms full of guests, tables
+covered with damask linen, silver, flowers, crystal glasses, delicate
+food (too late!), good wine (just in time!), charming ladies.
+
+'_Condessa_, permit me to present Signor' Cahpeer, Americano.'
+
+A rich, full, musical voice, lovely eyes, a brilliant toilette--is it
+any wonder the heart of our artist beat _con animo_, when the beautiful
+woman welcomed him to Valmontone, and hoped it would not be his last
+visit. Other introductions, other glasses of sparkling wine--then off
+for the street, excitement, music, coffee, and a cigar; pretty girls
+with tender eyes; the prince's stables, with hawks nailed to the doors,
+and blood horses in their stalls; contadini, cowbells, jackasses; ride
+home on horseback by moonlight; head swimming, love coming in, fun
+coming out. Exit festival the second.
+
+GAVIGNANO was the scene of the third festival; it is a small town, lying
+at the foot of Segni. Caper went there on horseback, and, after a
+regular break-neck ride down the mountain, the path winding round like a
+string on an apple, arrived there in time to escape a pouring rain, and
+find himself in a large hall with three beautiful sisters, the Roses of
+Montelanico, numerous contadini friends, and the wine bottles going
+round in a very lively and exhilarating manner. The rain ceasing, Caper
+walked out to see the town, when his arm was suddenly seized, and,
+turning round, who should it be but Pepe the rash, Pepe the
+personification of Figaro: a character impossible for northern people to
+place outside of a madhouse, yet daily to be found in southern Europe.
+Rash, headstrong, full of deviltry, splendid appetite, and not much
+conscience--volatile, mocking, irrepressible.
+
+Pepe seized Caper by the arm with a loud laugh, and, only saying,
+'_Evviva_, Signor' Giacomo, come along!' without giving him breathing
+time, rushed him up narrow streets, down dirty alleys, through a crowd
+of mules, mud, and mankind, until they both caught a glimpse of a small
+church with green garlands over the door. Hauling Caper inside, he
+dragged him through a long aisle crowded with kneeling worshippers,
+smashed him down on a bench in front of the main altar, tearing half a
+yard of crimson damask and nearly upsetting the priest officiating; and
+then, while Caper (red in the face, and totally unfit to hear the fine
+chorus of voices, among which Mustafa's, the soprano, came ringing out)
+was composing himself to listen, Pepe grabbed him with a 'Music's over;
+_andiamo_ (let's go). Did you hear Mustafa? _Bella voce_, tra-la-leeeee!
+Mustafa's a contadino; I know his pa and ma; they changed him when only
+five years old. Thought he was a Turk, didn't you? He sings in the
+Sistine chapel. Pretty man, fat; positively not a sign of a beard.'
+
+Struggling to escape, Caper was rushed out of church, and into a _caffe_
+to have a tumblerful of boiling coffee poured down his throat, and again
+be expressed up hill at a break-neck rate, catching sights of
+tumble-down old houses, mud, water, flowers, peasants, costumes,
+donkeys, until he was landed in the Gran' Piazza. Whew!
+
+'Must see the hall where the concert is to-night. Beautiful girl,
+_bellisima, pfisp!_ (imitating kiss) girl from Rome; sings three pieces,
+Ernani, Norma, _pfisp!_ Come along!
+
+Smack, bang! into the hall, where the silence and presence of a select
+few, including Monsignore and the Governatore in council assembled,
+commanded silence: Pepe wouldn't hear of it anywheres, so again they
+were in the open air; the band was playing good music in the square, the
+tombola was about to commence, and contadini were busy with pencils and
+tickets, ready to win the eighty scudi put up.
+
+Tombola commenced, and Pepe at once supervised all the tickets within
+reach. 'Bravo, twenty-seven! you've got it, Tonio; scratch it, my
+lamb.--You haven't, Santi, _poverino mio_.--It's _non c'é_,
+Angeluccio.--Ah, Bruno, always lucky.--Fifty-four, _Santa Maria_, who
+would have thought it?--_Caro_ Bernardo, _only_ one more number to win
+the terno!'
+
+Somebody won the tombola at last, and Pepe told Caper he should wait for
+the fireworks and the concert. 'Beautiful girl, ah, _bella_, sings three
+pieces;' here he burst out with that song
+
+   _'Ninella mia di zucchero,
+   Prende 'sto core, ed abbraccialo;_'
+
+not waiting for the end of which, Caper interrupted him by saying that
+he should not wait for the evening, as he intended returning to Segni at
+once.
+
+'Will you?' asked Pepe. 'Oh, _bravo!_ good idea. Concert room will be
+crowded to suffocation; get hot, perspire, catch cold. Fireworks
+nothing. I'll go with you; great fools to wait. Here is a wine-shop; let
+us refresh!'
+
+In they went, and finished a quart, after which Pepe proposed visiting
+another wine-shop, where they had some frascati, good and sweet. So he
+hurried Caper along so fast through mud and narrow streets, all the way
+down hill, that his feet could not begin to hold on the slippery stones,
+and both went ahead on the plan of not being able to stop; at last they
+reached a landing place, where the wine was sold; hastening in, they
+nearly fell over a tall, splendid-looking girl, who was standing in the
+hall.
+
+'_Iddio!_ it's my _cara_ Giulia, lovely as ever. Come with us and finish
+a bottle; this is our friend Giacomo, Americano, brave youth,
+_allegro_!'
+
+'It pleases me well to make the acquaintance of the Signor; I have often
+seen him in Segni--'
+
+'And _now_ you'll fall in love with him,
+
+   _E tu non pienz' a mi_,''
+
+sang Pepe. 'This comes of my headlong hurry introducing pretty girls to
+interesting strangers. Ah, _bella_, Giulia!
+
+'_Zitto!_ Pepe, and pour me out a glass of wine.'
+
+Pepe poured out the wine, one glass after another. Suddenly springing
+from his seat, he said, 'Wait here a minute. I see Gaetano: will be back
+again _prestissimo!_'
+
+He went, and Caper and Giulia were left seated, talking merrily over the
+wine. There were stars shining when Giulia bid good night to Caper, yet
+Pepe did not return; he had seized some new idea, may-be the pretty
+Roman who sang at the concert. Then Caper saddled his horse and rode out
+into the night--glad that he had met black-eyed Giulia.
+
+The night rides up the mountain! Here's romance, real and beautiful. Are
+you not treading an old Roman road, over which the legions have marched
+to victory, war chariots rattled? Up the mountains, on the old road once
+leading over the mountains to Terracina, the _Tarracina_ of the Romans,
+who made it one of their naval stations; up that road you go, trusting
+solely to your horse, one slip of whose foot would send you into
+eternity _via_ a ravine some hundred feet sheer down. Here, bright light
+from a _casina_ where the contadini are loading mules with grapes to be
+pressed in the city up there near the stars! High above you, nothing but
+a wall of black rock, up, up, so high! Stars gleaming down, the comet
+tailing from side to side of the ravine, while the path in the ragged,
+jagged, storm-gullied rock is so dark you see nothing: your horse stops,
+his hind feet slip--no! he clings, his hoofs are planted firm; up he
+goes, and there, in the hands of Providence, you are tossed and pitched,
+as he winds up and plunges down. The merry ringing, jingling bells of
+mules ahead, and the voices of their drivers: turn a corner, and the
+bright light of torches flashes in your eyes. Look again and earnestly
+at the beautiful scene: mules, drivers, black rocks, olive trees above,
+all flamboyant in the ruddy light, appearing and disappearing; a weird,
+wild scene. Up, up, long is the way; past the fountain where the stars
+are flashing in the splashing waters; past gardens; past the mountain
+path at last. _Ecco_, the inn of Gaetano.
+
+ANAGNI held its festival in honor of San Magno (_Prottetore della
+Città_) on the 19th day of August. Gaetano, the landlord, invited Caper
+to attend it, putting his famous white horse at the disposal of the
+artist, accompanying him on a small bay beast that was extremely fond of
+showing his heels to the surrounding objects. Leaving Segni about ten
+o'clock in the morning, they had hardly reached a bridle path down the
+mountain, nothing more in fact than a gully, when they were joined by a
+cavalcade of four other Segnians. One of them, the 'funny fellow' of the
+party, was mounted on a very meek-looking donkey, and enlivened the hot
+ride across the valley of the Sacco by spasmodic attempts to lead the
+cavalcade and come in ahead of the others. He had a lively time as they
+approached the city, and a joke with every foot passenger on the way;
+but Gaetano, whose reserve was one of his strong points, and who was
+anxious to enter Anagni under favorable auspices, gave the word to
+Caper, and in a few minutes they left cavalcade and donkey-rider far
+behind.
+
+Anagni, the ancient _Anagnia_, was the capital of the Hernici. The
+favorite residence, in the middle ages, of several of the popes, it
+still shows in its building marks of the wealth it once enjoyed. Having
+stabled their horses with a friend of Gaetano's, who insisted on their
+finishing the best part of a _bottiglia_ of red wine with him, the
+artist, under the landlord's guidance, set out to see the town. They
+climbed up street to the cathedral, a fine old pile trembling with music
+and filled with worshippers, paintings of saints in extremis, flowers,
+wax candles, votary offerings, and heat; then coming out, and feeling
+wolfish, looked round for a place where they could find dinner! Here it
+was! a scene that would have cheered Teniers: a very large room, its
+walls brown with smoke; long wooden tables, destitute of cloth, but
+crowded with country people eating, drinking, talking, enjoying
+themselves to the utmost extent. Forks were invisible, but every man had
+his own knife, and Caper, similarly provided, whipped out his long
+pocket weapon and commenced an attack on roast lamb and bread, as if
+time were indeed precious. Wine was provided at Fair price; and, with
+fruit, he managed to cry at last, 'Hold, enough!'
+
+Gaetano, having a message for a young priest in the seminary there,
+asked Caper how he would like to see the interior of the building, and
+the way the _prete_ lived? Caper assenting, they entered a fine large
+establishment with broad walls and high ceilings, and mounting to the
+second story and knocking at the door of a chamber, they were admitted
+by a tall, thin, sallow young man, about eighteen years old, evidently
+the worse for want of exercise, and none the stronger minded for his
+narrow course of education and instruction.
+
+Gaetano introduced Caper to the young priest, and the artist, who, a
+moment before entering the room, was as lively as the Infant Bacchus, at
+once became melancholy as the Infant Samuel, and a feeling of such pity
+seized him, that, endeavoring not to show it, he turned it into a
+sentiment of interest in the young priest and his surroundings, admiring
+the beautiful view from the window, and, turning inward to a poor wreath
+of paper flowers hanging over a holy-water fount attached to the wall,
+praised for their resemblance to natural flowers. (Was that untruth
+unforgiven?)
+
+'I made them,' said the young priest; 'but they are nothing to the ones
+I have made for our church in Montelanico. I will show those to you.'
+Opening a large paper box, he showed Caper wreaths and festoons of paper
+flowers. 'I have spent weeks on weeks over them,' he continued, 'and
+they will decorate the church at the next _festa_. I spend all my
+leisure hours making artificial flowers.'
+
+In answer to a question from Caper of the dress he then wore was the
+usual one worn by the seminarists on important occasions, the young
+priest answered him that it was not, and at once produced the full
+dress, putting on the upper garment, a species of cassock, in order to
+show him how it looked. He next called his attention to a curious old
+work, full of engravings illustrating the different costumes of the
+different orders of priests, and was in full discourse to describe them
+all, when Gaetano told him that he was sorry, but that he had to go, as
+he had some matters to attend to at the fair. So Caper bid the young
+priest good-by, saying he regretted that he had not time to further
+study the ecclesiastical costumes. A feeling of relief seized him when
+he was once more in the open air--thoughts of gunning, fishing,
+fighting, anything, so long as it was not the making paper flowers by
+that poor, pale-faced boy: it was terrible!
+
+There are several resident families in Anagni having titles; these are
+known as the _stelle d'Anagni_ (stars of Anagni), and number among the
+ladies many beautiful faces, if those pointed out to him were the true
+stars. But it was, while smoking a cigar over a cup of coffee, that he
+saw enter the café without exception one of the loveliest and most
+attractive women he met in Italy. The word _simpatica_, so often used by
+Italians, expressing, as it does, so much in so short a space, exactly
+applied to the charming woman who passed him, as she entered the room
+where he was seated. She was accompanied by several gentlemen, one of
+whom, on whose arm she leaned, having the most character of all the
+others in his face, and the finest-looking man in figure and carriage,
+Caper selected as her husband--and he was right.
+
+Gaetano, having finished his business, soon entered the café in company
+with a dashing, handsome-looking man, in half ecclesiastical costume;
+for though he wore a shovel hat and long-tailed black frock coat, yet
+his other clothes, though black, had the air of being made by an _à la
+mode_ tailor. His manner was cordial, frank, hearty. He proposed a walk
+around the town, to see what was going on among the _villani_. Caper
+calling his attention to the lady mentioned above, the ecclesiastic,
+making his excuses for his sudden leave, at once hurried over to salute
+her, and was evidently very cordially received. He returned in a few
+minutes to Caper.
+
+'It is the _Principessa ----_, and she insists on having an introduction
+to the American. She is making the _villegiatura_ among these mountain
+towns for a frolic. She will be in Segni, with her husband, the Signor
+----, and it will be pleasant for you to know them while there.'
+
+'Introduce me by all means. She is the most beautiful woman I have seen
+in Italy.'
+
+The introduction was made, and our artist surpassed himself in
+conversing intelligibly, much to the delight of the fair Italian and her
+friends, who declared they were prepared to converse with him solely by
+signs. Promising that when they came to Segni he should not fail to call
+upon them, and give them a long account of the savage life he lived
+among his Indian brethren in America, he laughingly bid them good day.
+
+The dashing priest now went with Caper and Gaetano through the crowded
+streets, pointing out objects of interest, architectural and human; past
+booths where all kinds of merchandise was exposed for sale, out to see
+the ancient massive walls of travertine, where divers stunning objects
+were carved, inscriptions, &c. Then they found a wine shop, where it was
+cool and tolerably quiet, and smoked and drank until sunset, having much
+sport conversing with the amiable _villane_, who were as comfortably
+tipsy as their circumstances would permit. At sunset, the Piazza Grande
+was brilliant with hangings, crimson and gold, and colored tapestry hung
+from the windows of the surrounding houses. Here the tombola was held,
+and here the crowd was excited as usual; the lucky ones bearing off the
+prizes were in such rapturous state of bliss--'one might have stuck pins
+into them without their feeling it.'
+
+About sunset, Gaetano and Caper saddled their horses, and left the city,
+striking over the valley to Segni, passing on the road country people
+mounted on donkeys, or travelling along on foot, nine tenths of whom
+were vigorously canvassing--the life of Saint Magno?--no, indeed, but
+the chances of the lottery!
+
+There was to have been the next day, at Anagni, a curious chase of
+buffaloes, in accordance with some passage in the life of San Magno, as
+the people said; but, according to Rocjean, more probably some neglected
+ceremony of the ancient heathens, which the party in power, finding they
+could not abolish, gracefully tacked on to the back of the protector of
+the city. These kind of things are done to an alarming extent around
+Rome; and the Sieur de Rocjean, when he lost his calendar containing the
+dates of all the festivals, said it was of no importance--he had and
+excellent Lempriere!
+
+The fifth festival--if you have patience to read about it--was held at
+GENAZZANO, and was decidedly the most celebrated one of the season. It
+came off on the 8th of September, and for costumes, picturesqueness, and
+general effect, might have been called, to copy from piano literature,
+_Le Songe d'un Artiste_.
+
+The town itself looks as if it had just been kicked out of a theatre.
+Round towers at entrance gates, streets narrow and all up hill, the
+tiles on the houses running down to see what is going on in the gutter,
+quaint old houses, gray with time, with latticed windows, queer old
+doors, a grand old castle in ruins. It is one of the scenes you long so
+much to see before you come abroad, and which you so seldom find along
+the Grande Route. Spend a summer in the mountain towns of Italy! among
+the Volscian mountains or hills--and have your eyes opened.
+
+As Caper entered the gate, the first objects meeting his sight were: a
+procession of genuine pilgrims, dressed precisely as you see them in
+Robert le Diable, or Linda di Chamouni, or on the stage generally--long
+gray robes down to their feet, cocked hats with cockle shells, long
+wands; some barefoot, some with sandals: on they passed, singing
+religious songs. Then came the peasantry, all in perfect theatrical
+harmony, costumes rigidly correct _à la Sonnambula_. German artists
+dressed in Sunday clothes _à la Der Freyschutz_. A café with festoons of
+lemon-peel hung from window to window--they are not up to this idea in
+_Fra Diavolo_. Pretty girls in latticed windows, with red boddices,
+white sleeves, flowers in their hair--_legitimate Italian drama_.
+Crockery-ware in piles--_low comedy_. A man with a table, Sambuca and
+Acqua-vita bottles on it, and wee glasses, one cent a drink:
+_melodrama_. Fresh oranges and figs, pumpkin-seed and pine cones; a
+house with mushrooms strung on thread, hanging from window to
+window--this was not for festival display, but is the common way of the
+country. Notices of the _festa_, containing programme of the day,
+including amusements, ecclesiastical and secular, hung up alongside the
+stands where they were selling lottery tickets--_tragedy_. Fountains,
+with groups of peasantry drinking, or watering horses and
+donkeys--_pantomime_. Priests, in crow-black raiment, and canal-boat or
+shovel hats--_mystery_. Strangers from Rome, in the negro-minstrel style
+of costume, if young men; or in the rotund-paunch and black-raiment
+dress, if elderly men; or in the _chiffonée_ style, if Roman women
+attempting the last Parisian fashion--_farce_.
+
+Here are the booths with rosaries, crucifixes, Virgin Mary's holy-water
+holders, medals of Pio Nono, or jewelry; gold crescent earrings,
+_spadine_ (long silver hair pins); silver hearts, legs, arms, for votive
+offerings, and crosses without number.
+
+Caper entered the church; it was filled, and stifling with heat and
+frankincense, and contadini, and wax lights burning before the shrine,
+on which the sun shone. There were beautiful faces among the _pajine_
+(people in fine raiment), showing what can be made from the _contadine_
+(people in coarse clothes) by not overworking them.
+
+Once more our artist was in the pure air, and, walking up the main
+street, came to a house with a beautifully carved stone window, half
+Byzantine, half Gothic, while a house on the opposite side of the street
+boasted of two other windows finely carved. While looking at them, Caper
+was hailed by name, and a stout, fresh-colored English artist, named
+Wardor, whom he had known in Rome, came over and welcomed him to
+Genazzano. Wardor, it turned out, was spending the summer there, as he
+had done the year before; consequently, there was not a nook or corner
+in the old town he did not know; and if he had not been so lazy, he
+could have filled his sketch book with a hundred picturesque studies.
+But no; with the keenest appreciation of every bit of color, every
+graceful pose of a human figure, every beautiful face, every fine effect
+of light or shadow--he made no sign. _His_ legitimate function was
+friendly guide to the stranger, and in this office he carried Caper all
+over the old castle, out to the long shady walk on the esplanade behind
+it, pointed out beautiful views over the valley; finally, showing Caper
+his studio, which, as it was a large room, and his _padrona_ could
+impose on his good nature, was fairly glittering with copper pans, hung
+on the walls when not in use in the kitchen. On an easel was a painting,
+to be called The King of the Campagna; all that was apparent was the
+head and horns of the king. Wardor had thus actually spent three mouths
+painting on a space not so large as your fist, while the canvas was at
+least three feet by two feet and a half. But the king, a buffalo, would
+be a regal figure, for the head was life itself.
+
+Caper proposed finishing a bottle of wine with Wardor, in honor of the
+day; so the latter piloted him up street and then down a flight of steps
+to a quiet wine-shop, where, sitting on a shady terrace, they could
+calmly enjoy the lovely landscape spread below them, and look over the
+town, over the valley, to far-away Segni high up in the Volscians. The
+landlord's wife, a buxom, comely woman, in full holiday costume, brought
+them a flask of cool wine and glasses, presenting them at the same time
+with a couple of very large sweet apples, the largest of which was
+thirteen inches in circumference by actual measurement. So you see they
+have apples as well as oranges in Italy; only, apples are practical, so
+they are generally omitted in the poetical descriptions of the
+blue-skyed land.
+
+Caper and Wardor dined together in a very crowded inn, where the
+maccaroni must have been cooked by the ton, to judge of the sized dish
+the two artists were presented with--and which they finished! Chickens,
+lamb chops, salad, and two flasks of wine at last satisfied them. When
+they left the table, Wardor proposed their calling on a Roman family,
+who were spending the summer in the town. They found the house they
+occupied crowded with guests, who, having finished dinner, were busily
+employed dancing to the music of two guitars and a flute; that is, the
+younger part of them, while the elders applauded vociferously, entering
+into the amusement with a reckless spirit of fun and good nature, which
+people who have to keep shady nine tenths of the year for fear of their
+rulers, are very apt to indulge in the remaining tenth.
+
+Elisa, the daughter of the Roman family, received Caper with hearty
+welcome, chiding him for having been all summer at Segni, and yet not
+coming near them, and entreating him to come to Genazzano and make them
+a long visit. She introduced him at once to her affianced husband, a
+handsome young doctor of the town, a man of sterling ability and sound
+common sense, who very soon made Caper at home, insisted on his dancing
+the _Tarantella_ and _Saltarella Napolitana_ with a lively, lithe young
+lady, who cut our artist's heart to fiddlestrings before they had danced
+five minutes together a polka--for let the truth be told, Caper never
+could dance the Tarantella.
+
+Wardor, in the meantime, had been led off in triumph to a side-table,
+and was making a very hearty second dinner; he not having force of mind
+enough to do like Caper and refuse a good offer! Caper had to drink a
+few tumblers (not wine-glasses) of wine, and found it beneficial in
+dancing. It may be as well to repeat here, in order to calm all
+apprehensions of our artist being a hard drinker, that all these wines
+around Rome, with few exceptions, are little stronger than mild sweet
+cider, and that satiety will generally arrive before inebriety. Ask any
+sober and rigorously correct traveller, who has ever been there, if this
+is not so. If he speaks from experience, he will say: 'Certainly!' 'Of
+course!' 'To be sure!' And again: 'Why not?'
+
+It is not asserted here that the Romans of the city or surrounding
+country never get tipsy; but that it is only occasionally they have
+change enough to do so; consequently, a beautiful state of sobriety is
+observed by those travellers who--never observe anything.
+
+The moon was shining over the old gate-towers of Genazzano when Caper
+mounted his horse, and, in company with two Segnians, rode forth from
+the fifth _festa_, and over the hills through Cavi, and over the valley
+past Valmontone, and then up the steep road to his summer home;
+wondering if in far-away America they were dreaming of a man who was
+going through a course of weekly Fourth-of-July's, and how long it would
+be before the world came to an end if such a state of things existed in
+any country where people had liberty to study geography, and were ruled
+by politicians instead of priests?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'May I ask your candid opinion of the great moral effect of so many
+holidays on an uneducated population?' inquired Caper one day of
+Rocjean, while speaking of the festivals of the Papal States.
+
+'Certainly you may! My opinion is that the head of the state, carrying
+out the gigantic policy of his predecessors, believes: 'That that
+government governs best that gives the greatest amount of fiddling to
+the greatest amount of its children.''
+
+'But,' objected Caper, 'I don't see where the fiddling comes in.'
+
+'In the churches!' sententiously remarked the Sieur de Rocjean.
+
+'Oh,' quoth Caper, 'I was thinking of festivals.'
+
+Reader, do you think likewise, when you are with the Romans.
+
+
+
+
+THOUGHT.
+
+   Life is but an outer wall
+     Round the realm of thought unseen;
+   Ah! to let the drawbridge fall
+   Leading to that magic hall!
+     Ah! to let creation in.
+
+   Kings that with the world contended,
+   What remains of all the splendid
+     Misery their hands have wrought?
+   Hushed and silent now the thunder
+   They have made the world rock under;
+   But the ages bow in wonder
+     To a thought.
+
+   Ah! the many tragic parts
+   That are played by human hearts
+     In that golden drama, fame.
+   These are minor actors truly,
+   That should not be seen unduly,
+   Letting idle recollection
+   Trifle with the play's perfection,
+   Letting an unwritten anguish
+   Make the brilliant pageant languish.
+     Alas for every hero's story,
+   That the woes which chiefly make it
+   Must surge from the heart, or break it,
+     And show the stuff that fashions glory.
+
+   Pyramids and templed wonders
+   At the best are wise men's blunders;
+   The subtle spell of thought and fancy,
+   It is Nature's necromancy.
+   In that land where all things real
+   Blossom into the ideal,
+   In that realm of hidden powers
+   Moving this gross world of ours,
+     He that would inherit fame,
+   Let him on the magic wall
+   Of some bright, ideal hall
+     Write his name;
+   He and glory then shall be
+   Comrades through eternity.
+
+   While the deeds of mighty kings
+   Sleep the sleep of meaner things,
+   Thoughts enclosed in words of granite
+   Revolutionize our planet.
+     And, itself a new creation,
+   Many an enchanted tune,
+   As of nightingale's in June,
+     Comes floating down in long vibration,
+   To the chorus of the hours
+   Lending its harmonial powers,
+   Or through Time's resounding arches
+   Playing Nature's solemn marches,
+   To whose beat the marshalled nations
+   Pass in steady generations.
+
+     But deem not the thoughts unspoken,
+   Silent despots of the brain,
+   Build their airy halls in vain,
+     Die and leave behind no token.
+       As the stars upon the ether
+     Play their golden monody,
+   Flashing on dusk-featured night
+   The soft miracle of light;
+       So upon a finer ether,
+   A spiritual emanation
+   From the whole mind of creation,
+     Plays the brain incessantly;
+   And each thought is a vibration,
+     Running like a poet's rhyme
+     Down the endless chords of time,
+     And on each responsive brain
+     Dropping in a silver rain
+   Of divinest inspiration.
+
+   When the whirlwind rush of war
+   Passes, and is heard no more,
+   Voices crushed beneath its din
+   Rise and their long reign begin;
+   Thoughts like burning arrows hurled
+   At the tyrants of the world,
+   Thoughts that rend like battle axes
+   Till wrong's giant hand relaxes,
+     Thoughts that open prison gates
+   And strike the chains of prostrate limb,
+     That turn the current of the fates,
+   Like God's commissioned cherubim
+   With divine authority
+   To proclaim creation free,
+   And plant in human hearts the seeds
+   That shall grow to noble deeds.
+   Ha! when genius climbs the throne
+   Sacred to oppression grown,
+     And from his seat plucks tyranny;
+   When, with thoughts that pierce like flame,
+   Songs, and every word a fame,
+     She crowns imperial Liberty,
+   Then shall the usurper, glory,
+   End his foul and brutal story,
+   And manhood evermore shall be
+   A synonym of liberty.
+
+
+
+
+'IT STILL MOVES.'
+
+
+   It still goes on. The driving rain
+   May chill, but light will gleam again,
+   It still goes on. Truth's enemy
+   Wins a defeat with victory.
+   It still goes on. Cold winter's snow
+   Comes that the grass may greener grow;
+   And Freedom's sun, whate'er befall,
+   Shines warm and bright behind it all.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE REBELLION.
+
+
+Among all the subjects of human cognizance, the least understood, and
+therefore the most difficult of anticipation, are those which concern
+the acts of men, as individuals or in society. Presumptuous, indeed,
+would be that man who should undertake to foretell the exact results of
+pending political or military operations, complicated as they must be by
+innumerable unknown and undiscoverable contingencies, which lie hidden
+in the circumstances of the actual situation. The difficulty of this
+investigation does not arise, however, from the absence of fixed laws
+controlling such events, but solely from our ignorance of those laws,
+and the extreme complexity of the conditions in which they act. The
+issue of existing causes is as certain as this moment, as it will be
+after it shall have become unalterable in history. No accident can
+disturb or thwart it; for, in truth, there can be no such thing as
+accident, except in our imaginations, and by reason of our incapacity to
+trace the continuous thread of inevitable sequence, or causation, which
+connects together all events whatever, in their inception, through their
+continuance, and to their end. All enlightened thinkers of the present
+age have recognized this great truth; and yet none have been able to
+apply to social and political affairs the sole admitted test of genuine
+philosophy, the prediction of future results from known antecedents.
+Indeed, the wisest and most competent of political observers have always
+been the most cautious in their indulgence of the prophetic spirit, and
+the most ready to acknowledge their ignorance of what the future will
+bring forth in the great field of political and social affairs.
+Gasparin, in his late admirable book, 'America before Europe' (according
+to his American translator), has this very modest passage on this
+subject:
+
+     'Not feeling any vocation for the character of prophet, I shall
+     take care not to recount here, in advance, events that are about to
+     happen. I marvel at people who are so sure of their facts. The
+     future has not the least obscurity for them; it has much for me. I
+     confine myself to protesting against the positive assertions which
+     have contributed but too greatly to mislead the opinion of Europe.
+     My humbles theory is this: the defeat of the South is _probable_;
+     the return of the conquered South to the Union is _possible_.'
+
+But while 'political or military vaticination' is proverbially unsafe,
+and therefore to be carefully avoided by all judicious inquirers, and
+especially by practical statesmen, it must at the same time be admitted
+that some of the general laws controlling such events are well
+understood; and whenever all the facts of a case are known and
+appreciated, and the laws applicable fully comprehended, then it is
+possible to anticipate the results of that particular combination with
+absolute certainty. Other causes may interfere, and modify these
+results--may accelerate of postpone them, or entirely absorb and conceal
+them in the general issue of complicated affairs. Yet the particular
+results themselves are not, and cannot be defeated or annulled. They are
+merely transformed by a sort of 'composition and resolution' of social
+and political causes, exactly similar to that which takes place in
+mechanics, when two or more forces not concurrent in direction, impel a
+body in a line altogether different from that in which either of the
+forces may have acted. Every physical impulse, it is said, which is
+initiated anywhere on the earth, is felt to the extremities of our solar
+system--every motion of the smallest particle of matter communicating
+its effect, however inappreciable, to the most distant planet, and as
+far beyond as the power of gravitation may extend. It is precisely so
+with all social events, even those of the most insignificant character.
+Every one of them has its appropriate influence, which is
+indestructible; and they all combine to make up the great whole of human
+action, the results of which at any specific period are only the
+necessary and inevitable consequences of all antecedent facts.
+
+It was the opinion of that most accomplished political philosopher,
+Burke, that 'politics ought to be adjusted not to human reasonings, but
+to human nature, of which reason is but a part, and by no means the
+greatest part,'--the meaning of which is, simply, that the reasonings do
+not comprehend, as premises, all the complicated facts which enter into
+any important political problem, and hence the conclusion in such cases
+cannot be absolutely certain, and ought not to be implicitly received.
+It would be extremely difficult to explain how politics could be
+adjusted to human nature without the exercise of reason, which alone can
+regulate the process of adjustment. But we may certainly claim that, in
+the lapse of nearly a century since Burke wrote, the reason has been
+considerably enlightened, and something more has been learned of human
+nature itself, its apparently capricious and irregular phenomena having
+been ascertained to be the subjects of systematic order, as complete as
+that which prevails in all other departments of nature. The laws of
+social existence and development have been to some extent discovered,
+and recognized as being uniform in their operation, so that the natural
+and necessary course of human events may be anticipated, though as yet
+in a dim and imperfect way. The present age is fruitful of many wonders;
+but the greatest of them all is this important truth, which has just
+begun fairly to dawn upon mankind. It is already so firmly established,
+that no intelligent man who is fully up with the knowledge of his epoch,
+can admit the least doubt that all events, however complicated, whether
+social, political, military, or of any other kind, are controlled by
+general laws, as uniform and certain in their operation as the laws of
+astronomy, of physics, or of chemistry. The complexity of conditions
+under which they operate, makes these laws extremely difficult of
+discovery and of application. But the infinite combinations of
+influences which press on minds of individual members of society, and
+make the acts of each one of them apparently uncertain and arbitrary,
+exhibit a truly wonderful degree of uniformity, when considered in their
+operation on the whole mass of a nation. It is by the investigation of
+these wide and general effects, that the great laws of human action and
+development are ascertained. Their actual existence is absolutely
+certain. But after all, in the present state of our knowledge, with all
+the light afforded by such history as we have of the past, and with all
+the experience of the present generation, the sum and substance of what
+we can claim is no more than this: that some influences of a social and
+political nature may be traced to their certain results, though, from
+the intricacy of all social facts, their vast extent in a great nation,
+and especially when international interests are concerned, and from our
+necessarily imperfect acquaintance with all these varied, multiplex, and
+powerful conditions, we cannot always foresee what conflicting causes
+will intervene to counteract, modify, and control the actual issue. It
+is therefore only in the most general way that anything can be said with
+reference to the future in social or political affairs.
+
+In two former articles contributed to THE CONTINENTAL, we have
+endeavored to point out 'the causes of the rebellion,' finding them in
+events and conditions contemporaneous with the birth of our
+institutions, and in the necessary antagonism of social and political
+principles naturally developed in the progress of our country, and
+embodied in appropriate but conflicting forms. If we have been
+successful in designating the real causes, and tracing their operation
+through successive stages, down to the tremendous and calamitous events
+of the present day, we may hope to follow these causes, to some extent,
+in their further development, and in their necessary action on the
+destiny of the nation. We can at least mark the direction of the stream
+of affairs as it rolls grandly before us; and while we may not know
+precisely through what regions it will take its course, or by what
+rapids and over what cataracts it will be hurried and precipitated with
+furious and destructive force, we can nevertheless pronounce with
+confidence that it will finally make its way, in spite of all
+obstructions, to the broad and peaceful ocean of amelioration, into
+which all the currents of human action, however turbid, and filled with
+wrecks of human work and genius, eventually pour their inevitable
+tribute. We can even look through the mists of time which limit mortal
+vision, and catch some glimpses of the bloody current, observing where
+it disappears in gloom and shadow, only to come forth again in the
+distance as a shining river, glistening in the sunlight of peace and
+prosperity, and bearing on its bosom the full-freighted ark of a mighty
+nation, resting from war, reunited, and reawakened to the animating
+sense of a glorious destiny. Though the present generation should be
+compelled to struggle and labor, through its whole term of existence,
+with immense sacrifice and suffering, such are the elements involved in
+the contest, that nothing but good to the nation, which is surely
+destined to survive, can come out of it in the end.
+
+The whole history of our country, its origin, the peculiar organization
+of our institutions, and their gradual growth and development down to
+the present day, seem to have been arranged and ordered for the very
+purpose of engendering this contest between slavery and freedom. If this
+statement be too strong, we may at least assert that no better
+conditions for that purpose could have been devised, by human wisdom at
+all events, than those which existed at every stage of our progress,
+from the beginning of our existence as a people, to the culmination of
+this long-smouldering strife. The germs of freedom and slavery, which we
+know were planted in the infancy of our republic, found in the
+circumstances surrounding them the most favorable conditions for their
+respective growth and expansion. Each found ample opportunity to
+flourish according to its nature and necessities, modified, it may be,
+but not destroyed, by the unfavorable institutions which coexisted with
+it. The organization of separate colonies, and afterward of separate
+States, measurably independent, afforded these two irreconcilable
+systems full opportunity for complete development, and rendered it
+possible for them to maintain, each, a distinct existence in different
+localities, and to unfold their respective natures and tendencies, with
+comparatively little interference of the one with the other. Thus
+slavery soon became extinct in Massachusetts, and died out rather more
+slowly in the other Free States of the original thirteen. It flourished
+in Maryland and Virginia, and later, from peculiar circumstances, it
+grew rank, with unexampled fecundity, in the Carolinas and Georgia. Had
+the Government of the United States been consolidated, the conditions of
+slavery and free labor would have been wholly different; and it is
+reasonable to infer that the course of development of the respective
+systems would have been materially modified, if not altogether changed.
+We may pronounce with certainty that the institution would not have
+become extinct in the whole country as soon as it did in Massachusetts,
+or, indeed, in any one of the present Free States; but we cannot assert
+that the converse of this proposition would have been true, and that the
+Government, as a centralized power, would have abolished slavery more
+certainly, and sooner, than the most backward of the separate States may
+now be expected to do, under the complex forms of our present
+Constitution. In a consolidated government, the power of the majority
+would have been competent to effect fundamental and universal changes,
+even to the extent of abolishing slavery; but without the existence of
+separate States, with their independent local legislation and
+administrations, the gradual undermining and destruction of the old
+system would have been a process of extreme procrastination and
+difficulty. It would have been a gigantic undertaking, convulsing the
+whole nation whenever attempted, and yet demanding the exercise of its
+united authority for its accomplishment. We should not have had the
+effective antagonism of the Free against the Slave States, nor the
+demonstration which results from the striking contrasts between the two
+systems in their effects on civilization, in all its forms of
+intelligence, enterprise, wealth, and improvement. Contiguous States,
+with separate jurisdictions, admitted a divergence of customs, laws, and
+institutions, remarkable in its character, and fraught with momentous
+consequences to the whole sisterhood. Nothing like this could have
+occurred under the consolidated form. It is true, according to the
+principles we have heretofore enounced as having been established by
+universal history and experience, slavery must have disappeared
+eventually, alike in a consolidated or a federal form of government; for
+it is now well understood by all enlightened thinkers, that different
+forms of polity may either facilitate or embarrass the natural
+development of society, but cannot actually create or altogether destroy
+the tendency to improvement. This tendency is innate in man, and
+independent of all forms of government, though not wholly unaffected by
+them. But in our vast country, under a centralized system, however
+democratic, it would have been far more difficult to initiate the work
+of emancipation, on account of the magnitude and unity of the power to
+be moved, and for want of those _points d'appui_ afforded by the local
+organization and independent authority of the states in a confederacy.
+Our own experience, and the recent example of Russia, may serve to
+convince us that a consolidated representative republic would probably
+have been less favorable to the abolition of slavery than an imperial
+and despotic government. The serf-owners of Russia, had the question
+been submitted to them, would have been as little disposed to vote for
+the destruction of their system, as the slave-holders of America have
+shown themselves inclined to submit to the voice of the majority under
+our republican institutions.
+
+Thus, it was characteristic of our peculiar political forms, that they
+gave opportunity for the complete trial of each of the two plans of
+social organization which grew out of the early introduction of African
+slaves into the colonies. For while it seems to be clear that the
+federal system was most favorable to the disappearance of slavery from
+those localities where circumstances made emancipation easy and
+advantageous, it is equally plain that it afforded full scope to the
+growth and influence of the system of servile labor, wherever, from
+climatic conditions, it was peculiarly profitable, and otherwise adapted
+to the productions of the region, and to the prevailing sentiments of
+the people. The confederated form of government, therefore, almost of
+necessity originated the antagonism of Free States against Slave States;
+while, at the same time, and from the same cause, it enabled the
+opposite sections to give infinitely greater force and effect to this
+antagonism, than would have been possible under any other
+constitutional conditions. Rebellion might possibly have been initiated
+within the bosom of a consolidated republic, and such a government might
+well have been broken into two or more fragments; but this would have
+been far less likely to happen in that case than in existing
+circumstances. At all events, there would have been no room for the
+dangerous doctrine of secession, and that plausible pretext would have
+been wanting to the incipient rebellion; nor would there have been
+anything equivalent to the State organizations which unfortunately
+afforded the ready means of immediate and most effective combination.
+The inestimable advantages of our complex political system in avoiding
+the necessary despotism of consolidated government, by establishing
+local legislation and administration in a number of partially
+independent States, were in some measure counterbalanced by a natural
+tendency to discord among the parts, and a capacity for independent
+action in support and perpetuation of dangerous divergencies of opinion
+and policy. If some States could repudiate slave labor, and gradually
+build the fabric of their prosperity on the safer basis of universal
+education, others could, with equal disregard of everything but their
+own will and fancied interests, cherish and encourage the original
+system of servile subordination and compulsory ignorance of the laboring
+class, with which all the States started into their career of
+independence at the commencement of the Revolution. And, unhappily, both
+parties to this discordant social action were unrestrained by any
+constitutional obligation, or by any common authority whatever, in the
+indulgence, within their respective limits, of mutual hatred and
+vituperation, with all those numberless and exasperating injuries which
+no law can either notice or redress. These conflicting capabilities,
+with their attendant dangers, lurked in the body of our political
+organization from the very beginning. They were born with it; they grew
+with its growth, and strengthened with its strength, until the fatal
+hour when rebellion undertook the wicked work of its destruction.
+Whatever may be the actual issue of the struggle--whether the attempted
+dismemberment shall prove a success or a disastrous failure--the effect
+of the civil war on the character of our institutions must be
+commensurate with the organic character of the causes out of which it
+arose. So profound a disturbance of the existing social order, so vast
+an upheaval of the very foundations of the whole political fabric, must
+either rend it into fragments, and make necessary a complete
+reconstruction, or must cause it to settle down upon a basis firmer and
+more lasting than that on which it has hitherto rested. We think it
+almost absolutely certain that the latter result will be brought out in
+the end. It cannot be possible that our system will be utterly
+destroyed; and if, against all human probabilities, it should be
+momentarily overthrown, it will rise again hereafter in greater splendor
+and power, by reason of the very calamity through which it will have
+passed.
+
+The federative system, on this continent, will never be abandoned; it
+will be far more likely to be extended much beyond its present limits,
+even including that immense territory which has been the theatre of its
+origin and glorious progress down to the present day. Its superiority
+over any system of consolidated power on a large scale, is beyond all
+doubt, inasmuch as it provides effectually for the perfect freedom of
+local legislation and administration, and for the full participation of
+all the parts in the government of the whole, as to those questions
+which concern the general interests. But in this very distribution of
+powers always consisted the greatest difficulty and the most threatening
+peril; for nothing but actual experience, long continued, could adjust
+to each other with perfect accuracy the nicely balanced parts of this
+complicated political machinery. The principle of local independence is
+naturally liable to exaggeration and abuse. The State authorities have
+ever shown a tendency to claim absolute sovereignty, and to array their
+will against the authority of the Federal Government. This troublesome
+question, forever recurring in the important exigencies of our national
+life, has never been definitely settled, and perhaps it could not be,
+except under the pressure of a great and critical emergency like the
+present. One of the most important consequences of the rebellion will
+therefore be to dispose of this question forever--to settle the
+boundaries of the local and general authorities, and to fix them
+permanently and unalterably. This might possibly have been accomplished
+in the appointed way, by conventions and explanatory amendments to the
+Constitution. But such proceedings would have been subject to all the
+uncertain contingencies and delays involved in partisan struggles and
+popular elections, and to all the imperfections of halfway measures and
+expedients of compromise, born amid angry contentions, and bartered for
+by ambitious aspirants to place and power. By no other means could a
+complete and adequate arrangement of the difficulty be brought about so
+effectually as by the terrible lessons of this lamentable civil war.
+Nothing else would have been so well calculated to clear the eyes of the
+people of all illusions, and to give them an accurate insight into the
+character and demands of the crisis. Great disasters, which destroy the
+fortunes of men, and disturb the prosperity of nations, never fail to
+awaken the human soul, and impart to it some new and important truths.
+The sufferings and calamities of the war are indeed great and
+overwhelming; yet there will be some compensation for them all, in the
+sad experience we shall gain, and in the stability which will result to
+our sorely tried institutions in the future. Even if, against all
+apparent possibilities, the rebellious States should finally conquer
+their independence, not only the old Government, but even the new one
+itself, or the batch of new ones that will spring up, will have learned
+the most salutary lessons from the whole course of this sanguinary
+struggle. No sundering of such ties as have always heretofore existed
+among these States can ever take place peaceably. Both we and our
+enemies will have been taught the never-to-be-forgotten truth that
+secession is civil war. And we should probably have reason thereafter to
+add to this sad lesson the still more solemn and portentous one, that
+permanent separation of these States is nothing more or less than
+perpetual war, with the accompaniments of large standing armies, vast
+public debts, oppressive taxes, loss of liberty, and progressive decline
+of civilization. This state of things would, however, eventually cure
+itself. What is called the balance of power in Europe has been brought
+to its present condition of imperfect stability only through centuries
+of war. What bloody commotions should we experience before the
+conditions of stable equilibrium could be attained by the warring States
+of our broken Union? Each petty fragment of the discordant mass would
+contain within itself the germs of precisely such a struggle as we are
+now passing through. For though the Confederate Government may have
+ostensibly recognized the actual sovereignty of the separate States
+composing it, and thereby pretended to establish the principle of
+secession as a right, the war will not have reached its termination
+before that doctrine will be practically and effectually destroyed in
+the very contest for its assertion. At the moment of its apparent
+triumph, secession itself would expire; for so strong a government will
+be indispensable to this achievement, and to the maintenance of the new
+power, that the very principle which presided at its birth will be
+suspended and destroyed by the paramount necessities of its existence
+and condition. Any one of the deluded States which might in that case
+attempt to assert this right, would soon find, in renewed calamities,
+the folly and danger of the theory on which it is founded.
+
+Nothing but the hope of foreign intervention has sustained the cause of
+the rebellion until the present time; and the realization of that hope
+can alone keep up its vitality, and give it success in the future. The
+disparity of strength and numbers in the two sections is decisive of the
+whole case, if they be left to conclude the fight themselves. The
+question is one of means and men, of resources and endurance; and when
+we consider the effects of the blockade, and of the probably action of
+the slaves under the policy of the President, or even under the ordinary
+progress of the war, no great length of time can be required to bring
+the contest to an issue, even if the armies of the Union should not at
+once succeed in overwhelming the enemy and taking possession of his
+country. In spite of discouraging delays and military blunders, and of
+all the waste of life and means which have hitherto marked the conduct
+of the war, the great struggle is still progressing rapidly, though
+silently, in other fields than those of battle, and with other weapons
+than bayonets and artillery. The sinews of war are gradually becoming
+shrivelled in the arm of the rebellion. Every bale of cotton locked up
+in the ports of the South, or hidden in its thickets and ravines, or
+given to the flames by ruthless hands of the guerillas, is so much
+strength withheld from the enemy, and, in the vast aggregate, will
+eventually be equivalent to the overthrow of his armies and the capture
+of his cities. The large number of slaves rushing to our lines, and the
+still greater number rendered restless under restraint, and preparing to
+escape, may be expected, in any other year, to make even his supply of
+bread precarious, and still further to paralyze his strength and destroy
+his means of resistance. But in addition to these accumulating
+difficulties and misfortunes, our armies are everywhere moving down upon
+him apparently with irresistible force, and threaten to anticipate the
+slower, but not less certain work of physical exhaustion. He is hard
+pressed in Virginia, where his pretended capital is again menaced; he is
+driven out of Kentucky and Missouri, and is fast receding before our
+victorious forces in Tennessee. We have penetrated into Mississippi, and
+await only the swelling of the waters to capture its last stronghold,
+Vicksburg, when the great valley from Cairo to New Orleans will be in
+our possession, and the rebel confederacy will be sundered through its
+very spine. We hold important points on the Atlantic coast and in the
+Gulf, including the great metropolis of the South, New Orleans, and the
+whole coast of Texas.
+
+By her own energies alone, these losses can never be recovered by the
+South. Without aid from abroad, there is not the remotest possibility of
+prolonging the contest for another year, much less of establishing the
+Confederate Government on any permanent basis. And even with such
+interference, supposing it to be successful, the career of the new power
+would be brief, and full of trouble. It would merely exchange its
+position of equality in the old Union, for one of degrading dependence
+and subserviency to some one of the great European Governments. The
+system of slavery could not be preserved. The demoralization has already
+gone too far; and no French sovereign or English administration could
+safely venture to interfere in our quarrel for the purpose of upholding
+that institution. In the midst of a dissolving social organization, this
+exhausted and fragmentary American power, galvanized into temporary
+vitality by the sinister aid of foreign arms, would be compelled to
+undertake the task of determining its boundaries, defending its
+frontiers, and reorganizing its chaotic society. All this would have to
+be accomplished in the presence of a still powerful adversary, jealous
+of her own rights, and ever ready to assert them, as opportunity would
+permit, in the face of all opposition. European affairs are not yet so
+thoroughly adjusted, and the peace of that continent established on so
+firm a basis, that complications may not be anticipated at almost any
+moment, which would at once free America from the disgraceful trammels
+of foreign intervention. It is doubtful whether such a movement from
+Europe could be successful, even under all the deplorable difficulties
+which now beset our country. Let any one of those Governments lay its
+hand on the United States, and revolution would probably hasten to rear
+its awful head, and so arouse the people of the continent as to shake
+and endanger the very thrones which now seem to be most firmly
+established. The unfriendly blow aimed at us might possibly react upon
+its authors, and transfer to them the misfortunes and disorders which
+now afflict this country. So just a retribution is not beyond the
+probabilities of the present situation in Europe, whether intervention
+should come from the English aristocracy or from the French emperor. The
+instincts of the people, everywhere, are on our side; their strong arms
+may not be slow to vindicate the judgment they pronounce, and to follow
+the sentiments and sympathies which animate their generous hearts.
+
+But in spite of all difficulties and discouragements, at home or abroad,
+we firmly believe our righteous cause will eventually prevail, and the
+Union be restored to even more than its former glory. The overthrow of
+the power of the rebellion, the utter exhaustion of all its resources,
+and the frightful derangement of its entire social economy, will leave
+the people of the South in a condition of helplessness which will render
+further resistance impracticable. An immediate resumption of hostilities
+will be effectually prevented by the military force which will
+necessarily be maintained for some time after the close of the final
+campaign of the war; and before the strength of the rebellious States
+can be recruited for another similar contest, new ideas will be
+engendered, and new sentiments of attachment to the Union may be
+expected to grow up and take the place of that unnatural bitterness
+which has exasperated the war and prolonged its horrors. An inevitable
+change of institutions in the South, with moderate and conciliatory
+measures on the part of the North, will serve gradually to heal the
+dangerous wound, self-inflicted, which has so nearly destroyed the very
+existence of the fairest and most favored part of our country. In the
+end, a homogeneous society will extend over the whole Union, and new
+vigor will be infused into our political organization, by reason of its
+recovery from the terrible disease by which it has been attacked and for
+a time utterly prostrated. The alterative effects of this critical
+danger overcome, and of the treatment rendered necessary, will doubtless
+be one of the most important consequences of the rebellion.
+
+The dogma of secession, as applied to our complex government, is
+inconsistent with reason, and has often been effectually refuted by
+argument. But sophistry, stimulated by ambition, was ever ready to renew
+the controversy, and to perpetuate it in all the forms of vicious logic
+and plausible ratiocination. The appeal to force, however, has done
+something more than refute an argument; it has already discomfited the
+whole theory, and it will not end short of the utter annihilation of the
+very idea of secession as a right, and as a remedy for any evils,
+fancied or real, which may be suffered or imagined under our Government.
+After the close of the war, when men look back to its bloody fields and
+its awful sacrifices, they will be amazed at the insane folly which
+permitted them to consider the great American Union, with its honorable
+history, its wonderful progress, its immense power, and its proud
+standing among the nations, as a mere league among petty states, to be
+dissolved at pleasure--as a thing to be broken into fragments, and to be
+divided among ambitious aspirants, to be made the sport of domestic
+faction, or of foreign rapacity and domination, changing its form and
+proportions with every change of popular feeling and every restless
+movement of popular discontent. These fatal delusions will be made to
+disappear forever, and in their place there will remain in the minds of
+men the image of a majestic Government, tried in the furnace of civil
+war, made solid and immovable by its grand and successful efforts to
+resist the threatened overthrow of its power, and becoming paternal by
+the recovery of its wonted strength, which will permit and require the
+exercise of magnanimous forbearance even toward those misguided citizens
+who have raised their traitorous hands against it. Thus, with the awe
+and fear which will be inspired by the tremendous energy put forth to
+conquer the rebellion--an energy which will appear only so much the
+greater and more imposing in proportion to the difficulties and dangers
+met and overcome--there will be mingled the better sentiments of love
+and veneration for a Government which re-establishes order, secures
+protection to all civil rights, and restores, unimpaired, the liberties
+which have been disregarded for a time, in order that they might be
+permanently saved. To the people of the United States, the Union will be
+what it never was before, and what it never could have been without the
+sad experience it is undergoing now. Not that any change of form need be
+effected, or any violence done to the principles on which our system is
+founded. The change will be solely in the spirit in which our
+institutions will be administered, arising from the altered sentiments
+and feelings of the whole people. They will see their Government in a
+new light--a light thrown on it by the grand events of the rebellion,
+revealing capabilities and powers not hitherto known to exist, and
+exhibiting it as the sole refuge in times of commotion and danger,
+standing unmoved amidst the storm, impregnable to all its violence. In
+the public recognition, by universal acquiescence, it will be considered
+stronger than before; and this transformation will be as much a change
+in the minds of the people as in the character and functions of the
+Government itself.
+
+There is, however, no good reason why the central power should acquire
+inordinate strength, and absorb any part of the legitimate functions of
+the local governments. A more liberal interpretation of the Constitution
+will somewhat extend the federal powers, and there will necessarily be
+greater intensity in the exercise of acknowledged authority;
+nevertheless, consolidation need not be the subject of serious
+apprehension. At the beginning of the war, when the Union was sorely
+beset with the most imminent dangers, the executive power was extended
+far beyond its ordinary limits; and perhaps this excess of action has
+been in some cases too long continued, and has been made to embrace
+objects not legitimately within the emergency which originally justified
+the departure. But even under present circumstances, there can be no
+just cause for alarm. There can be no real danger, until the people
+shall have become either overawed and silenced by terror, or careless
+and indifferent to the encroachments on liberty. Such is evidently very
+far from being the case now. The recent elections have shown how
+entirely free is the expression of opinion, and how completely
+untrammelled the political action of the people, who, in this instance,
+have been charged with following their leaders even beyond the bounds
+of just opposition, into the dangerous position of giving encouragement
+to the enemy. Both parties, however, place their own peculiar
+construction on these popular decisions, and it is difficult to
+determine, with any accuracy, what is their actual import. We only know
+that so extensive a change, affecting the position of many of the
+largest States, indicates a serious dissatisfaction of some kind; though
+it is by no means probable that the people have intended to sanction the
+extreme and mischievous views of some of the candidates, who, here and
+there, have secured their election. Factious divisions in the loyal
+States, at this critical period, would be ruinous to the cause of the
+Union. They would distract the public mind and weaken the arm of the
+Government, so as to endanger its success in the war. There is no
+indication of any such intention on the part of the people, whatever may
+be the designs of some of those who have been successful leaders of this
+threatening opposition. And the only effect which ought to follow the
+recent popular demonstration is to admonish the Government, and check it
+in those errors which are only too natural in the mighty contest in
+which it is now engaged. The necessity for decision, vigor, and courage,
+is indeed apparent; and the temptation to go beyond the limits even of
+proper martial energy, is perhaps a sufficient excuse for those in
+power, whose deep sense of responsibility and honest zeal in a holy
+cause may sometimes lead them astray. It is not always given to men in
+high position to remain cool and calm in great emergencies, and to take
+comprehensive views of the requirements of so tremendous a contest, as
+its aspects vary from time to time. The necessary exercise of military
+authority for the preservation of the Government, however harsh and
+severe it may be, will be everywhere justified, and even applauded. But
+there are limits which even military license ought to respect; and when
+the executive authorities go beyond the bounds of reason and necessity,
+they ought themselves to be grateful to those who may have the courage
+to throw themselves into the breach and sternly resist the violation of
+right. The men in power ought to reflect that they are always liable to
+be surrounded by subservient partisans, whose fears or selfish purposes
+may induce them to applaud, when they ought to condemn and reprove.
+Unfortunately, when such parasites are listened to and rewarded, there
+is little hope of just and patriotic action; and this state of things
+leaves no channel of escape, through which the public discontent can be
+manifested, except that of partisan opposition, which, in the existing
+crisis, is perhaps more dangerous even than the evil it pretends to
+condemn and cure. While party divisions, in the midst of dangers such as
+now threaten us, are greatly to be deplored, we can, nevertheless,
+derive some satisfaction from results which otherwise we cannot
+altogether approve. All the essential principles of freedom still
+remain, through this great trial, undestroyed and unsuppressed by
+terrorism; and the popular patriotism and sound common sense, though
+liable to be misled at first, will eventually pronounce a just and
+enlightened judgment. Parasites and flatterers may shrink from the task
+of dissent; but the great heart of the people will find some means of
+expression; and happy will be our country if their honest warnings,
+given upon 'the sober second thought,' shall be noticed and duly heeded.
+There will then be no danger of any serious invasions of liberty, or of
+any permanent absorption of the proper constitutional functions of the
+States by the Federal Government. Doubtless the central power will be,
+and ought to be strengthened. Its standing army will necessarily be
+larger than before the rebellion; the public debt will be greatly
+increased; the taxes will be heavier; and the revenue and disbursements
+larger. Though its functions will remain essentially the same in nature,
+they will have a broader sweep and a greater power. This enlargement of
+its ordinary action will naturally invest it with all the means and
+capacities necessary for its own protection, and without any change of
+the Constitution, it will be recognized as the true embodiment of our
+permanent nationality, forever paramount in its appointed sphere and
+appropriate functions to those of the individual States composing it.
+The sum and substance of the change will be merely that the centripetal
+and centrifugal forces of the system will have become so completely
+adjusted to each other, that from this time forward the eternal
+equilibrium of the whole will be secured. The States will not be shorn
+of any power rightfully theirs, and necessary for their safety and
+progress; but they will be fixed in definite orbits, with the limits of
+their authority distinctly circumscribed and established.
+
+All social changes, sooner or later, produce their appropriate effects
+on political institutions; and no results of the rebellion will be more
+prominent and important than those which will follow the inevitable
+disappearance of slavery. A new system of labor will be inaugurated in
+the border States, as well as in those now in rebellion. The great act
+of emancipation may not be immediate; nor is it by any means desirable
+it should be. So radical a change in the condition of millions of
+uneducated men would be quite as inconvenient, and, indeed, disastrous
+to themselves, for the time being, as to their present owners. Society
+itself would be thrown into the utmost confusion, and all the resources
+of both parties would be temporarily much diminished, if not nearly
+destroyed. But, whether suddenly or gradually, this fundamental change
+must take place; for it is self-evident that slavery cannot survive the
+present struggle. The proclamation of the President, which is to take
+effect on the 1st of January next, will make emancipation more complete
+and speedy; but the same result would have followed the stubborn
+resistance of the rebels, even without that momentous act. It would be a
+mischievous error to believe that emancipation was originally the aim
+and object of the war on the part of the Union, and that the liberation
+of slaves, which was sure to follow its progress, is the direct act of
+our authorities, and not the proper consequence of the rebellion itself.
+A war waged for and on account of slavery--for its increase and
+perpetuation--necessarily, by its own nature, puts that institution at
+stake, and risks it on the contingency of failure. Compelled, in defence
+of the national unity, to carry the war into the heart of the Southern
+States, the world acquiesces in that sound and necessary policy, which
+releases the slaves, and sets them free forever, as fast as they come
+within the protection of our armies. The proclamation is a measure of
+the same nature, intended to destroy the resources of the enemy, and to
+wound him in his most vulnerable point. But it can accomplish little
+more than the previous policy; for the slumbering hopes of the slaves
+were aroused by the first gun fired at Charleston in the beginning of
+the struggle. Every movement of armies, and every bloody battle, which
+has since taken place, has only served to inflame their desire for
+freedom, and to fix their determination to obtain it. They have received
+and gladly welcomed the obscure idea, that, in some way, this sanguinary
+conflict was initiated for their benefit, and will not end without their
+complete emancipation. In this they are not mistaken. The final
+suppression of the rebellion by military force will be the perfect
+consummation of that end, accomplished through the treason and wicked
+folly of the South herself. If she persevere in her stubborn resistance
+to the authority of the Union, the great measure of liberation will be
+the result of her own blind and wilful acts of madness, and this as well
+through their natural and necessary consequences as by the terms and
+import of the President's proclamation. Let slavery destroy itself. It
+is a just and righteous judgment that, in its atrocious effort to
+destroy the nation, it should accomplish chiefly, if not solely, its own
+violent and bloody death. Such retribution often attends the commission
+of great crimes; but it seldom happens that effects so momentous for
+good flow from the infliction which seems intended only for punishment.
+
+Under all circumstances, with or without the proclamation, slavery must
+disappear soon after the suppression of the rebellion. From that time,
+the States will become more and more homogeneous in their social
+organization. This will tend to promote unanimity among them all, and
+therefore, by an obvious process, to strengthen the rightful power of
+the Federal Government. The vast extent of our country, comprising so
+many varieties of condition and climate, and such diversities of
+production, rising through every grade of elevation, from the Atlantic
+seacoast to the central mountains, and thence again descending to the
+shores of the Pacific, with mighty rivers running through nearly twenty
+parallels of latitude--this magnificent seat of republican power affords
+the most unbounded resources for industry in all its employments, and
+for commercial interchange of productions on the most gigantic scale.
+With free labor prevailing everywhere throughout this vast and splendid
+region of the temperate zone, no limits can be assigned to the national
+progress. The population, wealth, activity, and intelligence of the most
+favored among the Free States at the present day, can alone offer the
+measure and example of what the whole will be in the full maturity of
+the new system. No European complexities of inter-state relations, no
+oppressive restrictions on domestic commerce, no fatal divergencies of
+opinion and feeling, no important differences of language and
+literature--none of these obstructions to harmony and progress will
+interfere with the continental development and glorious destiny of our
+Federal Union. All that the earth yields from her teeming surface, or
+from her deep-embowelled mines; all that enterprise can accomplish with
+exhaustless means, the best facilities, and the most stupendous objects;
+and all that genius can create, when stimulated by the richest rewards
+and the freest opportunities for untrammelled exertion, will supply us
+with the means and materials for an almost infinite variety of pursuits
+and occupations; but, at the same time, the essential unity of our
+complex institutions will be maintained, and their power extended and
+exalted by the homogeneity and uniformity of social conditions which
+will prevail more and more with the lapse of years and the succession of
+generations. The blood of all kindred races will be mingled with
+advantage in the veins of the cosmopolitan American; religions will be
+harmonized and unified by the most fraternal liberality and unbounded
+toleration; and the common enlightenment of the whole people by means of
+universal education will exalt them to a condition of unexampled power
+and prosperity. Just as dissensions among the States tend to weaken the
+central power, their uniform and cordial coöperation will give immense
+strength to the whole. Nor will this increase of power be at all
+dangerous, because it will be only the legitimate consequence of the
+greater progress and prosperity of the States themselves. To whatever
+height the greatness of the Union may attain, it will be determined
+exactly by that of the States which compose it--the pyramid of its power
+being made up of theirs, which are but the enduring blocks of which the
+mighty structure is built.
+
+If social unity and political strength will be promoted by the
+suppression of the rebellion and the disappearance of slavery, the ties
+of our Union will be made stronger also by other causes. Emerging from
+the war victorious, not only without being seriously injured, but with
+eventual and speedy increase of power, the Union will command the
+respect of foreign nations in a higher degree than ever before. Those
+European nations, or rather their rulers and nobles, who now in their
+malignant envy hope for the permanent dismemberment of America, will
+then hail her resuscitation with a zeal which will be none the less
+advantageous to us for being forced from them in spite of their present
+hate and detraction. If the division of our country would destroy its
+influence abroad, and subject the parts to constant intrigues and
+interference from foreign powers, the restoration of the Union with even
+more than its former glory will give us unexampled weight in the
+counsels of mankind. Our unexpected and astounding exhibition of
+military power, our thorough command of the American continent, and its
+immense resources, hardly yet begun to be developed, and the unlimited
+prosperity which the future will assuredly bring us, cannot fail to
+strike the minds of European thinkers, and to awaken deep interest among
+the European people. The stream of immigration, interrupted by the war,
+will be renewed with at least its former fulness, and will keep pace
+with the demands of our country for labor and population. The South may
+then be expected to receive her full share of this increase by people
+from abroad, and will then commence that process of condensing and
+permanently fixing her population, without which she can never attain
+any high position in the scale of civilization.
+
+The large public debt destined to be incurred, may be expected to have
+some influence in preventing immigration and improvement; but unless the
+war shall unfortunately linger far beyond the period at which its end is
+now anticipated, the liabilities of the Government will not be so great
+as to prevent the speedy return of our usual prosperity. A different and
+far better system of taxation will be required--one more favorable to
+commerce and at the same time equally productive, or at least
+sufficiently so to meet all our liabilities and provide for the
+extinguishment of the debt within a reasonable time. One of the
+advantages attending this great debt and modifying its certain evils and
+burdens, will be the necessity of devising a stable revenue system,
+intended solely to provide means for sustaining the Government and
+meeting the public obligations. Periodical changes, often depending on
+party ascendency and popular elections, have hitherto marked the
+financial policy of our Government. So long as the sources of revenue
+were superabundant and the demands of the Treasury very moderate, we
+could well afford to make experiments, and even to depart from the true
+principles of taxation, or at least to do so without any very serious or
+ruinous consequences. Now, however, when the public expenditure is about
+to be vastly increased, and when it will be for the first time really
+felt by the people, it will become the first duty of our rulers to study
+the extent and true character of our resources, and to adjust the
+burdens of taxation, with all practicable fairness, to the respective
+capacities of all classes and interests. We may expect to have a system
+stable and permanent in its principles, if not in its details; and the
+basis of this system will be a wise arrangement of duties on imports,
+which must, from various reasons, ever form the great bulk of our taxes.
+
+It is not an American maxim that a great public debt is a public
+blessing; nor is it likely that an educated and eminently practical
+people like ours will ever accept that mischievous paradox. Yet if it
+be desirable that our large public debt should be widely scattered among
+the people, so that every man may be directly interested in maintaining
+the public credit and the stability of the Government, the present
+system, now but imperfectly adapted to that object, might easily be made
+to accomplish it fully. If the Treasury notes recently issued were the
+only paper circulation in the country--that is to say, if the banks were
+prohibited, by taxation or otherwise, from making any issues of their
+own--the Government might increase their amount to at least five hundred
+millions, with even less than the present depreciation, and would thus
+enjoy the benefit of a loan to that amount without the payment of any
+interest. As it is now, the banks get the advantage of a great part of
+this extensive loan, and at the same time perform a function which
+properly belongs to the Government--that of furnishing a currency for
+the people. By the proposed system, the entire community would be
+interested in this part of the public debt, and would doubtless find the
+circulating medium much safer and better than that now manufactured by
+the numberless banks chartered by the States. The issue of these notes
+by State institutions was always an evasion of that clause of the
+Constitution which prohibits the States from issuing bills of credit,
+and is plainly against the spirit and intention of the instrument. If
+our public debt should, in this way, eventually drive all bank notes out
+of circulation and banish them forever, it will have accomplished a
+valuable work in restoring the true construction of the Constitution,
+and, in this particular at least, will have proved a public blessing. It
+will be very easy, in the course of time, to redeem the Treasury notes,
+and gradually to substitute for them a species of national paper based
+on actual deposits, which will afford all the conveniences with none of
+the dangers of the present system, by which the local banks virtually
+establish the currency of the country, flooding it with all varieties of
+paper, without uniformity of value, with no adequate control or
+regulation of its quantity, thus producing periodical convulsions and
+robbing the people of their hard-earned savings.
+
+If the rebellion, by the burdens which it leaves behind, shall bring
+about these two results--the adoption of a wise and permanent system of
+revenue, and the establishment of a sound currency by the prohibition of
+all bank circulation--it will have accomplished ends only inferior in
+importance to the two primary consequences, the overthrow of the
+principle of secession and the destruction of slavery. Thus, this
+tremendous convulsion would bring out of the chaos a new order in the
+political world, by annihilating secession, and by perpetuating the
+Union and banishing all fear of its dissolution; in the social, by
+substituting free men for slaves; in the financial, by a permanent
+adjustment of tariffs and taxation; and in the commercial, by the
+prohibition of bank paper and the substitution of a safe and uniform
+currency.
+
+
+
+
+'I;' OR, SUMMER IN THE CITY.'
+
+     'I love the sweet security of streets.'--CHARLES LAMB.
+
+
+'I,' my charming friend, do not fully sympathize with the late Mr.
+Lamb's statement, as quoted above; which statement I always have
+believed partially owed its origin to its very tempting alliterative
+robe.
+
+For myself, I do _not_ particularly like the 'sweet security of
+streets,' but vastly prefer 'a boundless contiguity of shade,'
+especially during the present month--August--or
+
+   'A life on the ocean wave.'
+
+I do not mean a permanent residence there--that would be liable to be
+damp and unhealthy, and altogether too insecure to be 'sweet;'--but when
+I say a 'life on the ocean wave,' it is merely my poetical license for a
+cottage at Newport. (I wish, indeed, that I had any _but_ a poetical one
+for such a possession!)
+
+But what folly for me to talk of a cottage there! when my limited income
+does not even admit of a cot in the cheapest of seaside inns.
+
+Gentle reader! shrink not from me when, in addition to this melancholy
+confidence, I also announce to you that I live in town--in 'Boston
+town,' to be accurate--during August! I belong to the 'lower orders of
+society;' and my only Newport is the Public Garden, or a walk to
+Longwood, and, when I am _very_ affluent, a horse-car drive to Savin
+hill, where a teaspoonful of sea view is administered to the humble
+wayfarer.
+
+Yes! I positively did exist in the city, not only through the month of
+August, but all the summer days of all the summer months. I mention
+_August_ in the city, because I know that has a peculiarly God-forgotten
+and forsaken sound.
+
+I should soon cease to exist anywhere, I fancy, if I did _not_ stay in
+town, for (horror No. 2!) I work at a trade in order to earn my daily
+bread and coffee! What my particular trade is, I am not going to
+divulge--that shall remain a delicious mystery (the only delicious thing
+about it); only this much I will confide: I do not, _à la_ Mr. Frederick
+Altamont, 'sweep the crossing.' Unhappy Altamont! he did not appreciate
+the sweet security of streets.
+
+'Poor thing!' you exclaim, 'work at a trade?'
+
+Rest tranquil, fair one; the phrase doubtless sounds harshly to your
+delicate, aristocratic ears. (Oh, what lovely earrings!) Be tranquil! I
+do not work _very_ hard; my hands are perhaps so audacious as to be as
+small, as white, and as soft as your own.
+
+But I have to 'work reg'lar,' every week day of all the months of every
+year; and when the time arrives for me to go into the country, I shall
+not return again to Boston; for I shall go to a land from whence no
+traveller returns. _Apropos_ of this rather dismal topic: A queer cousin
+of mine, 'Sans Souci,' who has a taste for 'morbid anatomy,' was the
+other day enjoying himself with Mr. Smith, the cheerful sexton of the
+King's Chapel. These two were 'down among the dead men,' under the
+church, when Mr. Smith apologized for leaving my cousin, on the plea
+that he had a previous engagement to take a young gentleman into the
+country--a delicate way of stating that he was about to convey a body
+out to Mount Auburn!
+
+Some fine day, I too shall take a drive with some Mr. Smith--not, of
+course, _the_ S. C. Smith, for, as I have mentioned, 'I' belong to the
+'lower orders.'
+
+Now let me tell you of _my_ Newport, and of what mitigations there are
+for the poor wretches who pass their summer in the city, to whom the
+joys of Sharon, Saratoga, the Hudson, and of Lake George are as
+impossible as though these delightful resorts were in other planets.
+Perhaps, like Mr. T. A.'s 'good Americans,' they have a vague hope that
+when they die they can visit these famous places! For myself, I long ago
+made out my 'visiting list.' Oh, bless you! as soon as I shall be 'out
+of the body,' I shall start on the most delightful tour (no bother about
+the luggage, checks, or couriers!); it will be years and years before I
+fairly 'settle down' in that
+
+   'bright particular star'
+
+I have selected for my permanent residence. Yes! you horrible madame!
+oh, you horrible madame, who express your fears that I shall 'never be
+settled,' speaking of me as if I were the coffee in your
+coffee-pot--(only, of course, such a well-regulated dame's coffee is
+never anything but _quite_ clear and settled)--yes, to relieve your
+poor, narrow mind, I can bid you hope that in another and pleasanter
+world I fully expect to be--'settled.' I tell you this beforehand, for I
+am very sure that you won't go to the same planet, and therefore will
+never have the satisfaction of knowing the fact from personal
+observation.
+
+But what am I about? Building castles in the skies! Mr. Editor Leland,
+as usual, protests against my sad lack of con-cen-tra-tion! Let us
+concentrate, therefore, my beloved hearers! With or without sugar? Oh, I
+was beginning to tell you about Newport--_my_ Newport, the Public Garden
+of Boston, _alias_ Hub-opolis--which you, poor things! belonging to the
+'higher orders' and living on Arlington, Berkely, Clarendon, and the
+Duke of Devonshire streets, never have a chance to see in its Augustan
+pomp and glory. In fact, till this summer, its 'pomp and glory' were
+quite concealed by dust and ashes; but now, thanks to the 'City
+Fathers,' it is
+
+   'Ye land of flowers.'
+
+Let me describe it to you; for though your dwellings are directly
+opposite, yet, custom compelling you to leave them before the flower
+season begins, you in reality know less of it than I do, living in a
+street whose name must not be mentioned to ears polite. 'Tis far from
+the Beacon 'haunts of men,' far from the Garden, and uncommonly far from
+the Common. I rise betimes on these summer mornings, and, before I go to
+my work, shaking off the dust of my obscure street, I enter your sacred
+precincts, oh, F. F. B.'s! Bless you, it can do you no harm, for even
+your boudoirs do not look out at me; their eyes are shuttered to all
+such vulgar sights. It was impertinent, but this morning I pitied you
+(_you!_) that you could not see the wondrous beauty of the--_city in
+August!_
+
+The morning was gloriously beautiful: it might have been the sister to
+that one born so long ago, on which its Creator looked, and said that it
+was 'good.' I actually forgot that I had no position; I imagined I had,
+for the very brightest beauty filled my soul--I saw angels ascending and
+descending (not Beacon street, as in the winter season) the charmed air
+around me. 'Ye land of flowers,' indeed! All of them mine--mine, though
+I must not pluck the humblest one. In truth, I had no desire to do so.
+Why should I take the lovely creatures from their beautiful home, to the
+close, dull room where I must sit all the bright day? Let me rather
+think of them fresh, free, and happy there, as I often think of a
+golden-haired child in heaven; one so dear to my heart of hearts, I
+bless God that I _can_ think of her there with the angels who stand
+nearest the Throne--and far, far away the weary paths that I must tread
+to the end. But if heaven had not wanted another cherub, and she had
+been left to be the flower of my life, think you I could have seen her
+beauty wither in the dull room to which I must hasten in an hour? No! a
+thousand times no! I should leave her with her sisters in the garden
+here, with her cousins, the birds and butterflies, while I worked for
+both. Lilies must neither 'toil nor spin.' How idly I am dreaming! She
+is far away from this worky-day world; I shall never see her again, but
+in dreams, as now! Little sister! with starry eyes, and soft curls
+clustering around the sweet infant face; so many nights the same bright
+vision--with the same wreath which I myself placed on her head, of May's
+pale flowers, and she the palest. Only lilies of the valley, I remember,
+seemed fitting for my darling's brow, or to grow on
+
+
+ANNIE'S GRAVE.
+
+   Bright Roses, wither on the spray!
+     Your sweetness mocks the doom
+   Of her whose cheeks, so pale to-day,
+     Were rivals of your bloom.
+
+   Sweet Violets, I charge ye, fade!
+     Wear not those robes of blue,
+   For eyes are closed which Nature made
+     Of a more lovely hue.
+
+   Pale Lilies, sad and drooping low,
+     With perfume like her breath,
+   On Annie's grave alone shall grow,
+     _Fair flower, plucked by Death_.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   Call it an affectation, if you will, but I
+   never take a flower from its home without
+   a slight twinge of pain. I _know_ it
+   suffers! However, I have no scruples in
+   accepting flowers after they are plucked
+   by others. So pray do not hesitate
+   about sending me that superb bouquet,
+   which you intended to send me _to-morrow_!
+   Have you never observed the
+   brutal habit which 'some persons'
+   have, of recklessly attacking shrubs
+   and flowers, as though they were rank
+   weeds (or secessionists), and, without
+   in the least enjoying their spoils, tossing
+   their quivering, trembling victims
+   aside, before they are dead or even
+   withered? Such are not worthy of
+   flowers, excepting French flowers,
+   which are not supposed to suffer. Oh,
+   my countrywomen! would that they
+   _did_ suffer a little from our neglect.
+
+   Do you know who Lacoontolâ is?
+   I have made her acquaintance this
+   summer, and find it one of the compensations
+   for passing the summer in
+   town.
+
+   She is to be found at the City
+   Library--'Lacoontolâ, or, The Fatal
+   Ring,' translated from the Sanscrit.
+   Go there for her, I pray you, and you
+   will admire with me the exquisite description
+   of her tenderness to these
+   'flower people,' as Mrs. Mann calls them.
+
+   But, pardon! You who belong to the
+   'highest orders' must be already intimate
+   with Mlle. Lacoontolâ, for she is
+   highly connected: her papa was a king
+   (quite equal in position to Mr. Abe
+   Lincoln); her mamma, I regret to
+   state, though a very charming person,
+   was an actress or goddess, or something
+   in that line. Lacoontolâ, however, in
+   spite of her papa's indiscretion, married
+   a prince, and was, in fact, perfectly
+   genteel and quite religious. Before
+   her marriage, she appears to have
+   'lived in the woods' the year round;
+   her wardrobe being 'turu-lural.' She
+   used to wear the 'dearest' little zouave
+   of the 'tender bark' of the 'Aurora
+   tree.'
+
+   'Rich and rare were the gems she wore,'
+
+for her bracelets were the 'long perfumed stems of the waterlilies!' and
+in her hair the lotus flower, in place of a lace _barbe_!
+
+There is a very beautiful description of Lacoontolâ's love and tender
+treatment of all the flowers and shrubs--her companions--and of all
+_dumb_ animals. (_On dit_ that the prince was henpecked by _Mrs._ L.!)
+
+This wild girl had a human love for the forest flowers; she says to
+thee, Madhari Creeper: 'Oh, most radiant of twining plants, receive my
+embraces, and return them with thy flexible arms: from this day, though
+at a distance, I shall forever be thine.' How unconventional! I fancy
+Mlle. L. must have inherited this style of conversation from her mamma;
+all very well, when confined to flowers and 'creeping' things; but one
+day, as she was out walking, she met 'by chance--the usual way,' Prince
+Dashuranti, and our young lady said pretty much the same sort of thing
+to him as to the 'Creeper,' falling violently in love with him at first
+sight. It struck H. R. H. as a little peculiar--rather extraordinary in
+a well-bred miss; but as it was leap year, and learning that she was the
+only child, and would inherit all of papa's immense fortune, he married
+her 'off-hand;'--well, that very afternoon at four o'clock--by the
+sundial. You see it didn't take so long 'in those days,' to get the
+trousseau, and all 'the things' in readiness. Papa raised his
+sceptre-wand, and mumbled some infernal gibberish--and, lo! all the
+trees and shrubs blossomed instanter, with the 'sweetest loves' of
+things trimmed with 'real point;'--well, with something just as
+delicious to the soul of a young (or middle-aged) maiden on the eve of
+matrimony. There was no necessity, either, for an order to Bigelow
+Bros., Boston--since, if Dushuranti wished to present her with a pair of
+bracelets on her wedding day, he had but to 'push out' on the pond, and
+get some waterlilies!
+
+The 'gibberish' in which the old gentleman is said to have invoked the
+backwoods 'Chandlers' and 'Hoveys,' I will obligingly translate for you,
+as possibly you may not be able to read it in the original Sanscrit! Oh!
+don't tell _me_ that you 'won't trouble me,' and all that. I _will_ bore
+you, and nobody can save you!
+
+'Hear, O ye trees of this hallowed forest, hear and proclaim that
+Lacoontolâ is going to the palace of her wedded lord. She who drank not,
+though thirsty, before you were watered; she who cropped not, through
+affection for you, one of your fresh leaves, though she would have been
+pleased with such an ornament for her locks; she whose chief delight was
+in the season when your branches are sprayed with flowers,' &c., &c.
+Should you like a photograph of this charming person, Lacoontolâ, taken
+by Black & Batchelder, at the time of her marriage, 'Williams & Everett'
+can oblige you. You will perceive, from her picture, that she is not too
+fond of dress, or a 'slave to fashion.'
+
+'Rappacini's daughter' (one of Hawthorne's Mosses) was a morbid
+'Lacoontolâ.' She loved her flowers,--'not wisely, but too well!' She
+became a sort of exterminatrix--a strychninus young person! From the
+poisonous _arsenic_ embraces of her garden loves, she acquired, you
+remember, her fatal, glowing beauty--beauty altogether 'too rich for
+use, for earth too dear,' since it consigned the 'party' ensnared by it
+to the silent tomb!
+
+'Rappacini's daughter,' indeed! Lovely girl-woman, seated at yonder bay
+window (to be accurate, the 'Back Bay window'!), playing with your ten
+cherub children; your tropical 'midsummer-night's-dream' beauty recalls
+Beatrice (Hawthorne's Beatrice I mean). How many have _you_ slain, my
+love? And Madame Grundy echoes: 'Their name is legion!' 'A quick
+brunette, well moulded, falcon-eyed'! As in the description of Beatrice,
+one is reminded 'of all rich and intense colors'--the purple-black hair,
+the crimson cheek, the scarlet lips. And the eyes? ah! gazing into those
+wonderful eyes, one forgets the color they wear, in trying to interpret
+their language! 'Cleopatra!' who would not be an Antony for thee? _I
+would not!_
+
+I have unconsciously interrupted a lady in her morning bath!--the 'stone
+lady' of the fountain. She seems to be looking for her Turkish towel,
+judging from her anxious expression! Rather a good-looking person--quite
+pretty, if only she would go to Summer street and purchase a black silk.
+Dress, I fancy, would improve 'her style of beauty.' Poor thing! it's
+rather a long walk to take, _à la_ 'Lacoontolâ'! I must lend her my
+waterproof, only she appears already to be water-proved! How she _must_
+envy the coloring and the clothes of my beautiful dame of the window!
+
+But my hour is passing away! '_Resurgam_'--as the sun incorrectly
+remarked this morning--and go on my way, rejoicing to say 'bon jour' to
+all my dear flower friends. And first, the 'Asters'--they always were
+rich, you know, from 'John Jacob' down; but this summer, _malgrè_ taxes
+and curtailment of incomes and go-comes, the family appear in
+unprecedented splendor. What gorgeous Organdies! all quilled in the
+fashion--but not by Madame Peinot: her cunning right hand, with all its
+cunning, ne'er quilled so exquisitely. Those graceful, fragile Petunias
+(what a family of sisters!), in their delicate _glaze_ silks (ratherish
+_décolleté!_), and the Superbia, Empress 'Gladiolus,' in brocade of such
+daring hues, may call the Asters 'stiff and prudish' in their quilled
+muslins; but, what say the Asters in return? Ah! what do they _not_ say?
+
+The Verbenas seem fairly delirious this morning, as though the
+consciousness of their own beauty made them run wildly from their beds
+into the paths, to say to the passers-by, with their bright little
+faces:
+
+'See! am I not charming?'
+
+Well, you _are_ pretty--_very_ pretty; but I care not for you as for
+your plainer stepsister, the 'sweet-scented Verbena.' She has a pale,
+sad face; but she has a _soul_, which you have not, poor things! for
+perfume is the soul of 'flower people.'
+
+But, who wants gold? Lives there a man with purse so full who does _not_
+want it? Well, then, snatch that heap of sunshine, that dazzling
+Coreopsis, and be off before the policeman turns into this path. Ah, ye
+Daylilies! You break my heart with your moonlight faces. Standing apart
+from the world-flowers, like novices in their white veils, who offer the
+incense of their beauty to Heaven--oh! give a little of your perfume to
+a poor un-otto-of-rosed mortal--breathe on me, and I can laugh at the
+costly 'Wood Violet,' 'Eglantine,' and 'Rose,' with which Harris &
+Chapman scent their patronesses--to be dollared in return!
+
+Daylilies, your perfume is too subtle, too vague, to be coined or
+'cabined, cribbed, confined' in scent bottles.
+
+Ah! the flowering Mosses; they seem to be having one eternal picnic with
+the Myrtles and Verbenas, playing forever that dear-to-children game of
+'Tag'! Some are arrayed in Solferino velvets, rather heavy for this warm
+day! Prettier these, in soft rose-colored robes, and this, in a
+
+   'Oh! call me fair, not pale'--
+
+well, _almost_ pale robe, the very climax of delicacy: the faintest
+thought of rose color alone prevents one from calling it lily-white. I
+am reminded of you, O flower-named friend! Vision of loveliness! which
+has in a few never-to-be-forgotten days oasised my Sahara life. Now I
+have reached the pond--_my_ Lake George! It is fresh and breezy this
+morning, after last night's thunder-shower, and the mimic waves are
+impatiently breaking over the thus-far-shalt-thou-go stone. I cannot
+blame them for rushing over that green sward to give a morning kiss to
+the blushing 'Forget-me-nots,' and just say to them, 'Remember _me_!'
+
+Yes; I have a few crumbs of time left to sit in the rustic arbor and
+give one lingering look behind, that I may carry a picture with me when
+I go to my work.
+
+How fortunate it is for one that these flowers are Londoners in their
+habits, and pass August in the city! I can go to their receptions daily,
+if I choose; they are always at home to the poorest, the most
+unfashionable; they keep no 'visiting book' in their hall.
+
+Hark! the bell rings seven o'clock. There is a 'knocking at the gate'
+of my fairy land; it warns me that I must be on my Washington-street
+way, to earn my bread.
+
+_Bien!_ my first meal of to-day has been satisfactory. Heaven hath sent
+me all manner of manna for breakfast--and for lunch? a banana. Yes; on
+my way 'down town' I shall pass the Studio Building, where the B.'s
+live; I will buy one of them, but shall also steal--many glances at the
+Hamburg grapes, those peachiest of peaches, bombastic blackberries, and,
+O Pomona! _such_ pears.
+
+I escape! purse uninjured, only bananared. I reach Winter street, where
+I must turn my back on the Common pleasures of Boston life--but yet, one
+glance at that seductive window of the corner store, which, indeed, is
+nearly all window. Flowers are there, of course,--flowers from January
+to January; any poor devil can have a temporary conservatory at that
+window, 'all for nothing;' I ought to pay a yearly tax for the pleasure
+I steal in that way. The woman who carries my portmonnaie, only permits
+me to open it for the 'necessaries' of life: the luxuries of hot-house
+grapes and flowers ever wear for me that fatal label: 'Touch not, taste
+not.' Bread and cologne are, of course, the first necessities of life;
+in rolls and religion I am a Parkerite; in cologne, I swear by 'Mrs.
+Taylor'! Beacon street, I beg that you won't faint at this horrible
+disclosure!
+
+Who _is_ 'Mrs. Taylor'? and echo answers, 'We haven't the faintest odor
+of an idea!' None know her but to praise, wherever she may be. With
+Sancho Panza we say, 'Blessings on the man who invented Mrs. Taylor at
+seventy-five cents _per_--the hock bottle. I catch a glimpse of her long
+neck, stretching up among the roses and Geraniums: my cologne nature
+can't resist that sight! I obey the syren's call, though it will leave
+me a beggar, but with Mrs. T. in my chaste-embrace.
+
+'The man I work for' treats me, for some reason, with 'distinguished
+consideration.' Though I may sometimes be a little after the required
+hour, it's all right; and though he's a Yankee, no questions are asked!
+I still have a precious quarter remaining--not of a dollar, but of time.
+I have in my purse one postage stamp; but that will warrant a visit to
+Loring's! One must have books as well as bread and cologne. O LORING!
+what an institution art thou! Name dear to all classes, from Madame
+----, who steps from her carriage, to the pretty shop-girl, who always
+wants Mrs. Southworth's last--and worst--novel.
+
+Who, indeed, 'so poor' as not 'to do _him_ reverence,' and find two
+cents _per_ day, when for that sublimely small sum one can get a
+companion for any and every mood,
+
+   'Grave to gay, from lively to severe?'
+
+But will 'LORING'S' be open at this early dawn? 'Open,' indeed! one does
+not catch _him_ napping; yes, open and so inviting! A literary public
+garden so fresh and clean, as
+
+   'Just washed in a shower.'
+
+In the rear, behind the desk, one is always sure of finding at least
+_two roses_, and _on_ the desk a vase of flowers is certainly to be
+seen--the offering of some one of the hundreds of admirers who go to
+Loring's, nominally for some entertaining book--and they always find
+one!
+
+'What book did you say, miss?' asks Fleur de Marie. ('Where _does_ she
+get those lilies and roses? I saw none like them in the garden this
+morning. Ah! many of the dames who enter here from their carriages would
+also like to ask my question--since they do not seem to find them even
+at Newport!) 'If you please, _what_ book?' again inquire the Roses.
+
+'Oh!' I answer, 'I was looking, and forgot what I came for; is 'Out of
+his Head' _in_ yet?'
+
+The fair librarian evidently thinks I am out of mine. Ah! would that I
+were, and out of my whole body; but no! ingrate that I am, to-day I
+should be content--simply _to be_; even a cabbage ought to be happy in
+such perfect summer weather. T. B. Aldrich _is_ in--as much as he ever
+is supposed to be; but I recall now that I read his sketchy book the
+other night, while I was brushing my hair, giving it a sort of 'good
+time generally,' letting it run wild a little before going to sleep. I
+read 'Pierre Antoine's Date Tree' quite through, and liked--the _last
+part_ very much indeed. There are some people whom I am always very glad
+to have visit me, because I feel so 'dreadful glad' when they go away.
+So, also, it compensates one to read certain books for the sake of the
+delicious sensation one experiences on finishing them! What a pile of
+'_Les Misérables_,' Fantine? _C'est assez misérable._ The 'Hunchback' is
+the least deformed of Hugo's offspring; but I read _that_ last Sunday
+morn--no; I mean last Saturday evening; for I went to church on Tremont
+street, last Sunday. What's this? it looks as tempting as a banana, and
+is not unlike one in color. 'Melibæus in London,' in the summer, too:
+good! I'll take that, it shall 'assist' the banana at my lunch. I hurry
+out of this 'little heaven,' murmuring, as I depart: 'LORING, live
+forever!'
+
+Lady Macbeth undoubtedly alluded to you when she says:
+
+   'We _fail_? there's no such word as fail!'
+
+I believe the Macbeths, and, in fact, everybody but Loring, has failed
+during the war times. McClellan certainly has--not succeeded.
+
+The police (those gentlemen of elegant leisure) do not even suspect how
+much I have stolen, and what treasures I am carrying off before nine
+o'clock A. M.! All the splendors of the early morning are mine; they
+will gild the dull grey of my working hours. What a stock of perfumes
+stolen from the garden! they will sweeten the 'business air' of
+Washington street. The fountain's glistening spray will sprinkle the
+dusty walk to 'the shop.'
+
+I have not yet told you of the kisses taken--not from Féra's, but from
+the cherry-ripe lips of two lovely children, with whom I formed an
+intimacy in the garden by the pond; they were 'sailing' their mimic
+boats there. I almost wished
+
+   'I were a boy again,'
+
+and had a boat to sail! These children had such a brave and haughty
+beauty, and their dress being of purple and fine linen, I supposed their
+name must be Berkeley or Clarendon, but was grieved to learn from the
+artless darlings that it was Muggins! However, their kisses were
+unexceptionable, whatever their origin may have been.
+
+But what a 'heap' of Beauty I stole in my return walk through
+Beaconstreet mall! No wonder those magnificent elms are in love with
+each other, and embrace over the people's heads! When I come into my
+fortune, I intend, early the next morning, before breakfast, to make the
+first use of my 'funds' in purchasing Mr. George Ticknor's house. (Of
+course, he will not object.) I shall then laugh at the mill-dam
+principalities and powers when I look from my library windows down that
+long vista of noble trees. Come and see me when I am settled there! You
+shall have a warm welcome in winter, and a cool one in summer. And now,
+fare thee well, whoever thou art, who hast kindly walked with me to the
+door of--my 'place of business.' I will not ask you to enter there. I
+can worry through the day: unseen companions go with me to soothe and
+cheer; so do not pity me that I am what I am--'nobody,' living
+'nowhere.' You have seen that the Angel of Beauty disdains not to appear
+in my humble path--and sometimes hovers so near, I can almost touch her
+wings!
+
+And so God be w'ye! Little joys to you are great joys to me. There be
+those above you, 'kinges and princes and greate emperours,' to whom your
+luxuries and badges would seem as little as mine are to you. When you
+are beautiful, you adorn my street; when you are unlovely, I--pass you
+by. _Bon jour la compagnie!_
+
+
+
+
+THE IVY.
+
+   'Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.
+   Fairies, begone, and be all ways away.
+   So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle
+   Gently entwist,--the female Ivy so
+   Enrings the barky fingers of the elm.
+   Oh, how I love thee; how I dote on thee!'
+
+   _Midsummer Night's Dream_, act iv., scene 1.
+
+     'The bearers of the thyrsus (bound with Ivy) are many, but the
+     Bacchantæ are few.'--_Orphic saying._
+
+
+If, among plants, the Rose is unmistakably feminine, from the delicate
+complexion of its flower, the Ivy is not less so from the tender
+sentiment of attachment expressed by its whole form and life. In her
+infinite array of poetic symbols, Nature has given us nothing so
+exquisitely typical of all that is best in woman, as that which may be
+found in the graceful curves and in the firm strength of this vine. In
+youth and beauty, she clings to the husband tree or parental wall for
+support, and, like a wife or daughter, conceals defects, and imparts a
+softer shadowing and contour to the support, without which she herself
+had never risen to light and life. Time passes on. The oak grows old,
+the wall is shattered by lightning; but the Ivy, now strong and firm,
+shelters the limbs or binds together the tottering walls with greater
+care than before, and covers decay and rifts with fresh care--aided by
+the younger daughter-vines.
+
+This simile has occurred to poets in all lands, in all ages. In an old
+Chinese poem (JOLOWICZ, _der Poetische Orient_, s. 7) we are told that
+'in the south there lives a tree, the Ivy _Ko_ clings and winds around
+it, bringing the most excellent of joys and happiness in excess.' Owing
+to this natural and most palpable resemblance, the ancient Greeks caused
+the officiating priest in the temple to present to a bridal pair, on
+entering, a twig of Ivy, 'as a symbolical wish that their love, like it,
+might ever continue fresh.' It was a beautiful thought, and one which
+was not lost sight of in the ecclesiastical and architectural symbolism
+of the middle ages. 'It is,' says FRIEDREICH (_Symbolik und Mythologie
+der Natur_, § 103), 'as an ever-greening plant, a type of life, of love,
+and of marriage.' It is, therefore, with both truth and propriety that
+the modern floral lexicons give the _vitis hedera_, or Ivy, as
+expressing 'Female affection--I have found one true heart.'
+
+As with all plants, or, indeed, with all natural objects known to the
+ancients, the Ivy was the subject of a myth or religious allegory, and
+in investigating this myth, we find ourselves in a labyrinth of strange
+mystery. The ordinary works on mythology, indeed, inform the reader that
+it was the plant sacred to Bacchus, the god of wine, because, as Loudon
+states, 'this wine is found at Nyssa, the reputed birthplace of Bacchus,
+and in no other part of India.' 'It is related,' he continues, 'that
+when Alexander's army, after their conquest of Babylon, arrived at this
+mountain, and found it covered with laurel and Ivy, they were so
+transported with joy (especially when they recognized the latter plant,
+which is a native of Thebes), that they tore up the Ivy by the roots,
+and, twining it around their heads, burst forth into hymns to Bacchus,
+and prayers for their native country.'
+
+But there is a deeper significance to the Ivy, even as there is a deeper
+and more solemn mystery and might around the primeval Bacchus. To us he
+is merely the wine-god, but to the ancient Initiated in the orgies and
+mysteries he was--as were each of the gods in their turn--the central
+divinity, the lord of light, and the giver of life. For, as it was
+concisely said in the spirit of pantheistic abstraction: 'Nothing can be
+imagined which is not an image of God;' so it was not possible to
+conceive a divinity who was not in himself all the other divinities.
+Thus we find that Bacchus was male, female, and at the same time an
+absolute ONE without regard to sex; or, in other words, he was the
+ancient trinity.
+
+         'Tibi enim inconsumpta juventus.
+   Tu puer æternus, tu formosissimus alto
+   Conspiceris coelo, tibi, cum sine cornibus adstas
+   Virgineum caput est.'
+
+   OVID, _Met._ l. 4.
+
+For, as the great mystery of all religion, or of all being, is _life_,
+and as life, like blood, is most aptly typified by reviving and
+inspiring wine, it was not wonderful that renewed strength, generation,
+and birth should gather around the incarnation of the vine, and that the
+_cup_ should become the holiest of symbols. Like the ark, the chest or
+coffer, the egg, and a thousand other receptive or _containing_ objects,
+the cup appeared to the ancient Initiated as a womb, or as the earth,
+taking in and giving forth life. It was in this spirit that NONNUS, in
+the fifth century, wrote The Dyonisiacs, a vast poem on Bacchus, in
+forty-eight books; 'a magnificent assemblage of the emblematical legends
+of Egypt,' and in which modern criticism has discovered a creative
+grandeur, a beautiful wildness of fancy, and a romantic spirit, such as
+were combined in no other one poem of antiquity.
+
+Bacchus was thus the lord of life, and that in a vividly _real_
+sense--the sense of intoxication, of keenly thrilling pleasure, of wild
+delight, and headlong rushing joy. He was fabled to have given men the
+grape and wine--but to the Initiated of the mystery and orgie there was
+higher and more intoxicating wine than that of the grape--the wine of
+wild inspiration, drawn from the keenest relish of beauty, of nature, of
+knowledge, and of love. Drunk with this wine of the soul, the Moenad
+and Bacchante rushed forth into lonely forests, amid rocks, by silent
+lake, and streamlet lone, and cried in frantic joy, bewildered with
+passion, to the Great Parent, or shouted in praise: 'Bacche, Evoe,
+Bacche!'
+
+               'Then chaunted rose
+   The song of Bacchic women: all the band
+   Of shaggy Satyrs howled with mystic voice,
+   Preluding to the Phrygian minstrelsy
+   Of nightly orgies. Earth around them laughed;
+   The rocks reëchoed; shouts of revelling joy
+   Shrilled from the Naiads, and the river nymphs
+   Sent echoes from their whirlpool-circled tides,
+   Flowing in silence; and beneath the rocks
+   Chanted Sicilian songs, like preludes sweet,
+   That through the warbling throats of Syren nymphs,
+   Most musical drop of honey from their tongues.'
+
+   NONNUS.
+
+For all this wild joy, all this exquisite union of all the pleasures
+known to man, whether in the mad embraces of passionate nymphs, in
+draining wine, in tasting the fresh honeycomb, in wild dances under
+green leaves, in feasting, or in song, Bacchus was the centre, and the
+Cup the symbol. And this cup--the absolutely _feminine_ type--the _Iona_
+which forms the nucleus of so great and so curious a family of words in
+the Indo-Germanic and Shemitic languages--was fabled to have been formed
+from the wood of Ivy. Let the reader hear this double sex of Bacchus in
+mind; he will find it recurring again in the myth of Ivy. 'We must,'
+says CREUZER (_Symbolik und Mythologie der Alten Völker_), 'think of ALL
+things, if we would not see the Bacchic genii in their mysterious rites,
+from a one-sided point of view. Not only Bacchus himself, but his male
+and female companions must each, like their lord on earth, appear in
+_different_ forms. For the mysteries loved the antique, the
+pregnant-with-meaning, _i. e._ that which has a really symbolical
+fulness, and supplies full food for thought.' And again: 'It would have
+been very strange if the Man-Woman had not also appeared in this
+mysterious array of forms. In his origin, Bacchus is an Indian god, and
+to the Hindus the world was bi-sexed.' Thus we find in the Ivy, as his
+sacred plant, a curious and beautiful symbol, in whose trailing embraces
+the ancient East and West are bound together.
+
+If the Ivy cup was held to typify female nature, so too were the leaves
+of that plant emblematical of the receptive sex. The thyrsus, the
+distinctive object borne by the worshippers of Bacchus, was a phallic or
+male symbol, the characteristic portion of which was wreathed and buried
+in Ivy leaves; signifying the union of the sexes. It is curious to
+observe that this regarding the Ivy as characteristic of the feminine
+principle, found its way among the Druids, and was transmitted from them
+to the Christian and Christmas ceremonies of the middle ages. In these
+we always find that the thorned holly is spoken of as male, and the Ivy
+as female. In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1779, a correspondent
+relates a ceremony, which is still preserved in some parts of England.
+'The girls, from five or six to eighteen years old, were assembled in a
+crowd, burning an uncouth effigy, which they called a _holly-boy_, and
+which they had stolen from the boys; while in another part of the
+village, the boys were burning what they called an _Ivy-girl_, which
+they had stolen from the girls. The ceremony of each burning was
+attended with huzzas and other acclamations, according to the receipt of
+custom in all such cases.'[1]
+
+There is but one legend in all the legends of the gods; but one
+solution, though the enigmas be thousandfold; and the myth of the Ivy is
+only a repetition of that of Bacchus and of all the immortals--the
+endless allegory of birth and death, male and female, winter and spring.
+_Kissos_--the Greek word for Ivy--was a young faun beloved by Bacchus,
+who accompanied the god of the Cup and of life, in all his strange
+adventures. Mad with wine, Kissos once at an orgie danced until he fell
+dead. Then his lord, grieving bitterly, raised the beloved form in his
+arms, and, changing it to Ivy, wreathed it around his brow. It is the
+old story of death and revival.
+
+But we may expect to find of course a feminine goddess, or demi-goddess,
+whose name includes the same root as Kissos--and she appears in
+_Kiseis_, one of the nymphs to whom Bacchus gave the infant Bacchus to
+be brought up. For her reward, she was placed by Bacchus among the
+stars--in the constellation of the weeping Hyades--that she might have a
+place in heaven. Apropos of which we may quote the words of the quaint
+old Jesuit GALTRUCHIUS, saying that 'Bacchus was brought up with the
+Nymphs, which teacheth us that we must mix Water with our Wine.'[2]
+
+We also find that _Kisæa_, was, at Epidaurus, one of the names of
+Minerva. Notwithstanding the apparent dissimilarity between the wild god
+of wine and the goddess of calm wisdom, it was still taught in the
+mysteries that they had an affinity in more than one lower form, and, of
+course, an _identity_ in their highest. 'The temple of Bacchus,' says
+Galtruchius, 'was next to _Minerva's_, to express how useful Wine is to
+revive the Spirits, and enable our Fancy to Invent.'[3] In the older
+worship, Minerva was one with Venus, Diana, Proserpine--the generating
+female principle of love and of beauty being of course predominant. 'In
+this _unity_ or identity of barbarian divinities,' says Creuzer
+(_Symbolik_, IV. _Theil_), ('to speak like the Greeks') 'we must,
+however, seek for the source of that _variety_ which made the Greeks so
+rich in gods; and what had in Hellas been separated into so many,
+remained by the 'barbarians' single and undivided. Therefore the older a
+Greek local worship might be, so much the more did it in this resemble
+the barbarian. * * So we have truly learned in Argos, Laconia, Dodona,
+and Sicily, * * that Proserpine was one and the same with Venus and
+Diana, and the identity with Minerva may also be proved.' For the proof
+I refer the reader to his work. With Venus, however, Bacchus had amours,
+begetting Priapus. Certain it is that the Ivy _Kissos_ appears in both
+male and female names.
+
+But as the Ivy formed the cup--_kissubion_--into which life entered, and
+from which it was drained as wine; so, too, from its wood was made the
+sacred _chest_ (_kisté_) in which, in the Dyonisiac mysteries, the same
+secret was preserved under the form of a serpent, while in the
+Eleusinian it hid the dread pomegranate which Persephone had tasted. For
+they were all one and the same, this wine and serpent and
+pomegranate--the type of life and of knowledge--of human birth, and
+human intellect--of the world's generation and of eternal wisdom. The
+fruit of which Adam ate, the bread and wine of the holy supper of the
+mysteries of all lands in all ages, the pomegranate, whose seeds, once
+eaten, kept the soul in another life beyond death, all have _one_
+meaning--and this meaning was that of infinite revival, endless
+begetting, the renewal of nature--and with this the _knowledge_ of the
+great mystery which sets the soul free. '_Eritis sicut Deus._'
+
+It was no small honor for a single plant to have furnished the wreath of
+Bacchus, the wood of his cup, emblematic of the human body containing
+his life-blood, and the material for the chest of the great
+mysteries--meaning also the body and the world. I think, however, that
+its philological root may also be possibly found in the Greek noun
+_kissa_, and the verb _kissáo_, implying strange and excessive
+passionate longing. Such yearning would well become the Bacchantæ, the
+wild children of desire and of Nature. It is longing or _desire_ which
+leads to renewing life, which constitutes love, which flashes like fire
+and light through the beautiful, and pours forth the wine, and breaks
+the bread, and causes the rose-blush to bloom, and the nymphs to cry
+amid the mountains, _Evoé Bacche!_
+
+Coming down from the pagan mysteries into lower and more literal forms,
+the Ivy preserved two meanings. It was already the vine of life, and the
+early Christians laid it in the coffins of their departed, as the emblem
+of a new life in Christ.[4] It had hung upon the limbs of naked nymphs,
+convulsed in passionate orgies, as a type of vitality renewed by
+pleasure--it was now wreathed at Christmas-tide over quaint columns and
+tracery-laden Gothic windows and arches, as a sign--they knew not
+exactly of what--but guessed, naturally enough, and rightly, that it
+typified as an undying winter-plant the resurrection. And they sang its
+praises in many a brave carol:
+
+     IVY, chief of trees it is,
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+   The most worthy she is in town,--
+     He who says other says amiss;
+   Worthy is she to bear the crown;
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+   IVY is soft and meek of speech,
+     Against all woe she bringeth bliss;
+   Happy is he that may her reach:
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+   IVY is green, of color bright,
+     Of all trees the chief she is;
+   And that I prove will now be right:
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+   IVY, she beareth berries black;
+     God grant to all of us his bliss,
+   For then we shall nothing lack:
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+Very quaint is the following fragment:
+
+   Holly and Ivy made a great party,
+   Who should have the mastery
+                    In lands where they go.
+
+   Then spake Holly, 'I am fierce and jolly,
+   I will have the mastery
+                    In lands where we go.'
+
+   Then spake Ivy, 'I am loud and proud,
+   And I will have the mastery
+                   In lands where we go.'
+
+   Then spake Holly, and bent him down on his knee,
+   'I pray thee, gentle Ivy,
+   Essay me no villany
+                   In lands where we go.'
+
+_Old Christmas Carol._
+
+'Good wine needs no bush,' says an old proverb; but is it generally
+known that the 'bush' in question, used as a sign for wine, was a bunch
+of Ivy? The custom went from Greece to Italy, from Italy to Germany, and
+so on westward. Very different is this use of the evergreen vine in
+taverns, from that of adorning churches--the one meaning a mere
+invitation to drink, while the other reminds the believer that, as the
+Ivy lives through the bitter winter, so shall our souls endure through
+cold death and live again in Christ, even as He passed through the grave
+to live in 'eternal bloom.' Yet to those who have mastered the legend of
+Bacchus, there is no absolute difference between the two, when studied
+with regard to their origin. It is worth remarking that among the
+ancients the impression prevailed that the Ivy was the plant of
+joyousness, of triumphant strength, and of _life_, even as Bacchus was
+the lord of joy. And at a later day, long after the association with
+genial Bacchus was forgotten, the Ivy in popular lay and legend, and
+quaint custom and holiday rite, still by some inexplicable association
+always seemed to the multitude to be sweet and gentle, noble and dear.
+It is such a feeling of love, derived from old traditions and old
+worships, long forgotten, which makes the stork and the house-cricket
+and the robin and dragon-fly and swallow so dear to children and grown
+people in many parts of Europe. The rose is gone, but the perfume still
+lingers in the old leaves of the manuscript. And the reader who
+comprehends this may also comprehend the tender affection for the Ivy
+expressed in the old Christmas carols which I have quoted, and which,
+without such comprehension, seem absurd enough; while _with_ it, they
+appear truly beautiful and touching.
+
+As the symbol of a joyous faith, the Ivy seems to have been especially
+repugnant to the Hebrews, whose stern monotheism admitted few attributes
+to the Deity save those of tremendous power, vengeance, and gloom. So we
+find (_Maccabees_, book ii., c. 6., v. 7) that it was regarded by them
+as most horrible that, 'in the day of the king's birth, every month,
+they were brought, by bitter constraint, to eat of the sacrifices; and,
+when the feast of Bacchus was kept, the Jews were compelled to go in
+procession to Bacchus, carrying Ivy.' A dislike to this emblem of
+heathen joy seems, however, to have clung to them through all changes of
+faith--a fact apparently well known to Ptolemy Philopater, king of
+Egypt, who ordered that all the Jewish renegades who had abjured their
+religion should be branded with an Ivy-leaf.
+
+When the reader who may be interested in the architecture of the middle
+ages meets in its tracery, as he often must, the Ivy-leaf, let him
+recall that here is a symbol which was not used unthinkingly by the Free
+Masons, who seldom lost an opportunity to bring forward their orientally
+derived Nature-lore. In fact, the whole mass and body of mediæval
+architectural emblems presents nothing less than a protest of Nature and
+life, independence and intelligence, knowledge and joyousness, against
+the gloomy prison of form and tyranny which held Truth in chains. The
+stone Ivy-leaf carved on the capitals of old cathedrals was as reviving
+a symbol to the heart of the Initiated as was the living Ivy on the
+walls without, green and beautiful among mid-winter's snow. It has been
+well conjectured by a German writer (STIEGLITZ, _Archæologie der
+Baukunst der Griechen und Römer_, Weimar, 1801, I _Theil_, § 268), that
+the relation of the Ivy to Bacchus was probably the cause why it was so
+frequently introduced by the Greeks among the architectural ornaments of
+their temples; a very natural conjecture, when we remember that it was a
+firm conviction in the early faith, even of India, that where the Ivy
+was found, the god had literally been. The same bold spirit of tradition
+which brought into the very bosom of the church so much genial, latent
+heresy and heathen daring, kept the Ivy alive--for Nature and Truth
+_will_ live, and man will have his guardian angels, who will hope for
+him and for the dawn, though buried in the deepest night and lost among
+horrible dreams and ghastly incubi. A French writer on mediæval art[5]
+has declared that an excellent work might be written on the foliage of
+Christian architecture, but regrets that the relations of the leaves as
+employed--or, in fact, the law guiding their employment--should be
+unintelligible. Let them be studied according to their symbolical and
+antique meaning, and they will seem clear as legible letters; and to
+those who can read them, the gloomy Gothic piles will ray forth a
+strange and beautiful light--the sympathetic light of congenial minds
+long passed away, yet who did not vanish ere they had breathed out to
+those who were to come after them, in leaf or other character, their
+hatred of _the tyrant_, and their unfailing conviction of the Great
+Truth. GOD bless them all! I have studied for hours their solemn
+symbols--each a cry for freedom and a prayer for light; and when I
+thought of the gloom and cruelty and devilishness of the foul age which
+pressed around them, I wondered that they, knowing what they did, could
+have lived--ay, lived and sung and given a soul to art. And,
+understanding them in spirit and in truth, every Ivy-leaf carved by them
+seemed the whole Prometheus bound and unbound--yes, all poems of truth,
+all myths, all religion.
+
+And as it is the leaf of life, so is it by that very fact the leaf of
+_death_; for death is only the water of life. And in this sense we find
+a rare beauty in the poem by Mrs. Hemans, though she saw its truth, not
+through the dim glass of tradition, but by direct communion with Nature.
+
+
+   TO THE IVY.
+
+   OCCASIONED BY RECEIVING A LEAF GATHERED
+   IN THE CASTLE OF RHEINFELS.
+
+
+   Oh! how could fancy crown with thee,
+     In ancient days, the god of wine,
+   And bid thee at the banquet be,
+     Companion of the vine?
+   Thy home, wild plant, is where each sound
+     Of revelry hath long been o'er;
+   Where song's full notes once peal'd around,
+     But now are heard no more.
+
+   The Roman, on his battle plains,
+     Where kings before his eagles bent,
+   Entwined thee, with exulting strains,
+     Around the victor's tent;
+   Yet there, though fresh in glossy green,
+     Triumphantly thy boughs might wave--
+   Better thou lov'st the silent scene
+     Around the victor's grave.
+
+   Where sleep the sons of ages flown,
+     The bards and heroes of the past,
+   Where through the halls of glory gone,
+     Murmurs the wintry blast;
+   Where years are hastening to efface
+     Each record of the grand and fair--
+   Thou, in thy solitary grace,
+     Wreath of the tomb! art there.
+
+   Oh! many a temple, once sublime
+     Beneath a blue Italian sky,
+   Hath nought of beauty left by time,
+     Save thy wild tapestry.
+   And, reared 'midst crags and clouds, 'tis thine
+     To wave where banners waved of yore,
+   O'er towers that crest the noble Rhine,
+     Along his rocky shore.
+
+   High from the fields of air look down
+     Those eyries of a vanished race,
+   Homes of the mighty, whose renown
+     Hath passed and left no trace.
+   But thou art there--thy foliage bright,
+     Unchanged, the mountain storm can brave--
+   Thou that wilt climb the loftiest height,
+     And deck the humblest grave.
+
+   The breathing forms of Parian stone,
+     That rise round grandeur's marble halls;
+   The vivid hues by painting thrown
+     Rich o'er the glowing walls;
+   Th' acanthus on Corinthian fanes,
+     In sculptured beauty waving fair--
+   These perished all--and what remains?
+     --Thou, thou alone art there.
+
+   'Tis still the same--where'er we tread,
+     The wrecks of human power we see,
+   The marvel of all ages fled,
+     Left to decay and thee.
+   And still let man his fabrics rear,
+     August in beauty, grace, and strength,--
+   Days pass, thou 'Ivy never sere,'[6]
+     And all is thine at length.
+
+There was a strange old belief that Ivy leaves worn as a garland
+prevented intoxication, that wine was less exciting when drunk from a
+cup of its wood, and that these cups had finally the singular property
+of separating water from wine by filtration, when the two were
+mingled--or, as it is expressed by MIZALDUS MONLUCIANUS in his
+delightfully absurd 'Centuries,'[7] 'a cup of Ivy, called _cissybius_,
+is especially fitted for two reasons, for feasts: firstly, because Ivy
+is said to banish drunkenness; and secondly, because by it the frauds of
+tavern keepers, who mix wine with water, are detected.' It is worth
+remarking, in connection with this, that, according to LOUDON(_Arboretum
+et Fruticetum Brittanicum_, c. 59), the wood of the Ivy is, when newly
+cut, really useful as a filter, though it is highly improbable that
+anything like a complete analysis of mingled water and wine can be
+effected by it.
+
+It may interest the literary critic, should he be ignorant of the fact,
+to know that the golden-berried Ivy--worn by Apollo ere he adopted the
+Daphnean laurel--is the plant consecrated to his calling. Witness Pope:
+
+   'Immortal Vida, on whose honored brow
+   The poet's bays and critic's Ivy grow.'
+
+Perhaps it is given to the critics to remind them that they should be
+kindly sheltering and warmly protecting to poor poets and others, who
+may be greatly cheered by a little kindness. For there is an old legend
+that the Druids decorated dwelling places with Ivy and holly during the
+winter, 'that the sylvan spirits might repair to them, and remain
+unnipped with frost and cold winds, until a milder season had renewed
+the foliage of their darling abodes. (DR. CHANDLER, _Travels in
+Greece_.) Think of this when ye ink your pens for the onslaught!
+
+It is worth noting that in two or three 'Dream Books' the Ivy is set
+down as indicating 'long-continued health, and new friendships'--an
+explanation quite in keeping with its ancient symbolism, and still more
+with its most literal and apparent meaning of _attachment_. This latter
+sense has given poet and artist many a fine figure and image. 'Nothing,'
+says ST. PIERRE in his _Studies of Nature_, 'can separate the Ivy from
+the tree which it has once embraced: it clothes it with its own leaves
+in that inclement season when its dark boughs are covered with hoar
+frost. The faithful companion of its destiny, it falls when the tree is
+cut down: death itself does not relax its grasp; and it continues to
+adorn with its verdure the dry trunk that once supported it.'
+
+And of the golden-berried Ivy, Spenser sings:
+
+   'Emongst the rest, the clamb'ring Ivy grew,
+     Knitting his wanton arms with grasping hold,
+   Lest that the poplar happely should rew
+     Her brother's strokes, whose boughs she doth enfold
+   With her lythe twigs, till they the top survew
+     And paint with pallid green her buds of gold.'
+
+Madame DE GENLIS tells us of a true-hearted friend, who clung to a
+fallen minister of state, through good and ill fortune, and followed him
+into exile, that he adopted for a 'device' a fallen oak tree thickly
+wound with Ivy, and with the motto: 'His fall cannot free me from him.'
+An 'emblem' of the later middle age expresses undying conjugal love in a
+like manner, by a fallen tree wound around with Ivy, beneath which, is
+the inscription in Spanish: '_Se no la vida porque la muerte._'
+(RADOWITZ, _Gesammelte Schriften_.) A not uncommon seal gives us the Ivy
+with the motto; 'I die where I attach myself;' while yet another of the
+ivied fallen trees declares that 'Even ruin cannot separate us.'
+
+Ivy is the badge of the clan Gordon, and of all who bear that name. In
+conclusion, lest my readers should object that the subject, though
+eminently suggestive, has been treated entirely without a jest, I will
+cite a quaint repartee, shockingly destructive of the sentiment just
+cited:
+
+'Woman,' said a lovelorn youth, 'is like Ivy--the more you are ruined,
+the closer she clings to you.'
+
+'And the closer she clings to you, the sooner you are ruined,' replied
+an old cynic of a bachelor.
+
+Poor man! He had never realized the truth of the French saying, that to
+enjoy life, there is nothing like being ruined a little.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _New Curiosities of Literature, and Book of the Months._ BY GEORGE
+SOANE, B.A. London, 1849, Vol. i., p. 57.
+
+[2] _The Poetical History._ By P. GALTRUCHIUS. London 1678.
+
+[3] Galtruchuis, c. 7.
+
+[4] 'Hedera quo que vel laurus et hujusmodi, quæ semper servant virorem,
+in sarcophago corpori substernantur, ad significandum, quod qui
+moriuntur in Christo, vivere non desinant; nam licet mundo moriantur
+secundum corpus, tamen secundum animam vivunt et reviviscunt in
+Deo.'--DURANDUS, _Ration. Div. Offic._, lib. vii., cap 35.
+
+[5] BERTY, _Dictionnaire de l'Architecture du Moyen Age_. Paris, 1845.
+
+[6] 'Ye myrtles brown, and ivy never sere.' MILTON'S _Lycidas_.
+
+[7] 'Poculum ex hedera, cissybium dictum, ratione duplici conviviis
+summè est accomodum: imprimis, quod hedera vini temulantiam, arcere
+fertur: deinde quod cauponum fraudes, qui vinum aqua miscent, eo poculo
+deprehenduntur.'--_Memorabilium, Utilium ac Jucundorum Centuriæ Novem,
+&c._ Paris, 1566.
+
+
+
+
+THE MISHAPS OF MISS HOBBS.
+
+   'New beauties push her from the stage;
+   She trembles at the approach of age;
+   And starts, to view the altered face
+   That wrinkles at her in her glass.'
+
+   TRUMBULL'S _Progress of Dulness_.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Ann Harriet Hobbs was getting cured of her youth. 'She was going
+backward,' as the French say of people when Time is running forward, and
+they themselves are being forwarded a little too rapidly by his Express.
+All the ladies said so of her; all the gentlemen said so; and, worse
+than all, even the mirror made similar reflections a little--the only
+difference being that the ladies and gentlemen said so behind her back,
+but the mirror expressed it before her face. One by one her sisters and
+companions ripened and were plucked by the admiring crowd, but Ann
+Harriet remained untouched. No one even pinched her to see if she were
+good. And finally, as the throng were rapidly passing on, it became her
+settled conviction that she must shake herself into some one's hands, or
+she would be left to wither forsaken on the ancestral tree.
+
+Ann Harriet, like some patent medicines, was not bad to take. True,
+children did not cry for her as they did for the famous cough lozenges
+of old; but the fact was, that in Peonytown most of the people were
+homoeopathists, and preferred small doses; therefore Ann Harriet, who
+was popularly reported to weigh three hundred and one pounds--_vires
+acquirit eundo_--was altogether too large a dose for any gentleman of
+the homoeopathic persuasion. Possibly, if Ann Harriet could have been
+divided into twin sisters of about one hundred and fifty pounds each,
+her matrimonial chances would have greatly increased; for however it may
+have been in years past, this putting two volumes into one is not at all
+popular at the present _duo_-decimal time.
+
+Business, too, was dull in Peonytown, and the men could not afford to
+marry a wife who would require twenty-five yards for a dress, when they
+could get one that ten yards would cover up.
+
+Miss Hobbs's twenty-sixth birthday was approaching. She could see it in
+the dim distance, and she knew too well that the twenty-seventh was
+ready to follow it up; and that Time stepped heavier than he used
+to--the clumsy fellow; for, 'handsome' as she was, she could see the
+marks of his feet on her face.
+
+Ann Harriet had an uncle residing in Boston, whom she had never seen,
+but had often heard him favorably spoken of by her mother, whose only
+brother he was. Ann therefore determined that she would write to her
+Uncle Farnsworth, and ask him if it would be agreeable should she visit
+him for a few weeks.
+
+Her letter met with a cordial response from the old gentleman, who
+expressed himself 'highly gratified at the prospect' of seeing his
+sister's daughter; named the day for her to come, and said that Gregory,
+his son, would meet her at the railroad station in Boston, when the
+train arrived.
+
+Ann Harriet had never been in Boston, and the thoughts of a journey
+thither animated her 'to a degree.' Her wardrobe was renovated; a
+bran-new bonnet was purchased; and as all Peonytown was informed that it
+was to be deprived of her presence for several weeks, the
+'meeting-house' was of course filled on the following Sunday to hear
+Parson Bulger preach about it; for he was one of the new-fashioned
+ministers, who considered the Bible as a wornout book, and generally
+preached from a newspaper text, or the last exciting piece of news.
+Alas! they were disappointed; for the sermon was on Barnum's Baby Show.
+
+The appointed day came, and Ann Harriet paid Seth Bullard, the butcher's
+boy, a quarter of a dollar to 'carry' her and her luggage over to the
+Yellowfield depot, where she was to take the cars for Boston. She bore
+in her hand a rhubarb pie, nicely tied up in a copy of the _Peonytown
+Clarion_, which was intended as a gift for her Aunt Farnsworth. It was a
+pie she made with her own hands, and would have taken a prize for size
+at any cattle show.
+
+After asking engineer, brakeman, and conductor which they thought the
+safest car, and getting a different answer from each, she finally
+ensconced herself in the third car from the engine. Opening the window,
+her attention was attracted by a neat tin sign, on which was painted,
+'_Look out for Pickpockets!_'
+
+'Now, that is kind,' said she, 'to give people notice. I forgot all
+about pickpockets. I would really like to see some, and will certainly
+look out for them.''
+
+She accordingly thrust her head and neck out of the car window, and
+looked sharply at the bystanders. While engaged in this detective
+service, the signal was given, and the cars started, when Miss Hobbs,
+thinking it was needless to keep up a longer lookout, reëntered, and was
+surprised to find a nice-looking young man by her side. He wore a heavy
+yellow watchguard, yellow kid gloves, and a moustache to match,
+patent-leather boots, a poll-parrot scarf, and a brilliant breast-pin.
+Ann Harriet was delighted to have such a companion; and her wish that he
+would enter into conversation was soon gratified.
+
+'Travelling far?' asked the 'city-looking chap.'
+
+'Yes, sir; I am going to my uncle's, in Boston,' replied Ann Harriet.
+
+'Taking a vacation, I suppose?' continued he of the yellow kids.
+
+['How delightful!' thought Miss Hobbs; 'he takes me for a
+boarding-school girl.']
+
+'For a few weeks,' replied she, with a bland smile; and dropping her
+black lace veil to improve her really fine complexion, knowing, as well
+as Shakspeare, that
+
+   'Beauty, blemished once, is ever lost,
+   In spite of physic, painting, pains, and cost.'
+
+'Is not this Miss Hobbs, of Peonytown?' suddenly asked the proprietor of
+the patent leathers, after a few minutes' conversation.
+
+'Why! yes; how _did_ you know?' was Ann Harriet's reply.
+
+'Oh, I had a friend as went to the academy in Peonytown, and he always
+kept me posted up on the pretty girls; and he talked about you so often,
+I knew it _must_ be Miss Hobbs,' was the flattering answer.
+
+'How strange!' thought Ann Harriet. 'Well, it proves that I am not
+wholly overlooked by the young men of my native village.' She did not
+remember that she carried a little satchel, on which the stranger had
+read, 'ANN HARRIET HOBBS, _Peonytown_.'
+
+At this time a boy entered the car with a supply of ice water for
+thirsty passengers. In handing a glassful to Miss Hobbs, he spilled a
+part on the floor.
+
+'What a waste!' remarked he.
+
+Ann Harriet blushed deep crimson--fat folks are always sensitive--and,
+with a grave, fat, solemn air, she said:
+
+'I think you are quite rude, sir.'
+
+'I'd like to know how?' inquired he, with a look of surprise.
+
+'By making remarks on my waist, sir. No gentleman would be guilty of
+such an offence,' replied the indignant lady.
+
+Fortunately, the train at this juncture stopped at a way station, and
+the yellow moustache, poll-parrot scarf, and kid gloves got out, first
+bowing very politely to their late companion. Ann Harriet was a little
+sorry to have their inmate go, but consoled herself with the thought
+that he was altogether too familiar.
+
+About fifteen miles farther on, an orange boy made his appearance; and
+Ann, thinking an orange would moisten her throat, felt for her
+portemonnaie, and found it not; for, while she was so intently looking
+_out_ for pickpockets at Yellowfield, her agreeable companion had
+appropriated her cash, by looking _in_ her pocket.
+
+'_There!_ that dandy villain has robbed me of my wallet, with fifteen
+dollars in it, and the receipt for Sally Lunn cake I was going to give
+Aunt Farnsworth!' exclaimed she, placidly. Stout folks bear disasters
+calmly. Luckily, she had two or three dollars in her satchel, which she
+had received from the ticket master when she purchased her ticket, so
+she was not entirely bankrupt. Some of the passengers attempted to
+sympathize with her, but they found it a thankless task, and soon
+desisted.
+
+Ann Harriet, her griefs digested, drew herself into as compact a compass
+as possible, and in a few minutes was fast asleep.
+
+The cars rolled, in due time, into the noisy station at Boston, and our
+traveller, after much exertion and trepidation, safely reached the
+platform, with her rhubarb pie unharmed. She looked anxiously around for
+her cousin Gregory, whom she had never seen, save in his _carte de
+visite_, and by that she found him in a few minutes. Gregory was a
+handsome man, quite young, and dressed in a neat suit of light clothes,
+donned that afternoon for the first time. He had never seen his cousin,
+and was therefore not a little surprised when the corpulent beauty
+introduced herself as Miss Ann Harriet Hobbs, of Peonytown. Gregory had
+come down to the station with a light buggy, in which he intended to
+convey his fair relative home, but at the first glance saw that it would
+be disastrous both to the buggy and Ann Harriet to attempt any such
+feat. He therefore escorted her to a hack, and left her a moment. While
+he was gone, Ann Harriet, who had forgotten all her troubles in the
+contemplation of riding home with her handsome cousin, laid the rhubarb
+pie on the opposite seat of the carriage, reserving the place by her
+side for Gregory. But this gentleman, not feeling sure that he would
+find room by the side of his massive cousin, when he entered the
+carriage, sat hastily down opposite her. _Crash_ went the _Peonytown
+Clarion_, and 'sqush' went the juicy rhubarb, completely saturating
+Gregory's new garments. Ann Harriet gave a loud shriek, exclaiming: 'Oh!
+you have spoilt that nice pie that I made for Aunt Priscilla, from Mrs.
+Wilkins's receipt.'
+
+'Hang Mrs. Wilkins's receipt!' exclaimed Gregory, who was imperturbable.
+'I think I shall have to get some one to reseat my pantaloons.'
+
+There was nothing to be done but to drive home as quickly as possible.
+The hackman was paid for the damage to his vehicle, and Gregory hastened
+up stairs to resume the old suit which only a few hours before he had
+thrown aside disdainfully.
+
+Ann Harriet found her uncle's family all that she expected. They found
+her a little more than they expected. Everything was done to make her
+comfortable. Aunt Farnsworth condoled with her niece on the loss of her
+money, and the receipt for Sally Lunn cake. They brought a fan to cool
+her, and placed a footstool for her feet. Her cousin Miranda exhibited a
+photograph album containing all the family likenesses, besides a number
+they had purchased to fill up the book, such as the Prince of Wales,
+McClellan, Stonewall Jackson, Beauregard, and Butler. All this comforted
+her greatly, and Ann Harriet was much interested, but was obliged to
+inquire which were fighting for the North, and which for the South--'she
+had heard something about it, but was not thoroughly informed,'--for, to
+tell the truth, the only medium for news in Peonytown was the _Clarion_,
+and the only portion of even that which Ann Harriet attended to was the
+deaths, marriages, and dry goods.
+
+The remainder of the day passed quietly, and the hour for retiring
+approached. Before Ann Harriet's arrival, it had been arranged that she
+should share Miranda's bed; but it was now very evident that Ann would
+get very much more than her share, and it was therefore decided to give
+her a bed to herself. A lamp was brought, and Aunt Farnsworth escorted
+her to her room, and bade her good night. Ann Harriet had the usual
+share of curiosity which all females--even plump ones--possess; and
+wishing to know how a Boston street appeared in the evening, she hoisted
+the curtain with a vigorous jerk, and looked forth: it was not a very
+beautiful scene; long rows of brick houses stretched away on either
+side, relieved at intervals by the street lamps and loafers, which, as
+they appeared at a distance, reminded her of a torchlight procession she
+had witnessed once in Peonytown, when the Hickory Club turned out with
+twenty torches and a colored lantern. Having satisfied her eyes with the
+view, she attempted to draw down the curtain, and found that it would
+not move. She had pulled it up so vigorously that the cord had slipped
+from the wheel, and rendered the curtain immovable. By stepping on a
+chair she could, indeed, reach and adjust it; but the only chairs in the
+room were cane-seated, and seemed altogether too fragile for such a
+weighty lady as Ann Harriet. To add to her perplexity, the dwelling
+directly opposite was a boarding house, full of young men; and she
+noticed that one or two of them had already discovered her, and that the
+news was probably being communicated to all their fellow boarders, for
+in a very few minutes every window had two or more spectators at it,
+armed with opera or eye glasses, while one saucy fellow had a telescope
+three feet long. What to do she did not know: there was but one window
+in the room, and no recess into which her portly beauty could retreat.
+Once more she tried the curtain, giving it a forcible twitch, and this
+time it came down--but the whole fixture came with it, and, after
+striking her on the head, slid out of the window into the street, much
+to the amusement of the spectators opposite.
+
+Here was a dilemma--and what would her aunt say? She had to give up all
+hope of excluding the gaze of her impudent neighbors. Poor damsel! She
+would have asked assistance of some of the family, but they had all been
+asleep some time, and she disliked to disturb them. Finally, she decided
+to extinguish her light and undress in bed--a difficult undertaking,
+which was, however, accomplished, with the loss of sundry strings and
+buttons; and Ann Harriet laid her wearied head on the pillow, and
+thought her troubles for that day were over. But Sleep forsakes the
+wretched, and her eyes would not 'stay shut.' While coaxing them to
+'stay down,' she was startled by a flash of light on the wall and an
+explosion, then another, and then a third, accompanied by a shower of
+gravelly substance in her face and eyes. Miss Hobbs, as we have seen,
+was
+
+   'A woman naturally born to fears,'
+
+and this sudden and inexplicable exhibition of fireworks in her chamber
+almost burst the strings of her night cap, by causing her curly black
+hair to stand on end.
+
+The mischievous young men opposite had procured a _sarbacane_--vulgarly
+known as a 'bean-blower,'--and were shooting torpedoes into Ann
+Harriet's chamber. Not daring to rise to shut the window, she was wholly
+at their mercy; but fortunately their stock of ammunition was limited to
+half a dozen pellets, and in a few minutes the bombardment ceased.
+
+About midnight Ann Harriet fell into a deep slumber, and when she awoke
+the broad sunshine was illuminating her chamber, while the rattling of
+teams along the paved streets reminded her that she was in the great
+metropolis of New England. She missed the green foliage and healthy
+perfume and bird songs of her pleasant country home: all she could see
+was a combination of bricks, slate, and stone; and not a green thing was
+visible in the street, save a few Irish servants, who were washing off
+the doorsteps and sidewalks. In the middle of the cobble stones lay the
+curtain which had fallen during the scene of the previous evening, muddy
+and torn, its sticks broken by the heavy wagons which had passed over
+it. A glance at the hostile boarding-house assured her that all was
+quiet there; so, after arranging her dress with studied nicety, and
+disposing her hair in the most enchanting style--and Ann Harriet was
+really neat and winsome--she descended to the breakfast room. Her cousin
+Gregory was the only person present--he sat by the window, reading.
+After the customary greeting, Ann Harriet inquired what interested him.
+
+'I have been glancing over an article called 'Ludicrous Exaggerations,'
+in Leigh Hunt's _Indicator_,' replied Gregory, with a mischievous
+twinkle in his eyes.
+
+Ann Harriet did not notice any point to this remark, but said: 'I do not
+remember having seen that book.'
+
+'What have _you_ been reading lately?' pursued Gregory.
+
+'Oh! I have begun a splendid book that Mrs. Orrin Pendergast lent me; I
+have forgotten who wrote it, but its name is 'The Bloody Butcher's
+Bride; or, The Demon of Dandelion Dell.'
+
+Here Gregory was so impolite as to burst into a loud laugh, much to the
+discomfiture of Ann Harriet, who was on the point of describing a
+thrilling scene in the story.
+
+'I see nothing to laugh at,' remarked she, solemnly; 'it is a _very_
+nice book, Cousin Gregory. Why, some parts of it were so powerful that
+it made me tremble all over.'
+
+'It _must_ have been powerful,' said Gregory, drily.
+
+'You're a saucy fellow,' said his cousin. 'But, by the way, where is
+that new suit that was damaged yesterday? You do not look so stylish
+this morning.'
+
+'Stylish? I hope not. I hate that word; it is only fit to be applied to
+pigs; they always look sty-lish,' replied Gregory.
+
+The door opened, and the rest of the family appeared, much to Ann
+Harriet's discomfort, for she liked her cousin, and was just thinking
+how she could make an impression upon him. The surest way would have
+been to sit in his lap.
+
+They seated themselves at the table, when the customary question came
+from Aunt Farnsworth:
+
+'How did you rest last night, Ann Harriet?'
+
+This, of course, called forth the history of the mishaps she had
+experienced, and the indignation of her uncle and aunt was great when
+they heard how the occupants of the boarding house had behaved.
+
+'Those young men over there are Boarder Ruffians,' remarked Gregory.
+
+'Mercy!' exclaimed his fat cousin; 'if I had known that, I shouldn't
+have slept a wink all night. I have heard Miss Pendergast tell about
+those awful men: she had a sister out in Kansas, and a parcel of Border
+Ruffians came to her house one Sabbath day and ate up everything she
+had, and then carried off her cow and five pullets.'
+
+'What cow-ardly and chicken-hearted fellows, to rob a poor woman in that
+manner!' remarked Gregory, grimly.
+
+'Oh yes,' said Ann Harriet; 'and they spit tobacco juice all over her
+clean floor, and whittled all over the hearth, and told her it was lucky
+for her that she was a widow, for if she hadn't been, they would have
+made her one. I should think you would feel dreadfully to have a whole
+houseful right opposite.'
+
+'We do feel pretty dreadfully,' replied Gregory; 'often.'
+
+'Miranda, you must have a little company while your cousin is here, and
+make her acquainted with some of the ladies and gentlemen of the city,'
+said Aunt Farnsworth.
+
+'I should like to, very much, mother; and if you are willing, I will set
+about it immediately after breakfast; and perhaps I can arrange things
+so as to have it to-morrow night,' was Miranda's reply.
+
+This suggestion was eagerly seconded by Gregory, who always enjoyed the
+social parties that his sister had a peculiar knack in getting up at
+short notice.
+
+Their pleasant anticipations of the _soirée_ were suddenly checked by
+quite a melancholy mishap to the solid Ann Harriet. In reaching forward
+to receive a cup of coffee from her aunt, she was obliged to rise a
+little from her seat. Now, the chair in which she was sitting had been
+broken the day before and was glued together, strong enough for any
+ordinary usage, but wholly inadequate to sustain such a weight as now
+taxed it; so when Ann 'set back' into the furniture, the already
+strained joints came apart, and she felt herself descending to the
+floor; to save herself, she clung to the edge of the table, but, of
+course, that was no support; on the contrary, it tilted up and launched
+its whole contents over the prostrate form of the unfortunate Ann
+Harriet. There she lay, pinned to the floor by the heavy table, while
+her face and neck and dress were covered with butter, gooseberry pie,
+hot coffee, broken eggs, and slices of fried ham. The carpet was in a
+similar condition, and the Old Dominion coffee-pot was found expiring
+under the sofa.
+
+Mr. Farnsworth, in an attempt to save the table from going over, lost
+his own balance, and fell flounder-flat on the floor, where he lay
+shuddering, with his hair in a dish of Shaker apple-sauce: the rest of
+the family escaped unscathed, but were sadly astonished at the sudden
+turn things had taken.
+
+Mr. Farnsworth and Gregory raised the fallen table to its former
+position, and Miranda set about collecting the scattered dishes.
+
+'I knew that we were going to breakfast, but I did not think we should
+break so fast as that,' remarked Gregory, ruefully.
+
+Ann Harriet, up to this time, had retained her consciousness, when it
+suddenly occurred to her that, in the stories she had read, the heroines
+always fainted when anything unusual happened; so she shut up her eyes
+and began to gasp, just as her uncle and cousin were about to assist her
+to her feet.
+
+'She is faint; get some water, quick!' exclaimed Miranda.
+
+Gregory seized the 'Old Dominion,' and dashed what coffee there was left
+in it on Ann's face, then threw on all the cream in the pitcher, and
+wound up his frightful orgie by emptying over her locks a lot of brown
+sugar from a bowl which stood near. The effect was that the faint damsel
+'came to' very fast, and requested to be helped up. Her aspect was
+remarkably ludicrous; the moistened sugar, clinging to her hair and
+plastering up her eyes, caused so much mirth on Gregory's part that he
+could hardly restrain it within the bounds of politeness.
+
+'Oh, _do_ help me up!' implored Ann Harriet.
+
+Easier said than done. Mr. Farnsworth took hold of one arm, and Gregory
+the other, but their united effort was not sufficient. Mr. Farnsworth
+had but recently recovered from an attack of the rheumatism--and apple
+sauce--and was by no means strong enough for such work; while Gregory
+was so full of laughter that it deprived him of half his strength. After
+one or two futile attempts, Miranda had a happy thought: she ran into
+the parlor and brought out half a dozen thick volumes of music; then
+Gregory and his father lifted Ann Harriet as far as they could at one
+effort, while Miranda pushed a book under; at the next lift, a second
+book was inserted, and this movement was repeated until Ann was
+seated--_alto_ and _allegro_--on a pile of six large music books. Aunt
+Farnsworth then brought a basin of water, and carefully bathed her
+niece's face, removing all traces of the catastrophe, in which she was
+assisted by a copious flood of tears from Ann's eyes--so copious,
+indeed, that Gregory guessed there would be a rainbow when she ceased.
+
+In about twenty minutes 'things were put as near to rights as possible,'
+but their appetites, like the breakfast, were thoroughly spoilt; so
+Miranda and her cousin went up stairs to make their plans for the
+entertainment, which was to be given in honor of the fair Peonytowner.
+This kept them busy all day; for there was shopping to be done, pastry
+and cake to be made, dresses to be 'fixed,' and other arrangements, 'too
+numerous to mention.'
+
+Ann Harriet's thoughts dwelt incessantly on the appointed evening; the
+iron would then be hot, and she knew that she must strike, or lose a
+golden opportunity for exchanging the desolate monotony of a heavy
+single life for the sparkling, honorable, enviable title of wedded wife.
+
+Surely, Ann Harriet, he who leads thee to the altar will possess a brave
+and stout heart--one on whom you, although fat, can lean, and of whose
+home you, though heavy, will be the light. You will so fill his heart
+that there will be no room for discontent, melancholy, or any evil or
+mischievous visitor. Whoever the fortunate man may be, you can rest
+assured that you will exceed his greatest expectations, and he will not
+attempt to exaggerate your charms and attractions.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+   'There was music and mirth in the lighted saloon;
+   The measure was merry--our hearts were in tune;
+   While hand linked with hand in the graceful quadrille,
+   Bright joy crowned the dance, like the sun on the rill,
+   And beamed in the dark eyes of coquettes and snobs;
+   But the belle of the hall was Ann Harriet Hobbs.'
+
+   MRS. OSGOOD (with slight variation).
+
+
+Bright shone the gas at Mr. Farnsworth's on the evening of the grand
+_soirée_ given for the gratification of Ann Harriet, who was anxious to
+see some of the beaux of Boston. Both of the parlor chandeliers were in
+full blaze, much to the delight of Miss Hobbs, who, after gazing at them
+in admiration, expressed the wish that her friend surnamed Pendergast
+might see such a sight.
+
+'That takes the shine all off of Miss Pendergasses' double back-action,
+self-adjusting, anti-corrosive, herring-bone, powerloom lamp, don't it,
+my dear cousin?' asked Gregory, who had been regaled several times with
+an account of a wonderful lamp that burnt one hour at a cost of only ten
+cents, or ten hours at a cost of one cent--Gregory never could remember
+which.
+
+'Now, Gregory, if you bother me so, I sha'n't tell you anything more;
+please hand me that fan on the table, and tell me who that man is by the
+corner of the mantelpiece.'
+
+'That is Captain Dobbs; he is very fond of poetry, and has written some,
+too; but it was never published, for the editors charged too much for
+putting it into their papers. Shall I introduce him to you?' said
+Gregory.
+
+'A captain and a poet, too? Oh, certainly, I should be delighted to know
+him,' replied Ann Harriet, who began to cool down her countenance by a
+vigorous application of the fan, while Gregory went after the poetical
+captain. He was soon back again, and presented him, as follows:
+
+'Captain Dobbs, Miss Hobbs; Miss Hobbs, Captain Dobbs.'
+
+The Captain bowed so low that Ann Harriet could see the brass buttons on
+the back of his coat, and then, taking her hand, he said, earnestly:
+
+'I rejoice exceedingly that our acquaintance with each other should have
+commenced under such charming auspices!'
+
+Now, they were standing directly under one of the beautiful chandeliers,
+which glistened with brilliant pendants; and Ann, supposing that the
+gallant Captain alluded to them, accordingly replied:
+
+'Yes, they are very charming auspices, and make a beautiful jingle.'
+
+What the Captain really alluded to was the rhyming of their names when
+Gregory introduced them; the jingle of the rhyme pleased him much, and
+he regarded it as propitious to their future acquaintance: Ann Harriet's
+reply happened to suit the case precisely, and placed her in high
+estimation with the Captain.
+
+Drummond Dobbs was about thirty-two years of age, a gentleman, and a
+right good fellow, but so _very_ sentimental that few ladies could
+endure his company. Yet was he anxious to please the fair sex and be
+popular with them: unfortunately, he supposed that the way to be so was
+to shower on them love-sick poetry and sentimental speeches; 'he wore
+his heart upon his sleeve,' fell in love with every new face, and had
+been rejected a score of times; he comforted himself, however, with the
+very scaly proverb, 'there is as good fish in the sea as ever was
+caught,' and--cast in his line for another chance. He had tried poor
+women and rich women, young school-girls and elastic old maids,
+brunettes and blondes, but all in vain; and the moment he saw Ann
+Harriet he determined to make one more attempt to secure a heart that
+should beat for him alone, an ear that should be ever on the alert for
+his footstep, and eyes that should sparkle only when he was near.
+
+Ann Harriet, on her part, saw all in Captain Dobbs that she could wish
+for; and she thought that if she could return to Peonytown with a live
+captain as her affianced lover, she should be the happiest of fat girls.
+What a sensation she would create on Sunday, when she went to meeting
+arm in arm with him, and _how_ the folks would stare at his bright
+buttons and shoulder straps! She wondered if he would wear a 'trainer
+hat,' with feathers in it.
+
+To Captain Dobbs, Ann Harriet Hobbs was 'a devilish fine-looking woman;'
+there was something tangible in a woman like that, sir; _she_ was not
+one of your flimsy, languid girls, with waist like the stem of a goblet.
+Somebody had said,'the nearer the bone the sweeter the meat,' but he did
+not believe in that; he wanted a _wife_, and if he could get one twice
+the size of any one else's, so much the better, by Jove!
+
+Gregory, with the tact of Young America, saw instantly what the result
+of an evening's interview would be; so, telling Dobbs that he would find
+his cousin from Peonytown very in-_fat_-uating, he left them to their
+own enjoyment.
+
+'It is very singular,' remarked the Captain, promptly, 'how much alike
+our names are: Hobbs and Dobbs!'
+
+'Yes; but I think that yours is much the prettiest; I always hated the
+name of Hobbs,' remarked Ann Harriet.
+
+'Hate Hobbs? Well, I detest Dobbs; but you have the advantage of me, for
+you can change yours without much trouble,' replied the Captain.
+
+He did not know that Ann Harriet had been longer, and at more trouble,
+in trying to get her name changed, than if she had applied to seven
+legislatures. She blushed deeply, and raised her fan to hide the rosy
+hue--but it was a small, round fan, and only partially concealed her
+face, leaving a crimson disk of two inches around it. Captain Dobbs was
+delighted; a blush to him was a certain proof of maiden coyness, and
+bespoke a heart so full of love that every emotion sent it mantling to
+the face.
+
+Gregory here returned, to say that they were getting up a dance, and
+Captain Dobbs and his cousin must certainly join in it.
+
+'But I never danced in my life!' said Ann Harriet, innocently.
+
+'Oh, never mind _that_; it is a very simple dance--the Virginia Reel;
+every one can dance that; only do as others do,' replied Gregory.
+
+Ann Harriet, accepting Captain Dobbs's proffered arm, proceeded to the
+room where the arrangements for the dance were progressing.
+
+'I understand that Miss Hobbs is the star of this business,' remarked
+Mr. Pickett to Gregory, as he crammed himself behind a bookcase, to
+allow the lady and her escort to go by.
+
+'Star? ' repeated Gregory. 'Yes; the full moon of the concern.'
+
+'You mean of the firm,' quoth Pickett.
+
+'Yes,' replied Gregory, 'the full moon of the firm, I meant.'
+
+The dancers took their places, and a merry tune soon set them in motion.
+Ann Harriet watched the others carefully, and soon understood the
+figure. At length her turn came to advance. She performed her part very
+well until she came to that step known as _dos à dos_, and here her good
+luck forsook her; for, in stepping back, she struck with full force her
+companion, a slim young man with shell eyeglasses, and sent him forward
+with an impetus which was only checked by his coming in collision with a
+plaster-of-Paris pedestal, on which stood a bust of General Zachary
+Taylor; his head penetrated the column, and the bust came down on his
+back with a thump that nearly knocked the breath out of his body. His
+eyeglasses were shattered, his soul rent, and his shirt bosom torn
+asunder. The unfortunate youth gathered himself up and retreated to an
+anteroom, where he rearranged his disordered clothing; but was not seen
+again, having disappeared through a side door and hastened home.
+
+Ann Harriet came out of the collision like a second 'Monitor,' unscathed
+and undaunted; indeed, she was not aware that anything unusual had
+happened till she heard the crash, and then was surprised to learn that
+she was the cause of the catastrophe.
+
+When our heroine heard how serious the collision had been, she felt much
+disturbed, until Gregory observed that, although she had been backward
+in causing the mishap, she should not be backward in making what
+reparation she could.
+
+On this suggestion, Ann Harriet inquired the whereabouts of Mr. Google,
+and learning that he was in an anteroom, started in search of him. She
+found herself in the supper room, hurrying across which, she pulled open
+a door on the other side with such a vigorous effort of elephantine
+strength, as to precipitate a waiter, who had just caught hold of the
+handle, headlong into the room. The unfortunate servitor, who was
+dressed in white cravat and black coat, landed under the supper table,
+where he lay motionless. Ann Harriet made her way back to the parlor as
+quickly as possible, where she startled the visitors by exclaiming:
+
+'Oh dear, come here, quick! I have killed a minister!'
+
+Miss Helen Bumpus, who was playing a quickstep on the pianoforte,
+uttered a sharp shriek, which was echoed from various parts of the room,
+and the whole company, headed by Captain Dobbs, followed Ann Harriet to
+the scene of the disaster.
+
+When they reached the dining room they found her 'minister' sitting on
+the floor, rubbing his head, and using language more appropriate to one
+of Captain Kidd's profession than to an expounder of the gospel. When
+the damaged waiter saw the immense crowd entering the room, he vanished
+into the kitchen amid shouts of laughter from the assembly, who
+comprehended at once Miss Hobbs's error. Ann Harriet felt much relieved
+to find that the accident was no worse, and explained the mishap to her
+friends, ending by inquiring what denomination he belonged to. Gregory
+informed her that the individual was not a clergyman, but a lay-man and
+a waiter.
+
+Soon after, the guests were requested to repair to the supper room, and
+each gentleman chose his partner for the occasion. Unfortunately for Ann
+Harriet, Captain Dobbs chanced to be at the farther end of the room, and
+before he reached the object of his adoration she had already accepted
+the arm of an exquisite youth with patent eyeglass, pink necktie, and
+tomato-colored moustache. The disappointment nearly destroyed Dobbs's
+appetite. He had intended to be irresistibly attentive to Miss Hobbs; to
+furnish her with every little delicacy the table afforded; and _now_,
+she must depend upon the languid movements of a 'snob:' it was too bad,
+by Jove!
+
+The table was elegantly decorated with flowers, and the neatly prepared
+dishes and ministerial waiters presented a scene which to Ann Harriet's
+vision was enchanting.
+
+'What shall I have the pleasure of obtaining for you?' asked Mr.
+Struttles of Ann Harriet.
+
+'Let me see,' replied Ann. 'It's some time since I eat anything, and I
+feel pretty hungry: if you will get me a plateful of pandowdy[8] and
+some ginger snaps, I shall feel thankful.'
+
+Mr. Struttles was a very polite man, and would not laugh in a lady's
+face for a farm; but his tomato-hued moustache quivered, and he had to
+frown fiercely to conceal the laughter which threatened to burst him
+asunder.
+
+'What amuses you so much, Strut?' asked a friend, who found him a few
+moments later in the entry, giggling all by himself.
+
+'Oh dear! I shall die!' he replied, shaking with mirth; 'that fat girl
+asked me to get her something to eat that I never heard of: I believe
+she called it _slam dowdy_, or rip snap, or something like that, and, of
+course, there is nothing of the kind on the table.'
+
+'Go and tell her it is all eaten up,' suggested the friend; 'article all
+sold.'
+
+Struttles had not thought of that; it was a good idea, so off he went
+and told Ann Harriet that the object she wished had been so fashionable
+that it was all devoured before he reached it.
+
+'Oh, well! I had just as lief have some gingerbread and a pickle-lime,'
+was her calm response.
+
+Struttles rushed desperately to the table, filled a plate full of
+anything that came handy, brought it to his dame, and informed her that
+there was not a pickled lime to be had. Ann Harriet did not care; she
+was soon busy devouring the contents of the plate, while Struttles stood
+by, chuckling and grinning.
+
+Captain Dobbs, in the mean time, was doing all he could to make hungry
+and handsome Miss Helen Bumpus happy, by giving her oyster salad, ice
+cream, frozen pudding, and cake, with plenty of champagne to wash it
+down; but his heart was with Ann Harriet, and many an anxious glance he
+bestowed on her, to see if she was well supplied with the niceties of
+the festive board. He thrilled with joy at seeing her behind a plate
+piled nearly as high as her chin with a variety of cakes, tarts, fruits,
+and jellies.
+
+After a while every one was surfeited, and gradually the supper room was
+deserted, leaving none but the waiters, who quickly cleared away what
+there was left of the supper.
+
+On entering the parlor, Captain Dobbs caught a view of himself in a
+large mirror, and saw to his dismay that he had not escaped the usual
+fate of gallants who endeavor to make themselves agreeable to the ladies
+in a crowded supper-room; lumps of blanc-mange adhered to his shirt
+bosom; particles of calf's-foot jelly coruscated like gems on his
+patent-leather gaiters, and quivering oysters hung tenaciously to his
+coat sleeves. He looked around for some place of refuge where he could
+retire and remove the remnants of the banquet, and espying a side room
+apparently deserted, there being no light in it, stepped in, and, taking
+off his coat, commenced the task of restoring it to its pristine
+splendor. While doing this, he was startled by a sound so singular that
+his coat nearly fell from his hand, so alarmed was he. Glancing at the
+door, his eyes met the known form of Ann Harriet, when he instantly
+hurried on his coat in horror, and, apologizing to his fair friend for
+being caught without it, referred to the curious noise he had heard.
+
+'What did it sound like?' asked Ann Harriet.
+
+The Captain tried in vain to find a simile; he had never heard anything
+that resembled it; and Ann Harriet's suggestions as to what it might
+have been were equally fruitless.
+
+The truth was, that when Miss Hobbs appeared at the threshold of the
+door she heaved a deep sigh, and it was this that startled her lover;
+but as he had his head in a stooping position, and was busy brushing his
+coat, the sound seemed to him to come from the farther end of the room,
+which was obscured in darkness. He was not aware that fat ladies' sighs
+were proportionate to their size. However, now that his heart's idol was
+present, he cared nothing for aught else; so, taking her small hand, he
+led her to the window, and they stood gazing with mutual consent at the
+starry heavens. Gregory spied them there, and mischievously closed the
+door. What conversation ensued is only known to the two who were engaged
+in it, but every one noticed that when Ann Harriet reappeared her step
+was light if not actually fantastic, and her mild countenance beamed
+with a moonlike radiance, so serenely bright as to reveal a heart
+buoyant with bliss. Soon after, the company dispersed, and the damsel,
+retiring to her dormitory, was soon dreaming sweetly of 'her betrothed,'
+and imagined that all the bells in Peonytown were rung on her wedding
+day.
+
+Sleep on, Ann Harriet! Thou hast waited long for the happy hour; but
+thou wert thyself weighty, and it was fit that thou, too, shouldst deal
+deliberately in matters of _'great' weight_.
+
+The next day she informed her uncle of her intention to marry the
+accomplished Drummond Dobbs, and received his hearty approval; for
+Dobbs's character was good, and without a scar.
+
+The nuptials were to take place without delay, and so Ann Harriet
+hastened home to make the requisite arrangements.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+   'In wedlock a species of lottery lies,
+   Where in blanks and in prizes we deal;
+   But how comes it that you, such a capital prize,
+   Should so long have remained in the wheel?'
+
+   MOORE.
+
+Ann Harriet was determined that her wedding should be a romantic one;
+she said that it was by no means an every-day affair, and therefore it
+should be carried out in a style proportionate to its rarity. After
+consulting Mrs. Pendergast, and searching through a pile of 'New York
+Dashers,' she was much inclined to a midnight wedding, especially as
+Mrs. Pendergast offered to loan her patent lamp for the occasion; but
+when they suddenly happened to hear of a marriage celebrated in the wild
+and picturesque woods of the White Hills, it was immediately decided
+that there was no better place; so sacred a ceremony should be performed
+'under the broad canopy of heaven,' and the birds of the air and the
+countless leaves of the trees should sing their epithalamium.
+
+After some search, it was decided that the happy spot should be on
+'Huckleberry Hill,' a picturesque elevation about a mile from the
+postoffice in Peonytown, covered with a luxurious growth of pines and
+hemlocks, interspersed with huckleberry bushes, sweet fern, and
+mullenstalks. A small, open place was selected, where the long moss made
+a beautiful carpet, and the tall trees on every side entwined their arms
+as lovingly together as if they, too, were about to take each other 'for
+better for worse,' while the ripple of a brook hidden in the woods lent
+a pleasant melody to the scene.
+
+'This is the place of all others,' remarked Ann Harriet. 'Houses may
+burn down or decay, churches may be sold and turned into ice-cream
+saloons and lager-beer depots--as Mr. Dunstable's was; but these lofty
+pines and rugged hemlocks will stand for centuries, to mark the spot
+where, in my girlhood, I plighted my troth to that _dear_ Dobbs.'
+
+Preparations for the bridal went gloriously on. The Peonytown dressmaker
+was busy day and evening in making up the trousseau of the expectant
+bride. The wedding dress was to be of fine white muslin, and no
+ornaments to detract from its spotless purity.
+
+The important day at length arrived. The sun rose warm, brilliant, calm,
+and cloudless--and so did Ann Harriet. Her heart beat quick and
+tumultuously as the coming event of the day suddenly occurred to her,
+and she rejoiced to think that she was now to have _one_ to shield her
+from the chilling blasts of a cold, relentless world--a husband on whose
+breast her weary head could rest and feel secure.
+
+These thoughts made her footsteps light, and she hastened to array
+herself for the bridal, which, was appointed at ten o'clock. The barber
+of Peonytown was sent for, and, although dressing a bride's hair was
+something as yet unknown to him, yet, after much perseverance and more
+ox marrow, he succeeded in twisting and braiding her luxuriant black
+locks into a kind of triumphal-arched basketwork, that resembled a
+miniature summer-house. The white muslin dress was then put on, and a
+pair of white kid gloves drawn over her small fingers (plump people have
+little hands), and Ann Harriet awaited her husband elect.
+
+All Peonytown had been apprized of the hour of the wedding, and, in
+consequence, the grove was at an early period filled with spectators.
+Boys climbed into the trees; camp stools were provided; and one
+enterprising Peonytowner brought a long wooden settee, and let the weary
+rest on it for the slight consideration of half a dime each. The Rev.
+Derby Sifter was there too. He was to perform the ceremony, and, as it
+was the first wedding in Peonytown for six months, he was in unusual
+humor, rubbing his hands together, and laughing at every remark that was
+made.
+
+At the appointed time Ann Harriet appeared, hanging lovingly on the arm
+of the gallant Captain. The bride attracted universal attention. At
+first, indeed, many were impressed with the idea that a crowd of girls
+were coming, dressed in unsullied white; but as she approached nearer,
+they saw that it was the fair Ann Harriet in her white muslin, leaning
+on the arm of Captain Dobbs, who was dressed in full uniform, and had a
+carnation pink in his mouth. The Rev. Derby Sifter now stepped forward,
+and the parties took their places. No bridesmaids were needed, the bride
+'answering' for several. After a few preliminary remarks, the reverend
+gentleman pronounced them--under green leaves--_husband and wife!_ Ann
+Harriet heaved a sigh of relief: the H had vanished forever from her
+name, and D now reigned in its stead. A short prayer then followed.
+
+Meanwhile, a boy in a tree directly over their heads spied a
+caterpillar's nest near him, and, breaking a twig from a branch, he
+probed the nest, causing a tremendous stampede among the inmates. Down
+they dropped, silently and softly, upon the elaborate head of the bride,
+who stood wholly unconscious of the additional ornaments so profusely
+decorating her hair; the company noticed it, and very soon every one was
+in a broad grin. Ann Harriet became conscious of some merriment in that
+portion of the party immediately under her observation, and a succession
+of blushes suffused her face as she felt that something ridiculous to
+herself must have caused it. At that instant a caterpillar, that had
+been swinging to and fro on his attenuated web, landed plump on Ann's
+nose as she raised her face (he had been waiting for something to turn
+up), causing her to give utterance to a scream that made the clerical
+gentleman open his eyes, and a couple of catbirds to fly frightened and
+squealing from their nests.
+
+At the same time an angry cow, rendered furious by the sting of some
+insect, plunged frantically into the wedding circle, bellowing, tossing
+her head, and flourishing her tail in a terrific and antinuptial manner.
+The Rev. Mr. Sifter was the first one to leave, and, being very spare,
+he passed swiftly through the trees and bushes, never looking behind him
+till he had reached the meeting house, where he stopped and in his
+unconscious delirium caught at the bell rope and rang the bell with a
+vigor that started every one from his work, so that in a few minutes
+'Extinguisher No. 1' was hurried along the roads by an extempore company
+of about fifty men and boys.
+
+Meanwhile, the witnesses of the rural wedding had all skedaddled--to
+borrow a Greek word--into the woods, in dire confusion, tearing
+dresses, pulling down 'back hair,' hitching hoop skirts, and tumbling
+over blackberry vines--but each intent on increasing the distance from
+the mad cow. Ann Harriet was not so fortunate; her size prevented her
+running, and a fiery peony on her bosom attracted the animal's
+attention, so that, with a loud roar, the beast rushed directly upon
+her. Had Ann Harriet been--as she was a few weeks before--an unprotected
+female, the undertaker of Peonytown would have had a 'big job' that day;
+but luckily, he who had just sworn to love and protect her saw that now
+was his time and chance to begin; so, drawing his sword, he stepped in
+front of his trembling bride, and, as the cow approached with head down
+and eyeballs glaring wildly, he aimed a blow with his weapon, which
+inflicted a severe cut on her nose.
+
+The cow paused.
+
+'Step backward gradually, my Ann Harriet,' said the valiant Dobbs, 'and
+I will see that she does not touch you.'
+
+Ann Harriet stepped backward, but not 'gradually,' for she trod on a
+loose stone, which upset her, and she rolled over and over down a
+sloping rock, ruining, on the way, any quantity of huckleberry bushes
+and pennyroyal. This started the cow, who made another furious charge at
+the soldier, who this time, by a well-directed blow, cut one horn sheer
+off.
+
+'That's good!' exclaimed he; 'next time I'll take t'other horn, and then
+commence on her legs.'
+
+The cow made another retreat, but appeared by no means vanquished. The
+Captain stood his ground manfully. Ann Harriet sat on the moss at the
+foot of the rock, disentangling from her hair the bruised and mangled
+caterpillars which still remained there.
+
+Just as the cow was about to make her third charge, shouts were heard in
+the path which led to the village, and in a moment 'Extinguisher No. 1,'
+with its brave volunteers, was on the ground. They had followed the
+directions of the parson and arrived at an opportune moment.
+
+The boys at once decided that, as there was no fire to put out, they
+would 'put out' the cow; so, unreeling the hose, they drew the water
+from the brook, and in a very little while a stream of water from a
+two-inch pipe struck the astonished cow full in the face, when she
+turned and scampered off into the forest, jumping over Ann Harriet at a
+single bound, and was seen no more.
+
+Captain Dobbs wiped his gory weapon on the greensward, and returned it
+to the sheath. He then sprang to the side of his wife, and, with the
+help of the foreman and two brakemen, raised her. She said her nerves
+were all unstrung, and she 'never could walk home in the world;' so she
+was placed on the box of the hose carriage and carried to the village.
+
+The Peonytowners turned out _en masse_ to meet them, and were anxious
+that the heroic Captain should make a speech from the town pump; but he
+declined.
+
+In a short time the happy couple were comfortably seated on the sofa in
+the parlor of the old homestead, and his arm was as far round her waist
+as it would go. Here we will bid them adieu. Ann Harriet being married,
+she will have no more _miss_-haps--albeit at some future time something
+may be heard of Captain and Mrs. Dobbs--and all the little Dobbses.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] Broken-up apple pie.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNION.
+
+IV.
+
+
+The census tables of the North and the South, and especially of
+Massachusetts, Maryland, and South Carolina, heretofore presented, have
+proved that slavery greatly retarded the progress of population, wealth,
+science, education, and religion. The comparison now instituted between
+New York and Virginia demonstrates the same law.
+
+By the census, the population of Virginia in 1790 was 748,308, and in
+1860, 1,596,318, making the ratio of increase 113.32 percent. In 1790,
+New York numbered 340,120, and in 1860, 3,880,735, the ratio of increase
+being 1,040.99. (Table 1, Prelim. Census Rep., p. 132.) Thus, the rate
+of increase in New York exceeded that of Virginia more than nine to one.
+
+In 1790, the population of Virginia was largely more than double that of
+New York. In 1860, the population of New York was very largely more than
+double that of Virginia. In 1790, Virginia, in population, ranked first
+of all the States, and New York the fifth. In 1860, they had reversed
+their positions, and New York was the first, and Virginia the fifth.
+(Rep., p. 120.) At the same rate of progress, from 1860 to 1900, as from
+1790 to 1860, Virginia, retaining slavery, would have sunk from the
+first to the twenty-first State, and would still continue, at each
+succeeding decade, descending the inclined plane toward the lowest
+position of all the States. Such has been, and still continues to be,
+the effect of slavery, in dragging down that once great State from the
+first toward the last in rank in the Union. But if, as in the absence of
+slavery must have been the case, Virginia had increased from 1790 to
+1860 in the same ratio as New York, her population in 1860 would have
+been 7,789,141, and she must always have remained the first in rank of
+all the States.
+
+AREA.--The natural advantages of Virginia far exceed those of New York.
+The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and that of New York,
+47,000. The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was 12.19,
+and in 1860, 26.02. That of New York, in 1790, was 7.83, and in 1860,
+84.36. Now, if New York, with her present numbers per square mile, had
+the area of Virginia, her population, in 1860, would have been
+5,175,654, and that of Virginia, reduced to the area of New York, on the
+basis of her present numbers per square mile, would have been 1,320,000.
+This illustrates the immense effect of area, as one of the great
+elements influencing the progress of population. But, wonderful as are
+these results, the great fact is omitted in this calculation, that
+Virginia, in 1790, had largely more than double the population of New
+York. Thus, if we reverse the numbers of New York and Virginia in 1790,
+and take the actual ratio of increase of each for the succeeding seventy
+years, the population of Virginia, in 1860, would have been 728,875, and
+that of New York, as we have seen, would have been 7,789,141, making the
+difference exceed seven millions, or very largely more than ten to one.
+Reverse the areas also, and the difference would exceed eight millions.
+
+SHORE LINE.--As furnishing cheap and easy access for imports and
+exports, creating marts for commerce with great cities, and affecting
+the interior most beneficially, the shore line, with adequate harbors,
+constitutes a vast element in the progress of states and empires. Now,
+by the last tables of the United States coast survey, the shore line of
+Virginia was 1,571 miles, and of New York 725 miles. The five great
+parallel tide-water rivers of Virginia, the Potomac, the Rappahannock,
+the York river, James river, and Roanoke (partly in North Carolina),
+with their tributaries, furnish easy access for hundreds of miles into
+the interior, with both shores of the noble Chesapeake bay for many
+miles, as well as its magnificent outlet and the main ocean for a
+considerable distance, all within the limits of Virginia. We have seen
+that the coast line of Virginia is largely more than double that of New
+York, and the harbors of Virginia are more numerous, deeper, and much
+nearer the great valley of the Ohio and Mississippi. By the coast-survey
+tables, the mean low water into the harbor of New York by Gedney's
+channel is 20 feet, and at high-water spring tides is 24.2; north
+channel, 24, mean low water, and 29.1 spring tides, high water; south
+channel, 22 and 27.1; main ship channel, after passing S.W. spit buoy,
+on N.E. course, one mile up the bay, for New York, 22.5-27.06. By the
+same tables, from capes at entrance of Chesapeake bay to Hampton, at
+mean low water, 30 feet; spring tides, high water, 32.8. Anchorage in
+Hampton roads, 59-61.8. From Hampton roads to Sewell's point, 25-27.8.
+South of Sewell's point (one mile and a half), 21-23.8; up to Norfolk,
+23-25.8. From Hampton roads to James river, entering to the northward of
+Newport News, middle ground, 22-24.8. From Hampton roads to James river,
+entering to the southward of Newport News, middle ground, 27-29.8. From
+abreast the tail of York spit, up to Yorktown, 33-35.8. Elizabeth river,
+between Norfolk and navy yard, 25.5-28.3.
+
+When we leave the tide-water rivers for the interior navigable streams,
+Virginia has a vast advantage. New York has no such rivers above tide,
+but Virginia has the Ohio for hundreds of miles, with its tributaries,
+the Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy. It is true, New York has several
+of the great lakes, and the vast advantage of connection with them
+through her great canal. But, in the absence of slavery, the canal
+projected by Washington (preceding that of New York) would have
+connected, through Virginia, the Chesapeake bay with the Ohio river. The
+James river, flowing into the Chesapeake, cuts the Blue Mountains, and
+the Kanawha, a confluent of the Ohio, cuts the Alleghany; thus opening
+an easy and practicable route for a great canal from the eastern to the
+western waters. The valley of the lakes, with which New York is
+connected by her canal, has an area of 335,515 square miles. The valley
+of the Mississippi, with which the Chesapeake would long since, in the
+absence of slavery, have been connected by the Virginia canal, has an
+area of 1,226,600 square miles. The shore line of the Mississippi and
+its tributaries, above tide water, is 35,644 miles. (Page 35 Compend.
+Census of 1850.) Our shore line of the lakes is 3,620 miles, including
+bays, sounds, and islands; and that of the British, 2,629. (Ib. 35.) The
+connection of the lakes with the Ohio and Mississippi would be the same
+for both States, the one being from the lakes to these rivers, and the
+other from the rivers to the lakes. The location of Virginia is more
+central than that of New York, and Virginia runs farther west by several
+hundred miles. We are so accustomed to look at the connection of New
+York with the West by her canal, and Virginia with no such union, that
+it is difficult to realize the great change if Virginia had been
+connected by her progressing work with the Ohio and Mississippi, and
+thence, by the present canals, with the lakes.
+
+It is apparent, then, that, as regards easy access to the West, the
+natural advantages of Virginia surpass New York, and with greater
+facilities for artificial works. How many decades would be required,
+after emancipation, to bring the superior natural advantages of Virginia
+into practical operation, is not the question; nor do I believe that
+the city of New York will ever cease to be the centre of our own trade,
+and ultimately of the commerce of the world. But although Virginia, in
+adhering to slavery, has lost her supremacy in the Union, it is quite
+certain that, as a Free State, she would commence a new career of
+wonderful prosperity, that capital and population from the North and
+from Europe would flow there with a mighty current, her lands be doubled
+in value, and her town and city property far more than quadrupled.
+
+MINES.--Virginia has vast mines of coal, the great element of modern
+progress. New York has none. It is coal that has made Great Britain a
+mighty empire, giving her power, by land and sea, equal to the manual
+force of all mankind. It is stated by the Commissioner of the General
+Land Office, in his report before referred to, of November, 1860, 'that
+an acre of coal, three feet thick, is equal to the product of 1,940
+acres of forest trees; and each acre of a coal seam four feet in
+thickness, and yielding one yard of pure coal, is equivalent to 5,000
+tons, and possesses, therefore, a reserve of mechanical strength in its
+fuel, equal to the life labor of more than 1,600 men.'
+
+This statement of the Commissioner is made on the highest authority, and
+proves the vast natural advantages of Virginia over New York. Virginia,
+also, has far more abundant mines of iron, more widely diffused over the
+State, reaching from tide water to the Ohio. She has also these iron
+mines in juxtaposition with coal and all the fluxes. Virginia, also, has
+valuable mines of gold, lead, and copper. New York has no gold or copper
+mines, and produced in 1860 but $800 worth of lead. (Table 14.)
+
+HYDRAULIC POWER.--Omitting Niagara, which thus far scorns the control of
+man, the hydraulic power of Virginia very far exceeds that of New York.
+It is to be found on the Potomac and its tributaries, and upon nearly
+every stream that flows into the Chesapeake or Ohio. The superior
+mildness of the climate of Virginia makes this power available there for
+a much greater portion of the year. The great falls of the Potomac,
+where Washington constructed the largest locks of the continent, has a
+water power unsurpassed, and is but twelve miles from tide water, at
+Washington. This point is a most healthy and beautiful location,
+surrounded by lands whose natural fertility was very great, and, in the
+absence of slavery, must have been a vast manufacturing city. This water
+power could move more spindles than are now worked on all this
+continent.
+
+AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES.--The natural fertility of the soil of
+Virginia far exceeded that of New York, with a more genial sun, and much
+more favorable seasons for agricultural products, as well as for stock.
+The number of acres of land in Virginia susceptible of profitable
+culture, is nearly double that of New York, but much of it has been
+impoverished by slave labor, scratching and exhausting the soil, without
+manure or rotation of crops. The census shows that Virginia has all the
+products of New York, and cotton in addition. Virginia produced, in
+1860, 12,727 bales of cotton (table 36), worth, at present prices,
+nearly $3,000,000. She also adjoins the States of North Carolina and
+Tennessee, producing, in 1860, 372,964 bales, worth, at present prices,
+nearly $90,000,000. Virginia is also much nearer than New York to all
+the other cotton States. With these vast advantages, with her larger
+area, more fertile soil, cheaper subsistence, her coal and iron and
+great hydraulic power, with so much cotton raised by herself and in
+adjacent States, Virginia should have manufactured much more cotton than
+New York. But, by the census (table 22), the value of the cotton
+manufacture of Virginia in 1850 was $1,446,109, and in 1860,
+$1,063,611--a decrease of one third. In New York, the value of the
+cotton manufacture in 1850 was $5,019,323, and in 1860, $7,471,961, an
+increase of over 48 per cent. So, if we look at the tables of mines,
+manufactures, and the fisheries, with the vastly superior advantages of
+Virginia, the whole product in 1860 was of the value of $51,300,000, and
+of agriculture $68,700,000; whilst in New York these values were
+respectively $379,623,560 and $226,376,440. (Tables of Census, 33 and
+36.)
+
+CLIMATE AND MORTALITY.--By table 6, page 22, of the Census, there were
+for the year ending June 1st, 1860, 46,881 deaths in New York, being 1
+in every 82 of the population, and 1.22 per cent. The number of deaths
+in Virginia, in the same year, was 22,472, being 1 in every 70 of the
+population, or 1.43 per cent. There was, then, a slight difference in
+favor of New York. But Virginia is divided into four geographical
+sections: the tide-water, the Piedmont (running from the tide-water
+region to the Blue Mountains), the valley between these mountains and
+the Alleghanies, and the trans-Alleghany to the Ohio. These three last
+sections, containing three fourths of the area and white population of
+the State, surpass New York in salubrity, with the most bracing and
+delightful climate. The climate of Virginia is far more favorable for
+stock and agricultural products than New York, with longer and better
+seasons, and is more salubrious than the climate of Europe. (Comp.
+1850.)
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--We have seen how great was the advance in
+population of New York over Virginia, from 1790 to 1860, being in the
+ratio of more than 9 to 1. Now let us compare the relative progress of
+wealth. It is contended by the advocates of slavery, that it accumulates
+wealth more rapidly, and thus enriches the nation, although it may
+depress its moral and intellectual development, its increase of numbers
+and of power, and tarnish its reputation throughout the world. As
+population and its labor create wealth, it must be retarded by a system
+which, as we have seen in this case, diminishes the relative advance of
+numbers in the ratio of more than 9 to 1. But the census proves that
+slavery greatly retards the increase of wealth. By tables 33 and 36 of
+the census of 1860, it appears, omitting commerce, that the products of
+industry, as given, viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and
+fisheries, were that year in New York $604,000,000, or $155 _per
+capita_; and in Virginia $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. This shows a
+total value of product in New York more than five times greater than in
+Virginia, and _per capita_, more than 2 to 1. If we include the earnings
+of commerce, and all business not given in the census, I think it will
+be shown hereafter, that the value of the products and earnings of New
+York, in 1860, exceeded those of Virginia at least 7 to 1. As to the
+rate of increase, the value of the products of agriculture,
+manufactures, mines, and fisheries of Virginia, in 1850, was $84,480,428
+(table 9), and in New York $356,736,603, showing an increase in Virginia
+from 1850 to 1860 of $35,519,572, being 41 per cent., and in New York
+$247,263,397, being 69 per cent., exhibiting a difference of 28 per
+cent. Now the increase of population in Virginia from 1850 to 1860 was
+12.29 per cent., and in New York 25.29 per cent., the difference being
+only 13 per cent. (Table 1, p. 131.) Thus, it appears, the increase of
+wealth in New York, exclusive of the gains of commerce, as compared with
+Virginia, was more than double the ratio of the augmentation of
+population. By the census table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195, 'The true value
+of the real and personal property, according to the eighth census was,
+New York, $1,843,338,517, and of Virginia $793,249,681.' Now we have
+seen the value of the products of New York in 1860 by the census was
+$604,000,000, and in Virginia $120,000,000. Thus, as a question of the
+annual yield of capital, that of New York was 32.82 per cent., and
+Virginia 15.13 per cent.; the annual product of capital being more than
+double in New York what it was in Virginia. The problem then is solved
+in Virginia, as it was in Maryland and South Carolina, and all the South
+compared with all the North, that slavery retards the progress of wealth
+and accumulation of capital, in the ratio of 2 to 1. Our war taxes may
+be very great, but the tax of slavery is far greater, and the relief
+from it, in a few years, will add much more to the national wealth than
+the whole deduction made by the war debt. Our total wealth, by the
+census of 1860, being, by table 35, $16,159,616,068, one per cent. taken
+annually to pay the interest and gradually extinguish the war debt,
+would be $161,596,160; whereas, judging by Virginia and New York, the
+diminished increase of the annual product of capital, as the result of
+slavery, is 2.8 per cent., or $452,469,250 per annum, equal in a decade,
+without compounding the annual results, to $4,524,692,500.
+
+That our population would have reached in 1860 nearly 40,000,000, and
+our wealth have been more than doubled, if slavery had been extinguished
+in 1790, is one of the revelations made by the census; whilst in
+science, in education, and national power, the advance would have been
+still more rapid, and the moral force of our example and success would
+have controlled for the benefit of mankind the institutions of the
+world.
+
+By table 36, p. 196, of the census of 1860, the _cash_ value of the
+farms of Virginia was $371,096,211, being $11.91 per acre, and of New
+York $803,343,593, being $38.26 per acre. Now, by the table, the number
+of acres embraced in these farms of New York was 20,992,950, and in
+Virginia 31,014,950, the difference of value per acre being $26.36, or
+much more than 3 to 1 in favor of New York. Now, if we multiply this
+number of acres of farm lands of Virginia by the New York value, it
+would make the total value of the farm lands of New York $1,186,942,136,
+and the _additional_ value caused by emancipation $815,845,925. Now the
+whole number of slaves in Virginia in 1860, was 490,865; multiplying
+which by $300 as their average value, would be $147,259,500, leaving
+$668,586,425 as the sum by which Virginia would be richer in farms
+alone, if slavery were abolished. But, stupendous as is this result in
+regard to lands, it is far below the reality. We have seen that the farm
+lands of Virginia, improved and unimproved, constituted 31,014,950
+acres. By the census and the land-office tables, the area of Virginia is
+39,265,280 acres. Deduct the farm lands, and there remain unoccupied
+8,250,330 acres. Now, Virginia's population to the square mile being
+26.02, and that of New York 84.36, with an equal density in Virginia,
+more than two thirds of these Virginia lands, as in New York, must have
+been occupied as farms. This would have been equivalent, at two thirds,
+to 5,500,000 acres, which, at their present average value of $2 per
+acre, would be worth $11,000,000; but, at the value per acre of the New
+York lands, these 5,500,000 acres would be worth $206,430,000. Deduct
+from this their present value, $11,000,000, and the remainder,
+$195,430,000, is the sum by which the unoccupied lands of Virginia,
+converted into farms, would have been increased in value by
+emancipation. Add this to the enhanced value of their present farms,
+$815,845,925, and the result would be $1,011,275,925, as the gain of
+Virginia in the value of lands by emancipation. To these we should add,
+from the same cause, the enhancement of the town and city property in
+Virginia to the extent of several hundred millions of dollars. In order
+to realize the truth, we must behold Virginia as she would have been,
+with New York railroads and canals, farms, manufactures, commerce,
+towns, and cities. Then we must consider the superior natural advantages
+of Virginia, her far greater area, her richer soil, her more genial sun,
+her greater variety of products, her mines of coal, iron, gold, copper,
+and lead, her petroleum, her superior hydraulic power, her much larger
+coast line, with more numerous and deeper harbors--and reflect what
+Virginia would have been in the absence of slavery. Her early statesmen,
+Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Mason, Tucker, and Marshall, all
+realized this great truth, and all desired to promote emancipation in
+Virginia. But their advice was disregarded by her present leaders--the
+new, false, and fatal dogmas of Calhoun were substituted; and, as a
+consequence, Virginia, from the first rank (_longo intervallo_) of all
+the States, has fallen to the fifth, and, with slavery continued, will
+descend still more rapidly in the future than in the past. Let her
+abolish slavery, and she will commence a new career of progress. Freedom
+and its associates, education and energy, will occupy her waste lands,
+restore her exhausted fields, decaying cities, and prostrate industry,
+employ her vast hydraulic power, develop her mines, unite by her grand
+canals the waters of the Chesapeake and Ohio, and, placing her feet upon
+slavery, hear her proclaim, in the proud language of her own State
+motto, '_Sic semper tyrannis._'
+
+By census table 36, p. 197, the value, in 1860, of the farm lands of all
+the Slave States, was $2,570,466,935, and the number of acres
+245,721,062, worth $10.46 per acre. In the Free States, the value of the
+farm lands was $4,067,947,286, and the number of acres 161,462,008,
+worth $25.19 per acre. Now if, as certainly in the absence of slavery
+would have been the case, the farm lands of the South had been worth as
+much per acre as those of the North, their total value would have been
+$6,189,713,551, and, deducting the present price, the _additional_ cash
+value would have been $3,619,346,616. Now the whole number of slaves in
+all the States, in 1860, was 3,950,531, multiplying which by $300, as
+their average value, would make all the slaves in the Union worth
+$1,185,159,300. Deduct this from the enhanced value of the farm lands of
+the South as above, and the result would be $2,434,087,316 as the gain
+in the price of farms by emancipation. This is independent of the
+increased value of their unoccupied lands, and of their town and city
+property.
+
+By census tables of 1860, 33 and 36, the total value of the products of
+agriculture, mines, and fisheries in the Free States was $4,100,000,000,
+and of the Slave States $1,150,000,000, making the products of the Free
+States in 1860 nearly 4 to 1 of the Slave States, and $216 _per capita_
+for the Free States, and for the Slave States $94 _per capita_. This is
+exclusive of commerce, which would greatly increase the ratio in favor
+of the North, that of New York alone being nearly equal to that of all
+the Slave States. Now, multiply the population of the Slave States by
+the value of the products _per capita_ of the Free States, and the
+result is $2,641,631,032, making, by emancipation, the increased annual
+product of the Slave States $1,491,631,032, and in ten years, exclusive
+of the yearly accumulations, $14,916,310,320.
+
+By the table 35, census of 1860, the total value of all the property,
+real and personal, of the Free States, was $10,852,081,681, and of the
+Slave States, $5,225,307,034. Now, the product, in 1860, of the Free
+States, being $4,100,000,000, the annual yield on the capital was 38 per
+cent.; and, the product of the Slave States being $1,150,000,000, the
+yield on the capital was 22 per cent. This was the gross product in both
+cases. I have worked out these amazing results from the census tables,
+to illustrate the fact, that the same law, by which slavery retarded the
+progress of wealth in Virginia, as compared with New York, and of
+Maryland and South Carolina, as compared with Massachusetts, rules the
+relative advance in wealth of all the Slave States, as compared with
+that of all the Free States. I have stated that the statistics of
+commerce, omitted in these tables, would vastly increase the difference
+in favor of the Free States, as compared with the Slave States, and of
+New York as contrasted with Virginia. I shall now resume the latter
+inquiry, so as to complete the comparison between New York and Virginia.
+By commerce is embraced, in this examination, all earning not included
+under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, or fisheries.
+
+RAILROADS.--The number of miles of railroads in operation in New York,
+in 1860, including city roads, was 2,842 miles, costing $138,395,055;
+and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807. (Census table of
+1860, No. 38, pp. 230 and 233.) Now, by the same census report, p. 105,
+the value of the freights of the New York roads for 1860 was as follows:
+Product of the forest--tons carried, 373,424; value per ton, $20; total
+value, $7,468,480. Of animals--895,519 tons; value per ton, $200; total
+value, $179,103,800. Vegetable food--1,103,640 tons; value per ton, $50;
+total value, $55,182,000. Other agricultural products--143,219 tons;
+value per ton, $15; total value, $2,148,055. Manufactures--511,916 tons;
+value per ton, $500; total value, $391,905,500. Other articles--930,244
+tons; value, $10 per ton; total value, $9,302,440. Grand total,
+4,741,773 tons carried; value per ton, $163. Total values, $773,089,275.
+Deducting one quarter for duplication, makes 3,556,330 tons carried on
+the New York roads in 1860; and the value, $579,681,790. The values of
+the freights on the Virginia roads, as estimated, is $60,000,000, giving
+an excess to those of New York of $519,681,790, on the value of railroad
+freights in 1860. The passenger account, not given, would largely
+increase the disparity in favor of New York.
+
+CANALS.--The number of miles of canals in New York is 1,038, and their
+cost $67,567,972. In Virginia, the number of miles is 178, and the cost
+$7,817,000. (Census table 39, p. 238.) The estimated value of the
+freight on the New York canals is 19 times that of the freight on the
+Virginia canals. (Census.)
+
+TONNAGE.--The tonnage of vessels built in New York in 1860 was 31,936
+tons, and in Virginia 4,372. (Census, p. 107.)
+
+BANKS.--The number of banks in New York in 1860 was 303; capital
+$111,441,320, loans $200,351,332, specie $20,921,545, circulation
+$29,959,506, deposits $101,070,273; and in Virginia the number was 65;
+capital $16,005,156, loans $24,975,792, specie $2,943,652, circulation
+$9,812,197, deposits $7,729,652. (Table 34, p. 193, Census.)
+
+INSURANCE COMPANIES.--The risks taken in New York were $916,474,956, or
+nearly one third of those in the whole Union. Virginia, estimated at
+$100,000,000; difference in favor of New York $816,474,956. (Census, p.
+79.)
+
+EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, ETC.--Our exports abroad from New York for the
+fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, were $145,555,449, and the foreign
+imports $248,489,877; total of both, $394,045,326. The clearances same
+year from New York were 4,574,285 tons, and the entries 4,836,448 tons;
+total of both, 9,410,733 tons. In Virginia, the exports the same year
+were $5,858,024, and the imports $1,326,249; total of both, $7,184,273;
+clearances, 80,381 tons, entries, 97,762 tons; total of both, 178,143
+tons. (Table 14, Register of United States Treasury.) Revenue collected
+from customs same year in New York, $37,788,969, and in Virginia
+$189,816, or 200 to 1 in favor of New York. (Tables, U.S. Com. of
+Customs.) No returns are given for the coastwise and internal trade of
+either State, but the tables of the railway and canal transportation of
+both States show nearly the same proportion in favor of New York as in
+the foreign trade. Thus the _domestic_ exports from New York for the
+above year abroad were $126,060,967, and from Virginia $5,833,371.
+(Same table, 14.) And yet Virginia, as we have seen, had much greater
+natural advantages than New York for commerce, as well as for mines,
+manufactures, and agriculture. But slavery has almost expelled commerce
+from Virginia, and nearly paralyzed all other pursuits.
+
+These tables, taken from the census and the Treasury records, prove
+incontestably, that slavery retards the progress of wealth and
+population throughout the South, but especially in Virginia. Nor can the
+Tariff account for the results; for Virginia, as we have seen, possesses
+far greater advantages than New York for manufactures. Besides, the
+commerce of New York far surpasses that of Virginia, and this is the
+branch of industry supposed to be affected most injuriously by high
+tariffs, and New York has generally voted against them with as much
+unanimity as Virginia. But there is a still more conclusive proof. The
+year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs, and yet, from
+1790 to 1820, as proved by the census, the percentage of increase of New
+York over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to 1860. Thus, by table I
+of the census, p. 124, the increase of population in Virginia was as
+follows:
+
+   From 1790 to 1800 17.63 per cent.
+     "  1800 "  1810 10.73    "
+     "  1810 "  1820  9.31    "
+     "  1820 "  1830 13.71    "
+     "  1830 "  1840  2.34    "
+     "  1840 "  1850 14.60    "
+     "  1850 "  1860 12.29    "
+
+The increase of population in New York was:
+
+   From 1790 to 1800 72.51 per cent.
+     "  1800 "  1810 63.45    "
+     "  1810 "  1820 43.14    "
+     "  1820 "  1830 39.76    "
+     "  1830 "  1840 26.60    "
+     "  1840 "  1850 27.52    "
+     "  1850 "  1860 25.29    "
+
+In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318, in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of New York was 340,120, in
+1820, 1,372,111, and in 1860, 3,880,735. Thus, from 1790 to 1820, before
+the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase of the
+population of New York, as compared with Virginia, was very far greater
+than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the Tariff had no
+influence whatever in depressing the progress of Virginia as compared
+with New York.
+
+We have heretofore proved by the census the same position as regards the
+relative progress of Maryland and Massachusetts, and the same principle
+applies as between all the Free, as compared with all the Slave States.
+In New York, we have seen that her progress from 1790 to 1820, in the
+absence of high tariffs, and, even before the completion of her great
+canal, her advance in population was much more rapid than from 1820 to
+1860. Indeed, it is quite clear that, so far as the Tariff had any
+influence, it was far more unfavorable to New York than to Virginia, New
+York being a much greater agricultural as well as commercial State.
+
+Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and periodicals in
+New York in 1860 was 542, of which 365 were political, 56 religious, 63
+literary, 58 miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860
+was 320,930,884. (Census tables, Nos. 15, 37.) The number in Virginia
+was 139; of which 117 were political, 13 religious, 3 literary, 6
+miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860 was
+26,772,568. Thus, the annual circulation of the press in New York was
+twelve times as great as that of Virginia. As to periodicals: New York
+had 69 monthlies, of which 2 were political, 25 religious, 24 literary,
+and 18 miscellaneous; 10 quarterlies, of which 5 were religious, and 5
+literary; 6 annuals, of which 2 were political, 2 religious, and 2
+miscellaneous. Virginia had 5 monthlies, of which 1 was political, 2
+religious, 1 literary, and 1 miscellaneous; and no quarterlies or
+annuals. The annual circulation of the New York monthlies was 2,045,000;
+that of Virginia was 43,900; or more than 43 to 1 in favor of New York.
+
+As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged
+and printed. The number of public schools in New York in 1850 was
+11,580, teachers 13,965, pupils 675,221; colleges, academies, etc.,
+pupils 52,001; attending school during the year, as returned by
+families, 693,329; native adults of the State who cannot read or write,
+23,341. Public libraries, 11,013; volumes, 1,760,820. Value of churches,
+$21,539,561. (Comp. Census, 1850.)
+
+The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937, teachers
+3,005, pupils 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils 10,326;
+attending school during the year, as returned by families, 109,775;
+native white adults of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868.
+Public libraries, 54; volumes, 88,462. Value of churches, $2,902,220.
+(Compend. of Census of 1850.) By table 155, same compend, the percentage
+of native free population in Virginia over 20 years of age who cannot
+read or write is 19.90, and in New York 1.87, in North Carolina 30.34,
+in Maryland 11.10, in Massachusetts 0.32, or less than one third of one
+per cent. In New England, the percentage of native whites who cannot
+read or write is 0.42, or less than one half of one per cent.; and in
+the Southern States 20.30, or 50 to 1 in favor of New England.
+(Compend., table 157.) But, if we take the whole adult population of
+Virginia, including whites, free blacks, and slaves, 42.05 per cent., or
+nearly one half, cannot read or write; and in North Carolina, more than
+one half cannot read or write. We have seen, by the above official
+tables of the census of 1850, that New York, compared with Virginia, had
+nearly ten times as many pupils at schools, colleges, and academies,
+twenty times as many books in libraries, and largely more than seven
+times the value of churches; while the ratio of native white adults who
+cannot read or write was more than 10 to 1 in Virginia, compared with
+New York. We have seen, also, that in North Carolina nearly one third of
+the native white adults, and in Virginia nearly one fifth, cannot read
+or write, and in New England 1 in every 400, in New York 1 in every 131,
+in the South and Southwest 1 in every 12 of the native white adults.
+(Comp. p. 153.)
+
+These official statistics enable me, then, again to say that slavery is
+hostile to the progress of wealth and education, to science and
+literature, to schools, colleges, and universities, to books and
+libraries, to churches and religion, to the press, and therefore to free
+government; hostile to the poor, keeping them in want and ignorance;
+hostile to labor, reducing it to servitude, and decreasing two thirds
+the value of its products; hostile to morals, repudiating among slaves
+the marital and parental condition, classifying them by law as chattels,
+darkening the immortal soul, and making it a crime to teach millions of
+human beings to read or write. Surely such a system is hostile to
+civilization, which consists in the education of the masses of the
+people of a country, and not of the few only. A State, one third of
+whose population are slaves, classified by law as chattels, and
+forbidden all instruction, and nearly one fifth of whose adult whites
+cannot read or write, is semi-civilized, however enlightened may be the
+ruling classes. If a highly educated chief or parliament governed China
+or Dahomey, they would still be semi-civilized or barbarous countries,
+however enlightened their rulers might be. The real discord between the
+North and the South, is not only the difference between freedom and
+slavery, but between civilization and barbarism caused by slavery. When
+we speak of a civilized _nation_, we mean the masses of the people, and
+not the government or rulers only. The enlightenment of the _people_ is
+the true criterion of civilization, and any community that falls below
+this standard, is barbarous or semi-civilized. In countries where kings
+or oligarchies rule, the government may be maintained, (however
+unjustly,) without educating the masses; but, in a republic, or popular
+government, this is impossible; and the deluded masses of the South
+never could have been driven into this rebellion, but for the ignorance
+into which they had been plunged by slavery; nor is there any remedy for
+the evil but emancipation. If, then, we would give stability and wisdom
+to the government, and perpetuity to the Union, we must abolish slavery,
+which withholds education and enlightenment from the masses of the
+people, who, with us, control the policy of the nation.
+
+With our only cause of ignorance and poverty among the people, and only
+element of discord among the States, extirpated by the gradual removal
+of slavery and negroism, we would bound forward in a new and wonderful
+career of power and prosperity. Our noble vessel of state, the great
+Republic, freighted with the hopes of humanity, and the liberties of our
+country and of mankind, still bearing aloft the flag of our mighty
+Union, indissoluble by domestic traitors or conspiring oligarchs, will,
+under Divine guidance, pass over the troubled waters, reassuring a
+desponding world, as she glides into the blessed haven of safety and
+repose. All the miracles of our past career would be eclipsed by the
+glories of the future. We might then laugh to scorn the impotent malice
+of foreign foes. Without force or fraud, without sceptre or bayonet, our
+moral influence and example, for their own good, and by their own free
+choice, would control the institutions and destiny of nations. The wise
+men of the East may then journey westward again, to see the rising star
+of a regenerated humanity, the fall of thrones and dynasties, the
+lifting up of the downtrodden masses, and the political redemption of
+our race, not by a new dispensation, but by the fulfilment thus of the
+glorious prophecies and blessed promises of Holy Writ. And can we not
+lift ourselves into that serene atmosphere of love of country and of our
+race, above all selfish schemes or mere party devices, and contemplate
+the grandeur of these results, if now, _now_, NOW we will only do our
+duty? Now, indeed, is the 'accepted time,' now is the day of the
+'salvation' of our country. And now, as in former days of trouble, let
+us remember the mighty dead, as, when living, silencing the voice of
+treason, and calming the tempest of revolution, he uttered those
+electric words: 'UNION AND LIBERTY, NOW AND FOREVER, ONE AND
+INSEPARABLE!'
+
+If we could rise to the height of prophetic vision, behold the
+procession of coming events, and, unrolling the scroll of advancing
+years and centuries, contemplate our Union securing by its example the
+rights and liberties of man, would we not welcome any sacrifice, even
+death itself, if we could thus aid in accomplishing results so god-like
+and sublime? But, whether in gloom or glory, chastened for national sins
+or rewarded for good deeds, let us realize the _great truth_, that the
+Almighty directs nations as well as planets in their course, governs the
+moral as well as the material world, never abdicating for a moment the
+control of either; and that persevering opposition to his laws must
+meet, in the end, retributive justice.
+
+
+
+
+PROMISE.
+
+
+   O watcher for the dawn of day,
+     As o'er the mountain peaks afar
+   Hangs in the twilight cold and gray,
+     Like a bright lamp, the morning star!
+   Though slow the daybeams creep along
+     The serried pines which top the hills,
+   And gloomy shadows brood among
+     The silent valleys, and the rills
+
+   Seem almost hushed--patience awhile!
+     Though slowly night to day gives birth,
+   Soon the young babe with radiant smile
+     Shall gladden all the waiting earth.
+   By fair gradation changes come,
+     No harsh transitions mar God's plan,
+   But slowly works from sun to sun
+     His perfect rule of love to man.
+
+   And patience, too, my countrymen,
+     In this our nation's fierce ordeal!
+   Bright burns the searching flame, and then,
+     The dross consumed, shall shine the real.
+   Wake, watcher! see the mountain peaks
+     Already catch a golden ray,
+   Light on the far horizon speaks
+     The dawning of a glorious day.
+
+   Murky the shadows still that cling
+     In the deep valleys, but the mist
+   Is soaring up on silver wing
+     To where the sun the clouds has kissed.
+   Hard-fought and long the strife may be,
+     The powers of wrong be slow to yield,
+   But Right shall gain the victory,
+     And Freedom hold the battle field.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN DESTINY.
+
+
+We would study the question of American Destiny in the light of common
+sense, of history, and of science.
+
+It may be unusual to illustrate from science a principle which is to
+have a political application; but we shall endeavor to do so, believing
+it to be unexceptionably legitimate. The different departments of
+science, science and history, science and politics, have been,
+heretofore, kept quite distinct as to the provinces of inquiry to which
+it was presumed they severally belonged. Each has been cultivated as if
+it had no relation external to itself, and was not one of a family of
+cognate truths. This, however, is undergoing a gradual but certain
+change, in which it is becoming constantly more manifest that between
+the different departments of human inquiry there are mutual dependences
+and complicated interrelations, which enable us, by the truths of one
+science, to thread the mazes of another.
+
+There are certain general laws which pertain with equal validity to many
+departments of activity in the natural world; there are parallel lines
+of development as the result of the inherent correlation of forces.
+Thus, if we have found a great general law in physiology, that same law
+may apply with equal aptness to astronomy, geology, chemistry, and even
+to social and political evolution.
+
+One of these general laws, and perhaps the most comprehensive in its
+character and universal in its application of any yet known, we will
+announce in the language of Guyot, the comparative geographer: 'We have
+recognized in the life of all that develops itself, three successive
+states, three grand phases, three evolutions, identically repeated in
+every order of existence; a _chaos_, where all is confounded together; a
+_development_, where all is separating; a _unity_, where all is binding
+itself together and organizing. We have observed that here is the law of
+_phenomenal life_, the _formula_ of development, whether in inorganic
+nature or in organized nature.'
+
+This answers for the department of physics and physiology. We will let
+Guizot, the historian, speak for the political and social realm: 'All
+things, at their origin, are nearly confounded in one and the same
+physiognomy; it is only in their aftergrowth that their variety shows
+itself. Then begins a new development which urges forward societies
+toward that free and lofty unity, the glorious object of the efforts and
+wishes of mankind.'
+
+We find an illustration of this law in the simplest of the sciences, if
+the nebular hypothesis be true, as most astronomers believe. We have
+first the chaotic, nebulous matter, then the formation of worlds
+therefrom, by a continuous process of unfolding. Each world is a unit
+within itself, but part of a still greater unit composed of a system of
+worlds revolving around the same sun; and this greater unit, part of one
+which is still greater--a star cluster, composed of many planetary
+systems, and subject to the same great cosmical laws. If the theory be
+correct, we find, in this example, the heterogeneous derived from the
+simple, and far more completely an organized unit, with all its
+complexity, than was the chaotic mass from which development originally
+proceeded.
+
+We find additional illustration in coming to our own world. Its primeval
+geography was simple and uniform; there was little diversity of coast
+line, soil, or surface. But the cooling process of the earth went on,
+the surface contracted and ridged up, the exposed rocks were
+disintegrated by the action of the atmosphere and the waters; the
+sediment deposited in the bottom of the seas was thrown to the surface;
+continents were enlarged, higher mountain ranges upheaved, the coasts
+worn into greater irregularity of outline; and everywhere the soil
+became more composite, the surface more uneven, the landscape more
+variegated.
+
+Corresponding changes have taken place in the climate. At first the
+temperature of the earth was much warmer than now, and uniform in all
+parallels of latitude, as is shown by the fossil remains. Now we have a
+great diversity of climate, whether we contrast the polar with the
+torrid regions, or the different seasons of the temperate zone with each
+other.
+
+The same law of increasing diversity obtains in the fauna and flora of
+the various periods of geological history. The earliest fossil record of
+animal life is witness to the simplicity of organic structure. Among
+vertebrated animals, fishes first appear, next reptiles, then birds;
+still higher, the lower type of animals which suckle their young; and as
+the strata become more recent, still higher forms of mammalia, till we
+reach the upper tertiary, in which geologists have discovered the
+remains of many animals of complex structure nearly allied to those
+which are now in existence. In the historic period appear many organic
+forms of still greater complexity, with man at the head of the
+zoological series.
+
+In this glance of zoological progress, we discover increasing
+complication of two kinds; for while the individual structure has been
+constantly becoming more complex, there are now in existence the
+analogues of the lowest fossil types, which, with the highest, and with
+all the intermediate, present a maze and vastness of complication,
+which, in comparison with the homogeneity of the aggregate of early
+structure, is sufficiently obvious and impressive.
+
+There is in this view, still another outline of increasing complexity.
+At first the same types prevailed all over the earth's surface; but as
+the soil, atmosphere, and climate changed, and the animal structure
+became more complex and varied, the limits of particular species became
+more and more localized, till the earth's surface presented zoological
+districts, with the fauna of each peculiar to itself.
+
+But, what of unitization? Here, there appears to be divergence only, and
+that continually increasing.
+
+Guyot says that 'the unity reappears with the creation of man, who
+combines in his physical nature all the perfections of the animal, and
+who is the end of all this long progression of organized beings.'
+Agassiz recognizes man alone as cosmopolite; and Comte regards him as
+the supreme head of the economy of nature, and representative of the
+fundamental unity of the anatomical scale.
+
+But another and more obvious example of unitization in complexity, is
+derivable from the consideration of the animal organism, and will soon
+be given.
+
+We will merely mention in passing, that the most complex animals, in the
+various stages of fetal development through which they pass, correspond
+to the types of structure which are permanent in the lower forms of
+animal life. Thus, in the zoological chain, there are beings of all
+grades, from the most simple in structure to the most complex; and the
+most complex animal, in its development from the ovum or egg, passes
+through all these grades of structure, ending in that which is above
+all, and distinctively its own. 'Without going into tedious details, man
+presents, as regards the most important of his constituent structures,
+his nervous system, the successive characteristics of an avertebrated
+animal, a fish, a turtle, a bird, a quadruped, a quadrumanous animal,
+before he assumes the special human characteristics.' (Draper.)
+
+Our purpose being to show that while complexity of structure is
+constantly increasing, unitization, or the organized dependence of one
+part on another, is, at the same time, becoming more complete, we shall
+refer briefly to the comparative anatomy and physiology of animals.
+There is in this connection such wealth of material--a long chain of
+animal beings with all grades of structure from very simple to very
+complex; each complex animal, in its development from the ovum, passing
+through all the lower types of structure in succession; so many new
+organs and functions arising in the course of this development; each
+organ so arising, becoming, in its turn, more complex in structure, more
+specialized in function, and more dependent on the office of other
+organs;--in the midst, I say, of all this wealth of material, indicated
+here in a great general and imperfect manner, the difficulty, in so
+brief an exposition as this, is to know what facts to seize upon as
+calculated to illustrate most aptly the principle under consideration.
+
+The development of the senses, with reference to their organs, nerves,
+and functions, presents a striking illustration of increasing
+complexity.
+
+In the lowest forms of animal life, we find general sensibility only,
+and it is claimed that this exists in the lowest forms, without even the
+presence of nerves. But as we rise higher in the scale, the special
+organs of sense gradually become developed--one new sense after another
+appears; but this is not the only line of increasing complexity. When an
+organ of sense first appears, its function is of the simplest character;
+and it is only when we reach the highest types of animal life that it
+performs the greatest variety of offices peculiar thereto. That of touch
+is, at first, but crude and simple, becoming delicate and complicated
+only in the highest types. The sense of pain is a differentiated
+function, possessed only in a slight degree by reptiles and fishes, and
+probably not at all by animals still lower in the scale.
+
+The eye-spots of star fishes and jelly fishes simply distinguish light
+from darkness, much as we do with our eyes closed. There are many
+degrees of development from this condition of the inferior organism to
+that of the human eye, which distinguishes the nicest shades of color,
+distance, form, and size of objects, and the play of passion on the
+human countenance.
+
+The same variety of function is acquired by the ear in its development
+from its simplest to its most complex form. In the higher animals, the
+organ of hearing is formed of three parts, an external, middle, and
+internal portion; but in birds the external ear is wanting; in fishes
+both the external and middle parts are wanting; in mollusks it is
+reduced to a simple sack of microscopic dimensions, filled with a liquid
+in which there are otolithes, or pebbly substances. Such an organ can
+distinguish noises only; it can recognize nothing of the infinite
+variety of articulations, notes, tones, melodies, harmonies of the human
+voice and of musical instruments. There is even a great difference
+between the disciplined, and therefore differentiated ear of a cultured
+person, and the undisciplined, and therefore less differentiated ear of
+a boor. Similar specializations of structure and function pertain to the
+other senses; but we may pass them.
+
+The digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems, and all the other
+systems of the animal structure, evince the same law.
+
+The lowest form of the circulating fluid, as in sponges, is simply water
+containing gases and organic particles; and this can scarcely be spoken
+of as circulating, for it is merely drawn in and then expelled. A little
+higher in the scale naturalists find a 'chylaqueous fluid,' which
+oscillates in the general cavity of the sack-like animal. The true blood
+is another step in development; and even this organized fluid changes
+its character as the scale advances. Most animals have no heart; and
+when the organ does first appear, it is but a simple, rudimentary
+structure, very unlike the complex machine which plays at the centre of
+circulation in the higher types.
+
+Though fishes breathe through their gills, receiving all the oxygen they
+require from the small amount of air in the water, the swimming bladder
+is in them the rudimentary lung--a very simple structure, indeed, when
+compared with the more complex arrangement for respiration in the higher
+animals.
+
+Some animals of gelatinous, and therefore flexible structure, perform
+digestion by folding their bodies over the food, and pressing the
+nutritious matter out of it: they extemporize a stomach for the
+occasion. And even in some of their higher types, in such as have a
+permanent mouth and stomach, the digestive process is simply a squeezing
+out of the elements of nutrition. The digestive apparatus, from being a
+simple sack in the polype and similar organisms, becomes, by a
+continuous unfolding, the complicated structure which we find in the
+higher animals, with various organs effecting various parts of the
+digestive change, and even different parts of the same organ having
+specialized functions to perform.
+
+The most complex animal proceeds originally from a simple cell; and 'at
+the two extremes we may contemplate the single germinal membrane of the
+ovum, which is discharging contemporaneously every function--digesting,
+absorbing, respiring, etc.; and the complete organic apparatus of man,
+the stomach, the lungs, the skin, the kidneys, and the liver--mechanisms
+set apart each for the discharge of a special duty, yet each having
+arisen, as we know positively from watching the order of their
+development, from that simple germinal membrane.' (Draper.) This is what
+one physiologist says of the ovum which is being developed into a
+complex being. Here is what another says of animals at the lower end of
+the zoological scale: 'The simplest organisms breathe, exhale, secrete,
+absorb, and reproduce, by their envelopes alone.' (Lewes.) Here we
+perceive the resemblance between the ovum of the higher animals and the
+permanent structure of the lower animals. Indeed, some of the lower
+forms of animal life are simply cells. How vast the difference between
+the organism of man, with all its complexity of structure, and that of
+the Ameba or Actinophrys, which, being merely a homogeneous mass of
+organic matter, performs all the functions of its simple life without
+any special organ whatever! Yet, is man any less a unit than the Ameba,
+or any other simple organism? Does his multiplicity of organs impair the
+integrity of his anatomical and physiological oneness? Is the
+circulation independent of respiration? Is digestion independent of the
+circulation? Can any one organ act independently of the others? Is not
+the entire series of parts, organs, and functions bound up in complete
+and inseparable unity? The vicarious action of one organ for another has
+been a question among physiologists; and if admitted, as in the case of
+the salivary glands acting for the kidneys in profuse spitting, and the
+skin for the liver, the vicarious function can only obtain to a slight
+degree and in a temporary manner. The destruction of any considerable
+organ involves the destruction of all the rest. I repeat that the
+integrity of the physiological unity at the top of the scale, is far
+more complete, with all its complexity, than is the integrity of the
+physiological unity at the bottom of the scale, with its marked
+simplicity of structure. By no sort of legerdemain or surgical skill can
+we make an individual mammal become two. If we divide it, the whole
+dies. Not so, however, with some of the lower grades of animal
+existence. Cut a hydra into thirty or forty pieces, and each piece will
+become a distinct animal--a facsimile of the original one. In quite an
+analogous way do a large number of animals at the lower end of the scale
+propagate, by segmentation and division; one individual becoming two,
+two four, and so on.
+
+Many examples might be adduced to show the absence of organized unity in
+the lower orders of the animal creation. Thus, in the annelid, which is
+composed of a great many similar rings, and is regarded as quite a
+complex creature, there is so little dependence of one part on another,
+that a number of the rings may be destroyed without any injury to the
+rest. The Synapta, when in want of food, will amputate its own body to
+procure the necessary supply; and it has been observed to repeat the
+operation, until it 'had by degrees eaten away the whole of its body to
+keep life in the head.' (Quatrefages.) Such a phenomenon as this is very
+unlike that presented by the higher animals, which, together with their
+multiplied individuality of part and function, and their infinite
+variety of physiognomic expression, present, at the same time, a unity
+of organization so complete, that an injury to one part is
+instantaneously telegraphed to all parts of the system, and sympathized
+in by all to a greater or less extent.
+
+As in physiology, the development of the individual corresponds to the
+development of the entire zoological series; so, when we rise into the
+psychological realm, do we ascertain that the development of the
+individual mind corresponds to the development of the mental series from
+the savage to the civilized. In the physiognomy of the savage there is
+little variety of expression; he has not differentiated that
+multiplicity of thought and feeling which moulds the face and plays upon
+its lineaments in the cultivated Teuton. The same is true of the latter
+while an infant. But who will say that the cultured man of this age is
+less a balanced, unitized creature than the child of the cradle, or of
+the forest? The latter is but a creature of impulse, moved by every
+appetite, and swayed by every gust of passion. He has no fixed
+principles for the regulation of his life. There is no presiding power
+to rule and subordinate the tumultuous and refractory elements of his
+character, and thus unitize the mental organism and its manifestations.
+This is what culture gives. Here then we also perceive that with the
+development of variety and complexity, the element of unity becomes more
+active and manifest. This view of the progressive unitization of the
+individual man in a psychological aspect, is very suggestive when taken
+in connection with the wane of despotism and the growth of liberty, as
+society and government advance, and it becomes ever less the province of
+law to govern, and also to regulate.
+
+We have adduced some of the illustrations which physical and
+physiological science affords of the Law of Universal Development: let
+us close this part of our subject with the illustrations afforded by the
+rise and progress of Science as a whole. The first germs of science were
+very simple, existing in connection with Art, and subserving the
+purposes of priestcraft. For a long time the range of scientific inquiry
+was so limited that the same individual was able to grasp it entire. But
+one branch after another has sprung up, diverging more and more into the
+realms of the unknown, until no one mind can hope to obtain even a
+general knowledge of them all.
+
+But this has not been the only tendency of scientific growth. Divergence
+and differentiation had not proceeded far till the combining and
+organizing movement began. The more individuality and complexity have
+threatened to outreach the mental powers and become unmanageable, the
+more have order and organization shown their ability to subordinate and
+unitize the seeming diversity of elements. While the sciences continued
+to increase in number and complexity, they began to overlap and
+interlace, the principles of one running into the domain of another,
+and even coördinating and binding together its seemingly incongruous
+parts.
+
+A simple scientific generalization is based on certain facts which,
+taken in their collective capacity, mean the truth which is expressed in
+the formula. A higher generalization embraces those which are simpler,
+and unites by its expression the truths which they contain into the
+formula of one great truth. This process goes on, rising constantly
+higher and higher, the generalizations of the ascending series becoming
+more comprehensive, and the convergence of all the diversified elements
+into great general laws more striking and complete. Thus advances the
+unitizing movement of science; and it is now progressing with a
+steadiness and certainty unknown in former periods of research. Great
+minds are at this moment occupied in the discovery and verification of
+these great unitizing laws. Thus we perceive, that while science has
+developed a bewildering mass of individual facts and minor principles,
+it has also developed the germs of a unity which is destined to unfold
+with a richness and magnificence of result heretofore unknown in the
+annals of human inquiry.
+
+As the special departments of science have testified, so also does the
+general view of all science testify to this Law of Universal
+Development.
+
+But, what has all this to do with American Destiny? Very much, as may
+yet appear. It is by the Past only that we can read the Future; and if
+in history and in all development, there is revealed by the inductive
+process a great general law, that law becomes the Oracle of Destiny.
+
+A fitting transition from science to history would be ethnology, the
+science of races, connected as it is with physics, chemistry, and
+physiology, on the one hand, and with history on the other.
+
+There are different theories in vogue to account for the diversity of
+human races now in existence. Some refer human origin to an original
+pair, whose descendants have changed through the action of physical
+causes, as food, soil, climate, and scenery, and also through the
+operation of moral ones as dependent on the physical, and therefore
+secondary thereto, such as manners, customs, and government. Others
+deduce it from different lines of development, coming up through the
+zoological scale, and thence passing from the lower to the higher races
+of men. Others still speak of mankind as originating 'in nations,' each
+race being fixed in its physical and mental characteristics, and having
+an origin independent and distinct from all others.
+
+It matters little to our purpose which of these theories may be true,
+the difference as to aptness of illustration being only one of degree.
+We prefer, however, to deal with facts in regard to which there is
+little or no difference of opinion among the theorists themselves.
+
+There are simple and complex peoples or races, as there are simple and
+complex organisms. Take any primitive race, whether described in history
+or by some contemporaneous traveller: in a physical point of view, the
+men are all very nearly alike, and the women likewise. Describe one
+individual, and you have the description for all other individuals of
+the same sex belonging to the race. And there is not usually as much
+difference in the physical appearance of the sexes in primitive races as
+among those who stand higher in the scale. What is true of their
+physique, is also true of their minds. As one thinks and feels, so all
+think and feel--and that, too, without concert; it is the simple
+expression of an undiversified mental organism. Their faculties are rude
+and uncultivated; they act chiefly on the perceptive plane, reflecting
+but little. They are predominantly sensual, not having developed the
+higher mental activities which pertain to an advanced state of society
+and result in those great diversities of attainment and expression among
+individuals of the same people. There are reasons for believing that
+there was a time when this planet had no human inhabitants but races of
+this simple type. Great changes have taken place since that day; changes
+which, by the law of their accomplishment, correspond precisely with the
+changes which have taken place in the zoological scale. Owing to causes
+which we may not fully understand, races have been developed which
+present, each within its own limits, great contrarieties of physical
+appearance and mental characteristics. Among 'Anglo-Saxons' there is
+often greater diversity in members of the same family, than you would
+find in a million individuals of a primitive race. The complex appears,
+somehow or other, to have been developed from the simple.
+
+The simple fact of a population becoming more numerous, necessitates
+certain changes--from hunting to pasturage, for example, from pastoral
+life to agricultural and fixed habitation--and these would affect the
+habits, modes of thought, and, to some extent, personal appearance. The
+modification of climate by clearing, draining, and cultivation, and the
+removal of a people from one climate to another, would effect still
+other changes. But the intermixture of races by war and immigration has,
+perhaps, done more than any other cause to produce the great physical
+diversities which we now find in the higher races. Having traced the
+stream of warlike immigration from Eastern Asia westward, and thence to
+Central Europe, and still westward and southward to the shores of the
+Atlantic, and even across the Mediterranean into Africa, overwhelming
+the Roman Empire of the West in its course,--observe this tide of human
+movement, as wave followed wave for centuries, rolling peoples against
+and over one another, confounding them together, and leaving them upon
+the same soil, or in close proximity to each other; and, even admitting
+that they were simple and primitive to begin with, we shall not wonder
+at the diversified aspect of the people of Europe and their descendants
+in America. But this is only one series of movements from which has
+resulted the intermixture of races; there are others, and some, no
+doubt, beyond the farthest reach of history. The process of intermixture
+is still going on, especially in the Western World, though by methods
+usually more peaceful than formerly. The result multiplies itself, and
+the leading races of mankind are becoming constantly more composite.
+
+The contact and intermixture of races have had a moral result, which, in
+its turn, acts upon the physical. Mental development has been one of the
+results of war and immigration; one people learning from another, and
+striking out new modes of thought from the sheer necessity of new
+circumstances; and this mental development changing the physiognomic
+expression and general bearing of the man. This result has been
+increasing in geometrical progression since history, printing, and the
+facilities of intercommunication have made the culture of one people
+contagious to other peoples, and the attainments of one generation
+available to all the generations that follow. Thus does every movement
+among the nations conspire to change the simple types into those which
+are more complex.
+
+The ethnological unity may be less apparent; and before we clearly
+perceive it, we may have to rise into the consideration of social and
+political relations, not divorcing these from physiology, without which
+no question relative to man can be rightly judged. And it may be that
+after greater development in this direction, the unity of races may
+become more distinctly pronounced and more readily recognized.
+
+We may observe, in passing, that the same causes which have contributed
+to this ethnological complexity, have, at the same time, aided in the
+development of the cosmical idea--the idea of the unity of the universe.
+At first, tribes had little communication with each other, and knew
+nothing of geography beyond the limits of their own hunting grounds.
+They knew as little of the vastness of the earth outside of their domain
+as of that of the universe. This could only be conjectured from the
+vantage ground of some degree of intellectual culture, and the idea must
+remain vague and indefinite till after long ages of real experience and
+intellectual unfolding. It was not till after Alexander's conquests in
+the East, the extension of the Roman Empire, the invention of the
+mariner's compass, the discovery of America, and the circumnavigation of
+the globe, together with the perfection of optical instruments by the
+use of which the true character of the celestial bodies was
+demonstrated, that the cosmical idea became truly a scientific one.
+(Humboldt.) Thus were the partial and fragmentary notions of early
+peoples at length corrected, enlarged, unitized.
+
+Closely akin to this is the development of the god-idea. Fetich-worship
+is that of the rudest people. They see a god in every individual object,
+in every stream, in every tree, in every stone. All they see is,
+however, shrouded in mystery, and they have a blind veneration for every
+object. A step farther, and the developing mind generalizes these
+objects. The individual trees, for example, are taken collectively, and
+their divine representative worshipped as the god of the groves. There
+are, at the same time, other unitizing conceptions of the god-idea.
+There is a god of the hills, a god of the streams, of the seas, and so
+on. New classes of divinities may be evolved in the mythological system;
+the strong and salient passions of our nature may come to have their
+deities--to be unitized, at length, with all other gods. Meantime,
+mankind are forming into states, with some degree of regular government;
+and apparently in accordance with this fact, the gods are subjected to
+the partial control of one who is greater than all the rest, and who is
+their father and king, but himself subject to the decrees of Fate.
+Another grand step, and seemingly in correspondence with the more
+centralized government of a vast and powerful empire, we hear of one God
+only, who is all-powerful, and master of Fate itself, with a hierarchy
+of angels, powers, and principalities, reaching from God to man, and
+subordinate to the Central Will, which rules all things, whether 'in the
+armies of heaven or among the inhabitants of the earth.' Thus did the
+idea of one God eventually swallow up all the others; and the god-idea
+was completely unitized.
+
+We now come to consider the political and social evolution of mankind,
+as it appears to be revealed by the comparison of various stages of
+national growth.
+
+The primitive condition of all races, so far as history and travel
+reveal it, correspond with what is characterized as homogeneous or
+unorganized. Socially and politically, individuals of the same sex are
+all alike. There are no classes in society, no rulers, no
+aristocrats--no society even--nothing but individuals; and it is here
+that we find individuality in its purest form. There is no law
+originating with a sovereign, or with the people, for the adjustment of
+difficulties; every individual avenges his own wrongs in his own way.
+Coöperation is scarcely known; there is nothing in their habits, nothing
+in their social and political relations to bind society together; there
+are no specialized parts or functions--no dependence of one part on
+another; it is marked by a homogeneity of structure, if structure it can
+be called, which is unimpeachable. The only coöperation which obtains
+beyond the limits of the family, is that of hunting and war; and these
+exercises develop the need of a chief or leader. The strongest and most
+daring are self-elected by virtue of individual prowess. But still the
+chief is very like all the rest of the tribe, lives in the same style,
+provides for his own wants in the same way, has no special
+privileges--is merely a chief or leader, and nothing more. And
+afterward, when he may have acquired some degree of authority, that
+authority is purely of a military character--civil government is not yet
+born. Usage comes at length to confirm the chief's right, and human
+selfishness works out its legitimate results: smaller men are dwarfed,
+as occasion permits, in order that the one who is greatest may be
+magnified. His office becomes hereditary, and his family is, at length,
+fabled to have descended from the gods. This is the tendency of
+primitive ignorance and superstition: there must be a sensual object for
+the blind veneration of sensual minds; and the imagination readily
+provides this, by attributing to the progenitors of their chiefs vast
+corporeal forms, great strength and skill, undaunted courage, and
+success in amorous intrigue--the perfection of those qualities which
+they themselves most covet. Their chiefs or petty kings are now such by
+divine origin; and when civil relations become developed, one man
+combines within himself all the prerogatives of civil, military, and
+religious government.
+
+The ambition and turbulence of the chief or petty king and of his people
+bring them into hostile conflict with other tribes or petty states; and
+when victorious, they appropriate the conquered territory, and
+annihilate, enslave, or extend their rule over the vanquished people.
+This warlike encroachment and increase of power alarm other states, and
+they form confederacies or leagues more or less intimate and permanent
+for resistance and mutual protection. Thus does the unitizing element of
+government gather strength with the progress of political movement.
+
+The ambitious chieftain, having acquired greater power than his
+neighbors, conceives of further aggrandizement, undertakes new
+conquests, attacks the weak, and adds other states to his own, till in
+time he may have made himself a great sovereign and won a great kingdom.
+These new conquests impose additional cares on the ruler; but he uses
+the tools of his power to execute his will; he governs his kingdoms with
+absolute sway, as a general governs his army; it is a military despotism
+of the simplest structure, and all prerogatives and interests are merged
+in and subservient to this one. The civil function is not yet developed
+as distinct from the military. Only one idea pervades the government,
+and that is the idea of absolute rule by brute force. Society has as yet
+developed few elements, has but few interests and little functional
+diversity; there are only two classes, the ruler and the ruled, the
+masters and the slaves. There being but few political and social
+interests to play among each other, there cannot be development for want
+of activity; there can be little progress of any kind. Such are the
+simple, unprogressive, one-idea governments which prevailed in the
+earliest times of which we have any tolerably authentic record, and
+which still prevail among half-civilized peoples.
+
+Government is simply a growth, a development, and it must correspond to
+the character of the people out of whose mental status it has sprung. If
+the people are homogeneous in their mental structure, their social and
+political interests must be correspondingly homogeneous and simple. The
+more rude and primitive the minds of any people, the fewer are the
+relations external to the individual which obtain among them. But when a
+people, or a mixture of peoples, have developed great versatility of
+mind, a great variety of tastes, propensities, aspirations, and
+interests, their social and political institutions become
+correspondingly heterogeneous and complex. Such are the social and
+political systems of Middle and Western Europe. There was nothing of the
+kind in the ancient world. Then the people were more simple and less
+versatile in their mental habitudes; and a simple, though despotic
+government was the inevitable outgrowth. Rome was but a military
+despotism, and it conquered and ruled with military stringency. It was
+not till the reign of Diocletian that the civil functions were divorced
+from the military, and then only to a partial extent. It remained for
+Constantine to carry out more fully what Diocletian had begun, and to
+divide, or, if you please, to differentiate the governmental functions
+to an extent which had been altogether unknown before.
+
+The people of the provinces subject to Roman dominion had no recognized
+rights, no voice in their own government, but were dominated by the
+central power at Rome. The right of representation, so sacred in modern
+times as an element of confederate policy, they did not desire nor
+appreciate; for, when seven provinces of the south of Gaul were
+commanded by the emperor Honorius to send a representation of their
+chief men to the city of Arles for the supervision of interests which
+concerned themselves, they disregarded the mandate. A central despotism
+maintained Roman unity; and, whenever its iron arm should by any means
+become weakened, the empire must fall into fragments.
+
+The dissolution of the Roman Empire in the West was the end of one
+cycle; thence began another--that in which we now are, and which should
+be of absorbing interest to us. A state of affairs quite unlike anything
+known before was then inaugurated. Hundreds of years have been required
+to develop results so as to enable the human mind to divine at all
+definitely the law of its movement; and hundreds more may be required to
+develop the full fruition of what was then so inauspiciously begun.
+
+As we are all aware, the Roman Empire of the West was overrun by hordes
+of barbarians from the North, who annihilated a great portion of the old
+population, and changed the character of society. But Rome did not die
+without bequeathing a legacy to be enjoyed by the descendants at least
+of those by whose hands she had fallen. There was still some remembrance
+of what Rome was. Guizot says that 'the two elements which passed from
+the Roman civilization into ours were, first, the system of municipal
+corporations--its habits, its regulations, its principle of liberty, a
+general civil legislation common to all; secondly, the idea of absolute
+power--the principle of order and the principle of servitude.' These
+elements, though almost latent for a time, were destined to make up and
+play a conspicuous part in the war of diversified interests and the
+adjustment of political relations, hundreds of years afterward.
+
+Another element of society at the time of the Fall, was the Church. The
+barbarians conquered the empire, but the Church conquered them; without
+gaining much, however, to show for her victory; for, while the
+barbarians embraced Christianity, they reduced it to barbarism, and were
+much the same rude, cruel people, after their conversion, that they were
+before. The Church, however, in its origin and growth, illustrates the
+law under consideration, in the gradual development of the distinct
+specialities of organization; and we are now regarding it at a time when
+it was one element among others, and destined with them, by the
+interaction of their various forces, to evolve a still higher unity.
+
+Another element in society, at this time, was that which was brought by
+the conquerors from their native wilds in the free North. They were a
+rude, and even savage people, with no fixed ideas of property, but
+living by hunting and pasturage, and driving their herds from one region
+to another as necessity required. The most marked and distinctive
+feature in their character, and that which played the most conspicuous
+part in the social and political drama of the following centuries of
+development, was their personal independence--their almost absolute
+individuality, as the result, we believe, of their superior native
+physical constitution.
+
+They had little or no coöperation in their own country; no combination
+of civil interests; no settled government. They were apt for adventure,
+and readily formed into bands of roving warriors; and when pressed
+forward by the tide of warlike immigration from the East, they conquered
+the Roman Empire, and divided the lands among themselves. German
+magnates courted followers in their own country by hospitality, by
+presents of horses and arms; but in the conquered countries, by grants
+of land for military service. These grants were at first made during
+pleasure, then for life, and at length they became hereditary.
+(Robertson.) In this manner it appears that the feudal system
+originated--a system which grew into such magnificent proportions in
+Middle and Western Europe. It was, however, a growth which was five
+centuries in maturing. (Hallam.)
+
+A curious circumstance, connected with its development, deserves to be
+noticed, as showing that certain rights, however desirable, and even
+sacred they may seem to be, must succumb to the prevailing order,
+however undesirable that system or order might, under other
+circumstances, appear to be. Allodial lands, or those held in the right
+of the individual, and for which there was no obligation of service,
+except in the general defence, were at length swallowed up by the feudal
+system. In those days of universal anarchy, rapine, and oppression, the
+rule of might and unrestrained selfishness prevailed to such an extent,
+that small proprietors, having no means of defence against the strong,
+were compelled to surrender their allodial title for a feudal one, and
+do homage to the neighboring lord for the sake of protection. And to
+such an extent did the abasement of allodial privileges prevail, that it
+came at length to be recognized as a principle that the feudal
+arrangement was the only legitimate one; whereupon allodial lands were
+seized with impunity, and appropriated by the feudal barons. Even the
+Church was subordinated by the prevailing system. Bishops became feudal
+lords. The incomes of religious service were, in some cases, seized upon
+by the irresponsible barons, and disposed of according to the feudal
+policy. This, however, is but one example of the struggle of a system or
+movement to subordinate what stands in its way, and become universal; it
+is a law of history.
+
+The feudal system was a very complete embodiment of despotism. It grew
+out of the political circumstances and mental status of the times, and
+could only exist by the warrant of these conditions. It had its
+redeeming qualities, however, and, no doubt, promoted the conditions and
+the spirit which prepared the way for its own overthrow and the
+inauguration of a better system. The isolated and pent-up condition of
+all classes, together with such culture as was afforded by their mode of
+life to the inmates of the baronial castle, made the occasion for that
+general restlessness in society from which proceeded such ready response
+to the fanatical appeals of Peter the Hermit. The Crusades lasted two
+hundred years, and contributed to the overthrow of feudalism by the
+increase of general intelligence and the diminution of the baronial
+estates.
+
+After the fall of the empire, the cities began to decline, and their
+government fell, in a great measure, into the hands of the clergy; and
+thence supervened a kind of ecclesiastical municipal system. Commerce,
+which some centuries later began to develop, gave renewed importance to
+the cities; and the activities developed within them were antagonistic
+to the feudal spirit, and destined to contribute their part, and an
+important one, to the process of ultimate organization and its
+accompanying phenomena. The cities at length became free, not without a
+struggle; for it is not to be supposed that the great barons would
+passively allow the enfranchisement of a rival power within their own
+domains. In those rude times, the cities had little intercourse with
+each other; yet they became independent nearly at the same time, showing
+that this political phenomenon was also a growth arising out of the
+condition of the times--the result of political and social causes acting
+in concert over more than half a continent.
+
+The cities accomplished their political mission by doing something
+toward establishing law and order, and fostering the germs of freedom.
+Their example could not but tell upon their immediate neighbors. In some
+cases they even attacked the nearest feudal lords, and afterward those
+more remote, compelling them to become citizens. Thus was feudalism
+overthrown in Italy in the thirteenth century. Elsewhere, commerce had
+as yet done less for the cities, and their progress was less rapid. But,
+whenever they appeared, they had the great barons to contend with. The
+free cities or communities gradually extended intercourse with each
+other; and for objects of commerce and mutual defence against their
+enemies, they formed into leagues. Coalitions of the feudal barons also
+sprung up, and wars between the two systems were frequent and bloody.
+Feudal France made war on municipal France. The Hanseatic league,
+embracing at one time eighty-five German cities, maintained successful
+wars against the monarchs themselves. There was a confederacy of cities
+in Italy of great power and influence. These movements show that the
+former isolated condition of European society was no longer compatible
+with the change which was being gradually brought about in the social
+elements. We perceive a manifest tendency toward more extensive union;
+larger combinations were becoming a demand of the times.
+
+But, along with the progress of this tendency to unity, we perceive that
+society was constantly becoming more diversified in character, and its
+elements more distinctly defined. The institution of chivalry, the
+troubadours, and minnesingers had played their part. Besides those great
+political and social powers, the Church, the barons, the kings, and the
+free cities, new classes were rising in society, giving it greater
+complexity, and, by their diversified activities and needs, urging it
+forward to a more comprehensive and centralized organization. At first,
+in the twelfth century, the inhabitants of the cities or free
+communities were composed only of 'small traders and small landed or
+house proprietors.' 'Three centuries afterward there were added to
+these, lawyers, physicians, men of letters, and local magistrates.'
+(Guizot.)
+
+In the rude and chaotic society which succeeded the fall of the empire,
+there was no occupation honorable but that of arms; but in the course of
+time, the meed of honor assumed new branches, and fell upon various
+classes.
+
+The discovery of the Pandects of Justinian in the twelfth century, gave
+the study of the law a new impulse, and, together with accompanying
+developments, complicated the administration of justice. Rude and
+ignorant warriors were no longer adequate to this function; civil
+processes required a distinct organ; the profession of law arose, and
+commanded its share of public attention and respect. With the rise of
+commerce, there was developed a commercial class, which acquired wealth,
+power, distinction, and a demand for rights. With the revival of
+learning and philosophy, however unpromising at first, there arose a
+literary class, which attracted notice and acquired influence.
+
+In the view given of the earlier stages of modern civilization, we
+perceive, first, a social chaos which obtained for some time after the
+fall of the empire in the West; secondly, the development out of this
+chaos, in the course of centuries, of various political and social
+powers, classes, and interests, which were differentiated from the
+unorganized mass; thirdly, all these diversified elements, classes, and
+interests, gradually tending to the formation of more comprehensive
+relations with each other. There was no general organization of these
+several elements, in the early periods of the modern cycle. There were
+what were called kings and kingdoms, but it was not till a comparatively
+recent period that the government became an integer, a complete
+organism, with a sensorium and will-power, and a mutual interrelation
+and dependence of parts and functions. During the prevalence of the
+feudal system and the rise of the independent communities, European
+society was composed of innumerable fragments, isolated from each other,
+and each caring for itself only, looking to no centre as the source of
+political order and vitality, without organization or head. The king did
+not rule the barons any more than the barons ruled the king--they were
+rival powers; the barons and the cities were rival powers; the kings and
+barons played off the cities against each other. The Church, by the
+peculiarity of its constitution and character, was related to them all.
+The clergy were the subjects of the king, the vassals of the baron, and
+yet the spiritual lords of both, as well as of their feudal peers. And
+when the Church effected the separation of her own from the political
+power, she sought, in turn, to subordinate the latter; and secular
+rulers were obliged to resist her encroachments to save themselves. The
+kings had no fixed revenue adequate to government, and were the sport of
+the capricious elements within their own realms. But the Crusades
+brought all these fragments into closer relations, and broke the power
+of the feudal lords. The king gained what the barons lost; and with
+these powerful, turbulent, and refractory subjects out of the way, the
+cities were easily subordinated. The sovereign acquired at length an
+adequate revenue and a standing army; he was now enabled to command the
+resources of his kingdom, and play a king's part in the drama of
+nations. Thus was consummated the movement of national centralization.
+
+Progress advances by action and reaction; extremes develop each other.
+It was so in governmental affairs. The movement of unitization ended in
+the absolute power of the sovereign, who became not only the head of the
+executive function, but the source of legislation as well. In France,
+Louis XIV. knew no will but his own; the States General and Parliament
+were little more than empty names; and in England, Parliament stood in
+awe of Queen Elizabeth, and the courts did her behests. The sovereigns
+were absolute. But with the culmination of royal prerogative and
+centralized government, there were also an increase of intelligence,
+greater facilities for intercommunication, and, as we have seen, a
+diversity of social and political forces interrelated, and acting and
+reacting upon each other in a manner quite unprecedented. The inquiry
+and criticism of plebeian minds were becoming more daring, and there was
+a stir and a restlessness in society, which made bad subjects for an
+absolute monarch. The religious Reformation, which began in Germany and
+spread to the westward, was but the legitimate result of the
+intellectual agitation which preceded it; and the political absolutism
+of kings could no more expect exemption from searching criticism and
+final revolution than the religious absolutism of the Pope. The German
+Reformation was blind to the magnitude and significance of its own
+mission; for while its leaders denounced reason, it was in its essential
+nature a protest against priestly domination over intellect, and a plea
+for the right of free inquiry. Agitation, of whatever kind, is
+contagious; and the energetic play of this diversity of plebeian forces
+must needs result in the recognition of a popular element in the
+government, more or less formal in its character. The government of an
+intelligent people must emanate from the popular will, to a very great
+extent, whatever the form of government may be. If Queen Elizabeth and
+Louis XIV. were more absolute than the sovereigns of our day, it was
+because the French and English people had not then developed that
+versatility of genius, that intelligence and freedom of inquiry, that
+self-appreciation and dignity of character for which they have since
+become so conspicuous. With the increase of intelligence and
+self-respect among the people, there originated a popular branch of
+government to look after their interests, and it grew with their growth.
+Through this channel there came a pressure upon the throne, which must
+needs yield, or be overturned by the surges of revolution. The examples
+of Charles I. and Louis XVI. were extreme. The popular element has since
+then usually accomplished its ends with less turbulence and commotion.
+It has been less violent, but none the less effective. Since the
+Restoration in England, the popular will has been making itself felt in
+national affairs more and more. And in France, even a Napoleon, mighty
+and original as he was, had to consult popular tastes, and, in a great
+measure, conform thereto. We have heard a great deal about the tyranny
+and usurpation of Louis Napoleon; but he, too, must conform to the
+predominance of public feeling in France, or that public
+feeling--'public opinion'--would burst out in a torrent of revolution
+which would overwhelm him. This introduction of the popular element into
+government is a result of the developing process, which has made
+government an organism of almost infinite complexity.
+
+As we have seen, while primitive peoples remained in an isolated and
+exclusively individualistic condition, there were few civil interests;
+and these few the sovereign was not concerned with, so that he could
+discharge in person all the functions of his simple government. But,
+when the civil interests had grown into greater magnitude and diversity,
+and the pressure of their administration was upon the throne, the
+affairs of government became too burdensome for one man. A division of
+labor became necessary. The order of priests originated at an early day,
+and took charge of religion. The king, in time, ceased to march at the
+head of his army, and sent his generals instead. Not being able to hear
+and decide all causes, he named judges to administer justice; and thus
+the process of functional differentiation began, and kept on without
+abatement as the needs of the government required. There was a time when
+an Englishman had no conception of a prime minister. (Hume.) In this age
+we cannot conceive of government without such a functionary, whether
+administered in the name of king or president. With the development of
+new interests arose new branches in the administration of government.
+The constant rise of new industrial elements; the increasing demand for
+the facilities of intercommunication; the development of trade and
+commerce; the interrelation of interests within, and the complication of
+affairs without, have given rise to new departments in the government,
+with a hierarchy of subordinate bureaus; while the interests of towns,
+counties, and states have necessitated an analogous scale of
+functionaries, making, on the whole, an amazing complication of
+governmental machinery. This increase of complexity is precisely
+analogous to the order of development in every department of nature; it
+is perfectly in accordance with the second feature of the law which we
+have recognized as a Law of Universal Development.
+
+Some of our economists may object on principle to so much complexity,
+and attempt to simplify government by eliminating certain terms of the
+series. Let them try it; GOD is mightier than they! There may be
+governmental abuse in regard to the complexity of its functions; but the
+thing itself is simply in the order of destiny. Man develops it, because
+he _must_; it is the historical result of the accumulation of all human
+activities.
+
+There is one kind of simplification, however, which should be closely
+observed; and that is to accomplish the object of any governmental
+function in the most _direct_ and economical manner. There is great room
+for improvement in this respect. Nature, in the midst of all her growing
+complexities, exemplifies the principle of the greatest possible result
+with the greatest possible economy of means, considering in all cases
+the obstacles to be overcome. Let government do the same, and see that
+every channel of official activity be thoroughly purged of corruption
+and abuse.
+
+This development of organic complexity is just as necessary and
+inevitable in the political as in the animal economy; and the
+performance of any function, in the one case as in the other, depends
+for the degree of its completeness on the extent to which 'the division
+of labor' is carried through the complexity of the organic structure.
+There are no grounds of apprehension from this source whatever. In
+regard to government, this increase of complexity is most strikingly
+observable in the executive department; and it is worthy of notice that
+while this department of government is in general becoming less
+tyrannical and relatively weaker with reference to the legislative
+department, it is also becoming more complex: as tyranny recedes,
+complexity advances. There is no point better sustained in history than
+the general fact that, as government increases the multiplicity of its
+machinery, it gradually relaxes its interference with the private rights
+of individuals.
+
+After man has laid aside his primitive habits of selfish isolation, and,
+though still rude and untutored, has come, through the mere increase of
+numbers, into a more compact form of society, the government, however
+circumscribed as to territorial limits, assumes a despotic and
+intermeddling character. Such was the government of the feudal lords
+during the middle ages, and of the kings at a still later day. Laws were
+made for the regulation of dress, as to quality and cut for particular
+classes, and the number of garments which any person might have in a
+year. Citizens were not allowed to keep certain kinds of furniture; and
+the dishes they might have for dinner and supper respectively were
+definitely and rigidly prescribed. The wages of the laborer were fixed
+by law to the great advantage of the lordly employer: this, however, was
+a very natural sequence to the abolition of villanage or vassal
+servitude. The law made service at particular trades compulsory; and
+decided where certain kinds of manufacturing should be carried on; and
+how an article should be made, and how sold when made. This interference
+affected every department of the individual's private life. Religious
+interference need only be mentioned; it is well known. As Buckle
+declares, in speaking of the interference of governments, 'It may be
+emphatically said that they have taxed the human mind. They have made
+the very thoughts of men pay toll.' Queen Elizabeth was a very great
+sovereign, but she meddled with very small matters. She disliked the
+smell of woad, a plant used for blue dye, and thereupon prohibited its
+cultivation. She was displeased with long swords and high ruffs, and
+commissioned her officers to break the swords and abate the ruffs. None
+of the nobility dared marry without her consent; no one could travel
+without her permission. Foreign commerce was subject to her capricious
+will. The star chamber, the court of high commission, the court martial,
+the warrants of the secretary of state and privy council, were
+instruments of terror to the subject, who had no remedy by law. There
+was no safety but for harmless stupidity or slavish conformity.
+Individual independence was impossible. Every noble, manly head that
+appeared above the servile mass, was unceremoniously hid away in a
+dungeon, or struck off on a scaffold.
+
+Such annoying and insolent meddling on the part of governments no longer
+exists. There can be no such thing among an enlightened people. As the
+mass of mankind, or we will say their leaders or representatives, become
+more cultured, they demand a larger field of individual freedom, and
+organize a pressure upon government, which in time effects its object,
+and the oppression is removed, or gradually becomes relaxed and
+obsolete.
+
+Observing that the differentiation of function obtains chiefly in the
+administrative department of government, and putting the two general
+facts of history together,--first, that while the subject is enlarging
+the domain of individual liberty, and secondly, the government becoming
+more complex in structure and activity,--we infer that, through the
+advance of general intelligence and the multiplication of interests,
+government is changing its character from an instrument of compulsion
+and force to an instrument of management and direction, wielded by the
+governed themselves for the benefit of their own diversified and
+interrelated interests.
+
+In following the course of individuality, we find it simple and almost
+absolute in savage life; then it is overpowered and disappears under the
+despotic and one-idea governments of ancient times, and of Asia still;
+at length it reappears, and gathers strength with every advancing age,
+with every discovery, with every improvement, with every flash of
+intelligence, till it has accumulated, in its course, all the
+diversified means of expression and gratification afforded by art,
+literature, and all the social appliances of a complex and exalted form
+of society;--and the end is not yet: there will be more freedom, other
+methods of expression, new facilities for enjoyment and happiness. Its
+destiny is a glorious one!
+
+It may be well in this connection to recall to mind the principle that,
+with the rise of new functions and the increase of complexity, _unity
+obtains its completest form and fullest expression_. These two elements
+are by no means antagonistic; they belong together, and one necessitates
+the other.
+
+It is a general fact of history that there is a relation between the
+culture of a people and the geographical extent of their voluntary
+combinations. Whilst rude and uncultivated, with no facilities for
+intercommunication, they form no permanent associations of any
+considerable magnitude; but with the advance of general intelligence,
+the rise of distinct classes and industrial and commercial interests,
+together with the improvement of facilities for travel and trade, and
+for the intercommunication of thought and feeling, there is developed a
+general bond of sympathy between larger masses of mankind, and the
+natural result is more extensive combination. The unity becomes more
+comprehensive. We have observed this in our glance at European
+development.
+
+Let us trace the course of one of the lines of political movement. In a
+primitive society, as among the ancient Germans, each individual has
+the right of avenging himself, of taking justice into his own hands,
+and determining what the measure of satisfaction shall be. The right of
+private war, derived from rude society, remained for a long time in
+Western Europe, and pertained to the clergy as well as to laymen--a
+custom which was withal not very Christian-like. A step beyond this, and
+there was recognized a regular method of determining the amount of
+satisfaction due for an injury: composition for crime became fixed. We
+observe here a development from absolute individuality in the matter of
+determining justice to the recognition of a conventionalism--a law which
+was the product of the sense of many individuals acting, it may have
+been, in some cases, without conscious concert, yet in a social and
+coöperative way. As mankind grew out of their original rude conditions,
+they relinquished the individual prerogative of taking justice into
+their own hands, and appealed therefore to a tribunal which was
+recognized as adequate to this end, and the jurisdiction of which seems
+to have had a constant tendency to enlarge its territorial limits. Thus,
+for a time, the feudal barons claimed the final adjudication of all
+difficulties among their own vassals; but, gradually, dissatisfied
+clients appealed to the king, who encouraged them to do so, and at
+length the throne became the universally recognized centre and source of
+all formal justice.
+
+This was a movement occupying centuries for its consummation, a movement
+which extended the jurisdiction of the tribunal of justice from the
+territory of a private individual to the territory of an entire kingdom,
+collecting the isolated jurisdictions of every individual in barbarian
+society, and uniting them all together in the recognized sovereign of a
+consolidated nation.
+
+Now, while it is true that 'the history of progress is the history of
+successful struggles against coercion and authoritative direction, and
+in favor of human spontaneity and free motion' (Slack); it is also true,
+as we have seen in tracing the course of the administration of justice,
+that 'the progress of civilization consists in the substitution of the
+general for the individual will, of legal for individual resistance.'
+(Guizot.)
+
+The development of law, or of a general method, is the necessary result
+of social interchange, through which thoughts and feelings become
+contagious and mould a general will. In primitive society, individuals
+are isolated, and it matters little to others what any individual does;
+hence he is allowed to settle his own difficulties in his own way. He is
+let alone in a way so terrible, that similar treatment would be social
+death to a man of culture. We repeat, there is nothing like absolute
+individuality, except among isolated and unsocial savages. In an
+advanced state of society, human interests become interrelated--a
+complete network of complexity; and what any particular individual does
+becomes a matter of interest to many, since the many are, to a certain
+extent, affected thereby. The individual of civilization has developed
+relations external to himself, and his rights can only be secured and
+his tastes and wants gratified by mutual understanding, coöperation, and
+combination. His individuality is of a far higher order than that of the
+uncultivated man; and precisely because it is higher, does it develop
+law as the embodiment of the general will, and require organization for
+its expression. 'It is through association that the highest form of
+individuation becomes possible; and nationality wisely developed will
+terminate in a cosmopolitan identity of interests, and a general unity
+founded upon a reciprocity of services among all the divisions of
+mankind.' (Slack.)
+
+It is owing to this same fact of the interrelation and dependence of
+interests, that the movement of unitization has not stopped in Europe
+with the organization of a distinct government for each nation. We have
+observed that when primitive individuals develop relations with each
+other, they form into small societies, and that when these develop
+relations with like societies, they unite and form larger associations;
+and further, that these states, cities, baronies, come at length to
+develop relations with each other, and the result is their union into
+kingdoms. But this tendency of growth does not cease here. One nation
+cannot long remain isolated and distinct from other nations. The
+interests of one kingdom become, in many ways, interrelated with the
+interests of other kingdoms; and there must be new governmental
+appliances to meet the case. Diplomacy, a new function of government,
+arose from this necessity. This is a political activity of quite recent
+development: it originated in the fifteenth century. Like all
+progressive developments, it was at first immature; 'it was not till the
+seventeenth century that it became really systematic; before then it had
+not brought about long alliances, great combinations, and especially
+combinations of a durable nature, directed by fixed principles, with a
+steady object, and with that spirit of consistency which forms the true
+character of established government.' (Guizot.)
+
+Who can say that we have yet seen the end of this process of national
+development? Centuries have been required for all great changes
+affecting the destiny of man: the centuries of the great Future may yet
+develop a unity among the nations themselves--a distinct political
+organism for the regulation of national interests, which are constantly
+becoming more interrelated and complex. As cities, states, and baronies
+were developed from individuals and tribes, and as kingdoms were
+developed from cities, states, and baronies, so may a mightier political
+fabric than has yet been known be developed from the family of nations!
+
+The law, we repeat, is, that with the advance of social dependence and
+complexity, the principle of unitization becomes practically more
+intimate and comprehensive. _It is to this law that nations owe that
+vitality_ of which diplomatists and constitutional lawyers take
+cognizance. By virtue of this law, a nation is a living organism,
+resisting with all its vital force whatever may threaten it with
+dissolution. Hence the utter folly of cherishing the idea of a
+'peaceable separation' of confederated states. There can be no such
+thing in the order of nature. The rupture and division of a nation is a
+reaction against the spirit of social progress, a backward movement
+against the current of civilization, a terrible outrage to the
+organizing forces of the political realm, and can only be effected
+through violence and bloodshed. The more mature civilization becomes,
+the more difficult to effect disunion, the more terrible the penalty,
+and the more enduring, discordant, and wretched the consequences.
+
+The law of unitization is a universal one, being an accompaniment of all
+unfolding, and man worse than wastes his energy in fighting against it.
+It is a great law of Universal Progress; and in lifting our hands
+against it, we are presuming to measure arms with a Power which will be
+sure to overwhelm us with confusion and defeat. We must consent to go
+with the grand movements of the Universe, and to march to the step of
+Destiny, or be crushed under the resistless tread of advancing peoples!
+
+The course of industrial, mechanical, and commercial progress from
+savage to civilized life, goes to illustrate and confirm the view which
+we have taken of the course of political development.
+
+Among the least cultivated tribes of mankind, the family is wholly
+adequate to itself, there being no dissimilarity of industrial function,
+except between the husband and wife. The family builds its own hut,
+makes its own weapons, kills its own game--in short, provides for all
+its own needs. What is industrially true of one family is true of all
+others; there is no division of labor, no exchange of products. They
+have no accumulated property, no fixed habitation, but wander from place
+to place, as the attractions of their simple life may lead them. But
+when population becomes more numerous, and neither hunting nor pasturage
+is sufficient for their support, the cultivation of the soil is resorted
+to, and new wants are developed. The division of labor, the
+differentiation of the industrial function begins. One man cultivates
+the soil, another works in iron, another in wood, and so on; and these
+specialities, in their turn, assume new branches. Take agriculture for
+example: At first every husbandman grows all that he needs for himself
+and family; after a while he observes that his soil is better adapted to
+one kind of crop than another, and he devotes himself more exclusively
+to its cultivation. A similar result with a different crop obtains on a
+different soil and in a different locality; and thus do the specialities
+of soil and climate result in the specialization of agriculture. These
+diversities of occupation with reference to the soil, wood, metals,
+imply the exchange of products; but this must obtain to a very limited
+extent while neighbors are remote, and the means of travel and
+transportation defective. With few roads, and commerce undeveloped,
+there is little intercommunication, little culture, little civilization.
+This was the condition of Scotland as late as the middle of the
+eighteenth century. (Buckle.) England had some external commerce as
+early as the thirteenth century (Hallam), but did not send a ship of her
+own into the Mediterranean till the fifteenth. (Robertson.) Think of the
+difference between then and now!
+
+The making of tools, implements, and fabrics is at first carried on
+solely by individuals working alone, but at length, machinery comes into
+use, the elements are used as driving power, and manufacturing
+establishments arise having a complicated organization. The division of
+labor has been all the time becoming more complete, till now a single
+workman manages but a part of the process of making an implement or a
+fabric, which must pass through many hands in succession before it is
+completed. All are familiar with this fact. It is exactly analogous to
+that which we observe in the animal economy. Low in the zoological
+scale, one membrane performs all the organic functions; higher in the
+scale, there are different organs to perform the distinct functions.
+When the stomach and liver first appear, they are very simple in
+structure, and as simple in function; it is just so with the
+manufactories in the industrial organism. But the stomach and liver
+become more complicated as the scale rises; it is just so with the
+manufactories as civilization advances. Animals lowest in the scale have
+no heart--no circulation. It is just so with society--if society it may
+be called--which is lowest in the scale; it has no exchange of
+products--no commercial circulation. The parallelism is complete.
+
+Further, as already specified, we find in the animal organism, that the
+dependence of parts and functions upon each other becomes greater with
+the increase of complexity; that unitization at the top of the scale, in
+the midst of an almost infinite complication of organic structures and
+functions, has a completeness and significance which it cannot have in
+the simple organism at the bottom of the scale. The same precisely is
+true of the social organism. At the bottom of the scale, there is no
+dependence of one part on another--no coöperation--no proper
+unity--nothing but simple individual life. Higher in the scale, there is
+dependence of one element of society on another; there must be
+coöperation, combination, organization, a tendency, at least, toward
+unity.
+
+This is well exemplified by industrial and commercial development. With
+regard to manufacturing, there is specialization, not only in the
+handiwork, but also in the locality of production. Thus, in Great
+Britain, where this development has most fully matured itself, 'the
+calico manufacture locates itself in this county, the woollen-cloth
+manufacture in that; silks are produced here, lace there, stockings in
+one place, shoes in another; pottery, hardware, cutlery, come to have
+their special towns; and ultimately, every locality becomes more or less
+distinguished from the rest by the leading occupation carried on in it.
+Nay, more, this subdivision of functions shows itself, not only among
+the different parts of the same nation, but among different nations.'
+(Westminster Review.) Some of our economists object to this process, and
+would bring all kinds of productive labor into the same district; but a
+law higher than their theories brings artisans of the same kind into the
+neighborhood of each other;--it is the coöperative action of the
+principles of differentiation and unitization.
+
+The effect of this process is to make one locality dependent on another
+locality. Once, as we have seen, the family was adequate to its own
+needs; now, we perceive the industrial producers of one district have
+become dependent on each other, and on the products of other districts
+and nations, for the supply of their needs. This industrial division and
+concentration gives increased importance to commerce, without which
+there could be no industrial development. It is thus that these two
+activities are separating the elements of society in order to bind them
+the more firmly together.
+
+The improvement of roads, rivers, harbors, the construction of canals,
+railroads, and telegraphs, the development of industry, the extension of
+commerce, the advance of general culture, and the consequent increase of
+human wants, is making society a very complicated structure;--indeed, it
+has nerve and tissue, and is becoming very sensitive. The loss of a crop
+in one country affects all other countries. The burning of a city, or
+even of a great manufacturing establishment, is really felt to the
+remotest ends of civilization. A commercial crisis on either shore of
+the Atlantic shocks the whole civilized world. A rebellion in the United
+States is affecting the agriculture of the whole country, the production
+of a staple on three continents, manufacturing in France and New and Old
+England, commerce everywhere. Every partisan clique, every political
+court and cabinet, even political destiny itself, throughout the whole
+world, reels with every surge of a distant revolution! How different
+from the condition even of Europe in the twelfth century, when a whole
+city or barony, an entire kingdom, or half the continent even, might
+have sunk beneath, the ocean, and the rest of the world have known
+nothing of it by its social results!
+
+Thus, as in the undeveloped organism there is a want of dependence and
+sensitiveness, so is there the same want in undeveloped society. As in
+the higher organic structures there is a high degree of unity and
+sensitiveness, an injury to the remotest part affecting instantaneously
+the whole organism; so, precisely, is the same true of society in its
+higher stages of development. The law is universal; it governs the
+organic as well as the inanimate, the social as well as the organic
+world. Hence the reason why the rupture of Europe, on the death of
+Charlemagne, into provinces and kingdoms loosely united, could not
+prevent the ultimate organization of national government, and the rise
+of relations external to the individual nation, out of which diplomacy
+grew, for the consummation of a policy above the nations themselves.
+Obstructions may be thrown in the way of unitization, but it will
+express itself in some form or other. If, on account of the viciousness
+of primitive conditions from which it has been developed, modern Europe
+cannot yet exist as a union of states under one great and glorious
+government, it will, nevertheless, approximate that union, as best it
+can, and consummate vast national leagues, which are becoming constantly
+more comprehensive and permanent as civilization advances.
+
+
+
+
+WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?
+
+     'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one _lives_
+     it--to not many is it _known_; and seize it where you will, it is
+     interesting.'--_Goethe._
+
+     'SUCCESSFUL.--Terminating in accomplishing what is wished or
+     intended.'--_Webster's Dictionary._
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Our hero starts once more with a new field before him--the field where
+all his hopes and aspirations have been centred since he first was
+capable of comprehending the shrewd advice of Hiram Bennett, of the firm
+of H. Bennett & Co.
+
+Yes, he starts with a new field in view, unencumbered by any love
+affair, and free from all entanglements of that nature--indeed, of any
+nature.
+
+I have endeavored to be so minute in this history as to give the reader
+a proper idea of young Meeker at the time he was ready to launch upon
+New-York life. He was now nearly twenty-three years old, and fully
+competent, by his previous education and experience, to undertake any
+kind of business.
+
+Mr. Bennett, with whom Hiram had become a great favorite, looked
+confidently to securing him in his establishment. It is true, he had
+attempted to make no positive engagement with his namesake in advance,
+but for the last year he always spoke to him as if, in due time, he was
+to enter his service as a matter of course. Hiram did not assent nor
+dissent to such observations; but, really, he had not the slightest idea
+of taking a situation with his cousin. He did not like 'dry goods' to
+begin with. He thought the trade offered too little scope for
+enterprise, unless, indeed, one had good foreign connections, and even
+then he had his objections to it. The competition was more active, the
+credits longer, and the risks were greater, than in other commercial or
+mercantile pursuits. The question, as you may naturally suppose, had
+occupied his serious attention for years; but he kept his counsel, and
+never spoke of his designs.
+
+The first that was known of Hiram's whereabouts, he was established as
+the junior clerk in a first-class ship chandler's store in South street.
+It was rather difficult to obtain such a situation; but the reader well
+knows that, once in it, Hiram will not fail to merit the approbation of
+his employers.
+
+Singular to say, he was indebted for the place to that scapegrace Hill.
+The head clerk was Hill's cousin, himself utterly unlike his relation,
+yet a good deal attached to him. Hiram, who made it a rule never to lose
+sight of anybody, always managed to fall in with Hill (who had quit
+Joslin) whenever he came to the city, and on one occasion Hill
+introduced him to this cousin. He managed to make himself very
+agreeable, and an intimacy commenced, which ended in Hiram's obtaining
+the place of the junior clerk, who was about leaving. Of course, Hiram
+came backed with the highest recommendations, so that his friend had
+really to assume no responsibility on his behalf. Thus he secured the
+place.
+
+A 'ship chandler!' Reader, have you any idea of his occupation? You have
+doubtless some business notion of commerce, or at least a romantic idea
+of ships on the ocean, their sails spread to favorable breezes, or
+closehauled, braving adverse gales--joyous in fine weather, defiant in
+the tempest--yes, you know or feel something about this. But to enable
+the good ship to pursue her way, she must be 'provided.' She must not
+only have wherewithal to feed crew and passengers, but every special
+notion which can be conceived of in the ship's 'husbandry.' From out a
+ship chandler's establishment comes everything, directly or indirectly,
+which shall furnish the vessel.
+
+Step in, and look through such a store. Taking the interest I hope you
+do in Hiram, pray devote a few moments to visiting the place where he
+has resolved to _begin_ his New-York life. You won't find it an
+agreeable spot. Nothing to compare with the neat, well-arranged office
+at Burnsville--pleasant Burnsville!--nor even as attractive as the
+country store of Benjamin Jessup, at Hampton. It is dark and
+disagreeable. It smells of tar, bacon, cheese, and cordage, blended with
+a suspicious odor of bilge water. This last does not really belong to
+the store, but comes from the docks, which are in close proximity. The
+place is ample. It has a large front, runs back deep, and you will find,
+if you walk far enough, a respectable counting-room, where the gas is
+kept all the time burning. This establishment is managed by three
+partners, careful, economical men, who divide a large sum each year in
+profits. They have, it is true, the cream of the trade, for they are
+reliable, straightforward people, and can be trusted to fit out a ship
+without fear that advantage will be taken if they are not closely
+watched. No danger that the pork, when opened ninety days out, will
+prove to be rusty, or the beef a little tainted. Hendly, Layton & Gibb
+are old-fashioned, respectable people. They have been already twenty
+years together. Hendly keeps the books, Layton makes all the purchases,
+Gibb fits out the vessels. Levi Eastman (Hill's cousin, Hiram's friend),
+now over ten years in the place, is head man under the firm, having a
+general supervision of whatever is going on. He is forty years old at
+least, has a wife, and, some say, in addition to a good salary, enjoys a
+percentage on all profits over a certain amount. Hiram Meeker ranks next
+to Eastman, though it will take him a few weeks to get familiar with his
+duties.
+
+I will tell you presently what decided Hiram to become clerk to a ship
+chandler, I do not intend, after being so communicative, to hide his
+motives on this occasion. I say I will explain presently: meantime, do
+not fear that Hiram has any desire to supplant his friend Eastman, or
+get the control of the business of the firm; not at all. Other views,
+far more important, engage his mind--views which he thinks, in this ship
+chandler's store, to study and develop to advantage.
+
+Hiram seemed to have altered his tactics on leaving Burnsville. There
+his style of living was considered expensive. His salary was very
+liberal, and although he did not spend it all (it was much increased
+after the Joslin affair), he appeared far from calculating in his
+disbursements. Now, this was all changed. Eastman, who had no children,
+and with two spare rooms in his house, consented, after consulting his
+wife, to take Hiram as a boarder, on more moderate terms than he could
+possibly get elsewhere for comfortable accommodations.
+
+In this arrangement, Hiram had unquestionably decided to forego the
+luxury of pleasant female society. Mrs. Eastman had a sour-looking
+countenance, which did not in the least belie her disposition. In fact,
+her husband had a hard time of it, and doubtless thought Hiram's
+presence might prove a distraction for him--or for his wife. In either
+case, he would be the gainer, even if Hiram suffered somewhat. The
+latter did not appear to be apprehensive, but made himself at home in
+short order.
+
+Then, and not before, he called on Mr. Bennett, and told him, ere the
+latter had time to inquire, that he had quit Burnsville, and was now
+clerk for Hendly, Layton & Gibb, ship chandlers.
+
+'Well, that's a move, I declare! Did you suppose I was so full I could
+not make room for you?'
+
+'Not that; but, you see, I am not going into your line,' said Hiram,
+blandly.
+
+Till that moment Mr. Bennett had himself no idea how much he was
+calculating on Hiram's assistance in his largely increasing business. He
+was greatly disappointed. He was too shrewd, however, to express much
+regret. He only said, 'I should have been glad to have had you with me,
+but you know your own business best, I dare say. You will _do_ anywhere,
+I guess. Now you are here, come and see us often, and let me know when I
+can be of use to you.'
+
+Keen men sympathize with keen; knaves with knaves; the good with the
+good.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+When Sarah Burns, after Hiram's departure, sat down, quietly to think
+over the events of the past few days--for during the week he remained in
+the house she had no opportunity for reflection--she was sensible of a
+species of relief that she was no longer bound to him.
+
+It was not permitted in nature nor in God's providence that this fellow
+should have lasting power over one so true hearted. With such, his
+influence was not to become absolute or controlling.
+
+This was Sarah's first love affair, and she had no experience as to her
+own emotions, and possessed, therefore, no test by which to judge of
+their intensity. Now she could look back and see that her heart had not
+been satisfied.
+
+'_Not satisfied!_' How many a young girl has been forced bitterly to
+take up this burden--when too late. '_Disappointed!_' How many, when it
+is past help, whisper the terrible word in secret to their souls! How
+many are now dragging out a despairing existence, chained to some Hiram
+Meeker, with heart-wants never to be filled; with sympathies never to be
+responded to; with rich capacities for loving, which find in return
+neither tenderness nor appreciation; with affections, and no lawful
+object;--glowing, earnest natures companioned with calculation and
+selfishness and a remorseless subtlety; full, fresh, joyous vitality,
+yoked to a living corpse.
+
+Thank God! for Sarah Burns it was not too late.
+
+It is true, she persuaded herself she loved Hiram, and that she enjoyed
+every delight which flows from affections mutually pledged. But, really,
+it was entirely on one side. He, as we know, utterly selfish, had no
+genuine affection to impart; so all was made up by her. Out of her full
+imagination she brought rich treasures, and bestowed them on her lover,
+and then, valued him for possessing them.
+
+Still, for Sarah Burns it was not too late.
+
+That afternoon, when she came and threw her arms around her father's
+neck, and pleaded to come back again to his confidence, she was fully
+convinced of Hiram's real character. From that moment everything was
+settled. She permitted no explanations; for Hiram, when he saw how
+summarily he was to be disposed of, felt not only piqued, but roused, I
+may say, to a certain degree of appreciation of the object he was to
+lose so unexpectedly. He believed Sarah was so strongly attached to him
+that she would become reconciled to his going to New York, and then he
+could permit the affair to drag along to suit his convenience, to be
+revived or die out at his pleasure. So all his attempts at a private
+interview, his injured looks, and woful countenance went for nothing.
+
+Sarah treated him precisely as she would treat an ordinary acquaintance,
+while Mr. Burns was careful to make no allusion to the subject, or
+permit the slightest difference in his conduct toward his confidential
+clerk. Hiram, therefore, was the one to feel uncomfortable; but the week
+was soon brought to a close, and he departed.
+
+He went first to Hampton to visit his home. When the wagon drove to Mr.
+Burns's house to receive his luggage, Sarah was entertaining two or
+three young ladies who were paying her a morning visit. I dare say there
+was an object in the call not altogether amiable: namely, to see how
+Sarah would 'appear' in respect to Hiram's departure, and to find out,
+if possible, by the way she bore it, whether or not there was anything
+in the rumor of an engagement between them. Hiram had already taken a
+most affectionate leave of each of these young ladies the day before,
+and they thought he was to depart early in the morning. Much to their
+disappointment, Sarah Burns never appeared more natural or more at ease.
+She spoke of Hiram's going to New York as a settled plan, determined on
+even before he came to Burnsville; and (the trunks were now all in the
+carriage) at length exclaimed, 'Come, girls; I think Hiram must be
+waiting to bid us good-by.'
+
+Thereupon, all went on the piazza, and thus frustrated a design of
+Hiram of taking a brief but most pathetic and impressive and
+never-to-be-forgotten farewell of his cruel betrothed. He had prepared a
+short speech for the occasion, which he believed would plant a dagger in
+her heart. He intended, just as soon as everything was ready, to find
+Sarah, deliver his speech, then rush to the carriage, and be almost
+instantly lost sight of.
+
+As it was, he saw with intense mortification a bevy of girls come
+running out, each with something to say, and all at once--for, to
+conceal any little private feeling of her own, each one was as gay as
+possible. At last Hiram was forced to mount the wagon (the trunks filled
+all the vacant space, and, besides, were provokingly placed so that his
+seat was a most awkward one) and to drive away very unromantically, amid
+the adieus and railleries of the commingled voices.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+Freed from Hiram's disagreeable presence, Sarah Burns, as soon as her
+visitors had left, sat down to _think_; and she experienced, as I have
+already remarked, a species of relief. By degrees her spirits rose to
+their old, natural level, and then the fact struck her that they had not
+of late been so elastic and joyous as formerly. Presently she jumped up,
+and, snatching her hat, she resolved to run into the office, as she used
+to do in 'old times,' and surprise her father by a little visit. She
+tripped cheerfully out, and was soon at the office door. Here she
+paused. Her heart beat loudly, but it was with pleasure. Then she
+quietly opened the door and stepped in.
+
+'Good morning, sir,' she exclaimed. 'Here is your old clerk back again.'
+
+She rushed up and gave him a kiss, and received a dozen in return.
+
+Mr. Burns used afterward to say it was the most blissful moment of his
+life.
+
+After that, how they enjoyed themselves!--like school children let
+loose. Sarah ran up, and down, and around the office, through the front
+room and the little room back, then in the closets, her father
+following, as much of a child as she--his heart also freed of a load,
+and his soul filled with sunshine--no Hiram Meeker to cast a baleful
+shadow over it.
+
+There were not any explanations between those two. Explanations were not
+in the least necessary. Each felt that all _was_ explained, and all was
+right and happy again. That was enough.
+
+After a while, some one came in to see Mr. Burns on business, and Sarah
+took her departure. With a light heart she retraced her steps toward
+home. She had reached the memorable corner where she once encountered
+Hiram--it was on his first visit to Burnsville--when, quite abruptly, as
+it seemed, a tall, handsome young man stood directly in her way.
+
+She stopped, of course; she could not do otherwise, unless she chose to
+run into the arms of the stranger. A pair of bright, dark eyes were
+turned inquiringly on her.
+
+'I have found you at last,' said the young man, in a pleasant tone. 'I
+have just left your house. I did not think you would be out so early.
+And now that we do meet,' he continued, 'I perceive you don't know me:
+that is too bad!'
+
+Sarah stood like one in a trance. At first she thought the man was
+deranged; but he looked so handsome and so intelligent, she quickly
+abandoned that hypothesis. Then she began to think she was a little out
+of her wits herself. That seemed to her more probable.
+
+Meanwhile, there he stood, directly and squarely in her path. He
+appeared rather to enjoy Sarah's perplexity.
+
+'Yes, it is unkind in you to forget an old friend--one you promised to
+remember always.'
+
+Sarah was beginning to recover herself. It was evident, from the whole
+appearance of the stranger, that he would not adopt this singular mode
+of addressing her, unless he had some claim to her acquaintance. So she
+reasoned. Resolving she would no longer play the part of a bashful miss,
+she said: 'I am very sorry to be obliged to confess it; but, really, I
+have not the slightest recollection of you.'
+
+'Ah, that is the way with the sex!' continued the other, in the same
+tone. 'Who would have thought it? After bestowing on me such a precious
+token (here he presented a locket, in which he exhibited a curl of
+hair), you now propose to ignore me altogether.'
+
+'I am inclined to think you are the one in error. I am quite sure you
+mistake me for some other person,' retorted Sarah, quietly.
+
+'Possibly. Therefore, permit me to inquire whether or not I have the
+honor of addressing Miss Sarah Burns?'
+
+'Yes.'
+
+'Yet you have no recollection of presenting me with this?'
+
+'You must have shown me the wrong locket,' said Sarah, dryly. 'The hair
+is several shades lighter than mine.'
+
+'True, I did not think of that,' said the mysterious young gentleman.' I
+ought to have known it would be so; but it never occurred to me.
+Good-by!'
+
+He bowed courteously and passed on his way, leaving Sarah in complete
+bewilderment. She walked slowly toward home. She roused her memory. She
+went through the list of her acquaintances. She endeavored to recall
+those she had encountered when taking some little trips with her
+father--but the stranger was not any of these.
+
+A faint outline was, nevertheless, before her. A shadowy image, the
+same, yet not the same, with the young man who had stood in her path.
+
+'Who? where? when?'
+
+In vain she asked herself the questions.
+
+Over the past hangs a dim uncertainty, like that which veils the future,
+and, young as Sarah was, she could already realize it. At length she
+stopped her efforts, and recurred to the more pleasing task of thinking
+about the young gentleman as he now appeared, without respect to any
+other circumstance. She recalled his manly form. He was nearly six feet
+in height. How bright his eyes were, and how mischievously they were
+turned on her, yet how kindly--she was almost ready to think
+lovingly--when the locket was produced! What about that locket? She
+never gave anybody a locket, never--not even Hiram Meeker. Faugh! It
+sickened her to think of _him_ now, and in this connection. Only imagine
+it! A lock of her hair. How ridiculous! No living being had a lock of
+_her_ hair. She knew that well enough. Besides, this was so much
+lighter--as light as hers was when she was a child. A sudden thought
+struck her. Strange; how very, _very_ strange! Yet, it was true. Once in
+her life she _had_ given a single curl! Was this it? Had she promised
+anything with the curl? And was this young man he? Sarah's heart beat
+tumultuously as she entered the house. She reflected on the words of the
+stranger as he turned to leave her. Should she see him again? * * *
+
+A message came from her father. He would bring a gentleman to dine with
+him--that was all.
+
+Who would it be? the one she had lately parted with? Not a doubt of it.
+_That_ she felt instinctively.
+
+On a certain occasion, as the reader may remember, Sarah had
+imperceptibly prepared herself to receive Hiram Meeker. It was the first
+time he took tea at the house. This day she did the very same thing to
+receive somebody else. There is no use to deny it, for such is the fact.
+Yet it was but a short week since she was the betrothed of Hiram, and
+believed she loved him. That very morning they had separated forever!
+
+It often happens that a young girl is deceived by or disappointed in her
+admirer. They may prove to be incompatible, or, what is worse, he may
+prove unworthy; and she discards him, but with reluctance, after a
+struggle, leaving a pang in her heart, while she mourns over her lost
+_love_--not lover. _Him_ she no longer regards with any feeling; but the
+memory of the old attachment is dear to her, though it be sad, and time
+is required before the heart will be attracted by new objects, or seek
+to be engrossed by a fresh passion.
+
+The bond between Hiram and Sarah was of no such nature. He exercised a
+species of magnetism over her, in consequence of her lively and
+sympathetic nature; but it was of a kind that, when broken, neither
+pleasing nor mournful reminiscences remained--no recollection of past
+joys, no thought of former happiness and bliss. The fountains of the
+heart had not been reached, and when Hiram Meeker quitted her presence,
+she was as though she had never known him.
+
+Thus it was, when she received her father's message, her pulses thrilled
+at the idea of meeting the one he was to bring with him.
+
+Already she guessed who it was.
+
+
+
+
+VATES.
+
+
+   Poets are never in the wrong,
+     Whate'er the present age may say:
+   The future only, in their song,
+     Will see the truth of this our day;
+   And what a BRYANT says and sings
+     May well outweigh all false-born things.
+
+
+
+
+THE PHYSICAL SURVEY OF NEW YORK HARBOR AND ITS APPROACHES.
+
+
+No coast offers more admirable opportunities for the study, on a large
+scale, of the effects of winds, waves, and currents, tidal and others,
+on the movable matters which line the ocean shores, than that from New
+York southward. Besides the peculiar local actions, there are general
+ones, which are changing, slowly or rapidly, the whole of the sandy
+coast line. While here the pebbles of the ancient drift are being
+assorted by size and shape, and rolled into ridges and heaps, by the
+action of the waves, there heaps and ridges of wet sand are formed by
+the waves and travel under their motion, and the dry sand is forced
+along by the winds, covering up meadows and woods, and changing the
+ocean shore line; and in other or the same localities, sub-currents,
+setting in a nearly constant general direction, roll onward the movable
+materials of the bottom of the sea, or tidal currents roll them forward
+and backward, giving the general direction of the resulting motion.
+
+The reports of the Government and State engineers and commissioners,
+public and private, who have studied the improvements of different
+localities, have given us glimpses of the local, and even of the general
+actions; but most commonly there has been a want of means or such
+preliminary experiments as were necessary fully to develop the actions,
+and which, like the stitch which saves nine, would often have saved the
+costly experiment on the full scale of construction. Remarkable
+instances of complete modes of investigation occur in the examination of
+the Mississippi River by Captain A.A. Humphreys and Lieutenant Abbot, of
+the Topographical Engineers, and by the commission of which General
+Totten, Prof. Bache, and Admiral Davis were members. As most familiar to
+me, from having taken an official part in the experiments and
+observations made, I propose to notice the Physical Surveys of New York
+and Boston, indicating the chief agents which are at work in destroying
+and building up, so as to produce the present condition of these
+important ports.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In connection with the surveys made a few years since by direction of
+the Commissioners on Harbor Encroachments, there was undertaken, as an
+incidental inquiry, an investigation into the physical conditions under
+which the shoals and beaches in and about New York harbor had submitted
+to those changes of position and area which the repeated surveys
+revealed. It was at the request of these Commissioners that Professor
+Bache, the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, gave his personal
+attention to this subject. He drew up a comprehensive scheme for a
+series of observations upon all the natural agencies at work, and, for
+the execution of the project, selected one of his assistants, whose
+experience had already been considerable in similar studies.
+
+The investigation was commenced in the lower harbor early in the spring
+of 1856. Records were kept of tides, currents, winds, and waves, and the
+most careful notes were made on the immediate effects of these working
+agents as observable in the movements of the sands.
+
+A glance at a general coast chart discovers at once a marked contrast
+between two different sections of our seaboard: to the eastward of us,
+the principal harbors of New England are rockbound, with elevated back
+countries; while to the southward, in the region of alluvial drift,
+which extends all along the coast of the Middle and Southern States, the
+harbors have flat and sandy shores. The harbor and neighborhood of New
+York, holding an intermediate position between these diverse sections,
+exhibit a singular combination of the leading physical features of both,
+and present to the hydrographer a field for research that is quite
+without a parallel.
+
+We recognize in the Bar of New York simply a submerged portion of that
+_sandy cordon_ which skirts the coast from Montauk Point to Florida; and
+although, in the ordinary sense, the lower entrance to the harbor is not
+an _inlet_, it may nevertheless be regarded as belonging to the same
+class.
+
+This _sandy cordon_, which may be said to be the principal
+characteristic of our coast, is an exceedingly interesting feature; it
+appears to have been formed by the action of the sea, which has
+disintegrated the borders of shallow flats, bearing away the light
+vegetable moulds, but suffering the coarse quartz sand to remain rolled
+up into ridges. In many places the dry winds have caught up these sands,
+when laid bare at low water, and elevated them into dunes or galls.
+
+The distance of the sand ridge from the mainland is observed to vary
+with the slope of the adjacent country. It is the _motion of
+translation_ which a wave acquires on reaching shallow water, that gives
+it such great capacity for the transportation of material.
+
+This _translative action_, as it is technically called, commences
+ordinarily in about three fathoms water, and is most violent in six or
+eight feet depths, within which the sea breaks. It is just within the
+breaker that the windrows of sand are observed to form on exposed flats.
+
+This disposition of the sea to cast up well defined boundaries of sand
+along its margin, is so great and persistent, that the inland waters are
+dammed up and suffered only to escape into the ocean by narrow avenues,
+where their rapid currents maintain a supremacy of power--albeit with
+unceasing contest.
+
+Wherever, along our coast, the waves drive _obliquely_ upon the beach, a
+movement of the sand takes place, and the inlets are consequently
+continually shifting.
+
+The Long Island inlets are moving _westward_, and Sandy Hook advances to
+the _northward_, because the sea rolls in along the axis of the great
+bay between Long Island and New Jersey, and necessarily sweeps along the
+beaches, instead of taking the direction of a _normal_ to the shore
+line.
+
+The movement of Sandy Hook to the northward is, however, a problem not
+so easily disposed of as we might conceive from the above
+considerations; for although, in the most general sense, its existence
+must be regarded as the work of the waves, there are other agents
+influencing materially its form and its rate of progress. The currents
+control, to a very great extent, the final disposition of the sands worn
+away or kept in motion by the waves.
+
+Professor Bache's investigations in the neighborhood of Sandy Hook have
+been published, and we should not especially refer to them here, except
+that the recent physical changes reported by Colonel Delafield to the
+Engineer Department, have reawakened an interest in the matter.
+
+The measurements of the Coast Survey, made in 1856 and 1857, showed that
+the Hook was being washed away on the east and west shores, but was
+extending slowly to the northwest, where it already encroached on the
+main ship channel. This order of things has continued up to the present
+time, and is now in progress.
+
+The able Superintendent of the fortifications at Sandy Hook has evinced
+considerable alarm lest the new fort shall fall a prey to the
+encroachments, or be separated from the main body of the beach by
+slue-ways. The Coast Surrey has been notified of the matter, and the
+assistant to whom I have already referred has visited the Hook, and made
+an informal report, which agrees essentially with the statements of
+Colonel Delafield. A complete and reliable report can only be made upon
+_actual surveys_; and we trust these will be executed, and the
+Government placed in possession of the whole truth.
+
+We understand that Colonel Delafield has already, upon a small scale,
+made some very successful experiments of curvilineal dikes, constructed
+with caissons of concrete; and we have no doubt that, with adequate
+means at his disposal, this ingenious engineer could avert the dangers
+which threaten, not only the fort, but the noble harbor of New York.
+
+To return to the Physical Survey, and to speak as briefly as we may upon
+so extended a subject, we hold that it is possible, by a patient
+collection of facts and figures, to determine the natural _scheme_ of
+the harbor--we had almost said the _formula of its development_.
+
+It is ascertained that the group of shoals which form the Bar--composed,
+as they are, for the most part, of loose and shifting sands--are not
+accidental accumulations, modified by violent storms and freshets, but
+that they are orderly arrangements, made by the currents, to whose
+unceasing activities are due the form and preservation of each bank and
+channel. The peculiar contours of the shoals given by our most ancient
+charts are still developed by recent surveys, although alterations in
+magnitude have taken place. _The order of the physical forces is
+unchanged, but their work is still progressing._
+
+Now, since these currents have determinable laws, regulating their
+periods, durations, velocities, and directions, it was only necessary to
+compile observations, in order to reduce this study to a simple
+consideration of the _composition of forces_.
+
+'The process by which sand is swept along by currents upon the bottom of
+the sea, is not unlike the motion of dunes upon the land; a ridge of
+sand is propagated in the direction of the current by the continual
+rolling of the particles from the rear to the front. This movement is
+exceedingly slow when compared with that of the current which induces
+it, and for this reason a shoal, though traversed by violent tidal
+currents, may, as a whole, remain stationary when the alternate drifts
+are equal and opposite; for in this case, though the sand upon the
+surface is drifted to and fro, it undergoes no more ultimate change of
+position than it would if the forces which acted upon it were
+simultaneous and in equilibrium.'[9]
+
+Of course, so simple a case as that in which the ebb and flood forces
+are equal and opposite, is rarely presented; for at most of the stations
+on the Bar the direction of the flow varies from hour to hour, going
+quite round the circle in a half-tidal day: the velocities and
+directions also vary with the depth. These circumstances complicate the
+computation a little, but the problem is still simple and direct.
+Everything depends upon the faithfulness of the observations.
+
+The physical diagrams which have been plotted from the results of these
+studies may be regarded as decided successes, for they show in most
+cases that the shoals lie in the foci or in the equilibrium points of
+the observed forces.
+
+The current stations occupied cover a district embracing not only the
+immediate vicinity of the shoals, but extending many miles from them in
+different directions; for it was deemed necessary that each elementary
+force should be separately studied before it reached its working point.
+It has been ascertained that among the causes of the different shoal
+formations there exists a mutual relation and dependence, so that they
+may be regarded as a single physical system. _It will be seen from this
+consideration, that any artificial disturbance of the conditions, at a
+single point, may interrupt the operations of nature in other localities
+more or less remote, or cause general changes in the hydrogaphy of the
+harbor._
+
+It is not simply the superficial drift of the tidal and other currents
+that these observations comprehend; but, with the use of apparatus
+suitably arranged, the movements at all depths have been determined,
+with the exact amount of power exerted by streams coursing along the bed
+of the sea. The necessity for this minuteness of examination has been
+fully shown in some of the curious discoveries that have been made.
+
+In several parts of our harbor, systems of counter-currents have been
+detected, occupying strata of water at different depths, and these
+present, in their motions, striking contrasts of directions, velocities,
+and epochs. The most remarkable exhibition of these sub-currents was
+observed in the neighborhood of the city, in the channel between
+Governor's and Bedloe's Islands. In this locality, during the last
+quarter of the ebb, floating objects drift southward toward the sea,
+while the heavier material upon the bottom is borne northward toward the
+city piers. While, upon the surface, the ebb exceeds the flood both in
+velocity and duration, the motions of the lowest water-stratum are
+subject to the reverse conditions: it therefore follows that _the
+heavier deposits from the city drainage cannot be swept away through
+this the main avenue to the sea_. This contrast of motion between the
+upper and lower drifts was observed in greater or less degree throughout
+the entire distance from the Bar to a point in the Hudson River off Fort
+Washington. These results appear to us of the highest importance, since
+they would seem to indicate that the scouring action of the currents
+will not be sufficient to prevent the accumulation of certain classes of
+deposits in the upper harbor--as the ashes from the steamers, and the
+like.
+
+The course of the land waters in their progress seaward was followed
+nearly sixty miles beyond the Bar, where currents of considerable
+velocity were still observed. At the station farthest seaward, where the
+sounding is thirty fathoms, the observations at different depths
+disclosed some very remarkable peculiarities. It was perceived that the
+moving stratum was not always of the same depth; the whole body of the
+sea moving steadily forward at one time, while at another no motion
+could be detected below a superficial stream.
+
+The land waters, to which allusion has been made, augment the ebb
+current to such a degree, that a general eastwardly preponderance was
+observed in the drift along the south shore of Long Island; and this
+preponderance, increasing steadily from station to station at each
+remove, was found, at a point twenty-five miles east of Fire Island
+Light, to outlive the tidal currents and maintain itself as a constant
+coastwise stream.
+
+One very curious discovery was made with regard to this stream along
+shore. It was ascertained that during easterly gales a portion of the
+water, crowded up into the bight of the coast, escapes seaward by a
+sub-current. Shells, carefully marked, were deposited in the sea during
+fine weather, and, after an easterly gale, were picked up on the shore
+of Fire Island, _four miles eastward_ of the place of deposit. There was
+no evidence that these shells travelled any distance during still
+weather.
+
+We do not despair of the possibility of artificial improvements at the
+Long Island inlets.
+
+At present the great inland basins on the southern portion of Long
+Island communicate with the sea only by narrow passes obstructed by bars
+and shoals; yet, in spite of the dangers which are always presented,
+large fleets of market vessels pass out daily through the inlets, laden
+with farm produce and shell fish. It requires no thought to perceive
+that if these inlets were made safe and permanent by suitable marine
+constructions, and were furnished with the proper buoys and beacons,
+there would spring up in their neighborhood great commercial
+enterprises.
+
+While, in the case of the lower harbor and its approaches, it was the
+design of the observations to detect in the movement of the waters the
+causes of alterations in the physical geography, the same kind of
+studies, undertaken afterward in Hell Gate, had for their object the
+reverse inquiry, viz., to ascertain to what degree and in what manner
+the form of the rocky channel influenced the tides and currents, in
+order that some prediction might be made of the consequences likely to
+follow the removal of obstructions from the waterways. The propagations
+of the tide wave meet at Hell Gate, so that here the observations, when
+plotted, exhibit compound curves, in which the portion due to the wave
+from Sandy Hook is easily distinguishable from that due to the wave from
+Long Island Sound. The Sandy Hook tide wave differs so widely in height
+and time from that of Long Island Sound, that there is over three feet
+difference of level between the harbor and the Sound at certain stages
+of the tides; and at these times the currents rush through the Gate,
+vainly endeavoring to restore the inequalities.
+
+The problem of referring a current to a _tidal head_ is a very difficult
+one. The current, for instance, which renders Hell Gate so dangerous, is
+not at any time so great as a _permanent head_, equal to the difference
+of the tides observed, would engender. The currents are so very slow in
+their movements, compared with the undulations of the tide wave, that it
+cannot be ascertained as yet, what are the magnitudes of such elements
+as _inertia_ and _friction_, and how they are to be corrected for, so as
+to predict the time and velocity of the current from observations of the
+vertical rise and fall.
+
+It is due to the officers of the Coast Survey to state that their
+services to the Harbor Commissioners were rendered gratuitously; the
+work offered to them only an opportunity for research.
+
+This Physical Survey must, at the outset, have held out small
+inducements to patient labor--the field was so large and ill defined,
+and had been so long the region of mere speculation; but the few simple
+and useful generalizations it has now grasped should, hereafter, prove
+the stepping stones to larger inductions, valuable alike to physical
+science and commercial interests.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] Report of the Observations for the Completion of the Physical Survey
+of New York Bar and Harbor, in pursuance of the Act of the Legislature
+of New York, April 17, 1857, and of the authority of the Commissioners
+on Harbor Encroachments. By A. D. BACHE, Supt. U.S. Coast Survey.
+
+
+
+
+AN ENGLISHMAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+DECEMBER, 1860, AND JULY, 1862.
+
+
+II.
+
+'Mornin', sa! De Cunnel send dis with his compliments. Merry Christmas,
+sa!' Such was the salutation arousing me on the anniversary of the birth
+of Him who came on earth to preach the Gospel of love and fraternity to
+all men--or the date which pious tradition has arbitrarily assigned to
+it. And Pomp appeared by the bedside of the ponderous, old-fashioned
+four-poster, in which I had slept, bearing a tumbler containing that
+very favorite Southern 'eye-opener,' a mixture of peach brandy and
+honey. I sipped, rose, and began dressing. The slave regarded me
+wistfully, and repeated his Christmas salutation.
+
+I knew what the poor fellow meant, well enough, and responded with a
+gratuity sufficient to make his black face lustrous with pleasure. All
+through the South the system of _backsheesh_ is as prevalent as in
+Turkey, and with more justification. At the hotels its adoption is
+compulsory, if the traveller would shun eyeservice and the most
+provoking inattention or neglect. His coffee appears unaccompanied by
+milk or sugar, his steak without bread, condiments are inaccessible, and
+his sable attendant does the least possible toward deserving that name,
+until a semi-weekly quarter or half dollar transforms him from a miracle
+of stupidity and awkwardness into your enthusiastic and ever-zealous
+retainer. This, however, by the way.
+
+My present had the usual effect; Pompey became approbative and
+talkative:
+
+'You come from England, sa?' he asked, looking up from the hearth and
+temporarily desisting in his vigorous puffing at the fire he had already
+kindled for me to dress by.
+
+'Yes,' I answered.
+
+'Dat a long ways off, sa?'
+
+'Over three thousand miles of salt water, Pompey.'
+
+'Golly! I 'fraid o' dem! didn't tink dere was so much water in de
+world!' adding a compliment on the supposed courage involved in crossing
+the Atlantic. Negroes have almost no relative ideas of distance or
+number beyond a very limited extent; they will say 'a tousan'd,' fifty
+or a hundred 'tousand,' with equal inexactitude and fluency. Presently
+Pompey began again:
+
+'Many colored people in England, sa?'
+
+'Very few. You might live there a year without meeting one.'
+
+'I'se hear dey's all free--dem what is dar? dat so?' he asked,
+curiously.
+
+'Yes; just as they are at the North; only I think they're a little
+better treated in England. We don't make any difference between men on
+account of their skin. You might marry a white woman there, Pompey, if
+you could get her to have you.'
+
+Pompey honored this remark with as much ready negro laughter as he
+seemed to think it demanded.
+
+'I'se got a wife already, sa,' he answered. 'But 'pears to me England
+must be good country to lib in.'
+
+'Why so?'
+
+'All free dar, sa!'
+
+'Why you'd have to work harder than you do here, and have nobody to take
+care of you. The climate wouldn't suit you, either, there's not enough
+sunshine. You couldn't have a kinder or a better master than Colonel
+----, I'm sure.'
+
+'No, _sa!_' with a good deal of earnestness; 'he fust-rate man, sa, dat
+a fac; and Mass' Philip and de young ladies, dey berry good to us.
+But--' and the slave hesitated.
+
+'What is it, Pompey? Speak out!'
+
+'Well, den, some day de Cunnel he die, and den trouble come, _suah!_ De
+ole plantation be sold, and de hands sold too, or we be divide 'tween
+Mass' Phil, Miss Jule, and Miss Emmy. Dey get married, ob course. Some
+go one way, some toder, we wid dem--nebber lib together no more. Dat's
+what I keep t'inkin ob, sa!'
+
+What answer could be made to this simple statement of one of the dire
+contingencies inevitable to slave life? perhaps that most dreaded by the
+limited class of well cared-for house servants, of which Pompey was a
+good representative. He knew, as well as I, that his poor average of
+happiness was fortuitous--that it hinged on the life of his master. At
+his death he might become the chattel of any human brute with a white
+epidermis and money enough to buy him; might be separated from wife,
+children, companions and past associations. Suggesting the practical
+wisdom involved in the biblical axiom that sufficient for the day is the
+evil thereof, I turned the conversation and presently dismissed him. I
+experienced some little difficulty in accomplishing the latter, for he
+was both zealous and familiar in my service: indeed, this is one of the
+nuisances appertaining to the institution; a pet slave seems hardly to
+understand the desire for privacy, and is prone to consider himself
+ill-used if you presume to dispense with his attendance. His ideal of a
+master is one who needs a great deal of waiting on in trivial,
+unlaborious ways, who tolerates all shortcomings and slovenliness, and
+bestows liberal gratuities.
+
+Descending to the breakfast parlor, I received and responded to the
+appropriate salutations for the day from my host and his family, who had
+already recognized it, English fashion, by the interchange of mutual
+presents, those of the Colonel to his daughters being jewelry of a
+handsome and expensive character. The trinkets were submitted to my
+inspection and duly admired.
+
+'I must tell you something about these knick-knacks, Mr. ----,' said the
+evidently gratified father. 'You wouldn't suppose, now, that these
+mercenary girls actually asked me to give them money instead of
+trinkets?'
+
+His tone and looks involved some latent compliment to the young ladies,
+and I said as much.
+
+'They wanted to give it to the State, to help arm and equip some of the
+military companies. I couldn't let 'em suffer for their patriotism, you
+know; so I had to advance the money and buy the trinkets, too; though
+I'll do them the justice to say they didn't expect it. Never mind! the
+Southern Confederacy and free trade will reimburse me. And now let's
+have breakfast.'
+
+The Southern Confederacy and Free Trade! During secession time in
+Charleston, there was displayed in front of the closed theatre, a
+foolish daub on canvas, depicting crowded wharves, cotton bales,
+arriving and departing vessels, and other indications of maritime and
+commercial prosperity, surmounted by seven stars, that being the
+expected number of seceding States, all presented as a representation of
+the good time coming. It remained there for over a month, when one of
+those violent storms of wind and rain variegating the humidity of a
+South-Carolinian winter tore it to pieces, leaving only the skeleton
+framework on which it had been supported. May not this picture and its
+end prove symbolical?
+
+'Did you observe that our Charleston ladies dress very plainly, this
+season?' continued the Colonel, as we sat at breakfast. 'There are no
+silks and satins this Christmas, no balls, no concerts, no marriages. We
+are generally economizing for whatever may happen.'
+
+'Why, I thought you didn't expect war?' I answered.
+
+'No more we do; but it's well to be prepared.'
+
+'There's to be no race ball, I understand,' said the lazy gentleman, who
+had appeared later than the rest of us, and was having a couple of eggs
+'opened' for him into a tumbler, by Pompey. 'The girls will miss that.
+Can you tell me how the betting stood between _Albine_ and _Planet_?'
+
+I could not, and observed that the Colonel changed the subject with some
+marks of irritation. I learned afterward that his indolent relative had
+an incurable passion for betting, and, when carried away by it, was
+capable of giving unauthorized notes upon his opulent relative, who paid
+them in honor of the family name, but objected to the practice. He
+himself affected to discourage betting, though his State pride actually
+induced him to risk money on the 'little mare' _Albine_, a
+South-Carolina horse, who subsequently and very unexpectedly triumphed
+over her Virginian opponent. But this by the way.
+
+Breakfast over and cigars lighted (the Colonel imported his own from
+Havana, each one enwrapped in a separate leaf, and especially excellent
+in quality), we strolled abroad. The negroes were not at work, of
+course; and, early as it was, we found their quarters all alive with
+merriment and expectation. Some of the younger men, dressed in their
+best clothes--generally suits of plain, substantial homespun, white or
+check shirts, and felt hats--went from house to house, wishing the
+inmates the compliments of the season, blended with obstreperous,
+broad-mouthed laughter; in some instances carrying nosegays, received,
+in common with the givers, with immense delight and coquetry on the part
+of the females. These wore neatly-made, clean cotton dresses, with
+gaily-colored handkerchiefs arranged turban fashion upon their heads.
+Many of the old men and not a few of the old women were smoking clay or
+corncob pipes; the children laughed, cried, played with each other,
+rolled upon the ground, and disported themselves as children, white,
+black, or particolored, do all the world over; the occasional twang of a
+banjo and a fiddle was heard, and everything looked like enjoyment and
+anticipation. Of course, the huts of the future brides constituted the
+centre of attraction: from the chattering of tongues within we inferred
+that the wedding dresses were exposed for the admiring inspection of the
+negro population.
+
+The Colonel had just arrived at the peroration of an eloquent eulogium
+of the scene, when the overseer appeared at the end of the avenue of
+orange trees, and presently drew rein beside us, his countenance
+exhibiting marks of dissatisfaction.
+
+'I've had trouble with them boys over to my place, Colonel,' he said,
+briefly, and looking loweringly around, as though he would be disposed
+to resent any listening to his report on the part of the negroes.
+
+'Why, what's the matter with them?' asked his employer, hastily.
+
+'Well, it 'pears they got some rotgut--two gallon of it--from somewheres
+last night, and of course, all got as drunk as h----, down to the old
+shanty behind the gin--they went thar so's I shouldn't suspicion
+nothin'. They played cards, and quarrelled and fit, and Hurry's John he
+cut Timberlake bad--cut Wilkie, too, 'cross the hand, but ain't hurt him
+much!'
+
+'Hurry's John! I always knew that nigger had a d----d ugly temper!' I'll
+sell him, by ---- ! I won't have him on the place a week longer. Is
+Timberlake badly hurt?'
+
+'He's nigh killed, I reckon. Got a bad stick in the ribs, and a cut in
+the shoulder, and one in the face--bled like a hog, he did! Reckon he
+may get over it. I've done what I could for him.'
+
+The Colonel's handsome face was inflamed with passion; he strode up and
+down, venting imprecations of an intensity only to be achieved by an
+enraged Southerner. Presently he stopped and asked abruptly:
+
+'Where did they get the liquor from?'
+
+'I don't know. Most likely from old Whalley, down to the landing. He's
+mean enough for anything.'
+
+'If I can prove it on him, I'll run him out of the country!
+I'll--I'll--d----n it! I'll shoot him!' And the Colonel continued his
+imprecations, this time directing them toward the supposed vender of the
+whiskey.
+
+'These men are the curse of the country! the curse of the country!' he
+repeated, excitedly; 'these d----d mean, low, thieving, sneaking,
+pilfering, poor whites! They teach our negroes to steal, they sell them
+liquor, they do everything to corrupt and demoralize them. That's how
+they _live_, by ----! The slaves are respectable, compared to them. By
+----, they ought to be slaves themselves--only no amount of paddling[10]
+would get any work out of their d----d lazy hides! I almost wish we
+might have a war with the Yankees: we should get some of 'em killed off,
+then!'
+
+How little Colonel ---- thought, as he uttered these words, 'so wicked
+and uncivic' (as Gellius says of a similar wish on the part of a Roman
+lady, for which she was fined the sum of twenty-five thousand pounds
+brass), that in the future lay such dire fulfilment of them! Apropos of
+the subject, what fitting tools for the purposes of rebellion have these
+hated 'poor whites' proved themselves!--their ignorance, their vices,
+their brutality rendering them all the more appropriate instruments for
+the work in hand. It would seem, almost, as if a diabolic providence had
+prepared them for this very result.
+
+'I must ride over and see about this business at once,' resumed the
+Colonel. 'Mr. ----, I can very well suppose you'd rather be spared
+accompanying me, so make yourself at home for an hour or two. I won't be
+a minute longer than I can help. Perhaps you'd better not mention this
+unfortunate affair up at the house until I return; it'll shock the
+girls, and I'm very careful to keep all unpleasant things out of their
+way. It's the first time such an atrocity has occurred on this
+plantation, believe me.'
+
+And, ordering his horse, he rode off with the overseer. I should really
+have preferred visiting the scene of the recent tragedy, but my host's
+wish to the contrary was evident, and I knew enough of Southern
+sensitiveness with respect to the ugly side of their 'institution' to
+comply. (I had been advised by a fellow countryman not to attend a slave
+sale in Charleston, lest my curiosity might be looked upon as
+impertinent, and get me into trouble; but I did it, and, I am bound to
+say, without any evil consequences.) So I retraced my steps toward the
+house, presently encountering the lazy gentleman, and one in black, who
+was introduced to me as the Reverend Mr. ----, an Episcopal clergyman of
+Beaufort, also a resident on an adjacent island.
+
+The lazy gentleman inquired after Colonel ----. Judging that my host's
+caution, as to secrecy, was only intended to apply to his daughters, I
+made no scruple of relating what I had heard. My auditors were at once
+more than interested--anxious. Whenever a negro breaks bounds in the
+South, everybody is on the alert, a self-constituted detective, judge,
+inquisitor, and possible executioner. Eternal vigilance is the price
+of--slavery!
+
+'That boy born on the plantation?' asked the clergyman, when the affair
+had been discussed at considerable length.
+
+'Yes! He's a valuable hand, too; I've known him pick seven hundred and
+fifty pounds of cotton in a day--of course, for a wager.'
+
+'The Colonel will have to sell him, I suppose? he can't keep him after
+this.'
+
+'Reckon so, though he hates to part with any of his hands. This trouble
+wouldn't have happened, if it hadn't been for the whiskey, I've no
+doubt. The rascal who sold it ought to be responsible.'
+
+'Are crimes originating in drunkenness common among the negroes?' I
+asked.
+
+'Well, no!' answered the clergyman, deliberately; 'I can't say that. But
+most of them will drink, if they get an opportunity--the field hands
+especially; and then they're apt to be quarrelsome, and if there's a
+knife handy, they'll use it.'
+
+'That's so,' assented the lazy gentleman, nodding. 'You Englishmen and
+Yankees--excuse me for coupling you together!--know very little of negro
+character; and, because the darkies have a habit of indulging in
+unmeaning laughter on all occasions, you think them the best-tempered
+people in existence. In reality their tempers are often
+execrable--infernal!' And he compacently blew a ring of tobacco-smoke
+into the mild, humid morning. The clergyman looked on assentingly.
+
+'They can never be trusted with any responsibility involving the
+exercise of authority without abusing it. They ill use animals on all
+occasions--treat them with positive brutality, and sometimes whip their
+children so unmercifully that we have to interfere. I don't know what
+would become of them without us, I'm sure!'
+
+'What do you think of their religious convictions?' I asked of the
+clergyman, when the speaker had arrived at his comfortable,
+characteristically Southern conclusion.
+
+'Our best negroes are unquestionably pious,' he answered; 'and some of
+them have a very earnest sense of their duties as to this life and the
+next; but I regret to say that a good deal of what passes for religion
+among them is mere exitement, often of a mischievous and sensual
+character.'
+
+'Heathenish! quite heathenish!' added the lazy gentleman. 'Did you ever
+see a _shout_, Mr. ----?'
+
+I responded in the negative, and inquired what it was.
+
+'Oh, a dance of negro men and women to the accompaniment of their own
+voices. It's of no particular figure, and they sing to no particular
+tune, improvising both at pleasure, and keeping it up for an hour
+together. I'll defy you to look at it without thinking of Ashantee or
+Dahomey; it's so suggestive of aboriginal Africa.'
+
+I had an opportunity, subsequently, of witnessing the performance in
+question, and can indorse the lazy gentleman's assertion. Inheriting the
+saltatory traditions of their barbarous ancestry, the slaves have also a
+current fund of superstition, of a simple and curious character. But
+further ethical disquisitions were here cut short by the appearance of
+the Colonel's daughters, when the conversation was at once changed, as
+by tacit consent of all three of us. What their father had told me,
+relative to his solicitude to keep them in ignorance of all 'unpleasant
+things' accruing from the fundamental institution, was in perfect
+accordance with Southern instincts. I had observed similar instances of
+habitual caution before, reminding me of the eulogized tendency toward
+'Orientalism' alluded to in the previous chapter. And, of all people,
+South-Carolinians possess the equally rare and admirable faculty of
+holding their tongues, when there is occasion for it.
+
+We joined the ladies in a walk. As the elder had much to say to the
+clergyman about mutual acquaintances, while her fat relative strolled
+carelessly by her side, her sister naturally fell to my companionship.
+With a rather handsome and intelligent girl I should have preferred to
+converse on general topics than the one with which I had been already
+nauseated at Charleston--secession; but she was full of it, and would
+not be evaded. Very soon she asked me what I supposed would be the
+sentiment in England toward the seceding States, in the assumed event of
+their forming a confederacy.
+
+I told her, as I then believed, that it would be adverse, in consequence
+of the national hostility to slavery, appealing to her own British
+experience for confirmation.
+
+'Yes,' she said, 'they were all abolitionists in England, and could
+hardly credit us when we told them that _we_ owned negroes. They thought
+all Southerners must be like Legree in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_! But papa,
+who went to the club houses, and mixed with the aristocracy, says that
+_they_ are much better informed about us; that they were opposed to
+emancipation in the West Indies, and have always regarded it as a great
+mistake. And England must have cotton, you know.'
+
+'If there's a war between the North and South, won't you find it very
+difficult to retain your negroes?' I asked, waiving the immediate
+question.
+
+Miss ---- responded by the usual assertion of the fidelity of the slaves
+to their owners.
+
+'What if the new Government resorts to emancipation as a weapon against
+you?' I made this inquiry, thinking it possible that this might be done
+_at the outset_. Like other foreigners, though familiar with the North,
+I had not supposed that nearly two years of civil war, with its
+inevitable expenditure of blood and treasure, would be needed to induce
+this direct and obvious means of subduing a rebellion. Englishmen, it is
+known, have ferocious ideas on the subject, as witness India.
+
+'If the slaves rose, we should kill them like so many snakes!' was the
+answer. And the young lady's voice and flashing eyes showed that she was
+in earnest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our promenade lasted until the return of the Colonel, who presently took
+a private opportunity of informing me that the wounded slave would
+probably survive, and that he had sent for a surgeon from an adjoining
+plantation, expressing some apprehension that delay or indifference on
+his part might involve fatal consequences.
+
+'It's Christmas time, you see, and perhaps he won't care about coming,'
+said my host. I may add that his anticipation was in part verified by
+the result, 'the doctor' not appearing till the following morning.
+Thanks, however, to a rough knowledge of surgery on the part of the
+overseer, aided by the excellence of his constitution, 'Timberlake'
+recovered. I will mention here, in dismissing the subject, that 'Hurry's
+John' was subsequently sold to a Louisiana sugar-planter, a fate only
+less terrible to a negro than his exportation to Texas.
+
+Within an hour of our return to the house, we partook of an excellent
+and luxurious Christmas dinner, to which birds of the air, beasts of the
+earth, and fish of the sea had afforded tribute, and the best of
+European wines served as an appropriate accompaniment. The meal was, I
+think, served earlier than usual, that we might attend the event of the
+day, the negro weddings.
+
+These were solemnized at a little private church, in the rear of which
+was absolutely the most enormous live-oak I had ever seen, its branches,
+fringed with pendent moss, literally covering the small churchyard,
+where, perhaps, a dozen of the ---- family lie buried--a few tombstones,
+half hidden by the refuse of the luxuriant vegetation, marking their
+places of sepulture. The plain interior of the building had been
+decorated with evergreens in honor of the time and the occasion, under
+the tasteful direction of the young ladies, who had also contrived to
+furnish white dresses and bouquets for the brides. These, duly escorted
+by their future husbands, clad in their best, and looking alternate
+happiness and sheepishness, had preceded us by a few minutes, and were
+waiting our arrival, while all around beamed black faces full of
+expectation and interest.
+
+We walked through a lane of sable humanity--for the church was too small
+to contain a fourth of the assembled negroes--to the little altar,
+before which the six couples were presently posed by the clergyman, in
+front of us and himself. That done to everybody's satisfaction, the
+Colonel stationed to give away the brides--an arrangement that caused a
+visible flutter of delight among them--and as many lookers-on
+accommodated within the building as could crowd in, the ceremony was
+proceeded with, the clergyman using an abbreviated form of the Episcopal
+service, reading it but once, but demanding separate responses. I
+noticed that he omitted the words 'until death do ye part,' and I
+thought that omission suggestive.
+
+The persons directly concerned behaved with as much propriety as if they
+had possessed the whitest of cuticles, being quiet, serious, and
+attentive; nor did I detect anything indecorous on the part of the
+spectators, beyond an occasional smile or whisper by the younger
+negroes, whose soft-skinned, dusky faces and white eyeballs glanced
+upward at the six couples with admiring curiosity, and at us, visitors,
+with that appealing glance peculiar to the negro--always, to my
+thinking, irresistibly touching, and suggestive of dependence on,
+humility toward, and entreaty for merciful consideration at the hands of
+a superior race. Perhaps, however, the old folks enjoyed the occasion
+most, particularly the negresses: one wrinkled crone, of at least
+fourscore years, her head bound in, the usual gaudy handkerchief, and
+her hands resting on a staff or crutch, went off into a downright
+chuckle of irrepressible exultation after the closing benediction,
+echoed more openly by the crowd of colored people peeping in at the
+doors and windows.
+
+The ceremony over, the concourse adjourned to a large frame building,
+part shed, part cotton-house, ordinarily used for storing the staple
+plant of South Carolina, before ginning and pressing. The Colonel had
+sent his year's crop to Charleston, and the vacant space was now
+occupied by a triple row of tables, set out with plates, knives and
+forks, and drinking utensils. Here, the newly married couples being
+inducted into the uppermost seats, as places of honor, and the rest of
+the company accommodated as well as could be effected, a substantial
+dinner was served, and partaken of with a gusto and appreciation only
+conceivable in those to whom such an indulgence is exceptional, coming,
+like the occasion, but once in a year. Upward of a hundred and fifty
+persons sat down to it, exclusive of those temporarily detailed as
+waiters, who presently found leisure to minister to their own appetites.
+Their owner surveyed the scene with an air of gratification, in which I
+could not detect a trace of his recent serious discomposure. I am well
+persuaded, however, that he had not forgotten it, as that the cause of
+it was known among the negroes; I thought I observed evidences of it in
+their looks and deportment, even amid the general hilarity.
+
+The ladies had returned to the house, and we were about following them,
+when the clatter of a horse's hoofs was heard without, and the officious
+voices of the negroes announced the arrival of a visitor or messenger
+for the Colonel, who stepped forward to meet him. A young man, clad in a
+coarse homespun gray uniform, scantily trimmed with red worsted, and a
+French military cap, alighted, and addressed our friend in a faltering,
+hesitating manner, as though communicating some disastrous intelligence.
+I saw the Colonel turn pale, and put his hand to his head as if he had
+received a stunning blow. Instinctively the three of us rushed toward
+him.
+
+'My God! what's the matter? what has happened, ----?' inquired the
+clergyman.
+
+'Philip! Philip! my boy's dead--shot himself by accident!' was the
+answer.
+
+A very few words explained all, The young volunteer had fallen a victim
+to one of those common instances of carelessness in playing with loaded
+firearms. While frolicking with a comrade, at his barracks, he had taken
+up his revolver, jestingly threatening to shoot. The other, grasping the
+barrel of the cocked pistol, in turning it round, had caused its
+discharge, the bullet penetrating the breast of the unfortunate owner of
+the weapon. Conveyed to the hospital, he had died within an hour after
+his arrival.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our holiday-making, of course, came to a sudden termination. Next day I
+accompanied the Colonel to Charleston, to claim the body of his deceased
+son, and not long afterward parted with him, on my return to the North.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] The paddle has superseded the cowhide in all jails, workhouses, and
+places of punishment in South Carolina, as being more effective--that is
+painful. In some instances it is used on the plantations. It consists of
+a wooden instrument, shaped like a baker's peel, with a blade from three
+to five inches wide, and from eight to ten long. There are commonly
+holes in the blade, which give the application a percussive effect. In
+Charleston this punishment is generally administered at the guardhouse
+by the police, who are all Irishmen. Any offended master or mistress
+sends a slave to the place of chastisement with a note, stating the
+desired amount, which is duly honored. Like institutions breed like
+results all over the world: in Sala's 'Journey Due North' we find the
+same system in operation in Russia.
+
+
+
+
+
+PEN, PALLET, AND PIANO.
+
+
+With the roar of cannon and tramp of armed men resounding through the
+land, and the fair young face of the Republic disfigured to our eyes by
+the deep furrows of war, it is pleasant to know that in certain nooks
+and corners, gentler sounds of harmony still linger, and that ateliers
+exist where men's fancies grow on canvas from day to day into soothing
+visions of loveliness.
+
+The scarlet-and-gold and general paraphernalia of war are too tempting
+to pallet and brush, not to be seized on with avidity and reproduced
+with marvellous truth; but it is more agreeable to pass over accurate
+representations of the Irish zouave, with Celtic features, not purely
+classical in outline, glowing defiantly under the red cap of the Arab,
+and Teutonic cavalrymen, clinging clumsily to their steeds, and turn for
+solace to the grand, solemn Shores of Niagara, to wander amid the
+tangled luxuriance of the Heart of the Andes, or to bask in the sweet
+silence of Twilight in the Wilderness. There are Icebergs too, floating
+in the Arctic Sea, frozen white and mute with horror at the dread
+secrets of ages; but, responsive to the versatile talent of the hand
+that creates them, they glow with prismatic light of many colors. Mr.
+Church irradiates the frozen regions with the coruscations of his own
+genius, bringing to these lonely, despairing masses of ice the
+revivifying hope and promise of warmer climates.
+
+In pondering over the sad mystery of these Icebergs, we float down again
+to Tropical Seas and Islands; and as we linger under the shade of palm
+and banana tree, the rude chant of the negro strikes the ear in the
+grotesque and characteristic framework of the '_Bananier_,' the
+plaintive melody of '_La Savane_' sighs past on the evening breeze,
+Spanish eyes flash out temptingly from the enticing cadence of the
+'_Ojos Criollos_,' and Spanish guitars tinkle in the soft moonlight of
+the '_Minuit à Seville,_' and Tropical life awakes to melody under the
+touch of the Creole poet of the piano, Mr. Gottschalk.
+
+There are many beings, otherwise estimable, to whom the Tropical sense
+is wanting; who are ever suspicious of malaria lurking under the rich,
+glossy leaves of the orange groves; who look with disgust and loathing
+at the exaggerated proportions and venomous nature of all creeping
+things; who find the succulence of the fruit unpleasant to the taste,
+and the flowers, though fair to the eye, deadly as the upas tree to all
+other sense;--for whom it is no compensation to feel, with the first
+breath of morning air, the dull, leaden weight of life lifted, or no
+happiness to watch the sea heaving and palpitating with delight under
+the rays of the noon-day sun, and to know that the stars at night droop
+down lovingly and confidingly to the embrace of warm Tropical earth.
+With an insensibility to these influences, there can be but little
+sympathy or appreciation of the works of Mr. Gottschalk; for all that is
+born of the Tropics partakes of its beauties and its defects, its
+passionate languor, its useless profusion and its poetic tenderness. And
+where else in the United States, can we look for a spontaneous gush of
+melody? Plymouth Rock and its surroundings have not hitherto seemed
+favorable to the growth and manifestation of musical genius; for the old
+Puritan element, in its savage intent to annihilate the æsthetic part of
+man's nature, under the deadening dominion of its own Blue Laws, and to
+crush out whatever of noble inspiration had been vouchsafed to man by
+his Creator, rarely sought relief in outbursts of song.
+
+Psalmody appears to have been the chief source of musical indulgence,
+and for many a long, weary year, hymns of praise, nasal in tone and
+dismal in tendency, have ascended from our prim forefathers to the
+throne of grace on high.
+
+Such depressing musical antecedents have not prepared New England for
+greater efforts of melody than are to be found in the simple ballads
+supposed to originate with the plantation negro, who, in addition to his
+other burdens, is thus chosen to assume the onerous one of Northern
+song, as being the only creature frivolous enough to indulge in vain
+carolling. If we can scarcely affirm that the Americans are yet a
+musical people, that they would be is an undeniable fact, and one
+constantly evinced in their lavish support of artists, from the highest
+to the lowest grade. Among the musical aspirants to popular favor, none
+has of late enjoyed so large a share of notice and admiration as Mr.
+Gottschalk; and to return from our recent digression, we will proceed to
+the consideration of his compositions. Fragmentary and suggestive as are
+his ideas, there is infinite method and system in their treatment.
+Avoiding thus far what is termed '_sustained effort_,' and which
+frequently implies the same demands on the patience of the listener as
+on the creative power of the composer, Mr. Gottschalk's compositions
+contain just so much of the true poetic vein as can be successfully
+digested and enjoyed in a piano piece of moderate length. With the power
+to conceive, and the will and discipline of mind to execute, there is no
+reason why, with perhaps a diminished tendency to fritter away positive
+excellence at the shrine of effect, enduring proofs of the genius of our
+American pianist should not be given to the world.
+
+As a mere player, the popularity of Mr. Gottschalk with the uninitiated
+masses is due, in a great measure, to his tact in discerning the
+American craving for novelty and sensation, and to his native
+originality and brilliancy, which allow him to respond so fully to these
+exigencies of public taste, as to possess on all occasions the keynote
+to applause. The faculty of never degenerating into dulness, the rock on
+which most pianists are wrecked in early youth, is another just cause
+for insuring to our compatriot the preëminence which he enjoys. Viewed
+from a critical point, the mechanical endowments and acquirements of
+Gottschalk are such as to enable him to subject his playing to the test
+of keenest analysis without detriment to his reputation. For clearness
+and limpidity of touch and unerring precision, for impetuosity of style,
+combined with dreamy delicacy, he has few rivals. The evenness and
+brilliancy of his trill are unequalled, the mechanical process required
+to produce it being lost to sight in the wonderful birdlike nature of
+the effect. In the playing of classical music, Mr. Gottschalk has to
+contend against his own individuality. This individuality, naturally
+intense and of a kind calculated to meet with public favor, has been
+cultivated and indulged in to such an extent as to prove an occasional
+obstacle to the exclusive absorption and utter identification with the
+ideas of another composer that classical music demands. In the mere
+matter of execution there is no difficulty which the fingers of this
+skilful pianist cannot overcome, and his intellectual grasp of a subject
+enables him to discern and interpret the beauties of all musical themes;
+but where an earnest, passionate interest in the music of the old
+masters is not felt by the performer, it is rarely communicated to his
+hearers.
+
+The world of letters, however, has not seemingly regretted the inability
+of Byron to trammel his muse with the uncongenial fetters of Pope's
+metre, and has certainly never quarrelled with Tom Moore for not
+assuming the manners and diction of the revered Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
+
+With due allowance for difference of latitude, and wide difference of
+aim and pursuit, the contemplation of the Master of Creole Melody
+recalls to us a genius which found utterance in song none the less
+melodious that it was written, not sung. The 'ashen sky' and 'crisped,
+sere leaves of the lonesome October,' so thrillingly pictured by Edgar
+Poe in his 'Ulalume,' find echo in the foreboding sadness of the opening
+bars to Gottschalk's 'Last Hope;' and as both poems grow in vague,
+dreamy sound, they culminate in a cry of smothered despair at the tomb
+where all hopes lie buried with the lost Ulalume. The same weird
+conception and eccentricity of design, with knowledge of rhythmical
+effect and extreme carefulness of finish, are prominent traits of both
+artists; and the American disregard of tradition, as evinced in all
+enterprises, whether literary, artistic, or commercial, and which
+readily infects the simple sojourner among us as well as the happy being
+born to republican privileges, marks alike the nationality of poet and
+pianist.
+
+Edgar Poe's literary reputation undoubtedly gains additional lustre as
+the lapse of years permits the veil of obscurity to fall over the
+personal vices and irregularities which so tarnished the living fame of
+this great artist. Genius draws around itself a magical circle,
+attracting and keeping by the force of its own magnetism those whom it
+values, but at the same time exercising an equally repellent effect on
+the envious and ignorant wandering beyond the pale of its charmed
+precincts. Hence the difficulty of judging it by contemporaneous
+standards. The Hyperion head of Poe was lost to the view of many by a
+too persistent search for the satyr's cloven foot. In considering the
+poet's eccentricities, in common with other extraordinary and anomalous
+beings, it must be deeply deplored that one so endowed with wealth of
+intellect beyond his fellow men, should be still so poor in moral store
+that the dullest of them could dare look with disdain on this heir to
+gifts regal and sacred.
+
+He could forget his deep, earnest love of order in things intellectual,
+in every excess of disorder in things material, and his passionate love
+of the beautiful could be profaned by frequent grovelling amid the
+hideous deformities of vice. Poe, in his reverence for Art (his only
+reverence), seemed generally to set greater store on the elaborate and
+artistic perfection of his works, than in the spontaneity of genius
+therein displayed. So it would seem, at least, in his voluntarily
+exposing the skeleton design of his greatest poem, 'The Raven,' and the
+various processes by which this grand shadow attained its final
+harmonious and terrible proportions. This may be a noble sacrifice to
+the principles of Art, intended as a warning to rash novices against the
+sin of slovenliness in composition; but the poem must be of solid fibre
+to resist this disenchanting test. The unveiling of hidden mysteries,
+the disclosure of trap doors, ropes, and pulleys, may assist in the
+general dissemination of knowledge; but in behalf of those who prefer to
+be ignorant that they may be happy, we protest against the innovation.
+In this dangerous experiment of Poe's, however, we are forced to do what
+he would have us do--admire the ingenuity of the poet, together with his
+knowledge of effect, rhythmical and dramatic, his flexibility and
+strength of versification, and marvellous faculty of word painting. This
+propensity to make all things subservient to the advancement of Art is
+not always productive of present good to one's fellow beings, whatever
+may be the results to posterity, as the luckless women who cross the
+path of such men cannot unfrequently testify--oftentimes assiduously
+wooed, won, and lightly discarded, to furnish an artistic study of the
+female capacity for suffering, as well as to supply renewed inspiration
+for further poetic bemoanings. In the prose narrations of Edgar Poe, the
+same skilful handling of mystery, and the turning to account of any
+incident susceptible of dramatic effect, are always apparent as in his
+poems. But the want of extended sympathy with mankind, the artist
+egotism, which looks inwardly for all material, and in truth scorns the
+approval of the masses, must naturally fail to secure the interest of a
+large class of readers. His compositions, on the contrary, which give
+full scope to his keen, subtle powers of analysis, and vigorous handling
+of the subject in question, are more widely understood and appreciated.
+Since the days when Poe dealt with contemporaneous literature, and
+literary men, in not the most temperate mood of criticism, poetic fire
+in America, with few exceptions, seems to have sunk into a dead,
+smouldering condition, and to have yielded to its sister art of painting
+the task of grappling with the New-World monster of utilitarianism and
+practical reform. The demands for indigenous painters in America being
+constantly greater, the result is necessarily a vast increase and
+improvement in this branch of Art.
+
+New England, on whose barren musical soil we have already descanted, and
+who has not hitherto disputed to the Old World her privilege of pouring
+out on our untutored continent the accumulated wealth of years of
+musical study and training, has at last gone far to redeem her
+reputation of artistic nullity, by producing the greatest landscape
+painter of which the country can boast. With us, the superiority of
+atmospheric effects over most countries, and the great variety and
+originality of American scenery, have united in bringing the landscape
+painter into existence, and the public have assured this existence by
+fostering applause and pecuniary compensation. Nature, thus prodigal of
+gifts to America, has, in a crowning act of munificence, conferred also
+a painter, capable of interpreting her own most recondite mysteries, and
+of faithfully transcribing the beauties revealed to all eyes in their
+simple majesty.
+
+Immensity of theme possesses no terrors for Mr. Church's essentially
+American genius; his facile brush recoils not before the gigantic
+natural elements of his own land, but deals as readily and composedly
+with the unapproachable sublimity of Niagara and the terrible beauty of
+icebergs as with the peace of simple woodland scenes and the glowing
+sentiment of the tropics. To tread the beaten path of landscape
+painting, and offer to the public a tame transcript of the glories he
+has beheld, is repugnant to the creative power of this true artist; but
+when form, color, and the legitimate means at his command fail to embody
+all he would express, his suggestive faculty is generally of force
+sufficient to reach all beholders, even those of feeblest imagination.
+
+In standing before the _Falls of Niagara_, one can, in fancy, feel the
+cool moisture of spray, rising, incense-like, through a rainbow of
+promise, from the inspired canvas, together with the earth's tremor at
+the roar of mad waters rushing headlong to a desperate death. This
+inestimable quality of suggestiveness is preserved in Mr. Church's
+pictures when deprived of the aid of color and reduced to mere black and
+white in engraving, a fact bearing equally conclusive testimony to their
+inherent correctness of lines and elegance of composition.
+
+Mr. Church's prominent characteristics of hardy vigor and adventurous
+treatment of a subject, seem to have monopolized his artistic nature, to
+the frequent exclusion of tenderness, either in idea or in the handling
+of color. The painting, in our eyes, least open to this objection, is
+_Twilight in the Wilderness_--a dreamy picture of inexpressible sadness,
+of a tearful silence that is felt, and of a loneliness too sacred to be
+profaned by human intrusion. The gorgeous panorama of the _Heart of the
+Andes_, its snowy mountain peaks, and plains glowing with tropical
+verdure, is too bewildering in its complicated grandeur to excite dreams
+of beauty so tender and sadness so touching.
+
+In contemplating this last-named picture, the demands on the attention
+are so numerous and weighty,--in the first place, to comprehend the
+situation, and exchange at a moment's notice the stagnation of the
+temperate zone for the emotional excitement of the tropics; then to
+separate and classify the many points of beauty, to rise to the summits
+of distant mountains, sublime in their snowy crests, and sink again to
+earth at the foot of the rustic cross, by whose aid we may one day rise
+to sink no more,--to follow the painter successfully through this maze
+of thoughts, without the guiding light of his own matchless color, would
+seem a difficult and displeasing task. But the task has been
+accomplished with complete success, in an English line engraving of the
+_Heart of the Andes_, recently arrived in this country; which indication
+of popularity abroad conduces materially to the ever-growing fame of the
+artist. The same test, we believe, is in store for the _Icebergs_--with
+what result, time will show. Meanwhile, the picture itself will, on
+foreign soil, plead the cause of American civilization, and tend to
+assure those who look with dismay at the tumultuous upheavings of
+freedom's home, that imperishable Art still maintains her placid sway in
+this distracted land, and that her votaries falter not in their
+allegiance.
+
+Volcanoes pour out fiery lava under the red glare of the setting sun,
+obedient to Church's magic touch--delicate fancies are weaved into
+poetic life by the fingers of Gottschalk--but the voice of Poe, alas! is
+mute forever. The 'Lost Lénore,' found too late, may have inspired a
+song far beyond the dull range of human comprehension, but poor mortals
+left below, can only echo, with the grim and ghastly raven: _Nevermore!
+Nevermore!_
+
+
+
+
+LITERARY NOTICES
+
+
+     THE SLAVE POWER; ITS CHARACTER, CAREER, AND PROBABLE DESIGNS: BEING
+     AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE REAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN THE AMERICAN
+     CONTEST. By J. E. CAIRNES, M.A., Professor of Jurisprudence and
+     Political Economy in Queen's College, Galway, and late Whately
+     Professor in the University of Dublin. Second edition. New York:
+     Carleton, 413 Broadway. London: Parker and Son & Co.
+
+It is to be sincerely hoped that the American public, in its detestation
+of the ungenerous, narrow-minded, and inconsistent conduct of the
+majority of Englishmen toward the Federal Union since the present war
+began, will not lose sight of the fact that, here and there in Great
+Britain, men of superior intelligence and information have labored
+strenuously to make the truth known, and to vindicate our cause. Amid a
+mob of ignorant and furious foes of freedom, France has seen a Gasparin
+rise calm and great in superior knowledge, declaring incontrovertible
+truths; and in like manner, the English press has given the views of
+Stewart Mill and Professor Cairnes to their public, at a time when it
+seemed as if falsehood had completely triumphed. In 'The Slave Power,'
+the latest work by this last-named writer, we have indeed such a
+searching analysis of the present American crisis, and find the history
+of the entire difficulty set forth so fully, yet with such remarkable
+conciseness, that we cannot suppress a feeling of astonishment that a
+country which has slandered us so cruelly should, at the same time, have
+given to the world by far the best vindication of our cause which has as
+yet appeared. For it is no undue praise to say, that in this book we
+have the completest defence of the Federal cause and the most effective
+onslaught on the Slave Power which any writer has thus far placed on
+record; and we cordially agree with the vigorous reviewer of the
+_Westminster_, in believing that a work more needed could scarcely have
+been produced at the present time, 'since,' as he adds, 'it contains
+more than enough to give a new turn to English feeling on the subject,
+if those who guide and sway public opinion were ever likely to
+reconsider a question on which they have so deeply committed
+themselves.'
+
+'The Slave Power,' it is true, contains little which has not, at one
+time or another, been brought before the mind of the well-informed
+American republican; yet it is precisely in this that its chief merit
+consists, since it is not by idle oratory and fine writing, but by
+_facts_ and the plain truth, that we can be best vindicated. Englishmen
+are grossly ignorant of the true causes of this struggle, or of the
+principles involved--a matter little to be marvelled at, when we find
+almost a majority of professed Federal Americans, under the name of
+Democrats, cheerfully admitting that their confederate foes are quite in
+the right as far as the _main_ cause of the difficulty is concerned. For
+all such men, a clear exposition of facts, logically set forth, cannot
+be other than a real blessing; since their amiability to the South, when
+not based on traitorous and selfish interests, means simply nothing more
+nor less than ignorance--and that of a kind which is little less than
+criminal, let the guilt rest where it may.
+
+Professor Cairnes begins judiciously by showing that in the beginning it
+was believed, not without very apparent cause, in England, that our war
+'sprang from narrow and selfish views of sectional interests,' in which
+the free-trading South was in the right, and that the abolition of
+slavery was a mere pretence by which the North sought, without a color
+of truth, to attract foreign sympathy. And when we remember for how long
+a time slaves were returned by Federal officers to their owners, and how
+persistently anything like abolition, or even the most moderate
+emancipation, was earnestly and practically disowned by the Federal
+power, it is not wonderful, as Mr. Cairnes declares, that England should
+have regarded our claim to be fighting for the cause of free labor as a
+shallow deceit. Even as we write, we have before us a journal containing
+an allusion to an officer who attempted to return to slavery a
+contraband who had brought to him information of the greatest
+importance. Yet, despite the frightful appearances against us, our
+writer saw, through all, the truth, and declared that, as regarded the
+popular British abuse of this country, 'never was an explanation of a
+political catastrophe propounded, in more daring defiance of all the
+great and cardinal realities of the case with which it professed to
+deal.'
+
+Slavery is the cause and core of our national difficulty. Secession and
+Southern Rights have flourished in strength in exact ratio to the number
+of slaves in the States--nay, in the very counties in which slaves
+abounded. Slavery early developed a sectional class of politicians
+devoted to one object, who, by the sheer force of intense, unscrupulous
+application, from the year 1819 down to 1860, swayed our councils, gave
+an infamous character to American diplomacy, and stained our national
+character. They are called the Free Trade Party: why was it, then, that
+they never employed their power to accomplish that object, 'or how does
+it happen that, having submitted to the tariffs of 1832, 1842, and 1846,
+it should have resorted to the extreme measure of secession while under
+the tariff of 1857--a comparatively Free Trade law'? 'From 1842 down to
+1860, the tendency of Federal legislation was distinctly in the
+direction of Free Trade.' 'If Free Trade was their main object, why did
+the Southern senators withdraw from their posts precisely at the time
+when their presence was most required to secure their cherished
+principle?' Or why did they not apply to their supple and infamous tool,
+Buchanan, to veto the bill? _Because they wished it to pass_--to make
+political capital against the North in England; and they accordingly
+aided its passage, Mr. Toombs being in the Senate, and actually voting
+for it! Or if it was a Free Trade question, why was it that the Western
+States did not take part with them?
+
+The North, however, did not take up arms to destroy slavery, but the
+Right of Secession, since that was the irritating _point d'honneur_,
+and, what was more, the real first cause of injury which at first
+presented itself. Mr. Lincoln had cause to know that in the beginning,
+even in the South itself, secession was only the work of a turbulent
+minority. 'To have yielded would have been to have written himself down
+before the world as incompetent--nay, as a traitor to the cause which he
+had just sworn to defend.' In short, we were misunderstood--painfully
+so--and it is not a matter of indifference to learn that at last there
+is a reaction of intelligence in our favor, and that light is breaking
+through the bewildering mists which once veiled the truth.
+
+In discussing 'the economic basis of slavery,' Professor Cairnes deals
+out truths with a prompt vigor which is truly admirable. From Stirling,
+Olmsted, Sewell, and others, he disposes of the old falsehood that only
+the negro can endure the Southern climate--a fact but recently
+_generally_ made known at the North--that isothermal lines do not follow
+the parallels of latitude--and that it is a gross error to believe the
+black incapable of improvement as a freeman. He admits that slave labor
+has its advantages, in being absolutely controllable, and in returning
+the whole fruit of its labor to the owner. It may, therefore, be
+combined on an extensive scale, and its cost is trifling. But, on the
+other hand, slave labor is given reluctantly, and is consequently a
+losing means, unless much of it can be concentrated under the eye of one
+overseer. It is unskillful, because the slave cannot be educated; and,
+therefore, having once learned one thing, he must be kept at that for
+life.
+
+The result of this is that, as the slave, unlike the free farm-laborer,
+cannot (with rare exceptions) be profitably employed at aught save
+agriculture, and indeed only at one branch of that, he soon exhausts the
+soil. If all the blacks in the South were capable of laboring at
+rotation of crops, they would soon be free. Slavery has always of itself
+died out in the wheat and corn regions--because, in raising cereals,
+labor is more widely dispersed than in cotton or tobacco planting, and
+the workers are more difficult to oversee. Hence the constant
+immigration from the wornout to the new plantation, and the cry for new
+land; and hence the admission, by the most intelligent men of the South,
+that to prevent the extension of slavery would be to destroy it. Free
+labor flourishes even on barren soils--ingenuity is stimulated and
+science developed. But slave labor requires abundance of fertile soil
+and a branch of culture demanding combination and organization of large
+masses of labor and its _concentration_.
+
+Yet, in spite of these facts, a writer in the London _Saturday Review_
+informs the English public that the rapid deterioration of the soil
+under slave labor is a popular fallacy! Could the gentleman who gives
+this information so glibly, examine, we do not say Virginia, but simply
+that lower county of Delaware which has adhered somewhat to the old
+Southern slave system, in contradistinction to its two sisters, he might
+have distinctly ascertained if the exhaustion of soil by slave labor be
+a fallacy. Again, if the profits of slavery be only for the master, it
+may be true that the same process which enriches him impoverishes the
+country at large; and this is really the case through all the South.
+Free labor shuns slave society: a few Northern men may here and there
+live in the South, but as a rule the negro makes the poor white meaner
+than himself. It is true that free white labor in new lands is very
+exhaustive--but in time it takes them up again and restores them: this
+the negro never does, and never can do.
+
+The tendencies of slavery to render the white man insolent, arrogant,
+and oligarchical, are well pointed out by Professor Cairnes, and with
+them the evil tendencies of slave societies. It makes bad white men, and
+intolerable political neighbors. In the ancient world, slaves were
+constantly being educated, freed, and made equal to their masters; but
+in the confederacy, everything is done to crush them lower and lower;
+and in these facts lie _perdu_ the future further degradation of every
+poor white in the South, the constant increase of power and capital in
+the hands of a few, and the diminution in number even of these few.
+
+The fact that Virginians breed slaves expressly for sale is well exposed
+in this book. Our author is kind enough to believe that they never raise
+a single negro for the _express purpose_ of selling him or her; but we,
+who live nearer the 'sacred soil,' know better. It is not many days
+since a farmer in our present immediate vicinity, on the Southern
+Pennsylvania line, found himself obliged to dismiss a fine six-foot
+negro runaway from Virginia, whom he had hired, on account of the entire
+inability of the contraband to do the simplest farm tasks. 'What _is_
+the reason you can't stand work?' inquired the amazed farmer. 'Why,
+mass', to tell de trufe, I wasn't brought up to wuck (work), but to
+_sell_. If I'd been wucked too hard, it ud a spiled my looks fo' de
+markit.' Professor Cairnes may accept the sorrowful assurances of more
+than one person, who has been taken frequently enough into the councils
+of 'the enemy' in bygone times (_crede experto Ruperto_), that slaves
+_are_ begotten, born, bred, and raised for the Southern market--as much
+so as any pigs--and that, too, by eminently aristocratic and highly
+refined scions of first families. Now that we can and dare speak the
+truth, it is not amiss to do so. We recall the day when to have taken
+part in the charge of the Six Hundred would have been a trifle of
+bravery compared to making the above truthful statement--for any one who
+valued social standing, or indeed a whole skin--on the border. Whether
+their own children were sold may be imagined from an anecdote long
+current in Virginia, relative to ex-Governor Wise, who, in a certain law
+case where he was opposed by a Northern trader, decided of a certain
+slave, that the chattel, being a mulatto, was of more value than 'a
+molangeon.' 'And what, in the name of God, _is_ a molungeon?' inquired
+the astonished 'Northern man.' 'A _mulatto_,' replied Wise, is the child
+of a female house-servant by young master'--a molungeon is the offspring
+of a field hand by a Yankee peddler.'
+
+Mr. Cairnes has, we doubt not, often heard of mulattoes--they constitute
+the great majority of Virginia slaves. But did he ever hear of
+'molungeons'?
+
+Mr. Cairnes justly denies the common theory that the South has
+maintained paramount political sway in the Union by a superior capacity
+for politics. He declares that men whose interests and ideas are
+concentrated in a very narrow range, on one object, have vast advantage
+over their intellectual superiors, when the latter pursue no such single
+course. He might have added that the young Southern gentleman, when not
+intended for a physician, almost invariably devotes to mere provincial
+politics and the arts of declamation and debate, all of those
+intellectual energies which the Northerner applies to business, art,
+commerce, literature, and other solidly useful occupations. If the
+Southerner has an inborn superior _talent_ for politics, why is it that,
+as in the case of British or French statesmen, he never develops the
+slightest talent for _literature_? So notoriously is this the case, that
+even the first writers of the South, especially for the press, are
+generally broken-down Northern literary hacks, or miserable Irish and
+English refugees. Mr. Cairnes quotes De Bow's _Review_. He might be
+amazed, could he examine a number of that remarkable periodical, at the
+quality of the English written by some of the most eminent philosophers,
+patriots, and politicians of the confederacy!
+
+The history of the Slave Power, as set forth in Louisiana, Missouri and
+its Compromise, the Mexican war, Kansas, the rise of the Republican
+Party, the Dred Scott decision, the attempt of John Brown, and
+secession, are given in a masterly manner in this work, and with a
+miraculous appreciation of truths. Not less vigorous and shrewd is the
+chapter devoted to the designs of the Slave Power, in which the future
+capacity of that power to do illimitable mischief is set forth in a
+manner which will be new even to the great mass of American Republican
+readers. If we differ with him in his 'Conclusion,' it is that we may be
+consistent to his earlier position. We do not agree with him when he
+advocates the giving permission to the South to secede with the
+Mississippi as their western boundary. Penned up by North and West, and
+with their ports occupied by us, the South would soon decay. But we
+rather believe the North, brought to the tremendous trial of a test
+between aristocracy and republicanism, will yet conquer by destroying
+slavery and giving the poor whites of the South their rights. But we
+cannot conclude without expressing the earnest hope that this book will
+be read, and that thoroughly, by every intelligent American. There is at
+present a reaction rapidly forming in England in favor of the Federal
+cause, and we foresee that this extraordinary work--the best summary in
+existence of our principles, and the most overwhelming stylus-stroke
+which slavery has ever received--is destined to be of incalculable
+service to the great cause. Let it circulate by the hundred
+thousand!--and do you, dear reader, do your part by perusing it, and
+making its merits known to all. In connection with it, we commend the
+review in the _Westminster_ already referred to. It is pleasant to
+realize that we have friends among enemies. Let us hope that when
+brighter days come, our Government and our people will not be unmindful
+of those who defended us in the days of darkness and dole. We owe a
+great debt of gratitude to such men as Professor Cairnes, and must not
+be slack in paying it.
+
+
+    LES MISERABLES. No. IV. _St. Denis._ By VICTOR HUGO. New York:
+    Carleton.
+
+A great improvement on the preceding miserable trio, yet still far from
+fulfilling the extravagant assertions as to its merit with which the
+press has been deluged. We see in this novel, historic pictures, not
+without accuracy, details of life which are true enough, and, we might
+add, familiar enough, from a thousand _feuilletons_, but we find no
+PURPOSE, corresponding to the expectations excited. We have every
+variety of miserable wretch imaginable paraded before us, without a hint
+of any means of curing their social disease. 'There is a hammer for
+tearing down, but no trowel for building up,' beyond a little empty talk
+on the benefits to be derived from education. The truth is that Victor
+Hugo writes, like too many of his nation, simply for sensation and
+effect. The fault to be found with this series is, that, like Jack
+Sheppard, it degrades the taste and blunts the feelings--in a word, it
+vulgarizes, and is as improper reading for the young, so far as _effect_
+is concerned, as the most immoral production extant. Vulgarity is the
+open doorway to vice, and, philosophize as we may, sketches of thieves
+and vagabonds, _gamins_, prostitutes and liars are vulgar and unfit
+reading for youthful minds, if not for any minds whatever.
+
+
+    ABEL DRAKE'S WIFE. By JOHN SAUNDERS. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+The reader is well aware that this work has attained a great
+popularity--we may add that it has deserved it, being a work of marked
+originality; one of characters and feelings which will even bear at
+sundry times reperusal: as good a character as can be given to a novel,
+and a far better one than we are disposed to award to the majority of
+those which we meet. It is, we should say, in justice to the progressive
+powers of the author, far superior to his earlier productions.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+In the noble Message of President LINCOLN, there are two paragraphs
+which should be committed to memory and constantly recalled by every
+man:
+
+     'Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and
+     this Administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No
+     personal significance or insignificance can spare one or another of
+     us. The fiery trial through which we pass will light us down into
+     honor or dishonor to the highest generation.
+
+     'We say 'we are for the Union!' The world will not forget that we
+     say this. We know how to save this Union. _The world knows we know
+     how to save it._ We--even we here--hold the power and bear the
+     responsibility!'
+
+'We cannot escape history.' And this is true, not only of the Congress
+and of the Administration, but of all men who at the present day are
+raised one fraction above the veriest obscurity and completest
+nothing-ism. You, reader, and series of those whom you daily meet, may
+fancy that your deeds, speeches, writings, overshadowed as they are by
+the greater men and events of the day, will be forgotten. It is not so.
+
+The last age was more antiquarian, more given to collecting, searching,
+and recording, than its predecessor. This present one is, however, a
+hundredfold more seeking and more chronicling than the last, and this
+tendency increases every year. As it is, scarce a hero or a traitor,
+even of the Revolution, is escaping glory or infamy. Will it be less the
+case with the good and bad men of the Emancipation? There is not one
+among them who shall escape history.
+
+There is no thieving contractor, no 'helping' official, no shoddy
+scoundrel, no unrighteously 'commission' gathering leech, who is not
+quietly noted down here and there, to be duly exposed, some soon--some
+in after years. We know that extensive researches have been undertaken,
+to prepare and keep in black and white a record of the rascality of this
+war, in high places as well as low. _They shall not escape history._
+
+There is no cowardly, dishonest, selfish politician--be he who he
+may--no trimmer and truckler to the times--who will be forgotten. The
+most important war of all history--the greatest and most clearly
+outlined struggle between Aristocracy and Republicanism--will not pass
+away into oblivion. Men will toil away their lives that they may revive
+some of the salient points of this great fight for freedom. To
+commemorate the good, they must set forth the opposition of the bad--of
+those who aided the foe either by approving of endless slavery, by
+clogging the action of the Administration, or by turning the hardly
+earned income of Government, wrung from a suffering people, to their own
+profit. They shall not escape history.
+
+Those who had the ability to aid the great cause of truth in any way, by
+brain or hand, and yet who did nothing--verily they shall not escape
+history.
+
+The cautious, shrewd fellows, who hurrah loudly for the truth--after it
+has become safe and profitable to do so--they who run with the hound and
+hold with the hare--they may chuckle to themselves in their day, and
+rejoice at their shrewdness-but Time and GOD sift all things, however
+small--even such men as these. They shall not escape history.
+
+And let them cry, 'After us the Deluge,' who will. You will live again
+in your children; the heritage of sin is repaid with compound interest
+to your name. How do you know but there is a GOD and a future knowledge
+of all this, that you act so boldly? What evil have your children or
+your name done you, that you should lay a curse on them? For if you do
+not put forth your hand to the great cause of truth and in the great
+battle of the LORD on behalf of Freedom, be certain that you are now
+shaping a malediction, and awaking the anathema maranatha, which shall
+go down into the deepest ages, and even in many lands, to cover you and
+yours with the dark shadow of shame forever. You shall not escape
+history.
+
+But neither shall they escape who have fought the good fight for truth,
+for man and liberty. Truly, as the German proverb hath it, _Zeit bricht
+Rosen und Zeit bringt Rosen_--'Time breaks roses--but Time brings them
+also.' There is an age coming which will distinguish between the battles
+for conquest and idle glory and the honor of kings, and those which were
+fought for holy freedom. In that age, the great and good and wise, yes!
+even the smallest and weakest who chose the cause of Truth, will be
+prized above the men of all battles which ever were beforetime. Stand
+fast, O soldier! be firm, O friend of the good cause! let us see this
+thing bravely through to the end, come what may. GOD bless you!--and he
+_will_ bless you! Die on the battle field, or labor humbly at home--if
+your heart and your hand have been given to the good work, you shall not
+escape history.
+
+   'Fate for you shall sheathe her shears,
+   You shall live some thousand years.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been nobly proposed, and we doubt not that the proposition will
+be as nobly realized, that a shipload of food be sent to the relief of
+the starving operatives of England. If the wealthy classes of Great
+Britain were generous in proportion to the same order of men in this
+country, and in proportion to their own riches, it would be simply
+absurd for us to offer to relieve their paupers. But they are not so;
+and it is a matter to be deeply deplored, that the manufacturers who
+have made fortunes from their operatives, are, in Great Britain, the
+ones who are least inclined to relieve the sufferings of their poor
+dependants. And this we state entirely on the authority of the British
+press, and from the comments made by it on a recent and wretchedly
+abortive effort to collect from manufacturing capitalists somewhat to
+feed the poor who had enriched them. To an American, accustomed to hear
+of deeds of generosity and public spirit, the list of moneys subscribed
+for such an object, against the names of millionaires, would seem
+incredibly beggarly and pitiful.
+
+However this may be, some one must feed the poor; and if John Bull
+cannot afford it, Jonathan must. There is a degree of suffering in which
+Englishman or confederate rebel becomes simply a suffering brother, and
+when he who would not act the good Samaritan becomes most truly an
+outlaw to all humanity. Therefore, let there be, not one, but many
+shiploads sent to the sufferers--let us cast our bread upon the waters,
+literally as well as figuratively, and give no heed or thought to its
+return. The London _Times_ will, we presume, impugn the motives of the
+charity--call it Pecksniffian and Heep-ish--or possibly try to prove
+that the Federals had no hand in the good deed. Let it rave--the
+business in hand is to feed starving men, women, and children, and not
+to make political capital, or gain glory, or please a party--for that we
+most assuredly shall not--but to do good and act in the large-hearted
+manner which gives a good conscience, and which as a national trait is
+the noblest characteristic of a republican.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The South has been quicker than the North in perceiving that public
+opinion in England is rapidly changing in certain quarters in favor of
+the Federal cause, and it is for this reason that the press in Secessia
+has of late been so unamiable toward Great Britain, while SEMMES has
+shown in his pirating so little kindness to English goods. Possibly
+Secessia may after all discover that she might do a more unprofitable
+thing than be in alliance offensive and defensive with us, and that she
+might go further and fare worse, either alone, or with foreign friends
+who are, after all, only foes in disguise.
+
+But it is a mad and a foolish thing for England to hope to be benefited
+by our dissension. Have we grown weaker or less dangerous by the
+discovery that we are capable of raising the greatest armies and the
+most invincible fleets in the world? While we flourish in prosperity, we
+afford her an outlet for all her paupers, thieves, vagabond Bohemians,
+and refuse of all sorts, to say nothing of the vast mass of the really
+industrious poor who do well here, but who would have starved to death
+at home. With one person in eight in Great Britain dying as a pauper and
+buried at the public expense, it is hardly expedient for its people to
+wish to see us ruined. Were we to exclude her vagabonds and paupers by
+an alien act from entering this country, and at the same time close our
+markets to her goods, of what avail would all the cotton in the world be
+to her? The American public understand this thing perfectly--so
+perfectly that the first movement toward intervention would be to
+effectually shut out the offending party, to bear by itself the worst
+results of prostrated manufactures and a turbulent starving population.
+
+But we trust that nothing of the kind may happen, and that England will
+perceive that a great, prosperous, and united America, though it covers
+the whole Western hemisphere, will be of more advantage to her than a
+divided, impoverished land, full of fighting factions. It is a bad, an
+inhuman, and a most un-Christian policy to set wealthy and powerful
+neighbors at dissensions, to rejoice at their losses, and finally hope
+to see them from prosperous citizens, turned into starved brigands. Envy
+is of the devil. And it is the more wicked, because _we_ know, and every
+one of our readers knows with us, that there never existed in this
+country, within our recollection, any desire whatever to see England
+impoverished, injured, or in any way 'set back' as a country. That
+deep-seated desire, openly avowed by her orators and press, to see our
+growing greatness checked, was never seriously cherished by any true
+American--and it could be proved that the insulting expressions of such
+a desire have in almost every instance originated with British _emigrés_
+in this country, who are notoriously the most bitter foes to their
+fatherland.
+
+It is finally worth noting that the sympathy expressed by Americans for
+Russia during the Crimean war, has been of late frequently urged in
+England as a reason for withholding sympathy from the Federals. Now it
+is most _undeniably true_ that, with certain rare exceptions, the
+friendship for Russia _at that time_ came in a great measure from the
+Democratic party, and especially from the South. It was an Irish
+antipathy to England in the North, and a serf-sympathy in the South
+which caused it all--naturally enough, in all conscience. If any one
+doubts this, let him recall Roger Pryor's book, indorsing Russia as the
+great power destined to swallow up all Europe--written at a time when
+Pryor was beyond question the first and loudest exponent living of
+Southern feelings and principles. This is the simplest and plainest of
+facts, most easily susceptible of proof--and yet how many Englishmen are
+there who would believe it?
+
+The truth is that the whole criticism of America by England has
+presented the melancholy spectacle of prejudice and envy, made maudlin
+by gross ignorance--and the worst of it all has been the making the
+North responsible for the bygone evil deeds of the South. Repudiation,
+protection, Russian sympathy, filibustering, and other objections--are
+all heaped on the Federal head alone to bear? Will the _truth_ ever come
+to light in England?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May we venture to mention to our readers that 'Among the
+Pines'--originally published in these pages--is now selling its
+_thirtieth_ thousand, with constantly increasing orders. And in
+connection we would add that 'Americans in Rome'--originally published
+in THE CONTINENTAL under the title of _Maccaroni and Canvas_ has
+appeared in book form, and may be obtained from George P. Putnam. This
+work is, we believe, one of the most remarkable collections of sketches
+and observation ever written on Italy; combining a very great amount of
+accurate personal observations of the Roman people, both in the city and
+country, with that of American artists' life there. The observations are
+throughout racily humorous, and those who have within a few years
+visited 'the Cradle of Art' cannot fail to recognize, as hit off with no
+sparing hand, more than one American notoriety. Art quackery as it
+exists, is well shown up in 'Americans in Rome;' the author having
+little in common with those amiable romancers who glorify every
+illiterate picture-maker, though he never fails to do justice to true
+genius. We believe, in short, that these sketches form a very peculiar,
+piquant, and _earnest_ work, as truthful as it is amusing, and as such
+commend it to our readers.
+
+
+
+
+The
+
+CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:
+
+EDITORS:
+
+   HON. ROBERT J. WALKER,
+   CHARLES G. LELAND,
+   HON. FRED. P. STANTON,
+   EDMUND KIRKE.
+
+
+The readers of the CONTINENTAL are aware of the important position it
+has assumed, of the influence which it exerts, and of the brilliant
+array of political and literary talent of the highest order which
+supports it. No publication of the kind has, in this country, so
+successfully combined the energy and freedom of the daily newspaper with
+the higher literary tone of the first-class monthly; and it is very
+certain that no magazine has given wider range to its contributors, or
+preserved itself so completely from the narrow influences of party or of
+faction. In times like the present, such a journal is either a power in
+the land or it is nothing. That the CONTINENTAL is not the latter is
+abundantly evidenced _by what it has done_--by the reflection of its
+counsels in many important public events, and in the character and power
+of those who are its staunchest supporters.
+
+By the accession of HON. ROBERT J. WALKER and HON. F. P. STANTON to its
+editorial corps, the CONTINENTAL acquires a strength and a political
+significance which, to those who are aware of the ability and experience
+of these gentlemen, must elevate it to a position far above any
+previously occupied by any publication of the kind in America.
+Preserving all "the boldness, vigor, and ability" which a thousand
+journals have attributed to it, it will at once greatly enlarge its
+circle of action, and discuss, fearlessly and frankly, every principle
+involved in the great questions of the day. The first minds of the
+country, embracing men most familiar with its diplomacy and most
+distinguished for ability, are to become its contributors; and it is no
+mere "flattering promise of a prospectus" to say, that this "magazine
+for the times" will employ the first intellect in America, under
+auspices which no publication ever enjoyed before in this country.
+
+CHARLES GODFREY LELAND, the accomplished scholar and author, who has
+till now been the sole Editor of the Magazine, will, beside his
+editorial labors, continue his brilliant contributions to its pages; and
+EDMUND KIRKE, author of "AMONG THE PINES," will contribute to each
+issue, having already begun a work on Southern Life and Society, which,
+will be found far more widely descriptive, and, in all respects,
+superior to the first.
+
+While the CONTINENTAL will express decided opinions on the great
+questions of the day, it will not be a mere political journal: much the
+larger portion of its columns will be enlivened, as heretofore, by
+tales, poetry, and humor. In a word, the CONTINENTAL will be found,
+under its new staff of Editors, occupying a position and presenting
+attractions never before found in a magazine.
+
+
+TERMS TO CLUBS.
+
+   Two copies for one year,         Five dollars.
+   Three copies for one year,       Seven dollars.
+   Six copies for one year,         Thirteen dollars.
+   Eleven copies for one year,      Twenty-four dollars.
+   Twenty copies for one year,      Forty-four dollars.
+
+PAID IN ADVANCE.
+
+_Postage, Thirty-six cents a year_, TO BE PAID BY THE SUBSCRIBER.
+
+
+SINGLE COPIES.
+
+Three Dollars a year, IN ADVANCE.--_Postage paid by the Publisher._
+
+JOHN F. TROW, 50 Greene St., N. Y.
+
+PUBLISHER FOR THE PROPRIETORS.
+
+As an Inducement to new subscribers, the Publisher offers the following
+very liberal premiums:
+
+Any person remitting $3, in advance, will receive the Magazine from
+July, 1862, to January, 1864, thus securing the whole of Mr. KIMBALL'S
+and Mr. KIRKE'S new serials, which are alone worth the price of
+subscription. Or, if preferred, a subscriber can take the Magazine for
+1863 and a copy of "AMONG THE PINES," bound in cloth (the book to be
+sent postage paid).
+
+Any person remitting $4.50, will receive the Magazine from its
+commencement, January, 1862, to January, 1864, thus securing Mr.
+KIMBALL'S "WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?" and Mr. KIRKE'S "AMONG THE PINES" and
+"MERCHANT'S STORY," and nearly 3,000 octavo pages of the best literature
+in the world. Premium subscribers to pay their own postage.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE FINEST FARMING LANDS
+
+WHEAT CORN COTTON FRUITS & VEGETABLES]
+
+
+
+
+                   EQUAL TO ANY IN THE WORLD!!!
+                          MAY BE PROCURED
+                     At FROM $8 to $12 PER ACRE,
+    Near Markets, Schools, Railroads, Churches, and all the blessings of
+    Civilization.
+
+    1,200,000 Acres, in Farms of 40, 80, 120, 160 Acres and upwards, in
+              ILLINOIS, the garden State of America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Illinois Central Railroad Company offer, ON LONG CREDIT, the
+beautiful and fertile PRAIRIE LANDS lying along the whole line of their
+Railroad, 700 MILES IN LENGTH, upon the most Favorable Terms for
+enabling Farmers, Manufacturers, Mechanics and Workingmen to make for
+themselves and their families a competency, and a HOME they can call
+THEIR OWN, as will appear from the following statements:
+
+
+ILLINOIS.
+
+Is about equal in extent to England, with a population of 1,722,666, and
+a soil capable of supporting 20,000,000. No State in the Valley of the
+Mississippi offers so great an inducement to the settler as the State of
+Illinois. There is no part of the world where all the conditions of
+climate and soil so admirably combine to produce those two great
+staples, CORN and WHEAT.
+
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+Nowhere can the industrious farmer secure such immediate results from
+his labor as on these deep, rich, loamy soils, cultivated with so much
+ease. The climate from the extreme southern part of the State to the
+Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis Railroad, a distance of nearly 200
+miles, is well adapted to Winter.
+
+
+WHEAT, CORN, COTTON, TOBACCO.
+
+Peaches, Pears, Tomatoes, and every variety of fruit and vegetables is
+grown in great abundance, from which Chicago and other Northern markets
+are furnished from four to six weeks earlier than their immediate
+vicinity. Between the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railway and the
+Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, (a distance of 115 miles on the Branch,
+and 136 miles on the Main Trunk,) lies the great Corn and Stock raising
+portion of the State.
+
+
+THE ORDINARY YIELD
+
+of Corn is from 50 to 80 bushels per acre. Cattle, Horses, Mules, Sheep
+and Hogs are raised here at a small cost, and yield large profits. It is
+believed that no section of country presents greater inducements for
+Dairy Farming than the Prairies of Illinois, a branch of farming to
+which but little attention has been paid, and which must yield sure
+profitable results. Between the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, and
+Chicago and Dunleith, (a distance of 56 miles on the Branch and 147
+miles by the Main Trunk,) Timothy Hay, Spring Wheat, Corn, &c., are
+produced in great abundance.
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
+
+The Agricultural products of Illinois are greater than those of of any
+other State. The Wheat crop of 1861 was estimated at 85,000,000 bushels,
+while the Corn crop yields not less than 140,000,000 bushels besides the
+crop of Oats, Barley, Rye, Buckwheat, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes,
+Pumpkins, Squashes, Flax, Hemp, Peas, Clover, Cabbage, Beets, Tobacco,
+Sorgheim, Grapes, Peaches, Apples, &c., which go to swell the vast
+aggregate of production in this fertile region. Over Four Million tons
+of produce were sent out the State of Illinois during the past year.
+
+
+STOCK RAISING.
+
+In Central and Southern Illinois uncommon advantages are presented for
+the extension of Stock raising. All kinds of Cattle, Horses, Mules,
+Sheep, Hogs, &c., of the best breeds, yield handsome profits; large
+fortunes have already been made, and the field is open for others to
+enter with the fairest prospects of like results. DAIRY FARMING also
+presents its inducements to many.
+
+
+CULTIVATION OF COTTON.
+
+_The experiments in Cotton culture are of very great promise. Commencing
+in latitude 39 deg. 30 min. (see Mattoon on the Branch, and Assumption
+on the Main Line), the Company owns thousands of acres well adapted to
+the perfection of this fibre. A settler having a family of young
+children, can turn their youthful labor to a most profitable account in
+the growth and perfection of this plant._
+
+
+THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
+
+Traverses the whole length of the State, from the banks of the
+Mississippi and Lake Michigan to the Ohio. As its name imports, the
+Railroad runs through the centre of the State, and on either side of the
+road along its whole length lie the lands offered for sale.
+
+
+CITIES, TOWNS, MARKETS, DEPOTS,
+
+There are Ninety-eight Depots on the Company's Railway, giving about one
+every seven miles. Cities, Towns and Villages are situated at convenient
+distances throughout the whole route, where every desirable commodity
+may be found as readily as in the oldest cities of the Union and where
+buyers are to be met for all kinds of farm produce.
+
+
+EDUCATION.
+
+Mechanics and working-men will find the free school system encouraged by
+the State, and endowed with a large revenue for the support of the
+schools. Children can live in sight of the school, the college, the
+church, and grow up with the prosperity of the leading State in the
+Great Western Empire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRICES AND TERMS OF PAYMENT--ON LONG CREDIT.
+
+   80 acres at $10 per acre. with interest at 6 per ct. annually
+   on the following terms:
+
+   Cash payment                $48.00
+   Payments in one year         48.00
+     "      in two years        48.00
+     "      in three years      48.00
+     "      in four years      236.00
+     "      in five years      224.00
+     "      in six years       212.00
+     "      in seven years     300.00
+
+   40 acres at $10 per acre;
+   Cash payment                $24.00
+   Payments in one year         24.00
+     "      in two years        24.00
+     "      in three years      24.00
+     "      in four years      118.00
+     "      in five years      112.00
+     "      in six years       106.00
+     "      in seven years     100.00
+
+Address Land Commissioner, Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, Ill.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Number 14
+
+25 Cents
+
+The CONTINENTAL MONTHLY.
+
+DEVOTED TO Literature and National Policy.
+
+
+FEBRUARY, 1863.
+
+
+NEW YORK:
+
+JOHN F. TROW 50 GREENE STREET (FOR THE PROPRIETORS).
+
+HENRY DEXTER AND SINCLAIR TOUSEY. WASHINGTON, D.C.: FRANCK TAYLOR
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.--No. XIV.
+
+   Our National Finances. Robert J. Walker,                          129
+
+   A Trip to Antietam. Charles W. Loring,                            145
+
+   American Destiny. John Stahl Patterson,                           160
+
+   The Birth of the Lily,                                            169
+
+   Was He Successful? Richard B. Kimball,                            171
+
+   Nullification and Secession. Hon. Robert J. Walker,               179
+
+   The Sioux War. John G. Nicolay, Private Secretary
+
+   to President Lincoln,                                             195
+
+   "Dead!"                                                           204
+
+   A Merchant's Story. Edmund Kirke,                                 206
+
+   The Consequences of the Rebellion. Hon. Frederic
+
+   P. Stanton,                                                       223
+
+   Sunshine in Thought,                                              233
+
+   How they Jested in the Good Old Time. Charles G. Leland,          237
+
+   Literary Notices,                                                 248
+
+   Editor's Table,                                                   250
+
+
+The article in this number of THE CONTINENTAL, on "Our National
+Finances," by Hon. ROBERT J. WALKER, will be found worthy of especial
+attention at the present time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our next issue will contain a valuable article on "GOLD."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by JAMES R.
+GILMORE, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INDEX TO VOLUME III.
+
+
+   A Chapter on Wonders. Perth Granton, 461
+
+   A Fancy Sketch, 482
+
+   A Heroine of To-Day, 543
+
+   A Merchant's Story. Edmund Kirke, 206, 289, 451, 528, 642
+
+   American Destiny. John Stahl Patterson, 79, 160
+
+   An Englishman in South Carolina, 110
+
+   A Trip to Antietam. Charles W. Loring, 145
+
+   A Winter in Camp. E. G. Hammond, 519
+
+
+   Cloud and Sunshine, 687
+
+   Consequences of the Rebellion. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 26, 223
+
+   Cost of a Trip to Europe, 730
+
+
+   "Dead," 204
+
+   Down in Tennessee, 469
+
+
+   Editor's Table, 126, 250, 379, 503, 747
+
+   Ethel. Mrs. Martha Walker Cook, 435
+
+
+   False Estimations, 274
+
+   Flag of our Union. Hon. R. J. Walker, 480
+
+   For and Against, 334
+
+
+   Gold. Hon. Robert A. Walker, 279
+
+   Great Heart, 629
+
+
+   Henrietta and Vulcan. Delia M. Colton, 421
+
+   How they Jested in the Good Old Time. Charles Godfrey Leland, 237
+
+   How the War affects Americans. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 411
+
+   How Mr. Lincoln became an Abolitionist. S. B. Gookins, 727
+
+   Huguenots of New Rochelle. Hon. G. P. Disosway, 1
+
+   Huguenots of Virginia, 348
+
+
+   'I;' or, Summer in the City, 40
+
+   In Memoriam. Richard Wolcott, 527
+
+   'Is there Anything in It?' 688
+
+
+   Last Words. Ingoldsby North, 282
+
+   Literary Notices, 122, 248, 374, 500, 630, 744
+
+
+   Maccaroni and Canvas. Henry P. Leland, 7
+
+   May Morning, 657
+
+   Mill on Liberty. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 674
+
+   Miriam's Testimony. M. A. Edwards, 589
+
+   Montgomery in Secession Time, 354
+
+
+   National Ode, 554
+
+   Nullification and Secession. Hon. Robert J. Walker, 179
+
+
+   Our National Finances. Hon. R. J. Walker, 129
+
+   Our Present Position, its Dangers and Duties, 488
+
+
+   Parting, 288
+
+   Pen, Pallet, and Piano, 117
+
+   Pictures from the North, 398
+
+   Poetry and Poetical Selections, 474
+
+   Promise. Edward S. Rend, jr., 78
+
+   Promoted, 420
+
+
+   Reason, Rhyme, and Rhythm. Mrs. Martha Walker Cook, 662, 698
+
+
+   Shylock vs. Antonio. Carlton Edwards, 539
+
+   Sunshine in Thought, 233
+
+
+   The Birth of the Lily, 169
+
+   The Blue Handkerchief, 279
+
+   The Buccaneers of America. Wm. L. Stone, 703
+
+   The Captain of '63 to his Men, 315
+
+   The Causes and Results of the War. Lieut. E. Phelps, U. S. A., 617
+
+   The Century of Inventions. C. G. Leland, 318
+
+   The Chained River. Charles G. Leland, 410
+
+   The Chech, 395
+
+   The Complaining Bore, 496
+
+   The Confederation and the Nation. E. Carey, 694
+
+   The Destiny of the African Race in the United States.
+     Rev. J. M. Sturtevant, D. D., 600
+
+   The Great Prairie State. Mrs. C. M. Kirkland, 513
+
+   The Ivy. Charles Godfrey Leland, 47
+
+   The Lady and her Slave. Mrs. Martha W. Cook, 330
+
+   The Mishaps of Miss Hobbs. Wm. L. Williams, 54
+
+   The Navy of the United States, 659
+
+   The New Rasselas, 404
+
+   The Physical Survey of New York Harbor
+   and its Approaches. Henry Mitchell, 105
+
+   The Return. E. S. Rand, jr., 464
+
+   The Sioux War. John G. Nicolay, 195
+
+   The Skeptics of the Waverley Novels. Chas. G. Leland, 439
+
+   The Soldier's Burial, 373
+
+   The Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. F. H. Gerdes, 557
+
+   The Union. Hon. R. J. Walker, 68, 366, 465, 615
+
+   The Value of the Union. W. H. Muller, 571, 633
+
+   The Vision of the Monk Gabriel. Eleanor C. Donnelly, 316
+
+   The Wonders of Words, 385
+
+
+   Thought, 23
+
+   Three Modern Romances, 667
+
+   Touching the Soul. Lieut. Egbert Phelps, 734
+
+   Turkey. A. Comté, jr., 257
+
+
+   Virginia, 714
+
+   Visit to the National Academy of Design, 718
+
+
+   War Song--Earth's Last Battle. Mrs. M. W. Cook, 562
+
+   Was He Successful? Richard B. Kimball, 98, 171, 611, 719
+
+
+JOHN F. TROW, PRINTER.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1
+January 1863, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1
+January 1863, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1 January 1863
+       Devoted To Literature And National Policy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 3, 2008 [EBook #24982]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by Cornell
+University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h2>THE</h2>
+
+<h1>CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:</h1>
+
+<h4>DEVOTED TO</h4>
+
+<h2>Literature and National Policy.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>VOL. III.&mdash;JANUARY, 1863.&mdash;No. I.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">New York:<br />
+JOHN F. TROW, 50 GREENE STREET,<br />
+(FOR THE PROPRIETORS.)<br />
+1863.<br /><br />
+
+
+
+<span class="smcap">Entered</span>, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by<br />
+JOHN F. TROW,<br />
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District<br />
+of New York.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+JOHN F. TROW,<br />
+PRINTER, STEREOTYPER, AND ELECTROTYPER,<br />
+48 &amp; 50 Greene Street,<br />
+New York.
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_HUGUENOTS_OF_NEW_ROCHELLE">THE HUGUENOTS OF NEW ROCHELLE.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#MACCARONI_AND_CANVAS">MACCARONI AND CANVAS.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THOUGHT">THOUGHT.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#IT_STILL_MOVES">'IT STILL MOVES.'</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_CONSEQUENCES_OF_THE_REBELLION">THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE REBELLION.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#I_OR_SUMMER_IN_THE_CITY">'I;' OR, SUMMER IN THE CITY.'</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_IVY">THE IVY.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_MISHAPS_OF_MISS_HOBBS">THE MISHAPS OF MISS HOBBS.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_UNION">THE UNION.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PROMISE">PROMISE.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#AMERICAN_DESTINY">AMERICAN DESTINY.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL">WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#VATES">VATES.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_PHYSICAL_SURVEY_OF_NEW_YORK_HARBOR_AND_ITS_APPROACHES">THE PHYSICAL SURVEY OF NEW YORK HARBOR AND ITS APPROACHES.</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#AN_ENGLISHMAN_IN_SOUTH_CAROLINA">AN ENGLISHMAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PEN_PALLET_AND_PIANO">PEN, PALLET, AND PIANO.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LITERARY_NOTICES">LITERARY NOTICES</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#EDITORS_TABLE">EDITOR'S TABLE.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#INDEX_TO_VOLUME_III">INDEX TO VOLUME III.</a></td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+
+
+<blockquote><p>The article in the present number entitled "American Destiny," will be
+found worthy of very attentive perusal. It is the production of a
+Private attached to the 20th Battery of Ohio Volunteer Artillery. What
+country but ours supplies <i>such</i> material to the ranks of its common
+soldiery?</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The continuation of "A Merchant's Story," by the author of "Among the
+Pines," is unavoidably delayed till the succeeding number.</p>
+
+<p>Our February Number will contain a Review of our Finances and Mr.
+Chase's Report. By Hon. R. J. Walker.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Entered</span>, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by <span class="smcap">James R.
+Gilmore</span>, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New York.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><br /><br />VOL. III.-JANUARY, 1863.&mdash;No. I.<br /><br /></h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_HUGUENOTS_OF_NEW_ROCHELLE" id="THE_HUGUENOTS_OF_NEW_ROCHELLE"></a>THE HUGUENOTS OF NEW ROCHELLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is worthy of record that Westchester County, New York, was settled by
+emigrants from New England and France, and both seeking homes from
+religious persecutions. As early as 1642, John Throcmorton, with
+thirty-five associates, made the first settlement in this section, with
+the approbation of the Dutch authorities. With Roger Williams, driven
+away from New England by the violence of Hugh Peters, they came here,
+and called the region <i>Viedeland or Land of Peace</i>&mdash;a beautiful name for
+the region of those seeking rest of conscience from wicked and violent
+men. But even here the Puritan did not find the desired quiet and
+safety; for several of his band perished in the Indian massacre that
+sorely visited New Netherland on the 6th of October, 1643.</p>
+
+<p>The next settlement of Westchester was commenced in the year 1654, also
+by some Puritans from Connecticut, who adopted its present name, and the
+Rev. Ezekiel Fogge was their first 'independent minister;' and in 1684 a
+Mr. Warham Mather was called 'for one whole year, and that he shall have
+sixty pounds, in country produce, at money price, for his salary, and
+that he shall be paid every quarter.' Governor Fletcher, however,
+declined inducting the Presbyterian into that living, 'as it was
+altogether impossible,' he said, 'it being wholly repugnant to the laws
+of England to compel the subject to pay for the maintenance of any
+minister who was not of the national Church.' The Episcopal Governor,
+however, proposes 'a medium in that matter.' Some French emigrants had
+already found their way to this region, and M. Boudet, a French
+Protestant minister of Boston, who was in orders from the Bishop of
+London, could preach in French and English, and the people called him to
+the living, the parish being large enough for two clergymen. M. Boudet
+was accordingly sent for, hoping, as the English Governor writes, 'to
+bring the congregation over to the Church;' but, 'when he came, they
+refused to call him.' The Yankee Puritans were evidently not to be
+outmanaged by the English churchman. Westchester then numbered 'two or
+three hundred English and Dissenters; a few Dutch.'</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th September, 1689, Jacob Leisler, of New York, purchased of
+Mr. Pell 6,000 acres of land in Westchester, a portion of the manor of
+Pelham, obtained from the Indians in 1640-'49.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> The grantor, heirs, and
+assigns, as an acknowledgment, were to pay Mr. Pell 'one fatted calf on
+every fourth and twentieth day of June, yearly, and every year, forever,
+if demanded.' It is a well known fact that every Huguenot, on the
+festival of St. John, pays his proportion toward the purchase of the fat
+calf whenever claimed.</p>
+
+<p>During the year 1690, Leisler leased to the banished Huguenots these
+lands, purchased for them, as they came directly here from England, and
+were a portion of the 50,000 who found safety in that glorious
+Protestant kingdom four years before the revocation of the Edict of
+Nantes. At the revocation itself, not less than half a million escaped
+from bigoted France to Holland, Germany, and England; and to those in
+the latter country, Charles II., then on the British throne, granted
+letters of denization under the great seal, and Parliament relieved them
+from 'importation duties and passport fees.' During this same year,
+many, flying from France, were aided in their escape by English vessels
+off the island of Rh&eacute;, opposite brave <i>La Rochelle</i>. According to
+tradition, some of these were transported to this region, naming their
+new settlement in honor of their</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Own Rochelle, the fair Rochelle,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Proud city of the waters.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>In the Documentary History of New York, vol. iii., p. 926, we find a
+petition to Colonel Fletcher, Governor of the colony, signed by Thanet,
+and Elei Cothouneau, in behalf of above twenty of these French refugees.
+'Your petitioners,' they state, 'having been forced, by the late
+persecutions in France, to forsake their country and estates, and flye
+to ye Protestant princes * * *, wherefore they were invited to come and
+buy lands in this province, and they might by their labour help the
+necessityes of their families, and did spend all their small store with
+the aid of their friends, whereof they did borrow great sums of money
+[MS. torn]. They had lost their country and their estates, but saved
+their good principles and a pure faith; and, in a strange land,
+petitioned his Excellency 'to take their case in serious consideration,
+and out of charity and pity to grant them for some years what help and
+privileges your Excellency shall think convenient.' This is one of the
+earliest authentic records (1681) we have met with concerning the New
+Rochelle French refugees.</p>
+
+<p>Pell, the lord of the manor, besides the 6,000 acres already obtained,
+also granted 100 additional, 'for the sake of the French church, erected
+or about to be erected, by the inhabitants of the said tract of land.'
+This Huguenot church in New Rochelle was built about 1692-'93, of wood,
+and stood in the rear of the present mansion house. It was destroyed
+soon after the Revolutionary war. Louis Bougeaud, about the same time,
+donated a piece of land forty paces square, for a churchyard to bury
+their dead; and, subsequently, a house with three acres of land was
+given by the town to the Huguenot church forever.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">David Bourepos</span> was the first minister of the New Rochelle
+Huguenots; he had likewise served his French brethren on Staten Island.
+The Governor requesting him to nominate 'some persons for the vacant
+offices of justices of the peace,' he replies that 'he could not comply,
+as none of his colonists at New Rochelle had a knowledge of the English
+tongue.' Nothing now is known of Bourepos' ministry or history. From his
+title of D.D., he must have been a man of learning; and we can learn
+something about the time when he died from the date of his will.
+'Letters of administration were granted to Martha Bourepos, wife of
+David Bourepos, 25th of October, 1711' (New York Surrogates' Office). He
+probably resigned his pastoral charge in 1694.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. <span class="smcap">Daniel Boudet</span>, A. M., was the next minister of the French
+Protestant church at New Rochelle, a native<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> of France; and he
+accompanied the French refugees, who reached Boston in the summer of
+1686. About the year 1695, M. Boudet came to New Rochelle, and at first
+used the French prayers, according to the Protestant churches of France,
+and subsequently, every third Sunday, the Liturgy of the English Church.
+In 1709 the French church at New Rochelle determined to follow the
+example of some of their Reformed brethren in England, and conform to
+the English Church. All the members except <i>two</i> agreed to adopt the
+Liturgy and Rites of the Church of England, as established by law. Some
+thirty names appear on the document, requesting this important
+ecclesiastical change; and for the information especially of the
+genealogical reader, we note some of them: Michael Houdin, Jacob
+Bleecker, David Lispenard, Isaac Guion, Peter Bertain, John Soulice,
+Paul Lecord, Jean Abby, Jos. Antuny, Peter Bonnet, Peter Parquot, Benj.
+Seacord, Judith Leconet, Allida Guion, Josiah Le Conte, Elizabeth
+Lispenard, Moses de St. Croix, Deborah Foulon, Marie Neufville, Mary
+Stouppe, Jean Nicolle, John Bryan, Oliver Besley, Frederick King,
+Susanna Landrin, Anne Danielson, Rutger Bleecker, Mary Rodman, Agnes
+Donaldson, Esther Angeoine, Thomas Steel, Jane Contine, Jane Maraux,
+James Pine. 'The petitioners are members of the French Church at New
+Rochelle' (1793), and 'principally descendants from French Protestants,
+who fled from the religious persecutions in France, in the year one
+thousand six hundred and eighty-one.' Their fathers settled at New
+Rochelle, 1689, nearly a century before the date of this document. Few
+lists of family names are more imposing than this; and to this day,
+their descendants in Westchester County, increased to thousands, rank
+with our most useful and respectable citizens in wealth, good works, and
+piety. We are no great sticklers for genealogical <i>trees</i> or <i>Doomsday
+Books</i>, yet we believe in pride of family to a proper extent. There was
+a time once, in this republican land of ours, when many gloried in
+ignoring the fact that they came from distinguished stocks, as the
+spirit of our democratic institutions opposed the notion of family
+histories. We were all born of an honest, industrious race, for several
+generations back, and that is enough; and so it may be. Still, a man,
+when asked if he had a grandfather, would logically infer he had one,
+but he could not historically, unless there was some record of the fact.
+This indifference is happily passing way, and an interest of late is
+manifesting itself in such researches. No American, in whose veins runs
+Huguenot blood, need be ashamed of his origin. His ancestral history is
+most honorable, brave, and proud.</p>
+
+<p>In 1705, Colonel Heathcote thus speaks of M. Boudet, the Huguenot
+preacher at New Rochelle: 'A good man, and preaches very intelligibly in
+English, which he does every third Sunday in his French congregation,
+when he uses the Liturgy of the Church. He has done a great deal of
+service since his first coming into this country. * * * He has thirty
+pounds a year settled on him out of the public revenue here, as the
+French minister in York hath; but that is paid with so much uncertainty
+that he starves, for the use of it.' During the year 1710, Governor
+Hunter permitted his congregation to build a new church of England, as
+by law established, and the 'Venerable Propagation Society' presented
+the new church with 'one hundred French prayer books of the small sort,
+and twenty of a larger impression; and in consideration of the great
+learning and piety of Monsieur Boudet, and his long and faithful
+discharge of his office, they augmented his salary from &pound;30 to &pound;50 per
+annum.' At this period we find the following excellent record of this
+excellent French minister: 'M. Boudet is a good old man, near sixty
+years of age, sober, just, and religious.' One hundred more French<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+prayer books were sent to his church, 'for the edification of the French
+youth who have learned so much of that language as to join with him
+therein.' During the year 1714, M. Boudet took the spiritual charge of
+the Mohegan or River Indians, at which period he is called 'minister of
+the French colonistic congregation at New Rochelle.' In 1714 he reports
+fifty communicants in his church, and asks for an English Bible, with a
+small quantity of English Common Prayers, because 'our young people, or
+some of them, have sufficiently learned to read English for to join in
+the public service, when read in English.'</p>
+
+<p>M. Boudet died in September, 1722, aged sixty-nine years, nearly
+twenty-seven of which he had been the minister of the New Rochelle
+church. He was eminently useful in keeping his congregation together
+amidst its adverse circumstances, and was greatly beloved. He was
+interred beneath the chancel floor of the old church; and for whose use
+he bequeathed his library.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Pierre Stouppe</span>, A. M., succeeded M. Boudet. He was also a
+native of France, and said to be a son or nearly related to the Rev. M.
+Stouppe, pastor of the French Protestant church in London, who was sent
+to Geneva, in 1654, by Oliver Cromwell, to negotiate there in the
+affairs of the French Protestants. He was born 1690, studied divinity at
+Geneva, and accepted a call to the Huguenot church at Charleston, S. C.
+Here he continued to preach until 1723, when, resigning the charge, he
+conformed to the Church of England, crossing the Atlantic for
+ordination. He was admitted to holy orders in 1723, and licensed to
+officiate as a missionary in the colony of New York, and to the French
+Protestants of New Rochelle, with a salary of &pound;50 per annum. To this
+latter flock he proved very acceptable, from his ability to preach in
+French, the only language which most of them understood. His elders, or
+<i>anciens</i>, as sometimes called, were then Isaac Quantein and Isaac
+Guion. The new Huguenot pastor soon found trouble, as his predecessor
+had, with the dissatisfied M. Moulinais and his followers. Still he was
+useful: in 1726 he writes that he 'baptized six grown negroes and seven
+negro children, fitted eight young people for the sacrament of the
+Lord's Supper, to which they have been accordingly admitted,' and 'the
+number of communicants at Easter was thirty-three.'</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of December 11, 1727, he presents some important information
+concerning the early settlement of New Rochelle: 'The present number of
+inhabitants amounts to very near four hundred persons. There is a dozen
+of houses near the church, standing pretty close to one another, which
+makes the place a sort of a town; the remainder of the houses and
+settlements are dispersed up and down, as far as the above 6,000 acres
+of land could bear. Nay, besides these, there were several other French
+families, members of New Rochelle, settled without its bounds.' Such was
+the commencement of the present picturesque and beautiful village of New
+Rochelle. More than a century and a half has passed away since its
+founders, the French refugees, emigrated to the spot; but their noble
+and holy principles have left good, undying influences, now seen in the
+refinement, morals, and religion of their descendants, in this entire
+region.</p>
+
+<p>M. Stouppe further states that there were in the settlement two Quaker
+families, three Dutch ones, four Lutherans. 'The first never assist on
+assemblies; the Dutch and Lutheran, on the contrary, constantly assist
+when divine service is performed in English, so that they may understand
+it; and their children, likewise, have all been baptized by ministers of
+the church. Only the French Dissenters have deserted it, upon M.
+Moulinais, formerly one of the French ministers of New York, coming and
+settling, now a year ago, among us; and it is also by his means and
+inducement that they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> have built a wooden meeting-house within the time
+they were unprovided for, that is, from my predecessor's death to my
+arrival here. * * *</p>
+
+<p>'There is no schoolmaster as yet in New Rochelle: the parents take care
+to instruct their own children, and that they do generally pretty well,
+besides what instructions are given them in the church during summer by
+the minister. * * * The number of slaves within New Rochelle is
+seventy-eight: part of them constantly attend divine service, and have
+had some instruction in the Christian faith by the care and assistance
+of their respective masters and mistresses, so that my predecessor did
+not scruple to baptize some, and even admit them to the communion of the
+Lord's Supper; and I myself have, for the same consideration, baptized
+fifteen of them within these three years, some children and some grown
+persons, without the least prejudice to the rest of my flock.' It would
+be well, in our boasted day of zeal and philanthropy, if all ministers
+of the blessed gospel manifested the same commendable interest for the
+spiritual welfare of the negroes, as this Huguenot pastor.</p>
+
+<p>About the period of the French war, he writes, June 5, 1758, 'that since
+the war broke out, there have been great alterations in his
+congregations, which have lost many of their members by removals, and by
+enlisting in the king's service, and by death; nevertheless, the number
+of his communicants is seventy-four, and he has baptized, within the
+present half year, fifteen white and five black children.'</p>
+
+<p>The ministry of this faithful Huguenot terminated on the earth, by his
+death in July, 1760. His biographer esteemed him a 'simple-minded,
+conscientious man, who for thirty-seven years continued faithfully to
+discharge the duties of his mission.' His communicants had increased
+from thirty-eight to eighty, and he was greatly beloved by his
+congregation. His remains were interred under the chancel of the old
+French church at New Rochelle, where so long he had watched over the
+little flock of his Master. M. Stouppe was succeeded by the</p>
+
+<p>Rev. <span class="smcap">Michael Houdin</span>, A.M. He was born in France, 1705, educated a
+Franciscan friar, and, on Easter day, 1730, ordained a priest by the
+Archbishop of Tr&ecirc;ves, and subsequently preferred to the post of superior
+in the convent of the Recollects at Montreal. But, disgusted with
+monastic life, M. Houdin, at the commencement of the French war, left
+Canada and retired to the city of New York. Here, on Easter day, 1747,
+he made a public renunciation of Popery, and joined the Church of
+England. Attaining great proficiency in the English language, in June,
+1750, he was invited by the people of Trenton, N.J., to officiate as a
+missionary in that State.</p>
+
+<p>When he first reached New York with his wife, in June, 1744, Governor
+Clinton, suspicious of all Frenchmen at that moment, confined them to
+their lodgings, guarded by two sentinels. The following day he was
+examined by his Excellency, and learned that 'the French intended to
+attack Oswego with eight hundred men, the French having a great desire
+of being masters of that place.' Then M. Houdin was ordered to reside at
+Jamaica, Long Island, where he complained that his circumstances were
+'very low,' and 'can do nothing to get a living;' that 'his wife and
+himself must soon come to want, unless his Excellency will be pleased to
+take him into consideration.' After this appeal, the authorities advised
+his return to the city, on his taking the oath of allegiance.</p>
+
+<p>For some years, M. Houdin officiated at Trenton and the neighboring
+places as an 'itinerant missionary;' and in 1759 his services were
+required, as a guide, for General Wolfe, in his well-known expedition
+against Quebec. Before marching, he preached to the Provincial troops
+destined for Canada,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> in St. Peter's church, Westchester, from St.
+Matthew, ch. x. 28: 'Fear not them which kill the body.' And the French
+chaplain escaped the dangers of the war; but his brave General, at the
+very moment of victory, fell mortally wounded, on the Heights of
+Abraham, September 13, 1759. After the reduction of Quebec, he asked
+leave to join his mission again; but General Murray would not consent,
+as there was no other person who could be depended on for intelligence
+of the French movements. While M. Houdin was stationed at Quebec, an
+attempt was made by the Vicar-General of all Canada to seduce him from
+English allegiance, with an offer of great preferment in the Romish
+Church. This pressing invitation found its way into the hands of
+Generals Murray and Gage, when they sent a guard to arrest the
+Vicar-General.</p>
+
+<p>M. Houdin, returning to New York, in 1761, was appointed 'itinerant
+missionary' to New Rochelle, by the 'Venerable Society' of England, 'he
+being a Frenchman by birth, and capable of doing his duty to them, both
+in the French and English languages.' During his incumbency, Trinity
+church, New Rochelle, received its first charter from George III., which
+the present corporation still enjoys with all its trusts and powers. It
+is dated in 1762, and was exemplified by his Excellency George Clinton
+in 1793. In 1763 he writes, complaining that the Calvinists used
+unlawful methods to obtain possession of the church glebe. These were
+the few old French Protestant families who had not conformed to the
+Church of England; and Houdin says of them: 'Seeing the Calvinists will
+not agree upon any terms of peace proposed to them by our church, * * *
+we are in hopes the strong bleeding of their purse will bring them to an
+agreement after New York court.'</p>
+
+<p>The French Protestant preacher continued his pious labors at New
+Rochelle until October, 1766, when he departed this life. He was a man
+of considerable learning, irreproachable character, and esteemed a
+worthy Christian missionary. His remains, which were the last of the
+Huguenot pastors, were interred beneath the chancel of the old French
+church at New Rochelle, and by the side of his predecessors, Boudet and
+Stouppe. Since the removal of this sacred edifice, the ashes of these
+earliest Protestant French missionaries to our land repose beneath the
+public highway, and not a stone tells where they lie, or commemorates
+their usefulness, excellences, or piety. Their silent graves ought not
+thus to remain neglected and unhonored: some monumental record should
+mark the spot where these early Huguenot preachers in America were
+entombed.</p>
+
+<p>Boudet, Stouppe, and Houdin were the last of the Huguenot preachers in
+our land of whose histories we can find anything, and as they never can
+be fully written, we have made a more full record of these fragments
+concerning their memories, than otherwise would have been written.
+Especially let the children of the French Protestants in Westchester
+venerate these men, who were consecrated to sacred offices in the days
+of their pious ancestors, and, like Moses, led them from oppression and
+bondage to the land of Canaan in this Western World.</p>
+
+<p>We might mention many who deserve the honor, among the descendants of
+the New Rochelle Huguenots; but the name of one will suit our
+purpose&mdash;<span class="smcap">John Jay</span>. He was born in New York, from a family originally of
+La Guienne, France; and he was sent, by his fellow citizens to the
+General Congress which assembled at the commencement of the conflict
+between the colonies and England. In 1774 he signed the act of
+association to suspend the importation of British merchandise; in 1779
+he was honored with the presidency of Congress. At the expiration of
+this important post, Mr. Jay was commissioned to represent his country
+at the court of Louis XVI., and he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> one of the four commissioners
+who signed, on the 30th November, 1782, the treaty of Versailles, by
+which Great Britain recognized our <span class="smcap">National Independence</span>. A Huguenot,
+<span class="smcap">Elias Boudinot</span>, was the first president of the great national
+institution, the American Bible Society; and at his death, bequeathed to
+it a noble benefaction. The French Protestants were always ardent lovers
+of the <span class="smcap">Bible</span>, and John Jay succeeded Mr. Boudinot in his important
+office of president to that noble institution. 'No one in America,' says
+the eminent Dr. Baird, 'need blush at having one of these respectable
+Huguenots among his ancestors;' and Bancroft, the historian of our land,
+recognizes in them that moral elevation of which they gave so many
+proofs in every country where they settled; and he adds: 'The children
+of the French Calvinists have certainly good reason to hold the memory
+of their fathers in great honor.' (Vol. ii, p. 183.) So think we.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MACCARONI_AND_CANVAS" id="MACCARONI_AND_CANVAS"></a>MACCARONI AND CANVAS.</h2>
+
+<h2>X.</h2>
+
+<h3>A WALK AROUND SEGNI.</h3>
+
+
+<p>There are three quiet old places on the Continent that Caper always
+remembers with solemn pleasure&mdash;Breda in Holland, Segni in Italy,
+Neufch&acirc;tel in Switzerland. He reposed in Breda, rested in Segni, was
+severely tranquil in Neufch&acirc;tel: the real charm of travelling is best
+appreciated when one is able to pause in one's headlong career in some
+such place and meditate over it. Caper paused for many months at Segni.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Segni</span>, or Signia, a Latium city of the Volscians, was, after its
+colonization by the Romans, always faithful to the Republic. Strabo,
+Pliny, Plautus, Martial, Juvenal, Silius, Italicus, Dionysius
+Halicarnassus, and Livy, all make mention, in one way or another, of
+this city. Little is known of its history, from the fact that it was
+burned to the ground by the order of the Duke of Alva, viceroy of
+Naples, on the 14th of August, 1557; and in the fire all records of the
+city were destroyed. Its polygonal or Cyclopean walls, of Pelasgic
+origin, still remain in many parts as perfect as they ever were:
+consisting of gigantic blocks of hewn limestone, they are fitted one
+into another with admirable precision; no mortar was used in laying
+them, and there they stand, these well-named Cyclopean walls, for some
+of the stones are 12 feet long by 5 feet wide, firmly as if centuries on
+centuries had not sent a myriad of storms to try their strength. There
+are several gates in these walls, noted among which is one called the
+Saracen's Gate; it is known in architecture from its indicating by its
+form one of the first attempts toward the pointed arch.</p>
+
+<p>In walking through the town, you find here and there bits of middle-age
+architecture, which have escaped ruin; here a door, there a window, of
+graceful design, built around with the rough masonwork for which Segni
+is noted in later days; but the greater number of the houses are
+constructed in the rudest manner, indicating the poverty and ignorance
+of the majority of the inhabitants. It is, however, a decent poverty,
+for, to the credit of the town be it spoken, there was not, when Caper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+was there, a professional beggar, excepting the friars, in or around it.</p>
+
+<p>Taking the first street&mdash;if a rough road winding around the top of the
+mountain, and but four or five feet wide, may be called so&mdash;Caper saw at
+the doors of the houses, standing chatting to each other, many old
+women, their white hair flying in every direction, who, as they talked,
+knitted stockings; or, with distaff in hand, twirled the spindle, making
+flax into thread for spinning, or wool into woof and web for weaving.
+Hearing a shuttle, he looked in at an open door, and found a young girl
+busily weaving a heavy blue cloth at a queer old loom; not far from her,
+an elderly woman was weaving flax thread into coarse, heavy linen goods.
+Passing along, he heard the whir of millstones, and, entering a house,
+saw a girl working one of the handmills of the country; on a stand,
+where there was a stone basin, the girl turned in the wheat; another
+stone, fitting exactly in the basin, was attached to the ceiling by a
+long pole; catching hold of this, she gave the stone a rotary motion,
+grinding the wheat very fairly.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly Caper saw in the back part of the room a woman, holding what
+seemed a large, red-headed caterpillar, without any fuzz on it; she was
+evidently nourishing it in the way represented in that famous painting
+'The Roman Daughter,' thus proving that it was a baby. Its resemblance
+to the caterpillar arose from the way it was swathed: around all the
+Segnian infants they wind a strip of knit or woven cloth, about eight
+feet long and four inches wide, fairly mummifying them; then, to crown
+the work, they put on their little bullet heads, a scarlet cap with
+brilliant flowers and ribbons, making the poor babies resemble anything
+but Christian productions. In a neighboring town they hang their babies
+up in a wicker basket, resembling the birch-bark contrivances for our
+Indian papooses.</p>
+
+<p>Continuing his walk, our artist next came to where they were building a
+house; and its future occupant, who was a man of some enterprise and
+action, told Caper, with a long face, that he almost despaired of seeing
+it completed: the harvest came, and almost every workman went off to the
+wheat fields, leaving the house unfinished until they were ready to
+recommence work on it, well knowing that there were no other ones in the
+town able to do their labor; however, those who mixed mortar, carried
+tiles, and stone, and plaster, were hard at work. These laborers were
+girls of from twelve to sixteen years old, and one or two of them, spite
+of dirt and hard labor, were really handsome, with bright, intelligent
+countenances. They earned one paul (ten cents) each a day, and seemed
+contented and happy, joking with each other and laughing heartily nearly
+all the time. Probably our Chippewa Indians would think twice before
+they set the young women of their tribe to hod-carrying as a livelihood;
+but then the Chippewas are savages. The hods carried by these girls on
+their heads were flat, wooden trays, square at each end: once poised on
+the head, they balanced themselves, and were carried around without a
+fall. This carrying on the head, by the women, from an eight-gallon
+barrel of wine down to a sickle or pocket handkerchief, helps to give
+them their straight forms and fine carriage of head, neck, and
+shoulders.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon the First, in breaking down most of the feudal customs of the
+Papal States, should be regarded by the poor inhabitants as one of their
+greatest benefactors; still, many a remnant of the middle ages remains
+firmly marked in the habits of the country people. Even now the
+inhabitants of the Campagna live, not in isolated houses, but in small
+towns built around the once protecting castle or powerful monastery,
+where, in times past, they fled, when attacked in the fields by the
+followers of some house inimical to the one under whose protec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>tion they
+lived. Follow the entire Campagna, from Rome to Naples, by way of
+Frosinone, and you will see the ruins of watch towers, built to warn the
+workmen in the fields of the approaching enemy. Thus, in Segni, although
+the fields cultured by the inhabitants, lay miles away at the foot of
+the mountain, yet every day seven eighths of the 5,000 inhabitants
+walked from four to six miles or more down the mountains to the scene of
+their daily labors, returning the same distance at sunset. Often and
+often Caper saw the mother, unable to leave the infant at home, carry it
+in a basket on her head to the far-away fields, bringing it back at
+night with the additional burden of corn shelled or wheat garnered in
+the field. Trotting along gayly at her side, you may be sure, was the
+ever-present black pig, with a long string wound around his body, by
+which he is attached to some tree or stone as soon as he reaches the
+fields, and thus prevented from rooting where he should not root. The
+day's labor of his mistress finished, she unties him, wraps the string
+around his body, and he follows her up to the town with the docility of
+a well-trained dog.</p>
+
+<p>It is the women, too, who daily walk four or five miles up the mountain
+for their supply of firewood. Arriving at the forest of the commune,
+they collect split wood and fagots, tying them into round bundles, a
+yard long, and two or three feet in diameter, and return to Segni,
+carrying this small woodpile all the way on their heads. It is the
+women, too, who bring water from the fountains for their household use,
+in A copper vessels (<i>conche</i>) holding from two to three gallons: these
+are placed on the head, and carried self-balancing sometimes for long
+distances. At a fair held at Frosinone, Caper once saw several women,
+each one carrying on her head two of these conche filled with water, one
+balanced on the other; and this for half a mile up a steep road, from
+the fountain at the foot of the mountain, to the town above.</p>
+
+<p>The women, too, do their fair share of harvesting; they cut the wheat
+with sickles; then, after it is cut, separate the grains from the stalk
+by rubbing a handful of stalks with a small piece of wood in which a
+series of iron rings are placed, making a rude rasp; collecting the
+grains, they then carry them from the fields, sifting them at their
+leisure in a large round sieve, suspended from a triangle of long poles;
+then, on a breezy day, you may see them standing over a large cloth,
+holding a double handful of wheat high above their heads, and letting it
+fall: the wind blows away the chaff, and the clean grain falls on the
+outspread cloth.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn, when the men are employed in the vintage, comes the
+chestnut season; and then the women, who are not busy in the vineyard,
+and who regard it as a frolic, go for miles up in the mountains,
+collecting the nuts, large as our horse chestnuts. They form no small
+part of the winter stock of food for the mountaineers, while the refuse
+nuts are used to fatten the pet pig. We can have but small conception of
+the primeval look these chestnut woods wear, the trees growing to an
+enormous size, many a one being ten to twelve feet in diameter. The
+weather is glorious during this season: clear, bright, and buoyantly
+refreshing, blow the autumn winds; and as Caper, day after day, wandered
+among the old trees, now helping an old woman to fill a sack with the
+brown nuts, now clubbing the chestnuts from the trees for a young girl,
+he, too, voted chestnut gathering a rare good time. Far off, and now
+near, the girls were singing their quaint wild songs. Thus heard, the
+<i>rondinella</i> sounds well: it is of the woods and deserts; strange,
+barbaric, oriental, bacchantic, what you please, save dawdling
+drawing-room and piano-ic.</p>
+
+<p>To resume the walk around the town: Caper, after leaving the man who was
+employing the sylphide hod-carriers, called in at the shop were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> cigars
+were sold, and outside of which was a tin sign, on which was painted the
+papal coat-of-arms, and the usual words, indicating that the government
+monopolies, salt and tobacco, were for sale. Having bought some cigars,
+he entered into conversation with the man who kept the store. He
+learned, what he already knew, that everything in the town was done by
+hand, weaving, spinning, thrashing, grinding wheat and corn, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>'Do you know,' said Caper, 'that in some countries all these labors are
+done by steam?'</p>
+
+<p>It is dangerous to tell great truths; and after our artist had spoken,
+he saw, by the expression of the man's face, that he had placed himself
+in danger; but suddenly the cigar-seller's face was illuminated with
+intelligence, as he exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, you mean that infernal thing that goes <i>boo-hoo-hoo</i>? I saw it when
+I was in Rome, last week: it's going to drag cars to Civita Vecchia on
+the iron road.'</p>
+
+<p>'That's it,' answered Caper, greatly relieved.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Benissimo!</i> we never had anything of the kind; and what is more, <span class="smcap">WE
+DON'T WANT ONE</span>!'</p>
+
+<p>Caper walked out, determined to write to New York, and beg some of the
+good people there to save a few missionaries from death among the
+Fejees, and send them to Segni, where there was a wide field open for
+the dissemination of knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Passing along, he next came to the small square in front of the church,
+where once every week a market was held: here he found a man, who had
+just arrived with fresh fish from Terracina&mdash;the Terracina of the opera
+of 'Fra Diavolo.' Among the small fish, sardines, &amp;c., which were
+brought to town that day, in time for Friday's dinner, when every one
+kept <i>vigilia</i>, was one large fish, which our artist determined to buy
+and present to his landlord at the inn. He asked its price.</p>
+
+<p>'That fish,' said the fishman, 'is for the dinner of the Illustrissimo
+and Reverendissimo Monsignore the Bishop; and if you were to turn every
+scale in its body into baioccho, <i>and give them all to me</i>, you couldn't
+have it.'</p>
+
+<p>Caper was sorely tempted to turn the scales in his own favor, for he
+knew, if he were to pay well, he could bear off the fish triumphantly,
+spite of the seller's declaration; but a thought of the sore affliction
+he would bring into the mind of the fat old gentleman in purple, with a
+gold chain around his neck, who rejoiced in the name of bishop, deterred
+him from his heretical proceeding, and he walked away in deep
+meditation.</p>
+
+<p>The patron saint of Segni is San Bruno; and, to do him honor, every
+other male baby born in the town is called Bruno; so our artist, in his
+walks around town, heard this name howled, cried, screamed, shrieked,
+called, and appealed to, on an average once in five minutes, through the
+hours when the male inhabitants were about and awake. This similarity in
+names was, by no means, accompanied by similarity in appearance, for
+there were more light-haired and blue-eyed men by this name in the place
+than any one, having the popular idea of what an Italian looks like,
+would believe could be found in a town of the same size in America.
+Trying to account for the Norse look of many of the Segnians, and the
+Oriental look of many others, Caper climbed up to the top of the
+mountain above the town, and seating himself in the shadow of the old
+Cyclopean wall, looked down the mountain side to the broad valley below
+him.</p>
+
+<p>'As all roads lead to Rome,'soliloquized he, 'it's no wonder that those
+two famous old ways down there in the valley, the Via Trajana and the
+Via Latina, should have once been passed over by white-haired, blue-eyed
+Goths, and, seeing the old town perched up here, they should have
+climbed up, having strong legs. Once here, they put all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> the men to the
+sword, made love to the girls, plundered all that was plunderable; drank
+up all the liquor, Sambuca, Rosoglio, 'Rhum di Giamaica,' and Acqua
+viva, they could put their paws on; then, having a call further on, left
+the girls, small babes, and other <i>impedimenta</i> (baggage!), rushing onto
+Rome to settle accounts with their bankers there, like hon-o-rable men.
+<i>So</i> you find many flaxen-haired, sky-eyed people up here, and they are
+rough and bold and independent.</p>
+
+<p>Years and years after them, clambering over the mountains from the
+seacoast, came the Saracens&mdash;oh, you were the boys!&mdash;and they, being a
+refined and elegantly educated circle, compared with the Goths, of
+course did the same amount of slaughtering and love-making, only more
+refinedly and elegantly; cutting off heads instead of knocking them in;
+and with the gold spoons and other instruments that they found in the
+church, instead of making sword hilts and helmets, they at once worked
+them into graceful, crescent-shaped earrings, and curious rings, chains,
+and brooches, giving them to the girls and winning their hearts in the
+old-fashioned style. The girls, for their part, declared to each other
+that when these odious Moors went away, they would give all the earrings
+and brooches back to the church. But they forgot to; which accounts for
+their wearing them, or those of similar pattern, to this day.</p>
+
+<p>The gentle Saracens, moreover, wishing to introduce their own school of
+music, taught the girls to sing; proof of which is the horrible songs
+the contadini still have, resembling in no wise pious Christian hymns,
+but rather a cross between a growl to Odin and a yell to Allah! A growl
+to Odin, for the girls could not forget the Goths, albeit they only knew
+them through reports of their foremothers.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Saracens turned their attention to crockery ware, pots, pans,
+and water jars; forming like fruits and flowers the yielding clay, and
+establishing models that are every hour to be seen around one in this
+old nest. Clothes, too, they thought, should be made as they saw 'fit;'
+and, accordingly, head-dresses and dresses, under garments, &amp;c., <i>&agrave; la
+Saracenesca</i>, were all the rage; and as the colors were in no wise
+sombre or melancholy to behold, the girls took kindly to them, and,
+slightly modified, wear them still. When you see the <i>pane</i>, the white
+cloth worn on the women's heads, remember it was once an Oriental
+<i>yashmak</i>, falling around and concealing the face of the Italian lady
+love of a Saracen; but when the Saracens departed, they rolled up the
+veil and disclosed to delighted Christians the features of Rita or
+Maria, who figured for a time as Zoe or Fatima.</p>
+
+<p>With their religion, the Saracens were not so successful&mdash;they could not
+make it popular; so they waived this point, contented with having set
+the fashions, and introduced their own style of music, crockery, and
+jewelry.</p>
+
+<p>Thus reflecting, Caper stopped short, regarded his watch, found it was
+near dinner time&mdash;the pastoral hour of noon-day&mdash;and then turned to walk
+down to the inn. On his way he passed a store having French calicoes in
+the window, and mourned in his heart to think how short a time it would
+be before these became popular, and the homemade picturesque dresses of
+the female Segnians would be discarded. The time, too, was fast
+coming&mdash;with the railroad from Rome to Naples&mdash;when travellers will
+overrun these mountain towns, and the price of board shoot up from forty
+cents to a dollar or two: then the inhabitants will learn geography and
+become mercenary, and will learn arithmetic and blaspheme (in their way)
+at <i>forestieri Inglese</i>, <i>Americani</i>, <i>Francese</i>, or <i>Tedeschi</i>, and
+cheat them. Then the peace of the Volscians will have departed, never,
+oh, never more to return.</p>
+
+<p>Then the women will wear&mdash;bonnets! and cheap French goods; will no
+longer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> look like moving woodyards, bringing fagots on their heads down
+mountain sides; no longer bear aloft the graceful <i>conche</i> filled with
+sweet water from the fountain, for hydraulic rams will do their
+business; no longer lead the sportive pig to pastures new, but pen him
+up, and feed him when the neighbors are not looking on! These days will
+sorely try the men: now they labor in the fields in shirts and drawers,
+never thinking of putting on their pantaloons until they return to the
+very gates of the town, where, at sunset, you may see them, ten or
+twelve deep, thus employed before entering the city; but in the future
+they will have to observe <i>les convenances</i> and make their toilette in
+the fields. This they will do with great grumbling, returning homeward,
+and they will sing <i>rondinelle</i> bearing severely on the <i>forestieri</i> who
+have ruined the good old pod-augur days when they made <i>vendetta</i>
+without trouble: thus reflecting, the donkeys they ride, while their
+wives walk and carry a load, will receive many virulent punches intended
+for other objects.</p>
+
+<p>'Signor Giacomo, dinner is served,' said the landlord, as Caper entered
+the old inn.</p>
+
+<p>Cool wine, roast lamb, wild pigeons, crisp salad, with a broiled
+partridge; great bunches of luscious grapes, figs freshly picked, <i>and</i>
+maccaroni &agrave; la Milanese. Such was our artist's dinner that day.
+Patriarchally simple of a necessity; but, then, what can you expect in a
+town where the British Lion has never yet growled for a bushel of raw
+beef when he is fed, or swore at the landlord for not having a pint of
+hay boiled in hot water (tea?) for breakfast, when he is nervous?</p>
+
+
+<h3>FIVE FAIRS AND FESTIVALS.</h3>
+
+<p>Do not believe, in spite of all you hear about the benighted Papal
+States, that the people spend their holidays groaning and begging to
+depart from this vale of tears: on the contrary, the ignorant wretches
+believe in enjoying every moment of life; and, to judge by the Segnians,
+who are by no means dyspeptical, they do so with all their might. They
+know, if they fall sick, good Doctor Matteucci attends them carefully
+and well, without any charge, for he receives a salary from the commune.
+They know, if they have good health and do their work, they will be
+rewarded every now and then with a holiday, in which religion is so
+tempered with lottery tickets, wine drinking, fireworks, horse races,
+and trading, that, shorn lambs as they are, paying to the church three
+cents for every twenty-five pounds of corn they may grind, and as large
+a portion of their crops for the rent of the lands they till, they still
+have jolly good times at the fairs and festivals in their own and
+neighboring towns.</p>
+
+<p>Every town has its patron saint, and it is in honor of his day that they
+hold one grand festival each year. To accommodate temporal affairs, a
+fair is also held on the same day, so that the country people of the
+neighborhood may purchase not only the necessaries, but the simple
+luxuries they need or long for.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the only principal festival and fair in Segni to San Bruno,
+already described, they had three minor celebrations of minor saints,
+substitutes, as Rocjean declared, for Pomona, Bacchus, and Ceres:
+certainly, the saints' days fell very curiously about the same time
+their predecessors were worshipped.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, of five festivals and fairs held in five neighboring
+towns, that the present chapter treats; so let the drums beat while our
+three artists proceed to enjoy on paper the days they celebrated.</p>
+
+<p>One evening, the vetturino, Francesco, came to the trio and told them
+that on the next day but one, Sunday, there would be a fair and <i>festa</i>
+at Frosinone, a town about twenty-three miles from Segni, and that if
+they wished to go, he had three seats to hire in his <i>vettura</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> Having
+heard that the costumes to be seen there were highly picturesque, and
+anxious to study the habits of the people in holiday guise, our artists
+determined to go. At daybreak on the appointed morning, having
+breakfasted and filled their flasks with wine, they started with a guide
+to walk down to Casa Bianca, a small <i>osteria</i>, distant, as the guide
+assured them, about two miles; three miles, as Francesco swore to; four
+miles, as Gaetano, the landlord declared; and six miles as Caper and
+Rocjean were ready to affirm to. Down the mountain road they scrambled,
+only losing their patience when they found they had to wade a small
+marsh, where their tempers and polished boots were sorely tried. Once
+over, they reached Casa Bianca, and found the vettura there, having
+arrived an hour before from Rome, thirty odd (and peculiar) miles
+distant; and now with the same horses they had to make twenty-three
+miles more before ten <span class="smcap">A. M.</span>, according to agreement. Rocjean and Caper
+sat outside the carriage, while Dexter sat inside, and conversed with
+two other passengers, cheerful and good-natured people, who did all in
+their power to make everybody around them contented and jolly.</p>
+
+<p>The road went through the fertile Sacco valley; right and left rich
+pasture grounds, or wheat and corn fields; the mountains on either side
+rising in grandeur in the early sunlight, their tops wreathed with veils
+of rising mist. They soon passed Castelaccio (the termination <i>accio</i> is
+one, according to Don Boschi, of vilification; consequently, the name
+may be translated Bigbad Castle): this castle belongs to Prince
+Torlonia, apropos of which prince it is rather singular that all his
+money cannot buy good Latin; for any one may read at Frascati, staring
+you in the face as it does, as you wind up the villa, engraved on a
+large marble tablet, an inscription touching</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+TORLONIA ET UXSOR EJUS, ETC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Uxsor</span> may be Latin, but it is the kind that is paid for, and not the
+spontaneous gift of classic Italy.</p>
+
+<p>The carriage next passed through Ferentino, <i>Ferentinum</i> of the
+Volscians, where it stopped for a time to let Rocjean see the stone
+called <i>La Fata</i>, whereon is inscribed the noble generosity of
+Quintilius Priscus, who gave <i>crustula</i> and <i>mulsum</i> (cakes and mead) to
+the old people; <i>sportul&aelig;</i> (cold victuals?) to the decurions, and <i>nucum
+sparsiones</i> (a sprinkling of nuts) for the small children.</p>
+
+<p>After which antiquarian research, and a drink of wine at the <i>Hotel des
+&Eacute;trang&egrave;res</i>, the trio called loudly on Francesco to drive on; for the
+name of the inn suggested similar signboards, Hotel d'Angleterre, Hotel
+Vitoria, Hotel des Isles Brittaniques, at all of which one or other of
+our travellers had been savagely fleeced.</p>
+
+<p>The carriage at last arrived at the tavern, at the foot of the mountain
+on which Frosinone stands, and our artists found that the ascent must be
+made on foot: this, in the face of the broiling sun, was equal to two
+hot baths at least. However, they determined to take it easily, and
+accordingly tarried for a while by an old bridge crossing a small
+stream, running bright and clear, where cattle were drinking; then they
+stopped at the neighboring fountain, where the girls were filling copper
+water jars, and dusty contadini were washing themselves in order to
+present a clean face at the fair; and listened with pleasure to the
+hearty laughter and holiday jests bandied about with profusion. Thus in
+refreshed spirits they commenced the ascent.</p>
+
+<p>On the brow of the mountain, in front rank of the houses of the city,
+arose the walls of what they thought at first glance was a very large
+factory; they subsequently learned it was a male-factory or prison;
+this, with the governor's palace and other lofty buildings, gives
+Frosinone a stately air, only lost on entering the place and finding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+the streets narrow, steep, and not particularly clean. On entering the
+street leading to the main gate of entrance, their ears were saluted by
+the squealing and grunting of many hogs collected together in small
+droves, on both sides the way, for sale or barter. Here stood a bronzed
+peasant, dressed only in shirt and drawers, with boots up to his knees;
+a steeple crowned straw hat, with a large carnation pink in it, shading
+his closely shaved face, on which no hair was seen save two long curls
+pendent in front of his ears, while the back part of his head was shaved
+nearly as smooth as his face. This man held in his arms a small pig in a
+violent state of squeals. Mixed up among the pigs were many women
+dressed in lively colored costumes, looking graceful and pretty, and
+gaining added effect from the dark tones of the old gray houses around
+them. Advancing upward, at times at angles of forty-five degrees and
+more, through narrow streets crowded with picturesque houses (if they
+did threaten to tumble down), they at last reached the Piazza: here the
+squeeze commenced, crockery, garlic, hardware, clothing, rosaries and
+pictures of the saints, flowers; while donkeys, gensdarmes, jackasses,
+and shovel hats, strangers, and pretty girls were all pressing with
+might and main&mdash;they did not seem to know where&mdash;probably to the nearest
+wine shops, which were driving a brisk trade.</p>
+
+<p>Reaching an inn, our artists ordered dinner, and amused themselves,
+while it was being prepared, looking out of the window at the crowds in
+the street beneath. On the opposite side of the way were two open
+windows, evidently 'behind the scenes' of the main church, since many of
+the principal actors in the ceremonies were here attiring themselves in
+curious robes prior to their appearing in public. A tallow-faced looking
+youth, with no hair on the extreme crown of his head, while swinging a
+long wax candle around, struck a fat old gentleman, with a black silk
+gown and white lace bertha over it, in the back; whereupon, I regret to
+write it, the fat old gentleman struck the tallow-faced youth the
+severest kind of a blow below the belt, entirely contrary to the rules
+of the P. R. Dexter, having watched the performance, at its conclusion
+shouted for very joy; whereupon the stout man, raising his eyes, saw in
+the opposite windows the three <i>forestieri</i>, and I do assure you that
+such a look of malevolence as crossed his face for a moment contained
+all the Borgias ever knew of poisons and assassinations. Luckily, the
+artists did not have to go to confession to that man.</p>
+
+<p>Dinner finished, Rocjean proposed a walk. They first went to the old
+church, but found its interior ruined with whitewash and tawdry
+decorations. The music, however, was excellent, but the crowd of
+worshippers intense; so they repaired to the cattle market, in the
+piazza in front of the prison. They had been there but a short time,
+before the procession in honor of the patron saint of Frosinone, whose
+full-length seated effigy was carried by bearers, passed them. Along
+with other emblems borne by priests or laymen was a cross, apparently of
+solid wood, the upright piece fully twelve feet long, and as large round
+at the base as your thigh; the transverse piece of the cross was
+proportionately large; this was borne with ease by a moderate-sized man.
+Caper was at a loss to account for the facility with which the bearer
+handled pieces of timber as large as small joists of a house; so he
+asked a good-natured looking citizen standing near him, if that wooden
+cross was not very heavy?</p>
+
+<p>'Eh! that heavy? Why, it's not wood; it's made of stove-pipes!'</p>
+
+<p>The citizen also told Caper that the seated effigy of the patron saint
+had had a hard time of it some years ago, for the country around
+Frosinone suf<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>fering from a long drought, the inhabitants had in vain
+prayed, begged, and supplicated the aforementioned saint to send them
+rain; but he remained obdurate, until at last, seeing him so stubborn,
+they seized him, in spite of the priests, carried him down to the
+bridge, neck and heels, and threatened him, by all his brother and
+sister saints, to put him to bed&mdash;bed of the stream (it was nearly
+dry)&mdash;unless he speedily gave them a good supply of rain. In a couple of
+days, sure enough, the rain came down, and in such torrents, that there
+was a grand rush of the country people from the vicinity, begging the
+saint to hold up. Since that time he has behaved very decently, and just
+now is in high favor.</p>
+
+<p>There were some fine cattle at the fair; and Dexter, noticing a peculiar
+and becoming headdress to several of the long-horned oxen, made of the
+skin of some animal, ornamented with bright-colored strips of woollen
+with tassels at the end, tried to purchase a pair, but found the owners
+generally unwilling to sell them: however, one man at last agreed to
+sell a pair made of wolf-skin, with bright red, yellow, and green strips
+and tassels, for a fair price, and Dexter at once bought them&mdash;as a
+study, and also as an ornament for his studio.</p>
+
+<p>The tombola in the Piazza Tosti drew together a large crowd; and then it
+was that Rocjean was in his element, Caper delighted, and Dexter
+rejoiced in the study of costumes and motives for paintings. The straw
+hats worn here looked more picturesque than the black felt conical hats
+of the other end of the valley, but the 'soaplocks' of the men were
+villanous. The women were brilliant in holiday attire, among their
+dresses showing that half-modern Greek, half Neapolitan style, uniting
+the classic with the middle age. The <i>ciociare</i>, as those who wear
+<i>ciocie</i> or sandals are called, were there in full force: one of these
+men, with whom Rocjean had a long conversation, told our artist that the
+price paid for enough leather for a pair was forty cents. Each sandal is
+made of a square piece of sole leather, about twelve inches long by five
+inches wide, and is attached to the foot by strings crossing from one
+side to the other, and bending the leather into the rough resemblance of
+a shoe. The leather is sold by weight, and the <i>ciociara</i> declared that
+sandals were far better than shoes.</p>
+
+<p>'But, when it rains, your feet are wet,' suggested Rocjean.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Seguro</i>' (certainly), answered <i>ciociara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'And when it snows, they are wet; and when it is muddy, they won't keep
+the mud out; and when it's dusty, where is the dust?'</p>
+
+<p>'Down there in the Campagna!' answered the man. 'But you seem to forget
+that we wrap cloths over our feet and legs, as high as the knee, and tie
+them all on with strings; or else our women knit brown woollen leggings,
+which cover our feet and legs. Well, good or bad, they are better for
+<i>us</i> (<i>noi oltri</i>) than shoes.'</p>
+
+<p>Fireworks and a ball at the Governor's palace closed that saint's day;
+and the next afternoon our artists left the town to return to Segni; but
+as toward midnight they began to ascend the long, steep road leading to
+the town, they were overtaken by a thunderstorm, which for grandeur
+equalled anything that Caper at least had ever seen. The lightning was
+nearly incessant, at one flash revealing the valley below them, and
+distant mountain peaks after peaks trembling in white light, then all
+black as black could be; patches of road in front of the old carriage,
+silver one second, sable another; while the thunder cracked and roared,
+echoing and reechoing from rock to rock, ringing away up the wild gorge
+around which the road wound. The rain fell in torrents, and pebbles and
+stones loosened from the mountain sides came falling around them.
+Francesco, the driver, on foot, urged the tired<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> horses onward with
+blows and the most powerful language he could bring to bear; he accused
+the off-horse of being a pickpocket and an <i>arciprete</i>, and a robber of
+a small family, of which Francesco assured him he knew he was the
+father. Then the mare Filomena came in for her share of vilifications,
+being called a '<i>giovinastra</i> (naughty girl), a <i>vecchierellaccia</i> (vile
+old hag), a&mdash;' Here the rain, pebbles, lightning, and thunder
+interrupted the driver, and Rocjean told him to take breath and a pull
+at his flask, which was filled with <i>Sambuca</i>. Thus refreshed, although
+soaked to the skin, Francesco livened up, and from despondency passed to
+hope, then to joy, finally landing the old carriage near the gate of
+Segni, in time for the artists to see far below them the clouds rolling
+rapidly away, and hear the thunder grumbling far off, over some other
+town, some other benighted travellers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Valmontone</span> was the next town visited, and the festival in honor of its
+patron saint, Luigi Gonzago, was a decided success; the singing in the
+church operatically excellent; a good-sized tombola; a funny dinner in
+the back room of a grocery store, one half of the floor of which was
+covered with shelled corn, while the other half was occupied by the
+united legs of two tables, a dozen chairs, four dogs, one cat, six male
+and three female country people. There was a lamb roasted whole, a small
+barrel of wine, plenty of bread, find-your-own-knives-and-be-happy
+dinner. Coming out of this small den, and passing a fine large house,
+opposite the grand palace of the Prince of Valmontone, behold an Italian
+acquaintance of Caper's standing in a balcony with a very handsome
+woman; another moment, and Caper was invited in, and passed from poverty
+to wealth in the twinkling of an eye. Rooms full of guests, tables
+covered with damask linen, silver, flowers, crystal glasses, delicate
+food (too late!), good wine (just in time!), charming ladies.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Condessa</i>, permit me to present Signor' Cahpeer, Americano.'</p>
+
+<p>A rich, full, musical voice, lovely eyes, a brilliant toilette&mdash;is it
+any wonder the heart of our artist beat <i>con animo</i>, when the beautiful
+woman welcomed him to Valmontone, and hoped it would not be his last
+visit. Other introductions, other glasses of sparkling wine&mdash;then off
+for the street, excitement, music, coffee, and a cigar; pretty girls
+with tender eyes; the prince's stables, with hawks nailed to the doors,
+and blood horses in their stalls; contadini, cowbells, jackasses; ride
+home on horseback by moonlight; head swimming, love coming in, fun
+coming out. Exit festival the second.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gavignano</span> was the scene of the third festival; it is a small town, lying
+at the foot of Segni. Caper went there on horseback, and, after a
+regular break-neck ride down the mountain, the path winding round like a
+string on an apple, arrived there in time to escape a pouring rain, and
+find himself in a large hall with three beautiful sisters, the Roses of
+Montelanico, numerous contadini friends, and the wine bottles going
+round in a very lively and exhilarating manner. The rain ceasing, Caper
+walked out to see the town, when his arm was suddenly seized, and,
+turning round, who should it be but Pepe the rash, Pepe the
+personification of Figaro: a character impossible for northern people to
+place outside of a madhouse, yet daily to be found in southern Europe.
+Rash, headstrong, full of deviltry, splendid appetite, and not much
+conscience&mdash;volatile, mocking, irrepressible.</p>
+
+<p>Pepe seized Caper by the arm with a loud laugh, and, only saying,
+'<i>Evviva</i>, Signor' Giacomo, come along!' without giving him breathing
+time, rushed him up narrow streets, down dirty alleys, through a crowd
+of mules, mud, and mankind, until they both caught a glimpse of a small
+church with green garlands over the door. Hauling Caper inside, he
+dragged him through a long aisle crowded with kneeling worship<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>pers,
+smashed him down on a bench in front of the main altar, tearing half a
+yard of crimson damask and nearly upsetting the priest officiating; and
+then, while Caper (red in the face, and totally unfit to hear the fine
+chorus of voices, among which Mustafa's, the soprano, came ringing out)
+was composing himself to listen, Pepe grabbed him with a 'Music's over;
+<i>andiamo</i> (let's go). Did you hear Mustafa? <i>Bella voce</i>, tra-la-leeeee!
+Mustafa's a contadino; I know his pa and ma; they changed him when only
+five years old. Thought he was a Turk, didn't you? He sings in the
+Sistine chapel. Pretty man, fat; positively not a sign of a beard.'</p>
+
+<p>Struggling to escape, Caper was rushed out of church, and into a <i>caffe</i>
+to have a tumblerful of boiling coffee poured down his throat, and again
+be expressed up hill at a break-neck rate, catching sights of
+tumble-down old houses, mud, water, flowers, peasants, costumes,
+donkeys, until he was landed in the Gran' Piazza. Whew!</p>
+
+<p>'Must see the hall where the concert is to-night. Beautiful girl,
+<i>bellisima, pfisp!</i> (imitating kiss) girl from Rome; sings three pieces,
+Ernani, Norma, <i>pfisp!</i> Come along!</p>
+
+<p>Smack, bang! into the hall, where the silence and presence of a select
+few, including Monsignore and the Governatore in council assembled,
+commanded silence: Pepe wouldn't hear of it anywheres, so again they
+were in the open air; the band was playing good music in the square, the
+tombola was about to commence, and contadini were busy with pencils and
+tickets, ready to win the eighty scudi put up.</p>
+
+<p>Tombola commenced, and Pepe at once supervised all the tickets within
+reach. 'Bravo, twenty-seven! you've got it, Tonio; scratch it, my
+lamb.&mdash;You haven't, Santi, <i>poverino mio</i>.&mdash;It's <i>non c'&eacute;</i>,
+Angeluccio.&mdash;Ah, Bruno, always lucky.&mdash;Fifty-four, <i>Santa Maria</i>, who
+would have thought it?&mdash;<i>Caro</i> Bernardo, <i>only</i> one more number to win
+the terno!'</p>
+
+<p>Somebody won the tombola at last, and Pepe told Caper he should wait for
+the fireworks and the concert. 'Beautiful girl, ah, <i>bella</i>, sings three
+pieces;' here he burst out with that song</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><i>'Ninella mia di zucchero,</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><i>Prende 'sto core, ed abbraccialo;</i>'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>not waiting for the end of which, Caper interrupted him by saying that
+he should not wait for the evening, as he intended returning to Segni at
+once.</p>
+
+<p>'Will you?' asked Pepe. 'Oh, <i>bravo!</i> good idea. Concert room will be
+crowded to suffocation; get hot, perspire, catch cold. Fireworks
+nothing. I'll go with you; great fools to wait. Here is a wine-shop; let
+us refresh!'</p>
+
+<p>In they went, and finished a quart, after which Pepe proposed visiting
+another wine-shop, where they had some frascati, good and sweet. So he
+hurried Caper along so fast through mud and narrow streets, all the way
+down hill, that his feet could not begin to hold on the slippery stones,
+and both went ahead on the plan of not being able to stop; at last they
+reached a landing place, where the wine was sold; hastening in, they
+nearly fell over a tall, splendid-looking girl, who was standing in the
+hall.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Iddio!</i> it's my <i>cara</i> Giulia, lovely as ever. Come with us and finish
+a bottle; this is our friend Giacomo, Americano, brave youth,
+<i>allegro</i>!'</p>
+
+<p>'It pleases me well to make the acquaintance of the Signor; I have often
+seen him in Segni&mdash;'</p>
+
+<p>'And <i>now</i> you'll fall in love with him,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>E tu non pienz' a mi</i>,''
+</p>
+
+<p>sang Pepe. 'This comes of my headlong hurry introducing pretty girls to
+interesting strangers. Ah, <i>bella</i>, Giulia!</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Zitto!</i> Pepe, and pour me out a glass of wine.'</p>
+
+<p>Pepe poured out the wine, one glass after another. Suddenly springing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+from his seat, he said, 'Wait here a minute. I see Gaetano: will be back
+again <i>prestissimo!</i>'</p>
+
+<p>He went, and Caper and Giulia were left seated, talking merrily over the
+wine. There were stars shining when Giulia bid good night to Caper, yet
+Pepe did not return; he had seized some new idea, may-be the pretty
+Roman who sang at the concert. Then Caper saddled his horse and rode out
+into the night&mdash;glad that he had met black-eyed Giulia.</p>
+
+<p>The night rides up the mountain! Here's romance, real and beautiful. Are
+you not treading an old Roman road, over which the legions have marched
+to victory, war chariots rattled? Up the mountains, on the old road once
+leading over the mountains to Terracina, the <i>Tarracina</i> of the Romans,
+who made it one of their naval stations; up that road you go, trusting
+solely to your horse, one slip of whose foot would send you into
+eternity <i>via</i> a ravine some hundred feet sheer down. Here, bright light
+from a <i>casina</i> where the contadini are loading mules with grapes to be
+pressed in the city up there near the stars! High above you, nothing but
+a wall of black rock, up, up, so high! Stars gleaming down, the comet
+tailing from side to side of the ravine, while the path in the ragged,
+jagged, storm-gullied rock is so dark you see nothing: your horse stops,
+his hind feet slip&mdash;no! he clings, his hoofs are planted firm; up he
+goes, and there, in the hands of Providence, you are tossed and pitched,
+as he winds up and plunges down. The merry ringing, jingling bells of
+mules ahead, and the voices of their drivers: turn a corner, and the
+bright light of torches flashes in your eyes. Look again and earnestly
+at the beautiful scene: mules, drivers, black rocks, olive trees above,
+all flamboyant in the ruddy light, appearing and disappearing; a weird,
+wild scene. Up, up, long is the way; past the fountain where the stars
+are flashing in the splashing waters; past gardens; past the mountain
+path at last. <i>Ecco</i>, the inn of Gaetano.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anagni</span> held its festival in honor of San Magno (<i>Prottetore della
+Citt&agrave;</i>) on the 19th day of August. Gaetano, the landlord, invited Caper
+to attend it, putting his famous white horse at the disposal of the
+artist, accompanying him on a small bay beast that was extremely fond of
+showing his heels to the surrounding objects. Leaving Segni about ten
+o'clock in the morning, they had hardly reached a bridle path down the
+mountain, nothing more in fact than a gully, when they were joined by a
+cavalcade of four other Segnians. One of them, the 'funny fellow' of the
+party, was mounted on a very meek-looking donkey, and enlivened the hot
+ride across the valley of the Sacco by spasmodic attempts to lead the
+cavalcade and come in ahead of the others. He had a lively time as they
+approached the city, and a joke with every foot passenger on the way;
+but Gaetano, whose reserve was one of his strong points, and who was
+anxious to enter Anagni under favorable auspices, gave the word to
+Caper, and in a few minutes they left cavalcade and donkey-rider far
+behind.</p>
+
+<p>Anagni, the ancient <i>Anagnia</i>, was the capital of the Hernici. The
+favorite residence, in the middle ages, of several of the popes, it
+still shows in its building marks of the wealth it once enjoyed. Having
+stabled their horses with a friend of Gaetano's, who insisted on their
+finishing the best part of a <i>bottiglia</i> of red wine with him, the
+artist, under the landlord's guidance, set out to see the town. They
+climbed up street to the cathedral, a fine old pile trembling with music
+and filled with worshippers, paintings of saints in extremis, flowers,
+wax candles, votary offerings, and heat; then coming out, and feeling
+wolfish, looked round for a place where they could find dinner! Here it
+was! a scene that would have cheered Teniers: a very large room, its
+walls brown with smoke; long wooden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> tables, destitute of cloth, but
+crowded with country people eating, drinking, talking, enjoying
+themselves to the utmost extent. Forks were invisible, but every man had
+his own knife, and Caper, similarly provided, whipped out his long
+pocket weapon and commenced an attack on roast lamb and bread, as if
+time were indeed precious. Wine was provided at Fair price; and, with
+fruit, he managed to cry at last, 'Hold, enough!'</p>
+
+<p>Gaetano, having a message for a young priest in the seminary there,
+asked Caper how he would like to see the interior of the building, and
+the way the <i>prete</i> lived? Caper assenting, they entered a fine large
+establishment with broad walls and high ceilings, and mounting to the
+second story and knocking at the door of a chamber, they were admitted
+by a tall, thin, sallow young man, about eighteen years old, evidently
+the worse for want of exercise, and none the stronger minded for his
+narrow course of education and instruction.</p>
+
+<p>Gaetano introduced Caper to the young priest, and the artist, who, a
+moment before entering the room, was as lively as the Infant Bacchus, at
+once became melancholy as the Infant Samuel, and a feeling of such pity
+seized him, that, endeavoring not to show it, he turned it into a
+sentiment of interest in the young priest and his surroundings, admiring
+the beautiful view from the window, and, turning inward to a poor wreath
+of paper flowers hanging over a holy-water fount attached to the wall,
+praised for their resemblance to natural flowers. (Was that untruth
+unforgiven?)</p>
+
+<p>'I made them,' said the young priest; 'but they are nothing to the ones
+I have made for our church in Montelanico. I will show those to you.'
+Opening a large paper box, he showed Caper wreaths and festoons of paper
+flowers. 'I have spent weeks on weeks over them,' he continued, 'and
+they will decorate the church at the next <i>festa</i>. I spend all my
+leisure hours making artificial flowers.'</p>
+
+<p>In answer to a question from Caper of the dress he then wore was the
+usual one worn by the seminarists on important occasions, the young
+priest answered him that it was not, and at once produced the full
+dress, putting on the upper garment, a species of cassock, in order to
+show him how it looked. He next called his attention to a curious old
+work, full of engravings illustrating the different costumes of the
+different orders of priests, and was in full discourse to describe them
+all, when Gaetano told him that he was sorry, but that he had to go, as
+he had some matters to attend to at the fair. So Caper bid the young
+priest good-by, saying he regretted that he had not time to further
+study the ecclesiastical costumes. A feeling of relief seized him when
+he was once more in the open air&mdash;thoughts of gunning, fishing,
+fighting, anything, so long as it was not the making paper flowers by
+that poor, pale-faced boy: it was terrible!</p>
+
+<p>There are several resident families in Anagni having titles; these are
+known as the <i>stelle d'Anagni</i> (stars of Anagni), and number among the
+ladies many beautiful faces, if those pointed out to him were the true
+stars. But it was, while smoking a cigar over a cup of coffee, that he
+saw enter the caf&eacute; without exception one of the loveliest and most
+attractive women he met in Italy. The word <i>simpatica</i>, so often used by
+Italians, expressing, as it does, so much in so short a space, exactly
+applied to the charming woman who passed him, as she entered the room
+where he was seated. She was accompanied by several gentlemen, one of
+whom, on whose arm she leaned, having the most character of all the
+others in his face, and the finest-looking man in figure and carriage,
+Caper selected as her husband&mdash;and he was right.</p>
+
+<p>Gaetano, having finished his busi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>ness, soon entered the caf&eacute; in company
+with a dashing, handsome-looking man, in half ecclesiastical costume;
+for though he wore a shovel hat and long-tailed black frock coat, yet
+his other clothes, though black, had the air of being made by an <i>&agrave; la
+mode</i> tailor. His manner was cordial, frank, hearty. He proposed a walk
+around the town, to see what was going on among the <i>villani</i>. Caper
+calling his attention to the lady mentioned above, the ecclesiastic,
+making his excuses for his sudden leave, at once hurried over to salute
+her, and was evidently very cordially received. He returned in a few
+minutes to Caper.</p>
+
+<p>'It is the <i>Principessa &mdash;&mdash;</i>, and she insists on having an introduction
+to the American. She is making the <i>villegiatura</i> among these mountain
+towns for a frolic. She will be in Segni, with her husband, the Signor
+----, and it will be pleasant for you to know them while there.'</p>
+
+<p>'Introduce me by all means. She is the most beautiful woman I have seen
+in Italy.'</p>
+
+<p>The introduction was made, and our artist surpassed himself in
+conversing intelligibly, much to the delight of the fair Italian and her
+friends, who declared they were prepared to converse with him solely by
+signs. Promising that when they came to Segni he should not fail to call
+upon them, and give them a long account of the savage life he lived
+among his Indian brethren in America, he laughingly bid them good day.</p>
+
+<p>The dashing priest now went with Caper and Gaetano through the crowded
+streets, pointing out objects of interest, architectural and human; past
+booths where all kinds of merchandise was exposed for sale, out to see
+the ancient massive walls of travertine, where divers stunning objects
+were carved, inscriptions, &amp;c. Then they found a wine shop, where it was
+cool and tolerably quiet, and smoked and drank until sunset, having much
+sport conversing with the amiable <i>villane</i>, who were as comfortably
+tipsy as their circumstances would permit. At sunset, the Piazza Grande
+was brilliant with hangings, crimson and gold, and colored tapestry hung
+from the windows of the surrounding houses. Here the tombola was held,
+and here the crowd was excited as usual; the lucky ones bearing off the
+prizes were in such rapturous state of bliss&mdash;'one might have stuck pins
+into them without their feeling it.'</p>
+
+<p>About sunset, Gaetano and Caper saddled their horses, and left the city,
+striking over the valley to Segni, passing on the road country people
+mounted on donkeys, or travelling along on foot, nine tenths of whom
+were vigorously canvassing&mdash;the life of Saint Magno?&mdash;no, indeed, but
+the chances of the lottery!</p>
+
+<p>There was to have been the next day, at Anagni, a curious chase of
+buffaloes, in accordance with some passage in the life of San Magno, as
+the people said; but, according to Rocjean, more probably some neglected
+ceremony of the ancient heathens, which the party in power, finding they
+could not abolish, gracefully tacked on to the back of the protector of
+the city. These kind of things are done to an alarming extent around
+Rome; and the Sieur de Rocjean, when he lost his calendar containing the
+dates of all the festivals, said it was of no importance&mdash;he had and
+excellent Lempriere!</p>
+
+<p>The fifth festival&mdash;if you have patience to read about it&mdash;was held at
+<span class="smcap">Genazzano</span>, and was decidedly the most celebrated one of the season. It
+came off on the 8th of September, and for costumes, picturesqueness, and
+general effect, might have been called, to copy from piano literature,
+<i>Le Songe d'un Artiste</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The town itself looks as if it had just been kicked out of a theatre.
+Round towers at entrance gates, streets narrow and all up hill, the
+tiles on the houses running down to see what is going on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> in the gutter,
+quaint old houses, gray with time, with latticed windows, queer old
+doors, a grand old castle in ruins. It is one of the scenes you long so
+much to see before you come abroad, and which you so seldom find along
+the Grande Route. Spend a summer in the mountain towns of Italy! among
+the Volscian mountains or hills&mdash;and have your eyes opened.</p>
+
+<p>As Caper entered the gate, the first objects meeting his sight were: a
+procession of genuine pilgrims, dressed precisely as you see them in
+Robert le Diable, or Linda di Chamouni, or on the stage generally&mdash;long
+gray robes down to their feet, cocked hats with cockle shells, long
+wands; some barefoot, some with sandals: on they passed, singing
+religious songs. Then came the peasantry, all in perfect theatrical
+harmony, costumes rigidly correct <i>&agrave; la Sonnambula</i>. German artists
+dressed in Sunday clothes <i>&agrave; la Der Freyschutz</i>. A caf&eacute; with festoons of
+lemon-peel hung from window to window&mdash;they are not up to this idea in
+<i>Fra Diavolo</i>. Pretty girls in latticed windows, with red boddices,
+white sleeves, flowers in their hair&mdash;<i>legitimate Italian drama</i>.
+Crockery-ware in piles&mdash;<i>low comedy</i>. A man with a table, Sambuca and
+Acqua-vita bottles on it, and wee glasses, one cent a drink:
+<i>melodrama</i>. Fresh oranges and figs, pumpkin-seed and pine cones; a
+house with mushrooms strung on thread, hanging from window to
+window&mdash;this was not for festival display, but is the common way of the
+country. Notices of the <i>festa</i>, containing programme of the day,
+including amusements, ecclesiastical and secular, hung up alongside the
+stands where they were selling lottery tickets&mdash;<i>tragedy</i>. Fountains,
+with groups of peasantry drinking, or watering horses and
+donkeys&mdash;<i>pantomime</i>. Priests, in crow-black raiment, and canal-boat or
+shovel hats&mdash;<i>mystery</i>. Strangers from Rome, in the negro-minstrel style
+of costume, if young men; or in the rotund-paunch and black-raiment
+dress, if elderly men; or in the <i>chiffon&eacute;e</i> style, if Roman women
+attempting the last Parisian fashion&mdash;<i>farce</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Here are the booths with rosaries, crucifixes, Virgin Mary's holy-water
+holders, medals of Pio Nono, or jewelry; gold crescent earrings,
+<i>spadine</i> (long silver hair pins); silver hearts, legs, arms, for votive
+offerings, and crosses without number.</p>
+
+<p>Caper entered the church; it was filled, and stifling with heat and
+frankincense, and contadini, and wax lights burning before the shrine,
+on which the sun shone. There were beautiful faces among the <i>pajine</i>
+(people in fine raiment), showing what can be made from the <i>contadine</i>
+(people in coarse clothes) by not overworking them.</p>
+
+<p>Once more our artist was in the pure air, and, walking up the main
+street, came to a house with a beautifully carved stone window, half
+Byzantine, half Gothic, while a house on the opposite side of the street
+boasted of two other windows finely carved. While looking at them, Caper
+was hailed by name, and a stout, fresh-colored English artist, named
+Wardor, whom he had known in Rome, came over and welcomed him to
+Genazzano. Wardor, it turned out, was spending the summer there, as he
+had done the year before; consequently, there was not a nook or corner
+in the old town he did not know; and if he had not been so lazy, he
+could have filled his sketch book with a hundred picturesque studies.
+But no; with the keenest appreciation of every bit of color, every
+graceful pose of a human figure, every beautiful face, every fine effect
+of light or shadow&mdash;he made no sign. <i>His</i> legitimate function was
+friendly guide to the stranger, and in this office he carried Caper all
+over the old castle, out to the long shady walk on the esplanade behind
+it, pointed out beautiful views over the valley; finally, showing Caper
+his studio, which, as it was a large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> room, and his <i>padrona</i> could
+impose on his good nature, was fairly glittering with copper pans, hung
+on the walls when not in use in the kitchen. On an easel was a painting,
+to be called The King of the Campagna; all that was apparent was the
+head and horns of the king. Wardor had thus actually spent three mouths
+painting on a space not so large as your fist, while the canvas was at
+least three feet by two feet and a half. But the king, a buffalo, would
+be a regal figure, for the head was life itself.</p>
+
+<p>Caper proposed finishing a bottle of wine with Wardor, in honor of the
+day; so the latter piloted him up street and then down a flight of steps
+to a quiet wine-shop, where, sitting on a shady terrace, they could
+calmly enjoy the lovely landscape spread below them, and look over the
+town, over the valley, to far-away Segni high up in the Volscians. The
+landlord's wife, a buxom, comely woman, in full holiday costume, brought
+them a flask of cool wine and glasses, presenting them at the same time
+with a couple of very large sweet apples, the largest of which was
+thirteen inches in circumference by actual measurement. So you see they
+have apples as well as oranges in Italy; only, apples are practical, so
+they are generally omitted in the poetical descriptions of the
+blue-skyed land.</p>
+
+<p>Caper and Wardor dined together in a very crowded inn, where the
+maccaroni must have been cooked by the ton, to judge of the sized dish
+the two artists were presented with&mdash;and which they finished! Chickens,
+lamb chops, salad, and two flasks of wine at last satisfied them. When
+they left the table, Wardor proposed their calling on a Roman family,
+who were spending the summer in the town. They found the house they
+occupied crowded with guests, who, having finished dinner, were busily
+employed dancing to the music of two guitars and a flute; that is, the
+younger part of them, while the elders applauded vociferously, entering
+into the amusement with a reckless spirit of fun and good nature, which
+people who have to keep shady nine tenths of the year for fear of their
+rulers, are very apt to indulge in the remaining tenth.</p>
+
+<p>Elisa, the daughter of the Roman family, received Caper with hearty
+welcome, chiding him for having been all summer at Segni, and yet not
+coming near them, and entreating him to come to Genazzano and make them
+a long visit. She introduced him at once to her affianced husband, a
+handsome young doctor of the town, a man of sterling ability and sound
+common sense, who very soon made Caper at home, insisted on his dancing
+the <i>Tarantella</i> and <i>Saltarella Napolitana</i> with a lively, lithe young
+lady, who cut our artist's heart to fiddlestrings before they had danced
+five minutes together a polka&mdash;for let the truth be told, Caper never
+could dance the Tarantella.</p>
+
+<p>Wardor, in the meantime, had been led off in triumph to a side-table,
+and was making a very hearty second dinner; he not having force of mind
+enough to do like Caper and refuse a good offer! Caper had to drink a
+few tumblers (not wine-glasses) of wine, and found it beneficial in
+dancing. It may be as well to repeat here, in order to calm all
+apprehensions of our artist being a hard drinker, that all these wines
+around Rome, with few exceptions, are little stronger than mild sweet
+cider, and that satiety will generally arrive before inebriety. Ask any
+sober and rigorously correct traveller, who has ever been there, if this
+is not so. If he speaks from experience, he will say: 'Certainly!' 'Of
+course!' 'To be sure!' And again: 'Why not?'</p>
+
+<p>It is not asserted here that the Romans of the city or surrounding
+country never get tipsy; but that it is only occasionally they have
+change enough to do so; consequently, a beautiful state of sobriety is
+observed by those travellers who&mdash;never observe anything.</p>
+
+<p>The moon was shining over the old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> gate-towers of Genazzano when Caper
+mounted his horse, and, in company with two Segnians, rode forth from
+the fifth <i>festa</i>, and over the hills through Cavi, and over the valley
+past Valmontone, and then up the steep road to his summer home;
+wondering if in far-away America they were dreaming of a man who was
+going through a course of weekly Fourth-of-July's, and how long it would
+be before the world came to an end if such a state of things existed in
+any country where people had liberty to study geography, and were ruled
+by politicians instead of priests?</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>'May I ask your candid opinion of the great moral effect of so many
+holidays on an uneducated population?' inquired Caper one day of
+Rocjean, while speaking of the festivals of the Papal States.</p>
+
+<p>'Certainly you may! My opinion is that the head of the state, carrying
+out the gigantic policy of his predecessors, believes: 'That that
+government governs best that gives the greatest amount of fiddling to
+the greatest amount of its children.''</p>
+
+<p>'But,' objected Caper, 'I don't see where the fiddling comes in.'</p>
+
+<p>'In the churches!' sententiously remarked the Sieur de Rocjean.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh,' quoth Caper, 'I was thinking of festivals.'</p>
+
+<p>Reader, do you think likewise, when you are with the Romans.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THOUGHT" id="THOUGHT"></a>THOUGHT.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Life is but an outer wall</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Round the realm of thought unseen;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Ah! to let the drawbridge fall</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Leading to that magic hall!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ah! to let creation in.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Kings that with the world contended,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">What remains of all the splendid</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Misery their hands have wrought?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Hushed and silent now the thunder</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">They have made the world rock under;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">But the ages bow in wonder</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To a thought.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Ah! the many tragic parts</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">That are played by human hearts</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In that golden drama, fame.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">These are minor actors truly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">That should not be seen unduly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Letting idle recollection</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Trifle with the play's perfection,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Letting an unwritten anguish</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Make the brilliant pageant languish.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Alas for every hero's story,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">That the woes which chiefly make it</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Must surge from the heart, or break it,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And show the stuff that fashions glory.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Pyramids and templed wonders</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">At the best are wise men's blunders;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The subtle spell of thought and fancy,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">It is Nature's necromancy.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">In that land where all things real</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Blossom into the ideal,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">In that realm of hidden powers</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Moving this gross world of ours,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">He that would inherit fame,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Let him on the magic wall</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Of some bright, ideal hall</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Write his name;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">He and glory then shall be</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Comrades through eternity.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">While the deeds of mighty kings</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Sleep the sleep of meaner things,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thoughts enclosed in words of granite</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Revolutionize our planet.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And, itself a new creation,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Many an enchanted tune,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">As of nightingale's in June,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Comes floating down in long vibration,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">To the chorus of the hours</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Lending its harmonial powers,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Or through Time's resounding arches</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Playing Nature's solemn marches,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">To whose beat the marshalled nations</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Pass in steady generations.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">But deem not the thoughts unspoken,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Silent despots of the brain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Build their airy halls in vain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Die and leave behind no token.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">As the stars upon the ether</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Play their golden monody,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Flashing on dusk-featured night</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The soft miracle of light;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">So upon a finer ether,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A spiritual emanation</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">From the whole mind of creation,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Plays the brain incessantly;</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And each thought is a vibration,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Running like a poet's rhyme</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Down the endless chords of time,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And on each responsive brain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Dropping in a silver rain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Of divinest inspiration.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">When the whirlwind rush of war</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Passes, and is heard no more,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Voices crushed beneath its din</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Rise and their long reign begin;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thoughts like burning arrows hurled</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">At the tyrants of the world,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thoughts that rend like battle axes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Till wrong's giant hand relaxes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Thoughts that open prison gates</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And strike the chains of prostrate limb,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">That turn the current of the fates,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Like God's commissioned cherubim</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">With divine authority</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">To proclaim creation free,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And plant in human hearts the seeds</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">That shall grow to noble deeds.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Ha! when genius climbs the throne</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Sacred to oppression grown,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And from his seat plucks tyranny;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">When, with thoughts that pierce like flame,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Songs, and every word a fame,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">She crowns imperial Liberty,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Then shall the usurper, glory,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">End his foul and brutal story,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And manhood evermore shall be</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A synonym of liberty.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IT_STILL_MOVES" id="IT_STILL_MOVES"></a>'IT STILL MOVES.'</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">It still goes on. The driving rain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">May chill, but light will gleam again,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">It still goes on. Truth's enemy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Wins a defeat with victory.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">It still goes on. Cold winter's snow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Comes that the grass may greener grow;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And Freedom's sun, whate'er befall,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Shines warm and bright behind it all.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_CONSEQUENCES_OF_THE_REBELLION" id="THE_CONSEQUENCES_OF_THE_REBELLION"></a>THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE REBELLION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Among all the subjects of human cognizance, the least understood, and
+therefore the most difficult of anticipation, are those which concern
+the acts of men, as individuals or in society. Presumptuous, indeed,
+would be that man who should undertake to foretell the exact results of
+pending political or military operations, complicated as they must be by
+innumerable unknown and undiscoverable contingencies, which lie hidden
+in the circumstances of the actual situation. The difficulty of this
+investigation does not arise, however, from the absence of fixed laws
+controlling such events, but solely from our ignorance of those laws,
+and the extreme complexity of the conditions in which they act. The
+issue of existing causes is as certain as this moment, as it will be
+after it shall have become unalterable in history. No accident can
+disturb or thwart it; for, in truth, there can be no such thing as
+accident, except in our imaginations, and by reason of our incapacity to
+trace the continuous thread of inevitable sequence, or causation, which
+connects together all events whatever, in their inception, through their
+continuance, and to their end. All enlightened thinkers of the present
+age have recognized this great truth; and yet none have been able to
+apply to social and political affairs the sole admitted test of genuine
+philosophy, the prediction of future results from known antecedents.
+Indeed, the wisest and most competent of political observers have always
+been the most cautious in their indulgence of the prophetic spirit, and
+the most ready to acknowledge their ignorance of what the future will
+bring forth in the great field of political and social affairs.
+Gasparin, in his late admirable book, 'America before Europe' (according
+to his American translator), has this very modest passage on this
+subject:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Not feeling any vocation for the character of prophet, I shall
+take care not to recount here, in advance, events that are about to
+happen. I marvel at people who are so sure of their facts. The
+future has not the least obscurity for them; it has much for me. I
+confine myself to protesting against the positive assertions which
+have contributed but too greatly to mislead the opinion of Europe.
+My humbles theory is this: the defeat of the South is <i>probable</i>;
+the return of the conquered South to the Union is <i>possible</i>.'</p></div>
+
+<p>But while 'political or military vaticination' is proverbially unsafe,
+and therefore to be carefully avoided by all judicious inquirers, and
+especially by practical statesmen, it must at the same time be admitted
+that some of the general laws controlling such events are well
+understood; and whenever all the facts of a case are known and
+appreciated, and the laws applicable fully comprehended, then it is
+possible to anticipate the results of that particular combination with
+absolute certainty. Other causes may interfere, and modify these
+results&mdash;may accelerate of postpone them, or entirely absorb and conceal
+them in the general issue of complicated affairs. Yet the particular
+results themselves are not, and cannot be defeated or annulled. They are
+merely transformed by a sort of 'composition and resolution' of social
+and political causes, exactly similar to that which takes place in
+mechanics, when two or more forces not concurrent in direction, impel a
+body in a line altogether different from that in which either of the
+forces may have acted. Every physical impulse, it is said, which is
+initiated anywhere on the earth, is felt to the extremities of our solar
+system&mdash;every motion of the smallest particle of matter communicating
+its effect, however inappreciable, to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> most distant planet, and as
+far beyond as the power of gravitation may extend. It is precisely so
+with all social events, even those of the most insignificant character.
+Every one of them has its appropriate influence, which is
+indestructible; and they all combine to make up the great whole of human
+action, the results of which at any specific period are only the
+necessary and inevitable consequences of all antecedent facts.</p>
+
+<p>It was the opinion of that most accomplished political philosopher,
+Burke, that 'politics ought to be adjusted not to human reasonings, but
+to human nature, of which reason is but a part, and by no means the
+greatest part,'&mdash;the meaning of which is, simply, that the reasonings do
+not comprehend, as premises, all the complicated facts which enter into
+any important political problem, and hence the conclusion in such cases
+cannot be absolutely certain, and ought not to be implicitly received.
+It would be extremely difficult to explain how politics could be
+adjusted to human nature without the exercise of reason, which alone can
+regulate the process of adjustment. But we may certainly claim that, in
+the lapse of nearly a century since Burke wrote, the reason has been
+considerably enlightened, and something more has been learned of human
+nature itself, its apparently capricious and irregular phenomena having
+been ascertained to be the subjects of systematic order, as complete as
+that which prevails in all other departments of nature. The laws of
+social existence and development have been to some extent discovered,
+and recognized as being uniform in their operation, so that the natural
+and necessary course of human events may be anticipated, though as yet
+in a dim and imperfect way. The present age is fruitful of many wonders;
+but the greatest of them all is this important truth, which has just
+begun fairly to dawn upon mankind. It is already so firmly established,
+that no intelligent man who is fully up with the knowledge of his epoch,
+can admit the least doubt that all events, however complicated, whether
+social, political, military, or of any other kind, are controlled by
+general laws, as uniform and certain in their operation as the laws of
+astronomy, of physics, or of chemistry. The complexity of conditions
+under which they operate, makes these laws extremely difficult of
+discovery and of application. But the infinite combinations of
+influences which press on minds of individual members of society, and
+make the acts of each one of them apparently uncertain and arbitrary,
+exhibit a truly wonderful degree of uniformity, when considered in their
+operation on the whole mass of a nation. It is by the investigation of
+these wide and general effects, that the great laws of human action and
+development are ascertained. Their actual existence is absolutely
+certain. But after all, in the present state of our knowledge, with all
+the light afforded by such history as we have of the past, and with all
+the experience of the present generation, the sum and substance of what
+we can claim is no more than this: that some influences of a social and
+political nature may be traced to their certain results, though, from
+the intricacy of all social facts, their vast extent in a great nation,
+and especially when international interests are concerned, and from our
+necessarily imperfect acquaintance with all these varied, multiplex, and
+powerful conditions, we cannot always foresee what conflicting causes
+will intervene to counteract, modify, and control the actual issue. It
+is therefore only in the most general way that anything can be said with
+reference to the future in social or political affairs.</p>
+
+<p>In two former articles contributed to <span class="smcap">The Continental</span>, we have
+endeavored to point out 'the causes of the rebellion,' finding them in
+events and conditions contemporaneous with the birth of our
+institutions, and in the necessary antagonism of social and political
+prin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>ciples naturally developed in the progress of our country, and
+embodied in appropriate but conflicting forms. If we have been
+successful in designating the real causes, and tracing their operation
+through successive stages, down to the tremendous and calamitous events
+of the present day, we may hope to follow these causes, to some extent,
+in their further development, and in their necessary action on the
+destiny of the nation. We can at least mark the direction of the stream
+of affairs as it rolls grandly before us; and while we may not know
+precisely through what regions it will take its course, or by what
+rapids and over what cataracts it will be hurried and precipitated with
+furious and destructive force, we can nevertheless pronounce with
+confidence that it will finally make its way, in spite of all
+obstructions, to the broad and peaceful ocean of amelioration, into
+which all the currents of human action, however turbid, and filled with
+wrecks of human work and genius, eventually pour their inevitable
+tribute. We can even look through the mists of time which limit mortal
+vision, and catch some glimpses of the bloody current, observing where
+it disappears in gloom and shadow, only to come forth again in the
+distance as a shining river, glistening in the sunlight of peace and
+prosperity, and bearing on its bosom the full-freighted ark of a mighty
+nation, resting from war, reunited, and reawakened to the animating
+sense of a glorious destiny. Though the present generation should be
+compelled to struggle and labor, through its whole term of existence,
+with immense sacrifice and suffering, such are the elements involved in
+the contest, that nothing but good to the nation, which is surely
+destined to survive, can come out of it in the end.</p>
+
+<p>The whole history of our country, its origin, the peculiar organization
+of our institutions, and their gradual growth and development down to
+the present day, seem to have been arranged and ordered for the very
+purpose of engendering this contest between slavery and freedom. If this
+statement be too strong, we may at least assert that no better
+conditions for that purpose could have been devised, by human wisdom at
+all events, than those which existed at every stage of our progress,
+from the beginning of our existence as a people, to the culmination of
+this long-smouldering strife. The germs of freedom and slavery, which we
+know were planted in the infancy of our republic, found in the
+circumstances surrounding them the most favorable conditions for their
+respective growth and expansion. Each found ample opportunity to
+flourish according to its nature and necessities, modified, it may be,
+but not destroyed, by the unfavorable institutions which coexisted with
+it. The organization of separate colonies, and afterward of separate
+States, measurably independent, afforded these two irreconcilable
+systems full opportunity for complete development, and rendered it
+possible for them to maintain, each, a distinct existence in different
+localities, and to unfold their respective natures and tendencies, with
+comparatively little interference of the one with the other. Thus
+slavery soon became extinct in Massachusetts, and died out rather more
+slowly in the other Free States of the original thirteen. It flourished
+in Maryland and Virginia, and later, from peculiar circumstances, it
+grew rank, with unexampled fecundity, in the Carolinas and Georgia. Had
+the Government of the United States been consolidated, the conditions of
+slavery and free labor would have been wholly different; and it is
+reasonable to infer that the course of development of the respective
+systems would have been materially modified, if not altogether changed.
+We may pronounce with certainty that the institution would not have
+become extinct in the whole country as soon as it did in Massachusetts,
+or, indeed, in any one of the present Free States; but we can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>not assert
+that the converse of this proposition would have been true, and that the
+Government, as a centralized power, would have abolished slavery more
+certainly, and sooner, than the most backward of the separate States may
+now be expected to do, under the complex forms of our present
+Constitution. In a consolidated government, the power of the majority
+would have been competent to effect fundamental and universal changes,
+even to the extent of abolishing slavery; but without the existence of
+separate States, with their independent local legislation and
+administrations, the gradual undermining and destruction of the old
+system would have been a process of extreme procrastination and
+difficulty. It would have been a gigantic undertaking, convulsing the
+whole nation whenever attempted, and yet demanding the exercise of its
+united authority for its accomplishment. We should not have had the
+effective antagonism of the Free against the Slave States, nor the
+demonstration which results from the striking contrasts between the two
+systems in their effects on civilization, in all its forms of
+intelligence, enterprise, wealth, and improvement. Contiguous States,
+with separate jurisdictions, admitted a divergence of customs, laws, and
+institutions, remarkable in its character, and fraught with momentous
+consequences to the whole sisterhood. Nothing like this could have
+occurred under the consolidated form. It is true, according to the
+principles we have heretofore enounced as having been established by
+universal history and experience, slavery must have disappeared
+eventually, alike in a consolidated or a federal form of government; for
+it is now well understood by all enlightened thinkers, that different
+forms of polity may either facilitate or embarrass the natural
+development of society, but cannot actually create or altogether destroy
+the tendency to improvement. This tendency is innate in man, and
+independent of all forms of government, though not wholly unaffected by
+them. But in our vast country, under a centralized system, however
+democratic, it would have been far more difficult to initiate the work
+of emancipation, on account of the magnitude and unity of the power to
+be moved, and for want of those <i>points d'appui</i> afforded by the local
+organization and independent authority of the states in a confederacy.
+Our own experience, and the recent example of Russia, may serve to
+convince us that a consolidated representative republic would probably
+have been less favorable to the abolition of slavery than an imperial
+and despotic government. The serf-owners of Russia, had the question
+been submitted to them, would have been as little disposed to vote for
+the destruction of their system, as the slave-holders of America have
+shown themselves inclined to submit to the voice of the majority under
+our republican institutions.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, it was characteristic of our peculiar political forms, that they
+gave opportunity for the complete trial of each of the two plans of
+social organization which grew out of the early introduction of African
+slaves into the colonies. For while it seems to be clear that the
+federal system was most favorable to the disappearance of slavery from
+those localities where circumstances made emancipation easy and
+advantageous, it is equally plain that it afforded full scope to the
+growth and influence of the system of servile labor, wherever, from
+climatic conditions, it was peculiarly profitable, and otherwise adapted
+to the productions of the region, and to the prevailing sentiments of
+the people. The confederated form of government, therefore, almost of
+necessity originated the antagonism of Free States against Slave States;
+while, at the same time, and from the same cause, it enabled the
+opposite sections to give infinitely greater force and effect to this
+antagonism, than would have been possible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> under any other
+constitutional conditions. Rebellion might possibly have been initiated
+within the bosom of a consolidated republic, and such a government might
+well have been broken into two or more fragments; but this would have
+been far less likely to happen in that case than in existing
+circumstances. At all events, there would have been no room for the
+dangerous doctrine of secession, and that plausible pretext would have
+been wanting to the incipient rebellion; nor would there have been
+anything equivalent to the State organizations which unfortunately
+afforded the ready means of immediate and most effective combination.
+The inestimable advantages of our complex political system in avoiding
+the necessary despotism of consolidated government, by establishing
+local legislation and administration in a number of partially
+independent States, were in some measure counterbalanced by a natural
+tendency to discord among the parts, and a capacity for independent
+action in support and perpetuation of dangerous divergencies of opinion
+and policy. If some States could repudiate slave labor, and gradually
+build the fabric of their prosperity on the safer basis of universal
+education, others could, with equal disregard of everything but their
+own will and fancied interests, cherish and encourage the original
+system of servile subordination and compulsory ignorance of the laboring
+class, with which all the States started into their career of
+independence at the commencement of the Revolution. And, unhappily, both
+parties to this discordant social action were unrestrained by any
+constitutional obligation, or by any common authority whatever, in the
+indulgence, within their respective limits, of mutual hatred and
+vituperation, with all those numberless and exasperating injuries which
+no law can either notice or redress. These conflicting capabilities,
+with their attendant dangers, lurked in the body of our political
+organization from the very beginning. They were born with it; they grew
+with its growth, and strengthened with its strength, until the fatal
+hour when rebellion undertook the wicked work of its destruction.
+Whatever may be the actual issue of the struggle&mdash;whether the attempted
+dismemberment shall prove a success or a disastrous failure&mdash;the effect
+of the civil war on the character of our institutions must be
+commensurate with the organic character of the causes out of which it
+arose. So profound a disturbance of the existing social order, so vast
+an upheaval of the very foundations of the whole political fabric, must
+either rend it into fragments, and make necessary a complete
+reconstruction, or must cause it to settle down upon a basis firmer and
+more lasting than that on which it has hitherto rested. We think it
+almost absolutely certain that the latter result will be brought out in
+the end. It cannot be possible that our system will be utterly
+destroyed; and if, against all human probabilities, it should be
+momentarily overthrown, it will rise again hereafter in greater splendor
+and power, by reason of the very calamity through which it will have
+passed.</p>
+
+<p>The federative system, on this continent, will never be abandoned; it
+will be far more likely to be extended much beyond its present limits,
+even including that immense territory which has been the theatre of its
+origin and glorious progress down to the present day. Its superiority
+over any system of consolidated power on a large scale, is beyond all
+doubt, inasmuch as it provides effectually for the perfect freedom of
+local legislation and administration, and for the full participation of
+all the parts in the government of the whole, as to those questions
+which concern the general interests. But in this very distribution of
+powers always consisted the greatest difficulty and the most threatening
+peril; for nothing but actual experience, long continued, could adjust
+to each other with perfect accuracy the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> nicely balanced parts of this
+complicated political machinery. The principle of local independence is
+naturally liable to exaggeration and abuse. The State authorities have
+ever shown a tendency to claim absolute sovereignty, and to array their
+will against the authority of the Federal Government. This troublesome
+question, forever recurring in the important exigencies of our national
+life, has never been definitely settled, and perhaps it could not be,
+except under the pressure of a great and critical emergency like the
+present. One of the most important consequences of the rebellion will
+therefore be to dispose of this question forever&mdash;to settle the
+boundaries of the local and general authorities, and to fix them
+permanently and unalterably. This might possibly have been accomplished
+in the appointed way, by conventions and explanatory amendments to the
+Constitution. But such proceedings would have been subject to all the
+uncertain contingencies and delays involved in partisan struggles and
+popular elections, and to all the imperfections of halfway measures and
+expedients of compromise, born amid angry contentions, and bartered for
+by ambitious aspirants to place and power. By no other means could a
+complete and adequate arrangement of the difficulty be brought about so
+effectually as by the terrible lessons of this lamentable civil war.
+Nothing else would have been so well calculated to clear the eyes of the
+people of all illusions, and to give them an accurate insight into the
+character and demands of the crisis. Great disasters, which destroy the
+fortunes of men, and disturb the prosperity of nations, never fail to
+awaken the human soul, and impart to it some new and important truths.
+The sufferings and calamities of the war are indeed great and
+overwhelming; yet there will be some compensation for them all, in the
+sad experience we shall gain, and in the stability which will result to
+our sorely tried institutions in the future. Even if, against all
+apparent possibilities, the rebellious States should finally conquer
+their independence, not only the old Government, but even the new one
+itself, or the batch of new ones that will spring up, will have learned
+the most salutary lessons from the whole course of this sanguinary
+struggle. No sundering of such ties as have always heretofore existed
+among these States can ever take place peaceably. Both we and our
+enemies will have been taught the never-to-be-forgotten truth that
+secession is civil war. And we should probably have reason thereafter to
+add to this sad lesson the still more solemn and portentous one, that
+permanent separation of these States is nothing more or less than
+perpetual war, with the accompaniments of large standing armies, vast
+public debts, oppressive taxes, loss of liberty, and progressive decline
+of civilization. This state of things would, however, eventually cure
+itself. What is called the balance of power in Europe has been brought
+to its present condition of imperfect stability only through centuries
+of war. What bloody commotions should we experience before the
+conditions of stable equilibrium could be attained by the warring States
+of our broken Union? Each petty fragment of the discordant mass would
+contain within itself the germs of precisely such a struggle as we are
+now passing through. For though the Confederate Government may have
+ostensibly recognized the actual sovereignty of the separate States
+composing it, and thereby pretended to establish the principle of
+secession as a right, the war will not have reached its termination
+before that doctrine will be practically and effectually destroyed in
+the very contest for its assertion. At the moment of its apparent
+triumph, secession itself would expire; for so strong a government will
+be indispensable to this achievement, and to the maintenance of the new
+power, that the very principle which presided at its birth will be
+suspended<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> and destroyed by the paramount necessities of its existence
+and condition. Any one of the deluded States which might in that case
+attempt to assert this right, would soon find, in renewed calamities,
+the folly and danger of the theory on which it is founded.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing but the hope of foreign intervention has sustained the cause of
+the rebellion until the present time; and the realization of that hope
+can alone keep up its vitality, and give it success in the future. The
+disparity of strength and numbers in the two sections is decisive of the
+whole case, if they be left to conclude the fight themselves. The
+question is one of means and men, of resources and endurance; and when
+we consider the effects of the blockade, and of the probably action of
+the slaves under the policy of the President, or even under the ordinary
+progress of the war, no great length of time can be required to bring
+the contest to an issue, even if the armies of the Union should not at
+once succeed in overwhelming the enemy and taking possession of his
+country. In spite of discouraging delays and military blunders, and of
+all the waste of life and means which have hitherto marked the conduct
+of the war, the great struggle is still progressing rapidly, though
+silently, in other fields than those of battle, and with other weapons
+than bayonets and artillery. The sinews of war are gradually becoming
+shrivelled in the arm of the rebellion. Every bale of cotton locked up
+in the ports of the South, or hidden in its thickets and ravines, or
+given to the flames by ruthless hands of the guerillas, is so much
+strength withheld from the enemy, and, in the vast aggregate, will
+eventually be equivalent to the overthrow of his armies and the capture
+of his cities. The large number of slaves rushing to our lines, and the
+still greater number rendered restless under restraint, and preparing to
+escape, may be expected, in any other year, to make even his supply of
+bread precarious, and still further to paralyze his strength and destroy
+his means of resistance. But in addition to these accumulating
+difficulties and misfortunes, our armies are everywhere moving down upon
+him apparently with irresistible force, and threaten to anticipate the
+slower, but not less certain work of physical exhaustion. He is hard
+pressed in Virginia, where his pretended capital is again menaced; he is
+driven out of Kentucky and Missouri, and is fast receding before our
+victorious forces in Tennessee. We have penetrated into Mississippi, and
+await only the swelling of the waters to capture its last stronghold,
+Vicksburg, when the great valley from Cairo to New Orleans will be in
+our possession, and the rebel confederacy will be sundered through its
+very spine. We hold important points on the Atlantic coast and in the
+Gulf, including the great metropolis of the South, New Orleans, and the
+whole coast of Texas.</p>
+
+<p>By her own energies alone, these losses can never be recovered by the
+South. Without aid from abroad, there is not the remotest possibility of
+prolonging the contest for another year, much less of establishing the
+Confederate Government on any permanent basis. And even with such
+interference, supposing it to be successful, the career of the new power
+would be brief, and full of trouble. It would merely exchange its
+position of equality in the old Union, for one of degrading dependence
+and subserviency to some one of the great European Governments. The
+system of slavery could not be preserved. The demoralization has already
+gone too far; and no French sovereign or English administration could
+safely venture to interfere in our quarrel for the purpose of upholding
+that institution. In the midst of a dissolving social organization, this
+exhausted and fragmentary American power, galvanized into temporary
+vitality by the sinister aid of foreign arms, would be compelled to
+undertake the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> task of determining its boundaries, defending its
+frontiers, and reorganizing its chaotic society. All this would have to
+be accomplished in the presence of a still powerful adversary, jealous
+of her own rights, and ever ready to assert them, as opportunity would
+permit, in the face of all opposition. European affairs are not yet so
+thoroughly adjusted, and the peace of that continent established on so
+firm a basis, that complications may not be anticipated at almost any
+moment, which would at once free America from the disgraceful trammels
+of foreign intervention. It is doubtful whether such a movement from
+Europe could be successful, even under all the deplorable difficulties
+which now beset our country. Let any one of those Governments lay its
+hand on the United States, and revolution would probably hasten to rear
+its awful head, and so arouse the people of the continent as to shake
+and endanger the very thrones which now seem to be most firmly
+established. The unfriendly blow aimed at us might possibly react upon
+its authors, and transfer to them the misfortunes and disorders which
+now afflict this country. So just a retribution is not beyond the
+probabilities of the present situation in Europe, whether intervention
+should come from the English aristocracy or from the French emperor. The
+instincts of the people, everywhere, are on our side; their strong arms
+may not be slow to vindicate the judgment they pronounce, and to follow
+the sentiments and sympathies which animate their generous hearts.</p>
+
+<p>But in spite of all difficulties and discouragements, at home or abroad,
+we firmly believe our righteous cause will eventually prevail, and the
+Union be restored to even more than its former glory. The overthrow of
+the power of the rebellion, the utter exhaustion of all its resources,
+and the frightful derangement of its entire social economy, will leave
+the people of the South in a condition of helplessness which will render
+further resistance impracticable. An immediate resumption of hostilities
+will be effectually prevented by the military force which will
+necessarily be maintained for some time after the close of the final
+campaign of the war; and before the strength of the rebellious States
+can be recruited for another similar contest, new ideas will be
+engendered, and new sentiments of attachment to the Union may be
+expected to grow up and take the place of that unnatural bitterness
+which has exasperated the war and prolonged its horrors. An inevitable
+change of institutions in the South, with moderate and conciliatory
+measures on the part of the North, will serve gradually to heal the
+dangerous wound, self-inflicted, which has so nearly destroyed the very
+existence of the fairest and most favored part of our country. In the
+end, a homogeneous society will extend over the whole Union, and new
+vigor will be infused into our political organization, by reason of its
+recovery from the terrible disease by which it has been attacked and for
+a time utterly prostrated. The alterative effects of this critical
+danger overcome, and of the treatment rendered necessary, will doubtless
+be one of the most important consequences of the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>The dogma of secession, as applied to our complex government, is
+inconsistent with reason, and has often been effectually refuted by
+argument. But sophistry, stimulated by ambition, was ever ready to renew
+the controversy, and to perpetuate it in all the forms of vicious logic
+and plausible ratiocination. The appeal to force, however, has done
+something more than refute an argument; it has already discomfited the
+whole theory, and it will not end short of the utter annihilation of the
+very idea of secession as a right, and as a remedy for any evils,
+fancied or real, which may be suffered or imagined under our Government.
+After the close of the war, when men look back to its bloody fields and
+its awful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> sacrifices, they will be amazed at the insane folly which
+permitted them to consider the great American Union, with its honorable
+history, its wonderful progress, its immense power, and its proud
+standing among the nations, as a mere league among petty states, to be
+dissolved at pleasure&mdash;as a thing to be broken into fragments, and to be
+divided among ambitious aspirants, to be made the sport of domestic
+faction, or of foreign rapacity and domination, changing its form and
+proportions with every change of popular feeling and every restless
+movement of popular discontent. These fatal delusions will be made to
+disappear forever, and in their place there will remain in the minds of
+men the image of a majestic Government, tried in the furnace of civil
+war, made solid and immovable by its grand and successful efforts to
+resist the threatened overthrow of its power, and becoming paternal by
+the recovery of its wonted strength, which will permit and require the
+exercise of magnanimous forbearance even toward those misguided citizens
+who have raised their traitorous hands against it. Thus, with the awe
+and fear which will be inspired by the tremendous energy put forth to
+conquer the rebellion&mdash;an energy which will appear only so much the
+greater and more imposing in proportion to the difficulties and dangers
+met and overcome&mdash;there will be mingled the better sentiments of love
+and veneration for a Government which re-establishes order, secures
+protection to all civil rights, and restores, unimpaired, the liberties
+which have been disregarded for a time, in order that they might be
+permanently saved. To the people of the United States, the Union will be
+what it never was before, and what it never could have been without the
+sad experience it is undergoing now. Not that any change of form need be
+effected, or any violence done to the principles on which our system is
+founded. The change will be solely in the spirit in which our
+institutions will be administered, arising from the altered sentiments
+and feelings of the whole people. They will see their Government in a
+new light&mdash;a light thrown on it by the grand events of the rebellion,
+revealing capabilities and powers not hitherto known to exist, and
+exhibiting it as the sole refuge in times of commotion and danger,
+standing unmoved amidst the storm, impregnable to all its violence. In
+the public recognition, by universal acquiescence, it will be considered
+stronger than before; and this transformation will be as much a change
+in the minds of the people as in the character and functions of the
+Government itself.</p>
+
+<p>There is, however, no good reason why the central power should acquire
+inordinate strength, and absorb any part of the legitimate functions of
+the local governments. A more liberal interpretation of the Constitution
+will somewhat extend the federal powers, and there will necessarily be
+greater intensity in the exercise of acknowledged authority;
+nevertheless, consolidation need not be the subject of serious
+apprehension. At the beginning of the war, when the Union was sorely
+beset with the most imminent dangers, the executive power was extended
+far beyond its ordinary limits; and perhaps this excess of action has
+been in some cases too long continued, and has been made to embrace
+objects not legitimately within the emergency which originally justified
+the departure. But even under present circumstances, there can be no
+just cause for alarm. There can be no real danger, until the people
+shall have become either overawed and silenced by terror, or careless
+and indifferent to the encroachments on liberty. Such is evidently very
+far from being the case now. The recent elections have shown how
+entirely free is the expression of opinion, and how completely
+untrammelled the political action of the people, who, in this instance,
+have been charged with follow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>ing their leaders even beyond the bounds
+of just opposition, into the dangerous position of giving encouragement
+to the enemy. Both parties, however, place their own peculiar
+construction on these popular decisions, and it is difficult to
+determine, with any accuracy, what is their actual import. We only know
+that so extensive a change, affecting the position of many of the
+largest States, indicates a serious dissatisfaction of some kind; though
+it is by no means probable that the people have intended to sanction the
+extreme and mischievous views of some of the candidates, who, here and
+there, have secured their election. Factious divisions in the loyal
+States, at this critical period, would be ruinous to the cause of the
+Union. They would distract the public mind and weaken the arm of the
+Government, so as to endanger its success in the war. There is no
+indication of any such intention on the part of the people, whatever may
+be the designs of some of those who have been successful leaders of this
+threatening opposition. And the only effect which ought to follow the
+recent popular demonstration is to admonish the Government, and check it
+in those errors which are only too natural in the mighty contest in
+which it is now engaged. The necessity for decision, vigor, and courage,
+is indeed apparent; and the temptation to go beyond the limits even of
+proper martial energy, is perhaps a sufficient excuse for those in
+power, whose deep sense of responsibility and honest zeal in a holy
+cause may sometimes lead them astray. It is not always given to men in
+high position to remain cool and calm in great emergencies, and to take
+comprehensive views of the requirements of so tremendous a contest, as
+its aspects vary from time to time. The necessary exercise of military
+authority for the preservation of the Government, however harsh and
+severe it may be, will be everywhere justified, and even applauded. But
+there are limits which even military license ought to respect; and when
+the executive authorities go beyond the bounds of reason and necessity,
+they ought themselves to be grateful to those who may have the courage
+to throw themselves into the breach and sternly resist the violation of
+right. The men in power ought to reflect that they are always liable to
+be surrounded by subservient partisans, whose fears or selfish purposes
+may induce them to applaud, when they ought to condemn and reprove.
+Unfortunately, when such parasites are listened to and rewarded, there
+is little hope of just and patriotic action; and this state of things
+leaves no channel of escape, through which the public discontent can be
+manifested, except that of partisan opposition, which, in the existing
+crisis, is perhaps more dangerous even than the evil it pretends to
+condemn and cure. While party divisions, in the midst of dangers such as
+now threaten us, are greatly to be deplored, we can, nevertheless,
+derive some satisfaction from results which otherwise we cannot
+altogether approve. All the essential principles of freedom still
+remain, through this great trial, undestroyed and unsuppressed by
+terrorism; and the popular patriotism and sound common sense, though
+liable to be misled at first, will eventually pronounce a just and
+enlightened judgment. Parasites and flatterers may shrink from the task
+of dissent; but the great heart of the people will find some means of
+expression; and happy will be our country if their honest warnings,
+given upon 'the sober second thought,' shall be noticed and duly heeded.
+There will then be no danger of any serious invasions of liberty, or of
+any permanent absorption of the proper constitutional functions of the
+States by the Federal Government. Doubtless the central power will be,
+and ought to be strengthened. Its standing army will necessarily be
+larger than before the rebellion; the public debt will be greatly
+increased; the taxes will be heavier;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> and the revenue and disbursements
+larger. Though its functions will remain essentially the same in nature,
+they will have a broader sweep and a greater power. This enlargement of
+its ordinary action will naturally invest it with all the means and
+capacities necessary for its own protection, and without any change of
+the Constitution, it will be recognized as the true embodiment of our
+permanent nationality, forever paramount in its appointed sphere and
+appropriate functions to those of the individual States composing it.
+The sum and substance of the change will be merely that the centripetal
+and centrifugal forces of the system will have become so completely
+adjusted to each other, that from this time forward the eternal
+equilibrium of the whole will be secured. The States will not be shorn
+of any power rightfully theirs, and necessary for their safety and
+progress; but they will be fixed in definite orbits, with the limits of
+their authority distinctly circumscribed and established.</p>
+
+<p>All social changes, sooner or later, produce their appropriate effects
+on political institutions; and no results of the rebellion will be more
+prominent and important than those which will follow the inevitable
+disappearance of slavery. A new system of labor will be inaugurated in
+the border States, as well as in those now in rebellion. The great act
+of emancipation may not be immediate; nor is it by any means desirable
+it should be. So radical a change in the condition of millions of
+uneducated men would be quite as inconvenient, and, indeed, disastrous
+to themselves, for the time being, as to their present owners. Society
+itself would be thrown into the utmost confusion, and all the resources
+of both parties would be temporarily much diminished, if not nearly
+destroyed. But, whether suddenly or gradually, this fundamental change
+must take place; for it is self-evident that slavery cannot survive the
+present struggle. The proclamation of the President, which is to take
+effect on the 1st of January next, will make emancipation more complete
+and speedy; but the same result would have followed the stubborn
+resistance of the rebels, even without that momentous act. It would be a
+mischievous error to believe that emancipation was originally the aim
+and object of the war on the part of the Union, and that the liberation
+of slaves, which was sure to follow its progress, is the direct act of
+our authorities, and not the proper consequence of the rebellion itself.
+A war waged for and on account of slavery&mdash;for its increase and
+perpetuation&mdash;necessarily, by its own nature, puts that institution at
+stake, and risks it on the contingency of failure. Compelled, in defence
+of the national unity, to carry the war into the heart of the Southern
+States, the world acquiesces in that sound and necessary policy, which
+releases the slaves, and sets them free forever, as fast as they come
+within the protection of our armies. The proclamation is a measure of
+the same nature, intended to destroy the resources of the enemy, and to
+wound him in his most vulnerable point. But it can accomplish little
+more than the previous policy; for the slumbering hopes of the slaves
+were aroused by the first gun fired at Charleston in the beginning of
+the struggle. Every movement of armies, and every bloody battle, which
+has since taken place, has only served to inflame their desire for
+freedom, and to fix their determination to obtain it. They have received
+and gladly welcomed the obscure idea, that, in some way, this sanguinary
+conflict was initiated for their benefit, and will not end without their
+complete emancipation. In this they are not mistaken. The final
+suppression of the rebellion by military force will be the perfect
+consummation of that end, accomplished through the treason and wicked
+folly of the South herself. If she persevere in her stubborn resistance
+to the au<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>thority of the Union, the great measure of liberation will be
+the result of her own blind and wilful acts of madness, and this as well
+through their natural and necessary consequences as by the terms and
+import of the President's proclamation. Let slavery destroy itself. It
+is a just and righteous judgment that, in its atrocious effort to
+destroy the nation, it should accomplish chiefly, if not solely, its own
+violent and bloody death. Such retribution often attends the commission
+of great crimes; but it seldom happens that effects so momentous for
+good flow from the infliction which seems intended only for punishment.</p>
+
+<p>Under all circumstances, with or without the proclamation, slavery must
+disappear soon after the suppression of the rebellion. From that time,
+the States will become more and more homogeneous in their social
+organization. This will tend to promote unanimity among them all, and
+therefore, by an obvious process, to strengthen the rightful power of
+the Federal Government. The vast extent of our country, comprising so
+many varieties of condition and climate, and such diversities of
+production, rising through every grade of elevation, from the Atlantic
+seacoast to the central mountains, and thence again descending to the
+shores of the Pacific, with mighty rivers running through nearly twenty
+parallels of latitude&mdash;this magnificent seat of republican power affords
+the most unbounded resources for industry in all its employments, and
+for commercial interchange of productions on the most gigantic scale.
+With free labor prevailing everywhere throughout this vast and splendid
+region of the temperate zone, no limits can be assigned to the national
+progress. The population, wealth, activity, and intelligence of the most
+favored among the Free States at the present day, can alone offer the
+measure and example of what the whole will be in the full maturity of
+the new system. No European complexities of inter-state relations, no
+oppressive restrictions on domestic commerce, no fatal divergencies of
+opinion and feeling, no important differences of language and
+literature&mdash;none of these obstructions to harmony and progress will
+interfere with the continental development and glorious destiny of our
+Federal Union. All that the earth yields from her teeming surface, or
+from her deep-embowelled mines; all that enterprise can accomplish with
+exhaustless means, the best facilities, and the most stupendous objects;
+and all that genius can create, when stimulated by the richest rewards
+and the freest opportunities for untrammelled exertion, will supply us
+with the means and materials for an almost infinite variety of pursuits
+and occupations; but, at the same time, the essential unity of our
+complex institutions will be maintained, and their power extended and
+exalted by the homogeneity and uniformity of social conditions which
+will prevail more and more with the lapse of years and the succession of
+generations. The blood of all kindred races will be mingled with
+advantage in the veins of the cosmopolitan American; religions will be
+harmonized and unified by the most fraternal liberality and unbounded
+toleration; and the common enlightenment of the whole people by means of
+universal education will exalt them to a condition of unexampled power
+and prosperity. Just as dissensions among the States tend to weaken the
+central power, their uniform and cordial co&ouml;peration will give immense
+strength to the whole. Nor will this increase of power be at all
+dangerous, because it will be only the legitimate consequence of the
+greater progress and prosperity of the States themselves. To whatever
+height the greatness of the Union may attain, it will be determined
+exactly by that of the States which compose it&mdash;the pyramid of its power
+being made up of theirs, which are but the enduring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> blocks of which the
+mighty structure is built.</p>
+
+<p>If social unity and political strength will be promoted by the
+suppression of the rebellion and the disappearance of slavery, the ties
+of our Union will be made stronger also by other causes. Emerging from
+the war victorious, not only without being seriously injured, but with
+eventual and speedy increase of power, the Union will command the
+respect of foreign nations in a higher degree than ever before. Those
+European nations, or rather their rulers and nobles, who now in their
+malignant envy hope for the permanent dismemberment of America, will
+then hail her resuscitation with a zeal which will be none the less
+advantageous to us for being forced from them in spite of their present
+hate and detraction. If the division of our country would destroy its
+influence abroad, and subject the parts to constant intrigues and
+interference from foreign powers, the restoration of the Union with even
+more than its former glory will give us unexampled weight in the
+counsels of mankind. Our unexpected and astounding exhibition of
+military power, our thorough command of the American continent, and its
+immense resources, hardly yet begun to be developed, and the unlimited
+prosperity which the future will assuredly bring us, cannot fail to
+strike the minds of European thinkers, and to awaken deep interest among
+the European people. The stream of immigration, interrupted by the war,
+will be renewed with at least its former fulness, and will keep pace
+with the demands of our country for labor and population. The South may
+then be expected to receive her full share of this increase by people
+from abroad, and will then commence that process of condensing and
+permanently fixing her population, without which she can never attain
+any high position in the scale of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>The large public debt destined to be incurred, may be expected to have
+some influence in preventing immigration and improvement; but unless the
+war shall unfortunately linger far beyond the period at which its end is
+now anticipated, the liabilities of the Government will not be so great
+as to prevent the speedy return of our usual prosperity. A different and
+far better system of taxation will be required&mdash;one more favorable to
+commerce and at the same time equally productive, or at least
+sufficiently so to meet all our liabilities and provide for the
+extinguishment of the debt within a reasonable time. One of the
+advantages attending this great debt and modifying its certain evils and
+burdens, will be the necessity of devising a stable revenue system,
+intended solely to provide means for sustaining the Government and
+meeting the public obligations. Periodical changes, often depending on
+party ascendency and popular elections, have hitherto marked the
+financial policy of our Government. So long as the sources of revenue
+were superabundant and the demands of the Treasury very moderate, we
+could well afford to make experiments, and even to depart from the true
+principles of taxation, or at least to do so without any very serious or
+ruinous consequences. Now, however, when the public expenditure is about
+to be vastly increased, and when it will be for the first time really
+felt by the people, it will become the first duty of our rulers to study
+the extent and true character of our resources, and to adjust the
+burdens of taxation, with all practicable fairness, to the respective
+capacities of all classes and interests. We may expect to have a system
+stable and permanent in its principles, if not in its details; and the
+basis of this system will be a wise arrangement of duties on imports,
+which must, from various reasons, ever form the great bulk of our taxes.</p>
+
+<p>It is not an American maxim that a great public debt is a public
+blessing; nor is it likely that an educated and eminently practical
+people like ours<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> will ever accept that mischievous paradox. Yet if it
+be desirable that our large public debt should be widely scattered among
+the people, so that every man may be directly interested in maintaining
+the public credit and the stability of the Government, the present
+system, now but imperfectly adapted to that object, might easily be made
+to accomplish it fully. If the Treasury notes recently issued were the
+only paper circulation in the country&mdash;that is to say, if the banks were
+prohibited, by taxation or otherwise, from making any issues of their
+own&mdash;the Government might increase their amount to at least five hundred
+millions, with even less than the present depreciation, and would thus
+enjoy the benefit of a loan to that amount without the payment of any
+interest. As it is now, the banks get the advantage of a great part of
+this extensive loan, and at the same time perform a function which
+properly belongs to the Government&mdash;that of furnishing a currency for
+the people. By the proposed system, the entire community would be
+interested in this part of the public debt, and would doubtless find the
+circulating medium much safer and better than that now manufactured by
+the numberless banks chartered by the States. The issue of these notes
+by State institutions was always an evasion of that clause of the
+Constitution which prohibits the States from issuing bills of credit,
+and is plainly against the spirit and intention of the instrument. If
+our public debt should, in this way, eventually drive all bank notes out
+of circulation and banish them forever, it will have accomplished a
+valuable work in restoring the true construction of the Constitution,
+and, in this particular at least, will have proved a public blessing. It
+will be very easy, in the course of time, to redeem the Treasury notes,
+and gradually to substitute for them a species of national paper based
+on actual deposits, which will afford all the conveniences with none of
+the dangers of the present system, by which the local banks virtually
+establish the currency of the country, flooding it with all varieties of
+paper, without uniformity of value, with no adequate control or
+regulation of its quantity, thus producing periodical convulsions and
+robbing the people of their hard-earned savings.</p>
+
+<p>If the rebellion, by the burdens which it leaves behind, shall bring
+about these two results&mdash;the adoption of a wise and permanent system of
+revenue, and the establishment of a sound currency by the prohibition of
+all bank circulation&mdash;it will have accomplished ends only inferior in
+importance to the two primary consequences, the overthrow of the
+principle of secession and the destruction of slavery. Thus, this
+tremendous convulsion would bring out of the chaos a new order in the
+political world, by annihilating secession, and by perpetuating the
+Union and banishing all fear of its dissolution; in the social, by
+substituting free men for slaves; in the financial, by a permanent
+adjustment of tariffs and taxation; and in the commercial, by the
+prohibition of bank paper and the substitution of a safe and uniform
+currency.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_OR_SUMMER_IN_THE_CITY" id="I_OR_SUMMER_IN_THE_CITY"></a>'I;' OR, SUMMER IN THE CITY.'</h2>
+
+<p class="center">'I love the sweet security of streets.'&mdash;<span class="smcap">Charles Lamb</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>'I,' my charming friend, do not fully sympathize with the late Mr.
+Lamb's statement, as quoted above; which statement I always have
+believed partially owed its origin to its very tempting alliterative
+robe.</p>
+
+<p>For myself, I do <i>not</i> particularly like the 'sweet security of
+streets,' but vastly prefer 'a boundless contiguity of shade,'
+especially during the present month&mdash;August&mdash;or</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'A life on the ocean wave.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I do not mean a permanent residence there&mdash;that would be liable to be
+damp and unhealthy, and altogether too insecure to be 'sweet;'&mdash;but when
+I say a 'life on the ocean wave,' it is merely my poetical license for a
+cottage at Newport. (I wish, indeed, that I had any <i>but</i> a poetical one
+for such a possession!)</p>
+
+<p>But what folly for me to talk of a cottage there! when my limited income
+does not even admit of a cot in the cheapest of seaside inns.</p>
+
+<p>Gentle reader! shrink not from me when, in addition to this melancholy
+confidence, I also announce to you that I live in town&mdash;in 'Boston
+town,' to be accurate&mdash;during August! I belong to the 'lower orders of
+society;' and my only Newport is the Public Garden, or a walk to
+Longwood, and, when I am <i>very</i> affluent, a horse-car drive to Savin
+hill, where a teaspoonful of sea view is administered to the humble
+wayfarer.</p>
+
+<p>Yes! I positively did exist in the city, not only through the month of
+August, but all the summer days of all the summer months. I mention
+<i>August</i> in the city, because I know that has a peculiarly God-forgotten
+and forsaken sound.</p>
+
+<p>I should soon cease to exist anywhere, I fancy, if I did <i>not</i> stay in
+town, for (horror No. 2!) I work at a trade in order to earn my daily
+bread and coffee! What my particular trade is, I am not going to
+divulge&mdash;that shall remain a delicious mystery (the only delicious thing
+about it); only this much I will confide: I do not, <i>&agrave; la</i> Mr. Frederick
+Altamont, 'sweep the crossing.' Unhappy Altamont! he did not appreciate
+the sweet security of streets.</p>
+
+<p>'Poor thing!' you exclaim, 'work at a trade?'</p>
+
+<p>Rest tranquil, fair one; the phrase doubtless sounds harshly to your
+delicate, aristocratic ears. (Oh, what lovely earrings!) Be tranquil! I
+do not work <i>very</i> hard; my hands are perhaps so audacious as to be as
+small, as white, and as soft as your own.</p>
+
+<p>But I have to 'work reg'lar,' every week day of all the months of every
+year; and when the time arrives for me to go into the country, I shall
+not return again to Boston; for I shall go to a land from whence no
+traveller returns. <i>Apropos</i> of this rather dismal topic: A queer cousin
+of mine, 'Sans Souci,' who has a taste for 'morbid anatomy,' was the
+other day enjoying himself with Mr. Smith, the cheerful sexton of the
+King's Chapel. These two were 'down among the dead men,' under the
+church, when Mr. Smith apologized for leaving my cousin, on the plea
+that he had a previous engagement to take a young gentleman into the
+country&mdash;a delicate way of stating that he was about to convey a body
+out to Mount Auburn!</p>
+
+<p>Some fine day, I too shall take a drive with some Mr. Smith&mdash;not, of
+course, <i>the</i> S. C. Smith, for, as I have mentioned, 'I' belong to the
+'lower orders.'</p>
+
+<p>Now let me tell you of <i>my</i> Newport,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> and of what mitigations there are
+for the poor wretches who pass their summer in the city, to whom the
+joys of Sharon, Saratoga, the Hudson, and of Lake George are as
+impossible as though these delightful resorts were in other planets.
+Perhaps, like Mr. T. A.'s 'good Americans,' they have a vague hope that
+when they die they can visit these famous places! For myself, I long ago
+made out my 'visiting list.' Oh, bless you! as soon as I shall be 'out
+of the body,' I shall start on the most delightful tour (no bother about
+the luggage, checks, or couriers!); it will be years and years before I
+fairly 'settle down' in that</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'bright particular star'
+</p>
+
+<p>I have selected for my permanent residence. Yes! you horrible madame!
+oh, you horrible madame, who express your fears that I shall 'never be
+settled,' speaking of me as if I were the coffee in your
+coffee-pot&mdash;(only, of course, such a well-regulated dame's coffee is
+never anything but <i>quite</i> clear and settled)&mdash;yes, to relieve your
+poor, narrow mind, I can bid you hope that in another and pleasanter
+world I fully expect to be&mdash;'settled.' I tell you this beforehand, for I
+am very sure that you won't go to the same planet, and therefore will
+never have the satisfaction of knowing the fact from personal
+observation.</p>
+
+<p>But what am I about? Building castles in the skies! Mr. Editor Leland,
+as usual, protests against my sad lack of con-cen-tra-tion! Let us
+concentrate, therefore, my beloved hearers! With or without sugar? Oh, I
+was beginning to tell you about Newport&mdash;<i>my</i> Newport, the Public Garden
+of Boston, <i>alias</i> Hub-opolis&mdash;which you, poor things! belonging to the
+'higher orders' and living on Arlington, Berkely, Clarendon, and the
+Duke of Devonshire streets, never have a chance to see in its Augustan
+pomp and glory. In fact, till this summer, its 'pomp and glory' were
+quite concealed by dust and ashes; but now, thanks to the 'City
+Fathers,' it is</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'Ye land of flowers.'
+</p>
+
+<p>Let me describe it to you; for though your dwellings are directly
+opposite, yet, custom compelling you to leave them before the flower
+season begins, you in reality know less of it than I do, living in a
+street whose name must not be mentioned to ears polite. 'Tis far from
+the Beacon 'haunts of men,' far from the Garden, and uncommonly far from
+the Common. I rise betimes on these summer mornings, and, before I go to
+my work, shaking off the dust of my obscure street, I enter your sacred
+precincts, oh, F. F. B.'s! Bless you, it can do you no harm, for even
+your boudoirs do not look out at me; their eyes are shuttered to all
+such vulgar sights. It was impertinent, but this morning I pitied you
+(<i>you!</i>) that you could not see the wondrous beauty of the&mdash;<i>city in
+August!</i></p>
+
+<p>The morning was gloriously beautiful: it might have been the sister to
+that one born so long ago, on which its Creator looked, and said that it
+was 'good.' I actually forgot that I had no position; I imagined I had,
+for the very brightest beauty filled my soul&mdash;I saw angels ascending and
+descending (not Beacon street, as in the winter season) the charmed air
+around me. 'Ye land of flowers,' indeed! All of them mine&mdash;mine, though
+I must not pluck the humblest one. In truth, I had no desire to do so.
+Why should I take the lovely creatures from their beautiful home, to the
+close, dull room where I must sit all the bright day? Let me rather
+think of them fresh, free, and happy there, as I often think of a
+golden-haired child in heaven; one so dear to my heart of hearts, I
+bless God that I <i>can</i> think of her there with the angels who stand
+nearest the Throne&mdash;and far, far away the weary paths that I must tread
+to the end. But if heaven had not wanted another cherub, and she had
+been left to be the flower<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> of my life, think you I could have seen her
+beauty wither in the dull room to which I must hasten in an hour? No! a
+thousand times no! I should leave her with her sisters in the garden
+here, with her cousins, the birds and butterflies, while I worked for
+both. Lilies must neither 'toil nor spin.' How idly I am dreaming! She
+is far away from this worky-day world; I shall never see her again, but
+in dreams, as now! Little sister! with starry eyes, and soft curls
+clustering around the sweet infant face; so many nights the same bright
+vision&mdash;with the same wreath which I myself placed on her head, of May's
+pale flowers, and she the palest. Only lilies of the valley, I remember,
+seemed fitting for my darling's brow, or to grow on</p>
+
+
+<h3>ANNIE'S GRAVE.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Bright Roses, wither on the spray!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Your sweetness mocks the doom</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Of her whose cheeks, so pale to-day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Were rivals of your bloom.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Sweet Violets, I charge ye, fade!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Wear not those robes of blue,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">For eyes are closed which Nature made</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Of a more lovely hue.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Pale Lilies, sad and drooping low,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">With perfume like her breath,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">On Annie's grave alone shall grow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Fair flower, plucked by Death</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+   <p>Call it an affectation, if you will, but I
+   never take a flower from its home without
+   a slight twinge of pain. I <i>know</i> it
+   suffers! However, I have no scruples in
+   accepting flowers after they are plucked
+   by others. So pray do not hesitate
+   about sending me that superb bouquet,
+   which you intended to send me <i>to-morrow</i>!
+   Have you never observed the
+   brutal habit which 'some persons'
+   have, of recklessly attacking shrubs
+   and flowers, as though they were rank
+   weeds (or secessionists), and, without
+   in the least enjoying their spoils, tossing
+   their quivering, trembling victims
+   aside, before they are dead or even
+   withered? Such are not worthy of
+   flowers, excepting French flowers,
+   which are not supposed to suffer. Oh,
+   my countrywomen! would that they
+   <i>did</i> suffer a little from our neglect.</p>
+
+   <p>Do you know who Lacoontol&acirc; is?
+   I have made her acquaintance this
+   summer, and find it one of the compensations
+   for passing the summer in
+   town.</p>
+
+   <p>She is to be found at the City
+   Library&mdash;'Lacoontol&acirc;, or, The Fatal
+   Ring,' translated from the Sanscrit.
+   Go there for her, I pray you, and you
+   will admire with me the exquisite description
+   of her tenderness to these
+   'flower people,' as Mrs. Mann calls them.</p>
+
+   <p>But, pardon! You who belong to the
+   'highest orders' must be already intimate
+   with Mlle. Lacoontol&acirc;, for she is
+   highly connected: her papa was a king
+   (quite equal in position to Mr. Abe
+   Lincoln); her mamma, I regret to
+   state, though a very charming person,
+   was an actress or goddess, or something
+   in that line. Lacoontol&acirc;, however, in
+   spite of her papa's indiscretion, married
+   a prince, and was, in fact, perfectly
+   genteel and quite religious. Before
+   her marriage, she appears to have
+   'lived in the woods' the year round;
+   her wardrobe being 'turu-lural.' She
+   used to wear the 'dearest' little zouave
+   of the 'tender bark' of the 'Aurora
+   tree.'</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'Rich and rare were the gems she wore,'
+</p>
+
+<p>for her bracelets were the 'long perfumed stems of the waterlilies!' and
+in her hair the lotus flower, in place of a lace <i>barbe</i>!</p>
+
+<p>There is a very beautiful description of Lacoontol&acirc;'s love and tender
+treatment of all the flowers and shrubs&mdash;her companions&mdash;and of all
+<i>dumb</i> animals. (<i>On dit</i> that the prince was henpecked by <i>Mrs.</i> L.!)</p>
+
+<p>This wild girl had a human love for the forest flowers; she says to
+thee, Madhari Creeper: 'Oh, most radiant of twining plants, receive my
+embraces, and return them with thy flexible arms: from this day, though
+at a dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>tance, I shall forever be thine.' How unconventional! I fancy
+Mlle. L. must have inherited this style of conversation from her mamma;
+all very well, when confined to flowers and 'creeping' things; but one
+day, as she was out walking, she met 'by chance&mdash;the usual way,' Prince
+Dashuranti, and our young lady said pretty much the same sort of thing
+to him as to the 'Creeper,' falling violently in love with him at first
+sight. It struck H. R. H. as a little peculiar&mdash;rather extraordinary in
+a well-bred miss; but as it was leap year, and learning that she was the
+only child, and would inherit all of papa's immense fortune, he married
+her 'off-hand;'&mdash;well, that very afternoon at four o'clock&mdash;by the
+sundial. You see it didn't take so long 'in those days,' to get the
+trousseau, and all 'the things' in readiness. Papa raised his
+sceptre-wand, and mumbled some infernal gibberish&mdash;and, lo! all the
+trees and shrubs blossomed instanter, with the 'sweetest loves' of
+things trimmed with 'real point;'&mdash;well, with something just as
+delicious to the soul of a young (or middle-aged) maiden on the eve of
+matrimony. There was no necessity, either, for an order to Bigelow
+Bros., Boston&mdash;since, if Dushuranti wished to present her with a pair of
+bracelets on her wedding day, he had but to 'push out' on the pond, and
+get some waterlilies!</p>
+
+<p>The 'gibberish' in which the old gentleman is said to have invoked the
+backwoods 'Chandlers' and 'Hoveys,' I will obligingly translate for you,
+as possibly you may not be able to read it in the original Sanscrit! Oh!
+don't tell <i>me</i> that you 'won't trouble me,' and all that. I <i>will</i> bore
+you, and nobody can save you!</p>
+
+<p>'Hear, O ye trees of this hallowed forest, hear and proclaim that
+Lacoontol&acirc; is going to the palace of her wedded lord. She who drank not,
+though thirsty, before you were watered; she who cropped not, through
+affection for you, one of your fresh leaves, though she would have been
+pleased with such an ornament for her locks; she whose chief delight was
+in the season when your branches are sprayed with flowers,' &amp;c., &amp;c.
+Should you like a photograph of this charming person, Lacoontol&acirc;, taken
+by Black &amp; Batchelder, at the time of her marriage, 'Williams &amp; Everett'
+can oblige you. You will perceive, from her picture, that she is not too
+fond of dress, or a 'slave to fashion.'</p>
+
+<p>'Rappacini's daughter' (one of Hawthorne's Mosses) was a morbid
+'Lacoontol&acirc;.' She loved her flowers,&mdash;'not wisely, but too well!' She
+became a sort of exterminatrix&mdash;a strychninus young person! From the
+poisonous <i>arsenic</i> embraces of her garden loves, she acquired, you
+remember, her fatal, glowing beauty&mdash;beauty altogether 'too rich for
+use, for earth too dear,' since it consigned the 'party' ensnared by it
+to the silent tomb!</p>
+
+<p>'Rappacini's daughter,' indeed! Lovely girl-woman, seated at yonder bay
+window (to be accurate, the 'Back Bay window'!), playing with your ten
+cherub children; your tropical 'midsummer-night's-dream' beauty recalls
+Beatrice (Hawthorne's Beatrice I mean). How many have <i>you</i> slain, my
+love? And Madame Grundy echoes: 'Their name is legion!' 'A quick
+brunette, well moulded, falcon-eyed'! As in the description of Beatrice,
+one is reminded 'of all rich and intense colors'&mdash;the purple-black hair,
+the crimson cheek, the scarlet lips. And the eyes? ah! gazing into those
+wonderful eyes, one forgets the color they wear, in trying to interpret
+their language! 'Cleopatra!' who would not be an Antony for thee? <i>I
+would not!</i></p>
+
+<p>I have unconsciously interrupted a lady in her morning bath!&mdash;the 'stone
+lady' of the fountain. She seems to be looking for her Turkish towel,
+judging from her anxious expression! Rather a good-looking person&mdash;quite
+pretty, if only she would go to Summer street and purchase a black silk.
+Dress, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> fancy, would improve 'her style of beauty.' Poor thing! it's
+rather a long walk to take, <i>&agrave; la</i> 'Lacoontol&acirc;'! I must lend her my
+waterproof, only she appears already to be water-proved! How she <i>must</i>
+envy the coloring and the clothes of my beautiful dame of the window!</p>
+
+<p>But my hour is passing away! '<i>Resurgam</i>'&mdash;as the sun incorrectly
+remarked this morning&mdash;and go on my way, rejoicing to say 'bon jour' to
+all my dear flower friends. And first, the 'Asters'&mdash;they always were
+rich, you know, from 'John Jacob' down; but this summer, <i>malgr&egrave;</i> taxes
+and curtailment of incomes and go-comes, the family appear in
+unprecedented splendor. What gorgeous Organdies! all quilled in the
+fashion&mdash;but not by Madame Peinot: her cunning right hand, with all its
+cunning, ne'er quilled so exquisitely. Those graceful, fragile Petunias
+(what a family of sisters!), in their delicate <i>glaze</i> silks (ratherish
+<i>d&eacute;collet&eacute;!</i>), and the Superbia, Empress 'Gladiolus,' in brocade of such
+daring hues, may call the Asters 'stiff and prudish' in their quilled
+muslins; but, what say the Asters in return? Ah! what do they <i>not</i> say?</p>
+
+<p>The Verbenas seem fairly delirious this morning, as though the
+consciousness of their own beauty made them run wildly from their beds
+into the paths, to say to the passers-by, with their bright little
+faces:</p>
+
+<p>'See! am I not charming?'</p>
+
+<p>Well, you <i>are</i> pretty&mdash;<i>very</i> pretty; but I care not for you as for
+your plainer stepsister, the 'sweet-scented Verbena.' She has a pale,
+sad face; but she has a <i>soul</i>, which you have not, poor things! for
+perfume is the soul of 'flower people.'</p>
+
+<p>But, who wants gold? Lives there a man with purse so full who does <i>not</i>
+want it? Well, then, snatch that heap of sunshine, that dazzling
+Coreopsis, and be off before the policeman turns into this path. Ah, ye
+Daylilies! You break my heart with your moonlight faces. Standing apart
+from the world-flowers, like novices in their white veils, who offer the
+incense of their beauty to Heaven&mdash;oh! give a little of your perfume to
+a poor un-otto-of-rosed mortal&mdash;breathe on me, and I can laugh at the
+costly 'Wood Violet,' 'Eglantine,' and 'Rose,' with which Harris &amp;
+Chapman scent their patronesses&mdash;to be dollared in return!</p>
+
+<p>Daylilies, your perfume is too subtle, too vague, to be coined or
+'cabined, cribbed, confined' in scent bottles.</p>
+
+<p>Ah! the flowering Mosses; they seem to be having one eternal picnic with
+the Myrtles and Verbenas, playing forever that dear-to-children game of
+'Tag'! Some are arrayed in Solferino velvets, rather heavy for this warm
+day! Prettier these, in soft rose-colored robes, and this, in a</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Oh! call me fair, not pale'&mdash;</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>well, <i>almost</i> pale robe, the very climax of delicacy: the faintest
+thought of rose color alone prevents one from calling it lily-white. I
+am reminded of you, O flower-named friend! Vision of loveliness! which
+has in a few never-to-be-forgotten days oasised my Sahara life. Now I
+have reached the pond&mdash;<i>my</i> Lake George! It is fresh and breezy this
+morning, after last night's thunder-shower, and the mimic waves are
+impatiently breaking over the thus-far-shalt-thou-go stone. I cannot
+blame them for rushing over that green sward to give a morning kiss to
+the blushing 'Forget-me-nots,' and just say to them, 'Remember <i>me</i>!'</p>
+
+<p>Yes; I have a few crumbs of time left to sit in the rustic arbor and
+give one lingering look behind, that I may carry a picture with me when
+I go to my work.</p>
+
+<p>How fortunate it is for one that these flowers are Londoners in their
+habits, and pass August in the city! I can go to their receptions daily,
+if I choose; they are always at home to the poorest, the most
+unfashionable; they keep no 'visiting book' in their hall.</p>
+
+<p>Hark! the bell rings seven o'clock. There is a 'knocking at the gate'
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> my fairy land; it warns me that I must be on my Washington-street
+way, to earn my bread.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bien!</i> my first meal of to-day has been satisfactory. Heaven hath sent
+me all manner of manna for breakfast&mdash;and for lunch? a banana. Yes; on
+my way 'down town' I shall pass the Studio Building, where the B.'s
+live; I will buy one of them, but shall also steal&mdash;many glances at the
+Hamburg grapes, those peachiest of peaches, bombastic blackberries, and,
+O Pomona! <i>such</i> pears.</p>
+
+<p>I escape! purse uninjured, only bananared. I reach Winter street, where
+I must turn my back on the Common pleasures of Boston life&mdash;but yet, one
+glance at that seductive window of the corner store, which, indeed, is
+nearly all window. Flowers are there, of course,&mdash;flowers from January
+to January; any poor devil can have a temporary conservatory at that
+window, 'all for nothing;' I ought to pay a yearly tax for the pleasure
+I steal in that way. The woman who carries my portmonnaie, only permits
+me to open it for the 'necessaries' of life: the luxuries of hot-house
+grapes and flowers ever wear for me that fatal label: 'Touch not, taste
+not.' Bread and cologne are, of course, the first necessities of life;
+in rolls and religion I am a Parkerite; in cologne, I swear by 'Mrs.
+Taylor'! Beacon street, I beg that you won't faint at this horrible
+disclosure!</p>
+
+<p>Who <i>is</i> 'Mrs. Taylor'? and echo answers, 'We haven't the faintest odor
+of an idea!' None know her but to praise, wherever she may be. With
+Sancho Panza we say, 'Blessings on the man who invented Mrs. Taylor at
+seventy-five cents <i>per</i>&mdash;the hock bottle. I catch a glimpse of her long
+neck, stretching up among the roses and Geraniums: my cologne nature
+can't resist that sight! I obey the syren's call, though it will leave
+me a beggar, but with Mrs. T. in my chaste-embrace.</p>
+
+<p>'The man I work for' treats me, for some reason, with 'distinguished
+consideration.' Though I may sometimes be a little after the required
+hour, it's all right; and though he's a Yankee, no questions are asked!
+I still have a precious quarter remaining&mdash;not of a dollar, but of time.
+I have in my purse one postage stamp; but that will warrant a visit to
+Loring's! One must have books as well as bread and cologne. O <span class="smcap">Loring</span>!
+what an institution art thou! Name dear to all classes, from Madame
+----, who steps from her carriage, to the pretty shop-girl, who always
+wants Mrs. Southworth's last&mdash;and worst&mdash;novel.</p>
+
+<p>Who, indeed, 'so poor' as not 'to do <i>him</i> reverence,' and find two
+cents <i>per</i> day, when for that sublimely small sum one can get a
+companion for any and every mood,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'Grave to gay, from lively to severe?'
+</p>
+
+<p>But will '<span class="smcap">Loring's</span>' be open at this early dawn? 'Open,' indeed! one does
+not catch <i>him</i> napping; yes, open and so inviting! A literary public
+garden so fresh and clean, as</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'Just washed in a shower.'
+</p>
+
+<p>In the rear, behind the desk, one is always sure of finding at least
+<i>two roses</i>, and <i>on</i> the desk a vase of flowers is certainly to be
+seen&mdash;the offering of some one of the hundreds of admirers who go to
+Loring's, nominally for some entertaining book&mdash;and they always find
+one!</p>
+
+<p>'What book did you say, miss?' asks Fleur de Marie. ('Where <i>does</i> she
+get those lilies and roses? I saw none like them in the garden this
+morning. Ah! many of the dames who enter here from their carriages would
+also like to ask my question&mdash;since they do not seem to find them even
+at Newport!) 'If you please, <i>what</i> book?' again inquire the Roses.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh!' I answer, 'I was looking, and forgot what I came for; is 'Out of
+his Head' <i>in</i> yet?'</p>
+
+<p>The fair librarian evidently thinks I am out of mine. Ah! would that I
+were, and out of my whole body; but no! ingrate that I am, to-day I
+should be content&mdash;simply <i>to be</i>; even a cabbage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> ought to be happy in
+such perfect summer weather. T. B. Aldrich <i>is</i> in&mdash;as much as he ever
+is supposed to be; but I recall now that I read his sketchy book the
+other night, while I was brushing my hair, giving it a sort of 'good
+time generally,' letting it run wild a little before going to sleep. I
+read 'Pierre Antoine's Date Tree' quite through, and liked&mdash;the <i>last
+part</i> very much indeed. There are some people whom I am always very glad
+to have visit me, because I feel so 'dreadful glad' when they go away.
+So, also, it compensates one to read certain books for the sake of the
+delicious sensation one experiences on finishing them! What a pile of
+'<i>Les Mis&eacute;rables</i>,' Fantine? <i>C'est assez mis&eacute;rable.</i> The 'Hunchback' is
+the least deformed of Hugo's offspring; but I read <i>that</i> last Sunday
+morn&mdash;no; I mean last Saturday evening; for I went to church on Tremont
+street, last Sunday. What's this? it looks as tempting as a banana, and
+is not unlike one in color. 'Melib&aelig;us in London,' in the summer, too:
+good! I'll take that, it shall 'assist' the banana at my lunch. I hurry
+out of this 'little heaven,' murmuring, as I depart: '<span class="smcap">Loring</span>, live
+forever!'</p>
+
+<p>Lady Macbeth undoubtedly alluded to you when she says:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'We <i>fail</i>? there's no such word as fail!'
+</p>
+
+<p>I believe the Macbeths, and, in fact, everybody but Loring, has failed
+during the war times. McClellan certainly has&mdash;not succeeded.</p>
+
+<p>The police (those gentlemen of elegant leisure) do not even suspect how
+much I have stolen, and what treasures I am carrying off before nine
+o'clock <span class="smcap">A. M.</span>! All the splendors of the early morning are mine; they
+will gild the dull grey of my working hours. What a stock of perfumes
+stolen from the garden! they will sweeten the 'business air' of
+Washington street. The fountain's glistening spray will sprinkle the
+dusty walk to 'the shop.'</p>
+
+<p>I have not yet told you of the kisses taken&mdash;not from F&eacute;ra's, but from
+the cherry-ripe lips of two lovely children, with whom I formed an
+intimacy in the garden by the pond; they were 'sailing' their mimic
+boats there. I almost wished</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'I were a boy again,'
+</p>
+
+<p>and had a boat to sail! These children had such a brave and haughty
+beauty, and their dress being of purple and fine linen, I supposed their
+name must be Berkeley or Clarendon, but was grieved to learn from the
+artless darlings that it was Muggins! However, their kisses were
+unexceptionable, whatever their origin may have been.</p>
+
+<p>But what a 'heap' of Beauty I stole in my return walk through
+Beaconstreet mall! No wonder those magnificent elms are in love with
+each other, and embrace over the people's heads! When I come into my
+fortune, I intend, early the next morning, before breakfast, to make the
+first use of my 'funds' in purchasing Mr. George Ticknor's house. (Of
+course, he will not object.) I shall then laugh at the mill-dam
+principalities and powers when I look from my library windows down that
+long vista of noble trees. Come and see me when I am settled there! You
+shall have a warm welcome in winter, and a cool one in summer. And now,
+fare thee well, whoever thou art, who hast kindly walked with me to the
+door of&mdash;my 'place of business.' I will not ask you to enter there. I
+can worry through the day: unseen companions go with me to soothe and
+cheer; so do not pity me that I am what I am&mdash;'nobody,' living
+'nowhere.' You have seen that the Angel of Beauty disdains not to appear
+in my humble path&mdash;and sometimes hovers so near, I can almost touch her
+wings!</p>
+
+<p>And so God be w'ye! Little joys to you are great joys to me. There be
+those above you, 'kinges and princes and greate emperours,' to whom your
+luxuries and badges would seem as little as mine are to you. When you
+are beautiful, you adorn my street; when you are unlovely, I&mdash;pass you
+by. <i>Bon jour la compagnie!</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_IVY" id="THE_IVY"></a>THE IVY.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Fairies, begone, and be all ways away.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Gently entwist,&mdash;the female Ivy so</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Enrings the barky fingers of the elm.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Oh, how I love thee; how I dote on thee!'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>Midsummer Night's Dream</i>, act iv., scene 1.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">'The bearers of the thyrsus (bound with Ivy) are many, but the
+Bacchant&aelig; are few.'&mdash;<i>Orphic saying.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>If, among plants, the Rose is unmistakably feminine, from the delicate
+complexion of its flower, the Ivy is not less so from the tender
+sentiment of attachment expressed by its whole form and life. In her
+infinite array of poetic symbols, Nature has given us nothing so
+exquisitely typical of all that is best in woman, as that which may be
+found in the graceful curves and in the firm strength of this vine. In
+youth and beauty, she clings to the husband tree or parental wall for
+support, and, like a wife or daughter, conceals defects, and imparts a
+softer shadowing and contour to the support, without which she herself
+had never risen to light and life. Time passes on. The oak grows old,
+the wall is shattered by lightning; but the Ivy, now strong and firm,
+shelters the limbs or binds together the tottering walls with greater
+care than before, and covers decay and rifts with fresh care&mdash;aided by
+the younger daughter-vines.</p>
+
+<p>This simile has occurred to poets in all lands, in all ages. In an old
+Chinese poem (<span class="smcap">Jolowicz</span>, <i>der Poetische Orient</i>, s. 7) we are told that
+'in the south there lives a tree, the Ivy <i>Ko</i> clings and winds around
+it, bringing the most excellent of joys and happiness in excess.' Owing
+to this natural and most palpable resemblance, the ancient Greeks caused
+the officiating priest in the temple to present to a bridal pair, on
+entering, a twig of Ivy, 'as a symbolical wish that their love, like it,
+might ever continue fresh.' It was a beautiful thought, and one which
+was not lost sight of in the ecclesiastical and architectural symbolism
+of the middle ages. 'It is,' says <span class="smcap">Friedreich</span> (<i>Symbolik und Mythologie
+der Natur</i>, &sect; 103), 'as an ever-greening plant, a type of life, of love,
+and of marriage.' It is, therefore, with both truth and propriety that
+the modern floral lexicons give the <i>vitis hedera</i>, or Ivy, as
+expressing 'Female affection&mdash;I have found one true heart.'</p>
+
+<p>As with all plants, or, indeed, with all natural objects known to the
+ancients, the Ivy was the subject of a myth or religious allegory, and
+in investigating this myth, we find ourselves in a labyrinth of strange
+mystery. The ordinary works on mythology, indeed, inform the reader that
+it was the plant sacred to Bacchus, the god of wine, because, as Loudon
+states, 'this wine is found at Nyssa, the reputed birthplace of Bacchus,
+and in no other part of India.' 'It is related,' he continues, 'that
+when Alexander's army, after their conquest of Babylon, arrived at this
+mountain, and found it covered with laurel and Ivy, they were so
+transported with joy (especially when they recognized the latter plant,
+which is a native of Thebes), that they tore up the Ivy by the roots,
+and, twining it around their heads, burst forth into hymns to Bacchus,
+and prayers for their native country.'</p>
+
+<p>But there is a deeper significance to the Ivy, even as there is a deeper
+and more solemn mystery and might around the primeval Bacchus. To us he
+is merely the wine-god, but to the an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>cient Initiated in the orgies and
+mysteries he was&mdash;as were each of the gods in their turn&mdash;the central
+divinity, the lord of light, and the giver of life. For, as it was
+concisely said in the spirit of pantheistic abstraction: 'Nothing can be
+imagined which is not an image of God;' so it was not possible to
+conceive a divinity who was not in himself all the other divinities.
+Thus we find that Bacchus was male, female, and at the same time an
+absolute <span class="smcap">ONE</span> without regard to sex; or, in other words, he was the
+ancient trinity.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">'Tibi enim inconsumpta juventus.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Tu puer &aelig;ternus, tu formosissimus alto</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Conspiceris c&oelig;lo, tibi, cum sine cornibus adstas</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Virgineum caput est.'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span>, <i>Met.</i> l. 4.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>For, as the great mystery of all religion, or of all being, is <i>life</i>,
+and as life, like blood, is most aptly typified by reviving and
+inspiring wine, it was not wonderful that renewed strength, generation,
+and birth should gather around the incarnation of the vine, and that the
+<i>cup</i> should become the holiest of symbols. Like the ark, the chest or
+coffer, the egg, and a thousand other receptive or <i>containing</i> objects,
+the cup appeared to the ancient Initiated as a womb, or as the earth,
+taking in and giving forth life. It was in this spirit that <span class="smcap">Nonnus</span>, in
+the fifth century, wrote The Dyonisiacs, a vast poem on Bacchus, in
+forty-eight books; 'a magnificent assemblage of the emblematical legends
+of Egypt,' and in which modern criticism has discovered a creative
+grandeur, a beautiful wildness of fancy, and a romantic spirit, such as
+were combined in no other one poem of antiquity.</p>
+
+<p>Bacchus was thus the lord of life, and that in a vividly <i>real</i>
+sense&mdash;the sense of intoxication, of keenly thrilling pleasure, of wild
+delight, and headlong rushing joy. He was fabled to have given men the
+grape and wine&mdash;but to the Initiated of the mystery and orgie there was
+higher and more intoxicating wine than that of the grape&mdash;the wine of
+wild inspiration, drawn from the keenest relish of beauty, of nature, of
+knowledge, and of love. Drunk with this wine of the soul, the M&oelig;nad
+and Bacchante rushed forth into lonely forests, amid rocks, by silent
+lake, and streamlet lone, and cried in frantic joy, bewildered with
+passion, to the Great Parent, or shouted in praise: 'Bacche, Evoe,
+Bacche!'</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">'Then chaunted rose</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The song of Bacchic women: all the band</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Of shaggy Satyrs howled with mystic voice,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Preluding to the Phrygian minstrelsy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Of nightly orgies. Earth around them laughed;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The rocks re&euml;choed; shouts of revelling joy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Shrilled from the Naiads, and the river nymphs</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Sent echoes from their whirlpool-circled tides,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Flowing in silence; and beneath the rocks</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Chanted Sicilian songs, like preludes sweet,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">That through the warbling throats of Syren nymphs,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Most musical drop of honey from their tongues.'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 13em;"><span class="smcap">Nonnus.</span></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>For all this wild joy, all this exquisite union of all the pleasures
+known to man, whether in the mad embraces of passionate nymphs, in
+draining wine, in tasting the fresh honeycomb, in wild dances under
+green leaves, in feasting, or in song, Bacchus was the centre, and the
+Cup the symbol. And this cup&mdash;the absolutely <i>feminine</i> type&mdash;the <i>Iona</i>
+which forms the nucleus of so great and so curious a family of words in
+the Indo-Germanic and Shemitic languages&mdash;was fabled to have been formed
+from the wood of Ivy. Let the reader hear this double sex of Bacchus in
+mind; he will find it recurring again in the myth of Ivy. 'We must,'
+says <span class="smcap">Creuzer</span> (<i>Symbolik und Mythologie der Alten V&ouml;lker</i>), 'think of <span class="smcap">ALL</span>
+things, if we would not see the Bacchic genii in their mysterious rites,
+from a one-sided point of view. Not only Bacchus himself, but his male
+and female companions must each, like their lord on earth, appear in
+<i>different</i> forms. For the mysteries loved the antique,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> the
+pregnant-with-meaning, <i>i. e.</i> that which has a really symbolical
+fulness, and supplies full food for thought.' And again: 'It would have
+been very strange if the Man-Woman had not also appeared in this
+mysterious array of forms. In his origin, Bacchus is an Indian god, and
+to the Hindus the world was bi-sexed.' Thus we find in the Ivy, as his
+sacred plant, a curious and beautiful symbol, in whose trailing embraces
+the ancient East and West are bound together.</p>
+
+<p>If the Ivy cup was held to typify female nature, so too were the leaves
+of that plant emblematical of the receptive sex. The thyrsus, the
+distinctive object borne by the worshippers of Bacchus, was a phallic or
+male symbol, the characteristic portion of which was wreathed and buried
+in Ivy leaves; signifying the union of the sexes. It is curious to
+observe that this regarding the Ivy as characteristic of the feminine
+principle, found its way among the Druids, and was transmitted from them
+to the Christian and Christmas ceremonies of the middle ages. In these
+we always find that the thorned holly is spoken of as male, and the Ivy
+as female. In the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> for 1779, a correspondent
+relates a ceremony, which is still preserved in some parts of England.
+'The girls, from five or six to eighteen years old, were assembled in a
+crowd, burning an uncouth effigy, which they called a <i>holly-boy</i>, and
+which they had stolen from the boys; while in another part of the
+village, the boys were burning what they called an <i>Ivy-girl</i>, which
+they had stolen from the girls. The ceremony of each burning was
+attended with huzzas and other acclamations, according to the receipt of
+custom in all such cases.'<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is but one legend in all the legends of the gods; but one
+solution, though the enigmas be thousandfold; and the myth of the Ivy is
+only a repetition of that of Bacchus and of all the immortals&mdash;the
+endless allegory of birth and death, male and female, winter and spring.
+<i>Kissos</i>&mdash;the Greek word for Ivy&mdash;was a young faun beloved by Bacchus,
+who accompanied the god of the Cup and of life, in all his strange
+adventures. Mad with wine, Kissos once at an orgie danced until he fell
+dead. Then his lord, grieving bitterly, raised the beloved form in his
+arms, and, changing it to Ivy, wreathed it around his brow. It is the
+old story of death and revival.</p>
+
+<p>But we may expect to find of course a feminine goddess, or demi-goddess,
+whose name includes the same root as Kissos&mdash;and she appears in
+<i>Kiseis</i>, one of the nymphs to whom Bacchus gave the infant Bacchus to
+be brought up. For her reward, she was placed by Bacchus among the
+stars&mdash;in the constellation of the weeping Hyades&mdash;that she might have a
+place in heaven. Apropos of which we may quote the words of the quaint
+old Jesuit <span class="smcap">Galtruchius</span>, saying that 'Bacchus was brought up with the
+Nymphs, which teacheth us that we must mix Water with our Wine.'<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>We also find that <i>Kis&aelig;a</i>, was, at Epidaurus, one of the names of
+Minerva. Notwithstanding the apparent dissimilarity between the wild god
+of wine and the goddess of calm wisdom, it was still taught in the
+mysteries that they had an affinity in more than one lower form, and, of
+course, an <i>identity</i> in their highest. 'The temple of Bacchus,' says
+Galtruchius, 'was next to <i>Minerva's</i>, to express how useful Wine is to
+revive the Spirits, and enable our Fancy to Invent.'<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> In the older
+worship, Minerva was one with Venus, Diana, Proserpine&mdash;the generating
+fe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>male principle of love and of beauty being of course predominant. 'In
+this <i>unity</i> or identity of barbarian divinities,' says Creuzer
+(<i>Symbolik</i>, IV. <i>Theil</i>), ('to speak like the Greeks') 'we must,
+however, seek for the source of that <i>variety</i> which made the Greeks so
+rich in gods; and what had in Hellas been separated into so many,
+remained by the 'barbarians' single and undivided. Therefore the older a
+Greek local worship might be, so much the more did it in this resemble
+the barbarian. * * So we have truly learned in Argos, Laconia, Dodona,
+and Sicily, * * that Proserpine was one and the same with Venus and
+Diana, and the identity with Minerva may also be proved.' For the proof
+I refer the reader to his work. With Venus, however, Bacchus had amours,
+begetting Priapus. Certain it is that the Ivy <i>Kissos</i> appears in both
+male and female names.</p>
+
+<p>But as the Ivy formed the cup&mdash;<i>kissubion</i>&mdash;into which life entered, and
+from which it was drained as wine; so, too, from its wood was made the
+sacred <i>chest</i> (<i>kist&eacute;</i>) in which, in the Dyonisiac mysteries, the same
+secret was preserved under the form of a serpent, while in the
+Eleusinian it hid the dread pomegranate which Persephone had tasted. For
+they were all one and the same, this wine and serpent and
+pomegranate&mdash;the type of life and of knowledge&mdash;of human birth, and
+human intellect&mdash;of the world's generation and of eternal wisdom. The
+fruit of which Adam ate, the bread and wine of the holy supper of the
+mysteries of all lands in all ages, the pomegranate, whose seeds, once
+eaten, kept the soul in another life beyond death, all have <i>one</i>
+meaning&mdash;and this meaning was that of infinite revival, endless
+begetting, the renewal of nature&mdash;and with this the <i>knowledge</i> of the
+great mystery which sets the soul free. '<i>Eritis sicut Deus.</i>'</p>
+
+<p>It was no small honor for a single plant to have furnished the wreath of
+Bacchus, the wood of his cup, emblematic of the human body containing
+his life-blood, and the material for the chest of the great
+mysteries&mdash;meaning also the body and the world. I think, however, that
+its philological root may also be possibly found in the Greek noun
+<i>kissa</i>, and the verb <i>kiss&aacute;o</i>, implying strange and excessive
+passionate longing. Such yearning would well become the Bacchant&aelig;, the
+wild children of desire and of Nature. It is longing or <i>desire</i> which
+leads to renewing life, which constitutes love, which flashes like fire
+and light through the beautiful, and pours forth the wine, and breaks
+the bread, and causes the rose-blush to bloom, and the nymphs to cry
+amid the mountains, <i>Evo&eacute; Bacche!</i></p>
+
+<p>Coming down from the pagan mysteries into lower and more literal forms,
+the Ivy preserved two meanings. It was already the vine of life, and the
+early Christians laid it in the coffins of their departed, as the emblem
+of a new life in Christ.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> It had hung upon the limbs of naked nymphs,
+convulsed in passionate orgies, as a type of vitality renewed by
+pleasure&mdash;it was now wreathed at Christmas-tide over quaint columns and
+tracery-laden Gothic windows and arches, as a sign&mdash;they knew not
+exactly of what&mdash;but guessed, naturally enough, and rightly, that it
+typified as an undying winter-plant the resurrection. And they sang its
+praises in many a brave carol:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ivy</span>, chief of trees it is,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;"><i>Veni coronaberis</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The most worthy she is in town,&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">He who says other says amiss;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Worthy is she to bear the crown;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;"><i>Veni coronaberis</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ivy</span> is soft and meek of speech,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Against all woe she bringeth bliss;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Happy is he that may her reach:</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3.5em;"><i>Veni coronaberis</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ivy</span> is green, of color bright,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Of all trees the chief she is;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And that I prove will now be right:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;"><i>Veni coronaberis</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ivy</span>, she beareth berries black;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">God grant to all of us his bliss,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">For then we shall nothing lack:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;"><i>Veni coronaberis</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Very quaint is the following fragment:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Holly and Ivy made a great party,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Who should have the mastery</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">In lands where they go.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Then spake Holly, 'I am fierce and jolly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">I will have the mastery</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">In lands where we go.'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Then spake Ivy, 'I am loud and proud,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And I will have the mastery</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 9.5em;">In lands where we go.'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Then spake Holly, and bent him down on his knee,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'I pray thee, gentle Ivy,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Essay me no villany</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 9.5em;">In lands where we go.'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;"><i>Old Christmas Carol.</i></span><br />
+
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>'Good wine needs no bush,' says an old proverb; but is it generally
+known that the 'bush' in question, used as a sign for wine, was a bunch
+of Ivy? The custom went from Greece to Italy, from Italy to Germany, and
+so on westward. Very different is this use of the evergreen vine in
+taverns, from that of adorning churches&mdash;the one meaning a mere
+invitation to drink, while the other reminds the believer that, as the
+Ivy lives through the bitter winter, so shall our souls endure through
+cold death and live again in Christ, even as He passed through the grave
+to live in 'eternal bloom.' Yet to those who have mastered the legend of
+Bacchus, there is no absolute difference between the two, when studied
+with regard to their origin. It is worth remarking that among the
+ancients the impression prevailed that the Ivy was the plant of
+joyousness, of triumphant strength, and of <i>life</i>, even as Bacchus was
+the lord of joy. And at a later day, long after the association with
+genial Bacchus was forgotten, the Ivy in popular lay and legend, and
+quaint custom and holiday rite, still by some inexplicable association
+always seemed to the multitude to be sweet and gentle, noble and dear.
+It is such a feeling of love, derived from old traditions and old
+worships, long forgotten, which makes the stork and the house-cricket
+and the robin and dragon-fly and swallow so dear to children and grown
+people in many parts of Europe. The rose is gone, but the perfume still
+lingers in the old leaves of the manuscript. And the reader who
+comprehends this may also comprehend the tender affection for the Ivy
+expressed in the old Christmas carols which I have quoted, and which,
+without such comprehension, seem absurd enough; while <i>with</i> it, they
+appear truly beautiful and touching.</p>
+
+<p>As the symbol of a joyous faith, the Ivy seems to have been especially
+repugnant to the Hebrews, whose stern monotheism admitted few attributes
+to the Deity save those of tremendous power, vengeance, and gloom. So we
+find (<i>Maccabees</i>, book ii., c. 6., v. 7) that it was regarded by them
+as most horrible that, 'in the day of the king's birth, every month,
+they were brought, by bitter constraint, to eat of the sacrifices; and,
+when the feast of Bacchus was kept, the Jews were compelled to go in
+procession to Bacchus, carrying Ivy.' A dislike to this emblem of
+heathen joy seems, however, to have clung to them through all changes of
+faith&mdash;a fact apparently well known to Ptolemy Philopater, king of
+Egypt, who ordered that all the Jewish renegades who had abjured their
+religion should be branded with an Ivy-leaf.</p>
+
+<p>When the reader who may be interested in the architecture of the middle
+ages meets in its tracery, as he often must, the Ivy-leaf, let him
+recall that here is a symbol which was not used unthinkingly by the Free
+Masons, who seldom lost an opportunity to bring forward their orientally
+derived Nature-lore. In fact, the whole mass and body<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> of medi&aelig;val
+architectural emblems presents nothing less than a protest of Nature and
+life, independence and intelligence, knowledge and joyousness, against
+the gloomy prison of form and tyranny which held Truth in chains. The
+stone Ivy-leaf carved on the capitals of old cathedrals was as reviving
+a symbol to the heart of the Initiated as was the living Ivy on the
+walls without, green and beautiful among mid-winter's snow. It has been
+well conjectured by a German writer (<span class="smcap">Stieglitz</span>, <i>Arch&aelig;ologie der
+Baukunst der Griechen und R&ouml;mer</i>, Weimar, 1801, I <i>Theil</i>, &sect; 268), that
+the relation of the Ivy to Bacchus was probably the cause why it was so
+frequently introduced by the Greeks among the architectural ornaments of
+their temples; a very natural conjecture, when we remember that it was a
+firm conviction in the early faith, even of India, that where the Ivy
+was found, the god had literally been. The same bold spirit of tradition
+which brought into the very bosom of the church so much genial, latent
+heresy and heathen daring, kept the Ivy alive&mdash;for Nature and Truth
+<i>will</i> live, and man will have his guardian angels, who will hope for
+him and for the dawn, though buried in the deepest night and lost among
+horrible dreams and ghastly incubi. A French writer on medi&aelig;val art<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+has declared that an excellent work might be written on the foliage of
+Christian architecture, but regrets that the relations of the leaves as
+employed&mdash;or, in fact, the law guiding their employment&mdash;should be
+unintelligible. Let them be studied according to their symbolical and
+antique meaning, and they will seem clear as legible letters; and to
+those who can read them, the gloomy Gothic piles will ray forth a
+strange and beautiful light&mdash;the sympathetic light of congenial minds
+long passed away, yet who did not vanish ere they had breathed out to
+those who were to come after them, in leaf or other character, their
+hatred of <i>the tyrant</i>, and their unfailing conviction of the Great
+Truth. <span class="smcap">God</span> bless them all! I have studied for hours their solemn
+symbols&mdash;each a cry for freedom and a prayer for light; and when I
+thought of the gloom and cruelty and devilishness of the foul age which
+pressed around them, I wondered that they, knowing what they did, could
+have lived&mdash;ay, lived and sung and given a soul to art. And,
+understanding them in spirit and in truth, every Ivy-leaf carved by them
+seemed the whole Prometheus bound and unbound&mdash;yes, all poems of truth,
+all myths, all religion.</p>
+
+<p>And as it is the leaf of life, so is it by that very fact the leaf of
+<i>death</i>; for death is only the water of life. And in this sense we find
+a rare beauty in the poem by Mrs. Hemans, though she saw its truth, not
+through the dim glass of tradition, but by direct communion with Nature.</p>
+
+<h3>
+O THE IVY.</h3>
+
+<h3>OCCASIONED BY RECEIVING A LEAF GATHERED
+IN THE CASTLE OF RHEINFELS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Oh! how could fancy crown with thee,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In ancient days, the god of wine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And bid thee at the banquet be,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Companion of the vine?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thy home, wild plant, is where each sound</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Of revelry hath long been o'er;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Where song's full notes once peal'd around,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">But now are heard no more.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Roman, on his battle plains,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Where kings before his eagles bent,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Entwined thee, with exulting strains,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Around the victor's tent;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Yet there, though fresh in glossy green,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Triumphantly thy boughs might wave&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Better thou lov'st the silent scene</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Around the victor's grave.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Where sleep the sons of ages flown,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The bards and heroes of the past,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Where through the halls of glory gone,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Murmurs the wintry blast;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Where years are hastening to efface</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Each record of the grand and fair&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thou, in thy solitary grace,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Wreath of the tomb! art there.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Oh! many a temple, once sublime</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Beneath a blue Italian sky,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Hath nought of beauty left by time,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Save thy wild tapestry.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And, reared 'midst crags and clouds, 'tis thine</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To wave where banners waved of yore,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">O'er towers that crest the noble Rhine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Along his rocky shore.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">High from the fields of air look down</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Those eyries of a vanished race,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Homes of the mighty, whose renown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Hath passed and left no trace.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">But thou art there&mdash;thy foliage bright,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Unchanged, the mountain storm can brave&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thou that wilt climb the loftiest height,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And deck the humblest grave.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The breathing forms of Parian stone,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">That rise round grandeur's marble halls;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The vivid hues by painting thrown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Rich o'er the glowing walls;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Th' acanthus on Corinthian fanes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In sculptured beauty waving fair&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">These perished all&mdash;and what remains?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">&mdash;Thou, thou alone art there.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Tis still the same&mdash;where'er we tread,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The wrecks of human power we see,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The marvel of all ages fled,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Left to decay and thee.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And still let man his fabrics rear,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">August in beauty, grace, and strength,&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Days pass, thou 'Ivy never sere,'<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And all is thine at length.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>There was a strange old belief that Ivy leaves worn as a garland
+prevented intoxication, that wine was less exciting when drunk from a
+cup of its wood, and that these cups had finally the singular property
+of separating water from wine by filtration, when the two were
+mingled&mdash;or, as it is expressed by <span class="smcap">Mizaldus Monlucianus</span> in his
+delightfully absurd 'Centuries,'<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> 'a cup of Ivy, called <i>cissybius</i>,
+is especially fitted for two reasons, for feasts: firstly, because Ivy
+is said to banish drunkenness; and secondly, because by it the frauds of
+tavern keepers, who mix wine with water, are detected.' It is worth
+remarking, in connection with this, that, according to <span class="smcap">Loudon</span>(<i>Arboretum
+et Fruticetum Brittanicum</i>, c. 59), the wood of the Ivy is, when newly
+cut, really useful as a filter, though it is highly improbable that
+anything like a complete analysis of mingled water and wine can be
+effected by it.</p>
+
+<p>It may interest the literary critic, should he be ignorant of the fact,
+to know that the golden-berried Ivy&mdash;worn by Apollo ere he adopted the
+Daphnean laurel&mdash;is the plant consecrated to his calling. Witness Pope:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Immortal Vida, on whose honored brow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The poet's bays and critic's Ivy grow.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it is given to the critics to remind them that they should be
+kindly sheltering and warmly protecting to poor poets and others, who
+may be greatly cheered by a little kindness. For there is an old legend
+that the Druids decorated dwelling places with Ivy and holly during the
+winter, 'that the sylvan spirits might repair to them, and remain
+unnipped with frost and cold winds, until a milder season had renewed
+the foliage of their darling abodes. (<span class="smcap">Dr. Chandler</span>, <i>Travels in
+Greece</i>.) Think of this when ye ink your pens for the onslaught!</p>
+
+<p>It is worth noting that in two or three 'Dream Books' the Ivy is set
+down as indicating 'long-continued health, and new friendships'&mdash;an
+explanation quite in keeping with its ancient symbolism, and still more
+with its most literal and apparent meaning of <i>attachment</i>. This latter
+sense has given poet and artist many a fine figure and image. 'Nothing,'
+says <span class="smcap">St. Pierre</span> in his <i>Studies of Nature</i>, 'can separate the Ivy from
+the tree which it has once embraced: it clothes it with its own leaves
+in that inclement season when its dark boughs are covered with hoar
+frost. The faithful companion of its destiny, it falls when the tree is
+cut down: death itself does not relax its grasp; and it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> continues to
+adorn with its verdure the dry trunk that once supported it.'</p>
+
+<p>And of the golden-berried Ivy, Spenser sings:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Emongst the rest, the clamb'ring Ivy grew,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Knitting his wanton arms with grasping hold,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Lest that the poplar happely should rew</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Her brother's strokes, whose boughs she doth enfold</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">With her lythe twigs, till they the top survew</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And paint with pallid green her buds of gold.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Madame <span class="smcap">De Genlis</span> tells us of a true-hearted friend, who clung to a
+fallen minister of state, through good and ill fortune, and followed him
+into exile, that he adopted for a 'device' a fallen oak tree thickly
+wound with Ivy, and with the motto: 'His fall cannot free me from him.'
+An 'emblem' of the later middle age expresses undying conjugal love in a
+like manner, by a fallen tree wound around with Ivy, beneath which, is
+the inscription in Spanish: '<i>Se no la vida porque la muerte.</i>'
+(<span class="smcap">Radowitz</span>, <i>Gesammelte Schriften</i>.) A not uncommon seal gives us the Ivy
+with the motto; 'I die where I attach myself;' while yet another of the
+ivied fallen trees declares that 'Even ruin cannot separate us.'</p>
+
+<p>Ivy is the badge of the clan Gordon, and of all who bear that name. In
+conclusion, lest my readers should object that the subject, though
+eminently suggestive, has been treated entirely without a jest, I will
+cite a quaint repartee, shockingly destructive of the sentiment just
+cited:</p>
+
+<p>'Woman,' said a lovelorn youth, 'is like Ivy&mdash;the more you are ruined,
+the closer she clings to you.'</p>
+
+<p>'And the closer she clings to you, the sooner you are ruined,' replied
+an old cynic of a bachelor.</p>
+
+<p>Poor man! He had never realized the truth of the French saying, that to
+enjoy life, there is nothing like being ruined a little.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>New Curiosities of Literature, and Book of the Months.</i> <span class="smcap">By
+George Soane</span>, B.A. London, 1849, Vol. i., p. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>The Poetical History.</i> By <span class="smcap">P. Galtruchius.</span> London 1678.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Galtruchuis, c. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> 'Hedera quo que vel laurus et hujusmodi, qu&aelig; semper servant
+virorem, in sarcophago corpori substernantur, ad significandum, quod qui
+moriuntur in Christo, vivere non desinant; nam licet mundo moriantur
+secundum corpus, tamen secundum animam vivunt et reviviscunt in
+Deo.'&mdash;<span class="smcap">Durandus</span>, <i>Ration. Div. Offic.</i>, lib. vii., cap 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Berty</span>, <i>Dictionnaire de l'Architecture du Moyen Age</i>.
+Paris, 1845.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+</p><p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Ye myrtles brown, and ivy never sere.'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><span class="smcap">Milton's</span> <i>Lycidas</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> 'Poculum ex hedera, cissybium dictum, ratione duplici
+conviviis summ&egrave; est accomodum: imprimis, quod hedera vini temulantiam,
+arcere fertur: deinde quod cauponum fraudes, qui vinum aqua miscent, eo
+poculo deprehenduntur.'&mdash;<i>Memorabilium, Utilium ac Jucundorum Centuri&aelig;
+Novem, &amp;c.</i> Paris, 1566.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_MISHAPS_OF_MISS_HOBBS" id="THE_MISHAPS_OF_MISS_HOBBS"></a>THE MISHAPS OF MISS HOBBS.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'New beauties push her from the stage;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">She trembles at the approach of age;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And starts, to view the altered face</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">That wrinkles at her in her glass.'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;"><span class="smcap">Trumbull's</span> <i>Progress of Dulness</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet Hobbs was getting cured of her youth. 'She was going
+backward,' as the French say of people when Time is running forward, and
+they themselves are being forwarded a little too rapidly by his Express.
+All the ladies said so of her; all the gentlemen said so; and, worse
+than all, even the mirror made similar reflections a little&mdash;the only
+difference being that the ladies and gentlemen said so behind her back,
+but the mirror expressed it before her face. One by one her sisters and
+companions ripened and were plucked by the admiring crowd, but Ann
+Harriet remained untouched. No one even pinched her to see if she were
+good. And finally, as the throng were rapidly passing on, it became her
+settled conviction that she must shake herself into some one's hands, or
+she would be left to wither forsaken on the ancestral tree.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet, like some patent medicines, was not bad to take. True,
+children did not cry for her as they did for the famous cough lozenges
+of old; but the fact was, that in Peonytown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> most of the people were
+hom&oelig;opathists, and preferred small doses; therefore Ann Harriet, who
+was popularly reported to weigh three hundred and one pounds&mdash;<i>vires
+acquirit eundo</i>&mdash;was altogether too large a dose for any gentleman of
+the hom&oelig;opathic persuasion. Possibly, if Ann Harriet could have been
+divided into twin sisters of about one hundred and fifty pounds each,
+her matrimonial chances would have greatly increased; for however it may
+have been in years past, this putting two volumes into one is not at all
+popular at the present <i>duo</i>-decimal time.</p>
+
+<p>Business, too, was dull in Peonytown, and the men could not afford to
+marry a wife who would require twenty-five yards for a dress, when they
+could get one that ten yards would cover up.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Hobbs's twenty-sixth birthday was approaching. She could see it in
+the dim distance, and she knew too well that the twenty-seventh was
+ready to follow it up; and that Time stepped heavier than he used
+to&mdash;the clumsy fellow; for, 'handsome' as she was, she could see the
+marks of his feet on her face.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet had an uncle residing in Boston, whom she had never seen,
+but had often heard him favorably spoken of by her mother, whose only
+brother he was. Ann therefore determined that she would write to her
+Uncle Farnsworth, and ask him if it would be agreeable should she visit
+him for a few weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Her letter met with a cordial response from the old gentleman, who
+expressed himself 'highly gratified at the prospect' of seeing his
+sister's daughter; named the day for her to come, and said that Gregory,
+his son, would meet her at the railroad station in Boston, when the
+train arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet had never been in Boston, and the thoughts of a journey
+thither animated her 'to a degree.' Her wardrobe was renovated; a
+bran-new bonnet was purchased; and as all Peonytown was informed that it
+was to be deprived of her presence for several weeks, the
+'meeting-house' was of course filled on the following Sunday to hear
+Parson Bulger preach about it; for he was one of the new-fashioned
+ministers, who considered the Bible as a wornout book, and generally
+preached from a newspaper text, or the last exciting piece of news.
+Alas! they were disappointed; for the sermon was on Barnum's Baby Show.</p>
+
+<p>The appointed day came, and Ann Harriet paid Seth Bullard, the butcher's
+boy, a quarter of a dollar to 'carry' her and her luggage over to the
+Yellowfield depot, where she was to take the cars for Boston. She bore
+in her hand a rhubarb pie, nicely tied up in a copy of the <i>Peonytown
+Clarion</i>, which was intended as a gift for her Aunt Farnsworth. It was a
+pie she made with her own hands, and would have taken a prize for size
+at any cattle show.</p>
+
+<p>After asking engineer, brakeman, and conductor which they thought the
+safest car, and getting a different answer from each, she finally
+ensconced herself in the third car from the engine. Opening the window,
+her attention was attracted by a neat tin sign, on which was painted,
+'<i>Look out for Pickpockets!</i>'</p>
+
+<p>'Now, that is kind,' said she, 'to give people notice. I forgot all
+about pickpockets. I would really like to see some, and will certainly
+look out for them.''</p>
+
+<p>She accordingly thrust her head and neck out of the car window, and
+looked sharply at the bystanders. While engaged in this detective
+service, the signal was given, and the cars started, when Miss Hobbs,
+thinking it was needless to keep up a longer lookout, re&euml;ntered, and was
+surprised to find a nice-looking young man by her side. He wore a heavy
+yellow watchguard, yellow kid gloves, and a moustache to match,
+patent-leather boots, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> poll-parrot scarf, and a brilliant breast-pin.
+Ann Harriet was delighted to have such a companion; and her wish that he
+would enter into conversation was soon gratified.</p>
+
+<p>'Travelling far?' asked the 'city-looking chap.'</p>
+
+<p>'Yes, sir; I am going to my uncle's, in Boston,' replied Ann Harriet.</p>
+
+<p>'Taking a vacation, I suppose?' continued he of the yellow kids.</p>
+
+<p>['How delightful!' thought Miss Hobbs; 'he takes me for a
+boarding-school girl.']</p>
+
+<p>'For a few weeks,' replied she, with a bland smile; and dropping her
+black lace veil to improve her really fine complexion, knowing, as well
+as Shakspeare, that</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Beauty, blemished once, is ever lost,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">In spite of physic, painting, pains, and cost.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>'Is not this Miss Hobbs, of Peonytown?' suddenly asked the proprietor of
+the patent leathers, after a few minutes' conversation.</p>
+
+<p>'Why! yes; how <i>did</i> you know?' was Ann Harriet's reply.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, I had a friend as went to the academy in Peonytown, and he always
+kept me posted up on the pretty girls; and he talked about you so often,
+I knew it <i>must</i> be Miss Hobbs,' was the flattering answer.</p>
+
+<p>'How strange!' thought Ann Harriet. 'Well, it proves that I am not
+wholly overlooked by the young men of my native village.' She did not
+remember that she carried a little satchel, on which the stranger had
+read, '<span class="smcap">Ann Harriet Hobbs</span>, <i>Peonytown</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>At this time a boy entered the car with a supply of ice water for
+thirsty passengers. In handing a glassful to Miss Hobbs, he spilled a
+part on the floor.</p>
+
+<p>'What a waste!' remarked he.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet blushed deep crimson&mdash;fat folks are always sensitive&mdash;and,
+with a grave, fat, solemn air, she said:</p>
+
+<p>'I think you are quite rude, sir.'</p>
+
+<p>'I'd like to know how?' inquired he, with a look of surprise.</p>
+
+<p>'By making remarks on my waist, sir. No gentleman would be guilty of
+such an offence,' replied the indignant lady.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, the train at this juncture stopped at a way station, and
+the yellow moustache, poll-parrot scarf, and kid gloves got out, first
+bowing very politely to their late companion. Ann Harriet was a little
+sorry to have their inmate go, but consoled herself with the thought
+that he was altogether too familiar.</p>
+
+<p>About fifteen miles farther on, an orange boy made his appearance; and
+Ann, thinking an orange would moisten her throat, felt for her
+portemonnaie, and found it not; for, while she was so intently looking
+<i>out</i> for pickpockets at Yellowfield, her agreeable companion had
+appropriated her cash, by looking <i>in</i> her pocket.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>There!</i> that dandy villain has robbed me of my wallet, with fifteen
+dollars in it, and the receipt for Sally Lunn cake I was going to give
+Aunt Farnsworth!' exclaimed she, placidly. Stout folks bear disasters
+calmly. Luckily, she had two or three dollars in her satchel, which she
+had received from the ticket master when she purchased her ticket, so
+she was not entirely bankrupt. Some of the passengers attempted to
+sympathize with her, but they found it a thankless task, and soon
+desisted.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet, her griefs digested, drew herself into as compact a compass
+as possible, and in a few minutes was fast asleep.</p>
+
+<p>The cars rolled, in due time, into the noisy station at Boston, and our
+traveller, after much exertion and trepidation, safely reached the
+platform, with her rhubarb pie unharmed. She looked anxiously around for
+her cousin Gregory, whom she had never seen, save in his <i>carte de
+visite</i>, and by that she found him in a few minutes. Gregory was a
+handsome man, quite young, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> dressed in a neat suit of light clothes,
+donned that afternoon for the first time. He had never seen his cousin,
+and was therefore not a little surprised when the corpulent beauty
+introduced herself as Miss Ann Harriet Hobbs, of Peonytown. Gregory had
+come down to the station with a light buggy, in which he intended to
+convey his fair relative home, but at the first glance saw that it would
+be disastrous both to the buggy and Ann Harriet to attempt any such
+feat. He therefore escorted her to a hack, and left her a moment. While
+he was gone, Ann Harriet, who had forgotten all her troubles in the
+contemplation of riding home with her handsome cousin, laid the rhubarb
+pie on the opposite seat of the carriage, reserving the place by her
+side for Gregory. But this gentleman, not feeling sure that he would
+find room by the side of his massive cousin, when he entered the
+carriage, sat hastily down opposite her. <i>Crash</i> went the <i>Peonytown
+Clarion</i>, and 'sqush' went the juicy rhubarb, completely saturating
+Gregory's new garments. Ann Harriet gave a loud shriek, exclaiming: 'Oh!
+you have spoilt that nice pie that I made for Aunt Priscilla, from Mrs.
+Wilkins's receipt.'</p>
+
+<p>'Hang Mrs. Wilkins's receipt!' exclaimed Gregory, who was imperturbable.
+'I think I shall have to get some one to reseat my pantaloons.'</p>
+
+<p>There was nothing to be done but to drive home as quickly as possible.
+The hackman was paid for the damage to his vehicle, and Gregory hastened
+up stairs to resume the old suit which only a few hours before he had
+thrown aside disdainfully.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet found her uncle's family all that she expected. They found
+her a little more than they expected. Everything was done to make her
+comfortable. Aunt Farnsworth condoled with her niece on the loss of her
+money, and the receipt for Sally Lunn cake. They brought a fan to cool
+her, and placed a footstool for her feet. Her cousin Miranda exhibited a
+photograph album containing all the family likenesses, besides a number
+they had purchased to fill up the book, such as the Prince of Wales,
+McClellan, Stonewall Jackson, Beauregard, and Butler. All this comforted
+her greatly, and Ann Harriet was much interested, but was obliged to
+inquire which were fighting for the North, and which for the South&mdash;'she
+had heard something about it, but was not thoroughly informed,'&mdash;for, to
+tell the truth, the only medium for news in Peonytown was the <i>Clarion</i>,
+and the only portion of even that which Ann Harriet attended to was the
+deaths, marriages, and dry goods.</p>
+
+<p>The remainder of the day passed quietly, and the hour for retiring
+approached. Before Ann Harriet's arrival, it had been arranged that she
+should share Miranda's bed; but it was now very evident that Ann would
+get very much more than her share, and it was therefore decided to give
+her a bed to herself. A lamp was brought, and Aunt Farnsworth escorted
+her to her room, and bade her good night. Ann Harriet had the usual
+share of curiosity which all females&mdash;even plump ones&mdash;possess; and
+wishing to know how a Boston street appeared in the evening, she hoisted
+the curtain with a vigorous jerk, and looked forth: it was not a very
+beautiful scene; long rows of brick houses stretched away on either
+side, relieved at intervals by the street lamps and loafers, which, as
+they appeared at a distance, reminded her of a torchlight procession she
+had witnessed once in Peonytown, when the Hickory Club turned out with
+twenty torches and a colored lantern. Having satisfied her eyes with the
+view, she attempted to draw down the curtain, and found that it would
+not move. She had pulled it up so vigorously that the cord had slipped
+from the wheel, and rendered the curtain immovable. By stepping on a
+chair she could, indeed, reach and adjust it; but the only chairs in the
+room were cane-seated, and seemed al<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>together too fragile for such a
+weighty lady as Ann Harriet. To add to her perplexity, the dwelling
+directly opposite was a boarding house, full of young men; and she
+noticed that one or two of them had already discovered her, and that the
+news was probably being communicated to all their fellow boarders, for
+in a very few minutes every window had two or more spectators at it,
+armed with opera or eye glasses, while one saucy fellow had a telescope
+three feet long. What to do she did not know: there was but one window
+in the room, and no recess into which her portly beauty could retreat.
+Once more she tried the curtain, giving it a forcible twitch, and this
+time it came down&mdash;but the whole fixture came with it, and, after
+striking her on the head, slid out of the window into the street, much
+to the amusement of the spectators opposite.</p>
+
+<p>Here was a dilemma&mdash;and what would her aunt say? She had to give up all
+hope of excluding the gaze of her impudent neighbors. Poor damsel! She
+would have asked assistance of some of the family, but they had all been
+asleep some time, and she disliked to disturb them. Finally, she decided
+to extinguish her light and undress in bed&mdash;a difficult undertaking,
+which was, however, accomplished, with the loss of sundry strings and
+buttons; and Ann Harriet laid her wearied head on the pillow, and
+thought her troubles for that day were over. But Sleep forsakes the
+wretched, and her eyes would not 'stay shut.' While coaxing them to
+'stay down,' she was startled by a flash of light on the wall and an
+explosion, then another, and then a third, accompanied by a shower of
+gravelly substance in her face and eyes. Miss Hobbs, as we have seen,
+was</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+'A woman naturally born to fears,'
+</p>
+
+<p>and this sudden and inexplicable exhibition of fireworks in her chamber
+almost burst the strings of her night cap, by causing her curly black
+hair to stand on end.</p>
+
+<p>The mischievous young men opposite had procured a <i>sarbacane</i>&mdash;vulgarly
+known as a 'bean-blower,'&mdash;and were shooting torpedoes into Ann
+Harriet's chamber. Not daring to rise to shut the window, she was wholly
+at their mercy; but fortunately their stock of ammunition was limited to
+half a dozen pellets, and in a few minutes the bombardment ceased.</p>
+
+<p>About midnight Ann Harriet fell into a deep slumber, and when she awoke
+the broad sunshine was illuminating her chamber, while the rattling of
+teams along the paved streets reminded her that she was in the great
+metropolis of New England. She missed the green foliage and healthy
+perfume and bird songs of her pleasant country home: all she could see
+was a combination of bricks, slate, and stone; and not a green thing was
+visible in the street, save a few Irish servants, who were washing off
+the doorsteps and sidewalks. In the middle of the cobble stones lay the
+curtain which had fallen during the scene of the previous evening, muddy
+and torn, its sticks broken by the heavy wagons which had passed over
+it. A glance at the hostile boarding-house assured her that all was
+quiet there; so, after arranging her dress with studied nicety, and
+disposing her hair in the most enchanting style&mdash;and Ann Harriet was
+really neat and winsome&mdash;she descended to the breakfast room. Her cousin
+Gregory was the only person present&mdash;he sat by the window, reading.
+After the customary greeting, Ann Harriet inquired what interested him.</p>
+
+<p>'I have been glancing over an article called 'Ludicrous Exaggerations,'
+in Leigh Hunt's <i>Indicator</i>,' replied Gregory, with a mischievous
+twinkle in his eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet did not notice any point to this remark, but said: 'I do not
+remember having seen that book.'</p>
+
+<p>'What have <i>you</i> been reading lately?' pursued Gregory.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh! I have begun a splendid book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> that Mrs. Orrin Pendergast lent me; I
+have forgotten who wrote it, but its name is 'The Bloody Butcher's
+Bride; or, The Demon of Dandelion Dell.'</p>
+
+<p>Here Gregory was so impolite as to burst into a loud laugh, much to the
+discomfiture of Ann Harriet, who was on the point of describing a
+thrilling scene in the story.</p>
+
+<p>'I see nothing to laugh at,' remarked she, solemnly; 'it is a <i>very</i>
+nice book, Cousin Gregory. Why, some parts of it were so powerful that
+it made me tremble all over.'</p>
+
+<p>'It <i>must</i> have been powerful,' said Gregory, drily.</p>
+
+<p>'You're a saucy fellow,' said his cousin. 'But, by the way, where is
+that new suit that was damaged yesterday? You do not look so stylish
+this morning.'</p>
+
+<p>'Stylish? I hope not. I hate that word; it is only fit to be applied to
+pigs; they always look sty-lish,' replied Gregory.</p>
+
+<p>The door opened, and the rest of the family appeared, much to Ann
+Harriet's discomfort, for she liked her cousin, and was just thinking
+how she could make an impression upon him. The surest way would have
+been to sit in his lap.</p>
+
+<p>They seated themselves at the table, when the customary question came
+from Aunt Farnsworth:</p>
+
+<p>'How did you rest last night, Ann Harriet?'</p>
+
+<p>This, of course, called forth the history of the mishaps she had
+experienced, and the indignation of her uncle and aunt was great when
+they heard how the occupants of the boarding house had behaved.</p>
+
+<p>'Those young men over there are Boarder Ruffians,' remarked Gregory.</p>
+
+<p>'Mercy!' exclaimed his fat cousin; 'if I had known that, I shouldn't
+have slept a wink all night. I have heard Miss Pendergast tell about
+those awful men: she had a sister out in Kansas, and a parcel of Border
+Ruffians came to her house one Sabbath day and ate up everything she
+had, and then carried off her cow and five pullets.'</p>
+
+<p>'What cow-ardly and chicken-hearted fellows, to rob a poor woman in that
+manner!' remarked Gregory, grimly.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh yes,' said Ann Harriet; 'and they spit tobacco juice all over her
+clean floor, and whittled all over the hearth, and told her it was lucky
+for her that she was a widow, for if she hadn't been, they would have
+made her one. I should think you would feel dreadfully to have a whole
+houseful right opposite.'</p>
+
+<p>'We do feel pretty dreadfully,' replied Gregory; 'often.'</p>
+
+<p>'Miranda, you must have a little company while your cousin is here, and
+make her acquainted with some of the ladies and gentlemen of the city,'
+said Aunt Farnsworth.</p>
+
+<p>'I should like to, very much, mother; and if you are willing, I will set
+about it immediately after breakfast; and perhaps I can arrange things
+so as to have it to-morrow night,' was Miranda's reply.</p>
+
+<p>This suggestion was eagerly seconded by Gregory, who always enjoyed the
+social parties that his sister had a peculiar knack in getting up at
+short notice.</p>
+
+<p>Their pleasant anticipations of the <i>soir&eacute;e</i> were suddenly checked by
+quite a melancholy mishap to the solid Ann Harriet. In reaching forward
+to receive a cup of coffee from her aunt, she was obliged to rise a
+little from her seat. Now, the chair in which she was sitting had been
+broken the day before and was glued together, strong enough for any
+ordinary usage, but wholly inadequate to sustain such a weight as now
+taxed it; so when Ann 'set back' into the furniture, the already
+strained joints came apart, and she felt herself descending to the
+floor; to save herself, she clung to the edge of the table, but, of
+course, that was no support; on the contrary, it tilted up and launched
+its whole contents over the prostrate form of the unfortunate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> Ann
+Harriet. There she lay, pinned to the floor by the heavy table, while
+her face and neck and dress were covered with butter, gooseberry pie,
+hot coffee, broken eggs, and slices of fried ham. The carpet was in a
+similar condition, and the Old Dominion coffee-pot was found expiring
+under the sofa.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Farnsworth, in an attempt to save the table from going over, lost
+his own balance, and fell flounder-flat on the floor, where he lay
+shuddering, with his hair in a dish of Shaker apple-sauce: the rest of
+the family escaped unscathed, but were sadly astonished at the sudden
+turn things had taken.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Farnsworth and Gregory raised the fallen table to its former
+position, and Miranda set about collecting the scattered dishes.</p>
+
+<p>'I knew that we were going to breakfast, but I did not think we should
+break so fast as that,' remarked Gregory, ruefully.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet, up to this time, had retained her consciousness, when it
+suddenly occurred to her that, in the stories she had read, the heroines
+always fainted when anything unusual happened; so she shut up her eyes
+and began to gasp, just as her uncle and cousin were about to assist her
+to her feet.</p>
+
+<p>'She is faint; get some water, quick!' exclaimed Miranda.</p>
+
+<p>Gregory seized the 'Old Dominion,' and dashed what coffee there was left
+in it on Ann's face, then threw on all the cream in the pitcher, and
+wound up his frightful orgie by emptying over her locks a lot of brown
+sugar from a bowl which stood near. The effect was that the faint damsel
+'came to' very fast, and requested to be helped up. Her aspect was
+remarkably ludicrous; the moistened sugar, clinging to her hair and
+plastering up her eyes, caused so much mirth on Gregory's part that he
+could hardly restrain it within the bounds of politeness.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, <i>do</i> help me up!' implored Ann Harriet.</p>
+
+<p>Easier said than done. Mr. Farnsworth took hold of one arm, and Gregory
+the other, but their united effort was not sufficient. Mr. Farnsworth
+had but recently recovered from an attack of the rheumatism&mdash;and apple
+sauce&mdash;and was by no means strong enough for such work; while Gregory
+was so full of laughter that it deprived him of half his strength. After
+one or two futile attempts, Miranda had a happy thought: she ran into
+the parlor and brought out half a dozen thick volumes of music; then
+Gregory and his father lifted Ann Harriet as far as they could at one
+effort, while Miranda pushed a book under; at the next lift, a second
+book was inserted, and this movement was repeated until Ann was
+seated&mdash;<i>alto</i> and <i>allegro</i>&mdash;on a pile of six large music books. Aunt
+Farnsworth then brought a basin of water, and carefully bathed her
+niece's face, removing all traces of the catastrophe, in which she was
+assisted by a copious flood of tears from Ann's eyes&mdash;so copious,
+indeed, that Gregory guessed there would be a rainbow when she ceased.</p>
+
+<p>In about twenty minutes 'things were put as near to rights as possible,'
+but their appetites, like the breakfast, were thoroughly spoilt; so
+Miranda and her cousin went up stairs to make their plans for the
+entertainment, which was to be given in honor of the fair Peonytowner.
+This kept them busy all day; for there was shopping to be done, pastry
+and cake to be made, dresses to be 'fixed,' and other arrangements, 'too
+numerous to mention.'</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet's thoughts dwelt incessantly on the appointed evening; the
+iron would then be hot, and she knew that she must strike, or lose a
+golden opportunity for exchanging the desolate monotony of a heavy
+single life for the sparkling, honorable, enviable title of wedded wife.</p>
+
+<p>Surely, Ann Harriet, he who leads thee to the altar will possess a brave
+and stout heart&mdash;one on whom you, although fat, can lean, and of whose
+home you, though heavy, will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> the light. You will so fill his heart
+that there will be no room for discontent, melancholy, or any evil or
+mischievous visitor. Whoever the fortunate man may be, you can rest
+assured that you will exceed his greatest expectations, and he will not
+attempt to exaggerate your charms and attractions.</p>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'There was music and mirth in the lighted saloon;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The measure was merry&mdash;our hearts were in tune;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">While hand linked with hand in the graceful quadrille,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Bright joy crowned the dance, like the sun on the rill,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And beamed in the dark eyes of coquettes and snobs;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">But the belle of the hall was Ann Harriet Hobbs.'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;"><span class="smcap">Mrs. Osgood</span> (with slight variation).</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Bright shone the gas at Mr. Farnsworth's on the evening of the grand
+<i>soir&eacute;e</i> given for the gratification of Ann Harriet, who was anxious to
+see some of the beaux of Boston. Both of the parlor chandeliers were in
+full blaze, much to the delight of Miss Hobbs, who, after gazing at them
+in admiration, expressed the wish that her friend surnamed Pendergast
+might see such a sight.</p>
+
+<p>'That takes the shine all off of Miss Pendergasses' double back-action,
+self-adjusting, anti-corrosive, herring-bone, powerloom lamp, don't it,
+my dear cousin?' asked Gregory, who had been regaled several times with
+an account of a wonderful lamp that burnt one hour at a cost of only ten
+cents, or ten hours at a cost of one cent&mdash;Gregory never could remember
+which.</p>
+
+<p>'Now, Gregory, if you bother me so, I sha'n't tell you anything more;
+please hand me that fan on the table, and tell me who that man is by the
+corner of the mantelpiece.'</p>
+
+<p>'That is Captain Dobbs; he is very fond of poetry, and has written some,
+too; but it was never published, for the editors charged too much for
+putting it into their papers. Shall I introduce him to you?' said
+Gregory.</p>
+
+<p>'A captain and a poet, too? Oh, certainly, I should be delighted to know
+him,' replied Ann Harriet, who began to cool down her countenance by a
+vigorous application of the fan, while Gregory went after the poetical
+captain. He was soon back again, and presented him, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>'Captain Dobbs, Miss Hobbs; Miss Hobbs, Captain Dobbs.'</p>
+
+<p>The Captain bowed so low that Ann Harriet could see the brass buttons on
+the back of his coat, and then, taking her hand, he said, earnestly:</p>
+
+<p>'I rejoice exceedingly that our acquaintance with each other should have
+commenced under such charming auspices!'</p>
+
+<p>Now, they were standing directly under one of the beautiful chandeliers,
+which glistened with brilliant pendants; and Ann, supposing that the
+gallant Captain alluded to them, accordingly replied:</p>
+
+<p>'Yes, they are very charming auspices, and make a beautiful jingle.'</p>
+
+<p>What the Captain really alluded to was the rhyming of their names when
+Gregory introduced them; the jingle of the rhyme pleased him much, and
+he regarded it as propitious to their future acquaintance: Ann Harriet's
+reply happened to suit the case precisely, and placed her in high
+estimation with the Captain.</p>
+
+<p>Drummond Dobbs was about thirty-two years of age, a gentleman, and a
+right good fellow, but so <i>very</i> sentimental that few ladies could
+endure his company. Yet was he anxious to please the fair sex and be
+popular with them: unfortunately, he supposed that the way to be so was
+to shower on them love-sick poetry and sentimental speeches; 'he wore
+his heart upon his sleeve,' fell in love with every new face, and had
+been rejected a score of times; he comforted himself, however, with the
+very scaly proverb, 'there is as good fish in the sea as ever was
+caught,' and&mdash;cast in his line for another chance. He had tried poor
+women and rich<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> women, young school-girls and elastic old maids,
+brunettes and blondes, but all in vain; and the moment he saw Ann
+Harriet he determined to make one more attempt to secure a heart that
+should beat for him alone, an ear that should be ever on the alert for
+his footstep, and eyes that should sparkle only when he was near.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet, on her part, saw all in Captain Dobbs that she could wish
+for; and she thought that if she could return to Peonytown with a live
+captain as her affianced lover, she should be the happiest of fat girls.
+What a sensation she would create on Sunday, when she went to meeting
+arm in arm with him, and <i>how</i> the folks would stare at his bright
+buttons and shoulder straps! She wondered if he would wear a 'trainer
+hat,' with feathers in it.</p>
+
+<p>To Captain Dobbs, Ann Harriet Hobbs was 'a devilish fine-looking woman;'
+there was something tangible in a woman like that, sir; <i>she</i> was not
+one of your flimsy, languid girls, with waist like the stem of a goblet.
+Somebody had said,'the nearer the bone the sweeter the meat,' but he did
+not believe in that; he wanted a <i>wife</i>, and if he could get one twice
+the size of any one else's, so much the better, by Jove!</p>
+
+<p>Gregory, with the tact of Young America, saw instantly what the result
+of an evening's interview would be; so, telling Dobbs that he would find
+his cousin from Peonytown very in-<i>fat</i>-uating, he left them to their
+own enjoyment.</p>
+
+<p>'It is very singular,' remarked the Captain, promptly, 'how much alike
+our names are: Hobbs and Dobbs!'</p>
+
+<p>'Yes; but I think that yours is much the prettiest; I always hated the
+name of Hobbs,' remarked Ann Harriet.</p>
+
+<p>'Hate Hobbs? Well, I detest Dobbs; but you have the advantage of me, for
+you can change yours without much trouble,' replied the Captain.</p>
+
+<p>He did not know that Ann Harriet had been longer, and at more trouble,
+in trying to get her name changed, than if she had applied to seven
+legislatures. She blushed deeply, and raised her fan to hide the rosy
+hue&mdash;but it was a small, round fan, and only partially concealed her
+face, leaving a crimson disk of two inches around it. Captain Dobbs was
+delighted; a blush to him was a certain proof of maiden coyness, and
+bespoke a heart so full of love that every emotion sent it mantling to
+the face.</p>
+
+<p>Gregory here returned, to say that they were getting up a dance, and
+Captain Dobbs and his cousin must certainly join in it.</p>
+
+<p>'But I never danced in my life!' said Ann Harriet, innocently.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, never mind <i>that</i>; it is a very simple dance&mdash;the Virginia Reel;
+every one can dance that; only do as others do,' replied Gregory.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet, accepting Captain Dobbs's proffered arm, proceeded to the
+room where the arrangements for the dance were progressing.</p>
+
+<p>'I understand that Miss Hobbs is the star of this business,' remarked
+Mr. Pickett to Gregory, as he crammed himself behind a bookcase, to
+allow the lady and her escort to go by.</p>
+
+<p>'Star? ' repeated Gregory. 'Yes; the full moon of the concern.'</p>
+
+<p>'You mean of the firm,' quoth Pickett.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes,' replied Gregory, 'the full moon of the firm, I meant.'</p>
+
+<p>The dancers took their places, and a merry tune soon set them in motion.
+Ann Harriet watched the others carefully, and soon understood the
+figure. At length her turn came to advance. She performed her part very
+well until she came to that step known as <i>dos &agrave; dos</i>, and here her good
+luck forsook her; for, in stepping back, she struck with full force her
+companion, a slim young man with shell eyeglasses, and sent him forward
+with an impetus which was only checked by his coming in collision with a
+plaster-of-Paris pedestal, on which stood a bust of General Zachary
+Taylor; his head penetrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> the column, and the bust came down on his
+back with a thump that nearly knocked the breath out of his body. His
+eyeglasses were shattered, his soul rent, and his shirt bosom torn
+asunder. The unfortunate youth gathered himself up and retreated to an
+anteroom, where he rearranged his disordered clothing; but was not seen
+again, having disappeared through a side door and hastened home.</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet came out of the collision like a second 'Monitor,' unscathed
+and undaunted; indeed, she was not aware that anything unusual had
+happened till she heard the crash, and then was surprised to learn that
+she was the cause of the catastrophe.</p>
+
+<p>When our heroine heard how serious the collision had been, she felt much
+disturbed, until Gregory observed that, although she had been backward
+in causing the mishap, she should not be backward in making what
+reparation she could.</p>
+
+<p>On this suggestion, Ann Harriet inquired the whereabouts of Mr. Google,
+and learning that he was in an anteroom, started in search of him. She
+found herself in the supper room, hurrying across which, she pulled open
+a door on the other side with such a vigorous effort of elephantine
+strength, as to precipitate a waiter, who had just caught hold of the
+handle, headlong into the room. The unfortunate servitor, who was
+dressed in white cravat and black coat, landed under the supper table,
+where he lay motionless. Ann Harriet made her way back to the parlor as
+quickly as possible, where she startled the visitors by exclaiming:</p>
+
+<p>'Oh dear, come here, quick! I have killed a minister!'</p>
+
+<p>Miss Helen Bumpus, who was playing a quickstep on the pianoforte,
+uttered a sharp shriek, which was echoed from various parts of the room,
+and the whole company, headed by Captain Dobbs, followed Ann Harriet to
+the scene of the disaster.</p>
+
+<p>When they reached the dining room they found her 'minister' sitting on
+the floor, rubbing his head, and using language more appropriate to one
+of Captain Kidd's profession than to an expounder of the gospel. When
+the damaged waiter saw the immense crowd entering the room, he vanished
+into the kitchen amid shouts of laughter from the assembly, who
+comprehended at once Miss Hobbs's error. Ann Harriet felt much relieved
+to find that the accident was no worse, and explained the mishap to her
+friends, ending by inquiring what denomination he belonged to. Gregory
+informed her that the individual was not a clergyman, but a lay-man and
+a waiter.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after, the guests were requested to repair to the supper room, and
+each gentleman chose his partner for the occasion. Unfortunately for Ann
+Harriet, Captain Dobbs chanced to be at the farther end of the room, and
+before he reached the object of his adoration she had already accepted
+the arm of an exquisite youth with patent eyeglass, pink necktie, and
+tomato-colored moustache. The disappointment nearly destroyed Dobbs's
+appetite. He had intended to be irresistibly attentive to Miss Hobbs; to
+furnish her with every little delicacy the table afforded; and <i>now</i>,
+she must depend upon the languid movements of a 'snob:' it was too bad,
+by Jove!</p>
+
+<p>The table was elegantly decorated with flowers, and the neatly prepared
+dishes and ministerial waiters presented a scene which to Ann Harriet's
+vision was enchanting.</p>
+
+<p>'What shall I have the pleasure of obtaining for you?' asked Mr.
+Struttles of Ann Harriet.</p>
+
+<p>'Let me see,' replied Ann. 'It's some time since I eat anything, and I
+feel pretty hungry: if you will get me a plateful of pandowdy<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> and
+some ginger snaps, I shall feel thankful.'</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Struttles was a very polite man, and would not laugh in a lady's
+face<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> for a farm; but his tomato-hued moustache quivered, and he had to
+frown fiercely to conceal the laughter which threatened to burst him
+asunder.</p>
+
+<p>'What amuses you so much, Strut?' asked a friend, who found him a few
+moments later in the entry, giggling all by himself.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh dear! I shall die!' he replied, shaking with mirth; 'that fat girl
+asked me to get her something to eat that I never heard of: I believe
+she called it <i>slam dowdy</i>, or rip snap, or something like that, and, of
+course, there is nothing of the kind on the table.'</p>
+
+<p>'Go and tell her it is all eaten up,' suggested the friend; 'article all
+sold.'</p>
+
+<p>Struttles had not thought of that; it was a good idea, so off he went
+and told Ann Harriet that the object she wished had been so fashionable
+that it was all devoured before he reached it.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, well! I had just as lief have some gingerbread and a pickle-lime,'
+was her calm response.</p>
+
+<p>Struttles rushed desperately to the table, filled a plate full of
+anything that came handy, brought it to his dame, and informed her that
+there was not a pickled lime to be had. Ann Harriet did not care; she
+was soon busy devouring the contents of the plate, while Struttles stood
+by, chuckling and grinning.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Dobbs, in the mean time, was doing all he could to make hungry
+and handsome Miss Helen Bumpus happy, by giving her oyster salad, ice
+cream, frozen pudding, and cake, with plenty of champagne to wash it
+down; but his heart was with Ann Harriet, and many an anxious glance he
+bestowed on her, to see if she was well supplied with the niceties of
+the festive board. He thrilled with joy at seeing her behind a plate
+piled nearly as high as her chin with a variety of cakes, tarts, fruits,
+and jellies.</p>
+
+<p>After a while every one was surfeited, and gradually the supper room was
+deserted, leaving none but the waiters, who quickly cleared away what
+there was left of the supper.</p>
+
+<p>On entering the parlor, Captain Dobbs caught a view of himself in a
+large mirror, and saw to his dismay that he had not escaped the usual
+fate of gallants who endeavor to make themselves agreeable to the ladies
+in a crowded supper-room; lumps of blanc-mange adhered to his shirt
+bosom; particles of calf's-foot jelly coruscated like gems on his
+patent-leather gaiters, and quivering oysters hung tenaciously to his
+coat sleeves. He looked around for some place of refuge where he could
+retire and remove the remnants of the banquet, and espying a side room
+apparently deserted, there being no light in it, stepped in, and, taking
+off his coat, commenced the task of restoring it to its pristine
+splendor. While doing this, he was startled by a sound so singular that
+his coat nearly fell from his hand, so alarmed was he. Glancing at the
+door, his eyes met the known form of Ann Harriet, when he instantly
+hurried on his coat in horror, and, apologizing to his fair friend for
+being caught without it, referred to the curious noise he had heard.</p>
+
+<p>'What did it sound like?' asked Ann Harriet.</p>
+
+<p>The Captain tried in vain to find a simile; he had never heard anything
+that resembled it; and Ann Harriet's suggestions as to what it might
+have been were equally fruitless.</p>
+
+<p>The truth was, that when Miss Hobbs appeared at the threshold of the
+door she heaved a deep sigh, and it was this that startled her lover;
+but as he had his head in a stooping position, and was busy brushing his
+coat, the sound seemed to him to come from the farther end of the room,
+which was obscured in darkness. He was not aware that fat ladies' sighs
+were proportionate to their size. However, now that his heart's idol was
+present, he cared nothing for aught else; so, taking her small hand, he
+led her to the window, and they stood gazing with mutual consent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> at the
+starry heavens. Gregory spied them there, and mischievously closed the
+door. What conversation ensued is only known to the two who were engaged
+in it, but every one noticed that when Ann Harriet reappeared her step
+was light if not actually fantastic, and her mild countenance beamed
+with a moonlike radiance, so serenely bright as to reveal a heart
+buoyant with bliss. Soon after, the company dispersed, and the damsel,
+retiring to her dormitory, was soon dreaming sweetly of 'her betrothed,'
+and imagined that all the bells in Peonytown were rung on her wedding
+day.</p>
+
+<p>Sleep on, Ann Harriet! Thou hast waited long for the happy hour; but
+thou wert thyself weighty, and it was fit that thou, too, shouldst deal
+deliberately in matters of <i>'great' weight</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The next day she informed her uncle of her intention to marry the
+accomplished Drummond Dobbs, and received his hearty approval; for
+Dobbs's character was good, and without a scar.</p>
+
+<p>The nuptials were to take place without delay, and so Ann Harriet
+hastened home to make the requisite arrangements.</p>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'In wedlock a species of lottery lies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Where in blanks and in prizes we deal;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">But how comes it that you, such a capital prize,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Should so long have remained in the wheel?'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;"><span class="smcap">Moore</span>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet was determined that her wedding should be a romantic one;
+she said that it was by no means an every-day affair, and therefore it
+should be carried out in a style proportionate to its rarity. After
+consulting Mrs. Pendergast, and searching through a pile of 'New York
+Dashers,' she was much inclined to a midnight wedding, especially as
+Mrs. Pendergast offered to loan her patent lamp for the occasion; but
+when they suddenly happened to hear of a marriage celebrated in the wild
+and picturesque woods of the White Hills, it was immediately decided
+that there was no better place; so sacred a ceremony should be performed
+'under the broad canopy of heaven,' and the birds of the air and the
+countless leaves of the trees should sing their epithalamium.</p>
+
+<p>After some search, it was decided that the happy spot should be on
+'Huckleberry Hill,' a picturesque elevation about a mile from the
+postoffice in Peonytown, covered with a luxurious growth of pines and
+hemlocks, interspersed with huckleberry bushes, sweet fern, and
+mullenstalks. A small, open place was selected, where the long moss made
+a beautiful carpet, and the tall trees on every side entwined their arms
+as lovingly together as if they, too, were about to take each other 'for
+better for worse,' while the ripple of a brook hidden in the woods lent
+a pleasant melody to the scene.</p>
+
+<p>'This is the place of all others,' remarked Ann Harriet. 'Houses may
+burn down or decay, churches may be sold and turned into ice-cream
+saloons and lager-beer depots&mdash;as Mr. Dunstable's was; but these lofty
+pines and rugged hemlocks will stand for centuries, to mark the spot
+where, in my girlhood, I plighted my troth to that <i>dear</i> Dobbs.'</p>
+
+<p>Preparations for the bridal went gloriously on. The Peonytown dressmaker
+was busy day and evening in making up the trousseau of the expectant
+bride. The wedding dress was to be of fine white muslin, and no
+ornaments to detract from its spotless purity.</p>
+
+<p>The important day at length arrived. The sun rose warm, brilliant, calm,
+and cloudless&mdash;and so did Ann Harriet. Her heart beat quick and
+tumultuously as the coming event of the day suddenly occurred to her,
+and she rejoiced to think that she was now to have <i>one</i> to shield her
+from the chilling blasts of a cold, relentless world&mdash;a husband on whose
+breast her weary head could rest and feel secure.</p>
+
+<p>These thoughts made her footsteps<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> light, and she hastened to array
+herself for the bridal, which, was appointed at ten o'clock. The barber
+of Peonytown was sent for, and, although dressing a bride's hair was
+something as yet unknown to him, yet, after much perseverance and more
+ox marrow, he succeeded in twisting and braiding her luxuriant black
+locks into a kind of triumphal-arched basketwork, that resembled a
+miniature summer-house. The white muslin dress was then put on, and a
+pair of white kid gloves drawn over her small fingers (plump people have
+little hands), and Ann Harriet awaited her husband elect.</p>
+
+<p>All Peonytown had been apprized of the hour of the wedding, and, in
+consequence, the grove was at an early period filled with spectators.
+Boys climbed into the trees; camp stools were provided; and one
+enterprising Peonytowner brought a long wooden settee, and let the weary
+rest on it for the slight consideration of half a dime each. The Rev.
+Derby Sifter was there too. He was to perform the ceremony, and, as it
+was the first wedding in Peonytown for six months, he was in unusual
+humor, rubbing his hands together, and laughing at every remark that was
+made.</p>
+
+<p>At the appointed time Ann Harriet appeared, hanging lovingly on the arm
+of the gallant Captain. The bride attracted universal attention. At
+first, indeed, many were impressed with the idea that a crowd of girls
+were coming, dressed in unsullied white; but as she approached nearer,
+they saw that it was the fair Ann Harriet in her white muslin, leaning
+on the arm of Captain Dobbs, who was dressed in full uniform, and had a
+carnation pink in his mouth. The Rev. Derby Sifter now stepped forward,
+and the parties took their places. No bridesmaids were needed, the bride
+'answering' for several. After a few preliminary remarks, the reverend
+gentleman pronounced them&mdash;under green leaves&mdash;<i>husband and wife!</i> Ann
+Harriet heaved a sigh of relief: the H had vanished forever from her
+name, and D now reigned in its stead. A short prayer then followed.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, a boy in a tree directly over their heads spied a
+caterpillar's nest near him, and, breaking a twig from a branch, he
+probed the nest, causing a tremendous stampede among the inmates. Down
+they dropped, silently and softly, upon the elaborate head of the bride,
+who stood wholly unconscious of the additional ornaments so profusely
+decorating her hair; the company noticed it, and very soon every one was
+in a broad grin. Ann Harriet became conscious of some merriment in that
+portion of the party immediately under her observation, and a succession
+of blushes suffused her face as she felt that something ridiculous to
+herself must have caused it. At that instant a caterpillar, that had
+been swinging to and fro on his attenuated web, landed plump on Ann's
+nose as she raised her face (he had been waiting for something to turn
+up), causing her to give utterance to a scream that made the clerical
+gentleman open his eyes, and a couple of catbirds to fly frightened and
+squealing from their nests.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time an angry cow, rendered furious by the sting of some
+insect, plunged frantically into the wedding circle, bellowing, tossing
+her head, and flourishing her tail in a terrific and antinuptial manner.
+The Rev. Mr. Sifter was the first one to leave, and, being very spare,
+he passed swiftly through the trees and bushes, never looking behind him
+till he had reached the meeting house, where he stopped and in his
+unconscious delirium caught at the bell rope and rang the bell with a
+vigor that started every one from his work, so that in a few minutes
+'Extinguisher No. 1' was hurried along the roads by an extempore company
+of about fifty men and boys.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the witnesses of the rural wedding had all skedaddled&mdash;to
+bor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>row a Greek word&mdash;into the woods, in dire confusion, tearing
+dresses, pulling down 'back hair,' hitching hoop skirts, and tumbling
+over blackberry vines&mdash;but each intent on increasing the distance from
+the mad cow. Ann Harriet was not so fortunate; her size prevented her
+running, and a fiery peony on her bosom attracted the animal's
+attention, so that, with a loud roar, the beast rushed directly upon
+her. Had Ann Harriet been&mdash;as she was a few weeks before&mdash;an unprotected
+female, the undertaker of Peonytown would have had a 'big job' that day;
+but luckily, he who had just sworn to love and protect her saw that now
+was his time and chance to begin; so, drawing his sword, he stepped in
+front of his trembling bride, and, as the cow approached with head down
+and eyeballs glaring wildly, he aimed a blow with his weapon, which
+inflicted a severe cut on her nose.</p>
+
+<p>The cow paused.</p>
+
+<p>'Step backward gradually, my Ann Harriet,' said the valiant Dobbs, 'and
+I will see that she does not touch you.'</p>
+
+<p>Ann Harriet stepped backward, but not 'gradually,' for she trod on a
+loose stone, which upset her, and she rolled over and over down a
+sloping rock, ruining, on the way, any quantity of huckleberry bushes
+and pennyroyal. This started the cow, who made another furious charge at
+the soldier, who this time, by a well-directed blow, cut one horn sheer
+off.</p>
+
+<p>'That's good!' exclaimed he; 'next time I'll take t'other horn, and then
+commence on her legs.'</p>
+
+<p>The cow made another retreat, but appeared by no means vanquished. The
+Captain stood his ground manfully. Ann Harriet sat on the moss at the
+foot of the rock, disentangling from her hair the bruised and mangled
+caterpillars which still remained there.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the cow was about to make her third charge, shouts were heard in
+the path which led to the village, and in a moment 'Extinguisher No. 1,'
+with its brave volunteers, was on the ground. They had followed the
+directions of the parson and arrived at an opportune moment.</p>
+
+<p>The boys at once decided that, as there was no fire to put out, they
+would 'put out' the cow; so, unreeling the hose, they drew the water
+from the brook, and in a very little while a stream of water from a
+two-inch pipe struck the astonished cow full in the face, when she
+turned and scampered off into the forest, jumping over Ann Harriet at a
+single bound, and was seen no more.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Dobbs wiped his gory weapon on the greensward, and returned it
+to the sheath. He then sprang to the side of his wife, and, with the
+help of the foreman and two brakemen, raised her. She said her nerves
+were all unstrung, and she 'never could walk home in the world;' so she
+was placed on the box of the hose carriage and carried to the village.</p>
+
+<p>The Peonytowners turned out <i>en masse</i> to meet them, and were anxious
+that the heroic Captain should make a speech from the town pump; but he
+declined.</p>
+
+<p>In a short time the happy couple were comfortably seated on the sofa in
+the parlor of the old homestead, and his arm was as far round her waist
+as it would go. Here we will bid them adieu. Ann Harriet being married,
+she will have no more <i>miss</i>-haps&mdash;albeit at some future time something
+may be heard of Captain and Mrs. Dobbs&mdash;and all the little Dobbses.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Broken-up apple pie.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_UNION" id="THE_UNION"></a>THE UNION.</h2>
+
+<h2>IV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The census tables of the North and the South, and especially of
+Massachusetts, Maryland, and South Carolina, heretofore presented, have
+proved that slavery greatly retarded the progress of population, wealth,
+science, education, and religion. The comparison now instituted between
+New York and Virginia demonstrates the same law.</p>
+
+<p>By the census, the population of Virginia in 1790 was 748,308, and in
+1860, 1,596,318, making the ratio of increase 113.32 percent. In 1790,
+New York numbered 340,120, and in 1860, 3,880,735, the ratio of increase
+being 1,040.99. (Table 1, Prelim. Census Rep., p. 132.) Thus, the rate
+of increase in New York exceeded that of Virginia more than nine to one.</p>
+
+<p>In 1790, the population of Virginia was largely more than double that of
+New York. In 1860, the population of New York was very largely more than
+double that of Virginia. In 1790, Virginia, in population, ranked first
+of all the States, and New York the fifth. In 1860, they had reversed
+their positions, and New York was the first, and Virginia the fifth.
+(Rep., p. 120.) At the same rate of progress, from 1860 to 1900, as from
+1790 to 1860, Virginia, retaining slavery, would have sunk from the
+first to the twenty-first State, and would still continue, at each
+succeeding decade, descending the inclined plane toward the lowest
+position of all the States. Such has been, and still continues to be,
+the effect of slavery, in dragging down that once great State from the
+first toward the last in rank in the Union. But if, as in the absence of
+slavery must have been the case, Virginia had increased from 1790 to
+1860 in the same ratio as New York, her population in 1860 would have
+been 7,789,141, and she must always have remained the first in rank of
+all the States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Area</span>.&mdash;The natural advantages of Virginia far exceed those of New York.
+The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and that of New York,
+47,000. The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was 12.19,
+and in 1860, 26.02. That of New York, in 1790, was 7.83, and in 1860,
+84.36. Now, if New York, with her present numbers per square mile, had
+the area of Virginia, her population, in 1860, would have been
+5,175,654, and that of Virginia, reduced to the area of New York, on the
+basis of her present numbers per square mile, would have been 1,320,000.
+This illustrates the immense effect of area, as one of the great
+elements influencing the progress of population. But, wonderful as are
+these results, the great fact is omitted in this calculation, that
+Virginia, in 1790, had largely more than double the population of New
+York. Thus, if we reverse the numbers of New York and Virginia in 1790,
+and take the actual ratio of increase of each for the succeeding seventy
+years, the population of Virginia, in 1860, would have been 728,875, and
+that of New York, as we have seen, would have been 7,789,141, making the
+difference exceed seven millions, or very largely more than ten to one.
+Reverse the areas also, and the difference would exceed eight millions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shore Line</span>.&mdash;As furnishing cheap and easy access for imports and
+exports, creating marts for commerce with great cities, and affecting
+the interior most beneficially, the shore line, with adequate harbors,
+constitutes a vast element in the progress of states and empires. Now,
+by the last tables of the United States coast survey, the shore line of
+Virginia was 1,571 miles, and of New York 725 miles. The five great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+parallel tide-water rivers of Virginia, the Potomac, the Rappahannock,
+the York river, James river, and Roanoke (partly in North Carolina),
+with their tributaries, furnish easy access for hundreds of miles into
+the interior, with both shores of the noble Chesapeake bay for many
+miles, as well as its magnificent outlet and the main ocean for a
+considerable distance, all within the limits of Virginia. We have seen
+that the coast line of Virginia is largely more than double that of New
+York, and the harbors of Virginia are more numerous, deeper, and much
+nearer the great valley of the Ohio and Mississippi. By the coast-survey
+tables, the mean low water into the harbor of New York by Gedney's
+channel is 20 feet, and at high-water spring tides is 24.2; north
+channel, 24, mean low water, and 29.1 spring tides, high water; south
+channel, 22 and 27.1; main ship channel, after passing S.W. spit buoy,
+on N.E. course, one mile up the bay, for New York, 22.5-27.06. By the
+same tables, from capes at entrance of Chesapeake bay to Hampton, at
+mean low water, 30 feet; spring tides, high water, 32.8. Anchorage in
+Hampton roads, 59-61.8. From Hampton roads to Sewell's point, 25-27.8.
+South of Sewell's point (one mile and a half), 21-23.8; up to Norfolk,
+23-25.8. From Hampton roads to James river, entering to the northward of
+Newport News, middle ground, 22-24.8. From Hampton roads to James river,
+entering to the southward of Newport News, middle ground, 27-29.8. From
+abreast the tail of York spit, up to Yorktown, 33-35.8. Elizabeth river,
+between Norfolk and navy yard, 25.5-28.3.</p>
+
+<p>When we leave the tide-water rivers for the interior navigable streams,
+Virginia has a vast advantage. New York has no such rivers above tide,
+but Virginia has the Ohio for hundreds of miles, with its tributaries,
+the Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy. It is true, New York has several
+of the great lakes, and the vast advantage of connection with them
+through her great canal. But, in the absence of slavery, the canal
+projected by Washington (preceding that of New York) would have
+connected, through Virginia, the Chesapeake bay with the Ohio river. The
+James river, flowing into the Chesapeake, cuts the Blue Mountains, and
+the Kanawha, a confluent of the Ohio, cuts the Alleghany; thus opening
+an easy and practicable route for a great canal from the eastern to the
+western waters. The valley of the lakes, with which New York is
+connected by her canal, has an area of 335,515 square miles. The valley
+of the Mississippi, with which the Chesapeake would long since, in the
+absence of slavery, have been connected by the Virginia canal, has an
+area of 1,226,600 square miles. The shore line of the Mississippi and
+its tributaries, above tide water, is 35,644 miles. (Page 35 Compend.
+Census of 1850.) Our shore line of the lakes is 3,620 miles, including
+bays, sounds, and islands; and that of the British, 2,629. (Ib. 35.) The
+connection of the lakes with the Ohio and Mississippi would be the same
+for both States, the one being from the lakes to these rivers, and the
+other from the rivers to the lakes. The location of Virginia is more
+central than that of New York, and Virginia runs farther west by several
+hundred miles. We are so accustomed to look at the connection of New
+York with the West by her canal, and Virginia with no such union, that
+it is difficult to realize the great change if Virginia had been
+connected by her progressing work with the Ohio and Mississippi, and
+thence, by the present canals, with the lakes.</p>
+
+<p>It is apparent, then, that, as regards easy access to the West, the
+natural advantages of Virginia surpass New York, and with greater
+facilities for artificial works. How many decades would be required,
+after emancipation, to bring the superior natural advantages of Virginia
+into practical operation, is not the question; nor do I believe that
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> city of New York will ever cease to be the centre of our own trade,
+and ultimately of the commerce of the world. But although Virginia, in
+adhering to slavery, has lost her supremacy in the Union, it is quite
+certain that, as a Free State, she would commence a new career of
+wonderful prosperity, that capital and population from the North and
+from Europe would flow there with a mighty current, her lands be doubled
+in value, and her town and city property far more than quadrupled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mines</span>.&mdash;Virginia has vast mines of coal, the great element of modern
+progress. New York has none. It is coal that has made Great Britain a
+mighty empire, giving her power, by land and sea, equal to the manual
+force of all mankind. It is stated by the Commissioner of the General
+Land Office, in his report before referred to, of November, 1860, 'that
+an acre of coal, three feet thick, is equal to the product of 1,940
+acres of forest trees; and each acre of a coal seam four feet in
+thickness, and yielding one yard of pure coal, is equivalent to 5,000
+tons, and possesses, therefore, a reserve of mechanical strength in its
+fuel, equal to the life labor of more than 1,600 men.'</p>
+
+<p>This statement of the Commissioner is made on the highest authority, and
+proves the vast natural advantages of Virginia over New York. Virginia,
+also, has far more abundant mines of iron, more widely diffused over the
+State, reaching from tide water to the Ohio. She has also these iron
+mines in juxtaposition with coal and all the fluxes. Virginia, also, has
+valuable mines of gold, lead, and copper. New York has no gold or copper
+mines, and produced in 1860 but $800 worth of lead. (Table 14.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hydraulic Power</span>.&mdash;Omitting Niagara, which thus far scorns the control of
+man, the hydraulic power of Virginia very far exceeds that of New York.
+It is to be found on the Potomac and its tributaries, and upon nearly
+every stream that flows into the Chesapeake or Ohio. The superior
+mildness of the climate of Virginia makes this power available there for
+a much greater portion of the year. The great falls of the Potomac,
+where Washington constructed the largest locks of the continent, has a
+water power unsurpassed, and is but twelve miles from tide water, at
+Washington. This point is a most healthy and beautiful location,
+surrounded by lands whose natural fertility was very great, and, in the
+absence of slavery, must have been a vast manufacturing city. This water
+power could move more spindles than are now worked on all this
+continent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Agriculture and Manufactures.</span>&mdash;The natural fertility of the soil of
+Virginia far exceeded that of New York, with a more genial sun, and much
+more favorable seasons for agricultural products, as well as for stock.
+The number of acres of land in Virginia susceptible of profitable
+culture, is nearly double that of New York, but much of it has been
+impoverished by slave labor, scratching and exhausting the soil, without
+manure or rotation of crops. The census shows that Virginia has all the
+products of New York, and cotton in addition. Virginia produced, in
+1860, 12,727 bales of cotton (table 36), worth, at present prices,
+nearly $3,000,000. She also adjoins the States of North Carolina and
+Tennessee, producing, in 1860, 372,964 bales, worth, at present prices,
+nearly $90,000,000. Virginia is also much nearer than New York to all
+the other cotton States. With these vast advantages, with her larger
+area, more fertile soil, cheaper subsistence, her coal and iron and
+great hydraulic power, with so much cotton raised by herself and in
+adjacent States, Virginia should have manufactured much more cotton than
+New York. But, by the census (table 22), the value of the cotton
+manufacture of Virginia in 1850 was $1,446,109, and in 1860,
+$1,063,611&mdash;a decrease of one third. In New York, the value of the
+cotton manufacture in 1850 was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> $5,019,323, and in 1860, $7,471,961, an
+increase of over 48 per cent. So, if we look at the tables of mines,
+manufactures, and the fisheries, with the vastly superior advantages of
+Virginia, the whole product in 1860 was of the value of $51,300,000, and
+of agriculture $68,700,000; whilst in New York these values were
+respectively $379,623,560 and $226,376,440. (Tables of Census, 33 and
+36.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Climate and Mortality.</span>&mdash;By table 6, page 22, of the Census, there were
+for the year ending June 1st, 1860, 46,881 deaths in New York, being 1
+in every 82 of the population, and 1.22 per cent. The number of deaths
+in Virginia, in the same year, was 22,472, being 1 in every 70 of the
+population, or 1.43 per cent. There was, then, a slight difference in
+favor of New York. But Virginia is divided into four geographical
+sections: the tide-water, the Piedmont (running from the tide-water
+region to the Blue Mountains), the valley between these mountains and
+the Alleghanies, and the trans-Alleghany to the Ohio. These three last
+sections, containing three fourths of the area and white population of
+the State, surpass New York in salubrity, with the most bracing and
+delightful climate. The climate of Virginia is far more favorable for
+stock and agricultural products than New York, with longer and better
+seasons, and is more salubrious than the climate of Europe. (Comp.
+1850.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Progress of Wealth.</span>&mdash;We have seen how great was the advance in
+population of New York over Virginia, from 1790 to 1860, being in the
+ratio of more than 9 to 1. Now let us compare the relative progress of
+wealth. It is contended by the advocates of slavery, that it accumulates
+wealth more rapidly, and thus enriches the nation, although it may
+depress its moral and intellectual development, its increase of numbers
+and of power, and tarnish its reputation throughout the world. As
+population and its labor create wealth, it must be retarded by a system
+which, as we have seen in this case, diminishes the relative advance of
+numbers in the ratio of more than 9 to 1. But the census proves that
+slavery greatly retards the increase of wealth. By tables 33 and 36 of
+the census of 1860, it appears, omitting commerce, that the products of
+industry, as given, viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and
+fisheries, were that year in New York $604,000,000, or $155 <i>per
+capita</i>; and in Virginia $120,000,000, or $75 <i>per capita</i>. This shows a
+total value of product in New York more than five times greater than in
+Virginia, and <i>per capita</i>, more than 2 to 1. If we include the earnings
+of commerce, and all business not given in the census, I think it will
+be shown hereafter, that the value of the products and earnings of New
+York, in 1860, exceeded those of Virginia at least 7 to 1. As to the
+rate of increase, the value of the products of agriculture,
+manufactures, mines, and fisheries of Virginia, in 1850, was $84,480,428
+(table 9), and in New York $356,736,603, showing an increase in Virginia
+from 1850 to 1860 of $35,519,572, being 41 per cent., and in New York
+$247,263,397, being 69 per cent., exhibiting a difference of 28 per
+cent. Now the increase of population in Virginia from 1850 to 1860 was
+12.29 per cent., and in New York 25.29 per cent., the difference being
+only 13 per cent. (Table 1, p. 131.) Thus, it appears, the increase of
+wealth in New York, exclusive of the gains of commerce, as compared with
+Virginia, was more than double the ratio of the augmentation of
+population. By the census table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195, 'The true value
+of the real and personal property, according to the eighth census was,
+New York, $1,843,338,517, and of Virginia $793,249,681.' Now we have
+seen the value of the products of New York in 1860 by the census was
+$604,000,000, and in Virginia $120,000,000. Thus, as a question of the
+annual yield of capital, that of New York was 32.82 per cent., and
+Virginia 15.13 per cent.; the an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>nual product of capital being more than
+double in New York what it was in Virginia. The problem then is solved
+in Virginia, as it was in Maryland and South Carolina, and all the South
+compared with all the North, that slavery retards the progress of wealth
+and accumulation of capital, in the ratio of 2 to 1. Our war taxes may
+be very great, but the tax of slavery is far greater, and the relief
+from it, in a few years, will add much more to the national wealth than
+the whole deduction made by the war debt. Our total wealth, by the
+census of 1860, being, by table 35, $16,159,616,068, one per cent. taken
+annually to pay the interest and gradually extinguish the war debt,
+would be $161,596,160; whereas, judging by Virginia and New York, the
+diminished increase of the annual product of capital, as the result of
+slavery, is 2.8 per cent., or $452,469,250 per annum, equal in a decade,
+without compounding the annual results, to $4,524,692,500.</p>
+
+<p>That our population would have reached in 1860 nearly 40,000,000, and
+our wealth have been more than doubled, if slavery had been extinguished
+in 1790, is one of the revelations made by the census; whilst in
+science, in education, and national power, the advance would have been
+still more rapid, and the moral force of our example and success would
+have controlled for the benefit of mankind the institutions of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>By table 36, p. 196, of the census of 1860, the <i>cash</i> value of the
+farms of Virginia was $371,096,211, being $11.91 per acre, and of New
+York $803,343,593, being $38.26 per acre. Now, by the table, the number
+of acres embraced in these farms of New York was 20,992,950, and in
+Virginia 31,014,950, the difference of value per acre being $26.36, or
+much more than 3 to 1 in favor of New York. Now, if we multiply this
+number of acres of farm lands of Virginia by the New York value, it
+would make the total value of the farm lands of New York $1,186,942,136,
+and the <i>additional</i> value caused by emancipation $815,845,925. Now the
+whole number of slaves in Virginia in 1860, was 490,865; multiplying
+which by $300 as their average value, would be $147,259,500, leaving
+$668,586,425 as the sum by which Virginia would be richer in farms
+alone, if slavery were abolished. But, stupendous as is this result in
+regard to lands, it is far below the reality. We have seen that the farm
+lands of Virginia, improved and unimproved, constituted 31,014,950
+acres. By the census and the land-office tables, the area of Virginia is
+39,265,280 acres. Deduct the farm lands, and there remain unoccupied
+8,250,330 acres. Now, Virginia's population to the square mile being
+26.02, and that of New York 84.36, with an equal density in Virginia,
+more than two thirds of these Virginia lands, as in New York, must have
+been occupied as farms. This would have been equivalent, at two thirds,
+to 5,500,000 acres, which, at their present average value of $2 per
+acre, would be worth $11,000,000; but, at the value per acre of the New
+York lands, these 5,500,000 acres would be worth $206,430,000. Deduct
+from this their present value, $11,000,000, and the remainder,
+$195,430,000, is the sum by which the unoccupied lands of Virginia,
+converted into farms, would have been increased in value by
+emancipation. Add this to the enhanced value of their present farms,
+$815,845,925, and the result would be $1,011,275,925, as the gain of
+Virginia in the value of lands by emancipation. To these we should add,
+from the same cause, the enhancement of the town and city property in
+Virginia to the extent of several hundred millions of dollars. In order
+to realize the truth, we must behold Virginia as she would have been,
+with New York railroads and canals, farms, manufactures, commerce,
+towns, and cities. Then we must consider the superior natural advantages
+of Virginia, her far greater area, her richer soil, her more genial sun,
+her greater variety of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> products, her mines of coal, iron, gold, copper,
+and lead, her petroleum, her superior hydraulic power, her much larger
+coast line, with more numerous and deeper harbors&mdash;and reflect what
+Virginia would have been in the absence of slavery. Her early statesmen,
+Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Mason, Tucker, and Marshall, all
+realized this great truth, and all desired to promote emancipation in
+Virginia. But their advice was disregarded by her present leaders&mdash;the
+new, false, and fatal dogmas of Calhoun were substituted; and, as a
+consequence, Virginia, from the first rank (<i>longo intervallo</i>) of all
+the States, has fallen to the fifth, and, with slavery continued, will
+descend still more rapidly in the future than in the past. Let her
+abolish slavery, and she will commence a new career of progress. Freedom
+and its associates, education and energy, will occupy her waste lands,
+restore her exhausted fields, decaying cities, and prostrate industry,
+employ her vast hydraulic power, develop her mines, unite by her grand
+canals the waters of the Chesapeake and Ohio, and, placing her feet upon
+slavery, hear her proclaim, in the proud language of her own State
+motto, '<i>Sic semper tyrannis.</i>'</p>
+
+<p>By census table 36, p. 197, the value, in 1860, of the farm lands of all
+the Slave States, was $2,570,466,935, and the number of acres
+245,721,062, worth $10.46 per acre. In the Free States, the value of the
+farm lands was $4,067,947,286, and the number of acres 161,462,008,
+worth $25.19 per acre. Now if, as certainly in the absence of slavery
+would have been the case, the farm lands of the South had been worth as
+much per acre as those of the North, their total value would have been
+$6,189,713,551, and, deducting the present price, the <i>additional</i> cash
+value would have been $3,619,346,616. Now the whole number of slaves in
+all the States, in 1860, was 3,950,531, multiplying which by $300, as
+their average value, would make all the slaves in the Union worth
+$1,185,159,300. Deduct this from the enhanced value of the farm lands of
+the South as above, and the result would be $2,434,087,316 as the gain
+in the price of farms by emancipation. This is independent of the
+increased value of their unoccupied lands, and of their town and city
+property.</p>
+
+<p>By census tables of 1860, 33 and 36, the total value of the products of
+agriculture, mines, and fisheries in the Free States was $4,100,000,000,
+and of the Slave States $1,150,000,000, making the products of the Free
+States in 1860 nearly 4 to 1 of the Slave States, and $216 <i>per capita</i>
+for the Free States, and for the Slave States $94 <i>per capita</i>. This is
+exclusive of commerce, which would greatly increase the ratio in favor
+of the North, that of New York alone being nearly equal to that of all
+the Slave States. Now, multiply the population of the Slave States by
+the value of the products <i>per capita</i> of the Free States, and the
+result is $2,641,631,032, making, by emancipation, the increased annual
+product of the Slave States $1,491,631,032, and in ten years, exclusive
+of the yearly accumulations, $14,916,310,320.</p>
+
+<p>By the table 35, census of 1860, the total value of all the property,
+real and personal, of the Free States, was $10,852,081,681, and of the
+Slave States, $5,225,307,034. Now, the product, in 1860, of the Free
+States, being $4,100,000,000, the annual yield on the capital was 38 per
+cent.; and, the product of the Slave States being $1,150,000,000, the
+yield on the capital was 22 per cent. This was the gross product in both
+cases. I have worked out these amazing results from the census tables,
+to illustrate the fact, that the same law, by which slavery retarded the
+progress of wealth in Virginia, as compared with New York, and of
+Maryland and South Carolina, as compared with Massachusetts, rules the
+relative advance in wealth of all the Slave States, as compared with
+that of all the Free States. I have stated that the statistics of
+com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>merce, omitted in these tables, would vastly increase the difference
+in favor of the Free States, as compared with the Slave States, and of
+New York as contrasted with Virginia. I shall now resume the latter
+inquiry, so as to complete the comparison between New York and Virginia.
+By commerce is embraced, in this examination, all earning not included
+under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, or fisheries.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Railroads.</span>&mdash;The number of miles of railroads in operation in New York,
+in 1860, including city roads, was 2,842 miles, costing $138,395,055;
+and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807. (Census table of
+1860, No. 38, pp. 230 and 233.) Now, by the same census report, p. 105,
+the value of the freights of the New York roads for 1860 was as follows:
+Product of the forest&mdash;tons carried, 373,424; value per ton, $20; total
+value, $7,468,480. Of animals&mdash;895,519 tons; value per ton, $200; total
+value, $179,103,800. Vegetable food&mdash;1,103,640 tons; value per ton, $50;
+total value, $55,182,000. Other agricultural products&mdash;143,219 tons;
+value per ton, $15; total value, $2,148,055. Manufactures&mdash;511,916 tons;
+value per ton, $500; total value, $391,905,500. Other articles&mdash;930,244
+tons; value, $10 per ton; total value, $9,302,440. Grand total,
+4,741,773 tons carried; value per ton, $163. Total values, $773,089,275.
+Deducting one quarter for duplication, makes 3,556,330 tons carried on
+the New York roads in 1860; and the value, $579,681,790. The values of
+the freights on the Virginia roads, as estimated, is $60,000,000, giving
+an excess to those of New York of $519,681,790, on the value of railroad
+freights in 1860. The passenger account, not given, would largely
+increase the disparity in favor of New York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canals.</span>&mdash;The number of miles of canals in New York is 1,038, and their
+cost $67,567,972. In Virginia, the number of miles is 178, and the cost
+$7,817,000. (Census table 39, p. 238.) The estimated value of the
+freight on the New York canals is 19 times that of the freight on the
+Virginia canals. (Census.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tonnage.</span>&mdash;The tonnage of vessels built in New York in 1860 was 31,936
+tons, and in Virginia 4,372. (Census, p. 107.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Banks.</span>&mdash;The number of banks in New York in 1860 was 303; capital
+$111,441,320, loans $200,351,332, specie $20,921,545, circulation
+$29,959,506, deposits $101,070,273; and in Virginia the number was 65;
+capital $16,005,156, loans $24,975,792, specie $2,943,652, circulation
+$9,812,197, deposits $7,729,652. (Table 34, p. 193, Census.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Insurance Companies.</span>&mdash;The risks taken in New York were $916,474,956, or
+nearly one third of those in the whole Union. Virginia, estimated at
+$100,000,000; difference in favor of New York $816,474,956. (Census, p.
+79.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Exports and Imports, etc.</span>&mdash;Our exports abroad from New York for the
+fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, were $145,555,449, and the foreign
+imports $248,489,877; total of both, $394,045,326. The clearances same
+year from New York were 4,574,285 tons, and the entries 4,836,448 tons;
+total of both, 9,410,733 tons. In Virginia, the exports the same year
+were $5,858,024, and the imports $1,326,249; total of both, $7,184,273;
+clearances, 80,381 tons, entries, 97,762 tons; total of both, 178,143
+tons. (Table 14, Register of United States Treasury.) Revenue collected
+from customs same year in New York, $37,788,969, and in Virginia
+$189,816, or 200 to 1 in favor of New York. (Tables, U.S. Com. of
+Customs.) No returns are given for the coastwise and internal trade of
+either State, but the tables of the railway and canal transportation of
+both States show nearly the same proportion in favor of New York as in
+the foreign trade. Thus the <i>domestic</i> exports from New York for the
+above year abroad were $126,060,967, and from Virginia<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> $5,833,371.
+(Same table, 14.) And yet Virginia, as we have seen, had much greater
+natural advantages than New York for commerce, as well as for mines,
+manufactures, and agriculture. But slavery has almost expelled commerce
+from Virginia, and nearly paralyzed all other pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>These tables, taken from the census and the Treasury records, prove
+incontestably, that slavery retards the progress of wealth and
+population throughout the South, but especially in Virginia. Nor can the
+Tariff account for the results; for Virginia, as we have seen, possesses
+far greater advantages than New York for manufactures. Besides, the
+commerce of New York far surpasses that of Virginia, and this is the
+branch of industry supposed to be affected most injuriously by high
+tariffs, and New York has generally voted against them with as much
+unanimity as Virginia. But there is a still more conclusive proof. The
+year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs, and yet, from
+1790 to 1820, as proved by the census, the percentage of increase of New
+York over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to 1860. Thus, by table I
+of the census, p. 124, the increase of population in Virginia was as
+follows:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="increase of population in Virginia">
+<tr><td align='center'>From</td><td align='left'>1790</td><td align='center'>to</td><td align='left'>1800</td><td align='right'> 17.63</td><td align='center'>per cent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1800</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1810</td><td align='right'>10.73</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1810</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1820</td><td align='right'>9.31</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1820</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1830</td><td align='right'>13.71</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1830</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1840</td><td align='right'>2.34</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1840</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='right'>14.60</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>12.29</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The increase of population in New York was:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="population in New York">
+<tr><td align='center'>From</td><td align='left'>1790</td><td align='center'>to</td><td align='left'>1800</td><td align='right'>72.51</td><td align='center'>per cent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1800</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1810</td><td align='right'>63.45</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1810</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1820</td><td align='right'>43.14</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1820</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1830</td><td align='right'> 39.76</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1830</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1840</td><td align='right'>26.60</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1840</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='right'>27.52</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>25.29</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318, in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of New York was 340,120, in
+1820, 1,372,111, and in 1860, 3,880,735. Thus, from 1790 to 1820, before
+the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase of the
+population of New York, as compared with Virginia, was very far greater
+than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the Tariff had no
+influence whatever in depressing the progress of Virginia as compared
+with New York.</p>
+
+<p>We have heretofore proved by the census the same position as regards the
+relative progress of Maryland and Massachusetts, and the same principle
+applies as between all the Free, as compared with all the Slave States.
+In New York, we have seen that her progress from 1790 to 1820, in the
+absence of high tariffs, and, even before the completion of her great
+canal, her advance in population was much more rapid than from 1820 to
+1860. Indeed, it is quite clear that, so far as the Tariff had any
+influence, it was far more unfavorable to New York than to Virginia, New
+York being a much greater agricultural as well as commercial State.</p>
+
+<p>Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Newspapers AND Periodicals.</span>&mdash;The number of newspapers and periodicals in
+New York in 1860 was 542, of which 365 were political, 56 religious, 63
+literary, 58 miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860
+was 320,930,884. (Census tables, Nos. 15, 37.) The number in Virginia
+was 139; of which 117 were political, 13 religious, 3 literary, 6
+miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860 was
+26,772,568. Thus, the annual circulation of the press in New York was
+twelve times as great as that of Virginia. As to periodicals: New York
+had 69 monthlies, of which 2 were political, 25 religious, 24 literary,
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> 18 miscellaneous; 10 quarterlies, of which 5 were religious, and 5
+literary; 6 annuals, of which 2 were political, 2 religious, and 2
+miscellaneous. Virginia had 5 monthlies, of which 1 was political, 2
+religious, 1 literary, and 1 miscellaneous; and no quarterlies or
+annuals. The annual circulation of the New York monthlies was 2,045,000;
+that of Virginia was 43,900; or more than 43 to 1 in favor of New York.</p>
+
+<p>As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged
+and printed. The number of public schools in New York in 1850 was
+11,580, teachers 13,965, pupils 675,221; colleges, academies, etc.,
+pupils 52,001; attending school during the year, as returned by
+families, 693,329; native adults of the State who cannot read or write,
+23,341. Public libraries, 11,013; volumes, 1,760,820. Value of churches,
+$21,539,561. (Comp. Census, 1850.)</p>
+
+<p>The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937, teachers
+3,005, pupils 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils 10,326;
+attending school during the year, as returned by families, 109,775;
+native white adults of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868.
+Public libraries, 54; volumes, 88,462. Value of churches, $2,902,220.
+(Compend. of Census of 1850.) By table 155, same compend, the percentage
+of native free population in Virginia over 20 years of age who cannot
+read or write is 19.90, and in New York 1.87, in North Carolina 30.34,
+in Maryland 11.10, in Massachusetts 0.32, or less than one third of one
+per cent. In New England, the percentage of native whites who cannot
+read or write is 0.42, or less than one half of one per cent.; and in
+the Southern States 20.30, or 50 to 1 in favor of New England.
+(Compend., table 157.) But, if we take the whole adult population of
+Virginia, including whites, free blacks, and slaves, 42.05 per cent., or
+nearly one half, cannot read or write; and in North Carolina, more than
+one half cannot read or write. We have seen, by the above official
+tables of the census of 1850, that New York, compared with Virginia, had
+nearly ten times as many pupils at schools, colleges, and academies,
+twenty times as many books in libraries, and largely more than seven
+times the value of churches; while the ratio of native white adults who
+cannot read or write was more than 10 to 1 in Virginia, compared with
+New York. We have seen, also, that in North Carolina nearly one third of
+the native white adults, and in Virginia nearly one fifth, cannot read
+or write, and in New England 1 in every 400, in New York 1 in every 131,
+in the South and Southwest 1 in every 12 of the native white adults.
+(Comp. p. 153.)</p>
+
+<p>These official statistics enable me, then, again to say that slavery is
+hostile to the progress of wealth and education, to science and
+literature, to schools, colleges, and universities, to books and
+libraries, to churches and religion, to the press, and therefore to free
+government; hostile to the poor, keeping them in want and ignorance;
+hostile to labor, reducing it to servitude, and decreasing two thirds
+the value of its products; hostile to morals, repudiating among slaves
+the marital and parental condition, classifying them by law as chattels,
+darkening the immortal soul, and making it a crime to teach millions of
+human beings to read or write. Surely such a system is hostile to
+civilization, which consists in the education of the masses of the
+people of a country, and not of the few only. A State, one third of
+whose population are slaves, classified by law as chattels, and
+forbidden all instruction, and nearly one fifth of whose adult whites
+cannot read or write, is semi-civilized, however enlightened may be the
+ruling classes. If a highly educated chief or parliament governed China
+or Dahomey, they would still be semi-civilized or barbarous countries,
+however enlightened their rulers might<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> be. The real discord between the
+North and the South, is not only the difference between freedom and
+slavery, but between civilization and barbarism caused by slavery. When
+we speak of a civilized <i>nation</i>, we mean the masses of the people, and
+not the government or rulers only. The enlightenment of the <i>people</i> is
+the true criterion of civilization, and any community that falls below
+this standard, is barbarous or semi-civilized. In countries where kings
+or oligarchies rule, the government may be maintained, (however
+unjustly,) without educating the masses; but, in a republic, or popular
+government, this is impossible; and the deluded masses of the South
+never could have been driven into this rebellion, but for the ignorance
+into which they had been plunged by slavery; nor is there any remedy for
+the evil but emancipation. If, then, we would give stability and wisdom
+to the government, and perpetuity to the Union, we must abolish slavery,
+which withholds education and enlightenment from the masses of the
+people, who, with us, control the policy of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>With our only cause of ignorance and poverty among the people, and only
+element of discord among the States, extirpated by the gradual removal
+of slavery and negroism, we would bound forward in a new and wonderful
+career of power and prosperity. Our noble vessel of state, the great
+Republic, freighted with the hopes of humanity, and the liberties of our
+country and of mankind, still bearing aloft the flag of our mighty
+Union, indissoluble by domestic traitors or conspiring oligarchs, will,
+under Divine guidance, pass over the troubled waters, reassuring a
+desponding world, as she glides into the blessed haven of safety and
+repose. All the miracles of our past career would be eclipsed by the
+glories of the future. We might then laugh to scorn the impotent malice
+of foreign foes. Without force or fraud, without sceptre or bayonet, our
+moral influence and example, for their own good, and by their own free
+choice, would control the institutions and destiny of nations. The wise
+men of the East may then journey westward again, to see the rising star
+of a regenerated humanity, the fall of thrones and dynasties, the
+lifting up of the downtrodden masses, and the political redemption of
+our race, not by a new dispensation, but by the fulfilment thus of the
+glorious prophecies and blessed promises of Holy Writ. And can we not
+lift ourselves into that serene atmosphere of love of country and of our
+race, above all selfish schemes or mere party devices, and contemplate
+the grandeur of these results, if now, <i>now</i>, <span class="smcap">NOW</span> we will only do our
+duty? Now, indeed, is the 'accepted time,' now is the day of the
+'salvation' of our country. And now, as in former days of trouble, let
+us remember the mighty dead, as, when living, silencing the voice of
+treason, and calming the tempest of revolution, he uttered those
+electric words: '<span class="smcap">Union and Liberty, now and forever, one and
+inseparable!</span>'</p>
+
+<p>If we could rise to the height of prophetic vision, behold the
+procession of coming events, and, unrolling the scroll of advancing
+years and centuries, contemplate our Union securing by its example the
+rights and liberties of man, would we not welcome any sacrifice, even
+death itself, if we could thus aid in accomplishing results so god-like
+and sublime? But, whether in gloom or glory, chastened for national sins
+or rewarded for good deeds, let us realize the <i>great truth</i>, that the
+Almighty directs nations as well as planets in their course, governs the
+moral as well as the material world, never abdicating for a moment the
+control of either; and that persevering opposition to his laws must
+meet, in the end, retributive justice.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PROMISE" id="PROMISE"></a>PROMISE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">O watcher for the dawn of day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">As o'er the mountain peaks afar</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Hangs in the twilight cold and gray,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Like a bright lamp, the morning star!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Though slow the daybeams creep along</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The serried pines which top the hills,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And gloomy shadows brood among</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The silent valleys, and the rills</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Seem almost hushed&mdash;patience awhile!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Though slowly night to day gives birth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Soon the young babe with radiant smile</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Shall gladden all the waiting earth.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">By fair gradation changes come,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">No harsh transitions mar God's plan,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">But slowly works from sun to sun</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">His perfect rule of love to man.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And patience, too, my countrymen,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In this our nation's fierce ordeal!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Bright burns the searching flame, and then,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The dross consumed, shall shine the real.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Wake, watcher! see the mountain peaks</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Already catch a golden ray,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Light on the far horizon speaks</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The dawning of a glorious day.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Murky the shadows still that cling</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In the deep valleys, but the mist</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Is soaring up on silver wing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To where the sun the clouds has kissed.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Hard-fought and long the strife may be,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The powers of wrong be slow to yield,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">But Right shall gain the victory,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And Freedom hold the battle field.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AMERICAN_DESTINY" id="AMERICAN_DESTINY"></a>AMERICAN DESTINY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We would study the question of American Destiny in the light of common
+sense, of history, and of science.</p>
+
+<p>It may be unusual to illustrate from science a principle which is to
+have a political application; but we shall endeavor to do so, believing
+it to be unexceptionably legitimate. The different departments of
+science, science and history, science and politics, have been,
+heretofore, kept quite distinct as to the provinces of inquiry to which
+it was presumed they severally belonged. Each has been cultivated as if
+it had no relation external to itself, and was not one of a family of
+cognate truths. This, however, is undergoing a gradual but certain
+change, in which it is becoming constantly more manifest that between
+the different departments of human inquiry there are mutual dependences
+and complicated interrelations, which enable us, by the truths of one
+science, to thread the mazes of another.</p>
+
+<p>There are certain general laws which pertain with equal validity to many
+departments of activity in the natural world; there are parallel lines
+of development as the result of the inherent correlation of forces.
+Thus, if we have found a great general law in physiology, that same law
+may apply with equal aptness to astronomy, geology, chemistry, and even
+to social and political evolution.</p>
+
+<p>One of these general laws, and perhaps the most comprehensive in its
+character and universal in its application of any yet known, we will
+announce in the language of Guyot, the comparative geographer: 'We have
+recognized in the life of all that develops itself, three successive
+states, three grand phases, three evolutions, identically repeated in
+every order of existence; a <i>chaos</i>, where all is confounded together; a
+<i>development</i>, where all is separating; a <i>unity</i>, where all is binding
+itself together and organizing. We have observed that here is the law of
+<i>phenomenal life</i>, the <i>formula</i> of development, whether in inorganic
+nature or in organized nature.'</p>
+
+<p>This answers for the department of physics and physiology. We will let
+Guizot, the historian, speak for the political and social realm: 'All
+things, at their origin, are nearly confounded in one and the same
+physiognomy; it is only in their aftergrowth that their variety shows
+itself. Then begins a new development which urges forward societies
+toward that free and lofty unity, the glorious object of the efforts and
+wishes of mankind.'</p>
+
+<p>We find an illustration of this law in the simplest of the sciences, if
+the nebular hypothesis be true, as most astronomers believe. We have
+first the chaotic, nebulous matter, then the formation of worlds
+therefrom, by a continuous process of unfolding. Each world is a unit
+within itself, but part of a still greater unit composed of a system of
+worlds revolving around the same sun; and this greater unit, part of one
+which is still greater&mdash;a star cluster, composed of many planetary
+systems, and subject to the same great cosmical laws. If the theory be
+correct, we find, in this example, the heterogeneous derived from the
+simple, and far more completely an organized unit, with all its
+complexity, than was the chaotic mass from which development originally
+proceeded.</p>
+
+<p>We find additional illustration in coming to our own world. Its primeval
+geography was simple and uniform; there was little diversity of coast
+line, soil, or surface. But the cooling process of the earth went on,
+the surface contracted and ridged up, the exposed rocks were
+disintegrated by the action of the atmosphere and the waters; the
+sediment deposited in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> bottom of the seas was thrown to the surface;
+continents were enlarged, higher mountain ranges upheaved, the coasts
+worn into greater irregularity of outline; and everywhere the soil
+became more composite, the surface more uneven, the landscape more
+variegated.</p>
+
+<p>Corresponding changes have taken place in the climate. At first the
+temperature of the earth was much warmer than now, and uniform in all
+parallels of latitude, as is shown by the fossil remains. Now we have a
+great diversity of climate, whether we contrast the polar with the
+torrid regions, or the different seasons of the temperate zone with each
+other.</p>
+
+<p>The same law of increasing diversity obtains in the fauna and flora of
+the various periods of geological history. The earliest fossil record of
+animal life is witness to the simplicity of organic structure. Among
+vertebrated animals, fishes first appear, next reptiles, then birds;
+still higher, the lower type of animals which suckle their young; and as
+the strata become more recent, still higher forms of mammalia, till we
+reach the upper tertiary, in which geologists have discovered the
+remains of many animals of complex structure nearly allied to those
+which are now in existence. In the historic period appear many organic
+forms of still greater complexity, with man at the head of the
+zoological series.</p>
+
+<p>In this glance of zoological progress, we discover increasing
+complication of two kinds; for while the individual structure has been
+constantly becoming more complex, there are now in existence the
+analogues of the lowest fossil types, which, with the highest, and with
+all the intermediate, present a maze and vastness of complication,
+which, in comparison with the homogeneity of the aggregate of early
+structure, is sufficiently obvious and impressive.</p>
+
+<p>There is in this view, still another outline of increasing complexity.
+At first the same types prevailed all over the earth's surface; but as
+the soil, atmosphere, and climate changed, and the animal structure
+became more complex and varied, the limits of particular species became
+more and more localized, till the earth's surface presented zoological
+districts, with the fauna of each peculiar to itself.</p>
+
+<p>But, what of unitization? Here, there appears to be divergence only, and
+that continually increasing.</p>
+
+<p>Guyot says that 'the unity reappears with the creation of man, who
+combines in his physical nature all the perfections of the animal, and
+who is the end of all this long progression of organized beings.'
+Agassiz recognizes man alone as cosmopolite; and Comte regards him as
+the supreme head of the economy of nature, and representative of the
+fundamental unity of the anatomical scale.</p>
+
+<p>But another and more obvious example of unitization in complexity, is
+derivable from the consideration of the animal organism, and will soon
+be given.</p>
+
+<p>We will merely mention in passing, that the most complex animals, in the
+various stages of fetal development through which they pass, correspond
+to the types of structure which are permanent in the lower forms of
+animal life. Thus, in the zoological chain, there are beings of all
+grades, from the most simple in structure to the most complex; and the
+most complex animal, in its development from the ovum or egg, passes
+through all these grades of structure, ending in that which is above
+all, and distinctively its own. 'Without going into tedious details, man
+presents, as regards the most important of his constituent structures,
+his nervous system, the successive characteristics of an avertebrated
+animal, a fish, a turtle, a bird, a quadruped, a quadrumanous animal,
+before he assumes the special human characteristics.' (Draper.)</p>
+
+<p>Our purpose being to show that while complexity of structure is
+con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>stantly increasing, unitization, or the organized dependence of one
+part on another, is, at the same time, becoming more complete, we shall
+refer briefly to the comparative anatomy and physiology of animals.
+There is in this connection such wealth of material&mdash;a long chain of
+animal beings with all grades of structure from very simple to very
+complex; each complex animal, in its development from the ovum, passing
+through all the lower types of structure in succession; so many new
+organs and functions arising in the course of this development; each
+organ so arising, becoming, in its turn, more complex in structure, more
+specialized in function, and more dependent on the office of other
+organs;&mdash;in the midst, I say, of all this wealth of material, indicated
+here in a great general and imperfect manner, the difficulty, in so
+brief an exposition as this, is to know what facts to seize upon as
+calculated to illustrate most aptly the principle under consideration.</p>
+
+<p>The development of the senses, with reference to their organs, nerves,
+and functions, presents a striking illustration of increasing
+complexity.</p>
+
+<p>In the lowest forms of animal life, we find general sensibility only,
+and it is claimed that this exists in the lowest forms, without even the
+presence of nerves. But as we rise higher in the scale, the special
+organs of sense gradually become developed&mdash;one new sense after another
+appears; but this is not the only line of increasing complexity. When an
+organ of sense first appears, its function is of the simplest character;
+and it is only when we reach the highest types of animal life that it
+performs the greatest variety of offices peculiar thereto. That of touch
+is, at first, but crude and simple, becoming delicate and complicated
+only in the highest types. The sense of pain is a differentiated
+function, possessed only in a slight degree by reptiles and fishes, and
+probably not at all by animals still lower in the scale.</p>
+
+<p>The eye-spots of star fishes and jelly fishes simply distinguish light
+from darkness, much as we do with our eyes closed. There are many
+degrees of development from this condition of the inferior organism to
+that of the human eye, which distinguishes the nicest shades of color,
+distance, form, and size of objects, and the play of passion on the
+human countenance.</p>
+
+<p>The same variety of function is acquired by the ear in its development
+from its simplest to its most complex form. In the higher animals, the
+organ of hearing is formed of three parts, an external, middle, and
+internal portion; but in birds the external ear is wanting; in fishes
+both the external and middle parts are wanting; in mollusks it is
+reduced to a simple sack of microscopic dimensions, filled with a liquid
+in which there are otolithes, or pebbly substances. Such an organ can
+distinguish noises only; it can recognize nothing of the infinite
+variety of articulations, notes, tones, melodies, harmonies of the human
+voice and of musical instruments. There is even a great difference
+between the disciplined, and therefore differentiated ear of a cultured
+person, and the undisciplined, and therefore less differentiated ear of
+a boor. Similar specializations of structure and function pertain to the
+other senses; but we may pass them.</p>
+
+<p>The digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems, and all the other
+systems of the animal structure, evince the same law.</p>
+
+<p>The lowest form of the circulating fluid, as in sponges, is simply water
+containing gases and organic particles; and this can scarcely be spoken
+of as circulating, for it is merely drawn in and then expelled. A little
+higher in the scale naturalists find a 'chylaqueous fluid,' which
+oscillates in the general cavity of the sack-like animal. The true blood
+is another step in development; and even this organized fluid changes
+its character as the scale advances. Most animals have no heart;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> and
+when the organ does first appear, it is but a simple, rudimentary
+structure, very unlike the complex machine which plays at the centre of
+circulation in the higher types.</p>
+
+<p>Though fishes breathe through their gills, receiving all the oxygen they
+require from the small amount of air in the water, the swimming bladder
+is in them the rudimentary lung&mdash;a very simple structure, indeed, when
+compared with the more complex arrangement for respiration in the higher
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>Some animals of gelatinous, and therefore flexible structure, perform
+digestion by folding their bodies over the food, and pressing the
+nutritious matter out of it: they extemporize a stomach for the
+occasion. And even in some of their higher types, in such as have a
+permanent mouth and stomach, the digestive process is simply a squeezing
+out of the elements of nutrition. The digestive apparatus, from being a
+simple sack in the polype and similar organisms, becomes, by a
+continuous unfolding, the complicated structure which we find in the
+higher animals, with various organs effecting various parts of the
+digestive change, and even different parts of the same organ having
+specialized functions to perform.</p>
+
+<p>The most complex animal proceeds originally from a simple cell; and 'at
+the two extremes we may contemplate the single germinal membrane of the
+ovum, which is discharging contemporaneously every function&mdash;digesting,
+absorbing, respiring, etc.; and the complete organic apparatus of man,
+the stomach, the lungs, the skin, the kidneys, and the liver&mdash;mechanisms
+set apart each for the discharge of a special duty, yet each having
+arisen, as we know positively from watching the order of their
+development, from that simple germinal membrane.' (Draper.) This is what
+one physiologist says of the ovum which is being developed into a
+complex being. Here is what another says of animals at the lower end of
+the zoological scale: 'The simplest organisms breathe, exhale, secrete,
+absorb, and reproduce, by their envelopes alone.' (Lewes.) Here we
+perceive the resemblance between the ovum of the higher animals and the
+permanent structure of the lower animals. Indeed, some of the lower
+forms of animal life are simply cells. How vast the difference between
+the organism of man, with all its complexity of structure, and that of
+the Ameba or Actinophrys, which, being merely a homogeneous mass of
+organic matter, performs all the functions of its simple life without
+any special organ whatever! Yet, is man any less a unit than the Ameba,
+or any other simple organism? Does his multiplicity of organs impair the
+integrity of his anatomical and physiological oneness? Is the
+circulation independent of respiration? Is digestion independent of the
+circulation? Can any one organ act independently of the others? Is not
+the entire series of parts, organs, and functions bound up in complete
+and inseparable unity? The vicarious action of one organ for another has
+been a question among physiologists; and if admitted, as in the case of
+the salivary glands acting for the kidneys in profuse spitting, and the
+skin for the liver, the vicarious function can only obtain to a slight
+degree and in a temporary manner. The destruction of any considerable
+organ involves the destruction of all the rest. I repeat that the
+integrity of the physiological unity at the top of the scale, is far
+more complete, with all its complexity, than is the integrity of the
+physiological unity at the bottom of the scale, with its marked
+simplicity of structure. By no sort of legerdemain or surgical skill can
+we make an individual mammal become two. If we divide it, the whole
+dies. Not so, however, with some of the lower grades of animal
+existence. Cut a hydra into thirty or forty pieces, and each piece will
+become a distinct animal&mdash;a facsimile of the original one. In quite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> an
+analogous way do a large number of animals at the lower end of the scale
+propagate, by segmentation and division; one individual becoming two,
+two four, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>Many examples might be adduced to show the absence of organized unity in
+the lower orders of the animal creation. Thus, in the annelid, which is
+composed of a great many similar rings, and is regarded as quite a
+complex creature, there is so little dependence of one part on another,
+that a number of the rings may be destroyed without any injury to the
+rest. The Synapta, when in want of food, will amputate its own body to
+procure the necessary supply; and it has been observed to repeat the
+operation, until it 'had by degrees eaten away the whole of its body to
+keep life in the head.' (Quatrefages.) Such a phenomenon as this is very
+unlike that presented by the higher animals, which, together with their
+multiplied individuality of part and function, and their infinite
+variety of physiognomic expression, present, at the same time, a unity
+of organization so complete, that an injury to one part is
+instantaneously telegraphed to all parts of the system, and sympathized
+in by all to a greater or less extent.</p>
+
+<p>As in physiology, the development of the individual corresponds to the
+development of the entire zoological series; so, when we rise into the
+psychological realm, do we ascertain that the development of the
+individual mind corresponds to the development of the mental series from
+the savage to the civilized. In the physiognomy of the savage there is
+little variety of expression; he has not differentiated that
+multiplicity of thought and feeling which moulds the face and plays upon
+its lineaments in the cultivated Teuton. The same is true of the latter
+while an infant. But who will say that the cultured man of this age is
+less a balanced, unitized creature than the child of the cradle, or of
+the forest? The latter is but a creature of impulse, moved by every
+appetite, and swayed by every gust of passion. He has no fixed
+principles for the regulation of his life. There is no presiding power
+to rule and subordinate the tumultuous and refractory elements of his
+character, and thus unitize the mental organism and its manifestations.
+This is what culture gives. Here then we also perceive that with the
+development of variety and complexity, the element of unity becomes more
+active and manifest. This view of the progressive unitization of the
+individual man in a psychological aspect, is very suggestive when taken
+in connection with the wane of despotism and the growth of liberty, as
+society and government advance, and it becomes ever less the province of
+law to govern, and also to regulate.</p>
+
+<p>We have adduced some of the illustrations which physical and
+physiological science affords of the Law of Universal Development: let
+us close this part of our subject with the illustrations afforded by the
+rise and progress of Science as a whole. The first germs of science were
+very simple, existing in connection with Art, and subserving the
+purposes of priestcraft. For a long time the range of scientific inquiry
+was so limited that the same individual was able to grasp it entire. But
+one branch after another has sprung up, diverging more and more into the
+realms of the unknown, until no one mind can hope to obtain even a
+general knowledge of them all.</p>
+
+<p>But this has not been the only tendency of scientific growth. Divergence
+and differentiation had not proceeded far till the combining and
+organizing movement began. The more individuality and complexity have
+threatened to outreach the mental powers and become unmanageable, the
+more have order and organization shown their ability to subordinate and
+unitize the seeming diversity of elements. While the sciences continued
+to increase in number and complexity, they began to overlap and
+in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>terlace, the principles of one running into the domain of another,
+and even co&ouml;rdinating and binding together its seemingly incongruous
+parts.</p>
+
+<p>A simple scientific generalization is based on certain facts which,
+taken in their collective capacity, mean the truth which is expressed in
+the formula. A higher generalization embraces those which are simpler,
+and unites by its expression the truths which they contain into the
+formula of one great truth. This process goes on, rising constantly
+higher and higher, the generalizations of the ascending series becoming
+more comprehensive, and the convergence of all the diversified elements
+into great general laws more striking and complete. Thus advances the
+unitizing movement of science; and it is now progressing with a
+steadiness and certainty unknown in former periods of research. Great
+minds are at this moment occupied in the discovery and verification of
+these great unitizing laws. Thus we perceive, that while science has
+developed a bewildering mass of individual facts and minor principles,
+it has also developed the germs of a unity which is destined to unfold
+with a richness and magnificence of result heretofore unknown in the
+annals of human inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>As the special departments of science have testified, so also does the
+general view of all science testify to this Law of Universal
+Development.</p>
+
+<p>But, what has all this to do with American Destiny? Very much, as may
+yet appear. It is by the Past only that we can read the Future; and if
+in history and in all development, there is revealed by the inductive
+process a great general law, that law becomes the Oracle of Destiny.</p>
+
+<p>A fitting transition from science to history would be ethnology, the
+science of races, connected as it is with physics, chemistry, and
+physiology, on the one hand, and with history on the other.</p>
+
+<p>There are different theories in vogue to account for the diversity of
+human races now in existence. Some refer human origin to an original
+pair, whose descendants have changed through the action of physical
+causes, as food, soil, climate, and scenery, and also through the
+operation of moral ones as dependent on the physical, and therefore
+secondary thereto, such as manners, customs, and government. Others
+deduce it from different lines of development, coming up through the
+zoological scale, and thence passing from the lower to the higher races
+of men. Others still speak of mankind as originating 'in nations,' each
+race being fixed in its physical and mental characteristics, and having
+an origin independent and distinct from all others.</p>
+
+<p>It matters little to our purpose which of these theories may be true,
+the difference as to aptness of illustration being only one of degree.
+We prefer, however, to deal with facts in regard to which there is
+little or no difference of opinion among the theorists themselves.</p>
+
+<p>There are simple and complex peoples or races, as there are simple and
+complex organisms. Take any primitive race, whether described in history
+or by some contemporaneous traveller: in a physical point of view, the
+men are all very nearly alike, and the women likewise. Describe one
+individual, and you have the description for all other individuals of
+the same sex belonging to the race. And there is not usually as much
+difference in the physical appearance of the sexes in primitive races as
+among those who stand higher in the scale. What is true of their
+physique, is also true of their minds. As one thinks and feels, so all
+think and feel&mdash;and that, too, without concert; it is the simple
+expression of an undiversified mental organism. Their faculties are rude
+and uncultivated; they act chiefly on the perceptive plane, reflecting
+but little. They are predominantly sensual, not having developed the
+higher mental activities which per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>tain to an advanced state of society
+and result in those great diversities of attainment and expression among
+individuals of the same people. There are reasons for believing that
+there was a time when this planet had no human inhabitants but races of
+this simple type. Great changes have taken place since that day; changes
+which, by the law of their accomplishment, correspond precisely with the
+changes which have taken place in the zoological scale. Owing to causes
+which we may not fully understand, races have been developed which
+present, each within its own limits, great contrarieties of physical
+appearance and mental characteristics. Among 'Anglo-Saxons' there is
+often greater diversity in members of the same family, than you would
+find in a million individuals of a primitive race. The complex appears,
+somehow or other, to have been developed from the simple.</p>
+
+<p>The simple fact of a population becoming more numerous, necessitates
+certain changes&mdash;from hunting to pasturage, for example, from pastoral
+life to agricultural and fixed habitation&mdash;and these would affect the
+habits, modes of thought, and, to some extent, personal appearance. The
+modification of climate by clearing, draining, and cultivation, and the
+removal of a people from one climate to another, would effect still
+other changes. But the intermixture of races by war and immigration has,
+perhaps, done more than any other cause to produce the great physical
+diversities which we now find in the higher races. Having traced the
+stream of warlike immigration from Eastern Asia westward, and thence to
+Central Europe, and still westward and southward to the shores of the
+Atlantic, and even across the Mediterranean into Africa, overwhelming
+the Roman Empire of the West in its course,&mdash;observe this tide of human
+movement, as wave followed wave for centuries, rolling peoples against
+and over one another, confounding them together, and leaving them upon
+the same soil, or in close proximity to each other; and, even admitting
+that they were simple and primitive to begin with, we shall not wonder
+at the diversified aspect of the people of Europe and their descendants
+in America. But this is only one series of movements from which has
+resulted the intermixture of races; there are others, and some, no
+doubt, beyond the farthest reach of history. The process of intermixture
+is still going on, especially in the Western World, though by methods
+usually more peaceful than formerly. The result multiplies itself, and
+the leading races of mankind are becoming constantly more composite.</p>
+
+<p>The contact and intermixture of races have had a moral result, which, in
+its turn, acts upon the physical. Mental development has been one of the
+results of war and immigration; one people learning from another, and
+striking out new modes of thought from the sheer necessity of new
+circumstances; and this mental development changing the physiognomic
+expression and general bearing of the man. This result has been
+increasing in geometrical progression since history, printing, and the
+facilities of intercommunication have made the culture of one people
+contagious to other peoples, and the attainments of one generation
+available to all the generations that follow. Thus does every movement
+among the nations conspire to change the simple types into those which
+are more complex.</p>
+
+<p>The ethnological unity may be less apparent; and before we clearly
+perceive it, we may have to rise into the consideration of social and
+political relations, not divorcing these from physiology, without which
+no question relative to man can be rightly judged. And it may be that
+after greater development in this direction, the unity of races may
+become more distinctly pronounced and more readily recognized.</p>
+
+<p>We may observe, in passing, that the same causes which have contributed
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> this ethnological complexity, have, at the same time, aided in the
+development of the cosmical idea&mdash;the idea of the unity of the universe.
+At first, tribes had little communication with each other, and knew
+nothing of geography beyond the limits of their own hunting grounds.
+They knew as little of the vastness of the earth outside of their domain
+as of that of the universe. This could only be conjectured from the
+vantage ground of some degree of intellectual culture, and the idea must
+remain vague and indefinite till after long ages of real experience and
+intellectual unfolding. It was not till after Alexander's conquests in
+the East, the extension of the Roman Empire, the invention of the
+mariner's compass, the discovery of America, and the circumnavigation of
+the globe, together with the perfection of optical instruments by the
+use of which the true character of the celestial bodies was
+demonstrated, that the cosmical idea became truly a scientific one.
+(Humboldt.) Thus were the partial and fragmentary notions of early
+peoples at length corrected, enlarged, unitized.</p>
+
+<p>Closely akin to this is the development of the god-idea. Fetich-worship
+is that of the rudest people. They see a god in every individual object,
+in every stream, in every tree, in every stone. All they see is,
+however, shrouded in mystery, and they have a blind veneration for every
+object. A step farther, and the developing mind generalizes these
+objects. The individual trees, for example, are taken collectively, and
+their divine representative worshipped as the god of the groves. There
+are, at the same time, other unitizing conceptions of the god-idea.
+There is a god of the hills, a god of the streams, of the seas, and so
+on. New classes of divinities may be evolved in the mythological system;
+the strong and salient passions of our nature may come to have their
+deities&mdash;to be unitized, at length, with all other gods. Meantime,
+mankind are forming into states, with some degree of regular government;
+and apparently in accordance with this fact, the gods are subjected to
+the partial control of one who is greater than all the rest, and who is
+their father and king, but himself subject to the decrees of Fate.
+Another grand step, and seemingly in correspondence with the more
+centralized government of a vast and powerful empire, we hear of one God
+only, who is all-powerful, and master of Fate itself, with a hierarchy
+of angels, powers, and principalities, reaching from God to man, and
+subordinate to the Central Will, which rules all things, whether 'in the
+armies of heaven or among the inhabitants of the earth.' Thus did the
+idea of one God eventually swallow up all the others; and the god-idea
+was completely unitized.</p>
+
+<p>We now come to consider the political and social evolution of mankind,
+as it appears to be revealed by the comparison of various stages of
+national growth.</p>
+
+<p>The primitive condition of all races, so far as history and travel
+reveal it, correspond with what is characterized as homogeneous or
+unorganized. Socially and politically, individuals of the same sex are
+all alike. There are no classes in society, no rulers, no
+aristocrats&mdash;no society even&mdash;nothing but individuals; and it is here
+that we find individuality in its purest form. There is no law
+originating with a sovereign, or with the people, for the adjustment of
+difficulties; every individual avenges his own wrongs in his own way.
+Co&ouml;peration is scarcely known; there is nothing in their habits, nothing
+in their social and political relations to bind society together; there
+are no specialized parts or functions&mdash;no dependence of one part on
+another; it is marked by a homogeneity of structure, if structure it can
+be called, which is unimpeachable. The only co&ouml;peration which obtains
+beyond the limits of the family, is that of hunting and war; and these
+exercises develop the need of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> chief or leader. The strongest and most
+daring are self-elected by virtue of individual prowess. But still the
+chief is very like all the rest of the tribe, lives in the same style,
+provides for his own wants in the same way, has no special
+privileges&mdash;is merely a chief or leader, and nothing more. And
+afterward, when he may have acquired some degree of authority, that
+authority is purely of a military character&mdash;civil government is not yet
+born. Usage comes at length to confirm the chief's right, and human
+selfishness works out its legitimate results: smaller men are dwarfed,
+as occasion permits, in order that the one who is greatest may be
+magnified. His office becomes hereditary, and his family is, at length,
+fabled to have descended from the gods. This is the tendency of
+primitive ignorance and superstition: there must be a sensual object for
+the blind veneration of sensual minds; and the imagination readily
+provides this, by attributing to the progenitors of their chiefs vast
+corporeal forms, great strength and skill, undaunted courage, and
+success in amorous intrigue&mdash;the perfection of those qualities which
+they themselves most covet. Their chiefs or petty kings are now such by
+divine origin; and when civil relations become developed, one man
+combines within himself all the prerogatives of civil, military, and
+religious government.</p>
+
+<p>The ambition and turbulence of the chief or petty king and of his people
+bring them into hostile conflict with other tribes or petty states; and
+when victorious, they appropriate the conquered territory, and
+annihilate, enslave, or extend their rule over the vanquished people.
+This warlike encroachment and increase of power alarm other states, and
+they form confederacies or leagues more or less intimate and permanent
+for resistance and mutual protection. Thus does the unitizing element of
+government gather strength with the progress of political movement.</p>
+
+<p>The ambitious chieftain, having acquired greater power than his
+neighbors, conceives of further aggrandizement, undertakes new
+conquests, attacks the weak, and adds other states to his own, till in
+time he may have made himself a great sovereign and won a great kingdom.
+These new conquests impose additional cares on the ruler; but he uses
+the tools of his power to execute his will; he governs his kingdoms with
+absolute sway, as a general governs his army; it is a military despotism
+of the simplest structure, and all prerogatives and interests are merged
+in and subservient to this one. The civil function is not yet developed
+as distinct from the military. Only one idea pervades the government,
+and that is the idea of absolute rule by brute force. Society has as yet
+developed few elements, has but few interests and little functional
+diversity; there are only two classes, the ruler and the ruled, the
+masters and the slaves. There being but few political and social
+interests to play among each other, there cannot be development for want
+of activity; there can be little progress of any kind. Such are the
+simple, unprogressive, one-idea governments which prevailed in the
+earliest times of which we have any tolerably authentic record, and
+which still prevail among half-civilized peoples.</p>
+
+<p>Government is simply a growth, a development, and it must correspond to
+the character of the people out of whose mental status it has sprung. If
+the people are homogeneous in their mental structure, their social and
+political interests must be correspondingly homogeneous and simple. The
+more rude and primitive the minds of any people, the fewer are the
+relations external to the individual which obtain among them. But when a
+people, or a mixture of peoples, have developed great versatility of
+mind, a great va<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>riety of tastes, propensities, aspirations, and
+interests, their social and political institutions become
+correspondingly heterogeneous and complex. Such are the social and
+political systems of Middle and Western Europe. There was nothing of the
+kind in the ancient world. Then the people were more simple and less
+versatile in their mental habitudes; and a simple, though despotic
+government was the inevitable outgrowth. Rome was but a military
+despotism, and it conquered and ruled with military stringency. It was
+not till the reign of Diocletian that the civil functions were divorced
+from the military, and then only to a partial extent. It remained for
+Constantine to carry out more fully what Diocletian had begun, and to
+divide, or, if you please, to differentiate the governmental functions
+to an extent which had been altogether unknown before.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the provinces subject to Roman dominion had no recognized
+rights, no voice in their own government, but were dominated by the
+central power at Rome. The right of representation, so sacred in modern
+times as an element of confederate policy, they did not desire nor
+appreciate; for, when seven provinces of the south of Gaul were
+commanded by the emperor Honorius to send a representation of their
+chief men to the city of Arles for the supervision of interests which
+concerned themselves, they disregarded the mandate. A central despotism
+maintained Roman unity; and, whenever its iron arm should by any means
+become weakened, the empire must fall into fragments.</p>
+
+<p>The dissolution of the Roman Empire in the West was the end of one
+cycle; thence began another&mdash;that in which we now are, and which should
+be of absorbing interest to us. A state of affairs quite unlike anything
+known before was then inaugurated. Hundreds of years have been required
+to develop results so as to enable the human mind to divine at all
+definitely the law of its movement; and hundreds more may be required to
+develop the full fruition of what was then so inauspiciously begun.</p>
+
+<p>As we are all aware, the Roman Empire of the West was overrun by hordes
+of barbarians from the North, who annihilated a great portion of the old
+population, and changed the character of society. But Rome did not die
+without bequeathing a legacy to be enjoyed by the descendants at least
+of those by whose hands she had fallen. There was still some remembrance
+of what Rome was. Guizot says that 'the two elements which passed from
+the Roman civilization into ours were, first, the system of municipal
+corporations&mdash;its habits, its regulations, its principle of liberty, a
+general civil legislation common to all; secondly, the idea of absolute
+power&mdash;the principle of order and the principle of servitude.' These
+elements, though almost latent for a time, were destined to make up and
+play a conspicuous part in the war of diversified interests and the
+adjustment of political relations, hundreds of years afterward.</p>
+
+<p>Another element of society at the time of the Fall, was the Church. The
+barbarians conquered the empire, but the Church conquered them; without
+gaining much, however, to show for her victory; for, while the
+barbarians embraced Christianity, they reduced it to barbarism, and were
+much the same rude, cruel people, after their conversion, that they were
+before. The Church, however, in its origin and growth, illustrates the
+law under consideration, in the gradual development of the distinct
+specialities of organization; and we are now regarding it at a time when
+it was one element among others, and destined with them, by the
+interaction of their various forces, to evolve a still higher unity.</p>
+
+<p>Another element in society, at this time, was that which was brought by
+the conquerors from their native wilds in the free North. They were a
+rude,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> and even savage people, with no fixed ideas of property, but
+living by hunting and pasturage, and driving their herds from one region
+to another as necessity required. The most marked and distinctive
+feature in their character, and that which played the most conspicuous
+part in the social and political drama of the following centuries of
+development, was their personal independence&mdash;their almost absolute
+individuality, as the result, we believe, of their superior native
+physical constitution.</p>
+
+<p>They had little or no co&ouml;peration in their own country; no combination
+of civil interests; no settled government. They were apt for adventure,
+and readily formed into bands of roving warriors; and when pressed
+forward by the tide of warlike immigration from the East, they conquered
+the Roman Empire, and divided the lands among themselves. German
+magnates courted followers in their own country by hospitality, by
+presents of horses and arms; but in the conquered countries, by grants
+of land for military service. These grants were at first made during
+pleasure, then for life, and at length they became hereditary.
+(Robertson.) In this manner it appears that the feudal system
+originated&mdash;a system which grew into such magnificent proportions in
+Middle and Western Europe. It was, however, a growth which was five
+centuries in maturing. (Hallam.)</p>
+
+<p>A curious circumstance, connected with its development, deserves to be
+noticed, as showing that certain rights, however desirable, and even
+sacred they may seem to be, must succumb to the prevailing order,
+however undesirable that system or order might, under other
+circumstances, appear to be. Allodial lands, or those held in the right
+of the individual, and for which there was no obligation of service,
+except in the general defence, were at length swallowed up by the feudal
+system. In those days of universal anarchy, rapine, and oppression, the
+rule of might and unrestrained selfishness prevailed to such an extent,
+that small proprietors, having no means of defence against the strong,
+were compelled to surrender their allodial title for a feudal one, and
+do homage to the neighboring lord for the sake of protection. And to
+such an extent did the abasement of allodial privileges prevail, that it
+came at length to be recognized as a principle that the feudal
+arrangement was the only legitimate one; whereupon allodial lands were
+seized with impunity, and appropriated by the feudal barons. Even the
+Church was subordinated by the prevailing system. Bishops became feudal
+lords. The incomes of religious service were, in some cases, seized upon
+by the irresponsible barons, and disposed of according to the feudal
+policy. This, however, is but one example of the struggle of a system or
+movement to subordinate what stands in its way, and become universal; it
+is a law of history.</p>
+
+<p>The feudal system was a very complete embodiment of despotism. It grew
+out of the political circumstances and mental status of the times, and
+could only exist by the warrant of these conditions. It had its
+redeeming qualities, however, and, no doubt, promoted the conditions and
+the spirit which prepared the way for its own overthrow and the
+inauguration of a better system. The isolated and pent-up condition of
+all classes, together with such culture as was afforded by their mode of
+life to the inmates of the baronial castle, made the occasion for that
+general restlessness in society from which proceeded such ready response
+to the fanatical appeals of Peter the Hermit. The Crusades lasted two
+hundred years, and contributed to the overthrow of feudalism by the
+increase of general intelligence and the diminution of the baronial
+estates.</p>
+
+<p>After the fall of the empire, the cities began to decline, and their
+government fell, in a great measure, into the hands of the clergy; and
+thence supervened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> a kind of ecclesiastical municipal system. Commerce,
+which some centuries later began to develop, gave renewed importance to
+the cities; and the activities developed within them were antagonistic
+to the feudal spirit, and destined to contribute their part, and an
+important one, to the process of ultimate organization and its
+accompanying phenomena. The cities at length became free, not without a
+struggle; for it is not to be supposed that the great barons would
+passively allow the enfranchisement of a rival power within their own
+domains. In those rude times, the cities had little intercourse with
+each other; yet they became independent nearly at the same time, showing
+that this political phenomenon was also a growth arising out of the
+condition of the times&mdash;the result of political and social causes acting
+in concert over more than half a continent.</p>
+
+<p>The cities accomplished their political mission by doing something
+toward establishing law and order, and fostering the germs of freedom.
+Their example could not but tell upon their immediate neighbors. In some
+cases they even attacked the nearest feudal lords, and afterward those
+more remote, compelling them to become citizens. Thus was feudalism
+overthrown in Italy in the thirteenth century. Elsewhere, commerce had
+as yet done less for the cities, and their progress was less rapid. But,
+whenever they appeared, they had the great barons to contend with. The
+free cities or communities gradually extended intercourse with each
+other; and for objects of commerce and mutual defence against their
+enemies, they formed into leagues. Coalitions of the feudal barons also
+sprung up, and wars between the two systems were frequent and bloody.
+Feudal France made war on municipal France. The Hanseatic league,
+embracing at one time eighty-five German cities, maintained successful
+wars against the monarchs themselves. There was a confederacy of cities
+in Italy of great power and influence. These movements show that the
+former isolated condition of European society was no longer compatible
+with the change which was being gradually brought about in the social
+elements. We perceive a manifest tendency toward more extensive union;
+larger combinations were becoming a demand of the times.</p>
+
+<p>But, along with the progress of this tendency to unity, we perceive that
+society was constantly becoming more diversified in character, and its
+elements more distinctly defined. The institution of chivalry, the
+troubadours, and minnesingers had played their part. Besides those great
+political and social powers, the Church, the barons, the kings, and the
+free cities, new classes were rising in society, giving it greater
+complexity, and, by their diversified activities and needs, urging it
+forward to a more comprehensive and centralized organization. At first,
+in the twelfth century, the inhabitants of the cities or free
+communities were composed only of 'small traders and small landed or
+house proprietors.' 'Three centuries afterward there were added to
+these, lawyers, physicians, men of letters, and local magistrates.'
+(Guizot.)</p>
+
+<p>In the rude and chaotic society which succeeded the fall of the empire,
+there was no occupation honorable but that of arms; but in the course of
+time, the meed of honor assumed new branches, and fell upon various
+classes.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery of the Pandects of Justinian in the twelfth century, gave
+the study of the law a new impulse, and, together with accompanying
+developments, complicated the administration of justice. Rude and
+ignorant warriors were no longer adequate to this function; civil
+processes required a distinct organ; the profession of law arose, and
+commanded its share of public attention and respect. With the rise of
+commerce, there was developed a commercial class, which acquired wealth,
+power, distinction, and a de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>mand for rights. With the revival of
+learning and philosophy, however unpromising at first, there arose a
+literary class, which attracted notice and acquired influence.</p>
+
+<p>In the view given of the earlier stages of modern civilization, we
+perceive, first, a social chaos which obtained for some time after the
+fall of the empire in the West; secondly, the development out of this
+chaos, in the course of centuries, of various political and social
+powers, classes, and interests, which were differentiated from the
+unorganized mass; thirdly, all these diversified elements, classes, and
+interests, gradually tending to the formation of more comprehensive
+relations with each other. There was no general organization of these
+several elements, in the early periods of the modern cycle. There were
+what were called kings and kingdoms, but it was not till a comparatively
+recent period that the government became an integer, a complete
+organism, with a sensorium and will-power, and a mutual interrelation
+and dependence of parts and functions. During the prevalence of the
+feudal system and the rise of the independent communities, European
+society was composed of innumerable fragments, isolated from each other,
+and each caring for itself only, looking to no centre as the source of
+political order and vitality, without organization or head. The king did
+not rule the barons any more than the barons ruled the king&mdash;they were
+rival powers; the barons and the cities were rival powers; the kings and
+barons played off the cities against each other. The Church, by the
+peculiarity of its constitution and character, was related to them all.
+The clergy were the subjects of the king, the vassals of the baron, and
+yet the spiritual lords of both, as well as of their feudal peers. And
+when the Church effected the separation of her own from the political
+power, she sought, in turn, to subordinate the latter; and secular
+rulers were obliged to resist her encroachments to save themselves. The
+kings had no fixed revenue adequate to government, and were the sport of
+the capricious elements within their own realms. But the Crusades
+brought all these fragments into closer relations, and broke the power
+of the feudal lords. The king gained what the barons lost; and with
+these powerful, turbulent, and refractory subjects out of the way, the
+cities were easily subordinated. The sovereign acquired at length an
+adequate revenue and a standing army; he was now enabled to command the
+resources of his kingdom, and play a king's part in the drama of
+nations. Thus was consummated the movement of national centralization.</p>
+
+<p>Progress advances by action and reaction; extremes develop each other.
+It was so in governmental affairs. The movement of unitization ended in
+the absolute power of the sovereign, who became not only the head of the
+executive function, but the source of legislation as well. In France,
+Louis XIV. knew no will but his own; the States General and Parliament
+were little more than empty names; and in England, Parliament stood in
+awe of Queen Elizabeth, and the courts did her behests. The sovereigns
+were absolute. But with the culmination of royal prerogative and
+centralized government, there were also an increase of intelligence,
+greater facilities for intercommunication, and, as we have seen, a
+diversity of social and political forces interrelated, and acting and
+reacting upon each other in a manner quite unprecedented. The inquiry
+and criticism of plebeian minds were becoming more daring, and there was
+a stir and a restlessness in society, which made bad subjects for an
+absolute monarch. The religious Reformation, which began in Germany and
+spread to the westward, was but the legitimate result of the
+intellectual agitation which preceded it; and the political absolutism
+of kings could no more expect exemp<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>tion from searching criticism and
+final revolution than the religious absolutism of the Pope. The German
+Reformation was blind to the magnitude and significance of its own
+mission; for while its leaders denounced reason, it was in its essential
+nature a protest against priestly domination over intellect, and a plea
+for the right of free inquiry. Agitation, of whatever kind, is
+contagious; and the energetic play of this diversity of plebeian forces
+must needs result in the recognition of a popular element in the
+government, more or less formal in its character. The government of an
+intelligent people must emanate from the popular will, to a very great
+extent, whatever the form of government may be. If Queen Elizabeth and
+Louis XIV. were more absolute than the sovereigns of our day, it was
+because the French and English people had not then developed that
+versatility of genius, that intelligence and freedom of inquiry, that
+self-appreciation and dignity of character for which they have since
+become so conspicuous. With the increase of intelligence and
+self-respect among the people, there originated a popular branch of
+government to look after their interests, and it grew with their growth.
+Through this channel there came a pressure upon the throne, which must
+needs yield, or be overturned by the surges of revolution. The examples
+of Charles I. and Louis XVI. were extreme. The popular element has since
+then usually accomplished its ends with less turbulence and commotion.
+It has been less violent, but none the less effective. Since the
+Restoration in England, the popular will has been making itself felt in
+national affairs more and more. And in France, even a Napoleon, mighty
+and original as he was, had to consult popular tastes, and, in a great
+measure, conform thereto. We have heard a great deal about the tyranny
+and usurpation of Louis Napoleon; but he, too, must conform to the
+predominance of public feeling in France, or that public
+feeling&mdash;'public opinion'&mdash;would burst out in a torrent of revolution
+which would overwhelm him. This introduction of the popular element into
+government is a result of the developing process, which has made
+government an organism of almost infinite complexity.</p>
+
+<p>As we have seen, while primitive peoples remained in an isolated and
+exclusively individualistic condition, there were few civil interests;
+and these few the sovereign was not concerned with, so that he could
+discharge in person all the functions of his simple government. But,
+when the civil interests had grown into greater magnitude and diversity,
+and the pressure of their administration was upon the throne, the
+affairs of government became too burdensome for one man. A division of
+labor became necessary. The order of priests originated at an early day,
+and took charge of religion. The king, in time, ceased to march at the
+head of his army, and sent his generals instead. Not being able to hear
+and decide all causes, he named judges to administer justice; and thus
+the process of functional differentiation began, and kept on without
+abatement as the needs of the government required. There was a time when
+an Englishman had no conception of a prime minister. (Hume.) In this age
+we cannot conceive of government without such a functionary, whether
+administered in the name of king or president. With the development of
+new interests arose new branches in the administration of government.
+The constant rise of new industrial elements; the increasing demand for
+the facilities of intercommunication; the development of trade and
+commerce; the interrelation of interests within, and the complication of
+affairs without, have given rise to new departments in the government,
+with a hierarchy of subordinate bureaus; while the interests of towns,
+counties, and states have necessitated an analogous scale of
+functionaries, mak<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>ing, on the whole, an amazing complication of
+governmental machinery. This increase of complexity is precisely
+analogous to the order of development in every department of nature; it
+is perfectly in accordance with the second feature of the law which we
+have recognized as a Law of Universal Development.</p>
+
+<p>Some of our economists may object on principle to so much complexity,
+and attempt to simplify government by eliminating certain terms of the
+series. Let them try it; <span class="smcap">God</span> is mightier than they! There may be
+governmental abuse in regard to the complexity of its functions; but the
+thing itself is simply in the order of destiny. Man develops it, because
+he <i>must</i>; it is the historical result of the accumulation of all human
+activities.</p>
+
+<p>There is one kind of simplification, however, which should be closely
+observed; and that is to accomplish the object of any governmental
+function in the most <i>direct</i> and economical manner. There is great room
+for improvement in this respect. Nature, in the midst of all her growing
+complexities, exemplifies the principle of the greatest possible result
+with the greatest possible economy of means, considering in all cases
+the obstacles to be overcome. Let government do the same, and see that
+every channel of official activity be thoroughly purged of corruption
+and abuse.</p>
+
+<p>This development of organic complexity is just as necessary and
+inevitable in the political as in the animal economy; and the
+performance of any function, in the one case as in the other, depends
+for the degree of its completeness on the extent to which 'the division
+of labor' is carried through the complexity of the organic structure.
+There are no grounds of apprehension from this source whatever. In
+regard to government, this increase of complexity is most strikingly
+observable in the executive department; and it is worthy of notice that
+while this department of government is in general becoming less
+tyrannical and relatively weaker with reference to the legislative
+department, it is also becoming more complex: as tyranny recedes,
+complexity advances. There is no point better sustained in history than
+the general fact that, as government increases the multiplicity of its
+machinery, it gradually relaxes its interference with the private rights
+of individuals.</p>
+
+<p>After man has laid aside his primitive habits of selfish isolation, and,
+though still rude and untutored, has come, through the mere increase of
+numbers, into a more compact form of society, the government, however
+circumscribed as to territorial limits, assumes a despotic and
+intermeddling character. Such was the government of the feudal lords
+during the middle ages, and of the kings at a still later day. Laws were
+made for the regulation of dress, as to quality and cut for particular
+classes, and the number of garments which any person might have in a
+year. Citizens were not allowed to keep certain kinds of furniture; and
+the dishes they might have for dinner and supper respectively were
+definitely and rigidly prescribed. The wages of the laborer were fixed
+by law to the great advantage of the lordly employer: this, however, was
+a very natural sequence to the abolition of villanage or vassal
+servitude. The law made service at particular trades compulsory; and
+decided where certain kinds of manufacturing should be carried on; and
+how an article should be made, and how sold when made. This interference
+affected every department of the individual's private life. Religious
+interference need only be mentioned; it is well known. As Buckle
+declares, in speaking of the interference of governments, 'It may be
+emphatically said that they have taxed the human mind. They have made
+the very thoughts of men pay toll.' Queen Elizabeth was a very great
+sovereign, but she meddled with very small matters. She disliked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> the
+smell of woad, a plant used for blue dye, and thereupon prohibited its
+cultivation. She was displeased with long swords and high ruffs, and
+commissioned her officers to break the swords and abate the ruffs. None
+of the nobility dared marry without her consent; no one could travel
+without her permission. Foreign commerce was subject to her capricious
+will. The star chamber, the court of high commission, the court martial,
+the warrants of the secretary of state and privy council, were
+instruments of terror to the subject, who had no remedy by law. There
+was no safety but for harmless stupidity or slavish conformity.
+Individual independence was impossible. Every noble, manly head that
+appeared above the servile mass, was unceremoniously hid away in a
+dungeon, or struck off on a scaffold.</p>
+
+<p>Such annoying and insolent meddling on the part of governments no longer
+exists. There can be no such thing among an enlightened people. As the
+mass of mankind, or we will say their leaders or representatives, become
+more cultured, they demand a larger field of individual freedom, and
+organize a pressure upon government, which in time effects its object,
+and the oppression is removed, or gradually becomes relaxed and
+obsolete.</p>
+
+<p>Observing that the differentiation of function obtains chiefly in the
+administrative department of government, and putting the two general
+facts of history together,&mdash;first, that while the subject is enlarging
+the domain of individual liberty, and secondly, the government becoming
+more complex in structure and activity,&mdash;we infer that, through the
+advance of general intelligence and the multiplication of interests,
+government is changing its character from an instrument of compulsion
+and force to an instrument of management and direction, wielded by the
+governed themselves for the benefit of their own diversified and
+interrelated interests.</p>
+
+<p>In following the course of individuality, we find it simple and almost
+absolute in savage life; then it is overpowered and disappears under the
+despotic and one-idea governments of ancient times, and of Asia still;
+at length it reappears, and gathers strength with every advancing age,
+with every discovery, with every improvement, with every flash of
+intelligence, till it has accumulated, in its course, all the
+diversified means of expression and gratification afforded by art,
+literature, and all the social appliances of a complex and exalted form
+of society;&mdash;and the end is not yet: there will be more freedom, other
+methods of expression, new facilities for enjoyment and happiness. Its
+destiny is a glorious one!</p>
+
+<p>It may be well in this connection to recall to mind the principle that,
+with the rise of new functions and the increase of complexity, <i>unity
+obtains its completest form and fullest expression</i>. These two elements
+are by no means antagonistic; they belong together, and one necessitates
+the other.</p>
+
+<p>It is a general fact of history that there is a relation between the
+culture of a people and the geographical extent of their voluntary
+combinations. Whilst rude and uncultivated, with no facilities for
+intercommunication, they form no permanent associations of any
+considerable magnitude; but with the advance of general intelligence,
+the rise of distinct classes and industrial and commercial interests,
+together with the improvement of facilities for travel and trade, and
+for the intercommunication of thought and feeling, there is developed a
+general bond of sympathy between larger masses of mankind, and the
+natural result is more extensive combination. The unity becomes more
+comprehensive. We have observed this in our glance at European
+development.</p>
+
+<p>Let us trace the course of one of the lines of political movement. In a
+primitive society, as among the ancient Germans, each individual has
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> right of avenging himself, of taking justice into his own hands,
+and determining what the measure of satisfaction shall be. The right of
+private war, derived from rude society, remained for a long time in
+Western Europe, and pertained to the clergy as well as to laymen&mdash;a
+custom which was withal not very Christian-like. A step beyond this, and
+there was recognized a regular method of determining the amount of
+satisfaction due for an injury: composition for crime became fixed. We
+observe here a development from absolute individuality in the matter of
+determining justice to the recognition of a conventionalism&mdash;a law which
+was the product of the sense of many individuals acting, it may have
+been, in some cases, without conscious concert, yet in a social and
+co&ouml;perative way. As mankind grew out of their original rude conditions,
+they relinquished the individual prerogative of taking justice into
+their own hands, and appealed therefore to a tribunal which was
+recognized as adequate to this end, and the jurisdiction of which seems
+to have had a constant tendency to enlarge its territorial limits. Thus,
+for a time, the feudal barons claimed the final adjudication of all
+difficulties among their own vassals; but, gradually, dissatisfied
+clients appealed to the king, who encouraged them to do so, and at
+length the throne became the universally recognized centre and source of
+all formal justice.</p>
+
+<p>This was a movement occupying centuries for its consummation, a movement
+which extended the jurisdiction of the tribunal of justice from the
+territory of a private individual to the territory of an entire kingdom,
+collecting the isolated jurisdictions of every individual in barbarian
+society, and uniting them all together in the recognized sovereign of a
+consolidated nation.</p>
+
+<p>Now, while it is true that 'the history of progress is the history of
+successful struggles against coercion and authoritative direction, and
+in favor of human spontaneity and free motion' (Slack); it is also true,
+as we have seen in tracing the course of the administration of justice,
+that 'the progress of civilization consists in the substitution of the
+general for the individual will, of legal for individual resistance.'
+(Guizot.)</p>
+
+<p>The development of law, or of a general method, is the necessary result
+of social interchange, through which thoughts and feelings become
+contagious and mould a general will. In primitive society, individuals
+are isolated, and it matters little to others what any individual does;
+hence he is allowed to settle his own difficulties in his own way. He is
+let alone in a way so terrible, that similar treatment would be social
+death to a man of culture. We repeat, there is nothing like absolute
+individuality, except among isolated and unsocial savages. In an
+advanced state of society, human interests become interrelated&mdash;a
+complete network of complexity; and what any particular individual does
+becomes a matter of interest to many, since the many are, to a certain
+extent, affected thereby. The individual of civilization has developed
+relations external to himself, and his rights can only be secured and
+his tastes and wants gratified by mutual understanding, co&ouml;peration, and
+combination. His individuality is of a far higher order than that of the
+uncultivated man; and precisely because it is higher, does it develop
+law as the embodiment of the general will, and require organization for
+its expression. 'It is through association that the highest form of
+individuation becomes possible; and nationality wisely developed will
+terminate in a cosmopolitan identity of interests, and a general unity
+founded upon a reciprocity of services among all the divisions of
+mankind.' (Slack.)</p>
+
+<p>It is owing to this same fact of the interrelation and dependence of
+interests, that the movement of unitization has not stopped in Europe
+with the organi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>zation of a distinct government for each nation. We have
+observed that when primitive individuals develop relations with each
+other, they form into small societies, and that when these develop
+relations with like societies, they unite and form larger associations;
+and further, that these states, cities, baronies, come at length to
+develop relations with each other, and the result is their union into
+kingdoms. But this tendency of growth does not cease here. One nation
+cannot long remain isolated and distinct from other nations. The
+interests of one kingdom become, in many ways, interrelated with the
+interests of other kingdoms; and there must be new governmental
+appliances to meet the case. Diplomacy, a new function of government,
+arose from this necessity. This is a political activity of quite recent
+development: it originated in the fifteenth century. Like all
+progressive developments, it was at first immature; 'it was not till the
+seventeenth century that it became really systematic; before then it had
+not brought about long alliances, great combinations, and especially
+combinations of a durable nature, directed by fixed principles, with a
+steady object, and with that spirit of consistency which forms the true
+character of established government.' (Guizot.)</p>
+
+<p>Who can say that we have yet seen the end of this process of national
+development? Centuries have been required for all great changes
+affecting the destiny of man: the centuries of the great Future may yet
+develop a unity among the nations themselves&mdash;a distinct political
+organism for the regulation of national interests, which are constantly
+becoming more interrelated and complex. As cities, states, and baronies
+were developed from individuals and tribes, and as kingdoms were
+developed from cities, states, and baronies, so may a mightier political
+fabric than has yet been known be developed from the family of nations!</p>
+
+<p>The law, we repeat, is, that with the advance of social dependence and
+complexity, the principle of unitization becomes practically more
+intimate and comprehensive. <i>It is to this law that nations owe that
+vitality</i> of which diplomatists and constitutional lawyers take
+cognizance. By virtue of this law, a nation is a living organism,
+resisting with all its vital force whatever may threaten it with
+dissolution. Hence the utter folly of cherishing the idea of a
+'peaceable separation' of confederated states. There can be no such
+thing in the order of nature. The rupture and division of a nation is a
+reaction against the spirit of social progress, a backward movement
+against the current of civilization, a terrible outrage to the
+organizing forces of the political realm, and can only be effected
+through violence and bloodshed. The more mature civilization becomes,
+the more difficult to effect disunion, the more terrible the penalty,
+and the more enduring, discordant, and wretched the consequences.</p>
+
+<p>The law of unitization is a universal one, being an accompaniment of all
+unfolding, and man worse than wastes his energy in fighting against it.
+It is a great law of Universal Progress; and in lifting our hands
+against it, we are presuming to measure arms with a Power which will be
+sure to overwhelm us with confusion and defeat. We must consent to go
+with the grand movements of the Universe, and to march to the step of
+Destiny, or be crushed under the resistless tread of advancing peoples!</p>
+
+<p>The course of industrial, mechanical, and commercial progress from
+savage to civilized life, goes to illustrate and confirm the view which
+we have taken of the course of political development.</p>
+
+<p>Among the least cultivated tribes of mankind, the family is wholly
+adequate to itself, there being no dissimilarity of industrial function,
+except between the husband and wife. The family builds its own hut,
+makes its own weapons, kills its own game&mdash;in short, provides<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> for all
+its own needs. What is industrially true of one family is true of all
+others; there is no division of labor, no exchange of products. They
+have no accumulated property, no fixed habitation, but wander from place
+to place, as the attractions of their simple life may lead them. But
+when population becomes more numerous, and neither hunting nor pasturage
+is sufficient for their support, the cultivation of the soil is resorted
+to, and new wants are developed. The division of labor, the
+differentiation of the industrial function begins. One man cultivates
+the soil, another works in iron, another in wood, and so on; and these
+specialities, in their turn, assume new branches. Take agriculture for
+example: At first every husbandman grows all that he needs for himself
+and family; after a while he observes that his soil is better adapted to
+one kind of crop than another, and he devotes himself more exclusively
+to its cultivation. A similar result with a different crop obtains on a
+different soil and in a different locality; and thus do the specialities
+of soil and climate result in the specialization of agriculture. These
+diversities of occupation with reference to the soil, wood, metals,
+imply the exchange of products; but this must obtain to a very limited
+extent while neighbors are remote, and the means of travel and
+transportation defective. With few roads, and commerce undeveloped,
+there is little intercommunication, little culture, little civilization.
+This was the condition of Scotland as late as the middle of the
+eighteenth century. (Buckle.) England had some external commerce as
+early as the thirteenth century (Hallam), but did not send a ship of her
+own into the Mediterranean till the fifteenth. (Robertson.) Think of the
+difference between then and now!</p>
+
+<p>The making of tools, implements, and fabrics is at first carried on
+solely by individuals working alone, but at length, machinery comes into
+use, the elements are used as driving power, and manufacturing
+establishments arise having a complicated organization. The division of
+labor has been all the time becoming more complete, till now a single
+workman manages but a part of the process of making an implement or a
+fabric, which must pass through many hands in succession before it is
+completed. All are familiar with this fact. It is exactly analogous to
+that which we observe in the animal economy. Low in the zoological
+scale, one membrane performs all the organic functions; higher in the
+scale, there are different organs to perform the distinct functions.
+When the stomach and liver first appear, they are very simple in
+structure, and as simple in function; it is just so with the
+manufactories in the industrial organism. But the stomach and liver
+become more complicated as the scale rises; it is just so with the
+manufactories as civilization advances. Animals lowest in the scale have
+no heart&mdash;no circulation. It is just so with society&mdash;if society it may
+be called&mdash;which is lowest in the scale; it has no exchange of
+products&mdash;no commercial circulation. The parallelism is complete.</p>
+
+<p>Further, as already specified, we find in the animal organism, that the
+dependence of parts and functions upon each other becomes greater with
+the increase of complexity; that unitization at the top of the scale, in
+the midst of an almost infinite complication of organic structures and
+functions, has a completeness and significance which it cannot have in
+the simple organism at the bottom of the scale. The same precisely is
+true of the social organism. At the bottom of the scale, there is no
+dependence of one part on another&mdash;no co&ouml;peration&mdash;no proper
+unity&mdash;nothing but simple individual life. Higher in the scale, there is
+dependence of one element of society on another; there must be
+co&ouml;peration, combination, organization, a tendency, at least, toward
+unity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This is well exemplified by industrial and commercial development. With
+regard to manufacturing, there is specialization, not only in the
+handiwork, but also in the locality of production. Thus, in Great
+Britain, where this development has most fully matured itself, 'the
+calico manufacture locates itself in this county, the woollen-cloth
+manufacture in that; silks are produced here, lace there, stockings in
+one place, shoes in another; pottery, hardware, cutlery, come to have
+their special towns; and ultimately, every locality becomes more or less
+distinguished from the rest by the leading occupation carried on in it.
+Nay, more, this subdivision of functions shows itself, not only among
+the different parts of the same nation, but among different nations.'
+(Westminster Review.) Some of our economists object to this process, and
+would bring all kinds of productive labor into the same district; but a
+law higher than their theories brings artisans of the same kind into the
+neighborhood of each other;&mdash;it is the co&ouml;perative action of the
+principles of differentiation and unitization.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this process is to make one locality dependent on another
+locality. Once, as we have seen, the family was adequate to its own
+needs; now, we perceive the industrial producers of one district have
+become dependent on each other, and on the products of other districts
+and nations, for the supply of their needs. This industrial division and
+concentration gives increased importance to commerce, without which
+there could be no industrial development. It is thus that these two
+activities are separating the elements of society in order to bind them
+the more firmly together.</p>
+
+<p>The improvement of roads, rivers, harbors, the construction of canals,
+railroads, and telegraphs, the development of industry, the extension of
+commerce, the advance of general culture, and the consequent increase of
+human wants, is making society a very complicated structure;&mdash;indeed, it
+has nerve and tissue, and is becoming very sensitive. The loss of a crop
+in one country affects all other countries. The burning of a city, or
+even of a great manufacturing establishment, is really felt to the
+remotest ends of civilization. A commercial crisis on either shore of
+the Atlantic shocks the whole civilized world. A rebellion in the United
+States is affecting the agriculture of the whole country, the production
+of a staple on three continents, manufacturing in France and New and Old
+England, commerce everywhere. Every partisan clique, every political
+court and cabinet, even political destiny itself, throughout the whole
+world, reels with every surge of a distant revolution! How different
+from the condition even of Europe in the twelfth century, when a whole
+city or barony, an entire kingdom, or half the continent even, might
+have sunk beneath, the ocean, and the rest of the world have known
+nothing of it by its social results!</p>
+
+<p>Thus, as in the undeveloped organism there is a want of dependence and
+sensitiveness, so is there the same want in undeveloped society. As in
+the higher organic structures there is a high degree of unity and
+sensitiveness, an injury to the remotest part affecting instantaneously
+the whole organism; so, precisely, is the same true of society in its
+higher stages of development. The law is universal; it governs the
+organic as well as the inanimate, the social as well as the organic
+world. Hence the reason why the rupture of Europe, on the death of
+Charlemagne, into provinces and kingdoms loosely united, could not
+prevent the ultimate organization of national government, and the rise
+of relations external to the individual nation, out of which diplomacy
+grew, for the consummation of a policy above the nations themselves.
+Obstructions may be thrown in the way of unitization, but it will
+express itself in some form or other. If, on ac<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>count of the viciousness
+of primitive conditions from which it has been developed, modern Europe
+cannot yet exist as a union of states under one great and glorious
+government, it will, nevertheless, approximate that union, as best it
+can, and consummate vast national leagues, which are becoming constantly
+more comprehensive and permanent as civilization advances.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL" id="WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL"></a>WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one <i>lives</i>
+it&mdash;to not many is it <i>known</i>; and seize it where you will, it is
+interesting.'&mdash;<i>Goethe.</i></p>
+
+<p>'<span class="smcap">Successful.</span>&mdash;Terminating in accomplishing what is wished or
+intended.'&mdash;<i>Webster's Dictionary.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XV.</h3>
+
+<p>Our hero starts once more with a new field before him&mdash;the field where
+all his hopes and aspirations have been centred since he first was
+capable of comprehending the shrewd advice of Hiram Bennett, of the firm
+of H. Bennett &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, he starts with a new field in view, unencumbered by any love
+affair, and free from all entanglements of that nature&mdash;indeed, of any
+nature.</p>
+
+<p>I have endeavored to be so minute in this history as to give the reader
+a proper idea of young Meeker at the time he was ready to launch upon
+New-York life. He was now nearly twenty-three years old, and fully
+competent, by his previous education and experience, to undertake any
+kind of business.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bennett, with whom Hiram had become a great favorite, looked
+confidently to securing him in his establishment. It is true, he had
+attempted to make no positive engagement with his namesake in advance,
+but for the last year he always spoke to him as if, in due time, he was
+to enter his service as a matter of course. Hiram did not assent nor
+dissent to such observations; but, really, he had not the slightest idea
+of taking a situation with his cousin. He did not like 'dry goods' to
+begin with. He thought the trade offered too little scope for
+enterprise, unless, indeed, one had good foreign connections, and even
+then he had his objections to it. The competition was more active, the
+credits longer, and the risks were greater, than in other commercial or
+mercantile pursuits. The question, as you may naturally suppose, had
+occupied his serious attention for years; but he kept his counsel, and
+never spoke of his designs.</p>
+
+<p>The first that was known of Hiram's whereabouts, he was established as
+the junior clerk in a first-class ship chandler's store in South street.
+It was rather difficult to obtain such a situation; but the reader well
+knows that, once in it, Hiram will not fail to merit the approbation of
+his employers.</p>
+
+<p>Singular to say, he was indebted for the place to that scapegrace Hill.
+The head clerk was Hill's cousin, himself utterly unlike his relation,
+yet a good deal attached to him. Hiram, who made it a rule never to lose
+sight of anybody, always managed to fall in with Hill (who had quit
+Joslin) whenever he came to the city, and on one occasion Hill
+introduced him to this cousin. He managed to make himself very
+agreeable, and an intimacy commenced, which ended in Hiram's obtaining
+the place of the junior clerk, who was about leaving. Of course, Hi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>ram
+came backed with the highest recommendations, so that his friend had
+really to assume no responsibility on his behalf. Thus he secured the
+place.</p>
+
+<p>A 'ship chandler!' Reader, have you any idea of his occupation? You have
+doubtless some business notion of commerce, or at least a romantic idea
+of ships on the ocean, their sails spread to favorable breezes, or
+closehauled, braving adverse gales&mdash;joyous in fine weather, defiant in
+the tempest&mdash;yes, you know or feel something about this. But to enable
+the good ship to pursue her way, she must be 'provided.' She must not
+only have wherewithal to feed crew and passengers, but every special
+notion which can be conceived of in the ship's 'husbandry.' From out a
+ship chandler's establishment comes everything, directly or indirectly,
+which shall furnish the vessel.</p>
+
+<p>Step in, and look through such a store. Taking the interest I hope you
+do in Hiram, pray devote a few moments to visiting the place where he
+has resolved to <i>begin</i> his New-York life. You won't find it an
+agreeable spot. Nothing to compare with the neat, well-arranged office
+at Burnsville&mdash;pleasant Burnsville!&mdash;nor even as attractive as the
+country store of Benjamin Jessup, at Hampton. It is dark and
+disagreeable. It smells of tar, bacon, cheese, and cordage, blended with
+a suspicious odor of bilge water. This last does not really belong to
+the store, but comes from the docks, which are in close proximity. The
+place is ample. It has a large front, runs back deep, and you will find,
+if you walk far enough, a respectable counting-room, where the gas is
+kept all the time burning. This establishment is managed by three
+partners, careful, economical men, who divide a large sum each year in
+profits. They have, it is true, the cream of the trade, for they are
+reliable, straightforward people, and can be trusted to fit out a ship
+without fear that advantage will be taken if they are not closely
+watched. No danger that the pork, when opened ninety days out, will
+prove to be rusty, or the beef a little tainted. Hendly, Layton &amp; Gibb
+are old-fashioned, respectable people. They have been already twenty
+years together. Hendly keeps the books, Layton makes all the purchases,
+Gibb fits out the vessels. Levi Eastman (Hill's cousin, Hiram's friend),
+now over ten years in the place, is head man under the firm, having a
+general supervision of whatever is going on. He is forty years old at
+least, has a wife, and, some say, in addition to a good salary, enjoys a
+percentage on all profits over a certain amount. Hiram Meeker ranks next
+to Eastman, though it will take him a few weeks to get familiar with his
+duties.</p>
+
+<p>I will tell you presently what decided Hiram to become clerk to a ship
+chandler, I do not intend, after being so communicative, to hide his
+motives on this occasion. I say I will explain presently: meantime, do
+not fear that Hiram has any desire to supplant his friend Eastman, or
+get the control of the business of the firm; not at all. Other views,
+far more important, engage his mind&mdash;views which he thinks, in this ship
+chandler's store, to study and develop to advantage.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram seemed to have altered his tactics on leaving Burnsville. There
+his style of living was considered expensive. His salary was very
+liberal, and although he did not spend it all (it was much increased
+after the Joslin affair), he appeared far from calculating in his
+disbursements. Now, this was all changed. Eastman, who had no children,
+and with two spare rooms in his house, consented, after consulting his
+wife, to take Hiram as a boarder, on more moderate terms than he could
+possibly get elsewhere for comfortable accommodations.</p>
+
+<p>In this arrangement, Hiram had unquestionably decided to forego the
+luxury of pleasant female society. Mrs. Eastman had a sour-looking
+countenance, which did not in the least belie<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> her disposition. In fact,
+her husband had a hard time of it, and doubtless thought Hiram's
+presence might prove a distraction for him&mdash;or for his wife. In either
+case, he would be the gainer, even if Hiram suffered somewhat. The
+latter did not appear to be apprehensive, but made himself at home in
+short order.</p>
+
+<p>Then, and not before, he called on Mr. Bennett, and told him, ere the
+latter had time to inquire, that he had quit Burnsville, and was now
+clerk for Hendly, Layton &amp; Gibb, ship chandlers.</p>
+
+<p>'Well, that's a move, I declare! Did you suppose I was so full I could
+not make room for you?'</p>
+
+<p>'Not that; but, you see, I am not going into your line,' said Hiram,
+blandly.</p>
+
+<p>Till that moment Mr. Bennett had himself no idea how much he was
+calculating on Hiram's assistance in his largely increasing business. He
+was greatly disappointed. He was too shrewd, however, to express much
+regret. He only said, 'I should have been glad to have had you with me,
+but you know your own business best, I dare say. You will <i>do</i> anywhere,
+I guess. Now you are here, come and see us often, and let me know when I
+can be of use to you.'</p>
+
+<p>Keen men sympathize with keen; knaves with knaves; the good with the
+good.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVI.</h3>
+
+<p>When Sarah Burns, after Hiram's departure, sat down, quietly to think
+over the events of the past few days&mdash;for during the week he remained in
+the house she had no opportunity for reflection&mdash;she was sensible of a
+species of relief that she was no longer bound to him.</p>
+
+<p>It was not permitted in nature nor in God's providence that this fellow
+should have lasting power over one so true hearted. With such, his
+influence was not to become absolute or controlling.</p>
+
+<p>This was Sarah's first love affair, and she had no experience as to her
+own emotions, and possessed, therefore, no test by which to judge of
+their intensity. Now she could look back and see that her heart had not
+been satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Not satisfied!</i>' How many a young girl has been forced bitterly to
+take up this burden&mdash;when too late. '<i>Disappointed!</i>' How many, when it
+is past help, whisper the terrible word in secret to their souls! How
+many are now dragging out a despairing existence, chained to some Hiram
+Meeker, with heart-wants never to be filled; with sympathies never to be
+responded to; with rich capacities for loving, which find in return
+neither tenderness nor appreciation; with affections, and no lawful
+object;&mdash;glowing, earnest natures companioned with calculation and
+selfishness and a remorseless subtlety; full, fresh, joyous vitality,
+yoked to a living corpse.</p>
+
+<p>Thank God! for Sarah Burns it was not too late.</p>
+
+<p>It is true, she persuaded herself she loved Hiram, and that she enjoyed
+every delight which flows from affections mutually pledged. But, really,
+it was entirely on one side. He, as we know, utterly selfish, had no
+genuine affection to impart; so all was made up by her. Out of her full
+imagination she brought rich treasures, and bestowed them on her lover,
+and then, valued him for possessing them.</p>
+
+<p>Still, for Sarah Burns it was not too late.</p>
+
+<p>That afternoon, when she came and threw her arms around her father's
+neck, and pleaded to come back again to his confidence, she was fully
+convinced of Hiram's real character. From that moment everything was
+settled. She permitted no explanations; for Hiram, when he saw how
+summarily he was to be disposed of, felt not only piqued, but roused, I
+may say, to a certain degree of appreciation of the object he was to
+lose so unexpectedly. He believed Sarah was so strongly at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>tached to him
+that she would become reconciled to his going to New York, and then he
+could permit the affair to drag along to suit his convenience, to be
+revived or die out at his pleasure. So all his attempts at a private
+interview, his injured looks, and woful countenance went for nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Sarah treated him precisely as she would treat an ordinary acquaintance,
+while Mr. Burns was careful to make no allusion to the subject, or
+permit the slightest difference in his conduct toward his confidential
+clerk. Hiram, therefore, was the one to feel uncomfortable; but the week
+was soon brought to a close, and he departed.</p>
+
+<p>He went first to Hampton to visit his home. When the wagon drove to Mr.
+Burns's house to receive his luggage, Sarah was entertaining two or
+three young ladies who were paying her a morning visit. I dare say there
+was an object in the call not altogether amiable: namely, to see how
+Sarah would 'appear' in respect to Hiram's departure, and to find out,
+if possible, by the way she bore it, whether or not there was anything
+in the rumor of an engagement between them. Hiram had already taken a
+most affectionate leave of each of these young ladies the day before,
+and they thought he was to depart early in the morning. Much to their
+disappointment, Sarah Burns never appeared more natural or more at ease.
+She spoke of Hiram's going to New York as a settled plan, determined on
+even before he came to Burnsville; and (the trunks were now all in the
+carriage) at length exclaimed, 'Come, girls; I think Hiram must be
+waiting to bid us good-by.'</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon, all went on the piazza, and thus frustrated a design of Hiram
+of taking a brief but most pathetic and impressive and
+never-to-be-forgotten farewell of his cruel betrothed. He had prepared a
+short speech for the occasion, which he believed would plant a dagger in
+her heart. He intended, just as soon as everything was ready, to find
+Sarah, deliver his speech, then rush to the carriage, and be almost
+instantly lost sight of.</p>
+
+<p>As it was, he saw with intense mortification a bevy of girls come
+running out, each with something to say, and all at once&mdash;for, to
+conceal any little private feeling of her own, each one was as gay as
+possible. At last Hiram was forced to mount the wagon (the trunks filled
+all the vacant space, and, besides, were provokingly placed so that his
+seat was a most awkward one) and to drive away very unromantically, amid
+the adieus and railleries of the commingled voices.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVII.</h3>
+
+<p>Freed from Hiram's disagreeable presence, Sarah Burns, as soon as her
+visitors had left, sat down to <i>think</i>; and she experienced, as I have
+already remarked, a species of relief. By degrees her spirits rose to
+their old, natural level, and then the fact struck her that they had not
+of late been so elastic and joyous as formerly. Presently she jumped up,
+and, snatching her hat, she resolved to run into the office, as she used
+to do in 'old times,' and surprise her father by a little visit. She
+tripped cheerfully out, and was soon at the office door. Here she
+paused. Her heart beat loudly, but it was with pleasure. Then she
+quietly opened the door and stepped in.</p>
+
+<p>'Good morning, sir,' she exclaimed. 'Here is your old clerk back again.'</p>
+
+<p>She rushed up and gave him a kiss, and received a dozen in return.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Burns used afterward to say it was the most blissful moment of his
+life.</p>
+
+<p>After that, how they enjoyed themselves!&mdash;like school children let
+loose. Sarah ran up, and down, and around the office, through the front
+room and the little room back, then in the closets, her father
+following, as much of a child as she&mdash;his heart also freed of a load,
+and his soul filled with sunshine&mdash;no Hiram Meeker to cast a baleful
+shadow over it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There were not any explanations between those two. Explanations were not
+in the least necessary. Each felt that all <i>was</i> explained, and all was
+right and happy again. That was enough.</p>
+
+<p>After a while, some one came in to see Mr. Burns on business, and Sarah
+took her departure. With a light heart she retraced her steps toward
+home. She had reached the memorable corner where she once encountered
+Hiram&mdash;it was on his first visit to Burnsville&mdash;when, quite abruptly, as
+it seemed, a tall, handsome young man stood directly in her way.</p>
+
+<p>She stopped, of course; she could not do otherwise, unless she chose to
+run into the arms of the stranger. A pair of bright, dark eyes were
+turned inquiringly on her.</p>
+
+<p>'I have found you at last,' said the young man, in a pleasant tone. 'I
+have just left your house. I did not think you would be out so early.
+And now that we do meet,' he continued, 'I perceive you don't know me:
+that is too bad!'</p>
+
+<p>Sarah stood like one in a trance. At first she thought the man was
+deranged; but he looked so handsome and so intelligent, she quickly
+abandoned that hypothesis. Then she began to think she was a little out
+of her wits herself. That seemed to her more probable.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, there he stood, directly and squarely in her path. He
+appeared rather to enjoy Sarah's perplexity.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes, it is unkind in you to forget an old friend&mdash;one you promised to
+remember always.'</p>
+
+<p>Sarah was beginning to recover herself. It was evident, from the whole
+appearance of the stranger, that he would not adopt this singular mode
+of addressing her, unless he had some claim to her acquaintance. So she
+reasoned. Resolving she would no longer play the part of a bashful miss,
+she said: 'I am very sorry to be obliged to confess it; but, really, I
+have not the slightest recollection of you.'</p>
+
+<p>'Ah, that is the way with the sex!' continued the other, in the same
+tone. 'Who would have thought it? After bestowing on me such a precious
+token (here he presented a locket, in which he exhibited a curl of
+hair), you now propose to ignore me altogether.'</p>
+
+<p>'I am inclined to think you are the one in error. I am quite sure you
+mistake me for some other person,' retorted Sarah, quietly.</p>
+
+<p>'Possibly. Therefore, permit me to inquire whether or not I have the
+honor of addressing Miss Sarah Burns?'</p>
+
+<p>'Yes.'</p>
+
+<p>'Yet you have no recollection of presenting me with this?'</p>
+
+<p>'You must have shown me the wrong locket,' said Sarah, dryly. 'The hair
+is several shades lighter than mine.'</p>
+
+<p>'True, I did not think of that,' said the mysterious young gentleman.' I
+ought to have known it would be so; but it never occurred to me.
+Good-by!'</p>
+
+<p>He bowed courteously and passed on his way, leaving Sarah in complete
+bewilderment. She walked slowly toward home. She roused her memory. She
+went through the list of her acquaintances. She endeavored to recall
+those she had encountered when taking some little trips with her
+father&mdash;but the stranger was not any of these.</p>
+
+<p>A faint outline was, nevertheless, before her. A shadowy image, the
+same, yet not the same, with the young man who had stood in her path.</p>
+
+<p>'Who? where? when?'</p>
+
+<p>In vain she asked herself the questions.</p>
+
+<p>Over the past hangs a dim uncertainty, like that which veils the future,
+and, young as Sarah was, she could already realize it. At length she
+stopped her efforts, and recurred to the more pleasing task of thinking
+about the young gentleman as he now appeared, without respect to any
+other circumstance. She recalled his manly form. He was nearly six feet
+in height. How bright his eyes were, and how mischievously they were
+turned on her, yet how kindly&mdash;she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> was almost ready to think
+lovingly&mdash;when the locket was produced! What about that locket? She
+never gave anybody a locket, never&mdash;not even Hiram Meeker. Faugh! It
+sickened her to think of <i>him</i> now, and in this connection. Only imagine
+it! A lock of her hair. How ridiculous! No living being had a lock of
+<i>her</i> hair. She knew that well enough. Besides, this was so much
+lighter&mdash;as light as hers was when she was a child. A sudden thought
+struck her. Strange; how very, <i>very</i> strange! Yet, it was true. Once in
+her life she <i>had</i> given a single curl! Was this it? Had she promised
+anything with the curl? And was this young man he? Sarah's heart beat
+tumultuously as she entered the house. She reflected on the words of the
+stranger as he turned to leave her. Should she see him again? * * *</p>
+
+<p>A message came from her father. He would bring a gentleman to dine with
+him&mdash;that was all.</p>
+
+<p>Who would it be? the one she had lately parted with? Not a doubt of it.
+<i>That</i> she felt instinctively.</p>
+
+<p>On a certain occasion, as the reader may remember, Sarah had
+imperceptibly prepared herself to receive Hiram Meeker. It was the first
+time he took tea at the house. This day she did the very same thing to
+receive somebody else. There is no use to deny it, for such is the fact.
+Yet it was but a short week since she was the betrothed of Hiram, and
+believed she loved him. That very morning they had separated forever!</p>
+
+<p>It often happens that a young girl is deceived by or disappointed in her
+admirer. They may prove to be incompatible, or, what is worse, he may
+prove unworthy; and she discards him, but with reluctance, after a
+struggle, leaving a pang in her heart, while she mourns over her lost
+<i>love</i>&mdash;not lover. <i>Him</i> she no longer regards with any feeling; but the
+memory of the old attachment is dear to her, though it be sad, and time
+is required before the heart will be attracted by new objects, or seek
+to be engrossed by a fresh passion.</p>
+
+<p>The bond between Hiram and Sarah was of no such nature. He exercised a
+species of magnetism over her, in consequence of her lively and
+sympathetic nature; but it was of a kind that, when broken, neither
+pleasing nor mournful reminiscences remained&mdash;no recollection of past
+joys, no thought of former happiness and bliss. The fountains of the
+heart had not been reached, and when Hiram Meeker quitted her presence,
+she was as though she had never known him.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it was, when she received her father's message, her pulses thrilled
+at the idea of meeting the one he was to bring with him.</p>
+
+<p>Already she guessed who it was.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VATES" id="VATES"></a>VATES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Poets are never in the wrong,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Whate'er the present age may say:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The future only, in their song,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Will see the truth of this our day;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And what a <span class="smcap">Bryant</span> says and sings</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">May well outweigh all false-born things.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_PHYSICAL_SURVEY_OF_NEW_YORK_HARBOR_AND_ITS_APPROACHES" id="THE_PHYSICAL_SURVEY_OF_NEW_YORK_HARBOR_AND_ITS_APPROACHES"></a>THE PHYSICAL SURVEY OF NEW YORK HARBOR AND ITS APPROACHES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>No coast offers more admirable opportunities for the study, on a large
+scale, of the effects of winds, waves, and currents, tidal and others,
+on the movable matters which line the ocean shores, than that from New
+York southward. Besides the peculiar local actions, there are general
+ones, which are changing, slowly or rapidly, the whole of the sandy
+coast line. While here the pebbles of the ancient drift are being
+assorted by size and shape, and rolled into ridges and heaps, by the
+action of the waves, there heaps and ridges of wet sand are formed by
+the waves and travel under their motion, and the dry sand is forced
+along by the winds, covering up meadows and woods, and changing the
+ocean shore line; and in other or the same localities, sub-currents,
+setting in a nearly constant general direction, roll onward the movable
+materials of the bottom of the sea, or tidal currents roll them forward
+and backward, giving the general direction of the resulting motion.</p>
+
+<p>The reports of the Government and State engineers and commissioners,
+public and private, who have studied the improvements of different
+localities, have given us glimpses of the local, and even of the general
+actions; but most commonly there has been a want of means or such
+preliminary experiments as were necessary fully to develop the actions,
+and which, like the stitch which saves nine, would often have saved the
+costly experiment on the full scale of construction. Remarkable
+instances of complete modes of investigation occur in the examination of
+the Mississippi River by Captain A.A. Humphreys and Lieutenant Abbot, of
+the Topographical Engineers, and by the commission of which General
+Totten, Prof. Bache, and Admiral Davis were members. As most familiar to
+me, from having taken an official part in the experiments and
+observations made, I propose to notice the Physical Surveys of New York
+and Boston, indicating the chief agents which are at work in destroying
+and building up, so as to produce the present condition of these
+important ports.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In connection with the surveys made a few years since by direction of
+the Commissioners on Harbor Encroachments, there was undertaken, as an
+incidental inquiry, an investigation into the physical conditions under
+which the shoals and beaches in and about New York harbor had submitted
+to those changes of position and area which the repeated surveys
+revealed. It was at the request of these Commissioners that Professor
+Bache, the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, gave his personal
+attention to this subject. He drew up a comprehensive scheme for a
+series of observations upon all the natural agencies at work, and, for
+the execution of the project, selected one of his assistants, whose
+experience had already been considerable in similar studies.</p>
+
+<p>The investigation was commenced in the lower harbor early in the spring
+of 1856. Records were kept of tides, currents, winds, and waves, and the
+most careful notes were made on the immediate effects of these working
+agents as observable in the movements of the sands.</p>
+
+<p>A glance at a general coast chart discovers at once a marked contrast
+between two different sections of our seaboard: to the eastward of us,
+the principal harbors of New England are rockbound, with elevated back
+countries; while to the southward, in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> region of alluvial drift,
+which extends all along the coast of the Middle and Southern States, the
+harbors have flat and sandy shores. The harbor and neighborhood of New
+York, holding an intermediate position between these diverse sections,
+exhibit a singular combination of the leading physical features of both,
+and present to the hydrographer a field for research that is quite
+without a parallel.</p>
+
+<p>We recognize in the Bar of New York simply a submerged portion of that
+<i>sandy cordon</i> which skirts the coast from Montauk Point to Florida; and
+although, in the ordinary sense, the lower entrance to the harbor is not
+an <i>inlet</i>, it may nevertheless be regarded as belonging to the same
+class.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>sandy cordon</i>, which may be said to be the principal
+characteristic of our coast, is an exceedingly interesting feature; it
+appears to have been formed by the action of the sea, which has
+disintegrated the borders of shallow flats, bearing away the light
+vegetable moulds, but suffering the coarse quartz sand to remain rolled
+up into ridges. In many places the dry winds have caught up these sands,
+when laid bare at low water, and elevated them into dunes or galls.</p>
+
+<p>The distance of the sand ridge from the mainland is observed to vary
+with the slope of the adjacent country. It is the <i>motion of
+translation</i> which a wave acquires on reaching shallow water, that gives
+it such great capacity for the transportation of material.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>translative action</i>, as it is technically called, commences
+ordinarily in about three fathoms water, and is most violent in six or
+eight feet depths, within which the sea breaks. It is just within the
+breaker that the windrows of sand are observed to form on exposed flats.</p>
+
+<p>This disposition of the sea to cast up well defined boundaries of sand
+along its margin, is so great and persistent, that the inland waters are
+dammed up and suffered only to escape into the ocean by narrow avenues,
+where their rapid currents maintain a supremacy of power&mdash;albeit with
+unceasing contest.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever, along our coast, the waves drive <i>obliquely</i> upon the beach, a
+movement of the sand takes place, and the inlets are consequently
+continually shifting.</p>
+
+<p>The Long Island inlets are moving <i>westward</i>, and Sandy Hook advances to
+the <i>northward</i>, because the sea rolls in along the axis of the great
+bay between Long Island and New Jersey, and necessarily sweeps along the
+beaches, instead of taking the direction of a <i>normal</i> to the shore
+line.</p>
+
+<p>The movement of Sandy Hook to the northward is, however, a problem not
+so easily disposed of as we might conceive from the above
+considerations; for although, in the most general sense, its existence
+must be regarded as the work of the waves, there are other agents
+influencing materially its form and its rate of progress. The currents
+control, to a very great extent, the final disposition of the sands worn
+away or kept in motion by the waves.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Bache's investigations in the neighborhood of Sandy Hook have
+been published, and we should not especially refer to them here, except
+that the recent physical changes reported by Colonel Delafield to the
+Engineer Department, have reawakened an interest in the matter.</p>
+
+<p>The measurements of the Coast Survey, made in 1856 and 1857, showed that
+the Hook was being washed away on the east and west shores, but was
+extending slowly to the northwest, where it already encroached on the
+main ship channel. This order of things has continued up to the present
+time, and is now in progress.</p>
+
+<p>The able Superintendent of the fortifications at Sandy Hook has evinced
+considerable alarm lest the new fort shall fall a prey to the
+encroachments, or be separated from the main body of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> the beach by
+slue-ways. The Coast Surrey has been notified of the matter, and the
+assistant to whom I have already referred has visited the Hook, and made
+an informal report, which agrees essentially with the statements of
+Colonel Delafield. A complete and reliable report can only be made upon
+<i>actual surveys</i>; and we trust these will be executed, and the
+Government placed in possession of the whole truth.</p>
+
+<p>We understand that Colonel Delafield has already, upon a small scale,
+made some very successful experiments of curvilineal dikes, constructed
+with caissons of concrete; and we have no doubt that, with adequate
+means at his disposal, this ingenious engineer could avert the dangers
+which threaten, not only the fort, but the noble harbor of New York.</p>
+
+<p>To return to the Physical Survey, and to speak as briefly as we may upon
+so extended a subject, we hold that it is possible, by a patient
+collection of facts and figures, to determine the natural <i>scheme</i> of
+the harbor&mdash;we had almost said the <i>formula of its development</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is ascertained that the group of shoals which form the Bar&mdash;composed,
+as they are, for the most part, of loose and shifting sands&mdash;are not
+accidental accumulations, modified by violent storms and freshets, but
+that they are orderly arrangements, made by the currents, to whose
+unceasing activities are due the form and preservation of each bank and
+channel. The peculiar contours of the shoals given by our most ancient
+charts are still developed by recent surveys, although alterations in
+magnitude have taken place. <i>The order of the physical forces is
+unchanged, but their work is still progressing.</i></p>
+
+<p>Now, since these currents have determinable laws, regulating their
+periods, durations, velocities, and directions, it was only necessary to
+compile observations, in order to reduce this study to a simple
+consideration of the <i>composition of forces</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'The process by which sand is swept along by currents upon the bottom of
+the sea, is not unlike the motion of dunes upon the land; a ridge of
+sand is propagated in the direction of the current by the continual
+rolling of the particles from the rear to the front. This movement is
+exceedingly slow when compared with that of the current which induces
+it, and for this reason a shoal, though traversed by violent tidal
+currents, may, as a whole, remain stationary when the alternate drifts
+are equal and opposite; for in this case, though the sand upon the
+surface is drifted to and fro, it undergoes no more ultimate change of
+position than it would if the forces which acted upon it were
+simultaneous and in equilibrium.'<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>Of course, so simple a case as that in which the ebb and flood forces
+are equal and opposite, is rarely presented; for at most of the stations
+on the Bar the direction of the flow varies from hour to hour, going
+quite round the circle in a half-tidal day: the velocities and
+directions also vary with the depth. These circumstances complicate the
+computation a little, but the problem is still simple and direct.
+Everything depends upon the faithfulness of the observations.</p>
+
+<p>The physical diagrams which have been plotted from the results of these
+studies may be regarded as decided successes, for they show in most
+cases that the shoals lie in the foci or in the equilibrium points of
+the observed forces.</p>
+
+<p>The current stations occupied cover a district embracing not only the
+immediate vicinity of the shoals, but ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>tending many miles from them in
+different directions; for it was deemed necessary that each elementary
+force should be separately studied before it reached its working point.
+It has been ascertained that among the causes of the different shoal
+formations there exists a mutual relation and dependence, so that they
+may be regarded as a single physical system. <i>It will be seen from this
+consideration, that any artificial disturbance of the conditions, at a
+single point, may interrupt the operations of nature in other localities
+more or less remote, or cause general changes in the hydrogaphy of the
+harbor.</i></p>
+
+<p>It is not simply the superficial drift of the tidal and other currents
+that these observations comprehend; but, with the use of apparatus
+suitably arranged, the movements at all depths have been determined,
+with the exact amount of power exerted by streams coursing along the bed
+of the sea. The necessity for this minuteness of examination has been
+fully shown in some of the curious discoveries that have been made.</p>
+
+<p>In several parts of our harbor, systems of counter-currents have been
+detected, occupying strata of water at different depths, and these
+present, in their motions, striking contrasts of directions, velocities,
+and epochs. The most remarkable exhibition of these sub-currents was
+observed in the neighborhood of the city, in the channel between
+Governor's and Bedloe's Islands. In this locality, during the last
+quarter of the ebb, floating objects drift southward toward the sea,
+while the heavier material upon the bottom is borne northward toward the
+city piers. While, upon the surface, the ebb exceeds the flood both in
+velocity and duration, the motions of the lowest water-stratum are
+subject to the reverse conditions: it therefore follows that <i>the
+heavier deposits from the city drainage cannot be swept away through
+this the main avenue to the sea</i>. This contrast of motion between the
+upper and lower drifts was observed in greater or less degree throughout
+the entire distance from the Bar to a point in the Hudson River off Fort
+Washington. These results appear to us of the highest importance, since
+they would seem to indicate that the scouring action of the currents
+will not be sufficient to prevent the accumulation of certain classes of
+deposits in the upper harbor&mdash;as the ashes from the steamers, and the
+like.</p>
+
+<p>The course of the land waters in their progress seaward was followed
+nearly sixty miles beyond the Bar, where currents of considerable
+velocity were still observed. At the station farthest seaward, where the
+sounding is thirty fathoms, the observations at different depths
+disclosed some very remarkable peculiarities. It was perceived that the
+moving stratum was not always of the same depth; the whole body of the
+sea moving steadily forward at one time, while at another no motion
+could be detected below a superficial stream.</p>
+
+<p>The land waters, to which allusion has been made, augment the ebb
+current to such a degree, that a general eastwardly preponderance was
+observed in the drift along the south shore of Long Island; and this
+preponderance, increasing steadily from station to station at each
+remove, was found, at a point twenty-five miles east of Fire Island
+Light, to outlive the tidal currents and maintain itself as a constant
+coastwise stream.</p>
+
+<p>One very curious discovery was made with regard to this stream along
+shore. It was ascertained that during easterly gales a portion of the
+water, crowded up into the bight of the coast, escapes seaward by a
+sub-current. Shells, carefully marked, were deposited in the sea during
+fine weather, and, after an easterly gale, were picked up on the shore
+of Fire Island, <i>four miles eastward</i> of the place of deposit. There was
+no evidence that these shells travelled any distance during still
+weather.</p>
+
+<p>We do not despair of the possibility<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> of artificial improvements at the
+Long Island inlets.</p>
+
+<p>At present the great inland basins on the southern portion of Long
+Island communicate with the sea only by narrow passes obstructed by bars
+and shoals; yet, in spite of the dangers which are always presented,
+large fleets of market vessels pass out daily through the inlets, laden
+with farm produce and shell fish. It requires no thought to perceive
+that if these inlets were made safe and permanent by suitable marine
+constructions, and were furnished with the proper buoys and beacons,
+there would spring up in their neighborhood great commercial
+enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>While, in the case of the lower harbor and its approaches, it was the
+design of the observations to detect in the movement of the waters the
+causes of alterations in the physical geography, the same kind of
+studies, undertaken afterward in Hell Gate, had for their object the
+reverse inquiry, viz., to ascertain to what degree and in what manner
+the form of the rocky channel influenced the tides and currents, in
+order that some prediction might be made of the consequences likely to
+follow the removal of obstructions from the waterways. The propagations
+of the tide wave meet at Hell Gate, so that here the observations, when
+plotted, exhibit compound curves, in which the portion due to the wave
+from Sandy Hook is easily distinguishable from that due to the wave from
+Long Island Sound. The Sandy Hook tide wave differs so widely in height
+and time from that of Long Island Sound, that there is over three feet
+difference of level between the harbor and the Sound at certain stages
+of the tides; and at these times the currents rush through the Gate,
+vainly endeavoring to restore the inequalities.</p>
+
+<p>The problem of referring a current to a <i>tidal head</i> is a very difficult
+one. The current, for instance, which renders Hell Gate so dangerous, is
+not at any time so great as a <i>permanent head</i>, equal to the difference
+of the tides observed, would engender. The currents are so very slow in
+their movements, compared with the undulations of the tide wave, that it
+cannot be ascertained as yet, what are the magnitudes of such elements
+as <i>inertia</i> and <i>friction</i>, and how they are to be corrected for, so as
+to predict the time and velocity of the current from observations of the
+vertical rise and fall.</p>
+
+<p>It is due to the officers of the Coast Survey to state that their
+services to the Harbor Commissioners were rendered gratuitously; the
+work offered to them only an opportunity for research.</p>
+
+<p>This Physical Survey must, at the outset, have held out small
+inducements to patient labor&mdash;the field was so large and ill defined,
+and had been so long the region of mere speculation; but the few simple
+and useful generalizations it has now grasped should, hereafter, prove
+the stepping stones to larger inductions, valuable alike to physical
+science and commercial interests.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Report of the Observations for the Completion of the
+Physical Survey of New York Bar and Harbor, in pursuance of the Act of
+the Legislature of New York, April 17, 1857, and of the authority of the
+Commissioners on Harbor Encroachments. By <span class="smcap">A. D. Bache</span>, Supt. U.S. Coast
+Survey.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AN_ENGLISHMAN_IN_SOUTH_CAROLINA" id="AN_ENGLISHMAN_IN_SOUTH_CAROLINA"></a>AN ENGLISHMAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA.</h2>
+
+<h3>DECEMBER, 1860, AND JULY, 1862.</h3>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>'Mornin', sa! De Cunnel send dis with his compliments. Merry Christmas,
+sa!' Such was the salutation arousing me on the anniversary of the birth
+of Him who came on earth to preach the Gospel of love and fraternity to
+all men&mdash;or the date which pious tradition has arbitrarily assigned to
+it. And Pomp appeared by the bedside of the ponderous, old-fashioned
+four-poster, in which I had slept, bearing a tumbler containing that
+very favorite Southern 'eye-opener,' a mixture of peach brandy and
+honey. I sipped, rose, and began dressing. The slave regarded me
+wistfully, and repeated his Christmas salutation.</p>
+
+<p>I knew what the poor fellow meant, well enough, and responded with a
+gratuity sufficient to make his black face lustrous with pleasure. All
+through the South the system of <i>backsheesh</i> is as prevalent as in
+Turkey, and with more justification. At the hotels its adoption is
+compulsory, if the traveller would shun eyeservice and the most
+provoking inattention or neglect. His coffee appears unaccompanied by
+milk or sugar, his steak without bread, condiments are inaccessible, and
+his sable attendant does the least possible toward deserving that name,
+until a semi-weekly quarter or half dollar transforms him from a miracle
+of stupidity and awkwardness into your enthusiastic and ever-zealous
+retainer. This, however, by the way.</p>
+
+<p>My present had the usual effect; Pompey became approbative and
+talkative:</p>
+
+<p>'You come from England, sa?' he asked, looking up from the hearth and
+temporarily desisting in his vigorous puffing at the fire he had already
+kindled for me to dress by.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes,' I answered.</p>
+
+<p>'Dat a long ways off, sa?'</p>
+
+<p>'Over three thousand miles of salt water, Pompey.'</p>
+
+<p>'Golly! I 'fraid o' dem! didn't tink dere was so much water in de
+world!' adding a compliment on the supposed courage involved in crossing
+the Atlantic. Negroes have almost no relative ideas of distance or
+number beyond a very limited extent; they will say 'a tousan'd,' fifty
+or a hundred 'tousand,' with equal inexactitude and fluency. Presently
+Pompey began again:</p>
+
+<p>'Many colored people in England, sa?'</p>
+
+<p>'Very few. You might live there a year without meeting one.'</p>
+
+<p>'I'se hear dey's all free&mdash;dem what is dar? dat so?' he asked,
+curiously.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes; just as they are at the North; only I think they're a little
+better treated in England. We don't make any difference between men on
+account of their skin. You might marry a white woman there, Pompey, if
+you could get her to have you.'</p>
+
+<p>Pompey honored this remark with as much ready negro laughter as he
+seemed to think it demanded.</p>
+
+<p>'I'se got a wife already, sa,' he answered. 'But 'pears to me England
+must be good country to lib in.'</p>
+
+<p>'Why so?'</p>
+
+<p>'All free dar, sa!'</p>
+
+<p>'Why you'd have to work harder than you do here, and have nobody to take
+care of you. The climate wouldn't suit you, either, there's not enough
+sunshine. You couldn't have a kinder or a better master than Colonel
+----, I'm sure.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'No, <i>sa!</i>' with a good deal of earnestness; 'he fust-rate man, sa, dat
+a fac; and Mass' Philip and de young ladies, dey berry good to us.
+But&mdash;' and the slave hesitated.</p>
+
+<p>'What is it, Pompey? Speak out!'</p>
+
+<p>'Well, den, some day de Cunnel he die, and den trouble come, <i>suah!</i> De
+ole plantation be sold, and de hands sold too, or we be divide 'tween
+Mass' Phil, Miss Jule, and Miss Emmy. Dey get married, ob course. Some
+go one way, some toder, we wid dem&mdash;nebber lib together no more. Dat's
+what I keep t'inkin ob, sa!'</p>
+
+<p>What answer could be made to this simple statement of one of the dire
+contingencies inevitable to slave life? perhaps that most dreaded by the
+limited class of well cared-for house servants, of which Pompey was a
+good representative. He knew, as well as I, that his poor average of
+happiness was fortuitous&mdash;that it hinged on the life of his master. At
+his death he might become the chattel of any human brute with a white
+epidermis and money enough to buy him; might be separated from wife,
+children, companions and past associations. Suggesting the practical
+wisdom involved in the biblical axiom that sufficient for the day is the
+evil thereof, I turned the conversation and presently dismissed him. I
+experienced some little difficulty in accomplishing the latter, for he
+was both zealous and familiar in my service: indeed, this is one of the
+nuisances appertaining to the institution; a pet slave seems hardly to
+understand the desire for privacy, and is prone to consider himself
+ill-used if you presume to dispense with his attendance. His ideal of a
+master is one who needs a great deal of waiting on in trivial,
+unlaborious ways, who tolerates all shortcomings and slovenliness, and
+bestows liberal gratuities.</p>
+
+<p>Descending to the breakfast parlor, I received and responded to the
+appropriate salutations for the day from my host and his family, who had
+already recognized it, English fashion, by the interchange of mutual
+presents, those of the Colonel to his daughters being jewelry of a
+handsome and expensive character. The trinkets were submitted to my
+inspection and duly admired.</p>
+
+<p>'I must tell you something about these knick-knacks, Mr. &mdash;&mdash;,' said the
+evidently gratified father. 'You wouldn't suppose, now, that these
+mercenary girls actually asked me to give them money instead of
+trinkets?'</p>
+
+<p>His tone and looks involved some latent compliment to the young ladies,
+and I said as much.</p>
+
+<p>'They wanted to give it to the State, to help arm and equip some of the
+military companies. I couldn't let 'em suffer for their patriotism, you
+know; so I had to advance the money and buy the trinkets, too; though
+I'll do them the justice to say they didn't expect it. Never mind! the
+Southern Confederacy and free trade will reimburse me. And now let's
+have breakfast.'</p>
+
+<p>The Southern Confederacy and Free Trade! During secession time in
+Charleston, there was displayed in front of the closed theatre, a
+foolish daub on canvas, depicting crowded wharves, cotton bales,
+arriving and departing vessels, and other indications of maritime and
+commercial prosperity, surmounted by seven stars, that being the
+expected number of seceding States, all presented as a representation of
+the good time coming. It remained there for over a month, when one of
+those violent storms of wind and rain variegating the humidity of a
+South-Carolinian winter tore it to pieces, leaving only the skeleton
+framework on which it had been supported. May not this picture and its
+end prove symbolical?</p>
+
+<p>'Did you observe that our Charleston ladies dress very plainly, this
+season?' continued the Colonel, as we sat at breakfast. 'There are no
+silks and satins this Christmas, no balls, no concerts, no marriages. We
+are generally economizing for whatever may happen.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'Why, I thought you didn't expect war?' I answered.</p>
+
+<p>'No more we do; but it's well to be prepared.'</p>
+
+<p>'There's to be no race ball, I understand,' said the lazy gentleman, who
+had appeared later than the rest of us, and was having a couple of eggs
+'opened' for him into a tumbler, by Pompey. 'The girls will miss that.
+Can you tell me how the betting stood between <i>Albine</i> and <i>Planet</i>?'</p>
+
+<p>I could not, and observed that the Colonel changed the subject with some
+marks of irritation. I learned afterward that his indolent relative had
+an incurable passion for betting, and, when carried away by it, was
+capable of giving unauthorized notes upon his opulent relative, who paid
+them in honor of the family name, but objected to the practice. He
+himself affected to discourage betting, though his State pride actually
+induced him to risk money on the 'little mare' <i>Albine</i>, a
+South-Carolina horse, who subsequently and very unexpectedly triumphed
+over her Virginian opponent. But this by the way.</p>
+
+<p>Breakfast over and cigars lighted (the Colonel imported his own from
+Havana, each one enwrapped in a separate leaf, and especially excellent
+in quality), we strolled abroad. The negroes were not at work, of
+course; and, early as it was, we found their quarters all alive with
+merriment and expectation. Some of the younger men, dressed in their
+best clothes&mdash;generally suits of plain, substantial homespun, white or
+check shirts, and felt hats&mdash;went from house to house, wishing the
+inmates the compliments of the season, blended with obstreperous,
+broad-mouthed laughter; in some instances carrying nosegays, received,
+in common with the givers, with immense delight and coquetry on the part
+of the females. These wore neatly-made, clean cotton dresses, with
+gaily-colored handkerchiefs arranged turban fashion upon their heads.
+Many of the old men and not a few of the old women were smoking clay or
+corncob pipes; the children laughed, cried, played with each other,
+rolled upon the ground, and disported themselves as children, white,
+black, or particolored, do all the world over; the occasional twang of a
+banjo and a fiddle was heard, and everything looked like enjoyment and
+anticipation. Of course, the huts of the future brides constituted the
+centre of attraction: from the chattering of tongues within we inferred
+that the wedding dresses were exposed for the admiring inspection of the
+negro population.</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel had just arrived at the peroration of an eloquent eulogium
+of the scene, when the overseer appeared at the end of the avenue of
+orange trees, and presently drew rein beside us, his countenance
+exhibiting marks of dissatisfaction.</p>
+
+<p>'I've had trouble with them boys over to my place, Colonel,' he said,
+briefly, and looking loweringly around, as though he would be disposed
+to resent any listening to his report on the part of the negroes.</p>
+
+<p>'Why, what's the matter with them?' asked his employer, hastily.</p>
+
+<p>'Well, it 'pears they got some rotgut&mdash;two gallon of it&mdash;from somewheres
+last night, and of course, all got as drunk as h&mdash;&mdash;, down to the old
+shanty behind the gin&mdash;they went thar so's I shouldn't suspicion
+nothin'. They played cards, and quarrelled and fit, and Hurry's John he
+cut Timberlake bad&mdash;cut Wilkie, too, 'cross the hand, but ain't hurt him
+much!'</p>
+
+<p>'Hurry's John! I always knew that nigger had a d&mdash;&mdash;d ugly temper!' I'll
+sell him, by &mdash;&mdash; ! I won't have him on the place a week longer. Is
+Timberlake badly hurt?'</p>
+
+<p>'He's nigh killed, I reckon. Got a bad stick in the ribs, and a cut in
+the shoulder, and one in the face&mdash;bled like a hog, he did! Reckon he
+may get over it. I've done what I could for him.'</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel's handsome face was in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>flamed with passion; he strode up and
+down, venting imprecations of an intensity only to be achieved by an
+enraged Southerner. Presently he stopped and asked abruptly:</p>
+
+<p>'Where did they get the liquor from?'</p>
+
+<p>'I don't know. Most likely from old Whalley, down to the landing. He's
+mean enough for anything.'</p>
+
+<p>'If I can prove it on him, I'll run him out of the country!
+I'll&mdash;I'll&mdash;d&mdash;&mdash;n it! I'll shoot him!' And the Colonel continued his
+imprecations, this time directing them toward the supposed vender of the
+whiskey.</p>
+
+<p>'These men are the curse of the country! the curse of the country!' he
+repeated, excitedly; 'these d&mdash;&mdash;d mean, low, thieving, sneaking,
+pilfering, poor whites! They teach our negroes to steal, they sell them
+liquor, they do everything to corrupt and demoralize them. That's how
+they <i>live</i>, by &mdash;&mdash;! The slaves are respectable, compared to them. By
+----, they ought to be slaves themselves&mdash;only no amount of paddling<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+would get any work out of their d&mdash;&mdash;d lazy hides! I almost wish we
+might have a war with the Yankees: we should get some of 'em killed off,
+then!'</p>
+
+<p>How little Colonel &mdash;&mdash; thought, as he uttered these words, 'so wicked
+and uncivic' (as Gellius says of a similar wish on the part of a Roman
+lady, for which she was fined the sum of twenty-five thousand pounds
+brass), that in the future lay such dire fulfilment of them! Apropos of
+the subject, what fitting tools for the purposes of rebellion have these
+hated 'poor whites' proved themselves!&mdash;their ignorance, their vices,
+their brutality rendering them all the more appropriate instruments for
+the work in hand. It would seem, almost, as if a diabolic providence had
+prepared them for this very result.</p>
+
+<p>'I must ride over and see about this business at once,' resumed the
+Colonel. 'Mr. &mdash;&mdash;, I can very well suppose you'd rather be spared
+accompanying me, so make yourself at home for an hour or two. I won't be
+a minute longer than I can help. Perhaps you'd better not mention this
+unfortunate affair up at the house until I return; it'll shock the
+girls, and I'm very careful to keep all unpleasant things out of their
+way. It's the first time such an atrocity has occurred on this
+plantation, believe me.'</p>
+
+<p>And, ordering his horse, he rode off with the overseer. I should really
+have preferred visiting the scene of the recent tragedy, but my host's
+wish to the contrary was evident, and I knew enough of Southern
+sensitiveness with respect to the ugly side of their 'institution' to
+comply. (I had been advised by a fellow countryman not to attend a slave
+sale in Charleston, lest my curiosity might be looked upon as
+impertinent, and get me into trouble; but I did it, and, I am bound to
+say, without any evil consequences.) So I retraced my steps toward the
+house, presently encountering the lazy gentleman, and one in black, who
+was introduced to me as the Reverend Mr. &mdash;&mdash;, an Episcopal clergyman of
+Beaufort, also a resident on an adjacent island.</p>
+
+<p>The lazy gentleman inquired after Colonel &mdash;&mdash;. Judging that my host's
+caution, as to secrecy, was only intended to apply to his daughters, I
+made no scruple of relating what I had heard. My auditors were at once
+more than interested&mdash;anxious. Whenever a negro breaks bounds in the
+South, everybody is on the alert, a self-constituted detective, judge,
+inquisitor, and possi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>ble executioner. Eternal vigilance is the price
+of&mdash;slavery!</p>
+
+<p>'That boy born on the plantation?' asked the clergyman, when the affair
+had been discussed at considerable length.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes! He's a valuable hand, too; I've known him pick seven hundred and
+fifty pounds of cotton in a day&mdash;of course, for a wager.'</p>
+
+<p>'The Colonel will have to sell him, I suppose? he can't keep him after
+this.'</p>
+
+<p>'Reckon so, though he hates to part with any of his hands. This trouble
+wouldn't have happened, if it hadn't been for the whiskey, I've no
+doubt. The rascal who sold it ought to be responsible.'</p>
+
+<p>'Are crimes originating in drunkenness common among the negroes?' I
+asked.</p>
+
+<p>'Well, no!' answered the clergyman, deliberately; 'I can't say that. But
+most of them will drink, if they get an opportunity&mdash;the field hands
+especially; and then they're apt to be quarrelsome, and if there's a
+knife handy, they'll use it.'</p>
+
+<p>'That's so,' assented the lazy gentleman, nodding. 'You Englishmen and
+Yankees&mdash;excuse me for coupling you together!&mdash;know very little of negro
+character; and, because the darkies have a habit of indulging in
+unmeaning laughter on all occasions, you think them the best-tempered
+people in existence. In reality their tempers are often
+execrable&mdash;infernal!' And he compacently blew a ring of tobacco-smoke
+into the mild, humid morning. The clergyman looked on assentingly.</p>
+
+<p>'They can never be trusted with any responsibility involving the
+exercise of authority without abusing it. They ill use animals on all
+occasions&mdash;treat them with positive brutality, and sometimes whip their
+children so unmercifully that we have to interfere. I don't know what
+would become of them without us, I'm sure!'</p>
+
+<p>'What do you think of their religious convictions?' I asked of the
+clergyman, when the speaker had arrived at his comfortable,
+characteristically Southern conclusion.</p>
+
+<p>'Our best negroes are unquestionably pious,' he answered; 'and some of
+them have a very earnest sense of their duties as to this life and the
+next; but I regret to say that a good deal of what passes for religion
+among them is mere exitement, often of a mischievous and sensual
+character.'</p>
+
+<p>'Heathenish! quite heathenish!' added the lazy gentleman. 'Did you ever
+see a <i>shout</i>, Mr. &mdash;&mdash;?'</p>
+
+<p>I responded in the negative, and inquired what it was.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, a dance of negro men and women to the accompaniment of their own
+voices. It's of no particular figure, and they sing to no particular
+tune, improvising both at pleasure, and keeping it up for an hour
+together. I'll defy you to look at it without thinking of Ashantee or
+Dahomey; it's so suggestive of aboriginal Africa.'</p>
+
+<p>I had an opportunity, subsequently, of witnessing the performance in
+question, and can indorse the lazy gentleman's assertion. Inheriting the
+saltatory traditions of their barbarous ancestry, the slaves have also a
+current fund of superstition, of a simple and curious character. But
+further ethical disquisitions were here cut short by the appearance of
+the Colonel's daughters, when the conversation was at once changed, as
+by tacit consent of all three of us. What their father had told me,
+relative to his solicitude to keep them in ignorance of all 'unpleasant
+things' accruing from the fundamental institution, was in perfect
+accordance with Southern instincts. I had observed similar instances of
+habitual caution before, reminding me of the eulogized tendency toward
+'Orientalism' alluded to in the previous chapter. And, of all people,
+South-Carolinians possess the equally rare and admirable faculty of
+holding their tongues, when there is occasion for it.</p>
+
+<p>We joined the ladies in a walk. As the elder had much to say to the
+clergy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>man about mutual acquaintances, while her fat relative strolled
+carelessly by her side, her sister naturally fell to my companionship.
+With a rather handsome and intelligent girl I should have preferred to
+converse on general topics than the one with which I had been already
+nauseated at Charleston&mdash;secession; but she was full of it, and would
+not be evaded. Very soon she asked me what I supposed would be the
+sentiment in England toward the seceding States, in the assumed event of
+their forming a confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>I told her, as I then believed, that it would be adverse, in consequence
+of the national hostility to slavery, appealing to her own British
+experience for confirmation.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes,' she said, 'they were all abolitionists in England, and could
+hardly credit us when we told them that <i>we</i> owned negroes. They thought
+all Southerners must be like Legree in <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>! But papa,
+who went to the club houses, and mixed with the aristocracy, says that
+<i>they</i> are much better informed about us; that they were opposed to
+emancipation in the West Indies, and have always regarded it as a great
+mistake. And England must have cotton, you know.'</p>
+
+<p>'If there's a war between the North and South, won't you find it very
+difficult to retain your negroes?' I asked, waiving the immediate
+question.</p>
+
+<p>Miss &mdash;&mdash; responded by the usual assertion of the fidelity of the slaves
+to their owners.</p>
+
+<p>'What if the new Government resorts to emancipation as a weapon against
+you?' I made this inquiry, thinking it possible that this might be done
+<i>at the outset</i>. Like other foreigners, though familiar with the North,
+I had not supposed that nearly two years of civil war, with its
+inevitable expenditure of blood and treasure, would be needed to induce
+this direct and obvious means of subduing a rebellion. Englishmen, it is
+known, have ferocious ideas on the subject, as witness India.</p>
+
+<p>'If the slaves rose, we should kill them like so many snakes!' was the
+answer. And the young lady's voice and flashing eyes showed that she was
+in earnest.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Our promenade lasted until the return of the Colonel, who presently took
+a private opportunity of informing me that the wounded slave would
+probably survive, and that he had sent for a surgeon from an adjoining
+plantation, expressing some apprehension that delay or indifference on
+his part might involve fatal consequences.</p>
+
+<p>'It's Christmas time, you see, and perhaps he won't care about coming,'
+said my host. I may add that his anticipation was in part verified by
+the result, 'the doctor' not appearing till the following morning.
+Thanks, however, to a rough knowledge of surgery on the part of the
+overseer, aided by the excellence of his constitution, 'Timberlake'
+recovered. I will mention here, in dismissing the subject, that 'Hurry's
+John' was subsequently sold to a Louisiana sugar-planter, a fate only
+less terrible to a negro than his exportation to Texas.</p>
+
+<p>Within an hour of our return to the house, we partook of an excellent
+and luxurious Christmas dinner, to which birds of the air, beasts of the
+earth, and fish of the sea had afforded tribute, and the best of
+European wines served as an appropriate accompaniment. The meal was, I
+think, served earlier than usual, that we might attend the event of the
+day, the negro weddings.</p>
+
+<p>These were solemnized at a little private church, in the rear of which
+was absolutely the most enormous live-oak I had ever seen, its branches,
+fringed with pendent moss, literally covering the small churchyard,
+where, perhaps, a dozen of the &mdash;&mdash; family lie buried&mdash;a few tombstones,
+half hidden by the refuse of the luxuriant vegetation, marking their
+places of sepulture. The plain interior of the building had been
+decorated with evergreens in hon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>or of the time and the occasion, under
+the tasteful direction of the young ladies, who had also contrived to
+furnish white dresses and bouquets for the brides. These, duly escorted
+by their future husbands, clad in their best, and looking alternate
+happiness and sheepishness, had preceded us by a few minutes, and were
+waiting our arrival, while all around beamed black faces full of
+expectation and interest.</p>
+
+<p>We walked through a lane of sable humanity&mdash;for the church was too small
+to contain a fourth of the assembled negroes&mdash;to the little altar,
+before which the six couples were presently posed by the clergyman, in
+front of us and himself. That done to everybody's satisfaction, the
+Colonel stationed to give away the brides&mdash;an arrangement that caused a
+visible flutter of delight among them&mdash;and as many lookers-on
+accommodated within the building as could crowd in, the ceremony was
+proceeded with, the clergyman using an abbreviated form of the Episcopal
+service, reading it but once, but demanding separate responses. I
+noticed that he omitted the words 'until death do ye part,' and I
+thought that omission suggestive.</p>
+
+<p>The persons directly concerned behaved with as much propriety as if they
+had possessed the whitest of cuticles, being quiet, serious, and
+attentive; nor did I detect anything indecorous on the part of the
+spectators, beyond an occasional smile or whisper by the younger
+negroes, whose soft-skinned, dusky faces and white eyeballs glanced
+upward at the six couples with admiring curiosity, and at us, visitors,
+with that appealing glance peculiar to the negro&mdash;always, to my
+thinking, irresistibly touching, and suggestive of dependence on,
+humility toward, and entreaty for merciful consideration at the hands of
+a superior race. Perhaps, however, the old folks enjoyed the occasion
+most, particularly the negresses: one wrinkled crone, of at least
+fourscore years, her head bound in, the usual gaudy handkerchief, and
+her hands resting on a staff or crutch, went off into a downright
+chuckle of irrepressible exultation after the closing benediction,
+echoed more openly by the crowd of colored people peeping in at the
+doors and windows.</p>
+
+<p>The ceremony over, the concourse adjourned to a large frame building,
+part shed, part cotton-house, ordinarily used for storing the staple
+plant of South Carolina, before ginning and pressing. The Colonel had
+sent his year's crop to Charleston, and the vacant space was now
+occupied by a triple row of tables, set out with plates, knives and
+forks, and drinking utensils. Here, the newly married couples being
+inducted into the uppermost seats, as places of honor, and the rest of
+the company accommodated as well as could be effected, a substantial
+dinner was served, and partaken of with a gusto and appreciation only
+conceivable in those to whom such an indulgence is exceptional, coming,
+like the occasion, but once in a year. Upward of a hundred and fifty
+persons sat down to it, exclusive of those temporarily detailed as
+waiters, who presently found leisure to minister to their own appetites.
+Their owner surveyed the scene with an air of gratification, in which I
+could not detect a trace of his recent serious discomposure. I am well
+persuaded, however, that he had not forgotten it, as that the cause of
+it was known among the negroes; I thought I observed evidences of it in
+their looks and deportment, even amid the general hilarity.</p>
+
+<p>The ladies had returned to the house, and we were about following them,
+when the clatter of a horse's hoofs was heard without, and the officious
+voices of the negroes announced the arrival of a visitor or messenger
+for the Colonel, who stepped forward to meet him. A young man, clad in a
+coarse homespun gray uniform, scantily trimmed with red worsted, and a
+French military cap, alighted, and addressed our friend in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> faltering,
+hesitating manner, as though communicating some disastrous intelligence.
+I saw the Colonel turn pale, and put his hand to his head as if he had
+received a stunning blow. Instinctively the three of us rushed toward
+him.</p>
+
+<p>'My God! what's the matter? what has happened, &mdash;&mdash;?' inquired the
+clergyman.</p>
+
+<p>'Philip! Philip! my boy's dead&mdash;shot himself by accident!' was the
+answer.</p>
+
+<p>A very few words explained all, The young volunteer had fallen a victim
+to one of those common instances of carelessness in playing with loaded
+firearms. While frolicking with a comrade, at his barracks, he had taken
+up his revolver, jestingly threatening to shoot. The other, grasping the
+barrel of the cocked pistol, in turning it round, had caused its
+discharge, the bullet penetrating the breast of the unfortunate owner of
+the weapon. Conveyed to the hospital, he had died within an hour after
+his arrival.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Our holiday-making, of course, came to a sudden termination. Next day I
+accompanied the Colonel to Charleston, to claim the body of his deceased
+son, and not long afterward parted with him, on my return to the North.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> The paddle has superseded the cowhide in all jails,
+workhouses, and places of punishment in South Carolina, as being more
+effective&mdash;that is painful. In some instances it is used on the
+plantations. It consists of a wooden instrument, shaped like a baker's
+peel, with a blade from three to five inches wide, and from eight to ten
+long. There are commonly holes in the blade, which give the application
+a percussive effect. In Charleston this punishment is generally
+administered at the guardhouse by the police, who are all Irishmen. Any
+offended master or mistress sends a slave to the place of chastisement
+with a note, stating the desired amount, which is duly honored. Like
+institutions breed like results all over the world: in Sala's 'Journey
+Due North' we find the same system in operation in Russia.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PEN_PALLET_AND_PIANO" id="PEN_PALLET_AND_PIANO"></a>PEN, PALLET, AND PIANO.</h2>
+
+
+<p>With the roar of cannon and tramp of armed men resounding through the
+land, and the fair young face of the Republic disfigured to our eyes by
+the deep furrows of war, it is pleasant to know that in certain nooks
+and corners, gentler sounds of harmony still linger, and that ateliers
+exist where men's fancies grow on canvas from day to day into soothing
+visions of loveliness.</p>
+
+<p>The scarlet-and-gold and general paraphernalia of war are too tempting
+to pallet and brush, not to be seized on with avidity and reproduced
+with marvellous truth; but it is more agreeable to pass over accurate
+representations of the Irish zouave, with Celtic features, not purely
+classical in outline, glowing defiantly under the red cap of the Arab,
+and Teutonic cavalrymen, clinging clumsily to their steeds, and turn for
+solace to the grand, solemn Shores of Niagara, to wander amid the
+tangled luxuriance of the Heart of the Andes, or to bask in the sweet
+silence of Twilight in the Wilderness. There are Icebergs too, floating
+in the Arctic Sea, frozen white and mute with horror at the dread
+secrets of ages; but, responsive to the versatile talent of the hand
+that creates them, they glow with prismatic light of many colors. Mr.
+Church irradiates the frozen regions with the coruscations of his own
+genius, bringing to these lonely, despairing masses of ice the
+revivifying hope and promise of warmer climates.</p>
+
+<p>In pondering over the sad mystery of these Icebergs, we float down again
+to Tropical Seas and Islands; and as we linger under the shade of palm
+and banana tree, the rude chant of the negro strikes the ear in the
+grotesque and characteristic framework of the '<i>Bananier</i>,' the
+plaintive melody of '<i>La Savane</i>' sighs past on the evening breeze,
+Spanish eyes flash out temptingly from the enticing cadence of the
+'<i>Ojos Criollos</i>,' and Spanish guitars tinkle in the soft moonlight of
+the '<i>Minuit &agrave; Seville,</i>' and Tropical life awakes to melody under the
+touch of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> the Creole poet of the piano, Mr. Gottschalk.</p>
+
+<p>There are many beings, otherwise estimable, to whom the Tropical sense
+is wanting; who are ever suspicious of malaria lurking under the rich,
+glossy leaves of the orange groves; who look with disgust and loathing
+at the exaggerated proportions and venomous nature of all creeping
+things; who find the succulence of the fruit unpleasant to the taste,
+and the flowers, though fair to the eye, deadly as the upas tree to all
+other sense;&mdash;for whom it is no compensation to feel, with the first
+breath of morning air, the dull, leaden weight of life lifted, or no
+happiness to watch the sea heaving and palpitating with delight under
+the rays of the noon-day sun, and to know that the stars at night droop
+down lovingly and confidingly to the embrace of warm Tropical earth.
+With an insensibility to these influences, there can be but little
+sympathy or appreciation of the works of Mr. Gottschalk; for all that is
+born of the Tropics partakes of its beauties and its defects, its
+passionate languor, its useless profusion and its poetic tenderness. And
+where else in the United States, can we look for a spontaneous gush of
+melody? Plymouth Rock and its surroundings have not hitherto seemed
+favorable to the growth and manifestation of musical genius; for the old
+Puritan element, in its savage intent to annihilate the &aelig;sthetic part of
+man's nature, under the deadening dominion of its own Blue Laws, and to
+crush out whatever of noble inspiration had been vouchsafed to man by
+his Creator, rarely sought relief in outbursts of song.</p>
+
+<p>Psalmody appears to have been the chief source of musical indulgence,
+and for many a long, weary year, hymns of praise, nasal in tone and
+dismal in tendency, have ascended from our prim forefathers to the
+throne of grace on high.</p>
+
+<p>Such depressing musical antecedents have not prepared New England for
+greater efforts of melody than are to be found in the simple ballads
+supposed to originate with the plantation negro, who, in addition to his
+other burdens, is thus chosen to assume the onerous one of Northern
+song, as being the only creature frivolous enough to indulge in vain
+carolling. If we can scarcely affirm that the Americans are yet a
+musical people, that they would be is an undeniable fact, and one
+constantly evinced in their lavish support of artists, from the highest
+to the lowest grade. Among the musical aspirants to popular favor, none
+has of late enjoyed so large a share of notice and admiration as Mr.
+Gottschalk; and to return from our recent digression, we will proceed to
+the consideration of his compositions. Fragmentary and suggestive as are
+his ideas, there is infinite method and system in their treatment.
+Avoiding thus far what is termed '<i>sustained effort</i>,' and which
+frequently implies the same demands on the patience of the listener as
+on the creative power of the composer, Mr. Gottschalk's compositions
+contain just so much of the true poetic vein as can be successfully
+digested and enjoyed in a piano piece of moderate length. With the power
+to conceive, and the will and discipline of mind to execute, there is no
+reason why, with perhaps a diminished tendency to fritter away positive
+excellence at the shrine of effect, enduring proofs of the genius of our
+American pianist should not be given to the world.</p>
+
+<p>As a mere player, the popularity of Mr. Gottschalk with the uninitiated
+masses is due, in a great measure, to his tact in discerning the
+American craving for novelty and sensation, and to his native
+originality and brilliancy, which allow him to respond so fully to these
+exigencies of public taste, as to possess on all occasions the keynote
+to applause. The faculty of never degenerating into dulness, the rock on
+which most pianists are wrecked in early youth, is another just cause
+for insuring to our compatriot the pre&euml;minence which he enjoys. Viewed
+from a critical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> point, the mechanical endowments and acquirements of
+Gottschalk are such as to enable him to subject his playing to the test
+of keenest analysis without detriment to his reputation. For clearness
+and limpidity of touch and unerring precision, for impetuosity of style,
+combined with dreamy delicacy, he has few rivals. The evenness and
+brilliancy of his trill are unequalled, the mechanical process required
+to produce it being lost to sight in the wonderful birdlike nature of
+the effect. In the playing of classical music, Mr. Gottschalk has to
+contend against his own individuality. This individuality, naturally
+intense and of a kind calculated to meet with public favor, has been
+cultivated and indulged in to such an extent as to prove an occasional
+obstacle to the exclusive absorption and utter identification with the
+ideas of another composer that classical music demands. In the mere
+matter of execution there is no difficulty which the fingers of this
+skilful pianist cannot overcome, and his intellectual grasp of a subject
+enables him to discern and interpret the beauties of all musical themes;
+but where an earnest, passionate interest in the music of the old
+masters is not felt by the performer, it is rarely communicated to his
+hearers.</p>
+
+<p>The world of letters, however, has not seemingly regretted the inability
+of Byron to trammel his muse with the uncongenial fetters of Pope's
+metre, and has certainly never quarrelled with Tom Moore for not
+assuming the manners and diction of the revered Samuel Johnson, LL.D.</p>
+
+<p>With due allowance for difference of latitude, and wide difference of
+aim and pursuit, the contemplation of the Master of Creole Melody
+recalls to us a genius which found utterance in song none the less
+melodious that it was written, not sung. The 'ashen sky' and 'crisped,
+sere leaves of the lonesome October,' so thrillingly pictured by Edgar
+Poe in his 'Ulalume,' find echo in the foreboding sadness of the opening
+bars to Gottschalk's 'Last Hope;' and as both poems grow in vague,
+dreamy sound, they culminate in a cry of smothered despair at the tomb
+where all hopes lie buried with the lost Ulalume. The same weird
+conception and eccentricity of design, with knowledge of rhythmical
+effect and extreme carefulness of finish, are prominent traits of both
+artists; and the American disregard of tradition, as evinced in all
+enterprises, whether literary, artistic, or commercial, and which
+readily infects the simple sojourner among us as well as the happy being
+born to republican privileges, marks alike the nationality of poet and
+pianist.</p>
+
+<p>Edgar Poe's literary reputation undoubtedly gains additional lustre as
+the lapse of years permits the veil of obscurity to fall over the
+personal vices and irregularities which so tarnished the living fame of
+this great artist. Genius draws around itself a magical circle,
+attracting and keeping by the force of its own magnetism those whom it
+values, but at the same time exercising an equally repellent effect on
+the envious and ignorant wandering beyond the pale of its charmed
+precincts. Hence the difficulty of judging it by contemporaneous
+standards. The Hyperion head of Poe was lost to the view of many by a
+too persistent search for the satyr's cloven foot. In considering the
+poet's eccentricities, in common with other extraordinary and anomalous
+beings, it must be deeply deplored that one so endowed with wealth of
+intellect beyond his fellow men, should be still so poor in moral store
+that the dullest of them could dare look with disdain on this heir to
+gifts regal and sacred.</p>
+
+<p>He could forget his deep, earnest love of order in things intellectual,
+in every excess of disorder in things material, and his passionate love
+of the beautiful could be profaned by frequent grovelling amid the
+hideous deformities of vice. Poe, in his reverence for Art (his only
+reverence), seemed generally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> to set greater store on the elaborate and
+artistic perfection of his works, than in the spontaneity of genius
+therein displayed. So it would seem, at least, in his voluntarily
+exposing the skeleton design of his greatest poem, 'The Raven,' and the
+various processes by which this grand shadow attained its final
+harmonious and terrible proportions. This may be a noble sacrifice to
+the principles of Art, intended as a warning to rash novices against the
+sin of slovenliness in composition; but the poem must be of solid fibre
+to resist this disenchanting test. The unveiling of hidden mysteries,
+the disclosure of trap doors, ropes, and pulleys, may assist in the
+general dissemination of knowledge; but in behalf of those who prefer to
+be ignorant that they may be happy, we protest against the innovation.
+In this dangerous experiment of Poe's, however, we are forced to do what
+he would have us do&mdash;admire the ingenuity of the poet, together with his
+knowledge of effect, rhythmical and dramatic, his flexibility and
+strength of versification, and marvellous faculty of word painting. This
+propensity to make all things subservient to the advancement of Art is
+not always productive of present good to one's fellow beings, whatever
+may be the results to posterity, as the luckless women who cross the
+path of such men cannot unfrequently testify&mdash;oftentimes assiduously
+wooed, won, and lightly discarded, to furnish an artistic study of the
+female capacity for suffering, as well as to supply renewed inspiration
+for further poetic bemoanings. In the prose narrations of Edgar Poe, the
+same skilful handling of mystery, and the turning to account of any
+incident susceptible of dramatic effect, are always apparent as in his
+poems. But the want of extended sympathy with mankind, the artist
+egotism, which looks inwardly for all material, and in truth scorns the
+approval of the masses, must naturally fail to secure the interest of a
+large class of readers. His compositions, on the contrary, which give
+full scope to his keen, subtle powers of analysis, and vigorous handling
+of the subject in question, are more widely understood and appreciated.
+Since the days when Poe dealt with contemporaneous literature, and
+literary men, in not the most temperate mood of criticism, poetic fire
+in America, with few exceptions, seems to have sunk into a dead,
+smouldering condition, and to have yielded to its sister art of painting
+the task of grappling with the New-World monster of utilitarianism and
+practical reform. The demands for indigenous painters in America being
+constantly greater, the result is necessarily a vast increase and
+improvement in this branch of Art.</p>
+
+<p>New England, on whose barren musical soil we have already descanted, and
+who has not hitherto disputed to the Old World her privilege of pouring
+out on our untutored continent the accumulated wealth of years of
+musical study and training, has at last gone far to redeem her
+reputation of artistic nullity, by producing the greatest landscape
+painter of which the country can boast. With us, the superiority of
+atmospheric effects over most countries, and the great variety and
+originality of American scenery, have united in bringing the landscape
+painter into existence, and the public have assured this existence by
+fostering applause and pecuniary compensation. Nature, thus prodigal of
+gifts to America, has, in a crowning act of munificence, conferred also
+a painter, capable of interpreting her own most recondite mysteries, and
+of faithfully transcribing the beauties revealed to all eyes in their
+simple majesty.</p>
+
+<p>Immensity of theme possesses no terrors for Mr. Church's essentially
+American genius; his facile brush recoils not before the gigantic
+natural elements of his own land, but deals as readily and composedly
+with the unapproachable sublimity of Niagara and the terrible beauty of
+icebergs as with the peace of simple woodland scenes and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> glowing
+sentiment of the tropics. To tread the beaten path of landscape
+painting, and offer to the public a tame transcript of the glories he
+has beheld, is repugnant to the creative power of this true artist; but
+when form, color, and the legitimate means at his command fail to embody
+all he would express, his suggestive faculty is generally of force
+sufficient to reach all beholders, even those of feeblest imagination.</p>
+
+<p>In standing before the <i>Falls of Niagara</i>, one can, in fancy, feel the
+cool moisture of spray, rising, incense-like, through a rainbow of
+promise, from the inspired canvas, together with the earth's tremor at
+the roar of mad waters rushing headlong to a desperate death. This
+inestimable quality of suggestiveness is preserved in Mr. Church's
+pictures when deprived of the aid of color and reduced to mere black and
+white in engraving, a fact bearing equally conclusive testimony to their
+inherent correctness of lines and elegance of composition.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Church's prominent characteristics of hardy vigor and adventurous
+treatment of a subject, seem to have monopolized his artistic nature, to
+the frequent exclusion of tenderness, either in idea or in the handling
+of color. The painting, in our eyes, least open to this objection, is
+<i>Twilight in the Wilderness</i>&mdash;a dreamy picture of inexpressible sadness,
+of a tearful silence that is felt, and of a loneliness too sacred to be
+profaned by human intrusion. The gorgeous panorama of the <i>Heart of the
+Andes</i>, its snowy mountain peaks, and plains glowing with tropical
+verdure, is too bewildering in its complicated grandeur to excite dreams
+of beauty so tender and sadness so touching.</p>
+
+<p>In contemplating this last-named picture, the demands on the attention
+are so numerous and weighty,&mdash;in the first place, to comprehend the
+situation, and exchange at a moment's notice the stagnation of the
+temperate zone for the emotional excitement of the tropics; then to
+separate and classify the many points of beauty, to rise to the summits
+of distant mountains, sublime in their snowy crests, and sink again to
+earth at the foot of the rustic cross, by whose aid we may one day rise
+to sink no more,&mdash;to follow the painter successfully through this maze
+of thoughts, without the guiding light of his own matchless color, would
+seem a difficult and displeasing task. But the task has been
+accomplished with complete success, in an English line engraving of the
+<i>Heart of the Andes</i>, recently arrived in this country; which indication
+of popularity abroad conduces materially to the ever-growing fame of the
+artist. The same test, we believe, is in store for the <i>Icebergs</i>&mdash;with
+what result, time will show. Meanwhile, the picture itself will, on
+foreign soil, plead the cause of American civilization, and tend to
+assure those who look with dismay at the tumultuous upheavings of
+freedom's home, that imperishable Art still maintains her placid sway in
+this distracted land, and that her votaries falter not in their
+allegiance.</p>
+
+<p>Volcanoes pour out fiery lava under the red glare of the setting sun,
+obedient to Church's magic touch&mdash;delicate fancies are weaved into
+poetic life by the fingers of Gottschalk&mdash;but the voice of Poe, alas! is
+mute forever. The 'Lost L&eacute;nore,' found too late, may have inspired a
+song far beyond the dull range of human comprehension, but poor mortals
+left below, can only echo, with the grim and ghastly raven: <i>Nevermore!
+Nevermore!</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LITERARY_NOTICES" id="LITERARY_NOTICES"></a>LITERARY NOTICES</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Slave Power; Its Character, Career, and Probable Designs: Being
+an Attempt to Explain the Real Issues Involved in the American
+Contest.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. E. Cairnes</span>, M.A., Professor of Jurisprudence and
+Political Economy in Queen's College, Galway, and late Whately
+Professor in the University of Dublin. Second edition. New York:
+Carleton, 413 Broadway. London: Parker and Son &amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is to be sincerely hoped that the American public, in its detestation
+of the ungenerous, narrow-minded, and inconsistent conduct of the
+majority of Englishmen toward the Federal Union since the present war
+began, will not lose sight of the fact that, here and there in Great
+Britain, men of superior intelligence and information have labored
+strenuously to make the truth known, and to vindicate our cause. Amid a
+mob of ignorant and furious foes of freedom, France has seen a Gasparin
+rise calm and great in superior knowledge, declaring incontrovertible
+truths; and in like manner, the English press has given the views of
+Stewart Mill and Professor Cairnes to their public, at a time when it
+seemed as if falsehood had completely triumphed. In 'The Slave Power,'
+the latest work by this last-named writer, we have indeed such a
+searching analysis of the present American crisis, and find the history
+of the entire difficulty set forth so fully, yet with such remarkable
+conciseness, that we cannot suppress a feeling of astonishment that a
+country which has slandered us so cruelly should, at the same time, have
+given to the world by far the best vindication of our cause which has as
+yet appeared. For it is no undue praise to say, that in this book we
+have the completest defence of the Federal cause and the most effective
+onslaught on the Slave Power which any writer has thus far placed on
+record; and we cordially agree with the vigorous reviewer of the
+<i>Westminster</i>, in believing that a work more needed could scarcely have
+been produced at the present time, 'since,' as he adds, 'it contains
+more than enough to give a new turn to English feeling on the subject,
+if those who guide and sway public opinion were ever likely to
+reconsider a question on which they have so deeply committed
+themselves.'</p>
+
+<p>'The Slave Power,' it is true, contains little which has not, at one
+time or another, been brought before the mind of the well-informed
+American republican; yet it is precisely in this that its chief merit
+consists, since it is not by idle oratory and fine writing, but by
+<i>facts</i> and the plain truth, that we can be best vindicated. Englishmen
+are grossly ignorant of the true causes of this struggle, or of the
+principles involved&mdash;a matter little to be marvelled at, when we find
+almost a majority of professed Federal Americans, under the name of
+Democrats, cheerfully admitting that their confederate foes are quite in
+the right as far as the <i>main</i> cause of the difficulty is concerned. For
+all such men, a clear exposition of facts, logically set forth, cannot
+be other than a real blessing; since their amiability to the South, when
+not based on traitorous and selfish interests, means simply nothing more
+nor less than ignorance&mdash;and that of a kind which is little less than
+criminal, let the guilt rest where it may.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Cairnes begins judiciously by showing that in the beginning it
+was believed, not without very apparent cause, in England, that our war
+'sprang from narrow and selfish views of sectional interests,' in which
+the free-trading South was in the right, and that the abolition of
+slavery was a mere pretence by which the North sought, without a color
+of truth, to attract foreign sympathy. And when we remember for how long
+a time slaves were returned by Federal officers to their owners, and how
+persistently anything like abolition, or even the most moderate
+emancipation, was earnestly and practically disowned by the Federal
+power, it is not wonderful, as Mr. Cairnes declares, that England should
+have regarded our claim to be fighting for the cause of free labor as a
+shallow deceit. Even as we write, we have before us a journal containing
+an allusion to an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> officer who attempted to return to slavery a
+contraband who had brought to him information of the greatest
+importance. Yet, despite the frightful appearances against us, our
+writer saw, through all, the truth, and declared that, as regarded the
+popular British abuse of this country, 'never was an explanation of a
+political catastrophe propounded, in more daring defiance of all the
+great and cardinal realities of the case with which it professed to
+deal.'</p>
+
+<p>Slavery is the cause and core of our national difficulty. Secession and
+Southern Rights have flourished in strength in exact ratio to the number
+of slaves in the States&mdash;nay, in the very counties in which slaves
+abounded. Slavery early developed a sectional class of politicians
+devoted to one object, who, by the sheer force of intense, unscrupulous
+application, from the year 1819 down to 1860, swayed our councils, gave
+an infamous character to American diplomacy, and stained our national
+character. They are called the Free Trade Party: why was it, then, that
+they never employed their power to accomplish that object, 'or how does
+it happen that, having submitted to the tariffs of 1832, 1842, and 1846,
+it should have resorted to the extreme measure of secession while under
+the tariff of 1857&mdash;a comparatively Free Trade law'? 'From 1842 down to
+1860, the tendency of Federal legislation was distinctly in the
+direction of Free Trade.' 'If Free Trade was their main object, why did
+the Southern senators withdraw from their posts precisely at the time
+when their presence was most required to secure their cherished
+principle?' Or why did they not apply to their supple and infamous tool,
+Buchanan, to veto the bill? <i>Because they wished it to pass</i>&mdash;to make
+political capital against the North in England; and they accordingly
+aided its passage, Mr. Toombs being in the Senate, and actually voting
+for it! Or if it was a Free Trade question, why was it that the Western
+States did not take part with them?</p>
+
+<p>The North, however, did not take up arms to destroy slavery, but the
+Right of Secession, since that was the irritating <i>point d'honneur</i>,
+and, what was more, the real first cause of injury which at first
+presented itself. Mr. Lincoln had cause to know that in the beginning,
+even in the South itself, secession was only the work of a turbulent
+minority. 'To have yielded would have been to have written himself down
+before the world as incompetent&mdash;nay, as a traitor to the cause which he
+had just sworn to defend.' In short, we were misunderstood&mdash;painfully
+so&mdash;and it is not a matter of indifference to learn that at last there
+is a reaction of intelligence in our favor, and that light is breaking
+through the bewildering mists which once veiled the truth.</p>
+
+<p>In discussing 'the economic basis of slavery,' Professor Cairnes deals
+out truths with a prompt vigor which is truly admirable. From Stirling,
+Olmsted, Sewell, and others, he disposes of the old falsehood that only
+the negro can endure the Southern climate&mdash;a fact but recently
+<i>generally</i> made known at the North&mdash;that isothermal lines do not follow
+the parallels of latitude&mdash;and that it is a gross error to believe the
+black incapable of improvement as a freeman. He admits that slave labor
+has its advantages, in being absolutely controllable, and in returning
+the whole fruit of its labor to the owner. It may, therefore, be
+combined on an extensive scale, and its cost is trifling. But, on the
+other hand, slave labor is given reluctantly, and is consequently a
+losing means, unless much of it can be concentrated under the eye of one
+overseer. It is unskillful, because the slave cannot be educated; and,
+therefore, having once learned one thing, he must be kept at that for
+life.</p>
+
+<p>The result of this is that, as the slave, unlike the free farm-laborer,
+cannot (with rare exceptions) be profitably employed at aught save
+agriculture, and indeed only at one branch of that, he soon exhausts the
+soil. If all the blacks in the South were capable of laboring at
+rotation of crops, they would soon be free. Slavery has always of itself
+died out in the wheat and corn regions&mdash;because, in raising cereals,
+labor is more widely dispersed than in cotton or tobacco planting, and
+the workers are more difficult to oversee. Hence the constant
+immigration from the wornout to the new plantation, and the cry for new
+land; and hence the admission, by the most intelligent men of the South,
+that to prevent the extension of slavery would be to destroy it. Free
+labor flourishes even on barren soils&mdash;ingenuity is stimulated and
+science developed. But slave labor requires abundance of fertile soil
+and a branch of culture demanding combination and or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>ganization of large
+masses of labor and its <i>concentration</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, in spite of these facts, a writer in the London <i>Saturday Review</i>
+informs the English public that the rapid deterioration of the soil
+under slave labor is a popular fallacy! Could the gentleman who gives
+this information so glibly, examine, we do not say Virginia, but simply
+that lower county of Delaware which has adhered somewhat to the old
+Southern slave system, in contradistinction to its two sisters, he might
+have distinctly ascertained if the exhaustion of soil by slave labor be
+a fallacy. Again, if the profits of slavery be only for the master, it
+may be true that the same process which enriches him impoverishes the
+country at large; and this is really the case through all the South.
+Free labor shuns slave society: a few Northern men may here and there
+live in the South, but as a rule the negro makes the poor white meaner
+than himself. It is true that free white labor in new lands is very
+exhaustive&mdash;but in time it takes them up again and restores them: this
+the negro never does, and never can do.</p>
+
+<p>The tendencies of slavery to render the white man insolent, arrogant,
+and oligarchical, are well pointed out by Professor Cairnes, and with
+them the evil tendencies of slave societies. It makes bad white men, and
+intolerable political neighbors. In the ancient world, slaves were
+constantly being educated, freed, and made equal to their masters; but
+in the confederacy, everything is done to crush them lower and lower;
+and in these facts lie <i>perdu</i> the future further degradation of every
+poor white in the South, the constant increase of power and capital in
+the hands of a few, and the diminution in number even of these few.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that Virginians breed slaves expressly for sale is well exposed
+in this book. Our author is kind enough to believe that they never raise
+a single negro for the <i>express purpose</i> of selling him or her; but we,
+who live nearer the 'sacred soil,' know better. It is not many days
+since a farmer in our present immediate vicinity, on the Southern
+Pennsylvania line, found himself obliged to dismiss a fine six-foot
+negro runaway from Virginia, whom he had hired, on account of the entire
+inability of the contraband to do the simplest farm tasks. 'What <i>is</i>
+the reason you can't stand work?' inquired the amazed farmer. 'Why,
+mass', to tell de trufe, I wasn't brought up to wuck (work), but to
+<i>sell</i>. If I'd been wucked too hard, it ud a spiled my looks fo' de
+markit.' Professor Cairnes may accept the sorrowful assurances of more
+than one person, who has been taken frequently enough into the councils
+of 'the enemy' in bygone times (<i>crede experto Ruperto</i>), that slaves
+<i>are</i> begotten, born, bred, and raised for the Southern market&mdash;as much
+so as any pigs&mdash;and that, too, by eminently aristocratic and highly
+refined scions of first families. Now that we can and dare speak the
+truth, it is not amiss to do so. We recall the day when to have taken
+part in the charge of the Six Hundred would have been a trifle of
+bravery compared to making the above truthful statement&mdash;for any one who
+valued social standing, or indeed a whole skin&mdash;on the border. Whether
+their own children were sold may be imagined from an anecdote long
+current in Virginia, relative to ex-Governor Wise, who, in a certain law
+case where he was opposed by a Northern trader, decided of a certain
+slave, that the chattel, being a mulatto, was of more value than 'a
+molangeon.' 'And what, in the name of God, <i>is</i> a molungeon?' inquired
+the astonished 'Northern man.' 'A <i>mulatto</i>,' replied Wise, is the child
+of a female house-servant by young master'&mdash;a molungeon is the offspring
+of a field hand by a Yankee peddler.'</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cairnes has, we doubt not, often heard of mulattoes&mdash;they constitute
+the great majority of Virginia slaves. But did he ever hear of
+'molungeons'?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cairnes justly denies the common theory that the South has
+maintained paramount political sway in the Union by a superior capacity
+for politics. He declares that men whose interests and ideas are
+concentrated in a very narrow range, on one object, have vast advantage
+over their intellectual superiors, when the latter pursue no such single
+course. He might have added that the young Southern gentleman, when not
+intended for a physician, almost invariably devotes to mere provincial
+politics and the arts of declamation and debate, all of those
+intellectual energies which the Northerner applies to business, art,
+commerce, literature, and other solidly useful occupations. If the
+Southerner has an inborn superior <i>talent</i> for politics, why is it that,
+as in the case of British or French statesmen, he never devel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>ops the
+slightest talent for <i>literature</i>? So notoriously is this the case, that
+even the first writers of the South, especially for the press, are
+generally broken-down Northern literary hacks, or miserable Irish and
+English refugees. Mr. Cairnes quotes De Bow's <i>Review</i>. He might be
+amazed, could he examine a number of that remarkable periodical, at the
+quality of the English written by some of the most eminent philosophers,
+patriots, and politicians of the confederacy!</p>
+
+<p>The history of the Slave Power, as set forth in Louisiana, Missouri and
+its Compromise, the Mexican war, Kansas, the rise of the Republican
+Party, the Dred Scott decision, the attempt of John Brown, and
+secession, are given in a masterly manner in this work, and with a
+miraculous appreciation of truths. Not less vigorous and shrewd is the
+chapter devoted to the designs of the Slave Power, in which the future
+capacity of that power to do illimitable mischief is set forth in a
+manner which will be new even to the great mass of American Republican
+readers. If we differ with him in his 'Conclusion,' it is that we may be
+consistent to his earlier position. We do not agree with him when he
+advocates the giving permission to the South to secede with the
+Mississippi as their western boundary. Penned up by North and West, and
+with their ports occupied by us, the South would soon decay. But we
+rather believe the North, brought to the tremendous trial of a test
+between aristocracy and republicanism, will yet conquer by destroying
+slavery and giving the poor whites of the South their rights. But we
+cannot conclude without expressing the earnest hope that this book will
+be read, and that thoroughly, by every intelligent American. There is at
+present a reaction rapidly forming in England in favor of the Federal
+cause, and we foresee that this extraordinary work&mdash;the best summary in
+existence of our principles, and the most overwhelming stylus-stroke
+which slavery has ever received&mdash;is destined to be of incalculable
+service to the great cause. Let it circulate by the hundred
+thousand!&mdash;and do you, dear reader, do your part by perusing it, and
+making its merits known to all. In connection with it, we commend the
+review in the <i>Westminster</i> already referred to. It is pleasant to
+realize that we have friends among enemies. Let us hope that when
+brighter days come, our Government and our people will not be unmindful
+of those who defended us in the days of darkness and dole. We owe a
+great debt of gratitude to such men as Professor Cairnes, and must not
+be slack in paying it.</p>
+
+
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Les Miserables.</span> No. IV. <i>St. Denis.</i> By <span class="smcap">Victor Hugo.</span> New York: Carleton.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>A great improvement on the preceding miserable trio, yet still far from
+fulfilling the extravagant assertions as to its merit with which the
+press has been deluged. We see in this novel, historic pictures, not
+without accuracy, details of life which are true enough, and, we might
+add, familiar enough, from a thousand <i>feuilletons</i>, but we find no
+<span class="smcap">PURPOSE</span>, corresponding to the expectations excited. We have every
+variety of miserable wretch imaginable paraded before us, without a hint
+of any means of curing their social disease. 'There is a hammer for
+tearing down, but no trowel for building up,' beyond a little empty talk
+on the benefits to be derived from education. The truth is that Victor
+Hugo writes, like too many of his nation, simply for sensation and
+effect. The fault to be found with this series is, that, like Jack
+Sheppard, it degrades the taste and blunts the feelings&mdash;in a word, it
+vulgarizes, and is as improper reading for the young, so far as <i>effect</i>
+is concerned, as the most immoral production extant. Vulgarity is the
+open doorway to vice, and, philosophize as we may, sketches of thieves
+and vagabonds, <i>gamins</i>, prostitutes and liars are vulgar and unfit
+reading for youthful minds, if not for any minds whatever.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Abel Drake's Wife.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Saunders</span>. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The reader is well aware that this work has attained a great
+popularity&mdash;we may add that it has deserved it, being a work of marked
+originality; one of characters and feelings which will even bear at
+sundry times reperusal: as good a character as can be given to a novel,
+and a far better one than we are disposed to award to the majority of
+those which we meet. It is, we should say, in justice to the progressive
+powers of the author, far superior to his earlier productions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="EDITORS_TABLE" id="EDITORS_TABLE"></a>EDITOR'S TABLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the noble Message of President <span class="smcap">Lincoln</span>, there are two paragraphs
+which should be committed to memory and constantly recalled by every
+man:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and
+this Administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No
+personal significance or insignificance can spare one or another of
+us. The fiery trial through which we pass will light us down into
+honor or dishonor to the highest generation.</p>
+
+<p>'We say 'we are for the Union!' The world will not forget that we
+say this. We know how to save this Union. <i>The world knows we know
+how to save it.</i> We&mdash;even we here&mdash;hold the power and bear the
+responsibility!'</p></div>
+
+<p>'We cannot escape history.' And this is true, not only of the Congress
+and of the Administration, but of all men who at the present day are
+raised one fraction above the veriest obscurity and completest
+nothing-ism. You, reader, and series of those whom you daily meet, may
+fancy that your deeds, speeches, writings, overshadowed as they are by
+the greater men and events of the day, will be forgotten. It is not so.</p>
+
+<p>The last age was more antiquarian, more given to collecting, searching,
+and recording, than its predecessor. This present one is, however, a
+hundredfold more seeking and more chronicling than the last, and this
+tendency increases every year. As it is, scarce a hero or a traitor,
+even of the Revolution, is escaping glory or infamy. Will it be less the
+case with the good and bad men of the Emancipation? There is not one
+among them who shall escape history.</p>
+
+<p>There is no thieving contractor, no 'helping' official, no shoddy
+scoundrel, no unrighteously 'commission' gathering leech, who is not
+quietly noted down here and there, to be duly exposed, some soon&mdash;some
+in after years. We know that extensive researches have been undertaken,
+to prepare and keep in black and white a record of the rascality of this
+war, in high places as well as low. <i>They shall not escape history.</i></p>
+
+<p>There is no cowardly, dishonest, selfish politician&mdash;be he who he
+may&mdash;no trimmer and truckler to the times&mdash;who will be forgotten. The
+most important war of all history&mdash;the greatest and most clearly
+outlined struggle between Aristocracy and Republicanism&mdash;will not pass
+away into oblivion. Men will toil away their lives that they may revive
+some of the salient points of this great fight for freedom. To
+commemorate the good, they must set forth the opposition of the bad&mdash;of
+those who aided the foe either by approving of endless slavery, by
+clogging the action of the Administration, or by turning the hardly
+earned income of Government, wrung from a suffering people, to their own
+profit. They shall not escape history.</p>
+
+<p>Those who had the ability to aid the great cause of truth in any way, by
+brain or hand, and yet who did nothing&mdash;verily they shall not escape
+history.</p>
+
+<p>The cautious, shrewd fellows, who hurrah loudly for the truth&mdash;after it
+has become safe and profitable to do so&mdash;they who run with the hound and
+hold with the hare&mdash;they may chuckle to themselves in their day, and
+rejoice at their shrewdness-but Time and GOD sift all things, however
+small&mdash;even such men as these. They shall not escape history.</p>
+
+<p>And let them cry, 'After us the Deluge,' who will. You will live again
+in your children; the heritage of sin is repaid with compound interest
+to your name. How do you know but there is a GOD and a future knowledge
+of all this, that you act so boldly? What evil have your children or
+your name done you, that you should lay a curse on them? For if you do
+not put forth your hand to the great cause of truth and in the great
+battle of the <span class="smcap">Lord</span> on behalf of Freedom, be certain that you are now
+shaping a malediction, and awaking the anathema maranatha, which shall
+go down into the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> deepest ages, and even in many lands, to cover you and
+yours with the dark shadow of shame forever. You shall not escape
+history.</p>
+
+<p>But neither shall they escape who have fought the good fight for truth,
+for man and liberty. Truly, as the German proverb hath it, <i>Zeit bricht
+Rosen und Zeit bringt Rosen</i>&mdash;'Time breaks roses&mdash;but Time brings them
+also.' There is an age coming which will distinguish between the battles
+for conquest and idle glory and the honor of kings, and those which were
+fought for holy freedom. In that age, the great and good and wise, yes!
+even the smallest and weakest who chose the cause of Truth, will be
+prized above the men of all battles which ever were beforetime. Stand
+fast, O soldier! be firm, O friend of the good cause! let us see this
+thing bravely through to the end, come what may. GOD bless you!&mdash;and he
+<i>will</i> bless you! Die on the battle field, or labor humbly at home&mdash;if
+your heart and your hand have been given to the good work, you shall not
+escape history.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Fate for you shall sheathe her shears,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">You shall live some thousand years.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It has been nobly proposed, and we doubt not that the proposition will
+be as nobly realized, that a shipload of food be sent to the relief of
+the starving operatives of England. If the wealthy classes of Great
+Britain were generous in proportion to the same order of men in this
+country, and in proportion to their own riches, it would be simply
+absurd for us to offer to relieve their paupers. But they are not so;
+and it is a matter to be deeply deplored, that the manufacturers who
+have made fortunes from their operatives, are, in Great Britain, the
+ones who are least inclined to relieve the sufferings of their poor
+dependants. And this we state entirely on the authority of the British
+press, and from the comments made by it on a recent and wretchedly
+abortive effort to collect from manufacturing capitalists somewhat to
+feed the poor who had enriched them. To an American, accustomed to hear
+of deeds of generosity and public spirit, the list of moneys subscribed
+for such an object, against the names of millionaires, would seem
+incredibly beggarly and pitiful.</p>
+
+<p>However this may be, some one must feed the poor; and if John Bull
+cannot afford it, Jonathan must. There is a degree of suffering in which
+Englishman or confederate rebel becomes simply a suffering brother, and
+when he who would not act the good Samaritan becomes most truly an
+outlaw to all humanity. Therefore, let there be, not one, but many
+shiploads sent to the sufferers&mdash;let us cast our bread upon the waters,
+literally as well as figuratively, and give no heed or thought to its
+return. The London <i>Times</i> will, we presume, impugn the motives of the
+charity&mdash;call it Pecksniffian and Heep-ish&mdash;or possibly try to prove
+that the Federals had no hand in the good deed. Let it rave&mdash;the
+business in hand is to feed starving men, women, and children, and not
+to make political capital, or gain glory, or please a party&mdash;for that we
+most assuredly shall not&mdash;but to do good and act in the large-hearted
+manner which gives a good conscience, and which as a national trait is
+the noblest characteristic of a republican.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The South has been quicker than the North in perceiving that public
+opinion in England is rapidly changing in certain quarters in favor of
+the Federal cause, and it is for this reason that the press in Secessia
+has of late been so unamiable toward Great Britain, while <span class="smcap">Semmes</span> has
+shown in his pirating so little kindness to English goods. Possibly
+Secessia may after all discover that she might do a more unprofitable
+thing than be in alliance offensive and defensive with us, and that she
+might go further and fare worse, either alone, or with foreign friends
+who are, after all, only foes in disguise.</p>
+
+<p>But it is a mad and a foolish thing for England to hope to be benefited
+by our dissension. Have we grown weaker or less dangerous by the
+discovery that we are capable of raising the greatest armies and the
+most invincible fleets in the world? While we flourish in prosperity, we
+afford her an outlet for all her paupers, thieves, vagabond Bohemians,
+and refuse of all sorts, to say nothing of the vast mass of the really
+industrious poor who do well here, but who would have starved to death
+at home. With one person in eight in Great Britain dying as a pauper and
+buried at the public expense, it is hardly expedient for its people to
+wish to see us ruined. Were we to exclude her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> vagabonds and paupers by
+an alien act from entering this country, and at the same time close our
+markets to her goods, of what avail would all the cotton in the world be
+to her? The American public understand this thing perfectly&mdash;so
+perfectly that the first movement toward intervention would be to
+effectually shut out the offending party, to bear by itself the worst
+results of prostrated manufactures and a turbulent starving population.</p>
+
+<p>But we trust that nothing of the kind may happen, and that England will
+perceive that a great, prosperous, and united America, though it covers
+the whole Western hemisphere, will be of more advantage to her than a
+divided, impoverished land, full of fighting factions. It is a bad, an
+inhuman, and a most un-Christian policy to set wealthy and powerful
+neighbors at dissensions, to rejoice at their losses, and finally hope
+to see them from prosperous citizens, turned into starved brigands. Envy
+is of the devil. And it is the more wicked, because <i>we</i> know, and every
+one of our readers knows with us, that there never existed in this
+country, within our recollection, any desire whatever to see England
+impoverished, injured, or in any way 'set back' as a country. That
+deep-seated desire, openly avowed by her orators and press, to see our
+growing greatness checked, was never seriously cherished by any true
+American&mdash;and it could be proved that the insulting expressions of such
+a desire have in almost every instance originated with British <i>emigr&eacute;s</i>
+in this country, who are notoriously the most bitter foes to their
+fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>It is finally worth noting that the sympathy expressed by Americans for
+Russia during the Crimean war, has been of late frequently urged in
+England as a reason for withholding sympathy from the Federals. Now it
+is most <i>undeniably true</i> that, with certain rare exceptions, the
+friendship for Russia <i>at that time</i> came in a great measure from the
+Democratic party, and especially from the South. It was an Irish
+antipathy to England in the North, and a serf-sympathy in the South
+which caused it all&mdash;naturally enough, in all conscience. If any one
+doubts this, let him recall Roger Pryor's book, indorsing Russia as the
+great power destined to swallow up all Europe&mdash;written at a time when
+Pryor was beyond question the first and loudest exponent living of
+Southern feelings and principles. This is the simplest and plainest of
+facts, most easily susceptible of proof&mdash;and yet how many Englishmen are
+there who would believe it?</p>
+
+<p>The truth is that the whole criticism of America by England has
+presented the melancholy spectacle of prejudice and envy, made maudlin
+by gross ignorance&mdash;and the worst of it all has been the making the
+North responsible for the bygone evil deeds of the South. Repudiation,
+protection, Russian sympathy, filibustering, and other objections&mdash;are
+all heaped on the Federal head alone to bear? Will the <i>truth</i> ever come
+to light in England?</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>May we venture to mention to our readers that 'Among the
+Pines'&mdash;originally published in these pages&mdash;is now selling its
+<i>thirtieth</i> thousand, with constantly increasing orders. And in
+connection we would add that 'Americans in Rome'&mdash;originally published
+in <span class="smcap">The Continental</span> under the title of <i>Maccaroni and Canvas</i> has
+appeared in book form, and may be obtained from George P. Putnam. This
+work is, we believe, one of the most remarkable collections of sketches
+and observation ever written on Italy; combining a very great amount of
+accurate personal observations of the Roman people, both in the city and
+country, with that of American artists' life there. The observations are
+throughout racily humorous, and those who have within a few years
+visited 'the Cradle of Art' cannot fail to recognize, as hit off with no
+sparing hand, more than one American notoriety. Art quackery as it
+exists, is well shown up in 'Americans in Rome;' the author having
+little in common with those amiable romancers who glorify every
+illiterate picture-maker, though he never fails to do justice to true
+genius. We believe, in short, that these sketches form a very peculiar,
+piquant, and <i>earnest</i> work, as truthful as it is amusing, and as such
+commend it to our readers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+  <h1>The</h1>
+  <h1>Continental Monthly.</h1>
+
+<h4>EDITORS:</h4>
+
+<h4>
+HON. ROBERT J. WALKER,<br />
+CHARLES G. LELAND,<br />
+HON. FRED. P. STANTON,<br />
+EDMUND KIRKE.
+</h4>
+
+
+<p>The readers of the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> are aware of the important position it
+has assumed, of the influence which it exerts, and of the brilliant
+array of political and literary talent of the highest order which
+supports it. No publication of the kind has, in this country, so
+successfully combined the energy and freedom of the daily newspaper with
+the higher literary tone of the first-class monthly; and it is very
+certain that no magazine has given wider range to its contributors, or
+preserved itself so completely from the narrow influences of party or of
+faction. In times like the present, such a journal is either a power in
+the land or it is nothing. That the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> is not the latter is
+abundantly evidenced <i>by what it has done</i>&mdash;by the reflection of its
+counsels in many important public events, and in the character and power
+of those who are its staunchest supporters.</p>
+
+<p>By the accession of <span class="smcap">Hon. Robert J. Walker</span> and <span class="smcap">Hon. F. P. Stanton</span> to its
+editorial corps, the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> acquires a strength and a political
+significance which, to those who are aware of the ability and experience
+of these gentlemen, must elevate it to a position far above any
+previously occupied by any publication of the kind in America.
+Preserving all "the boldness, vigor, and ability" which a thousand
+journals have attributed to it, it will at once greatly enlarge its
+circle of action, and discuss, fearlessly and frankly, every principle
+involved in the great questions of the day. The first minds of the
+country, embracing men most familiar with its diplomacy and most
+distinguished for ability, are to become its contributors; and it is no
+mere "flattering promise of a prospectus" to say, that this "magazine
+for the times" will employ the first intellect in America, under
+auspices which no publication ever enjoyed before in this country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Godfrey Leland</span>, the accomplished scholar and author, who has
+till now been the sole Editor of the Magazine, will, beside his
+editorial labors, continue his brilliant contributions to its pages; and
+<span class="smcap">Edmund Kirke</span>, author of "<span class="smcap">Among the Pines</span>," will contribute to each
+issue, having already begun a work on Southern Life and Society, which,
+will be found far more widely descriptive, and, in all respects,
+superior to the first.</p>
+
+<p>While the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> will express decided opinions on the great
+questions of the day, it will not be a mere political journal: much the
+larger portion of its columns will be enlivened, as heretofore, by
+tales, poetry, and humor. In a word, the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> will be found,
+under its new staff of Editors, occupying a position and presenting
+attractions never before found in a magazine.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4>TERMS TO CLUBS.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Subscription Costs">
+<tr><td align='left'>Two copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Five dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Three copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Seven dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Six copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Thirteen dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Eleven copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Twenty-four dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Twenty copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Forty-four dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align='center'>PAID IN ADVANCE</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Postage, Thirty-six cents a year</i>, to be paid <span class="smcap">by the
+Subscriber</span>.</p>
+
+<h4>SINGLE COPIES.</h4>
+
+<p class='center'>Three dollars a year, <span class="smcap">in advance</span>. <i>Postage paid by the
+Publisher</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>JOHN F. TROW, 50 Greene St., N. Y.,<br />
+PUBLISHER FOR THE PROPRIETORS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>As an Inducement to new subscribers, the
+Publisher offers the following liberal premiums:</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>Any person remitting $3, in advance, will
+receive the magazine from July, 1862, to January, 1864, thus securing
+the whole of Mr. <span class="smcap">Kimball's</span> and Mr. <span class="smcap">Kirke's</span> new
+serials, which are alone worth the price of subscription. Or, if
+preferred, a subscriber can take the magazine for 1863 and a copy of
+"Among the Pines," or of "Undercurrents of Wall Street," by <span class="smcap">R. B.
+Kimball</span>, bound in cloth, or of "Sunshine in Thought," by
+<span class="smcap">Charles Godfrey Leland</span> (retail price, $1. 25.) The book to be sent postage paid.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>Any person remitting $4.50, will receive the
+magazine from its commencement, January, 1862, to January, 1864, thus
+securing Mr. <span class="smcap">Kimball's</span> "Was He Successful? "and <span class="smcap">Mr.
+Kirke's</span> "Among the Pines," and "Merchant's Story," and nearly 3,000
+octavo pages of the best literature in the world. Premium subscribers to
+pay their own postage.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/imgffl.jpg" alt="Finest Farming Lands" title="Finest Farming Lands" /></div>
+
+
+<h3>EQUAL TO ANY IN THE WORLD!!!</h3>
+
+<h4>MAY BE PROCURED</h4>
+
+<h3>At FROM $8 to $12 PER ACRE,</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>Near Markets, Schools, Railroads, Churches, and all the blessings of
+Civilization.</p>
+
+<h4>1,200,000 Acres, in Farms of 40, 80, 120, 160 Acres and upwards, in
+ILLINOIS, the Garden State of America.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<blockquote><p>The Illinois Central Railroad Company offer, ON LONG CREDIT, the
+beautiful and fertile PRAIRIE LANDS lying along the whole line of their
+Railroad. 700 MILES IN LENGTH, upon the most Favorable Terms for
+enabling Farmers, Manufacturers, Mechanics and Workingmen to make for
+themselves and their families a competency, and a HOME they can call
+THEIR OWN, as will appear from the following statements:</p></blockquote>
+
+<h4>ILLINOIS.</h4>
+
+<p>Is about equal in extent to England, with a population of 1,722,666, and
+a soil capable of supporting 20,000,000. No State in the Valley of the
+Mississippi offers so great an inducement to the settler as the State of
+Illinois. There is no part of the world where all the conditions of
+climate and soil so admirably combine to produce those two great
+staples, <span class="smcap">Corn</span> and <span class="smcap">Wheat</span>.</p>
+
+<h4>CLIMATE.</h4>
+
+<p>Nowhere can the Industrious farmer secure such immediate results from
+his labor as on these deep, rich, loamy soils, cultivated with so much
+ease. The climate from the extreme southern part of the State to the
+Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis Railroad, a distance of nearly 200
+miles, is well adapted to Winter.</p>
+
+<h4>WHEAT, CORN, COTTON, TOBACCO.</h4>
+
+<p>Peaches, Pears, Tomatoes, and every variety of fruit and vegetables is
+grown in great abundance, from which Chicago and other Northern markets
+are furnished from four to six weeks earlier than their immediate
+vicinity. Between the Terre Haute, Alton &amp; St. Louis Railway and the
+Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, (a distance of 115 miles on the Branch,
+and 136 miles on the Main Trunk,) lies the great Corn and Stock raising
+portion of the State.</p>
+
+<h4>THE ORDINARY YIELD</h4>
+
+<p>of Corn is from 60 to 80 bushels per acre. Cattle, Horses, Mules, Sheep
+and Hogs are raised here at a small cost, and yield large profits. It is
+believed that no section of country presents greater inducements for
+Dairy Farming than the Prairies of Illinois, a branch of farming to
+which but little attention has been paid, and which must yield sure
+profitable results. Between the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, and
+Chicago and Dunleith, (a distance of 56 miles on the Branch and 147
+miles by the Main Trunk,) Timothy Hay, Spring Wheat, Corn, &amp;c., are
+produced in great abundance.</p>
+
+<h4>AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.</h4>
+
+<p>The Agricultural products of Illinois are greater than those of any
+other State. The Wheat crop of 1861 was estimated at 35,000,000 bushels,
+while the Corn crop yields not less than 140,000,000 bushels besides the
+crop of Oats, Barley, Rye, Buckwheat, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes,
+Pumpkins, Squashes, Flax, Hemp, Peas, Clover, Cabbage, Beets, Tobacco,
+Sorgheim, Grapes, Peaches, Apples, &amp;c., which go to swell the vast
+aggregate of production in this fertile region. Over Four Million tons
+of produce were sent out the State of Illinois during the past year.</p>
+
+<h4>STOCK RAISING.</h4>
+
+<p>In Central and Southern Illinois uncommon advantages are presented for
+the extension of Stock raising. All kinds of Cattle, Horses, Mules,
+Sheep, Hogs, &amp;c., of the best breeds, yield handsome profits; large
+fortunes have already been made, and the field is open for others to
+enter with the fairest prospects of like results. Dairy Farming also
+presents its inducements to many.</p>
+
+<h4>CULTIVATION OF COTTON.</h4>
+
+<p>The experiments in Cotton culture are of very great promise. Commencing
+in latitude 39 deg. 30 min. (see Mattoon on the Branch, and Assumption
+on the Main Line), the Company owns thousands of acres well adapted to
+the perfection of this fibre. A settler having a family of young
+children, can turn their youthful labor to a most profitable account in
+the growth and perfection of this plant.</p>
+
+<h4>THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD</h4>
+
+<p>Traverses the whole length of the State, from the banks of the
+Mississippi and Lake Michigan to the Ohio. As its name imports, the
+Railroad runs through the centre of the State, and on either side of the
+road along its whole length lie the lands offered for sale.</p>
+
+<h4>CITIES, TOWNS, MARKETS, DEPOTS.</h4>
+
+<p>There are Ninety-eight Depots on the Company's Railway, giving about one
+every seven miles. Cities, Towns and Villages are situated at convenient
+distances throughout the whole route, where every desirable commodity
+may be found as readily as in the oldest cities of the Union, and where
+buyers are to be met for all kinds of farm produce.</p>
+
+<h4>EDUCATION.</h4>
+
+<p>Mechanics and working-men will find the free school system encouraged by
+the State, and endowed with a large revenue for the support of the
+schools. Children can live in sight of the school, the college, the
+church, and grow up with the prosperity of the leading State in the
+Great Western Empire.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h4>PRICES AND TERMS OF PAYMENT&mdash;ON LONG CREDIT.</h4>
+
+<p class='center'>
+80 acres at $10 per acre, with interest at 6 per ct. annually
+on the following terms:</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost of Land">
+<tr><td align='left'>Cash payment</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$48 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in one year</td><td align='right'>48 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in two years</td><td align='right'>48 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in three years</td><td align='right'>48 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in four years</td><td align='right'>236 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in five years</td><td align='right'>224 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in six years</td><td align='right'>212 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in seven years</td><td align='right'>300 00</td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+<p class='center'>40 acres, at $10 00 per acre:</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost of Land">
+<tr><td align='left'>Cash payment</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$24 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in one year</td><td align='right'>24 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in two years</td><td align='right'>24 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in three years</td><td align='right'>24 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in four years</td><td align='right'>118 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in five years</td><td align='right'>112 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in six years</td><td align='right'>106 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in seven years</td><td align='right'>100 00</td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center">Address <b>Land Commissioner</b>, Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, Ill.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p><span class="left">Number 14</span><span class="right">25 Cents</span><br /></p>
+
+
+<h2>The CONTINENTAL MONTHLY.</h2>
+
+<h4>DEVOTED TO</h4>
+
+<h4> Literature and National Policy.</h4>
+
+
+
+<h4>FEBRUARY, 1863.</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK:<br />
+
+JOHN F. TROW 50 GREENE STREET (FOR THE PROPRIETORS).<br />
+
+HENRY DEXTER AND SINCLAIR TOUSEY. WASHINGTON, D.C.: FRANCK TAYLOR<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h3>CONTENTS.&mdash;No. XIV.</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="No. XIV">
+<tr><td align='left'>Our National Finances. Robert J. Walker,</td><td align='right'>129</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Trip to Antietam. Charles W. Loring,</td><td align='right'>145</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>American Destiny. John Stahl Patterson,</td><td align='right'>160</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Birth of the Lily,</td><td align='right'>169</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Was He Successful? Richard B. Kimball,</td><td align='right'>171</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nullification and Secession. Hon. Robert J. Walker,</td><td align='right'>179</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Sioux War. John G. Nicolay, Private Secretary</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>to President Lincoln,</td><td align='right'>195</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"Dead!"</td><td align='right'>204</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Merchant's Story. Edmund Kirke,</td><td align='right'>206</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Consequences of the Rebellion. Hon. Frederic</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>P. Stanton,</td><td align='right'>223</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sunshine in Thought,</td><td align='right'>233</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>How they Jested in the Good Old Time. Charles G. Leland,</td><td align='right'>237</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Literary Notices,</td><td align='right'>248</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Editor's Table,</td><td align='right'>250</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The article in this number of <span class="smcap">The Continental</span>, on "Our National
+Finances," by Hon. <span class="smcap">Robert J. Walker</span>, will be found worthy of especial
+attention at the present time.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Our next issue will contain a valuable article on "<span class="smcap">Gold.</span>"</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Entered</span>, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by <span class="smcap">James R.
+Gilmore</span>, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New York.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h2><a name="INDEX_TO_VOLUME_III" id="INDEX_TO_VOLUME_III"></a>INDEX TO VOLUME III.</h2>
+
+
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A Chapter on Wonders. Perth Granton, 461</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A Fancy Sketch, 482</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A Heroine of To-Day, 543</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A Merchant's Story. Edmund Kirke, 206, 289, 451, 528, 642</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">American Destiny. John Stahl Patterson, 79, 160</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">An Englishman in South Carolina, 110</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A Trip to Antietam. Charles W. Loring, 145</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A Winter in Camp. E. G. Hammond, 519</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Cloud and Sunshine, 687</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Consequences of the Rebellion. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 26, 223</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Cost of a Trip to Europe, 730</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"Dead," 204</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Down in Tennessee, 469</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Editor's Table, 126, 250, 379, 503, 747</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Ethel. Mrs. Martha Walker Cook, 435</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">False Estimations, 274</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Flag of our Union. Hon. R. J. Walker, 480</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">For and Against, 334</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Gold. Hon. Robert A. Walker, 279</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Great Heart, 629</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Henrietta and Vulcan. Delia M. Colton, 421</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">How they Jested in the Good Old Time. Charles Godfrey Leland, 237</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">How the War affects Americans. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 411</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">How Mr. Lincoln became an Abolitionist. S. B. Gookins, 727</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Huguenots of New Rochelle. Hon. G. P. Disosway, 1</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Huguenots of Virginia, 348</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'I;' or, Summer in the City, 40</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">In Memoriam. Richard Wolcott, 527</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Is there Anything in It?' 688</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Last Words. Ingoldsby North, 282</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Literary Notices, 122, 248, 374, 500, 630, 744</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Maccaroni and Canvas. Henry P. Leland, 7</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">May Morning, 657</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Mill on Liberty. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 674</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Miriam's Testimony. M. A. Edwards, 589</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Montgomery in Secession Time, 354</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">National Ode, 554</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Nullification and Secession. Hon. Robert J. Walker, 179</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Our National Finances. Hon. R. J. Walker, 129</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Our Present Position, its Dangers and Duties, 488</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Parting, 288</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Pen, Pallet, and Piano, 117</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Pictures from the North, 398</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Poetry and Poetical Selections, 474</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Promise. Edward S. Rend, jr., 78</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Promoted, 420</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Reason, Rhyme, and Rhythm. Mrs. Martha Walker Cook, 662, 698</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Shylock vs. Antonio. Carlton Edwards, 539</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Sunshine in Thought, 233</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Birth of the Lily, 169</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Blue Handkerchief, 279</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Buccaneers of America. Wm. L. Stone, 703</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Captain of '63 to his Men, 315</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Causes and Results of the War. Lieut. E. Phelps, U. S. A., 617</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Century of Inventions. C. G. Leland, 318</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Chained River. Charles G. Leland, 410</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Chech, 395</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Complaining Bore, 496</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Confederation and the Nation. E. Carey, 694</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Destiny of the African Race in the United States. Rev. J. M. Sturtevant, D. D., 600</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Great Prairie State. Mrs. C. M. Kirkland, 513</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Ivy. Charles Godfrey Leland, 47</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Lady and her Slave. Mrs. Martha W. Cook, 330</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Mishaps of Miss Hobbs. Wm. L. Williams, 54</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Navy of the United States, 659</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The New Rasselas, 404</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Physical Survey of New York Harbor</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">and its Approaches. Henry Mitchell, 105</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Return. E. S. Rand, jr., 464</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Sioux War. John G. Nicolay, 195</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Skeptics of the Waverley Novels. Chas. G. Leland, 439</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Soldier's Burial, 373</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. F. H. Gerdes, 557</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Union. Hon. R. J. Walker, 68, 366, 465, 615</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Value of the Union. W. H. Muller, 571, 633</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Vision of the Monk Gabriel. Eleanor C. Donnelly, 316</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The Wonders of Words, 385</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thought, 23</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Three Modern Romances, 667</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Touching the Soul. Lieut. Egbert Phelps, 734</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Turkey. A. Comt&eacute;, jr., 257</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Virginia, 714</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Visit to the National Academy of Design, 718</span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">War Song&mdash;Earth's Last Battle. Mrs. M. W. Cook, 562</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Was He Successful? Richard B. Kimball, 98, 171, 611, 719</span></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">John F. Trow, Printer.</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1
+January 1863, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
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@@ -0,0 +1,9270 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1
+January 1863, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1 January 1863
+       Devoted To Literature And National Policy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: April 3, 2008 [EBook #24982]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by Cornell
+University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   THE
+
+   CONTINENTAL MONTHLY.
+
+   DEVOTED TO
+
+   Literature and National Policy.
+
+
+   VOL. III.
+
+   JANUARY-JUNE, 1863.
+
+
+   New York:
+   JOHN F. TROW, 50 GREENE STREET,
+   (FOR THE PROPRIETORS.)
+   1863.
+
+
+   ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by
+   JOHN F. TROW,
+   In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
+   the Southern District of New York.
+
+
+   JOHN F. TROW,
+   PRINTER, STEREOTYPER, AND ELECTROTYPER,
+   48 & 50 Greene Street,
+   New York.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+   THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY. DEVOTED TO Literature and National Policy.
+
+
+   JANUARY, 1863.
+
+
+   NEW YORK: JOHN F. TROW 50 GREENE STREET (FOR THE PROPRIETORS).
+
+   HENRY DEXTER AND SINCLAIR TOUSEY. WASHINGTON, D. C.: FRANCK TAYLOR.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+   CONTENTS.--No. XIII.
+
+
+   Huguenots of New Rochelle. Hon. G. P. Disosway,                     1
+
+   Maccaroni and Canvas. No. 10. Henry P. Leland,                      7
+
+   Thought,                                                           23
+
+   Consequences of the Rebellion. Hon. F. P. Stanton,                 26
+
+   "I;" or, Summer in the City,                                       40
+
+   The Ivy. Charles Godfrey Leland,                                   47
+
+   The Mishaps of Miss Hobbs. William L. Williams,                    54
+
+   The Union. No. 4. New York and Virginia Compared,
+   &c. Hon. Robert J. Walker,                                         68
+
+   Promise. Edward S. Rand, Jr.,                                      78
+
+   American Destiny. John Stahl Patterson,                            79
+
+   Was He Successful? Richard B. Kimball,                             98
+
+   The Physical Survey of New York Harbor and its
+   Approaches. Henry Mitchell, Assistant U. S. Coast
+   Survey,                                                           105
+
+   An Englishman in South Carolina. (Concluded),                     110
+
+   Pen, Pallet, and Piano,                                           117
+
+   Literary Notices,                                                 122
+
+   Editor's Table,                                                   126
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The article in the present number entitled "American Destiny," will be
+found worthy of very attentive perusal. It is the production of a
+Private attached to the 20th Battery of Ohio Volunteer Artillery. What
+country but ours supplies _such_ material to the ranks of its common
+soldiery?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The continuation of "A Merchant's Story," by the author of "Among the
+Pines," is unavoidably delayed till the succeeding number.
+
+Our February Number will contain a Review of our Finances and Mr.
+Chase's Report. By Hon. R. J. Walker.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by JAMES R.
+GILMORE, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New York.
+
+John F. Trow, Printer
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY: DEVOTED TO LITERATURE AND NATIONAL POLICY.
+
+VOL. III.-JANUARY, 1863.--No. I.
+
+
+
+
+THE HUGUENOTS OF NEW ROCHELLE.
+
+
+It is worthy of record that Westchester County, New York, was settled by
+emigrants from New England and France, and both seeking homes from
+religious persecutions. As early as 1642, John Throcmorton, with
+thirty-five associates, made the first settlement in this section, with
+the approbation of the Dutch authorities. With Roger Williams, driven
+away from New England by the violence of Hugh Peters, they came here,
+and called the region _Viedeland or Land of Peace_--a beautiful name for
+the region of those seeking rest of conscience from wicked and violent
+men. But even here the Puritan did not find the desired quiet and
+safety; for several of his band perished in the Indian massacre that
+sorely visited New Netherland on the 6th of October, 1643.
+
+The next settlement of Westchester was commenced in the year 1654, also
+by some Puritans from Connecticut, who adopted its present name, and the
+Rev. Ezekiel Fogge was their first 'independent minister;' and in 1684 a
+Mr. Warham Mather was called 'for one whole year, and that he shall have
+sixty pounds, in country produce, at money price, for his salary, and
+that he shall be paid every quarter.' Governor Fletcher, however,
+declined inducting the Presbyterian into that living, 'as it was
+altogether impossible,' he said, 'it being wholly repugnant to the laws
+of England to compel the subject to pay for the maintenance of any
+minister who was not of the national Church.' The Episcopal Governor,
+however, proposes 'a medium in that matter.' Some French emigrants had
+already found their way to this region, and M. Boudet, a French
+Protestant minister of Boston, who was in orders from the Bishop of
+London, could preach in French and English, and the people called him to
+the living, the parish being large enough for two clergymen. M. Boudet
+was accordingly sent for, hoping, as the English Governor writes, 'to
+bring the congregation over to the Church;' but, 'when he came, they
+refused to call him.' The Yankee Puritans were evidently not to be
+outmanaged by the English churchman. Westchester then numbered 'two or
+three hundred English and Dissenters; a few Dutch.'
+
+On the 20th September, 1689, Jacob Leisler, of New York, purchased of
+Mr. Pell 6,000 acres of land in Westchester, a portion of the manor of
+Pelham, obtained from the Indians in 1640-'49. The grantor, heirs, and
+assigns, as an acknowledgment, were to pay Mr. Pell 'one fatted calf on
+every fourth and twentieth day of June, yearly, and every year, forever,
+if demanded.' It is a well known fact that every Huguenot, on the
+festival of St. John, pays his proportion toward the purchase of the fat
+calf whenever claimed.
+
+During the year 1690, Leisler leased to the banished Huguenots these
+lands, purchased for them, as they came directly here from England, and
+were a portion of the 50,000 who found safety in that glorious
+Protestant kingdom four years before the revocation of the Edict of
+Nantes. At the revocation itself, not less than half a million escaped
+from bigoted France to Holland, Germany, and England; and to those in
+the latter country, Charles II., then on the British throne, granted
+letters of denization under the great seal, and Parliament relieved them
+from 'importation duties and passport fees.' During this same year,
+many, flying from France, were aided in their escape by English vessels
+off the island of Rhe, opposite brave _La Rochelle_. According to
+tradition, some of these were transported to this region, naming their
+new settlement in honor of their
+
+   'Own Rochelle, the fair Rochelle,
+     Proud city of the waters.'
+
+In the Documentary History of New York, vol. iii., p. 926, we find a
+petition to Colonel Fletcher, Governor of the colony, signed by Thanet,
+and Elei Cothouneau, in behalf of above twenty of these French refugees.
+'Your petitioners,' they state, 'having been forced, by the late
+persecutions in France, to forsake their country and estates, and flye
+to ye Protestant princes * * *, wherefore they were invited to come and
+buy lands in this province, and they might by their labour help the
+necessityes of their families, and did spend all their small store with
+the aid of their friends, whereof they did borrow great sums of money
+[MS. torn]. They had lost their country and their estates, but saved
+their good principles and a pure faith; and, in a strange land,
+petitioned his Excellency 'to take their case in serious consideration,
+and out of charity and pity to grant them for some years what help and
+privileges your Excellency shall think convenient.' This is one of the
+earliest authentic records (1681) we have met with concerning the New
+Rochelle French refugees.
+
+Pell, the lord of the manor, besides the 6,000 acres already obtained,
+also granted 100 additional, 'for the sake of the French church, erected
+or about to be erected, by the inhabitants of the said tract of land.'
+This Huguenot church in New Rochelle was built about 1692-'93, of wood,
+and stood in the rear of the present mansion house. It was destroyed
+soon after the Revolutionary war. Louis Bougeaud, about the same time,
+donated a piece of land forty paces square, for a churchyard to bury
+their dead; and, subsequently, a house with three acres of land was
+given by the town to the Huguenot church forever.
+
+The Rev. DAVID BOUREPOS was the first minister of the New Rochelle
+Huguenots; he had likewise served his French brethren on Staten Island.
+The Governor requesting him to nominate 'some persons for the vacant
+offices of justices of the peace,' he replies that 'he could not comply,
+as none of his colonists at New Rochelle had a knowledge of the English
+tongue.' Nothing now is known of Bourepos' ministry or history. From his
+title of D.D., he must have been a man of learning; and we can learn
+something about the time when he died from the date of his will.
+'Letters of administration were granted to Martha Bourepos, wife of
+David Bourepos, 25th of October, 1711' (New York Surrogates' Office). He
+probably resigned his pastoral charge in 1694.
+
+Rev. DANIEL BOUDET, A. M., was the next minister of the French
+Protestant church at New Rochelle, a native of France; and he
+accompanied the French refugees, who reached Boston in the summer of
+1686. About the year 1695, M. Boudet came to New Rochelle, and at first
+used the French prayers, according to the Protestant churches of France,
+and subsequently, every third Sunday, the Liturgy of the English Church.
+In 1709 the French church at New Rochelle determined to follow the
+example of some of their Reformed brethren in England, and conform to
+the English Church. All the members except _two_ agreed to adopt the
+Liturgy and Rites of the Church of England, as established by law. Some
+thirty names appear on the document, requesting this important
+ecclesiastical change; and for the information especially of the
+genealogical reader, we note some of them: Michael Houdin, Jacob
+Bleecker, David Lispenard, Isaac Guion, Peter Bertain, John Soulice,
+Paul Lecord, Jean Abby, Jos. Antuny, Peter Bonnet, Peter Parquot, Benj.
+Seacord, Judith Leconet, Allida Guion, Josiah Le Conte, Elizabeth
+Lispenard, Moses de St. Croix, Deborah Foulon, Marie Neufville, Mary
+Stouppe, Jean Nicolle, John Bryan, Oliver Besley, Frederick King,
+Susanna Landrin, Anne Danielson, Rutger Bleecker, Mary Rodman, Agnes
+Donaldson, Esther Angeoine, Thomas Steel, Jane Contine, Jane Maraux,
+James Pine. 'The petitioners are members of the French Church at New
+Rochelle' (1793), and 'principally descendants from French Protestants,
+who fled from the religious persecutions in France, in the year one
+thousand six hundred and eighty-one.' Their fathers settled at New
+Rochelle, 1689, nearly a century before the date of this document. Few
+lists of family names are more imposing than this; and to this day,
+their descendants in Westchester County, increased to thousands, rank
+with our most useful and respectable citizens in wealth, good works, and
+piety. We are no great sticklers for genealogical _trees_ or _Doomsday
+Books_, yet we believe in pride of family to a proper extent. There was
+a time once, in this republican land of ours, when many gloried in
+ignoring the fact that they came from distinguished stocks, as the
+spirit of our democratic institutions opposed the notion of family
+histories. We were all born of an honest, industrious race, for several
+generations back, and that is enough; and so it may be. Still, a man,
+when asked if he had a grandfather, would logically infer he had one,
+but he could not historically, unless there was some record of the fact.
+This indifference is happily passing way, and an interest of late is
+manifesting itself in such researches. No American, in whose veins runs
+Huguenot blood, need be ashamed of his origin. His ancestral history is
+most honorable, brave, and proud.
+
+In 1705, Colonel Heathcote thus speaks of M. Boudet, the Huguenot
+preacher at New Rochelle: 'A good man, and preaches very intelligibly in
+English, which he does every third Sunday in his French congregation,
+when he uses the Liturgy of the Church. He has done a great deal of
+service since his first coming into this country. * * * He has thirty
+pounds a year settled on him out of the public revenue here, as the
+French minister in York hath; but that is paid with so much uncertainty
+that he starves, for the use of it.' During the year 1710, Governor
+Hunter permitted his congregation to build a new church of England, as
+by law established, and the 'Venerable Propagation Society' presented
+the new church with 'one hundred French prayer books of the small sort,
+and twenty of a larger impression; and in consideration of the great
+learning and piety of Monsieur Boudet, and his long and faithful
+discharge of his office, they augmented his salary from L30 to L50 per
+annum.' At this period we find the following excellent record of this
+excellent French minister: 'M. Boudet is a good old man, near sixty
+years of age, sober, just, and religious.' One hundred more French
+prayer books were sent to his church, 'for the edification of the French
+youth who have learned so much of that language as to join with him
+therein.' During the year 1714, M. Boudet took the spiritual charge of
+the Mohegan or River Indians, at which period he is called 'minister of
+the French colonistic congregation at New Rochelle.' In 1714 he reports
+fifty communicants in his church, and asks for an English Bible, with a
+small quantity of English Common Prayers, because 'our young people, or
+some of them, have sufficiently learned to read English for to join in
+the public service, when read in English.'
+
+M. Boudet died in September, 1722, aged sixty-nine years, nearly
+twenty-seven of which he had been the minister of the New Rochelle
+church. He was eminently useful in keeping his congregation together
+amidst its adverse circumstances, and was greatly beloved. He was
+interred beneath the chancel floor of the old church; and for whose use
+he bequeathed his library.
+
+The Rev. PIERRE STOUPPE, A. M., succeeded M. Boudet. He was also a
+native of France, and said to be a son or nearly related to the Rev. M.
+Stouppe, pastor of the French Protestant church in London, who was sent
+to Geneva, in 1654, by Oliver Cromwell, to negotiate there in the
+affairs of the French Protestants. He was born 1690, studied divinity at
+Geneva, and accepted a call to the Huguenot church at Charleston, S. C.
+Here he continued to preach until 1723, when, resigning the charge, he
+conformed to the Church of England, crossing the Atlantic for
+ordination. He was admitted to holy orders in 1723, and licensed to
+officiate as a missionary in the colony of New York, and to the French
+Protestants of New Rochelle, with a salary of L50 per annum. To this
+latter flock he proved very acceptable, from his ability to preach in
+French, the only language which most of them understood. His elders, or
+_anciens_, as sometimes called, were then Isaac Quantein and Isaac
+Guion. The new Huguenot pastor soon found trouble, as his predecessor
+had, with the dissatisfied M. Moulinais and his followers. Still he was
+useful: in 1726 he writes that he 'baptized six grown negroes and seven
+negro children, fitted eight young people for the sacrament of the
+Lord's Supper, to which they have been accordingly admitted,' and 'the
+number of communicants at Easter was thirty-three.'
+
+In a letter of December 11, 1727, he presents some important information
+concerning the early settlement of New Rochelle: 'The present number of
+inhabitants amounts to very near four hundred persons. There is a dozen
+of houses near the church, standing pretty close to one another, which
+makes the place a sort of a town; the remainder of the houses and
+settlements are dispersed up and down, as far as the above 6,000 acres
+of land could bear. Nay, besides these, there were several other French
+families, members of New Rochelle, settled without its bounds.' Such was
+the commencement of the present picturesque and beautiful village of New
+Rochelle. More than a century and a half has passed away since its
+founders, the French refugees, emigrated to the spot; but their noble
+and holy principles have left good, undying influences, now seen in the
+refinement, morals, and religion of their descendants, in this entire
+region.
+
+M. Stouppe further states that there were in the settlement two Quaker
+families, three Dutch ones, four Lutherans. 'The first never assist on
+assemblies; the Dutch and Lutheran, on the contrary, constantly assist
+when divine service is performed in English, so that they may understand
+it; and their children, likewise, have all been baptized by ministers of
+the church. Only the French Dissenters have deserted it, upon M.
+Moulinais, formerly one of the French ministers of New York, coming and
+settling, now a year ago, among us; and it is also by his means and
+inducement that they have built a wooden meeting-house within the time
+they were unprovided for, that is, from my predecessor's death to my
+arrival here. * * *
+
+'There is no schoolmaster as yet in New Rochelle: the parents take care
+to instruct their own children, and that they do generally pretty well,
+besides what instructions are given them in the church during summer by
+the minister. * * * The number of slaves within New Rochelle is
+seventy-eight: part of them constantly attend divine service, and have
+had some instruction in the Christian faith by the care and assistance
+of their respective masters and mistresses, so that my predecessor did
+not scruple to baptize some, and even admit them to the communion of the
+Lord's Supper; and I myself have, for the same consideration, baptized
+fifteen of them within these three years, some children and some grown
+persons, without the least prejudice to the rest of my flock.' It would
+be well, in our boasted day of zeal and philanthropy, if all ministers
+of the blessed gospel manifested the same commendable interest for the
+spiritual welfare of the negroes, as this Huguenot pastor.
+
+About the period of the French war, he writes, June 5, 1758, 'that since
+the war broke out, there have been great alterations in his
+congregations, which have lost many of their members by removals, and by
+enlisting in the king's service, and by death; nevertheless, the number
+of his communicants is seventy-four, and he has baptized, within the
+present half year, fifteen white and five black children.'
+
+The ministry of this faithful Huguenot terminated on the earth, by his
+death in July, 1760. His biographer esteemed him a 'simple-minded,
+conscientious man, who for thirty-seven years continued faithfully to
+discharge the duties of his mission.' His communicants had increased
+from thirty-eight to eighty, and he was greatly beloved by his
+congregation. His remains were interred under the chancel of the old
+French church at New Rochelle, where so long he had watched over the
+little flock of his Master. M. Stouppe was succeeded by the
+
+Rev. MICHAEL HOUDIN, A.M. He was born in France, 1705, educated a
+Franciscan friar, and, on Easter day, 1730, ordained a priest by the
+Archbishop of Treves, and subsequently preferred to the post of superior
+in the convent of the Recollects at Montreal. But, disgusted with
+monastic life, M. Houdin, at the commencement of the French war, left
+Canada and retired to the city of New York. Here, on Easter day, 1747,
+he made a public renunciation of Popery, and joined the Church of
+England. Attaining great proficiency in the English language, in June,
+1750, he was invited by the people of Trenton, N.J., to officiate as a
+missionary in that State.
+
+When he first reached New York with his wife, in June, 1744, Governor
+Clinton, suspicious of all Frenchmen at that moment, confined them to
+their lodgings, guarded by two sentinels. The following day he was
+examined by his Excellency, and learned that 'the French intended to
+attack Oswego with eight hundred men, the French having a great desire
+of being masters of that place.' Then M. Houdin was ordered to reside at
+Jamaica, Long Island, where he complained that his circumstances were
+'very low,' and 'can do nothing to get a living;' that 'his wife and
+himself must soon come to want, unless his Excellency will be pleased to
+take him into consideration.' After this appeal, the authorities advised
+his return to the city, on his taking the oath of allegiance.
+
+For some years, M. Houdin officiated at Trenton and the neighboring
+places as an 'itinerant missionary;' and in 1759 his services were
+required, as a guide, for General Wolfe, in his well-known expedition
+against Quebec. Before marching, he preached to the Provincial troops
+destined for Canada, in St. Peter's church, Westchester, from St.
+Matthew, ch. x. 28: 'Fear not them which kill the body.' And the French
+chaplain escaped the dangers of the war; but his brave General, at the
+very moment of victory, fell mortally wounded, on the Heights of
+Abraham, September 13, 1759. After the reduction of Quebec, he asked
+leave to join his mission again; but General Murray would not consent,
+as there was no other person who could be depended on for intelligence
+of the French movements. While M. Houdin was stationed at Quebec, an
+attempt was made by the Vicar-General of all Canada to seduce him from
+English allegiance, with an offer of great preferment in the Romish
+Church. This pressing invitation found its way into the hands of
+Generals Murray and Gage, when they sent a guard to arrest the
+Vicar-General.
+
+M. Houdin, returning to New York, in 1761, was appointed 'itinerant
+missionary' to New Rochelle, by the 'Venerable Society' of England, 'he
+being a Frenchman by birth, and capable of doing his duty to them, both
+in the French and English languages.' During his incumbency, Trinity
+church, New Rochelle, received its first charter from George III., which
+the present corporation still enjoys with all its trusts and powers. It
+is dated in 1762, and was exemplified by his Excellency George Clinton
+in 1793. In 1763 he writes, complaining that the Calvinists used
+unlawful methods to obtain possession of the church glebe. These were
+the few old French Protestant families who had not conformed to the
+Church of England; and Houdin says of them: 'Seeing the Calvinists will
+not agree upon any terms of peace proposed to them by our church, * * *
+we are in hopes the strong bleeding of their purse will bring them to an
+agreement after New York court.'
+
+The French Protestant preacher continued his pious labors at New
+Rochelle until October, 1766, when he departed this life. He was a man
+of considerable learning, irreproachable character, and esteemed a
+worthy Christian missionary. His remains, which were the last of the
+Huguenot pastors, were interred beneath the chancel of the old French
+church at New Rochelle, and by the side of his predecessors, Boudet and
+Stouppe. Since the removal of this sacred edifice, the ashes of these
+earliest Protestant French missionaries to our land repose beneath the
+public highway, and not a stone tells where they lie, or commemorates
+their usefulness, excellences, or piety. Their silent graves ought not
+thus to remain neglected and unhonored: some monumental record should
+mark the spot where these early Huguenot preachers in America were
+entombed.
+
+Boudet, Stouppe, and Houdin were the last of the Huguenot preachers in
+our land of whose histories we can find anything, and as they never can
+be fully written, we have made a more full record of these fragments
+concerning their memories, than otherwise would have been written.
+Especially let the children of the French Protestants in Westchester
+venerate these men, who were consecrated to sacred offices in the days
+of their pious ancestors, and, like Moses, led them from oppression and
+bondage to the land of Canaan in this Western World.
+
+We might mention many who deserve the honor, among the descendants of
+the New Rochelle Huguenots; but the name of one will suit our
+purpose--JOHN JAY. He was born in New York, from a family originally of
+La Guienne, France; and he was sent, by his fellow citizens to the
+General Congress which assembled at the commencement of the conflict
+between the colonies and England. In 1774 he signed the act of
+association to suspend the importation of British merchandise; in 1779
+he was honored with the presidency of Congress. At the expiration of
+this important post, Mr. Jay was commissioned to represent his country
+at the court of Louis XVI., and he was one of the four commissioners
+who signed, on the 30th November, 1782, the treaty of Versailles, by
+which Great Britain recognized our NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE. A Huguenot,
+ELIAS BOUDINOT, was the first president of the great national
+institution, the American Bible Society; and at his death, bequeathed to
+it a noble benefaction. The French Protestants were always ardent lovers
+of the BIBLE, and John Jay succeeded Mr. Boudinot in his important
+office of president to that noble institution. 'No one in America,' says
+the eminent Dr. Baird, 'need blush at having one of these respectable
+Huguenots among his ancestors;' and Bancroft, the historian of our land,
+recognizes in them that moral elevation of which they gave so many
+proofs in every country where they settled; and he adds: 'The children
+of the French Calvinists have certainly good reason to hold the memory
+of their fathers in great honor.' (Vol. ii, p. 183.) So think we.
+
+
+
+
+MACCARONI AND CANVAS.
+
+X.
+
+A WALK AROUND SEGNI.
+
+
+There are three quiet old places on the Continent that Caper always
+remembers with solemn pleasure--Breda in Holland, Segni in Italy,
+Neufchatel in Switzerland. He reposed in Breda, rested in Segni, was
+severely tranquil in Neufchatel: the real charm of travelling is best
+appreciated when one is able to pause in one's headlong career in some
+such place and meditate over it. Caper paused for many months at Segni.
+
+SEGNI, or Signia, a Latium city of the Volscians, was, after its
+colonization by the Romans, always faithful to the Republic. Strabo,
+Pliny, Plautus, Martial, Juvenal, Silius, Italicus, Dionysius
+Halicarnassus, and Livy, all make mention, in one way or another, of
+this city. Little is known of its history, from the fact that it was
+burned to the ground by the order of the Duke of Alva, viceroy of
+Naples, on the 14th of August, 1557; and in the fire all records of the
+city were destroyed. Its polygonal or Cyclopean walls, of Pelasgic
+origin, still remain in many parts as perfect as they ever were:
+consisting of gigantic blocks of hewn limestone, they are fitted one
+into another with admirable precision; no mortar was used in laying
+them, and there they stand, these well-named Cyclopean walls, for some
+of the stones are 12 feet long by 5 feet wide, firmly as if centuries on
+centuries had not sent a myriad of storms to try their strength. There
+are several gates in these walls, noted among which is one called the
+Saracen's Gate; it is known in architecture from its indicating by its
+form one of the first attempts toward the pointed arch.
+
+In walking through the town, you find here and there bits of middle-age
+architecture, which have escaped ruin; here a door, there a window, of
+graceful design, built around with the rough masonwork for which Segni
+is noted in later days; but the greater number of the houses are
+constructed in the rudest manner, indicating the poverty and ignorance
+of the majority of the inhabitants. It is, however, a decent poverty,
+for, to the credit of the town be it spoken, there was not, when Caper
+was there, a professional beggar, excepting the friars, in or around it.
+
+Taking the first street--if a rough road winding around the top of the
+mountain, and but four or five feet wide, may be called so--Caper saw at
+the doors of the houses, standing chatting to each other, many old
+women, their white hair flying in every direction, who, as they talked,
+knitted stockings; or, with distaff in hand, twirled the spindle, making
+flax into thread for spinning, or wool into woof and web for weaving.
+Hearing a shuttle, he looked in at an open door, and found a young girl
+busily weaving a heavy blue cloth at a queer old loom; not far from her,
+an elderly woman was weaving flax thread into coarse, heavy linen goods.
+Passing along, he heard the whir of millstones, and, entering a house,
+saw a girl working one of the handmills of the country; on a stand,
+where there was a stone basin, the girl turned in the wheat; another
+stone, fitting exactly in the basin, was attached to the ceiling by a
+long pole; catching hold of this, she gave the stone a rotary motion,
+grinding the wheat very fairly.
+
+Suddenly Caper saw in the back part of the room a woman, holding what
+seemed a large, red-headed caterpillar, without any fuzz on it; she was
+evidently nourishing it in the way represented in that famous painting
+'The Roman Daughter,' thus proving that it was a baby. Its resemblance
+to the caterpillar arose from the way it was swathed: around all the
+Segnian infants they wind a strip of knit or woven cloth, about eight
+feet long and four inches wide, fairly mummifying them; then, to crown
+the work, they put on their little bullet heads, a scarlet cap with
+brilliant flowers and ribbons, making the poor babies resemble anything
+but Christian productions. In a neighboring town they hang their babies
+up in a wicker basket, resembling the birch-bark contrivances for our
+Indian papooses.
+
+Continuing his walk, our artist next came to where they were building a
+house; and its future occupant, who was a man of some enterprise and
+action, told Caper, with a long face, that he almost despaired of seeing
+it completed: the harvest came, and almost every workman went off to the
+wheat fields, leaving the house unfinished until they were ready to
+recommence work on it, well knowing that there were no other ones in the
+town able to do their labor; however, those who mixed mortar, carried
+tiles, and stone, and plaster, were hard at work. These laborers were
+girls of from twelve to sixteen years old, and one or two of them, spite
+of dirt and hard labor, were really handsome, with bright, intelligent
+countenances. They earned one paul (ten cents) each a day, and seemed
+contented and happy, joking with each other and laughing heartily nearly
+all the time. Probably our Chippewa Indians would think twice before
+they set the young women of their tribe to hod-carrying as a livelihood;
+but then the Chippewas are savages. The hods carried by these girls on
+their heads were flat, wooden trays, square at each end: once poised on
+the head, they balanced themselves, and were carried around without a
+fall. This carrying on the head, by the women, from an eight-gallon
+barrel of wine down to a sickle or pocket handkerchief, helps to give
+them their straight forms and fine carriage of head, neck, and
+shoulders.
+
+Napoleon the First, in breaking down most of the feudal customs of the
+Papal States, should be regarded by the poor inhabitants as one of their
+greatest benefactors; still, many a remnant of the middle ages remains
+firmly marked in the habits of the country people. Even now the
+inhabitants of the Campagna live, not in isolated houses, but in small
+towns built around the once protecting castle or powerful monastery,
+where, in times past, they fled, when attacked in the fields by the
+followers of some house inimical to the one under whose protection they
+lived. Follow the entire Campagna, from Rome to Naples, by way of
+Frosinone, and you will see the ruins of watch towers, built to warn the
+workmen in the fields of the approaching enemy. Thus, in Segni, although
+the fields cultured by the inhabitants, lay miles away at the foot of
+the mountain, yet every day seven eighths of the 5,000 inhabitants
+walked from four to six miles or more down the mountains to the scene of
+their daily labors, returning the same distance at sunset. Often and
+often Caper saw the mother, unable to leave the infant at home, carry it
+in a basket on her head to the far-away fields, bringing it back at
+night with the additional burden of corn shelled or wheat garnered in
+the field. Trotting along gayly at her side, you may be sure, was the
+ever-present black pig, with a long string wound around his body, by
+which he is attached to some tree or stone as soon as he reaches the
+fields, and thus prevented from rooting where he should not root. The
+day's labor of his mistress finished, she unties him, wraps the string
+around his body, and he follows her up to the town with the docility of
+a well-trained dog.
+
+It is the women, too, who daily walk four or five miles up the mountain
+for their supply of firewood. Arriving at the forest of the commune,
+they collect split wood and fagots, tying them into round bundles, a
+yard long, and two or three feet in diameter, and return to Segni,
+carrying this small woodpile all the way on their heads. It is the
+women, too, who bring water from the fountains for their household use,
+in A copper vessels (_conche_) holding from two to three gallons: these
+are placed on the head, and carried self-balancing sometimes for long
+distances. At a fair held at Frosinone, Caper once saw several women,
+each one carrying on her head two of these conche filled with water, one
+balanced on the other; and this for half a mile up a steep road, from
+the fountain at the foot of the mountain, to the town above.
+
+The women, too, do their fair share of harvesting; they cut the wheat
+with sickles; then, after it is cut, separate the grains from the stalk
+by rubbing a handful of stalks with a small piece of wood in which a
+series of iron rings are placed, making a rude rasp; collecting the
+grains, they then carry them from the fields, sifting them at their
+leisure in a large round sieve, suspended from a triangle of long poles;
+then, on a breezy day, you may see them standing over a large cloth,
+holding a double handful of wheat high above their heads, and letting it
+fall: the wind blows away the chaff, and the clean grain falls on the
+outspread cloth.
+
+In the autumn, when the men are employed in the vintage, comes the
+chestnut season; and then the women, who are not busy in the vineyard,
+and who regard it as a frolic, go for miles up in the mountains,
+collecting the nuts, large as our horse chestnuts. They form no small
+part of the winter stock of food for the mountaineers, while the refuse
+nuts are used to fatten the pet pig. We can have but small conception of
+the primeval look these chestnut woods wear, the trees growing to an
+enormous size, many a one being ten to twelve feet in diameter. The
+weather is glorious during this season: clear, bright, and buoyantly
+refreshing, blow the autumn winds; and as Caper, day after day, wandered
+among the old trees, now helping an old woman to fill a sack with the
+brown nuts, now clubbing the chestnuts from the trees for a young girl,
+he, too, voted chestnut gathering a rare good time. Far off, and now
+near, the girls were singing their quaint wild songs. Thus heard, the
+_rondinella_ sounds well: it is of the woods and deserts; strange,
+barbaric, oriental, bacchantic, what you please, save dawdling
+drawing-room and piano-ic.
+
+To resume the walk around the town: Caper, after leaving the man who was
+employing the sylphide hod-carriers, called in at the shop were cigars
+were sold, and outside of which was a tin sign, on which was painted the
+papal coat-of-arms, and the usual words, indicating that the government
+monopolies, salt and tobacco, were for sale. Having bought some cigars,
+he entered into conversation with the man who kept the store. He
+learned, what he already knew, that everything in the town was done by
+hand, weaving, spinning, thrashing, grinding wheat and corn, &c.
+
+'Do you know,' said Caper, 'that in some countries all these labors are
+done by steam?'
+
+It is dangerous to tell great truths; and after our artist had spoken,
+he saw, by the expression of the man's face, that he had placed himself
+in danger; but suddenly the cigar-seller's face was illuminated with
+intelligence, as he exclaimed:
+
+'Oh, you mean that infernal thing that goes _boo-hoo-hoo_? I saw it when
+I was in Rome, last week: it's going to drag cars to Civita Vecchia on
+the iron road.'
+
+'That's it,' answered Caper, greatly relieved.
+
+'_Benissimo!_ we never had anything of the kind; and what is more, WE
+DON'T WANT ONE!'
+
+Caper walked out, determined to write to New York, and beg some of the
+good people there to save a few missionaries from death among the
+Fejees, and send them to Segni, where there was a wide field open for
+the dissemination of knowledge.
+
+Passing along, he next came to the small square in front of the church,
+where once every week a market was held: here he found a man, who had
+just arrived with fresh fish from Terracina--the Terracina of the opera
+of 'Fra Diavolo.' Among the small fish, sardines, &c., which were
+brought to town that day, in time for Friday's dinner, when every one
+kept _vigilia_, was one large fish, which our artist determined to buy
+and present to his landlord at the inn. He asked its price.
+
+'That fish,' said the fishman, 'is for the dinner of the Illustrissimo
+and Reverendissimo Monsignore the Bishop; and if you were to turn every
+scale in its body into baioccho, _and give them all to me_, you couldn't
+have it.'
+
+Caper was sorely tempted to turn the scales in his own favor, for he
+knew, if he were to pay well, he could bear off the fish triumphantly,
+spite of the seller's declaration; but a thought of the sore affliction
+he would bring into the mind of the fat old gentleman in purple, with a
+gold chain around his neck, who rejoiced in the name of bishop, deterred
+him from his heretical proceeding, and he walked away in deep
+meditation.
+
+The patron saint of Segni is San Bruno; and, to do him honor, every
+other male baby born in the town is called Bruno; so our artist, in his
+walks around town, heard this name howled, cried, screamed, shrieked,
+called, and appealed to, on an average once in five minutes, through the
+hours when the male inhabitants were about and awake. This similarity in
+names was, by no means, accompanied by similarity in appearance, for
+there were more light-haired and blue-eyed men by this name in the place
+than any one, having the popular idea of what an Italian looks like,
+would believe could be found in a town of the same size in America.
+Trying to account for the Norse look of many of the Segnians, and the
+Oriental look of many others, Caper climbed up to the top of the
+mountain above the town, and seating himself in the shadow of the old
+Cyclopean wall, looked down the mountain side to the broad valley below
+him.
+
+'As all roads lead to Rome,'soliloquized he, 'it's no wonder that those
+two famous old ways down there in the valley, the Via Trajana and the
+Via Latina, should have once been passed over by white-haired, blue-eyed
+Goths, and, seeing the old town perched up here, they should have
+climbed up, having strong legs. Once here, they put all the men to the
+sword, made love to the girls, plundered all that was plunderable; drank
+up all the liquor, Sambuca, Rosoglio, 'Rhum di Giamaica,' and Acqua
+viva, they could put their paws on; then, having a call further on, left
+the girls, small babes, and other _impedimenta_ (baggage!), rushing onto
+Rome to settle accounts with their bankers there, like hon-o-rable men.
+_So_ you find many flaxen-haired, sky-eyed people up here, and they are
+rough and bold and independent.
+
+Years and years after them, clambering over the mountains from the
+seacoast, came the Saracens--oh, you were the boys!--and they, being a
+refined and elegantly educated circle, compared with the Goths, of
+course did the same amount of slaughtering and love-making, only more
+refinedly and elegantly; cutting off heads instead of knocking them in;
+and with the gold spoons and other instruments that they found in the
+church, instead of making sword hilts and helmets, they at once worked
+them into graceful, crescent-shaped earrings, and curious rings, chains,
+and brooches, giving them to the girls and winning their hearts in the
+old-fashioned style. The girls, for their part, declared to each other
+that when these odious Moors went away, they would give all the earrings
+and brooches back to the church. But they forgot to; which accounts for
+their wearing them, or those of similar pattern, to this day.
+
+The gentle Saracens, moreover, wishing to introduce their own school of
+music, taught the girls to sing; proof of which is the horrible songs
+the contadini still have, resembling in no wise pious Christian hymns,
+but rather a cross between a growl to Odin and a yell to Allah! A growl
+to Odin, for the girls could not forget the Goths, albeit they only knew
+them through reports of their foremothers.
+
+Then the Saracens turned their attention to crockery ware, pots, pans,
+and water jars; forming like fruits and flowers the yielding clay, and
+establishing models that are every hour to be seen around one in this
+old nest. Clothes, too, they thought, should be made as they saw 'fit;'
+and, accordingly, head-dresses and dresses, under garments, &c., _a la
+Saracenesca_, were all the rage; and as the colors were in no wise
+sombre or melancholy to behold, the girls took kindly to them, and,
+slightly modified, wear them still. When you see the _pane_, the white
+cloth worn on the women's heads, remember it was once an Oriental
+_yashmak_, falling around and concealing the face of the Italian lady
+love of a Saracen; but when the Saracens departed, they rolled up the
+veil and disclosed to delighted Christians the features of Rita or
+Maria, who figured for a time as Zoe or Fatima.
+
+With their religion, the Saracens were not so successful--they could not
+make it popular; so they waived this point, contented with having set
+the fashions, and introduced their own style of music, crockery, and
+jewelry.
+
+Thus reflecting, Caper stopped short, regarded his watch, found it was
+near dinner time--the pastoral hour of noon-day--and then turned to walk
+down to the inn. On his way he passed a store having French calicoes in
+the window, and mourned in his heart to think how short a time it would
+be before these became popular, and the homemade picturesque dresses of
+the female Segnians would be discarded. The time, too, was fast
+coming--with the railroad from Rome to Naples--when travellers will
+overrun these mountain towns, and the price of board shoot up from forty
+cents to a dollar or two: then the inhabitants will learn geography and
+become mercenary, and will learn arithmetic and blaspheme (in their way)
+at _forestieri Inglese_, _Americani_, _Francese_, or _Tedeschi_, and
+cheat them. Then the peace of the Volscians will have departed, never,
+oh, never more to return.
+
+Then the women will wear--bonnets! and cheap French goods; will no
+longer look like moving woodyards, bringing fagots on their heads down
+mountain sides; no longer bear aloft the graceful _conche_ filled with
+sweet water from the fountain, for hydraulic rams will do their
+business; no longer lead the sportive pig to pastures new, but pen him
+up, and feed him when the neighbors are not looking on! These days will
+sorely try the men: now they labor in the fields in shirts and drawers,
+never thinking of putting on their pantaloons until they return to the
+very gates of the town, where, at sunset, you may see them, ten or
+twelve deep, thus employed before entering the city; but in the future
+they will have to observe _les convenances_ and make their toilette in
+the fields. This they will do with great grumbling, returning homeward,
+and they will sing _rondinelle_ bearing severely on the _forestieri_ who
+have ruined the good old pod-augur days when they made _vendetta_
+without trouble: thus reflecting, the donkeys they ride, while their
+wives walk and carry a load, will receive many virulent punches intended
+for other objects.
+
+'Signor Giacomo, dinner is served,' said the landlord, as Caper entered
+the old inn.
+
+Cool wine, roast lamb, wild pigeons, crisp salad, with a broiled
+partridge; great bunches of luscious grapes, figs freshly picked, _and_
+maccaroni a la Milanese. Such was our artist's dinner that day.
+Patriarchally simple of a necessity; but, then, what can you expect in a
+town where the British Lion has never yet growled for a bushel of raw
+beef when he is fed, or swore at the landlord for not having a pint of
+hay boiled in hot water (tea?) for breakfast, when he is nervous?
+
+
+FIVE FAIRS AND FESTIVALS.
+
+Do not believe, in spite of all you hear about the benighted Papal
+States, that the people spend their holidays groaning and begging to
+depart from this vale of tears: on the contrary, the ignorant wretches
+believe in enjoying every moment of life; and, to judge by the Segnians,
+who are by no means dyspeptical, they do so with all their might. They
+know, if they fall sick, good Doctor Matteucci attends them carefully
+and well, without any charge, for he receives a salary from the commune.
+They know, if they have good health and do their work, they will be
+rewarded every now and then with a holiday, in which religion is so
+tempered with lottery tickets, wine drinking, fireworks, horse races,
+and trading, that, shorn lambs as they are, paying to the church three
+cents for every twenty-five pounds of corn they may grind, and as large
+a portion of their crops for the rent of the lands they till, they still
+have jolly good times at the fairs and festivals in their own and
+neighboring towns.
+
+Every town has its patron saint, and it is in honor of his day that they
+hold one grand festival each year. To accommodate temporal affairs, a
+fair is also held on the same day, so that the country people of the
+neighborhood may purchase not only the necessaries, but the simple
+luxuries they need or long for.
+
+Besides the only principal festival and fair in Segni to San Bruno,
+already described, they had three minor celebrations of minor saints,
+substitutes, as Rocjean declared, for Pomona, Bacchus, and Ceres:
+certainly, the saints' days fell very curiously about the same time
+their predecessors were worshipped.
+
+It is, however, of five festivals and fairs held in five neighboring
+towns, that the present chapter treats; so let the drums beat while our
+three artists proceed to enjoy on paper the days they celebrated.
+
+One evening, the vetturino, Francesco, came to the trio and told them
+that on the next day but one, Sunday, there would be a fair and _festa_
+at Frosinone, a town about twenty-three miles from Segni, and that if
+they wished to go, he had three seats to hire in his _vettura_. Having
+heard that the costumes to be seen there were highly picturesque, and
+anxious to study the habits of the people in holiday guise, our artists
+determined to go. At daybreak on the appointed morning, having
+breakfasted and filled their flasks with wine, they started with a guide
+to walk down to Casa Bianca, a small _osteria_, distant, as the guide
+assured them, about two miles; three miles, as Francesco swore to; four
+miles, as Gaetano, the landlord declared; and six miles as Caper and
+Rocjean were ready to affirm to. Down the mountain road they scrambled,
+only losing their patience when they found they had to wade a small
+marsh, where their tempers and polished boots were sorely tried. Once
+over, they reached Casa Bianca, and found the vettura there, having
+arrived an hour before from Rome, thirty odd (and peculiar) miles
+distant; and now with the same horses they had to make twenty-three
+miles more before ten A. M., according to agreement. Rocjean and Caper
+sat outside the carriage, while Dexter sat inside, and conversed with
+two other passengers, cheerful and good-natured people, who did all in
+their power to make everybody around them contented and jolly.
+
+The road went through the fertile Sacco valley; right and left rich
+pasture grounds, or wheat and corn fields; the mountains on either side
+rising in grandeur in the early sunlight, their tops wreathed with veils
+of rising mist. They soon passed Castelaccio (the termination _accio_ is
+one, according to Don Boschi, of vilification; consequently, the name
+may be translated Bigbad Castle): this castle belongs to Prince
+Torlonia, apropos of which prince it is rather singular that all his
+money cannot buy good Latin; for any one may read at Frascati, staring
+you in the face as it does, as you wind up the villa, engraved on a
+large marble tablet, an inscription touching
+
+   TORLONIA ET UXSOR EJUS, ETC.
+
+UXSOR may be Latin, but it is the kind that is paid for, and not the
+spontaneous gift of classic Italy.
+
+The carriage next passed through Ferentino, _Ferentinum_ of the
+Volscians, where it stopped for a time to let Rocjean see the stone
+called _La Fata_, whereon is inscribed the noble generosity of
+Quintilius Priscus, who gave _crustula_ and _mulsum_ (cakes and mead) to
+the old people; _sportulae_ (cold victuals?) to the decurions, and _nucum
+sparsiones_ (a sprinkling of nuts) for the small children.
+
+After which antiquarian research, and a drink of wine at the _Hotel des
+Etrangeres_, the trio called loudly on Francesco to drive on; for the
+name of the inn suggested similar signboards, Hotel d'Angleterre, Hotel
+Vitoria, Hotel des Isles Brittaniques, at all of which one or other of
+our travellers had been savagely fleeced.
+
+The carriage at last arrived at the tavern, at the foot of the mountain
+on which Frosinone stands, and our artists found that the ascent must be
+made on foot: this, in the face of the broiling sun, was equal to two
+hot baths at least. However, they determined to take it easily, and
+accordingly tarried for a while by an old bridge crossing a small
+stream, running bright and clear, where cattle were drinking; then they
+stopped at the neighboring fountain, where the girls were filling copper
+water jars, and dusty contadini were washing themselves in order to
+present a clean face at the fair; and listened with pleasure to the
+hearty laughter and holiday jests bandied about with profusion. Thus in
+refreshed spirits they commenced the ascent.
+
+On the brow of the mountain, in front rank of the houses of the city,
+arose the walls of what they thought at first glance was a very large
+factory; they subsequently learned it was a male-factory or prison;
+this, with the governor's palace and other lofty buildings, gives
+Frosinone a stately air, only lost on entering the place and finding
+the streets narrow, steep, and not particularly clean. On entering the
+street leading to the main gate of entrance, their ears were saluted by
+the squealing and grunting of many hogs collected together in small
+droves, on both sides the way, for sale or barter. Here stood a bronzed
+peasant, dressed only in shirt and drawers, with boots up to his knees;
+a steeple crowned straw hat, with a large carnation pink in it, shading
+his closely shaved face, on which no hair was seen save two long curls
+pendent in front of his ears, while the back part of his head was shaved
+nearly as smooth as his face. This man held in his arms a small pig in a
+violent state of squeals. Mixed up among the pigs were many women
+dressed in lively colored costumes, looking graceful and pretty, and
+gaining added effect from the dark tones of the old gray houses around
+them. Advancing upward, at times at angles of forty-five degrees and
+more, through narrow streets crowded with picturesque houses (if they
+did threaten to tumble down), they at last reached the Piazza: here the
+squeeze commenced, crockery, garlic, hardware, clothing, rosaries and
+pictures of the saints, flowers; while donkeys, gensdarmes, jackasses,
+and shovel hats, strangers, and pretty girls were all pressing with
+might and main--they did not seem to know where--probably to the nearest
+wine shops, which were driving a brisk trade.
+
+Reaching an inn, our artists ordered dinner, and amused themselves,
+while it was being prepared, looking out of the window at the crowds in
+the street beneath. On the opposite side of the way were two open
+windows, evidently 'behind the scenes' of the main church, since many of
+the principal actors in the ceremonies were here attiring themselves in
+curious robes prior to their appearing in public. A tallow-faced looking
+youth, with no hair on the extreme crown of his head, while swinging a
+long wax candle around, struck a fat old gentleman, with a black silk
+gown and white lace bertha over it, in the back; whereupon, I regret to
+write it, the fat old gentleman struck the tallow-faced youth the
+severest kind of a blow below the belt, entirely contrary to the rules
+of the P. R. Dexter, having watched the performance, at its conclusion
+shouted for very joy; whereupon the stout man, raising his eyes, saw in
+the opposite windows the three _forestieri_, and I do assure you that
+such a look of malevolence as crossed his face for a moment contained
+all the Borgias ever knew of poisons and assassinations. Luckily, the
+artists did not have to go to confession to that man.
+
+Dinner finished, Rocjean proposed a walk. They first went to the old
+church, but found its interior ruined with whitewash and tawdry
+decorations. The music, however, was excellent, but the crowd of
+worshippers intense; so they repaired to the cattle market, in the
+piazza in front of the prison. They had been there but a short time,
+before the procession in honor of the patron saint of Frosinone, whose
+full-length seated effigy was carried by bearers, passed them. Along
+with other emblems borne by priests or laymen was a cross, apparently of
+solid wood, the upright piece fully twelve feet long, and as large round
+at the base as your thigh; the transverse piece of the cross was
+proportionately large; this was borne with ease by a moderate-sized man.
+Caper was at a loss to account for the facility with which the bearer
+handled pieces of timber as large as small joists of a house; so he
+asked a good-natured looking citizen standing near him, if that wooden
+cross was not very heavy?
+
+'Eh! that heavy? Why, it's not wood; it's made of stove-pipes!'
+
+The citizen also told Caper that the seated effigy of the patron saint
+had had a hard time of it some years ago, for the country around
+Frosinone suffering from a long drought, the inhabitants had in vain
+prayed, begged, and supplicated the aforementioned saint to send them
+rain; but he remained obdurate, until at last, seeing him so stubborn,
+they seized him, in spite of the priests, carried him down to the
+bridge, neck and heels, and threatened him, by all his brother and
+sister saints, to put him to bed--bed of the stream (it was nearly
+dry)--unless he speedily gave them a good supply of rain. In a couple of
+days, sure enough, the rain came down, and in such torrents, that there
+was a grand rush of the country people from the vicinity, begging the
+saint to hold up. Since that time he has behaved very decently, and just
+now is in high favor.
+
+There were some fine cattle at the fair; and Dexter, noticing a peculiar
+and becoming headdress to several of the long-horned oxen, made of the
+skin of some animal, ornamented with bright-colored strips of woollen
+with tassels at the end, tried to purchase a pair, but found the owners
+generally unwilling to sell them: however, one man at last agreed to
+sell a pair made of wolf-skin, with bright red, yellow, and green strips
+and tassels, for a fair price, and Dexter at once bought them--as a
+study, and also as an ornament for his studio.
+
+The tombola in the Piazza Tosti drew together a large crowd; and then it
+was that Rocjean was in his element, Caper delighted, and Dexter
+rejoiced in the study of costumes and motives for paintings. The straw
+hats worn here looked more picturesque than the black felt conical hats
+of the other end of the valley, but the 'soaplocks' of the men were
+villanous. The women were brilliant in holiday attire, among their
+dresses showing that half-modern Greek, half Neapolitan style, uniting
+the classic with the middle age. The _ciociare_, as those who wear
+_ciocie_ or sandals are called, were there in full force: one of these
+men, with whom Rocjean had a long conversation, told our artist that the
+price paid for enough leather for a pair was forty cents. Each sandal is
+made of a square piece of sole leather, about twelve inches long by five
+inches wide, and is attached to the foot by strings crossing from one
+side to the other, and bending the leather into the rough resemblance of
+a shoe. The leather is sold by weight, and the _ciociara_ declared that
+sandals were far better than shoes.
+
+'But, when it rains, your feet are wet,' suggested Rocjean.
+
+'_Seguro_' (certainly), answered _ciociara_.
+
+'And when it snows, they are wet; and when it is muddy, they won't keep
+the mud out; and when it's dusty, where is the dust?'
+
+'Down there in the Campagna!' answered the man. 'But you seem to forget
+that we wrap cloths over our feet and legs, as high as the knee, and tie
+them all on with strings; or else our women knit brown woollen leggings,
+which cover our feet and legs. Well, good or bad, they are better for
+_us_ (_noi oltri_) than shoes.'
+
+Fireworks and a ball at the Governor's palace closed that saint's day;
+and the next afternoon our artists left the town to return to Segni; but
+as toward midnight they began to ascend the long, steep road leading to
+the town, they were overtaken by a thunderstorm, which for grandeur
+equalled anything that Caper at least had ever seen. The lightning was
+nearly incessant, at one flash revealing the valley below them, and
+distant mountain peaks after peaks trembling in white light, then all
+black as black could be; patches of road in front of the old carriage,
+silver one second, sable another; while the thunder cracked and roared,
+echoing and reechoing from rock to rock, ringing away up the wild gorge
+around which the road wound. The rain fell in torrents, and pebbles and
+stones loosened from the mountain sides came falling around them.
+Francesco, the driver, on foot, urged the tired horses onward with
+blows and the most powerful language he could bring to bear; he accused
+the off-horse of being a pickpocket and an _arciprete_, and a robber of
+a small family, of which Francesco assured him he knew he was the
+father. Then the mare Filomena came in for her share of vilifications,
+being called a '_giovinastra_ (naughty girl), a _vecchierellaccia_ (vile
+old hag), a--' Here the rain, pebbles, lightning, and thunder
+interrupted the driver, and Rocjean told him to take breath and a pull
+at his flask, which was filled with _Sambuca_. Thus refreshed, although
+soaked to the skin, Francesco livened up, and from despondency passed to
+hope, then to joy, finally landing the old carriage near the gate of
+Segni, in time for the artists to see far below them the clouds rolling
+rapidly away, and hear the thunder grumbling far off, over some other
+town, some other benighted travellers.
+
+VALMONTONE was the next town visited, and the festival in honor of its
+patron saint, Luigi Gonzago, was a decided success; the singing in the
+church operatically excellent; a good-sized tombola; a funny dinner in
+the back room of a grocery store, one half of the floor of which was
+covered with shelled corn, while the other half was occupied by the
+united legs of two tables, a dozen chairs, four dogs, one cat, six male
+and three female country people. There was a lamb roasted whole, a small
+barrel of wine, plenty of bread, find-your-own-knives-and-be-happy
+dinner. Coming out of this small den, and passing a fine large house,
+opposite the grand palace of the Prince of Valmontone, behold an Italian
+acquaintance of Caper's standing in a balcony with a very handsome
+woman; another moment, and Caper was invited in, and passed from poverty
+to wealth in the twinkling of an eye. Rooms full of guests, tables
+covered with damask linen, silver, flowers, crystal glasses, delicate
+food (too late!), good wine (just in time!), charming ladies.
+
+'_Condessa_, permit me to present Signor' Cahpeer, Americano.'
+
+A rich, full, musical voice, lovely eyes, a brilliant toilette--is it
+any wonder the heart of our artist beat _con animo_, when the beautiful
+woman welcomed him to Valmontone, and hoped it would not be his last
+visit. Other introductions, other glasses of sparkling wine--then off
+for the street, excitement, music, coffee, and a cigar; pretty girls
+with tender eyes; the prince's stables, with hawks nailed to the doors,
+and blood horses in their stalls; contadini, cowbells, jackasses; ride
+home on horseback by moonlight; head swimming, love coming in, fun
+coming out. Exit festival the second.
+
+GAVIGNANO was the scene of the third festival; it is a small town, lying
+at the foot of Segni. Caper went there on horseback, and, after a
+regular break-neck ride down the mountain, the path winding round like a
+string on an apple, arrived there in time to escape a pouring rain, and
+find himself in a large hall with three beautiful sisters, the Roses of
+Montelanico, numerous contadini friends, and the wine bottles going
+round in a very lively and exhilarating manner. The rain ceasing, Caper
+walked out to see the town, when his arm was suddenly seized, and,
+turning round, who should it be but Pepe the rash, Pepe the
+personification of Figaro: a character impossible for northern people to
+place outside of a madhouse, yet daily to be found in southern Europe.
+Rash, headstrong, full of deviltry, splendid appetite, and not much
+conscience--volatile, mocking, irrepressible.
+
+Pepe seized Caper by the arm with a loud laugh, and, only saying,
+'_Evviva_, Signor' Giacomo, come along!' without giving him breathing
+time, rushed him up narrow streets, down dirty alleys, through a crowd
+of mules, mud, and mankind, until they both caught a glimpse of a small
+church with green garlands over the door. Hauling Caper inside, he
+dragged him through a long aisle crowded with kneeling worshippers,
+smashed him down on a bench in front of the main altar, tearing half a
+yard of crimson damask and nearly upsetting the priest officiating; and
+then, while Caper (red in the face, and totally unfit to hear the fine
+chorus of voices, among which Mustafa's, the soprano, came ringing out)
+was composing himself to listen, Pepe grabbed him with a 'Music's over;
+_andiamo_ (let's go). Did you hear Mustafa? _Bella voce_, tra-la-leeeee!
+Mustafa's a contadino; I know his pa and ma; they changed him when only
+five years old. Thought he was a Turk, didn't you? He sings in the
+Sistine chapel. Pretty man, fat; positively not a sign of a beard.'
+
+Struggling to escape, Caper was rushed out of church, and into a _caffe_
+to have a tumblerful of boiling coffee poured down his throat, and again
+be expressed up hill at a break-neck rate, catching sights of
+tumble-down old houses, mud, water, flowers, peasants, costumes,
+donkeys, until he was landed in the Gran' Piazza. Whew!
+
+'Must see the hall where the concert is to-night. Beautiful girl,
+_bellisima, pfisp!_ (imitating kiss) girl from Rome; sings three pieces,
+Ernani, Norma, _pfisp!_ Come along!
+
+Smack, bang! into the hall, where the silence and presence of a select
+few, including Monsignore and the Governatore in council assembled,
+commanded silence: Pepe wouldn't hear of it anywheres, so again they
+were in the open air; the band was playing good music in the square, the
+tombola was about to commence, and contadini were busy with pencils and
+tickets, ready to win the eighty scudi put up.
+
+Tombola commenced, and Pepe at once supervised all the tickets within
+reach. 'Bravo, twenty-seven! you've got it, Tonio; scratch it, my
+lamb.--You haven't, Santi, _poverino mio_.--It's _non c'e_,
+Angeluccio.--Ah, Bruno, always lucky.--Fifty-four, _Santa Maria_, who
+would have thought it?--_Caro_ Bernardo, _only_ one more number to win
+the terno!'
+
+Somebody won the tombola at last, and Pepe told Caper he should wait for
+the fireworks and the concert. 'Beautiful girl, ah, _bella_, sings three
+pieces;' here he burst out with that song
+
+   _'Ninella mia di zucchero,
+   Prende 'sto core, ed abbraccialo;_'
+
+not waiting for the end of which, Caper interrupted him by saying that
+he should not wait for the evening, as he intended returning to Segni at
+once.
+
+'Will you?' asked Pepe. 'Oh, _bravo!_ good idea. Concert room will be
+crowded to suffocation; get hot, perspire, catch cold. Fireworks
+nothing. I'll go with you; great fools to wait. Here is a wine-shop; let
+us refresh!'
+
+In they went, and finished a quart, after which Pepe proposed visiting
+another wine-shop, where they had some frascati, good and sweet. So he
+hurried Caper along so fast through mud and narrow streets, all the way
+down hill, that his feet could not begin to hold on the slippery stones,
+and both went ahead on the plan of not being able to stop; at last they
+reached a landing place, where the wine was sold; hastening in, they
+nearly fell over a tall, splendid-looking girl, who was standing in the
+hall.
+
+'_Iddio!_ it's my _cara_ Giulia, lovely as ever. Come with us and finish
+a bottle; this is our friend Giacomo, Americano, brave youth,
+_allegro_!'
+
+'It pleases me well to make the acquaintance of the Signor; I have often
+seen him in Segni--'
+
+'And _now_ you'll fall in love with him,
+
+   _E tu non pienz' a mi_,''
+
+sang Pepe. 'This comes of my headlong hurry introducing pretty girls to
+interesting strangers. Ah, _bella_, Giulia!
+
+'_Zitto!_ Pepe, and pour me out a glass of wine.'
+
+Pepe poured out the wine, one glass after another. Suddenly springing
+from his seat, he said, 'Wait here a minute. I see Gaetano: will be back
+again _prestissimo!_'
+
+He went, and Caper and Giulia were left seated, talking merrily over the
+wine. There were stars shining when Giulia bid good night to Caper, yet
+Pepe did not return; he had seized some new idea, may-be the pretty
+Roman who sang at the concert. Then Caper saddled his horse and rode out
+into the night--glad that he had met black-eyed Giulia.
+
+The night rides up the mountain! Here's romance, real and beautiful. Are
+you not treading an old Roman road, over which the legions have marched
+to victory, war chariots rattled? Up the mountains, on the old road once
+leading over the mountains to Terracina, the _Tarracina_ of the Romans,
+who made it one of their naval stations; up that road you go, trusting
+solely to your horse, one slip of whose foot would send you into
+eternity _via_ a ravine some hundred feet sheer down. Here, bright light
+from a _casina_ where the contadini are loading mules with grapes to be
+pressed in the city up there near the stars! High above you, nothing but
+a wall of black rock, up, up, so high! Stars gleaming down, the comet
+tailing from side to side of the ravine, while the path in the ragged,
+jagged, storm-gullied rock is so dark you see nothing: your horse stops,
+his hind feet slip--no! he clings, his hoofs are planted firm; up he
+goes, and there, in the hands of Providence, you are tossed and pitched,
+as he winds up and plunges down. The merry ringing, jingling bells of
+mules ahead, and the voices of their drivers: turn a corner, and the
+bright light of torches flashes in your eyes. Look again and earnestly
+at the beautiful scene: mules, drivers, black rocks, olive trees above,
+all flamboyant in the ruddy light, appearing and disappearing; a weird,
+wild scene. Up, up, long is the way; past the fountain where the stars
+are flashing in the splashing waters; past gardens; past the mountain
+path at last. _Ecco_, the inn of Gaetano.
+
+ANAGNI held its festival in honor of San Magno (_Prottetore della
+Citta_) on the 19th day of August. Gaetano, the landlord, invited Caper
+to attend it, putting his famous white horse at the disposal of the
+artist, accompanying him on a small bay beast that was extremely fond of
+showing his heels to the surrounding objects. Leaving Segni about ten
+o'clock in the morning, they had hardly reached a bridle path down the
+mountain, nothing more in fact than a gully, when they were joined by a
+cavalcade of four other Segnians. One of them, the 'funny fellow' of the
+party, was mounted on a very meek-looking donkey, and enlivened the hot
+ride across the valley of the Sacco by spasmodic attempts to lead the
+cavalcade and come in ahead of the others. He had a lively time as they
+approached the city, and a joke with every foot passenger on the way;
+but Gaetano, whose reserve was one of his strong points, and who was
+anxious to enter Anagni under favorable auspices, gave the word to
+Caper, and in a few minutes they left cavalcade and donkey-rider far
+behind.
+
+Anagni, the ancient _Anagnia_, was the capital of the Hernici. The
+favorite residence, in the middle ages, of several of the popes, it
+still shows in its building marks of the wealth it once enjoyed. Having
+stabled their horses with a friend of Gaetano's, who insisted on their
+finishing the best part of a _bottiglia_ of red wine with him, the
+artist, under the landlord's guidance, set out to see the town. They
+climbed up street to the cathedral, a fine old pile trembling with music
+and filled with worshippers, paintings of saints in extremis, flowers,
+wax candles, votary offerings, and heat; then coming out, and feeling
+wolfish, looked round for a place where they could find dinner! Here it
+was! a scene that would have cheered Teniers: a very large room, its
+walls brown with smoke; long wooden tables, destitute of cloth, but
+crowded with country people eating, drinking, talking, enjoying
+themselves to the utmost extent. Forks were invisible, but every man had
+his own knife, and Caper, similarly provided, whipped out his long
+pocket weapon and commenced an attack on roast lamb and bread, as if
+time were indeed precious. Wine was provided at Fair price; and, with
+fruit, he managed to cry at last, 'Hold, enough!'
+
+Gaetano, having a message for a young priest in the seminary there,
+asked Caper how he would like to see the interior of the building, and
+the way the _prete_ lived? Caper assenting, they entered a fine large
+establishment with broad walls and high ceilings, and mounting to the
+second story and knocking at the door of a chamber, they were admitted
+by a tall, thin, sallow young man, about eighteen years old, evidently
+the worse for want of exercise, and none the stronger minded for his
+narrow course of education and instruction.
+
+Gaetano introduced Caper to the young priest, and the artist, who, a
+moment before entering the room, was as lively as the Infant Bacchus, at
+once became melancholy as the Infant Samuel, and a feeling of such pity
+seized him, that, endeavoring not to show it, he turned it into a
+sentiment of interest in the young priest and his surroundings, admiring
+the beautiful view from the window, and, turning inward to a poor wreath
+of paper flowers hanging over a holy-water fount attached to the wall,
+praised for their resemblance to natural flowers. (Was that untruth
+unforgiven?)
+
+'I made them,' said the young priest; 'but they are nothing to the ones
+I have made for our church in Montelanico. I will show those to you.'
+Opening a large paper box, he showed Caper wreaths and festoons of paper
+flowers. 'I have spent weeks on weeks over them,' he continued, 'and
+they will decorate the church at the next _festa_. I spend all my
+leisure hours making artificial flowers.'
+
+In answer to a question from Caper of the dress he then wore was the
+usual one worn by the seminarists on important occasions, the young
+priest answered him that it was not, and at once produced the full
+dress, putting on the upper garment, a species of cassock, in order to
+show him how it looked. He next called his attention to a curious old
+work, full of engravings illustrating the different costumes of the
+different orders of priests, and was in full discourse to describe them
+all, when Gaetano told him that he was sorry, but that he had to go, as
+he had some matters to attend to at the fair. So Caper bid the young
+priest good-by, saying he regretted that he had not time to further
+study the ecclesiastical costumes. A feeling of relief seized him when
+he was once more in the open air--thoughts of gunning, fishing,
+fighting, anything, so long as it was not the making paper flowers by
+that poor, pale-faced boy: it was terrible!
+
+There are several resident families in Anagni having titles; these are
+known as the _stelle d'Anagni_ (stars of Anagni), and number among the
+ladies many beautiful faces, if those pointed out to him were the true
+stars. But it was, while smoking a cigar over a cup of coffee, that he
+saw enter the cafe without exception one of the loveliest and most
+attractive women he met in Italy. The word _simpatica_, so often used by
+Italians, expressing, as it does, so much in so short a space, exactly
+applied to the charming woman who passed him, as she entered the room
+where he was seated. She was accompanied by several gentlemen, one of
+whom, on whose arm she leaned, having the most character of all the
+others in his face, and the finest-looking man in figure and carriage,
+Caper selected as her husband--and he was right.
+
+Gaetano, having finished his business, soon entered the cafe in company
+with a dashing, handsome-looking man, in half ecclesiastical costume;
+for though he wore a shovel hat and long-tailed black frock coat, yet
+his other clothes, though black, had the air of being made by an _a la
+mode_ tailor. His manner was cordial, frank, hearty. He proposed a walk
+around the town, to see what was going on among the _villani_. Caper
+calling his attention to the lady mentioned above, the ecclesiastic,
+making his excuses for his sudden leave, at once hurried over to salute
+her, and was evidently very cordially received. He returned in a few
+minutes to Caper.
+
+'It is the _Principessa ----_, and she insists on having an introduction
+to the American. She is making the _villegiatura_ among these mountain
+towns for a frolic. She will be in Segni, with her husband, the Signor
+----, and it will be pleasant for you to know them while there.'
+
+'Introduce me by all means. She is the most beautiful woman I have seen
+in Italy.'
+
+The introduction was made, and our artist surpassed himself in
+conversing intelligibly, much to the delight of the fair Italian and her
+friends, who declared they were prepared to converse with him solely by
+signs. Promising that when they came to Segni he should not fail to call
+upon them, and give them a long account of the savage life he lived
+among his Indian brethren in America, he laughingly bid them good day.
+
+The dashing priest now went with Caper and Gaetano through the crowded
+streets, pointing out objects of interest, architectural and human; past
+booths where all kinds of merchandise was exposed for sale, out to see
+the ancient massive walls of travertine, where divers stunning objects
+were carved, inscriptions, &c. Then they found a wine shop, where it was
+cool and tolerably quiet, and smoked and drank until sunset, having much
+sport conversing with the amiable _villane_, who were as comfortably
+tipsy as their circumstances would permit. At sunset, the Piazza Grande
+was brilliant with hangings, crimson and gold, and colored tapestry hung
+from the windows of the surrounding houses. Here the tombola was held,
+and here the crowd was excited as usual; the lucky ones bearing off the
+prizes were in such rapturous state of bliss--'one might have stuck pins
+into them without their feeling it.'
+
+About sunset, Gaetano and Caper saddled their horses, and left the city,
+striking over the valley to Segni, passing on the road country people
+mounted on donkeys, or travelling along on foot, nine tenths of whom
+were vigorously canvassing--the life of Saint Magno?--no, indeed, but
+the chances of the lottery!
+
+There was to have been the next day, at Anagni, a curious chase of
+buffaloes, in accordance with some passage in the life of San Magno, as
+the people said; but, according to Rocjean, more probably some neglected
+ceremony of the ancient heathens, which the party in power, finding they
+could not abolish, gracefully tacked on to the back of the protector of
+the city. These kind of things are done to an alarming extent around
+Rome; and the Sieur de Rocjean, when he lost his calendar containing the
+dates of all the festivals, said it was of no importance--he had and
+excellent Lempriere!
+
+The fifth festival--if you have patience to read about it--was held at
+GENAZZANO, and was decidedly the most celebrated one of the season. It
+came off on the 8th of September, and for costumes, picturesqueness, and
+general effect, might have been called, to copy from piano literature,
+_Le Songe d'un Artiste_.
+
+The town itself looks as if it had just been kicked out of a theatre.
+Round towers at entrance gates, streets narrow and all up hill, the
+tiles on the houses running down to see what is going on in the gutter,
+quaint old houses, gray with time, with latticed windows, queer old
+doors, a grand old castle in ruins. It is one of the scenes you long so
+much to see before you come abroad, and which you so seldom find along
+the Grande Route. Spend a summer in the mountain towns of Italy! among
+the Volscian mountains or hills--and have your eyes opened.
+
+As Caper entered the gate, the first objects meeting his sight were: a
+procession of genuine pilgrims, dressed precisely as you see them in
+Robert le Diable, or Linda di Chamouni, or on the stage generally--long
+gray robes down to their feet, cocked hats with cockle shells, long
+wands; some barefoot, some with sandals: on they passed, singing
+religious songs. Then came the peasantry, all in perfect theatrical
+harmony, costumes rigidly correct _a la Sonnambula_. German artists
+dressed in Sunday clothes _a la Der Freyschutz_. A cafe with festoons of
+lemon-peel hung from window to window--they are not up to this idea in
+_Fra Diavolo_. Pretty girls in latticed windows, with red boddices,
+white sleeves, flowers in their hair--_legitimate Italian drama_.
+Crockery-ware in piles--_low comedy_. A man with a table, Sambuca and
+Acqua-vita bottles on it, and wee glasses, one cent a drink:
+_melodrama_. Fresh oranges and figs, pumpkin-seed and pine cones; a
+house with mushrooms strung on thread, hanging from window to
+window--this was not for festival display, but is the common way of the
+country. Notices of the _festa_, containing programme of the day,
+including amusements, ecclesiastical and secular, hung up alongside the
+stands where they were selling lottery tickets--_tragedy_. Fountains,
+with groups of peasantry drinking, or watering horses and
+donkeys--_pantomime_. Priests, in crow-black raiment, and canal-boat or
+shovel hats--_mystery_. Strangers from Rome, in the negro-minstrel style
+of costume, if young men; or in the rotund-paunch and black-raiment
+dress, if elderly men; or in the _chiffonee_ style, if Roman women
+attempting the last Parisian fashion--_farce_.
+
+Here are the booths with rosaries, crucifixes, Virgin Mary's holy-water
+holders, medals of Pio Nono, or jewelry; gold crescent earrings,
+_spadine_ (long silver hair pins); silver hearts, legs, arms, for votive
+offerings, and crosses without number.
+
+Caper entered the church; it was filled, and stifling with heat and
+frankincense, and contadini, and wax lights burning before the shrine,
+on which the sun shone. There were beautiful faces among the _pajine_
+(people in fine raiment), showing what can be made from the _contadine_
+(people in coarse clothes) by not overworking them.
+
+Once more our artist was in the pure air, and, walking up the main
+street, came to a house with a beautifully carved stone window, half
+Byzantine, half Gothic, while a house on the opposite side of the street
+boasted of two other windows finely carved. While looking at them, Caper
+was hailed by name, and a stout, fresh-colored English artist, named
+Wardor, whom he had known in Rome, came over and welcomed him to
+Genazzano. Wardor, it turned out, was spending the summer there, as he
+had done the year before; consequently, there was not a nook or corner
+in the old town he did not know; and if he had not been so lazy, he
+could have filled his sketch book with a hundred picturesque studies.
+But no; with the keenest appreciation of every bit of color, every
+graceful pose of a human figure, every beautiful face, every fine effect
+of light or shadow--he made no sign. _His_ legitimate function was
+friendly guide to the stranger, and in this office he carried Caper all
+over the old castle, out to the long shady walk on the esplanade behind
+it, pointed out beautiful views over the valley; finally, showing Caper
+his studio, which, as it was a large room, and his _padrona_ could
+impose on his good nature, was fairly glittering with copper pans, hung
+on the walls when not in use in the kitchen. On an easel was a painting,
+to be called The King of the Campagna; all that was apparent was the
+head and horns of the king. Wardor had thus actually spent three mouths
+painting on a space not so large as your fist, while the canvas was at
+least three feet by two feet and a half. But the king, a buffalo, would
+be a regal figure, for the head was life itself.
+
+Caper proposed finishing a bottle of wine with Wardor, in honor of the
+day; so the latter piloted him up street and then down a flight of steps
+to a quiet wine-shop, where, sitting on a shady terrace, they could
+calmly enjoy the lovely landscape spread below them, and look over the
+town, over the valley, to far-away Segni high up in the Volscians. The
+landlord's wife, a buxom, comely woman, in full holiday costume, brought
+them a flask of cool wine and glasses, presenting them at the same time
+with a couple of very large sweet apples, the largest of which was
+thirteen inches in circumference by actual measurement. So you see they
+have apples as well as oranges in Italy; only, apples are practical, so
+they are generally omitted in the poetical descriptions of the
+blue-skyed land.
+
+Caper and Wardor dined together in a very crowded inn, where the
+maccaroni must have been cooked by the ton, to judge of the sized dish
+the two artists were presented with--and which they finished! Chickens,
+lamb chops, salad, and two flasks of wine at last satisfied them. When
+they left the table, Wardor proposed their calling on a Roman family,
+who were spending the summer in the town. They found the house they
+occupied crowded with guests, who, having finished dinner, were busily
+employed dancing to the music of two guitars and a flute; that is, the
+younger part of them, while the elders applauded vociferously, entering
+into the amusement with a reckless spirit of fun and good nature, which
+people who have to keep shady nine tenths of the year for fear of their
+rulers, are very apt to indulge in the remaining tenth.
+
+Elisa, the daughter of the Roman family, received Caper with hearty
+welcome, chiding him for having been all summer at Segni, and yet not
+coming near them, and entreating him to come to Genazzano and make them
+a long visit. She introduced him at once to her affianced husband, a
+handsome young doctor of the town, a man of sterling ability and sound
+common sense, who very soon made Caper at home, insisted on his dancing
+the _Tarantella_ and _Saltarella Napolitana_ with a lively, lithe young
+lady, who cut our artist's heart to fiddlestrings before they had danced
+five minutes together a polka--for let the truth be told, Caper never
+could dance the Tarantella.
+
+Wardor, in the meantime, had been led off in triumph to a side-table,
+and was making a very hearty second dinner; he not having force of mind
+enough to do like Caper and refuse a good offer! Caper had to drink a
+few tumblers (not wine-glasses) of wine, and found it beneficial in
+dancing. It may be as well to repeat here, in order to calm all
+apprehensions of our artist being a hard drinker, that all these wines
+around Rome, with few exceptions, are little stronger than mild sweet
+cider, and that satiety will generally arrive before inebriety. Ask any
+sober and rigorously correct traveller, who has ever been there, if this
+is not so. If he speaks from experience, he will say: 'Certainly!' 'Of
+course!' 'To be sure!' And again: 'Why not?'
+
+It is not asserted here that the Romans of the city or surrounding
+country never get tipsy; but that it is only occasionally they have
+change enough to do so; consequently, a beautiful state of sobriety is
+observed by those travellers who--never observe anything.
+
+The moon was shining over the old gate-towers of Genazzano when Caper
+mounted his horse, and, in company with two Segnians, rode forth from
+the fifth _festa_, and over the hills through Cavi, and over the valley
+past Valmontone, and then up the steep road to his summer home;
+wondering if in far-away America they were dreaming of a man who was
+going through a course of weekly Fourth-of-July's, and how long it would
+be before the world came to an end if such a state of things existed in
+any country where people had liberty to study geography, and were ruled
+by politicians instead of priests?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'May I ask your candid opinion of the great moral effect of so many
+holidays on an uneducated population?' inquired Caper one day of
+Rocjean, while speaking of the festivals of the Papal States.
+
+'Certainly you may! My opinion is that the head of the state, carrying
+out the gigantic policy of his predecessors, believes: 'That that
+government governs best that gives the greatest amount of fiddling to
+the greatest amount of its children.''
+
+'But,' objected Caper, 'I don't see where the fiddling comes in.'
+
+'In the churches!' sententiously remarked the Sieur de Rocjean.
+
+'Oh,' quoth Caper, 'I was thinking of festivals.'
+
+Reader, do you think likewise, when you are with the Romans.
+
+
+
+
+THOUGHT.
+
+   Life is but an outer wall
+     Round the realm of thought unseen;
+   Ah! to let the drawbridge fall
+   Leading to that magic hall!
+     Ah! to let creation in.
+
+   Kings that with the world contended,
+   What remains of all the splendid
+     Misery their hands have wrought?
+   Hushed and silent now the thunder
+   They have made the world rock under;
+   But the ages bow in wonder
+     To a thought.
+
+   Ah! the many tragic parts
+   That are played by human hearts
+     In that golden drama, fame.
+   These are minor actors truly,
+   That should not be seen unduly,
+   Letting idle recollection
+   Trifle with the play's perfection,
+   Letting an unwritten anguish
+   Make the brilliant pageant languish.
+     Alas for every hero's story,
+   That the woes which chiefly make it
+   Must surge from the heart, or break it,
+     And show the stuff that fashions glory.
+
+   Pyramids and templed wonders
+   At the best are wise men's blunders;
+   The subtle spell of thought and fancy,
+   It is Nature's necromancy.
+   In that land where all things real
+   Blossom into the ideal,
+   In that realm of hidden powers
+   Moving this gross world of ours,
+     He that would inherit fame,
+   Let him on the magic wall
+   Of some bright, ideal hall
+     Write his name;
+   He and glory then shall be
+   Comrades through eternity.
+
+   While the deeds of mighty kings
+   Sleep the sleep of meaner things,
+   Thoughts enclosed in words of granite
+   Revolutionize our planet.
+     And, itself a new creation,
+   Many an enchanted tune,
+   As of nightingale's in June,
+     Comes floating down in long vibration,
+   To the chorus of the hours
+   Lending its harmonial powers,
+   Or through Time's resounding arches
+   Playing Nature's solemn marches,
+   To whose beat the marshalled nations
+   Pass in steady generations.
+
+     But deem not the thoughts unspoken,
+   Silent despots of the brain,
+   Build their airy halls in vain,
+     Die and leave behind no token.
+       As the stars upon the ether
+     Play their golden monody,
+   Flashing on dusk-featured night
+   The soft miracle of light;
+       So upon a finer ether,
+   A spiritual emanation
+   From the whole mind of creation,
+     Plays the brain incessantly;
+   And each thought is a vibration,
+     Running like a poet's rhyme
+     Down the endless chords of time,
+     And on each responsive brain
+     Dropping in a silver rain
+   Of divinest inspiration.
+
+   When the whirlwind rush of war
+   Passes, and is heard no more,
+   Voices crushed beneath its din
+   Rise and their long reign begin;
+   Thoughts like burning arrows hurled
+   At the tyrants of the world,
+   Thoughts that rend like battle axes
+   Till wrong's giant hand relaxes,
+     Thoughts that open prison gates
+   And strike the chains of prostrate limb,
+     That turn the current of the fates,
+   Like God's commissioned cherubim
+   With divine authority
+   To proclaim creation free,
+   And plant in human hearts the seeds
+   That shall grow to noble deeds.
+   Ha! when genius climbs the throne
+   Sacred to oppression grown,
+     And from his seat plucks tyranny;
+   When, with thoughts that pierce like flame,
+   Songs, and every word a fame,
+     She crowns imperial Liberty,
+   Then shall the usurper, glory,
+   End his foul and brutal story,
+   And manhood evermore shall be
+   A synonym of liberty.
+
+
+
+
+'IT STILL MOVES.'
+
+
+   It still goes on. The driving rain
+   May chill, but light will gleam again,
+   It still goes on. Truth's enemy
+   Wins a defeat with victory.
+   It still goes on. Cold winter's snow
+   Comes that the grass may greener grow;
+   And Freedom's sun, whate'er befall,
+   Shines warm and bright behind it all.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE REBELLION.
+
+
+Among all the subjects of human cognizance, the least understood, and
+therefore the most difficult of anticipation, are those which concern
+the acts of men, as individuals or in society. Presumptuous, indeed,
+would be that man who should undertake to foretell the exact results of
+pending political or military operations, complicated as they must be by
+innumerable unknown and undiscoverable contingencies, which lie hidden
+in the circumstances of the actual situation. The difficulty of this
+investigation does not arise, however, from the absence of fixed laws
+controlling such events, but solely from our ignorance of those laws,
+and the extreme complexity of the conditions in which they act. The
+issue of existing causes is as certain as this moment, as it will be
+after it shall have become unalterable in history. No accident can
+disturb or thwart it; for, in truth, there can be no such thing as
+accident, except in our imaginations, and by reason of our incapacity to
+trace the continuous thread of inevitable sequence, or causation, which
+connects together all events whatever, in their inception, through their
+continuance, and to their end. All enlightened thinkers of the present
+age have recognized this great truth; and yet none have been able to
+apply to social and political affairs the sole admitted test of genuine
+philosophy, the prediction of future results from known antecedents.
+Indeed, the wisest and most competent of political observers have always
+been the most cautious in their indulgence of the prophetic spirit, and
+the most ready to acknowledge their ignorance of what the future will
+bring forth in the great field of political and social affairs.
+Gasparin, in his late admirable book, 'America before Europe' (according
+to his American translator), has this very modest passage on this
+subject:
+
+     'Not feeling any vocation for the character of prophet, I shall
+     take care not to recount here, in advance, events that are about to
+     happen. I marvel at people who are so sure of their facts. The
+     future has not the least obscurity for them; it has much for me. I
+     confine myself to protesting against the positive assertions which
+     have contributed but too greatly to mislead the opinion of Europe.
+     My humbles theory is this: the defeat of the South is _probable_;
+     the return of the conquered South to the Union is _possible_.'
+
+But while 'political or military vaticination' is proverbially unsafe,
+and therefore to be carefully avoided by all judicious inquirers, and
+especially by practical statesmen, it must at the same time be admitted
+that some of the general laws controlling such events are well
+understood; and whenever all the facts of a case are known and
+appreciated, and the laws applicable fully comprehended, then it is
+possible to anticipate the results of that particular combination with
+absolute certainty. Other causes may interfere, and modify these
+results--may accelerate of postpone them, or entirely absorb and conceal
+them in the general issue of complicated affairs. Yet the particular
+results themselves are not, and cannot be defeated or annulled. They are
+merely transformed by a sort of 'composition and resolution' of social
+and political causes, exactly similar to that which takes place in
+mechanics, when two or more forces not concurrent in direction, impel a
+body in a line altogether different from that in which either of the
+forces may have acted. Every physical impulse, it is said, which is
+initiated anywhere on the earth, is felt to the extremities of our solar
+system--every motion of the smallest particle of matter communicating
+its effect, however inappreciable, to the most distant planet, and as
+far beyond as the power of gravitation may extend. It is precisely so
+with all social events, even those of the most insignificant character.
+Every one of them has its appropriate influence, which is
+indestructible; and they all combine to make up the great whole of human
+action, the results of which at any specific period are only the
+necessary and inevitable consequences of all antecedent facts.
+
+It was the opinion of that most accomplished political philosopher,
+Burke, that 'politics ought to be adjusted not to human reasonings, but
+to human nature, of which reason is but a part, and by no means the
+greatest part,'--the meaning of which is, simply, that the reasonings do
+not comprehend, as premises, all the complicated facts which enter into
+any important political problem, and hence the conclusion in such cases
+cannot be absolutely certain, and ought not to be implicitly received.
+It would be extremely difficult to explain how politics could be
+adjusted to human nature without the exercise of reason, which alone can
+regulate the process of adjustment. But we may certainly claim that, in
+the lapse of nearly a century since Burke wrote, the reason has been
+considerably enlightened, and something more has been learned of human
+nature itself, its apparently capricious and irregular phenomena having
+been ascertained to be the subjects of systematic order, as complete as
+that which prevails in all other departments of nature. The laws of
+social existence and development have been to some extent discovered,
+and recognized as being uniform in their operation, so that the natural
+and necessary course of human events may be anticipated, though as yet
+in a dim and imperfect way. The present age is fruitful of many wonders;
+but the greatest of them all is this important truth, which has just
+begun fairly to dawn upon mankind. It is already so firmly established,
+that no intelligent man who is fully up with the knowledge of his epoch,
+can admit the least doubt that all events, however complicated, whether
+social, political, military, or of any other kind, are controlled by
+general laws, as uniform and certain in their operation as the laws of
+astronomy, of physics, or of chemistry. The complexity of conditions
+under which they operate, makes these laws extremely difficult of
+discovery and of application. But the infinite combinations of
+influences which press on minds of individual members of society, and
+make the acts of each one of them apparently uncertain and arbitrary,
+exhibit a truly wonderful degree of uniformity, when considered in their
+operation on the whole mass of a nation. It is by the investigation of
+these wide and general effects, that the great laws of human action and
+development are ascertained. Their actual existence is absolutely
+certain. But after all, in the present state of our knowledge, with all
+the light afforded by such history as we have of the past, and with all
+the experience of the present generation, the sum and substance of what
+we can claim is no more than this: that some influences of a social and
+political nature may be traced to their certain results, though, from
+the intricacy of all social facts, their vast extent in a great nation,
+and especially when international interests are concerned, and from our
+necessarily imperfect acquaintance with all these varied, multiplex, and
+powerful conditions, we cannot always foresee what conflicting causes
+will intervene to counteract, modify, and control the actual issue. It
+is therefore only in the most general way that anything can be said with
+reference to the future in social or political affairs.
+
+In two former articles contributed to THE CONTINENTAL, we have
+endeavored to point out 'the causes of the rebellion,' finding them in
+events and conditions contemporaneous with the birth of our
+institutions, and in the necessary antagonism of social and political
+principles naturally developed in the progress of our country, and
+embodied in appropriate but conflicting forms. If we have been
+successful in designating the real causes, and tracing their operation
+through successive stages, down to the tremendous and calamitous events
+of the present day, we may hope to follow these causes, to some extent,
+in their further development, and in their necessary action on the
+destiny of the nation. We can at least mark the direction of the stream
+of affairs as it rolls grandly before us; and while we may not know
+precisely through what regions it will take its course, or by what
+rapids and over what cataracts it will be hurried and precipitated with
+furious and destructive force, we can nevertheless pronounce with
+confidence that it will finally make its way, in spite of all
+obstructions, to the broad and peaceful ocean of amelioration, into
+which all the currents of human action, however turbid, and filled with
+wrecks of human work and genius, eventually pour their inevitable
+tribute. We can even look through the mists of time which limit mortal
+vision, and catch some glimpses of the bloody current, observing where
+it disappears in gloom and shadow, only to come forth again in the
+distance as a shining river, glistening in the sunlight of peace and
+prosperity, and bearing on its bosom the full-freighted ark of a mighty
+nation, resting from war, reunited, and reawakened to the animating
+sense of a glorious destiny. Though the present generation should be
+compelled to struggle and labor, through its whole term of existence,
+with immense sacrifice and suffering, such are the elements involved in
+the contest, that nothing but good to the nation, which is surely
+destined to survive, can come out of it in the end.
+
+The whole history of our country, its origin, the peculiar organization
+of our institutions, and their gradual growth and development down to
+the present day, seem to have been arranged and ordered for the very
+purpose of engendering this contest between slavery and freedom. If this
+statement be too strong, we may at least assert that no better
+conditions for that purpose could have been devised, by human wisdom at
+all events, than those which existed at every stage of our progress,
+from the beginning of our existence as a people, to the culmination of
+this long-smouldering strife. The germs of freedom and slavery, which we
+know were planted in the infancy of our republic, found in the
+circumstances surrounding them the most favorable conditions for their
+respective growth and expansion. Each found ample opportunity to
+flourish according to its nature and necessities, modified, it may be,
+but not destroyed, by the unfavorable institutions which coexisted with
+it. The organization of separate colonies, and afterward of separate
+States, measurably independent, afforded these two irreconcilable
+systems full opportunity for complete development, and rendered it
+possible for them to maintain, each, a distinct existence in different
+localities, and to unfold their respective natures and tendencies, with
+comparatively little interference of the one with the other. Thus
+slavery soon became extinct in Massachusetts, and died out rather more
+slowly in the other Free States of the original thirteen. It flourished
+in Maryland and Virginia, and later, from peculiar circumstances, it
+grew rank, with unexampled fecundity, in the Carolinas and Georgia. Had
+the Government of the United States been consolidated, the conditions of
+slavery and free labor would have been wholly different; and it is
+reasonable to infer that the course of development of the respective
+systems would have been materially modified, if not altogether changed.
+We may pronounce with certainty that the institution would not have
+become extinct in the whole country as soon as it did in Massachusetts,
+or, indeed, in any one of the present Free States; but we cannot assert
+that the converse of this proposition would have been true, and that the
+Government, as a centralized power, would have abolished slavery more
+certainly, and sooner, than the most backward of the separate States may
+now be expected to do, under the complex forms of our present
+Constitution. In a consolidated government, the power of the majority
+would have been competent to effect fundamental and universal changes,
+even to the extent of abolishing slavery; but without the existence of
+separate States, with their independent local legislation and
+administrations, the gradual undermining and destruction of the old
+system would have been a process of extreme procrastination and
+difficulty. It would have been a gigantic undertaking, convulsing the
+whole nation whenever attempted, and yet demanding the exercise of its
+united authority for its accomplishment. We should not have had the
+effective antagonism of the Free against the Slave States, nor the
+demonstration which results from the striking contrasts between the two
+systems in their effects on civilization, in all its forms of
+intelligence, enterprise, wealth, and improvement. Contiguous States,
+with separate jurisdictions, admitted a divergence of customs, laws, and
+institutions, remarkable in its character, and fraught with momentous
+consequences to the whole sisterhood. Nothing like this could have
+occurred under the consolidated form. It is true, according to the
+principles we have heretofore enounced as having been established by
+universal history and experience, slavery must have disappeared
+eventually, alike in a consolidated or a federal form of government; for
+it is now well understood by all enlightened thinkers, that different
+forms of polity may either facilitate or embarrass the natural
+development of society, but cannot actually create or altogether destroy
+the tendency to improvement. This tendency is innate in man, and
+independent of all forms of government, though not wholly unaffected by
+them. But in our vast country, under a centralized system, however
+democratic, it would have been far more difficult to initiate the work
+of emancipation, on account of the magnitude and unity of the power to
+be moved, and for want of those _points d'appui_ afforded by the local
+organization and independent authority of the states in a confederacy.
+Our own experience, and the recent example of Russia, may serve to
+convince us that a consolidated representative republic would probably
+have been less favorable to the abolition of slavery than an imperial
+and despotic government. The serf-owners of Russia, had the question
+been submitted to them, would have been as little disposed to vote for
+the destruction of their system, as the slave-holders of America have
+shown themselves inclined to submit to the voice of the majority under
+our republican institutions.
+
+Thus, it was characteristic of our peculiar political forms, that they
+gave opportunity for the complete trial of each of the two plans of
+social organization which grew out of the early introduction of African
+slaves into the colonies. For while it seems to be clear that the
+federal system was most favorable to the disappearance of slavery from
+those localities where circumstances made emancipation easy and
+advantageous, it is equally plain that it afforded full scope to the
+growth and influence of the system of servile labor, wherever, from
+climatic conditions, it was peculiarly profitable, and otherwise adapted
+to the productions of the region, and to the prevailing sentiments of
+the people. The confederated form of government, therefore, almost of
+necessity originated the antagonism of Free States against Slave States;
+while, at the same time, and from the same cause, it enabled the
+opposite sections to give infinitely greater force and effect to this
+antagonism, than would have been possible under any other
+constitutional conditions. Rebellion might possibly have been initiated
+within the bosom of a consolidated republic, and such a government might
+well have been broken into two or more fragments; but this would have
+been far less likely to happen in that case than in existing
+circumstances. At all events, there would have been no room for the
+dangerous doctrine of secession, and that plausible pretext would have
+been wanting to the incipient rebellion; nor would there have been
+anything equivalent to the State organizations which unfortunately
+afforded the ready means of immediate and most effective combination.
+The inestimable advantages of our complex political system in avoiding
+the necessary despotism of consolidated government, by establishing
+local legislation and administration in a number of partially
+independent States, were in some measure counterbalanced by a natural
+tendency to discord among the parts, and a capacity for independent
+action in support and perpetuation of dangerous divergencies of opinion
+and policy. If some States could repudiate slave labor, and gradually
+build the fabric of their prosperity on the safer basis of universal
+education, others could, with equal disregard of everything but their
+own will and fancied interests, cherish and encourage the original
+system of servile subordination and compulsory ignorance of the laboring
+class, with which all the States started into their career of
+independence at the commencement of the Revolution. And, unhappily, both
+parties to this discordant social action were unrestrained by any
+constitutional obligation, or by any common authority whatever, in the
+indulgence, within their respective limits, of mutual hatred and
+vituperation, with all those numberless and exasperating injuries which
+no law can either notice or redress. These conflicting capabilities,
+with their attendant dangers, lurked in the body of our political
+organization from the very beginning. They were born with it; they grew
+with its growth, and strengthened with its strength, until the fatal
+hour when rebellion undertook the wicked work of its destruction.
+Whatever may be the actual issue of the struggle--whether the attempted
+dismemberment shall prove a success or a disastrous failure--the effect
+of the civil war on the character of our institutions must be
+commensurate with the organic character of the causes out of which it
+arose. So profound a disturbance of the existing social order, so vast
+an upheaval of the very foundations of the whole political fabric, must
+either rend it into fragments, and make necessary a complete
+reconstruction, or must cause it to settle down upon a basis firmer and
+more lasting than that on which it has hitherto rested. We think it
+almost absolutely certain that the latter result will be brought out in
+the end. It cannot be possible that our system will be utterly
+destroyed; and if, against all human probabilities, it should be
+momentarily overthrown, it will rise again hereafter in greater splendor
+and power, by reason of the very calamity through which it will have
+passed.
+
+The federative system, on this continent, will never be abandoned; it
+will be far more likely to be extended much beyond its present limits,
+even including that immense territory which has been the theatre of its
+origin and glorious progress down to the present day. Its superiority
+over any system of consolidated power on a large scale, is beyond all
+doubt, inasmuch as it provides effectually for the perfect freedom of
+local legislation and administration, and for the full participation of
+all the parts in the government of the whole, as to those questions
+which concern the general interests. But in this very distribution of
+powers always consisted the greatest difficulty and the most threatening
+peril; for nothing but actual experience, long continued, could adjust
+to each other with perfect accuracy the nicely balanced parts of this
+complicated political machinery. The principle of local independence is
+naturally liable to exaggeration and abuse. The State authorities have
+ever shown a tendency to claim absolute sovereignty, and to array their
+will against the authority of the Federal Government. This troublesome
+question, forever recurring in the important exigencies of our national
+life, has never been definitely settled, and perhaps it could not be,
+except under the pressure of a great and critical emergency like the
+present. One of the most important consequences of the rebellion will
+therefore be to dispose of this question forever--to settle the
+boundaries of the local and general authorities, and to fix them
+permanently and unalterably. This might possibly have been accomplished
+in the appointed way, by conventions and explanatory amendments to the
+Constitution. But such proceedings would have been subject to all the
+uncertain contingencies and delays involved in partisan struggles and
+popular elections, and to all the imperfections of halfway measures and
+expedients of compromise, born amid angry contentions, and bartered for
+by ambitious aspirants to place and power. By no other means could a
+complete and adequate arrangement of the difficulty be brought about so
+effectually as by the terrible lessons of this lamentable civil war.
+Nothing else would have been so well calculated to clear the eyes of the
+people of all illusions, and to give them an accurate insight into the
+character and demands of the crisis. Great disasters, which destroy the
+fortunes of men, and disturb the prosperity of nations, never fail to
+awaken the human soul, and impart to it some new and important truths.
+The sufferings and calamities of the war are indeed great and
+overwhelming; yet there will be some compensation for them all, in the
+sad experience we shall gain, and in the stability which will result to
+our sorely tried institutions in the future. Even if, against all
+apparent possibilities, the rebellious States should finally conquer
+their independence, not only the old Government, but even the new one
+itself, or the batch of new ones that will spring up, will have learned
+the most salutary lessons from the whole course of this sanguinary
+struggle. No sundering of such ties as have always heretofore existed
+among these States can ever take place peaceably. Both we and our
+enemies will have been taught the never-to-be-forgotten truth that
+secession is civil war. And we should probably have reason thereafter to
+add to this sad lesson the still more solemn and portentous one, that
+permanent separation of these States is nothing more or less than
+perpetual war, with the accompaniments of large standing armies, vast
+public debts, oppressive taxes, loss of liberty, and progressive decline
+of civilization. This state of things would, however, eventually cure
+itself. What is called the balance of power in Europe has been brought
+to its present condition of imperfect stability only through centuries
+of war. What bloody commotions should we experience before the
+conditions of stable equilibrium could be attained by the warring States
+of our broken Union? Each petty fragment of the discordant mass would
+contain within itself the germs of precisely such a struggle as we are
+now passing through. For though the Confederate Government may have
+ostensibly recognized the actual sovereignty of the separate States
+composing it, and thereby pretended to establish the principle of
+secession as a right, the war will not have reached its termination
+before that doctrine will be practically and effectually destroyed in
+the very contest for its assertion. At the moment of its apparent
+triumph, secession itself would expire; for so strong a government will
+be indispensable to this achievement, and to the maintenance of the new
+power, that the very principle which presided at its birth will be
+suspended and destroyed by the paramount necessities of its existence
+and condition. Any one of the deluded States which might in that case
+attempt to assert this right, would soon find, in renewed calamities,
+the folly and danger of the theory on which it is founded.
+
+Nothing but the hope of foreign intervention has sustained the cause of
+the rebellion until the present time; and the realization of that hope
+can alone keep up its vitality, and give it success in the future. The
+disparity of strength and numbers in the two sections is decisive of the
+whole case, if they be left to conclude the fight themselves. The
+question is one of means and men, of resources and endurance; and when
+we consider the effects of the blockade, and of the probably action of
+the slaves under the policy of the President, or even under the ordinary
+progress of the war, no great length of time can be required to bring
+the contest to an issue, even if the armies of the Union should not at
+once succeed in overwhelming the enemy and taking possession of his
+country. In spite of discouraging delays and military blunders, and of
+all the waste of life and means which have hitherto marked the conduct
+of the war, the great struggle is still progressing rapidly, though
+silently, in other fields than those of battle, and with other weapons
+than bayonets and artillery. The sinews of war are gradually becoming
+shrivelled in the arm of the rebellion. Every bale of cotton locked up
+in the ports of the South, or hidden in its thickets and ravines, or
+given to the flames by ruthless hands of the guerillas, is so much
+strength withheld from the enemy, and, in the vast aggregate, will
+eventually be equivalent to the overthrow of his armies and the capture
+of his cities. The large number of slaves rushing to our lines, and the
+still greater number rendered restless under restraint, and preparing to
+escape, may be expected, in any other year, to make even his supply of
+bread precarious, and still further to paralyze his strength and destroy
+his means of resistance. But in addition to these accumulating
+difficulties and misfortunes, our armies are everywhere moving down upon
+him apparently with irresistible force, and threaten to anticipate the
+slower, but not less certain work of physical exhaustion. He is hard
+pressed in Virginia, where his pretended capital is again menaced; he is
+driven out of Kentucky and Missouri, and is fast receding before our
+victorious forces in Tennessee. We have penetrated into Mississippi, and
+await only the swelling of the waters to capture its last stronghold,
+Vicksburg, when the great valley from Cairo to New Orleans will be in
+our possession, and the rebel confederacy will be sundered through its
+very spine. We hold important points on the Atlantic coast and in the
+Gulf, including the great metropolis of the South, New Orleans, and the
+whole coast of Texas.
+
+By her own energies alone, these losses can never be recovered by the
+South. Without aid from abroad, there is not the remotest possibility of
+prolonging the contest for another year, much less of establishing the
+Confederate Government on any permanent basis. And even with such
+interference, supposing it to be successful, the career of the new power
+would be brief, and full of trouble. It would merely exchange its
+position of equality in the old Union, for one of degrading dependence
+and subserviency to some one of the great European Governments. The
+system of slavery could not be preserved. The demoralization has already
+gone too far; and no French sovereign or English administration could
+safely venture to interfere in our quarrel for the purpose of upholding
+that institution. In the midst of a dissolving social organization, this
+exhausted and fragmentary American power, galvanized into temporary
+vitality by the sinister aid of foreign arms, would be compelled to
+undertake the task of determining its boundaries, defending its
+frontiers, and reorganizing its chaotic society. All this would have to
+be accomplished in the presence of a still powerful adversary, jealous
+of her own rights, and ever ready to assert them, as opportunity would
+permit, in the face of all opposition. European affairs are not yet so
+thoroughly adjusted, and the peace of that continent established on so
+firm a basis, that complications may not be anticipated at almost any
+moment, which would at once free America from the disgraceful trammels
+of foreign intervention. It is doubtful whether such a movement from
+Europe could be successful, even under all the deplorable difficulties
+which now beset our country. Let any one of those Governments lay its
+hand on the United States, and revolution would probably hasten to rear
+its awful head, and so arouse the people of the continent as to shake
+and endanger the very thrones which now seem to be most firmly
+established. The unfriendly blow aimed at us might possibly react upon
+its authors, and transfer to them the misfortunes and disorders which
+now afflict this country. So just a retribution is not beyond the
+probabilities of the present situation in Europe, whether intervention
+should come from the English aristocracy or from the French emperor. The
+instincts of the people, everywhere, are on our side; their strong arms
+may not be slow to vindicate the judgment they pronounce, and to follow
+the sentiments and sympathies which animate their generous hearts.
+
+But in spite of all difficulties and discouragements, at home or abroad,
+we firmly believe our righteous cause will eventually prevail, and the
+Union be restored to even more than its former glory. The overthrow of
+the power of the rebellion, the utter exhaustion of all its resources,
+and the frightful derangement of its entire social economy, will leave
+the people of the South in a condition of helplessness which will render
+further resistance impracticable. An immediate resumption of hostilities
+will be effectually prevented by the military force which will
+necessarily be maintained for some time after the close of the final
+campaign of the war; and before the strength of the rebellious States
+can be recruited for another similar contest, new ideas will be
+engendered, and new sentiments of attachment to the Union may be
+expected to grow up and take the place of that unnatural bitterness
+which has exasperated the war and prolonged its horrors. An inevitable
+change of institutions in the South, with moderate and conciliatory
+measures on the part of the North, will serve gradually to heal the
+dangerous wound, self-inflicted, which has so nearly destroyed the very
+existence of the fairest and most favored part of our country. In the
+end, a homogeneous society will extend over the whole Union, and new
+vigor will be infused into our political organization, by reason of its
+recovery from the terrible disease by which it has been attacked and for
+a time utterly prostrated. The alterative effects of this critical
+danger overcome, and of the treatment rendered necessary, will doubtless
+be one of the most important consequences of the rebellion.
+
+The dogma of secession, as applied to our complex government, is
+inconsistent with reason, and has often been effectually refuted by
+argument. But sophistry, stimulated by ambition, was ever ready to renew
+the controversy, and to perpetuate it in all the forms of vicious logic
+and plausible ratiocination. The appeal to force, however, has done
+something more than refute an argument; it has already discomfited the
+whole theory, and it will not end short of the utter annihilation of the
+very idea of secession as a right, and as a remedy for any evils,
+fancied or real, which may be suffered or imagined under our Government.
+After the close of the war, when men look back to its bloody fields and
+its awful sacrifices, they will be amazed at the insane folly which
+permitted them to consider the great American Union, with its honorable
+history, its wonderful progress, its immense power, and its proud
+standing among the nations, as a mere league among petty states, to be
+dissolved at pleasure--as a thing to be broken into fragments, and to be
+divided among ambitious aspirants, to be made the sport of domestic
+faction, or of foreign rapacity and domination, changing its form and
+proportions with every change of popular feeling and every restless
+movement of popular discontent. These fatal delusions will be made to
+disappear forever, and in their place there will remain in the minds of
+men the image of a majestic Government, tried in the furnace of civil
+war, made solid and immovable by its grand and successful efforts to
+resist the threatened overthrow of its power, and becoming paternal by
+the recovery of its wonted strength, which will permit and require the
+exercise of magnanimous forbearance even toward those misguided citizens
+who have raised their traitorous hands against it. Thus, with the awe
+and fear which will be inspired by the tremendous energy put forth to
+conquer the rebellion--an energy which will appear only so much the
+greater and more imposing in proportion to the difficulties and dangers
+met and overcome--there will be mingled the better sentiments of love
+and veneration for a Government which re-establishes order, secures
+protection to all civil rights, and restores, unimpaired, the liberties
+which have been disregarded for a time, in order that they might be
+permanently saved. To the people of the United States, the Union will be
+what it never was before, and what it never could have been without the
+sad experience it is undergoing now. Not that any change of form need be
+effected, or any violence done to the principles on which our system is
+founded. The change will be solely in the spirit in which our
+institutions will be administered, arising from the altered sentiments
+and feelings of the whole people. They will see their Government in a
+new light--a light thrown on it by the grand events of the rebellion,
+revealing capabilities and powers not hitherto known to exist, and
+exhibiting it as the sole refuge in times of commotion and danger,
+standing unmoved amidst the storm, impregnable to all its violence. In
+the public recognition, by universal acquiescence, it will be considered
+stronger than before; and this transformation will be as much a change
+in the minds of the people as in the character and functions of the
+Government itself.
+
+There is, however, no good reason why the central power should acquire
+inordinate strength, and absorb any part of the legitimate functions of
+the local governments. A more liberal interpretation of the Constitution
+will somewhat extend the federal powers, and there will necessarily be
+greater intensity in the exercise of acknowledged authority;
+nevertheless, consolidation need not be the subject of serious
+apprehension. At the beginning of the war, when the Union was sorely
+beset with the most imminent dangers, the executive power was extended
+far beyond its ordinary limits; and perhaps this excess of action has
+been in some cases too long continued, and has been made to embrace
+objects not legitimately within the emergency which originally justified
+the departure. But even under present circumstances, there can be no
+just cause for alarm. There can be no real danger, until the people
+shall have become either overawed and silenced by terror, or careless
+and indifferent to the encroachments on liberty. Such is evidently very
+far from being the case now. The recent elections have shown how
+entirely free is the expression of opinion, and how completely
+untrammelled the political action of the people, who, in this instance,
+have been charged with following their leaders even beyond the bounds
+of just opposition, into the dangerous position of giving encouragement
+to the enemy. Both parties, however, place their own peculiar
+construction on these popular decisions, and it is difficult to
+determine, with any accuracy, what is their actual import. We only know
+that so extensive a change, affecting the position of many of the
+largest States, indicates a serious dissatisfaction of some kind; though
+it is by no means probable that the people have intended to sanction the
+extreme and mischievous views of some of the candidates, who, here and
+there, have secured their election. Factious divisions in the loyal
+States, at this critical period, would be ruinous to the cause of the
+Union. They would distract the public mind and weaken the arm of the
+Government, so as to endanger its success in the war. There is no
+indication of any such intention on the part of the people, whatever may
+be the designs of some of those who have been successful leaders of this
+threatening opposition. And the only effect which ought to follow the
+recent popular demonstration is to admonish the Government, and check it
+in those errors which are only too natural in the mighty contest in
+which it is now engaged. The necessity for decision, vigor, and courage,
+is indeed apparent; and the temptation to go beyond the limits even of
+proper martial energy, is perhaps a sufficient excuse for those in
+power, whose deep sense of responsibility and honest zeal in a holy
+cause may sometimes lead them astray. It is not always given to men in
+high position to remain cool and calm in great emergencies, and to take
+comprehensive views of the requirements of so tremendous a contest, as
+its aspects vary from time to time. The necessary exercise of military
+authority for the preservation of the Government, however harsh and
+severe it may be, will be everywhere justified, and even applauded. But
+there are limits which even military license ought to respect; and when
+the executive authorities go beyond the bounds of reason and necessity,
+they ought themselves to be grateful to those who may have the courage
+to throw themselves into the breach and sternly resist the violation of
+right. The men in power ought to reflect that they are always liable to
+be surrounded by subservient partisans, whose fears or selfish purposes
+may induce them to applaud, when they ought to condemn and reprove.
+Unfortunately, when such parasites are listened to and rewarded, there
+is little hope of just and patriotic action; and this state of things
+leaves no channel of escape, through which the public discontent can be
+manifested, except that of partisan opposition, which, in the existing
+crisis, is perhaps more dangerous even than the evil it pretends to
+condemn and cure. While party divisions, in the midst of dangers such as
+now threaten us, are greatly to be deplored, we can, nevertheless,
+derive some satisfaction from results which otherwise we cannot
+altogether approve. All the essential principles of freedom still
+remain, through this great trial, undestroyed and unsuppressed by
+terrorism; and the popular patriotism and sound common sense, though
+liable to be misled at first, will eventually pronounce a just and
+enlightened judgment. Parasites and flatterers may shrink from the task
+of dissent; but the great heart of the people will find some means of
+expression; and happy will be our country if their honest warnings,
+given upon 'the sober second thought,' shall be noticed and duly heeded.
+There will then be no danger of any serious invasions of liberty, or of
+any permanent absorption of the proper constitutional functions of the
+States by the Federal Government. Doubtless the central power will be,
+and ought to be strengthened. Its standing army will necessarily be
+larger than before the rebellion; the public debt will be greatly
+increased; the taxes will be heavier; and the revenue and disbursements
+larger. Though its functions will remain essentially the same in nature,
+they will have a broader sweep and a greater power. This enlargement of
+its ordinary action will naturally invest it with all the means and
+capacities necessary for its own protection, and without any change of
+the Constitution, it will be recognized as the true embodiment of our
+permanent nationality, forever paramount in its appointed sphere and
+appropriate functions to those of the individual States composing it.
+The sum and substance of the change will be merely that the centripetal
+and centrifugal forces of the system will have become so completely
+adjusted to each other, that from this time forward the eternal
+equilibrium of the whole will be secured. The States will not be shorn
+of any power rightfully theirs, and necessary for their safety and
+progress; but they will be fixed in definite orbits, with the limits of
+their authority distinctly circumscribed and established.
+
+All social changes, sooner or later, produce their appropriate effects
+on political institutions; and no results of the rebellion will be more
+prominent and important than those which will follow the inevitable
+disappearance of slavery. A new system of labor will be inaugurated in
+the border States, as well as in those now in rebellion. The great act
+of emancipation may not be immediate; nor is it by any means desirable
+it should be. So radical a change in the condition of millions of
+uneducated men would be quite as inconvenient, and, indeed, disastrous
+to themselves, for the time being, as to their present owners. Society
+itself would be thrown into the utmost confusion, and all the resources
+of both parties would be temporarily much diminished, if not nearly
+destroyed. But, whether suddenly or gradually, this fundamental change
+must take place; for it is self-evident that slavery cannot survive the
+present struggle. The proclamation of the President, which is to take
+effect on the 1st of January next, will make emancipation more complete
+and speedy; but the same result would have followed the stubborn
+resistance of the rebels, even without that momentous act. It would be a
+mischievous error to believe that emancipation was originally the aim
+and object of the war on the part of the Union, and that the liberation
+of slaves, which was sure to follow its progress, is the direct act of
+our authorities, and not the proper consequence of the rebellion itself.
+A war waged for and on account of slavery--for its increase and
+perpetuation--necessarily, by its own nature, puts that institution at
+stake, and risks it on the contingency of failure. Compelled, in defence
+of the national unity, to carry the war into the heart of the Southern
+States, the world acquiesces in that sound and necessary policy, which
+releases the slaves, and sets them free forever, as fast as they come
+within the protection of our armies. The proclamation is a measure of
+the same nature, intended to destroy the resources of the enemy, and to
+wound him in his most vulnerable point. But it can accomplish little
+more than the previous policy; for the slumbering hopes of the slaves
+were aroused by the first gun fired at Charleston in the beginning of
+the struggle. Every movement of armies, and every bloody battle, which
+has since taken place, has only served to inflame their desire for
+freedom, and to fix their determination to obtain it. They have received
+and gladly welcomed the obscure idea, that, in some way, this sanguinary
+conflict was initiated for their benefit, and will not end without their
+complete emancipation. In this they are not mistaken. The final
+suppression of the rebellion by military force will be the perfect
+consummation of that end, accomplished through the treason and wicked
+folly of the South herself. If she persevere in her stubborn resistance
+to the authority of the Union, the great measure of liberation will be
+the result of her own blind and wilful acts of madness, and this as well
+through their natural and necessary consequences as by the terms and
+import of the President's proclamation. Let slavery destroy itself. It
+is a just and righteous judgment that, in its atrocious effort to
+destroy the nation, it should accomplish chiefly, if not solely, its own
+violent and bloody death. Such retribution often attends the commission
+of great crimes; but it seldom happens that effects so momentous for
+good flow from the infliction which seems intended only for punishment.
+
+Under all circumstances, with or without the proclamation, slavery must
+disappear soon after the suppression of the rebellion. From that time,
+the States will become more and more homogeneous in their social
+organization. This will tend to promote unanimity among them all, and
+therefore, by an obvious process, to strengthen the rightful power of
+the Federal Government. The vast extent of our country, comprising so
+many varieties of condition and climate, and such diversities of
+production, rising through every grade of elevation, from the Atlantic
+seacoast to the central mountains, and thence again descending to the
+shores of the Pacific, with mighty rivers running through nearly twenty
+parallels of latitude--this magnificent seat of republican power affords
+the most unbounded resources for industry in all its employments, and
+for commercial interchange of productions on the most gigantic scale.
+With free labor prevailing everywhere throughout this vast and splendid
+region of the temperate zone, no limits can be assigned to the national
+progress. The population, wealth, activity, and intelligence of the most
+favored among the Free States at the present day, can alone offer the
+measure and example of what the whole will be in the full maturity of
+the new system. No European complexities of inter-state relations, no
+oppressive restrictions on domestic commerce, no fatal divergencies of
+opinion and feeling, no important differences of language and
+literature--none of these obstructions to harmony and progress will
+interfere with the continental development and glorious destiny of our
+Federal Union. All that the earth yields from her teeming surface, or
+from her deep-embowelled mines; all that enterprise can accomplish with
+exhaustless means, the best facilities, and the most stupendous objects;
+and all that genius can create, when stimulated by the richest rewards
+and the freest opportunities for untrammelled exertion, will supply us
+with the means and materials for an almost infinite variety of pursuits
+and occupations; but, at the same time, the essential unity of our
+complex institutions will be maintained, and their power extended and
+exalted by the homogeneity and uniformity of social conditions which
+will prevail more and more with the lapse of years and the succession of
+generations. The blood of all kindred races will be mingled with
+advantage in the veins of the cosmopolitan American; religions will be
+harmonized and unified by the most fraternal liberality and unbounded
+toleration; and the common enlightenment of the whole people by means of
+universal education will exalt them to a condition of unexampled power
+and prosperity. Just as dissensions among the States tend to weaken the
+central power, their uniform and cordial cooeperation will give immense
+strength to the whole. Nor will this increase of power be at all
+dangerous, because it will be only the legitimate consequence of the
+greater progress and prosperity of the States themselves. To whatever
+height the greatness of the Union may attain, it will be determined
+exactly by that of the States which compose it--the pyramid of its power
+being made up of theirs, which are but the enduring blocks of which the
+mighty structure is built.
+
+If social unity and political strength will be promoted by the
+suppression of the rebellion and the disappearance of slavery, the ties
+of our Union will be made stronger also by other causes. Emerging from
+the war victorious, not only without being seriously injured, but with
+eventual and speedy increase of power, the Union will command the
+respect of foreign nations in a higher degree than ever before. Those
+European nations, or rather their rulers and nobles, who now in their
+malignant envy hope for the permanent dismemberment of America, will
+then hail her resuscitation with a zeal which will be none the less
+advantageous to us for being forced from them in spite of their present
+hate and detraction. If the division of our country would destroy its
+influence abroad, and subject the parts to constant intrigues and
+interference from foreign powers, the restoration of the Union with even
+more than its former glory will give us unexampled weight in the
+counsels of mankind. Our unexpected and astounding exhibition of
+military power, our thorough command of the American continent, and its
+immense resources, hardly yet begun to be developed, and the unlimited
+prosperity which the future will assuredly bring us, cannot fail to
+strike the minds of European thinkers, and to awaken deep interest among
+the European people. The stream of immigration, interrupted by the war,
+will be renewed with at least its former fulness, and will keep pace
+with the demands of our country for labor and population. The South may
+then be expected to receive her full share of this increase by people
+from abroad, and will then commence that process of condensing and
+permanently fixing her population, without which she can never attain
+any high position in the scale of civilization.
+
+The large public debt destined to be incurred, may be expected to have
+some influence in preventing immigration and improvement; but unless the
+war shall unfortunately linger far beyond the period at which its end is
+now anticipated, the liabilities of the Government will not be so great
+as to prevent the speedy return of our usual prosperity. A different and
+far better system of taxation will be required--one more favorable to
+commerce and at the same time equally productive, or at least
+sufficiently so to meet all our liabilities and provide for the
+extinguishment of the debt within a reasonable time. One of the
+advantages attending this great debt and modifying its certain evils and
+burdens, will be the necessity of devising a stable revenue system,
+intended solely to provide means for sustaining the Government and
+meeting the public obligations. Periodical changes, often depending on
+party ascendency and popular elections, have hitherto marked the
+financial policy of our Government. So long as the sources of revenue
+were superabundant and the demands of the Treasury very moderate, we
+could well afford to make experiments, and even to depart from the true
+principles of taxation, or at least to do so without any very serious or
+ruinous consequences. Now, however, when the public expenditure is about
+to be vastly increased, and when it will be for the first time really
+felt by the people, it will become the first duty of our rulers to study
+the extent and true character of our resources, and to adjust the
+burdens of taxation, with all practicable fairness, to the respective
+capacities of all classes and interests. We may expect to have a system
+stable and permanent in its principles, if not in its details; and the
+basis of this system will be a wise arrangement of duties on imports,
+which must, from various reasons, ever form the great bulk of our taxes.
+
+It is not an American maxim that a great public debt is a public
+blessing; nor is it likely that an educated and eminently practical
+people like ours will ever accept that mischievous paradox. Yet if it
+be desirable that our large public debt should be widely scattered among
+the people, so that every man may be directly interested in maintaining
+the public credit and the stability of the Government, the present
+system, now but imperfectly adapted to that object, might easily be made
+to accomplish it fully. If the Treasury notes recently issued were the
+only paper circulation in the country--that is to say, if the banks were
+prohibited, by taxation or otherwise, from making any issues of their
+own--the Government might increase their amount to at least five hundred
+millions, with even less than the present depreciation, and would thus
+enjoy the benefit of a loan to that amount without the payment of any
+interest. As it is now, the banks get the advantage of a great part of
+this extensive loan, and at the same time perform a function which
+properly belongs to the Government--that of furnishing a currency for
+the people. By the proposed system, the entire community would be
+interested in this part of the public debt, and would doubtless find the
+circulating medium much safer and better than that now manufactured by
+the numberless banks chartered by the States. The issue of these notes
+by State institutions was always an evasion of that clause of the
+Constitution which prohibits the States from issuing bills of credit,
+and is plainly against the spirit and intention of the instrument. If
+our public debt should, in this way, eventually drive all bank notes out
+of circulation and banish them forever, it will have accomplished a
+valuable work in restoring the true construction of the Constitution,
+and, in this particular at least, will have proved a public blessing. It
+will be very easy, in the course of time, to redeem the Treasury notes,
+and gradually to substitute for them a species of national paper based
+on actual deposits, which will afford all the conveniences with none of
+the dangers of the present system, by which the local banks virtually
+establish the currency of the country, flooding it with all varieties of
+paper, without uniformity of value, with no adequate control or
+regulation of its quantity, thus producing periodical convulsions and
+robbing the people of their hard-earned savings.
+
+If the rebellion, by the burdens which it leaves behind, shall bring
+about these two results--the adoption of a wise and permanent system of
+revenue, and the establishment of a sound currency by the prohibition of
+all bank circulation--it will have accomplished ends only inferior in
+importance to the two primary consequences, the overthrow of the
+principle of secession and the destruction of slavery. Thus, this
+tremendous convulsion would bring out of the chaos a new order in the
+political world, by annihilating secession, and by perpetuating the
+Union and banishing all fear of its dissolution; in the social, by
+substituting free men for slaves; in the financial, by a permanent
+adjustment of tariffs and taxation; and in the commercial, by the
+prohibition of bank paper and the substitution of a safe and uniform
+currency.
+
+
+
+
+'I;' OR, SUMMER IN THE CITY.'
+
+     'I love the sweet security of streets.'--CHARLES LAMB.
+
+
+'I,' my charming friend, do not fully sympathize with the late Mr.
+Lamb's statement, as quoted above; which statement I always have
+believed partially owed its origin to its very tempting alliterative
+robe.
+
+For myself, I do _not_ particularly like the 'sweet security of
+streets,' but vastly prefer 'a boundless contiguity of shade,'
+especially during the present month--August--or
+
+   'A life on the ocean wave.'
+
+I do not mean a permanent residence there--that would be liable to be
+damp and unhealthy, and altogether too insecure to be 'sweet;'--but when
+I say a 'life on the ocean wave,' it is merely my poetical license for a
+cottage at Newport. (I wish, indeed, that I had any _but_ a poetical one
+for such a possession!)
+
+But what folly for me to talk of a cottage there! when my limited income
+does not even admit of a cot in the cheapest of seaside inns.
+
+Gentle reader! shrink not from me when, in addition to this melancholy
+confidence, I also announce to you that I live in town--in 'Boston
+town,' to be accurate--during August! I belong to the 'lower orders of
+society;' and my only Newport is the Public Garden, or a walk to
+Longwood, and, when I am _very_ affluent, a horse-car drive to Savin
+hill, where a teaspoonful of sea view is administered to the humble
+wayfarer.
+
+Yes! I positively did exist in the city, not only through the month of
+August, but all the summer days of all the summer months. I mention
+_August_ in the city, because I know that has a peculiarly God-forgotten
+and forsaken sound.
+
+I should soon cease to exist anywhere, I fancy, if I did _not_ stay in
+town, for (horror No. 2!) I work at a trade in order to earn my daily
+bread and coffee! What my particular trade is, I am not going to
+divulge--that shall remain a delicious mystery (the only delicious thing
+about it); only this much I will confide: I do not, _a la_ Mr. Frederick
+Altamont, 'sweep the crossing.' Unhappy Altamont! he did not appreciate
+the sweet security of streets.
+
+'Poor thing!' you exclaim, 'work at a trade?'
+
+Rest tranquil, fair one; the phrase doubtless sounds harshly to your
+delicate, aristocratic ears. (Oh, what lovely earrings!) Be tranquil! I
+do not work _very_ hard; my hands are perhaps so audacious as to be as
+small, as white, and as soft as your own.
+
+But I have to 'work reg'lar,' every week day of all the months of every
+year; and when the time arrives for me to go into the country, I shall
+not return again to Boston; for I shall go to a land from whence no
+traveller returns. _Apropos_ of this rather dismal topic: A queer cousin
+of mine, 'Sans Souci,' who has a taste for 'morbid anatomy,' was the
+other day enjoying himself with Mr. Smith, the cheerful sexton of the
+King's Chapel. These two were 'down among the dead men,' under the
+church, when Mr. Smith apologized for leaving my cousin, on the plea
+that he had a previous engagement to take a young gentleman into the
+country--a delicate way of stating that he was about to convey a body
+out to Mount Auburn!
+
+Some fine day, I too shall take a drive with some Mr. Smith--not, of
+course, _the_ S. C. Smith, for, as I have mentioned, 'I' belong to the
+'lower orders.'
+
+Now let me tell you of _my_ Newport, and of what mitigations there are
+for the poor wretches who pass their summer in the city, to whom the
+joys of Sharon, Saratoga, the Hudson, and of Lake George are as
+impossible as though these delightful resorts were in other planets.
+Perhaps, like Mr. T. A.'s 'good Americans,' they have a vague hope that
+when they die they can visit these famous places! For myself, I long ago
+made out my 'visiting list.' Oh, bless you! as soon as I shall be 'out
+of the body,' I shall start on the most delightful tour (no bother about
+the luggage, checks, or couriers!); it will be years and years before I
+fairly 'settle down' in that
+
+   'bright particular star'
+
+I have selected for my permanent residence. Yes! you horrible madame!
+oh, you horrible madame, who express your fears that I shall 'never be
+settled,' speaking of me as if I were the coffee in your
+coffee-pot--(only, of course, such a well-regulated dame's coffee is
+never anything but _quite_ clear and settled)--yes, to relieve your
+poor, narrow mind, I can bid you hope that in another and pleasanter
+world I fully expect to be--'settled.' I tell you this beforehand, for I
+am very sure that you won't go to the same planet, and therefore will
+never have the satisfaction of knowing the fact from personal
+observation.
+
+But what am I about? Building castles in the skies! Mr. Editor Leland,
+as usual, protests against my sad lack of con-cen-tra-tion! Let us
+concentrate, therefore, my beloved hearers! With or without sugar? Oh, I
+was beginning to tell you about Newport--_my_ Newport, the Public Garden
+of Boston, _alias_ Hub-opolis--which you, poor things! belonging to the
+'higher orders' and living on Arlington, Berkely, Clarendon, and the
+Duke of Devonshire streets, never have a chance to see in its Augustan
+pomp and glory. In fact, till this summer, its 'pomp and glory' were
+quite concealed by dust and ashes; but now, thanks to the 'City
+Fathers,' it is
+
+   'Ye land of flowers.'
+
+Let me describe it to you; for though your dwellings are directly
+opposite, yet, custom compelling you to leave them before the flower
+season begins, you in reality know less of it than I do, living in a
+street whose name must not be mentioned to ears polite. 'Tis far from
+the Beacon 'haunts of men,' far from the Garden, and uncommonly far from
+the Common. I rise betimes on these summer mornings, and, before I go to
+my work, shaking off the dust of my obscure street, I enter your sacred
+precincts, oh, F. F. B.'s! Bless you, it can do you no harm, for even
+your boudoirs do not look out at me; their eyes are shuttered to all
+such vulgar sights. It was impertinent, but this morning I pitied you
+(_you!_) that you could not see the wondrous beauty of the--_city in
+August!_
+
+The morning was gloriously beautiful: it might have been the sister to
+that one born so long ago, on which its Creator looked, and said that it
+was 'good.' I actually forgot that I had no position; I imagined I had,
+for the very brightest beauty filled my soul--I saw angels ascending and
+descending (not Beacon street, as in the winter season) the charmed air
+around me. 'Ye land of flowers,' indeed! All of them mine--mine, though
+I must not pluck the humblest one. In truth, I had no desire to do so.
+Why should I take the lovely creatures from their beautiful home, to the
+close, dull room where I must sit all the bright day? Let me rather
+think of them fresh, free, and happy there, as I often think of a
+golden-haired child in heaven; one so dear to my heart of hearts, I
+bless God that I _can_ think of her there with the angels who stand
+nearest the Throne--and far, far away the weary paths that I must tread
+to the end. But if heaven had not wanted another cherub, and she had
+been left to be the flower of my life, think you I could have seen her
+beauty wither in the dull room to which I must hasten in an hour? No! a
+thousand times no! I should leave her with her sisters in the garden
+here, with her cousins, the birds and butterflies, while I worked for
+both. Lilies must neither 'toil nor spin.' How idly I am dreaming! She
+is far away from this worky-day world; I shall never see her again, but
+in dreams, as now! Little sister! with starry eyes, and soft curls
+clustering around the sweet infant face; so many nights the same bright
+vision--with the same wreath which I myself placed on her head, of May's
+pale flowers, and she the palest. Only lilies of the valley, I remember,
+seemed fitting for my darling's brow, or to grow on
+
+
+ANNIE'S GRAVE.
+
+   Bright Roses, wither on the spray!
+     Your sweetness mocks the doom
+   Of her whose cheeks, so pale to-day,
+     Were rivals of your bloom.
+
+   Sweet Violets, I charge ye, fade!
+     Wear not those robes of blue,
+   For eyes are closed which Nature made
+     Of a more lovely hue.
+
+   Pale Lilies, sad and drooping low,
+     With perfume like her breath,
+   On Annie's grave alone shall grow,
+     _Fair flower, plucked by Death_.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   Call it an affectation, if you will, but I
+   never take a flower from its home without
+   a slight twinge of pain. I _know_ it
+   suffers! However, I have no scruples in
+   accepting flowers after they are plucked
+   by others. So pray do not hesitate
+   about sending me that superb bouquet,
+   which you intended to send me _to-morrow_!
+   Have you never observed the
+   brutal habit which 'some persons'
+   have, of recklessly attacking shrubs
+   and flowers, as though they were rank
+   weeds (or secessionists), and, without
+   in the least enjoying their spoils, tossing
+   their quivering, trembling victims
+   aside, before they are dead or even
+   withered? Such are not worthy of
+   flowers, excepting French flowers,
+   which are not supposed to suffer. Oh,
+   my countrywomen! would that they
+   _did_ suffer a little from our neglect.
+
+   Do you know who Lacoontola is?
+   I have made her acquaintance this
+   summer, and find it one of the compensations
+   for passing the summer in
+   town.
+
+   She is to be found at the City
+   Library--'Lacoontola, or, The Fatal
+   Ring,' translated from the Sanscrit.
+   Go there for her, I pray you, and you
+   will admire with me the exquisite description
+   of her tenderness to these
+   'flower people,' as Mrs. Mann calls them.
+
+   But, pardon! You who belong to the
+   'highest orders' must be already intimate
+   with Mlle. Lacoontola, for she is
+   highly connected: her papa was a king
+   (quite equal in position to Mr. Abe
+   Lincoln); her mamma, I regret to
+   state, though a very charming person,
+   was an actress or goddess, or something
+   in that line. Lacoontola, however, in
+   spite of her papa's indiscretion, married
+   a prince, and was, in fact, perfectly
+   genteel and quite religious. Before
+   her marriage, she appears to have
+   'lived in the woods' the year round;
+   her wardrobe being 'turu-lural.' She
+   used to wear the 'dearest' little zouave
+   of the 'tender bark' of the 'Aurora
+   tree.'
+
+   'Rich and rare were the gems she wore,'
+
+for her bracelets were the 'long perfumed stems of the waterlilies!' and
+in her hair the lotus flower, in place of a lace _barbe_!
+
+There is a very beautiful description of Lacoontola's love and tender
+treatment of all the flowers and shrubs--her companions--and of all
+_dumb_ animals. (_On dit_ that the prince was henpecked by _Mrs._ L.!)
+
+This wild girl had a human love for the forest flowers; she says to
+thee, Madhari Creeper: 'Oh, most radiant of twining plants, receive my
+embraces, and return them with thy flexible arms: from this day, though
+at a distance, I shall forever be thine.' How unconventional! I fancy
+Mlle. L. must have inherited this style of conversation from her mamma;
+all very well, when confined to flowers and 'creeping' things; but one
+day, as she was out walking, she met 'by chance--the usual way,' Prince
+Dashuranti, and our young lady said pretty much the same sort of thing
+to him as to the 'Creeper,' falling violently in love with him at first
+sight. It struck H. R. H. as a little peculiar--rather extraordinary in
+a well-bred miss; but as it was leap year, and learning that she was the
+only child, and would inherit all of papa's immense fortune, he married
+her 'off-hand;'--well, that very afternoon at four o'clock--by the
+sundial. You see it didn't take so long 'in those days,' to get the
+trousseau, and all 'the things' in readiness. Papa raised his
+sceptre-wand, and mumbled some infernal gibberish--and, lo! all the
+trees and shrubs blossomed instanter, with the 'sweetest loves' of
+things trimmed with 'real point;'--well, with something just as
+delicious to the soul of a young (or middle-aged) maiden on the eve of
+matrimony. There was no necessity, either, for an order to Bigelow
+Bros., Boston--since, if Dushuranti wished to present her with a pair of
+bracelets on her wedding day, he had but to 'push out' on the pond, and
+get some waterlilies!
+
+The 'gibberish' in which the old gentleman is said to have invoked the
+backwoods 'Chandlers' and 'Hoveys,' I will obligingly translate for you,
+as possibly you may not be able to read it in the original Sanscrit! Oh!
+don't tell _me_ that you 'won't trouble me,' and all that. I _will_ bore
+you, and nobody can save you!
+
+'Hear, O ye trees of this hallowed forest, hear and proclaim that
+Lacoontola is going to the palace of her wedded lord. She who drank not,
+though thirsty, before you were watered; she who cropped not, through
+affection for you, one of your fresh leaves, though she would have been
+pleased with such an ornament for her locks; she whose chief delight was
+in the season when your branches are sprayed with flowers,' &c., &c.
+Should you like a photograph of this charming person, Lacoontola, taken
+by Black & Batchelder, at the time of her marriage, 'Williams & Everett'
+can oblige you. You will perceive, from her picture, that she is not too
+fond of dress, or a 'slave to fashion.'
+
+'Rappacini's daughter' (one of Hawthorne's Mosses) was a morbid
+'Lacoontola.' She loved her flowers,--'not wisely, but too well!' She
+became a sort of exterminatrix--a strychninus young person! From the
+poisonous _arsenic_ embraces of her garden loves, she acquired, you
+remember, her fatal, glowing beauty--beauty altogether 'too rich for
+use, for earth too dear,' since it consigned the 'party' ensnared by it
+to the silent tomb!
+
+'Rappacini's daughter,' indeed! Lovely girl-woman, seated at yonder bay
+window (to be accurate, the 'Back Bay window'!), playing with your ten
+cherub children; your tropical 'midsummer-night's-dream' beauty recalls
+Beatrice (Hawthorne's Beatrice I mean). How many have _you_ slain, my
+love? And Madame Grundy echoes: 'Their name is legion!' 'A quick
+brunette, well moulded, falcon-eyed'! As in the description of Beatrice,
+one is reminded 'of all rich and intense colors'--the purple-black hair,
+the crimson cheek, the scarlet lips. And the eyes? ah! gazing into those
+wonderful eyes, one forgets the color they wear, in trying to interpret
+their language! 'Cleopatra!' who would not be an Antony for thee? _I
+would not!_
+
+I have unconsciously interrupted a lady in her morning bath!--the 'stone
+lady' of the fountain. She seems to be looking for her Turkish towel,
+judging from her anxious expression! Rather a good-looking person--quite
+pretty, if only she would go to Summer street and purchase a black silk.
+Dress, I fancy, would improve 'her style of beauty.' Poor thing! it's
+rather a long walk to take, _a la_ 'Lacoontola'! I must lend her my
+waterproof, only she appears already to be water-proved! How she _must_
+envy the coloring and the clothes of my beautiful dame of the window!
+
+But my hour is passing away! '_Resurgam_'--as the sun incorrectly
+remarked this morning--and go on my way, rejoicing to say 'bon jour' to
+all my dear flower friends. And first, the 'Asters'--they always were
+rich, you know, from 'John Jacob' down; but this summer, _malgre_ taxes
+and curtailment of incomes and go-comes, the family appear in
+unprecedented splendor. What gorgeous Organdies! all quilled in the
+fashion--but not by Madame Peinot: her cunning right hand, with all its
+cunning, ne'er quilled so exquisitely. Those graceful, fragile Petunias
+(what a family of sisters!), in their delicate _glaze_ silks (ratherish
+_decollete!_), and the Superbia, Empress 'Gladiolus,' in brocade of such
+daring hues, may call the Asters 'stiff and prudish' in their quilled
+muslins; but, what say the Asters in return? Ah! what do they _not_ say?
+
+The Verbenas seem fairly delirious this morning, as though the
+consciousness of their own beauty made them run wildly from their beds
+into the paths, to say to the passers-by, with their bright little
+faces:
+
+'See! am I not charming?'
+
+Well, you _are_ pretty--_very_ pretty; but I care not for you as for
+your plainer stepsister, the 'sweet-scented Verbena.' She has a pale,
+sad face; but she has a _soul_, which you have not, poor things! for
+perfume is the soul of 'flower people.'
+
+But, who wants gold? Lives there a man with purse so full who does _not_
+want it? Well, then, snatch that heap of sunshine, that dazzling
+Coreopsis, and be off before the policeman turns into this path. Ah, ye
+Daylilies! You break my heart with your moonlight faces. Standing apart
+from the world-flowers, like novices in their white veils, who offer the
+incense of their beauty to Heaven--oh! give a little of your perfume to
+a poor un-otto-of-rosed mortal--breathe on me, and I can laugh at the
+costly 'Wood Violet,' 'Eglantine,' and 'Rose,' with which Harris &
+Chapman scent their patronesses--to be dollared in return!
+
+Daylilies, your perfume is too subtle, too vague, to be coined or
+'cabined, cribbed, confined' in scent bottles.
+
+Ah! the flowering Mosses; they seem to be having one eternal picnic with
+the Myrtles and Verbenas, playing forever that dear-to-children game of
+'Tag'! Some are arrayed in Solferino velvets, rather heavy for this warm
+day! Prettier these, in soft rose-colored robes, and this, in a
+
+   'Oh! call me fair, not pale'--
+
+well, _almost_ pale robe, the very climax of delicacy: the faintest
+thought of rose color alone prevents one from calling it lily-white. I
+am reminded of you, O flower-named friend! Vision of loveliness! which
+has in a few never-to-be-forgotten days oasised my Sahara life. Now I
+have reached the pond--_my_ Lake George! It is fresh and breezy this
+morning, after last night's thunder-shower, and the mimic waves are
+impatiently breaking over the thus-far-shalt-thou-go stone. I cannot
+blame them for rushing over that green sward to give a morning kiss to
+the blushing 'Forget-me-nots,' and just say to them, 'Remember _me_!'
+
+Yes; I have a few crumbs of time left to sit in the rustic arbor and
+give one lingering look behind, that I may carry a picture with me when
+I go to my work.
+
+How fortunate it is for one that these flowers are Londoners in their
+habits, and pass August in the city! I can go to their receptions daily,
+if I choose; they are always at home to the poorest, the most
+unfashionable; they keep no 'visiting book' in their hall.
+
+Hark! the bell rings seven o'clock. There is a 'knocking at the gate'
+of my fairy land; it warns me that I must be on my Washington-street
+way, to earn my bread.
+
+_Bien!_ my first meal of to-day has been satisfactory. Heaven hath sent
+me all manner of manna for breakfast--and for lunch? a banana. Yes; on
+my way 'down town' I shall pass the Studio Building, where the B.'s
+live; I will buy one of them, but shall also steal--many glances at the
+Hamburg grapes, those peachiest of peaches, bombastic blackberries, and,
+O Pomona! _such_ pears.
+
+I escape! purse uninjured, only bananared. I reach Winter street, where
+I must turn my back on the Common pleasures of Boston life--but yet, one
+glance at that seductive window of the corner store, which, indeed, is
+nearly all window. Flowers are there, of course,--flowers from January
+to January; any poor devil can have a temporary conservatory at that
+window, 'all for nothing;' I ought to pay a yearly tax for the pleasure
+I steal in that way. The woman who carries my portmonnaie, only permits
+me to open it for the 'necessaries' of life: the luxuries of hot-house
+grapes and flowers ever wear for me that fatal label: 'Touch not, taste
+not.' Bread and cologne are, of course, the first necessities of life;
+in rolls and religion I am a Parkerite; in cologne, I swear by 'Mrs.
+Taylor'! Beacon street, I beg that you won't faint at this horrible
+disclosure!
+
+Who _is_ 'Mrs. Taylor'? and echo answers, 'We haven't the faintest odor
+of an idea!' None know her but to praise, wherever she may be. With
+Sancho Panza we say, 'Blessings on the man who invented Mrs. Taylor at
+seventy-five cents _per_--the hock bottle. I catch a glimpse of her long
+neck, stretching up among the roses and Geraniums: my cologne nature
+can't resist that sight! I obey the syren's call, though it will leave
+me a beggar, but with Mrs. T. in my chaste-embrace.
+
+'The man I work for' treats me, for some reason, with 'distinguished
+consideration.' Though I may sometimes be a little after the required
+hour, it's all right; and though he's a Yankee, no questions are asked!
+I still have a precious quarter remaining--not of a dollar, but of time.
+I have in my purse one postage stamp; but that will warrant a visit to
+Loring's! One must have books as well as bread and cologne. O LORING!
+what an institution art thou! Name dear to all classes, from Madame
+----, who steps from her carriage, to the pretty shop-girl, who always
+wants Mrs. Southworth's last--and worst--novel.
+
+Who, indeed, 'so poor' as not 'to do _him_ reverence,' and find two
+cents _per_ day, when for that sublimely small sum one can get a
+companion for any and every mood,
+
+   'Grave to gay, from lively to severe?'
+
+But will 'LORING'S' be open at this early dawn? 'Open,' indeed! one does
+not catch _him_ napping; yes, open and so inviting! A literary public
+garden so fresh and clean, as
+
+   'Just washed in a shower.'
+
+In the rear, behind the desk, one is always sure of finding at least
+_two roses_, and _on_ the desk a vase of flowers is certainly to be
+seen--the offering of some one of the hundreds of admirers who go to
+Loring's, nominally for some entertaining book--and they always find
+one!
+
+'What book did you say, miss?' asks Fleur de Marie. ('Where _does_ she
+get those lilies and roses? I saw none like them in the garden this
+morning. Ah! many of the dames who enter here from their carriages would
+also like to ask my question--since they do not seem to find them even
+at Newport!) 'If you please, _what_ book?' again inquire the Roses.
+
+'Oh!' I answer, 'I was looking, and forgot what I came for; is 'Out of
+his Head' _in_ yet?'
+
+The fair librarian evidently thinks I am out of mine. Ah! would that I
+were, and out of my whole body; but no! ingrate that I am, to-day I
+should be content--simply _to be_; even a cabbage ought to be happy in
+such perfect summer weather. T. B. Aldrich _is_ in--as much as he ever
+is supposed to be; but I recall now that I read his sketchy book the
+other night, while I was brushing my hair, giving it a sort of 'good
+time generally,' letting it run wild a little before going to sleep. I
+read 'Pierre Antoine's Date Tree' quite through, and liked--the _last
+part_ very much indeed. There are some people whom I am always very glad
+to have visit me, because I feel so 'dreadful glad' when they go away.
+So, also, it compensates one to read certain books for the sake of the
+delicious sensation one experiences on finishing them! What a pile of
+'_Les Miserables_,' Fantine? _C'est assez miserable._ The 'Hunchback' is
+the least deformed of Hugo's offspring; but I read _that_ last Sunday
+morn--no; I mean last Saturday evening; for I went to church on Tremont
+street, last Sunday. What's this? it looks as tempting as a banana, and
+is not unlike one in color. 'Melibaeus in London,' in the summer, too:
+good! I'll take that, it shall 'assist' the banana at my lunch. I hurry
+out of this 'little heaven,' murmuring, as I depart: 'LORING, live
+forever!'
+
+Lady Macbeth undoubtedly alluded to you when she says:
+
+   'We _fail_? there's no such word as fail!'
+
+I believe the Macbeths, and, in fact, everybody but Loring, has failed
+during the war times. McClellan certainly has--not succeeded.
+
+The police (those gentlemen of elegant leisure) do not even suspect how
+much I have stolen, and what treasures I am carrying off before nine
+o'clock A. M.! All the splendors of the early morning are mine; they
+will gild the dull grey of my working hours. What a stock of perfumes
+stolen from the garden! they will sweeten the 'business air' of
+Washington street. The fountain's glistening spray will sprinkle the
+dusty walk to 'the shop.'
+
+I have not yet told you of the kisses taken--not from Fera's, but from
+the cherry-ripe lips of two lovely children, with whom I formed an
+intimacy in the garden by the pond; they were 'sailing' their mimic
+boats there. I almost wished
+
+   'I were a boy again,'
+
+and had a boat to sail! These children had such a brave and haughty
+beauty, and their dress being of purple and fine linen, I supposed their
+name must be Berkeley or Clarendon, but was grieved to learn from the
+artless darlings that it was Muggins! However, their kisses were
+unexceptionable, whatever their origin may have been.
+
+But what a 'heap' of Beauty I stole in my return walk through
+Beaconstreet mall! No wonder those magnificent elms are in love with
+each other, and embrace over the people's heads! When I come into my
+fortune, I intend, early the next morning, before breakfast, to make the
+first use of my 'funds' in purchasing Mr. George Ticknor's house. (Of
+course, he will not object.) I shall then laugh at the mill-dam
+principalities and powers when I look from my library windows down that
+long vista of noble trees. Come and see me when I am settled there! You
+shall have a warm welcome in winter, and a cool one in summer. And now,
+fare thee well, whoever thou art, who hast kindly walked with me to the
+door of--my 'place of business.' I will not ask you to enter there. I
+can worry through the day: unseen companions go with me to soothe and
+cheer; so do not pity me that I am what I am--'nobody,' living
+'nowhere.' You have seen that the Angel of Beauty disdains not to appear
+in my humble path--and sometimes hovers so near, I can almost touch her
+wings!
+
+And so God be w'ye! Little joys to you are great joys to me. There be
+those above you, 'kinges and princes and greate emperours,' to whom your
+luxuries and badges would seem as little as mine are to you. When you
+are beautiful, you adorn my street; when you are unlovely, I--pass you
+by. _Bon jour la compagnie!_
+
+
+
+
+THE IVY.
+
+   'Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.
+   Fairies, begone, and be all ways away.
+   So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle
+   Gently entwist,--the female Ivy so
+   Enrings the barky fingers of the elm.
+   Oh, how I love thee; how I dote on thee!'
+
+   _Midsummer Night's Dream_, act iv., scene 1.
+
+     'The bearers of the thyrsus (bound with Ivy) are many, but the
+     Bacchantae are few.'--_Orphic saying._
+
+
+If, among plants, the Rose is unmistakably feminine, from the delicate
+complexion of its flower, the Ivy is not less so from the tender
+sentiment of attachment expressed by its whole form and life. In her
+infinite array of poetic symbols, Nature has given us nothing so
+exquisitely typical of all that is best in woman, as that which may be
+found in the graceful curves and in the firm strength of this vine. In
+youth and beauty, she clings to the husband tree or parental wall for
+support, and, like a wife or daughter, conceals defects, and imparts a
+softer shadowing and contour to the support, without which she herself
+had never risen to light and life. Time passes on. The oak grows old,
+the wall is shattered by lightning; but the Ivy, now strong and firm,
+shelters the limbs or binds together the tottering walls with greater
+care than before, and covers decay and rifts with fresh care--aided by
+the younger daughter-vines.
+
+This simile has occurred to poets in all lands, in all ages. In an old
+Chinese poem (JOLOWICZ, _der Poetische Orient_, s. 7) we are told that
+'in the south there lives a tree, the Ivy _Ko_ clings and winds around
+it, bringing the most excellent of joys and happiness in excess.' Owing
+to this natural and most palpable resemblance, the ancient Greeks caused
+the officiating priest in the temple to present to a bridal pair, on
+entering, a twig of Ivy, 'as a symbolical wish that their love, like it,
+might ever continue fresh.' It was a beautiful thought, and one which
+was not lost sight of in the ecclesiastical and architectural symbolism
+of the middle ages. 'It is,' says FRIEDREICH (_Symbolik und Mythologie
+der Natur_, Sec. 103), 'as an ever-greening plant, a type of life, of love,
+and of marriage.' It is, therefore, with both truth and propriety that
+the modern floral lexicons give the _vitis hedera_, or Ivy, as
+expressing 'Female affection--I have found one true heart.'
+
+As with all plants, or, indeed, with all natural objects known to the
+ancients, the Ivy was the subject of a myth or religious allegory, and
+in investigating this myth, we find ourselves in a labyrinth of strange
+mystery. The ordinary works on mythology, indeed, inform the reader that
+it was the plant sacred to Bacchus, the god of wine, because, as Loudon
+states, 'this wine is found at Nyssa, the reputed birthplace of Bacchus,
+and in no other part of India.' 'It is related,' he continues, 'that
+when Alexander's army, after their conquest of Babylon, arrived at this
+mountain, and found it covered with laurel and Ivy, they were so
+transported with joy (especially when they recognized the latter plant,
+which is a native of Thebes), that they tore up the Ivy by the roots,
+and, twining it around their heads, burst forth into hymns to Bacchus,
+and prayers for their native country.'
+
+But there is a deeper significance to the Ivy, even as there is a deeper
+and more solemn mystery and might around the primeval Bacchus. To us he
+is merely the wine-god, but to the ancient Initiated in the orgies and
+mysteries he was--as were each of the gods in their turn--the central
+divinity, the lord of light, and the giver of life. For, as it was
+concisely said in the spirit of pantheistic abstraction: 'Nothing can be
+imagined which is not an image of God;' so it was not possible to
+conceive a divinity who was not in himself all the other divinities.
+Thus we find that Bacchus was male, female, and at the same time an
+absolute ONE without regard to sex; or, in other words, he was the
+ancient trinity.
+
+         'Tibi enim inconsumpta juventus.
+   Tu puer aeternus, tu formosissimus alto
+   Conspiceris coelo, tibi, cum sine cornibus adstas
+   Virgineum caput est.'
+
+   OVID, _Met._ l. 4.
+
+For, as the great mystery of all religion, or of all being, is _life_,
+and as life, like blood, is most aptly typified by reviving and
+inspiring wine, it was not wonderful that renewed strength, generation,
+and birth should gather around the incarnation of the vine, and that the
+_cup_ should become the holiest of symbols. Like the ark, the chest or
+coffer, the egg, and a thousand other receptive or _containing_ objects,
+the cup appeared to the ancient Initiated as a womb, or as the earth,
+taking in and giving forth life. It was in this spirit that NONNUS, in
+the fifth century, wrote The Dyonisiacs, a vast poem on Bacchus, in
+forty-eight books; 'a magnificent assemblage of the emblematical legends
+of Egypt,' and in which modern criticism has discovered a creative
+grandeur, a beautiful wildness of fancy, and a romantic spirit, such as
+were combined in no other one poem of antiquity.
+
+Bacchus was thus the lord of life, and that in a vividly _real_
+sense--the sense of intoxication, of keenly thrilling pleasure, of wild
+delight, and headlong rushing joy. He was fabled to have given men the
+grape and wine--but to the Initiated of the mystery and orgie there was
+higher and more intoxicating wine than that of the grape--the wine of
+wild inspiration, drawn from the keenest relish of beauty, of nature, of
+knowledge, and of love. Drunk with this wine of the soul, the Moenad
+and Bacchante rushed forth into lonely forests, amid rocks, by silent
+lake, and streamlet lone, and cried in frantic joy, bewildered with
+passion, to the Great Parent, or shouted in praise: 'Bacche, Evoe,
+Bacche!'
+
+               'Then chaunted rose
+   The song of Bacchic women: all the band
+   Of shaggy Satyrs howled with mystic voice,
+   Preluding to the Phrygian minstrelsy
+   Of nightly orgies. Earth around them laughed;
+   The rocks reechoed; shouts of revelling joy
+   Shrilled from the Naiads, and the river nymphs
+   Sent echoes from their whirlpool-circled tides,
+   Flowing in silence; and beneath the rocks
+   Chanted Sicilian songs, like preludes sweet,
+   That through the warbling throats of Syren nymphs,
+   Most musical drop of honey from their tongues.'
+
+   NONNUS.
+
+For all this wild joy, all this exquisite union of all the pleasures
+known to man, whether in the mad embraces of passionate nymphs, in
+draining wine, in tasting the fresh honeycomb, in wild dances under
+green leaves, in feasting, or in song, Bacchus was the centre, and the
+Cup the symbol. And this cup--the absolutely _feminine_ type--the _Iona_
+which forms the nucleus of so great and so curious a family of words in
+the Indo-Germanic and Shemitic languages--was fabled to have been formed
+from the wood of Ivy. Let the reader hear this double sex of Bacchus in
+mind; he will find it recurring again in the myth of Ivy. 'We must,'
+says CREUZER (_Symbolik und Mythologie der Alten Voelker_), 'think of ALL
+things, if we would not see the Bacchic genii in their mysterious rites,
+from a one-sided point of view. Not only Bacchus himself, but his male
+and female companions must each, like their lord on earth, appear in
+_different_ forms. For the mysteries loved the antique, the
+pregnant-with-meaning, _i. e._ that which has a really symbolical
+fulness, and supplies full food for thought.' And again: 'It would have
+been very strange if the Man-Woman had not also appeared in this
+mysterious array of forms. In his origin, Bacchus is an Indian god, and
+to the Hindus the world was bi-sexed.' Thus we find in the Ivy, as his
+sacred plant, a curious and beautiful symbol, in whose trailing embraces
+the ancient East and West are bound together.
+
+If the Ivy cup was held to typify female nature, so too were the leaves
+of that plant emblematical of the receptive sex. The thyrsus, the
+distinctive object borne by the worshippers of Bacchus, was a phallic or
+male symbol, the characteristic portion of which was wreathed and buried
+in Ivy leaves; signifying the union of the sexes. It is curious to
+observe that this regarding the Ivy as characteristic of the feminine
+principle, found its way among the Druids, and was transmitted from them
+to the Christian and Christmas ceremonies of the middle ages. In these
+we always find that the thorned holly is spoken of as male, and the Ivy
+as female. In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1779, a correspondent
+relates a ceremony, which is still preserved in some parts of England.
+'The girls, from five or six to eighteen years old, were assembled in a
+crowd, burning an uncouth effigy, which they called a _holly-boy_, and
+which they had stolen from the boys; while in another part of the
+village, the boys were burning what they called an _Ivy-girl_, which
+they had stolen from the girls. The ceremony of each burning was
+attended with huzzas and other acclamations, according to the receipt of
+custom in all such cases.'[1]
+
+There is but one legend in all the legends of the gods; but one
+solution, though the enigmas be thousandfold; and the myth of the Ivy is
+only a repetition of that of Bacchus and of all the immortals--the
+endless allegory of birth and death, male and female, winter and spring.
+_Kissos_--the Greek word for Ivy--was a young faun beloved by Bacchus,
+who accompanied the god of the Cup and of life, in all his strange
+adventures. Mad with wine, Kissos once at an orgie danced until he fell
+dead. Then his lord, grieving bitterly, raised the beloved form in his
+arms, and, changing it to Ivy, wreathed it around his brow. It is the
+old story of death and revival.
+
+But we may expect to find of course a feminine goddess, or demi-goddess,
+whose name includes the same root as Kissos--and she appears in
+_Kiseis_, one of the nymphs to whom Bacchus gave the infant Bacchus to
+be brought up. For her reward, she was placed by Bacchus among the
+stars--in the constellation of the weeping Hyades--that she might have a
+place in heaven. Apropos of which we may quote the words of the quaint
+old Jesuit GALTRUCHIUS, saying that 'Bacchus was brought up with the
+Nymphs, which teacheth us that we must mix Water with our Wine.'[2]
+
+We also find that _Kisaea_, was, at Epidaurus, one of the names of
+Minerva. Notwithstanding the apparent dissimilarity between the wild god
+of wine and the goddess of calm wisdom, it was still taught in the
+mysteries that they had an affinity in more than one lower form, and, of
+course, an _identity_ in their highest. 'The temple of Bacchus,' says
+Galtruchius, 'was next to _Minerva's_, to express how useful Wine is to
+revive the Spirits, and enable our Fancy to Invent.'[3] In the older
+worship, Minerva was one with Venus, Diana, Proserpine--the generating
+female principle of love and of beauty being of course predominant. 'In
+this _unity_ or identity of barbarian divinities,' says Creuzer
+(_Symbolik_, IV. _Theil_), ('to speak like the Greeks') 'we must,
+however, seek for the source of that _variety_ which made the Greeks so
+rich in gods; and what had in Hellas been separated into so many,
+remained by the 'barbarians' single and undivided. Therefore the older a
+Greek local worship might be, so much the more did it in this resemble
+the barbarian. * * So we have truly learned in Argos, Laconia, Dodona,
+and Sicily, * * that Proserpine was one and the same with Venus and
+Diana, and the identity with Minerva may also be proved.' For the proof
+I refer the reader to his work. With Venus, however, Bacchus had amours,
+begetting Priapus. Certain it is that the Ivy _Kissos_ appears in both
+male and female names.
+
+But as the Ivy formed the cup--_kissubion_--into which life entered, and
+from which it was drained as wine; so, too, from its wood was made the
+sacred _chest_ (_kiste_) in which, in the Dyonisiac mysteries, the same
+secret was preserved under the form of a serpent, while in the
+Eleusinian it hid the dread pomegranate which Persephone had tasted. For
+they were all one and the same, this wine and serpent and
+pomegranate--the type of life and of knowledge--of human birth, and
+human intellect--of the world's generation and of eternal wisdom. The
+fruit of which Adam ate, the bread and wine of the holy supper of the
+mysteries of all lands in all ages, the pomegranate, whose seeds, once
+eaten, kept the soul in another life beyond death, all have _one_
+meaning--and this meaning was that of infinite revival, endless
+begetting, the renewal of nature--and with this the _knowledge_ of the
+great mystery which sets the soul free. '_Eritis sicut Deus._'
+
+It was no small honor for a single plant to have furnished the wreath of
+Bacchus, the wood of his cup, emblematic of the human body containing
+his life-blood, and the material for the chest of the great
+mysteries--meaning also the body and the world. I think, however, that
+its philological root may also be possibly found in the Greek noun
+_kissa_, and the verb _kissao_, implying strange and excessive
+passionate longing. Such yearning would well become the Bacchantae, the
+wild children of desire and of Nature. It is longing or _desire_ which
+leads to renewing life, which constitutes love, which flashes like fire
+and light through the beautiful, and pours forth the wine, and breaks
+the bread, and causes the rose-blush to bloom, and the nymphs to cry
+amid the mountains, _Evoe Bacche!_
+
+Coming down from the pagan mysteries into lower and more literal forms,
+the Ivy preserved two meanings. It was already the vine of life, and the
+early Christians laid it in the coffins of their departed, as the emblem
+of a new life in Christ.[4] It had hung upon the limbs of naked nymphs,
+convulsed in passionate orgies, as a type of vitality renewed by
+pleasure--it was now wreathed at Christmas-tide over quaint columns and
+tracery-laden Gothic windows and arches, as a sign--they knew not
+exactly of what--but guessed, naturally enough, and rightly, that it
+typified as an undying winter-plant the resurrection. And they sang its
+praises in many a brave carol:
+
+     IVY, chief of trees it is,
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+   The most worthy she is in town,--
+     He who says other says amiss;
+   Worthy is she to bear the crown;
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+   IVY is soft and meek of speech,
+     Against all woe she bringeth bliss;
+   Happy is he that may her reach:
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+   IVY is green, of color bright,
+     Of all trees the chief she is;
+   And that I prove will now be right:
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+   IVY, she beareth berries black;
+     God grant to all of us his bliss,
+   For then we shall nothing lack:
+       _Veni coronaberis_.
+
+Very quaint is the following fragment:
+
+   Holly and Ivy made a great party,
+   Who should have the mastery
+                    In lands where they go.
+
+   Then spake Holly, 'I am fierce and jolly,
+   I will have the mastery
+                    In lands where we go.'
+
+   Then spake Ivy, 'I am loud and proud,
+   And I will have the mastery
+                   In lands where we go.'
+
+   Then spake Holly, and bent him down on his knee,
+   'I pray thee, gentle Ivy,
+   Essay me no villany
+                   In lands where we go.'
+
+_Old Christmas Carol._
+
+'Good wine needs no bush,' says an old proverb; but is it generally
+known that the 'bush' in question, used as a sign for wine, was a bunch
+of Ivy? The custom went from Greece to Italy, from Italy to Germany, and
+so on westward. Very different is this use of the evergreen vine in
+taverns, from that of adorning churches--the one meaning a mere
+invitation to drink, while the other reminds the believer that, as the
+Ivy lives through the bitter winter, so shall our souls endure through
+cold death and live again in Christ, even as He passed through the grave
+to live in 'eternal bloom.' Yet to those who have mastered the legend of
+Bacchus, there is no absolute difference between the two, when studied
+with regard to their origin. It is worth remarking that among the
+ancients the impression prevailed that the Ivy was the plant of
+joyousness, of triumphant strength, and of _life_, even as Bacchus was
+the lord of joy. And at a later day, long after the association with
+genial Bacchus was forgotten, the Ivy in popular lay and legend, and
+quaint custom and holiday rite, still by some inexplicable association
+always seemed to the multitude to be sweet and gentle, noble and dear.
+It is such a feeling of love, derived from old traditions and old
+worships, long forgotten, which makes the stork and the house-cricket
+and the robin and dragon-fly and swallow so dear to children and grown
+people in many parts of Europe. The rose is gone, but the perfume still
+lingers in the old leaves of the manuscript. And the reader who
+comprehends this may also comprehend the tender affection for the Ivy
+expressed in the old Christmas carols which I have quoted, and which,
+without such comprehension, seem absurd enough; while _with_ it, they
+appear truly beautiful and touching.
+
+As the symbol of a joyous faith, the Ivy seems to have been especially
+repugnant to the Hebrews, whose stern monotheism admitted few attributes
+to the Deity save those of tremendous power, vengeance, and gloom. So we
+find (_Maccabees_, book ii., c. 6., v. 7) that it was regarded by them
+as most horrible that, 'in the day of the king's birth, every month,
+they were brought, by bitter constraint, to eat of the sacrifices; and,
+when the feast of Bacchus was kept, the Jews were compelled to go in
+procession to Bacchus, carrying Ivy.' A dislike to this emblem of
+heathen joy seems, however, to have clung to them through all changes of
+faith--a fact apparently well known to Ptolemy Philopater, king of
+Egypt, who ordered that all the Jewish renegades who had abjured their
+religion should be branded with an Ivy-leaf.
+
+When the reader who may be interested in the architecture of the middle
+ages meets in its tracery, as he often must, the Ivy-leaf, let him
+recall that here is a symbol which was not used unthinkingly by the Free
+Masons, who seldom lost an opportunity to bring forward their orientally
+derived Nature-lore. In fact, the whole mass and body of mediaeval
+architectural emblems presents nothing less than a protest of Nature and
+life, independence and intelligence, knowledge and joyousness, against
+the gloomy prison of form and tyranny which held Truth in chains. The
+stone Ivy-leaf carved on the capitals of old cathedrals was as reviving
+a symbol to the heart of the Initiated as was the living Ivy on the
+walls without, green and beautiful among mid-winter's snow. It has been
+well conjectured by a German writer (STIEGLITZ, _Archaeologie der
+Baukunst der Griechen und Roemer_, Weimar, 1801, I _Theil_, Sec. 268), that
+the relation of the Ivy to Bacchus was probably the cause why it was so
+frequently introduced by the Greeks among the architectural ornaments of
+their temples; a very natural conjecture, when we remember that it was a
+firm conviction in the early faith, even of India, that where the Ivy
+was found, the god had literally been. The same bold spirit of tradition
+which brought into the very bosom of the church so much genial, latent
+heresy and heathen daring, kept the Ivy alive--for Nature and Truth
+_will_ live, and man will have his guardian angels, who will hope for
+him and for the dawn, though buried in the deepest night and lost among
+horrible dreams and ghastly incubi. A French writer on mediaeval art[5]
+has declared that an excellent work might be written on the foliage of
+Christian architecture, but regrets that the relations of the leaves as
+employed--or, in fact, the law guiding their employment--should be
+unintelligible. Let them be studied according to their symbolical and
+antique meaning, and they will seem clear as legible letters; and to
+those who can read them, the gloomy Gothic piles will ray forth a
+strange and beautiful light--the sympathetic light of congenial minds
+long passed away, yet who did not vanish ere they had breathed out to
+those who were to come after them, in leaf or other character, their
+hatred of _the tyrant_, and their unfailing conviction of the Great
+Truth. GOD bless them all! I have studied for hours their solemn
+symbols--each a cry for freedom and a prayer for light; and when I
+thought of the gloom and cruelty and devilishness of the foul age which
+pressed around them, I wondered that they, knowing what they did, could
+have lived--ay, lived and sung and given a soul to art. And,
+understanding them in spirit and in truth, every Ivy-leaf carved by them
+seemed the whole Prometheus bound and unbound--yes, all poems of truth,
+all myths, all religion.
+
+And as it is the leaf of life, so is it by that very fact the leaf of
+_death_; for death is only the water of life. And in this sense we find
+a rare beauty in the poem by Mrs. Hemans, though she saw its truth, not
+through the dim glass of tradition, but by direct communion with Nature.
+
+
+   TO THE IVY.
+
+   OCCASIONED BY RECEIVING A LEAF GATHERED
+   IN THE CASTLE OF RHEINFELS.
+
+
+   Oh! how could fancy crown with thee,
+     In ancient days, the god of wine,
+   And bid thee at the banquet be,
+     Companion of the vine?
+   Thy home, wild plant, is where each sound
+     Of revelry hath long been o'er;
+   Where song's full notes once peal'd around,
+     But now are heard no more.
+
+   The Roman, on his battle plains,
+     Where kings before his eagles bent,
+   Entwined thee, with exulting strains,
+     Around the victor's tent;
+   Yet there, though fresh in glossy green,
+     Triumphantly thy boughs might wave--
+   Better thou lov'st the silent scene
+     Around the victor's grave.
+
+   Where sleep the sons of ages flown,
+     The bards and heroes of the past,
+   Where through the halls of glory gone,
+     Murmurs the wintry blast;
+   Where years are hastening to efface
+     Each record of the grand and fair--
+   Thou, in thy solitary grace,
+     Wreath of the tomb! art there.
+
+   Oh! many a temple, once sublime
+     Beneath a blue Italian sky,
+   Hath nought of beauty left by time,
+     Save thy wild tapestry.
+   And, reared 'midst crags and clouds, 'tis thine
+     To wave where banners waved of yore,
+   O'er towers that crest the noble Rhine,
+     Along his rocky shore.
+
+   High from the fields of air look down
+     Those eyries of a vanished race,
+   Homes of the mighty, whose renown
+     Hath passed and left no trace.
+   But thou art there--thy foliage bright,
+     Unchanged, the mountain storm can brave--
+   Thou that wilt climb the loftiest height,
+     And deck the humblest grave.
+
+   The breathing forms of Parian stone,
+     That rise round grandeur's marble halls;
+   The vivid hues by painting thrown
+     Rich o'er the glowing walls;
+   Th' acanthus on Corinthian fanes,
+     In sculptured beauty waving fair--
+   These perished all--and what remains?
+     --Thou, thou alone art there.
+
+   'Tis still the same--where'er we tread,
+     The wrecks of human power we see,
+   The marvel of all ages fled,
+     Left to decay and thee.
+   And still let man his fabrics rear,
+     August in beauty, grace, and strength,--
+   Days pass, thou 'Ivy never sere,'[6]
+     And all is thine at length.
+
+There was a strange old belief that Ivy leaves worn as a garland
+prevented intoxication, that wine was less exciting when drunk from a
+cup of its wood, and that these cups had finally the singular property
+of separating water from wine by filtration, when the two were
+mingled--or, as it is expressed by MIZALDUS MONLUCIANUS in his
+delightfully absurd 'Centuries,'[7] 'a cup of Ivy, called _cissybius_,
+is especially fitted for two reasons, for feasts: firstly, because Ivy
+is said to banish drunkenness; and secondly, because by it the frauds of
+tavern keepers, who mix wine with water, are detected.' It is worth
+remarking, in connection with this, that, according to LOUDON(_Arboretum
+et Fruticetum Brittanicum_, c. 59), the wood of the Ivy is, when newly
+cut, really useful as a filter, though it is highly improbable that
+anything like a complete analysis of mingled water and wine can be
+effected by it.
+
+It may interest the literary critic, should he be ignorant of the fact,
+to know that the golden-berried Ivy--worn by Apollo ere he adopted the
+Daphnean laurel--is the plant consecrated to his calling. Witness Pope:
+
+   'Immortal Vida, on whose honored brow
+   The poet's bays and critic's Ivy grow.'
+
+Perhaps it is given to the critics to remind them that they should be
+kindly sheltering and warmly protecting to poor poets and others, who
+may be greatly cheered by a little kindness. For there is an old legend
+that the Druids decorated dwelling places with Ivy and holly during the
+winter, 'that the sylvan spirits might repair to them, and remain
+unnipped with frost and cold winds, until a milder season had renewed
+the foliage of their darling abodes. (DR. CHANDLER, _Travels in
+Greece_.) Think of this when ye ink your pens for the onslaught!
+
+It is worth noting that in two or three 'Dream Books' the Ivy is set
+down as indicating 'long-continued health, and new friendships'--an
+explanation quite in keeping with its ancient symbolism, and still more
+with its most literal and apparent meaning of _attachment_. This latter
+sense has given poet and artist many a fine figure and image. 'Nothing,'
+says ST. PIERRE in his _Studies of Nature_, 'can separate the Ivy from
+the tree which it has once embraced: it clothes it with its own leaves
+in that inclement season when its dark boughs are covered with hoar
+frost. The faithful companion of its destiny, it falls when the tree is
+cut down: death itself does not relax its grasp; and it continues to
+adorn with its verdure the dry trunk that once supported it.'
+
+And of the golden-berried Ivy, Spenser sings:
+
+   'Emongst the rest, the clamb'ring Ivy grew,
+     Knitting his wanton arms with grasping hold,
+   Lest that the poplar happely should rew
+     Her brother's strokes, whose boughs she doth enfold
+   With her lythe twigs, till they the top survew
+     And paint with pallid green her buds of gold.'
+
+Madame DE GENLIS tells us of a true-hearted friend, who clung to a
+fallen minister of state, through good and ill fortune, and followed him
+into exile, that he adopted for a 'device' a fallen oak tree thickly
+wound with Ivy, and with the motto: 'His fall cannot free me from him.'
+An 'emblem' of the later middle age expresses undying conjugal love in a
+like manner, by a fallen tree wound around with Ivy, beneath which, is
+the inscription in Spanish: '_Se no la vida porque la muerte._'
+(RADOWITZ, _Gesammelte Schriften_.) A not uncommon seal gives us the Ivy
+with the motto; 'I die where I attach myself;' while yet another of the
+ivied fallen trees declares that 'Even ruin cannot separate us.'
+
+Ivy is the badge of the clan Gordon, and of all who bear that name. In
+conclusion, lest my readers should object that the subject, though
+eminently suggestive, has been treated entirely without a jest, I will
+cite a quaint repartee, shockingly destructive of the sentiment just
+cited:
+
+'Woman,' said a lovelorn youth, 'is like Ivy--the more you are ruined,
+the closer she clings to you.'
+
+'And the closer she clings to you, the sooner you are ruined,' replied
+an old cynic of a bachelor.
+
+Poor man! He had never realized the truth of the French saying, that to
+enjoy life, there is nothing like being ruined a little.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _New Curiosities of Literature, and Book of the Months._ BY GEORGE
+SOANE, B.A. London, 1849, Vol. i., p. 57.
+
+[2] _The Poetical History._ By P. GALTRUCHIUS. London 1678.
+
+[3] Galtruchuis, c. 7.
+
+[4] 'Hedera quo que vel laurus et hujusmodi, quae semper servant virorem,
+in sarcophago corpori substernantur, ad significandum, quod qui
+moriuntur in Christo, vivere non desinant; nam licet mundo moriantur
+secundum corpus, tamen secundum animam vivunt et reviviscunt in
+Deo.'--DURANDUS, _Ration. Div. Offic._, lib. vii., cap 35.
+
+[5] BERTY, _Dictionnaire de l'Architecture du Moyen Age_. Paris, 1845.
+
+[6] 'Ye myrtles brown, and ivy never sere.' MILTON'S _Lycidas_.
+
+[7] 'Poculum ex hedera, cissybium dictum, ratione duplici conviviis
+summe est accomodum: imprimis, quod hedera vini temulantiam, arcere
+fertur: deinde quod cauponum fraudes, qui vinum aqua miscent, eo poculo
+deprehenduntur.'--_Memorabilium, Utilium ac Jucundorum Centuriae Novem,
+&c._ Paris, 1566.
+
+
+
+
+THE MISHAPS OF MISS HOBBS.
+
+   'New beauties push her from the stage;
+   She trembles at the approach of age;
+   And starts, to view the altered face
+   That wrinkles at her in her glass.'
+
+   TRUMBULL'S _Progress of Dulness_.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Ann Harriet Hobbs was getting cured of her youth. 'She was going
+backward,' as the French say of people when Time is running forward, and
+they themselves are being forwarded a little too rapidly by his Express.
+All the ladies said so of her; all the gentlemen said so; and, worse
+than all, even the mirror made similar reflections a little--the only
+difference being that the ladies and gentlemen said so behind her back,
+but the mirror expressed it before her face. One by one her sisters and
+companions ripened and were plucked by the admiring crowd, but Ann
+Harriet remained untouched. No one even pinched her to see if she were
+good. And finally, as the throng were rapidly passing on, it became her
+settled conviction that she must shake herself into some one's hands, or
+she would be left to wither forsaken on the ancestral tree.
+
+Ann Harriet, like some patent medicines, was not bad to take. True,
+children did not cry for her as they did for the famous cough lozenges
+of old; but the fact was, that in Peonytown most of the people were
+homoeopathists, and preferred small doses; therefore Ann Harriet, who
+was popularly reported to weigh three hundred and one pounds--_vires
+acquirit eundo_--was altogether too large a dose for any gentleman of
+the homoeopathic persuasion. Possibly, if Ann Harriet could have been
+divided into twin sisters of about one hundred and fifty pounds each,
+her matrimonial chances would have greatly increased; for however it may
+have been in years past, this putting two volumes into one is not at all
+popular at the present _duo_-decimal time.
+
+Business, too, was dull in Peonytown, and the men could not afford to
+marry a wife who would require twenty-five yards for a dress, when they
+could get one that ten yards would cover up.
+
+Miss Hobbs's twenty-sixth birthday was approaching. She could see it in
+the dim distance, and she knew too well that the twenty-seventh was
+ready to follow it up; and that Time stepped heavier than he used
+to--the clumsy fellow; for, 'handsome' as she was, she could see the
+marks of his feet on her face.
+
+Ann Harriet had an uncle residing in Boston, whom she had never seen,
+but had often heard him favorably spoken of by her mother, whose only
+brother he was. Ann therefore determined that she would write to her
+Uncle Farnsworth, and ask him if it would be agreeable should she visit
+him for a few weeks.
+
+Her letter met with a cordial response from the old gentleman, who
+expressed himself 'highly gratified at the prospect' of seeing his
+sister's daughter; named the day for her to come, and said that Gregory,
+his son, would meet her at the railroad station in Boston, when the
+train arrived.
+
+Ann Harriet had never been in Boston, and the thoughts of a journey
+thither animated her 'to a degree.' Her wardrobe was renovated; a
+bran-new bonnet was purchased; and as all Peonytown was informed that it
+was to be deprived of her presence for several weeks, the
+'meeting-house' was of course filled on the following Sunday to hear
+Parson Bulger preach about it; for he was one of the new-fashioned
+ministers, who considered the Bible as a wornout book, and generally
+preached from a newspaper text, or the last exciting piece of news.
+Alas! they were disappointed; for the sermon was on Barnum's Baby Show.
+
+The appointed day came, and Ann Harriet paid Seth Bullard, the butcher's
+boy, a quarter of a dollar to 'carry' her and her luggage over to the
+Yellowfield depot, where she was to take the cars for Boston. She bore
+in her hand a rhubarb pie, nicely tied up in a copy of the _Peonytown
+Clarion_, which was intended as a gift for her Aunt Farnsworth. It was a
+pie she made with her own hands, and would have taken a prize for size
+at any cattle show.
+
+After asking engineer, brakeman, and conductor which they thought the
+safest car, and getting a different answer from each, she finally
+ensconced herself in the third car from the engine. Opening the window,
+her attention was attracted by a neat tin sign, on which was painted,
+'_Look out for Pickpockets!_'
+
+'Now, that is kind,' said she, 'to give people notice. I forgot all
+about pickpockets. I would really like to see some, and will certainly
+look out for them.''
+
+She accordingly thrust her head and neck out of the car window, and
+looked sharply at the bystanders. While engaged in this detective
+service, the signal was given, and the cars started, when Miss Hobbs,
+thinking it was needless to keep up a longer lookout, reentered, and was
+surprised to find a nice-looking young man by her side. He wore a heavy
+yellow watchguard, yellow kid gloves, and a moustache to match,
+patent-leather boots, a poll-parrot scarf, and a brilliant breast-pin.
+Ann Harriet was delighted to have such a companion; and her wish that he
+would enter into conversation was soon gratified.
+
+'Travelling far?' asked the 'city-looking chap.'
+
+'Yes, sir; I am going to my uncle's, in Boston,' replied Ann Harriet.
+
+'Taking a vacation, I suppose?' continued he of the yellow kids.
+
+['How delightful!' thought Miss Hobbs; 'he takes me for a
+boarding-school girl.']
+
+'For a few weeks,' replied she, with a bland smile; and dropping her
+black lace veil to improve her really fine complexion, knowing, as well
+as Shakspeare, that
+
+   'Beauty, blemished once, is ever lost,
+   In spite of physic, painting, pains, and cost.'
+
+'Is not this Miss Hobbs, of Peonytown?' suddenly asked the proprietor of
+the patent leathers, after a few minutes' conversation.
+
+'Why! yes; how _did_ you know?' was Ann Harriet's reply.
+
+'Oh, I had a friend as went to the academy in Peonytown, and he always
+kept me posted up on the pretty girls; and he talked about you so often,
+I knew it _must_ be Miss Hobbs,' was the flattering answer.
+
+'How strange!' thought Ann Harriet. 'Well, it proves that I am not
+wholly overlooked by the young men of my native village.' She did not
+remember that she carried a little satchel, on which the stranger had
+read, 'ANN HARRIET HOBBS, _Peonytown_.'
+
+At this time a boy entered the car with a supply of ice water for
+thirsty passengers. In handing a glassful to Miss Hobbs, he spilled a
+part on the floor.
+
+'What a waste!' remarked he.
+
+Ann Harriet blushed deep crimson--fat folks are always sensitive--and,
+with a grave, fat, solemn air, she said:
+
+'I think you are quite rude, sir.'
+
+'I'd like to know how?' inquired he, with a look of surprise.
+
+'By making remarks on my waist, sir. No gentleman would be guilty of
+such an offence,' replied the indignant lady.
+
+Fortunately, the train at this juncture stopped at a way station, and
+the yellow moustache, poll-parrot scarf, and kid gloves got out, first
+bowing very politely to their late companion. Ann Harriet was a little
+sorry to have their inmate go, but consoled herself with the thought
+that he was altogether too familiar.
+
+About fifteen miles farther on, an orange boy made his appearance; and
+Ann, thinking an orange would moisten her throat, felt for her
+portemonnaie, and found it not; for, while she was so intently looking
+_out_ for pickpockets at Yellowfield, her agreeable companion had
+appropriated her cash, by looking _in_ her pocket.
+
+'_There!_ that dandy villain has robbed me of my wallet, with fifteen
+dollars in it, and the receipt for Sally Lunn cake I was going to give
+Aunt Farnsworth!' exclaimed she, placidly. Stout folks bear disasters
+calmly. Luckily, she had two or three dollars in her satchel, which she
+had received from the ticket master when she purchased her ticket, so
+she was not entirely bankrupt. Some of the passengers attempted to
+sympathize with her, but they found it a thankless task, and soon
+desisted.
+
+Ann Harriet, her griefs digested, drew herself into as compact a compass
+as possible, and in a few minutes was fast asleep.
+
+The cars rolled, in due time, into the noisy station at Boston, and our
+traveller, after much exertion and trepidation, safely reached the
+platform, with her rhubarb pie unharmed. She looked anxiously around for
+her cousin Gregory, whom she had never seen, save in his _carte de
+visite_, and by that she found him in a few minutes. Gregory was a
+handsome man, quite young, and dressed in a neat suit of light clothes,
+donned that afternoon for the first time. He had never seen his cousin,
+and was therefore not a little surprised when the corpulent beauty
+introduced herself as Miss Ann Harriet Hobbs, of Peonytown. Gregory had
+come down to the station with a light buggy, in which he intended to
+convey his fair relative home, but at the first glance saw that it would
+be disastrous both to the buggy and Ann Harriet to attempt any such
+feat. He therefore escorted her to a hack, and left her a moment. While
+he was gone, Ann Harriet, who had forgotten all her troubles in the
+contemplation of riding home with her handsome cousin, laid the rhubarb
+pie on the opposite seat of the carriage, reserving the place by her
+side for Gregory. But this gentleman, not feeling sure that he would
+find room by the side of his massive cousin, when he entered the
+carriage, sat hastily down opposite her. _Crash_ went the _Peonytown
+Clarion_, and 'sqush' went the juicy rhubarb, completely saturating
+Gregory's new garments. Ann Harriet gave a loud shriek, exclaiming: 'Oh!
+you have spoilt that nice pie that I made for Aunt Priscilla, from Mrs.
+Wilkins's receipt.'
+
+'Hang Mrs. Wilkins's receipt!' exclaimed Gregory, who was imperturbable.
+'I think I shall have to get some one to reseat my pantaloons.'
+
+There was nothing to be done but to drive home as quickly as possible.
+The hackman was paid for the damage to his vehicle, and Gregory hastened
+up stairs to resume the old suit which only a few hours before he had
+thrown aside disdainfully.
+
+Ann Harriet found her uncle's family all that she expected. They found
+her a little more than they expected. Everything was done to make her
+comfortable. Aunt Farnsworth condoled with her niece on the loss of her
+money, and the receipt for Sally Lunn cake. They brought a fan to cool
+her, and placed a footstool for her feet. Her cousin Miranda exhibited a
+photograph album containing all the family likenesses, besides a number
+they had purchased to fill up the book, such as the Prince of Wales,
+McClellan, Stonewall Jackson, Beauregard, and Butler. All this comforted
+her greatly, and Ann Harriet was much interested, but was obliged to
+inquire which were fighting for the North, and which for the South--'she
+had heard something about it, but was not thoroughly informed,'--for, to
+tell the truth, the only medium for news in Peonytown was the _Clarion_,
+and the only portion of even that which Ann Harriet attended to was the
+deaths, marriages, and dry goods.
+
+The remainder of the day passed quietly, and the hour for retiring
+approached. Before Ann Harriet's arrival, it had been arranged that she
+should share Miranda's bed; but it was now very evident that Ann would
+get very much more than her share, and it was therefore decided to give
+her a bed to herself. A lamp was brought, and Aunt Farnsworth escorted
+her to her room, and bade her good night. Ann Harriet had the usual
+share of curiosity which all females--even plump ones--possess; and
+wishing to know how a Boston street appeared in the evening, she hoisted
+the curtain with a vigorous jerk, and looked forth: it was not a very
+beautiful scene; long rows of brick houses stretched away on either
+side, relieved at intervals by the street lamps and loafers, which, as
+they appeared at a distance, reminded her of a torchlight procession she
+had witnessed once in Peonytown, when the Hickory Club turned out with
+twenty torches and a colored lantern. Having satisfied her eyes with the
+view, she attempted to draw down the curtain, and found that it would
+not move. She had pulled it up so vigorously that the cord had slipped
+from the wheel, and rendered the curtain immovable. By stepping on a
+chair she could, indeed, reach and adjust it; but the only chairs in the
+room were cane-seated, and seemed altogether too fragile for such a
+weighty lady as Ann Harriet. To add to her perplexity, the dwelling
+directly opposite was a boarding house, full of young men; and she
+noticed that one or two of them had already discovered her, and that the
+news was probably being communicated to all their fellow boarders, for
+in a very few minutes every window had two or more spectators at it,
+armed with opera or eye glasses, while one saucy fellow had a telescope
+three feet long. What to do she did not know: there was but one window
+in the room, and no recess into which her portly beauty could retreat.
+Once more she tried the curtain, giving it a forcible twitch, and this
+time it came down--but the whole fixture came with it, and, after
+striking her on the head, slid out of the window into the street, much
+to the amusement of the spectators opposite.
+
+Here was a dilemma--and what would her aunt say? She had to give up all
+hope of excluding the gaze of her impudent neighbors. Poor damsel! She
+would have asked assistance of some of the family, but they had all been
+asleep some time, and she disliked to disturb them. Finally, she decided
+to extinguish her light and undress in bed--a difficult undertaking,
+which was, however, accomplished, with the loss of sundry strings and
+buttons; and Ann Harriet laid her wearied head on the pillow, and
+thought her troubles for that day were over. But Sleep forsakes the
+wretched, and her eyes would not 'stay shut.' While coaxing them to
+'stay down,' she was startled by a flash of light on the wall and an
+explosion, then another, and then a third, accompanied by a shower of
+gravelly substance in her face and eyes. Miss Hobbs, as we have seen,
+was
+
+   'A woman naturally born to fears,'
+
+and this sudden and inexplicable exhibition of fireworks in her chamber
+almost burst the strings of her night cap, by causing her curly black
+hair to stand on end.
+
+The mischievous young men opposite had procured a _sarbacane_--vulgarly
+known as a 'bean-blower,'--and were shooting torpedoes into Ann
+Harriet's chamber. Not daring to rise to shut the window, she was wholly
+at their mercy; but fortunately their stock of ammunition was limited to
+half a dozen pellets, and in a few minutes the bombardment ceased.
+
+About midnight Ann Harriet fell into a deep slumber, and when she awoke
+the broad sunshine was illuminating her chamber, while the rattling of
+teams along the paved streets reminded her that she was in the great
+metropolis of New England. She missed the green foliage and healthy
+perfume and bird songs of her pleasant country home: all she could see
+was a combination of bricks, slate, and stone; and not a green thing was
+visible in the street, save a few Irish servants, who were washing off
+the doorsteps and sidewalks. In the middle of the cobble stones lay the
+curtain which had fallen during the scene of the previous evening, muddy
+and torn, its sticks broken by the heavy wagons which had passed over
+it. A glance at the hostile boarding-house assured her that all was
+quiet there; so, after arranging her dress with studied nicety, and
+disposing her hair in the most enchanting style--and Ann Harriet was
+really neat and winsome--she descended to the breakfast room. Her cousin
+Gregory was the only person present--he sat by the window, reading.
+After the customary greeting, Ann Harriet inquired what interested him.
+
+'I have been glancing over an article called 'Ludicrous Exaggerations,'
+in Leigh Hunt's _Indicator_,' replied Gregory, with a mischievous
+twinkle in his eyes.
+
+Ann Harriet did not notice any point to this remark, but said: 'I do not
+remember having seen that book.'
+
+'What have _you_ been reading lately?' pursued Gregory.
+
+'Oh! I have begun a splendid book that Mrs. Orrin Pendergast lent me; I
+have forgotten who wrote it, but its name is 'The Bloody Butcher's
+Bride; or, The Demon of Dandelion Dell.'
+
+Here Gregory was so impolite as to burst into a loud laugh, much to the
+discomfiture of Ann Harriet, who was on the point of describing a
+thrilling scene in the story.
+
+'I see nothing to laugh at,' remarked she, solemnly; 'it is a _very_
+nice book, Cousin Gregory. Why, some parts of it were so powerful that
+it made me tremble all over.'
+
+'It _must_ have been powerful,' said Gregory, drily.
+
+'You're a saucy fellow,' said his cousin. 'But, by the way, where is
+that new suit that was damaged yesterday? You do not look so stylish
+this morning.'
+
+'Stylish? I hope not. I hate that word; it is only fit to be applied to
+pigs; they always look sty-lish,' replied Gregory.
+
+The door opened, and the rest of the family appeared, much to Ann
+Harriet's discomfort, for she liked her cousin, and was just thinking
+how she could make an impression upon him. The surest way would have
+been to sit in his lap.
+
+They seated themselves at the table, when the customary question came
+from Aunt Farnsworth:
+
+'How did you rest last night, Ann Harriet?'
+
+This, of course, called forth the history of the mishaps she had
+experienced, and the indignation of her uncle and aunt was great when
+they heard how the occupants of the boarding house had behaved.
+
+'Those young men over there are Boarder Ruffians,' remarked Gregory.
+
+'Mercy!' exclaimed his fat cousin; 'if I had known that, I shouldn't
+have slept a wink all night. I have heard Miss Pendergast tell about
+those awful men: she had a sister out in Kansas, and a parcel of Border
+Ruffians came to her house one Sabbath day and ate up everything she
+had, and then carried off her cow and five pullets.'
+
+'What cow-ardly and chicken-hearted fellows, to rob a poor woman in that
+manner!' remarked Gregory, grimly.
+
+'Oh yes,' said Ann Harriet; 'and they spit tobacco juice all over her
+clean floor, and whittled all over the hearth, and told her it was lucky
+for her that she was a widow, for if she hadn't been, they would have
+made her one. I should think you would feel dreadfully to have a whole
+houseful right opposite.'
+
+'We do feel pretty dreadfully,' replied Gregory; 'often.'
+
+'Miranda, you must have a little company while your cousin is here, and
+make her acquainted with some of the ladies and gentlemen of the city,'
+said Aunt Farnsworth.
+
+'I should like to, very much, mother; and if you are willing, I will set
+about it immediately after breakfast; and perhaps I can arrange things
+so as to have it to-morrow night,' was Miranda's reply.
+
+This suggestion was eagerly seconded by Gregory, who always enjoyed the
+social parties that his sister had a peculiar knack in getting up at
+short notice.
+
+Their pleasant anticipations of the _soiree_ were suddenly checked by
+quite a melancholy mishap to the solid Ann Harriet. In reaching forward
+to receive a cup of coffee from her aunt, she was obliged to rise a
+little from her seat. Now, the chair in which she was sitting had been
+broken the day before and was glued together, strong enough for any
+ordinary usage, but wholly inadequate to sustain such a weight as now
+taxed it; so when Ann 'set back' into the furniture, the already
+strained joints came apart, and she felt herself descending to the
+floor; to save herself, she clung to the edge of the table, but, of
+course, that was no support; on the contrary, it tilted up and launched
+its whole contents over the prostrate form of the unfortunate Ann
+Harriet. There she lay, pinned to the floor by the heavy table, while
+her face and neck and dress were covered with butter, gooseberry pie,
+hot coffee, broken eggs, and slices of fried ham. The carpet was in a
+similar condition, and the Old Dominion coffee-pot was found expiring
+under the sofa.
+
+Mr. Farnsworth, in an attempt to save the table from going over, lost
+his own balance, and fell flounder-flat on the floor, where he lay
+shuddering, with his hair in a dish of Shaker apple-sauce: the rest of
+the family escaped unscathed, but were sadly astonished at the sudden
+turn things had taken.
+
+Mr. Farnsworth and Gregory raised the fallen table to its former
+position, and Miranda set about collecting the scattered dishes.
+
+'I knew that we were going to breakfast, but I did not think we should
+break so fast as that,' remarked Gregory, ruefully.
+
+Ann Harriet, up to this time, had retained her consciousness, when it
+suddenly occurred to her that, in the stories she had read, the heroines
+always fainted when anything unusual happened; so she shut up her eyes
+and began to gasp, just as her uncle and cousin were about to assist her
+to her feet.
+
+'She is faint; get some water, quick!' exclaimed Miranda.
+
+Gregory seized the 'Old Dominion,' and dashed what coffee there was left
+in it on Ann's face, then threw on all the cream in the pitcher, and
+wound up his frightful orgie by emptying over her locks a lot of brown
+sugar from a bowl which stood near. The effect was that the faint damsel
+'came to' very fast, and requested to be helped up. Her aspect was
+remarkably ludicrous; the moistened sugar, clinging to her hair and
+plastering up her eyes, caused so much mirth on Gregory's part that he
+could hardly restrain it within the bounds of politeness.
+
+'Oh, _do_ help me up!' implored Ann Harriet.
+
+Easier said than done. Mr. Farnsworth took hold of one arm, and Gregory
+the other, but their united effort was not sufficient. Mr. Farnsworth
+had but recently recovered from an attack of the rheumatism--and apple
+sauce--and was by no means strong enough for such work; while Gregory
+was so full of laughter that it deprived him of half his strength. After
+one or two futile attempts, Miranda had a happy thought: she ran into
+the parlor and brought out half a dozen thick volumes of music; then
+Gregory and his father lifted Ann Harriet as far as they could at one
+effort, while Miranda pushed a book under; at the next lift, a second
+book was inserted, and this movement was repeated until Ann was
+seated--_alto_ and _allegro_--on a pile of six large music books. Aunt
+Farnsworth then brought a basin of water, and carefully bathed her
+niece's face, removing all traces of the catastrophe, in which she was
+assisted by a copious flood of tears from Ann's eyes--so copious,
+indeed, that Gregory guessed there would be a rainbow when she ceased.
+
+In about twenty minutes 'things were put as near to rights as possible,'
+but their appetites, like the breakfast, were thoroughly spoilt; so
+Miranda and her cousin went up stairs to make their plans for the
+entertainment, which was to be given in honor of the fair Peonytowner.
+This kept them busy all day; for there was shopping to be done, pastry
+and cake to be made, dresses to be 'fixed,' and other arrangements, 'too
+numerous to mention.'
+
+Ann Harriet's thoughts dwelt incessantly on the appointed evening; the
+iron would then be hot, and she knew that she must strike, or lose a
+golden opportunity for exchanging the desolate monotony of a heavy
+single life for the sparkling, honorable, enviable title of wedded wife.
+
+Surely, Ann Harriet, he who leads thee to the altar will possess a brave
+and stout heart--one on whom you, although fat, can lean, and of whose
+home you, though heavy, will be the light. You will so fill his heart
+that there will be no room for discontent, melancholy, or any evil or
+mischievous visitor. Whoever the fortunate man may be, you can rest
+assured that you will exceed his greatest expectations, and he will not
+attempt to exaggerate your charms and attractions.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+   'There was music and mirth in the lighted saloon;
+   The measure was merry--our hearts were in tune;
+   While hand linked with hand in the graceful quadrille,
+   Bright joy crowned the dance, like the sun on the rill,
+   And beamed in the dark eyes of coquettes and snobs;
+   But the belle of the hall was Ann Harriet Hobbs.'
+
+   MRS. OSGOOD (with slight variation).
+
+
+Bright shone the gas at Mr. Farnsworth's on the evening of the grand
+_soiree_ given for the gratification of Ann Harriet, who was anxious to
+see some of the beaux of Boston. Both of the parlor chandeliers were in
+full blaze, much to the delight of Miss Hobbs, who, after gazing at them
+in admiration, expressed the wish that her friend surnamed Pendergast
+might see such a sight.
+
+'That takes the shine all off of Miss Pendergasses' double back-action,
+self-adjusting, anti-corrosive, herring-bone, powerloom lamp, don't it,
+my dear cousin?' asked Gregory, who had been regaled several times with
+an account of a wonderful lamp that burnt one hour at a cost of only ten
+cents, or ten hours at a cost of one cent--Gregory never could remember
+which.
+
+'Now, Gregory, if you bother me so, I sha'n't tell you anything more;
+please hand me that fan on the table, and tell me who that man is by the
+corner of the mantelpiece.'
+
+'That is Captain Dobbs; he is very fond of poetry, and has written some,
+too; but it was never published, for the editors charged too much for
+putting it into their papers. Shall I introduce him to you?' said
+Gregory.
+
+'A captain and a poet, too? Oh, certainly, I should be delighted to know
+him,' replied Ann Harriet, who began to cool down her countenance by a
+vigorous application of the fan, while Gregory went after the poetical
+captain. He was soon back again, and presented him, as follows:
+
+'Captain Dobbs, Miss Hobbs; Miss Hobbs, Captain Dobbs.'
+
+The Captain bowed so low that Ann Harriet could see the brass buttons on
+the back of his coat, and then, taking her hand, he said, earnestly:
+
+'I rejoice exceedingly that our acquaintance with each other should have
+commenced under such charming auspices!'
+
+Now, they were standing directly under one of the beautiful chandeliers,
+which glistened with brilliant pendants; and Ann, supposing that the
+gallant Captain alluded to them, accordingly replied:
+
+'Yes, they are very charming auspices, and make a beautiful jingle.'
+
+What the Captain really alluded to was the rhyming of their names when
+Gregory introduced them; the jingle of the rhyme pleased him much, and
+he regarded it as propitious to their future acquaintance: Ann Harriet's
+reply happened to suit the case precisely, and placed her in high
+estimation with the Captain.
+
+Drummond Dobbs was about thirty-two years of age, a gentleman, and a
+right good fellow, but so _very_ sentimental that few ladies could
+endure his company. Yet was he anxious to please the fair sex and be
+popular with them: unfortunately, he supposed that the way to be so was
+to shower on them love-sick poetry and sentimental speeches; 'he wore
+his heart upon his sleeve,' fell in love with every new face, and had
+been rejected a score of times; he comforted himself, however, with the
+very scaly proverb, 'there is as good fish in the sea as ever was
+caught,' and--cast in his line for another chance. He had tried poor
+women and rich women, young school-girls and elastic old maids,
+brunettes and blondes, but all in vain; and the moment he saw Ann
+Harriet he determined to make one more attempt to secure a heart that
+should beat for him alone, an ear that should be ever on the alert for
+his footstep, and eyes that should sparkle only when he was near.
+
+Ann Harriet, on her part, saw all in Captain Dobbs that she could wish
+for; and she thought that if she could return to Peonytown with a live
+captain as her affianced lover, she should be the happiest of fat girls.
+What a sensation she would create on Sunday, when she went to meeting
+arm in arm with him, and _how_ the folks would stare at his bright
+buttons and shoulder straps! She wondered if he would wear a 'trainer
+hat,' with feathers in it.
+
+To Captain Dobbs, Ann Harriet Hobbs was 'a devilish fine-looking woman;'
+there was something tangible in a woman like that, sir; _she_ was not
+one of your flimsy, languid girls, with waist like the stem of a goblet.
+Somebody had said,'the nearer the bone the sweeter the meat,' but he did
+not believe in that; he wanted a _wife_, and if he could get one twice
+the size of any one else's, so much the better, by Jove!
+
+Gregory, with the tact of Young America, saw instantly what the result
+of an evening's interview would be; so, telling Dobbs that he would find
+his cousin from Peonytown very in-_fat_-uating, he left them to their
+own enjoyment.
+
+'It is very singular,' remarked the Captain, promptly, 'how much alike
+our names are: Hobbs and Dobbs!'
+
+'Yes; but I think that yours is much the prettiest; I always hated the
+name of Hobbs,' remarked Ann Harriet.
+
+'Hate Hobbs? Well, I detest Dobbs; but you have the advantage of me, for
+you can change yours without much trouble,' replied the Captain.
+
+He did not know that Ann Harriet had been longer, and at more trouble,
+in trying to get her name changed, than if she had applied to seven
+legislatures. She blushed deeply, and raised her fan to hide the rosy
+hue--but it was a small, round fan, and only partially concealed her
+face, leaving a crimson disk of two inches around it. Captain Dobbs was
+delighted; a blush to him was a certain proof of maiden coyness, and
+bespoke a heart so full of love that every emotion sent it mantling to
+the face.
+
+Gregory here returned, to say that they were getting up a dance, and
+Captain Dobbs and his cousin must certainly join in it.
+
+'But I never danced in my life!' said Ann Harriet, innocently.
+
+'Oh, never mind _that_; it is a very simple dance--the Virginia Reel;
+every one can dance that; only do as others do,' replied Gregory.
+
+Ann Harriet, accepting Captain Dobbs's proffered arm, proceeded to the
+room where the arrangements for the dance were progressing.
+
+'I understand that Miss Hobbs is the star of this business,' remarked
+Mr. Pickett to Gregory, as he crammed himself behind a bookcase, to
+allow the lady and her escort to go by.
+
+'Star? ' repeated Gregory. 'Yes; the full moon of the concern.'
+
+'You mean of the firm,' quoth Pickett.
+
+'Yes,' replied Gregory, 'the full moon of the firm, I meant.'
+
+The dancers took their places, and a merry tune soon set them in motion.
+Ann Harriet watched the others carefully, and soon understood the
+figure. At length her turn came to advance. She performed her part very
+well until she came to that step known as _dos a dos_, and here her good
+luck forsook her; for, in stepping back, she struck with full force her
+companion, a slim young man with shell eyeglasses, and sent him forward
+with an impetus which was only checked by his coming in collision with a
+plaster-of-Paris pedestal, on which stood a bust of General Zachary
+Taylor; his head penetrated the column, and the bust came down on his
+back with a thump that nearly knocked the breath out of his body. His
+eyeglasses were shattered, his soul rent, and his shirt bosom torn
+asunder. The unfortunate youth gathered himself up and retreated to an
+anteroom, where he rearranged his disordered clothing; but was not seen
+again, having disappeared through a side door and hastened home.
+
+Ann Harriet came out of the collision like a second 'Monitor,' unscathed
+and undaunted; indeed, she was not aware that anything unusual had
+happened till she heard the crash, and then was surprised to learn that
+she was the cause of the catastrophe.
+
+When our heroine heard how serious the collision had been, she felt much
+disturbed, until Gregory observed that, although she had been backward
+in causing the mishap, she should not be backward in making what
+reparation she could.
+
+On this suggestion, Ann Harriet inquired the whereabouts of Mr. Google,
+and learning that he was in an anteroom, started in search of him. She
+found herself in the supper room, hurrying across which, she pulled open
+a door on the other side with such a vigorous effort of elephantine
+strength, as to precipitate a waiter, who had just caught hold of the
+handle, headlong into the room. The unfortunate servitor, who was
+dressed in white cravat and black coat, landed under the supper table,
+where he lay motionless. Ann Harriet made her way back to the parlor as
+quickly as possible, where she startled the visitors by exclaiming:
+
+'Oh dear, come here, quick! I have killed a minister!'
+
+Miss Helen Bumpus, who was playing a quickstep on the pianoforte,
+uttered a sharp shriek, which was echoed from various parts of the room,
+and the whole company, headed by Captain Dobbs, followed Ann Harriet to
+the scene of the disaster.
+
+When they reached the dining room they found her 'minister' sitting on
+the floor, rubbing his head, and using language more appropriate to one
+of Captain Kidd's profession than to an expounder of the gospel. When
+the damaged waiter saw the immense crowd entering the room, he vanished
+into the kitchen amid shouts of laughter from the assembly, who
+comprehended at once Miss Hobbs's error. Ann Harriet felt much relieved
+to find that the accident was no worse, and explained the mishap to her
+friends, ending by inquiring what denomination he belonged to. Gregory
+informed her that the individual was not a clergyman, but a lay-man and
+a waiter.
+
+Soon after, the guests were requested to repair to the supper room, and
+each gentleman chose his partner for the occasion. Unfortunately for Ann
+Harriet, Captain Dobbs chanced to be at the farther end of the room, and
+before he reached the object of his adoration she had already accepted
+the arm of an exquisite youth with patent eyeglass, pink necktie, and
+tomato-colored moustache. The disappointment nearly destroyed Dobbs's
+appetite. He had intended to be irresistibly attentive to Miss Hobbs; to
+furnish her with every little delicacy the table afforded; and _now_,
+she must depend upon the languid movements of a 'snob:' it was too bad,
+by Jove!
+
+The table was elegantly decorated with flowers, and the neatly prepared
+dishes and ministerial waiters presented a scene which to Ann Harriet's
+vision was enchanting.
+
+'What shall I have the pleasure of obtaining for you?' asked Mr.
+Struttles of Ann Harriet.
+
+'Let me see,' replied Ann. 'It's some time since I eat anything, and I
+feel pretty hungry: if you will get me a plateful of pandowdy[8] and
+some ginger snaps, I shall feel thankful.'
+
+Mr. Struttles was a very polite man, and would not laugh in a lady's
+face for a farm; but his tomato-hued moustache quivered, and he had to
+frown fiercely to conceal the laughter which threatened to burst him
+asunder.
+
+'What amuses you so much, Strut?' asked a friend, who found him a few
+moments later in the entry, giggling all by himself.
+
+'Oh dear! I shall die!' he replied, shaking with mirth; 'that fat girl
+asked me to get her something to eat that I never heard of: I believe
+she called it _slam dowdy_, or rip snap, or something like that, and, of
+course, there is nothing of the kind on the table.'
+
+'Go and tell her it is all eaten up,' suggested the friend; 'article all
+sold.'
+
+Struttles had not thought of that; it was a good idea, so off he went
+and told Ann Harriet that the object she wished had been so fashionable
+that it was all devoured before he reached it.
+
+'Oh, well! I had just as lief have some gingerbread and a pickle-lime,'
+was her calm response.
+
+Struttles rushed desperately to the table, filled a plate full of
+anything that came handy, brought it to his dame, and informed her that
+there was not a pickled lime to be had. Ann Harriet did not care; she
+was soon busy devouring the contents of the plate, while Struttles stood
+by, chuckling and grinning.
+
+Captain Dobbs, in the mean time, was doing all he could to make hungry
+and handsome Miss Helen Bumpus happy, by giving her oyster salad, ice
+cream, frozen pudding, and cake, with plenty of champagne to wash it
+down; but his heart was with Ann Harriet, and many an anxious glance he
+bestowed on her, to see if she was well supplied with the niceties of
+the festive board. He thrilled with joy at seeing her behind a plate
+piled nearly as high as her chin with a variety of cakes, tarts, fruits,
+and jellies.
+
+After a while every one was surfeited, and gradually the supper room was
+deserted, leaving none but the waiters, who quickly cleared away what
+there was left of the supper.
+
+On entering the parlor, Captain Dobbs caught a view of himself in a
+large mirror, and saw to his dismay that he had not escaped the usual
+fate of gallants who endeavor to make themselves agreeable to the ladies
+in a crowded supper-room; lumps of blanc-mange adhered to his shirt
+bosom; particles of calf's-foot jelly coruscated like gems on his
+patent-leather gaiters, and quivering oysters hung tenaciously to his
+coat sleeves. He looked around for some place of refuge where he could
+retire and remove the remnants of the banquet, and espying a side room
+apparently deserted, there being no light in it, stepped in, and, taking
+off his coat, commenced the task of restoring it to its pristine
+splendor. While doing this, he was startled by a sound so singular that
+his coat nearly fell from his hand, so alarmed was he. Glancing at the
+door, his eyes met the known form of Ann Harriet, when he instantly
+hurried on his coat in horror, and, apologizing to his fair friend for
+being caught without it, referred to the curious noise he had heard.
+
+'What did it sound like?' asked Ann Harriet.
+
+The Captain tried in vain to find a simile; he had never heard anything
+that resembled it; and Ann Harriet's suggestions as to what it might
+have been were equally fruitless.
+
+The truth was, that when Miss Hobbs appeared at the threshold of the
+door she heaved a deep sigh, and it was this that startled her lover;
+but as he had his head in a stooping position, and was busy brushing his
+coat, the sound seemed to him to come from the farther end of the room,
+which was obscured in darkness. He was not aware that fat ladies' sighs
+were proportionate to their size. However, now that his heart's idol was
+present, he cared nothing for aught else; so, taking her small hand, he
+led her to the window, and they stood gazing with mutual consent at the
+starry heavens. Gregory spied them there, and mischievously closed the
+door. What conversation ensued is only known to the two who were engaged
+in it, but every one noticed that when Ann Harriet reappeared her step
+was light if not actually fantastic, and her mild countenance beamed
+with a moonlike radiance, so serenely bright as to reveal a heart
+buoyant with bliss. Soon after, the company dispersed, and the damsel,
+retiring to her dormitory, was soon dreaming sweetly of 'her betrothed,'
+and imagined that all the bells in Peonytown were rung on her wedding
+day.
+
+Sleep on, Ann Harriet! Thou hast waited long for the happy hour; but
+thou wert thyself weighty, and it was fit that thou, too, shouldst deal
+deliberately in matters of _'great' weight_.
+
+The next day she informed her uncle of her intention to marry the
+accomplished Drummond Dobbs, and received his hearty approval; for
+Dobbs's character was good, and without a scar.
+
+The nuptials were to take place without delay, and so Ann Harriet
+hastened home to make the requisite arrangements.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+   'In wedlock a species of lottery lies,
+   Where in blanks and in prizes we deal;
+   But how comes it that you, such a capital prize,
+   Should so long have remained in the wheel?'
+
+   MOORE.
+
+Ann Harriet was determined that her wedding should be a romantic one;
+she said that it was by no means an every-day affair, and therefore it
+should be carried out in a style proportionate to its rarity. After
+consulting Mrs. Pendergast, and searching through a pile of 'New York
+Dashers,' she was much inclined to a midnight wedding, especially as
+Mrs. Pendergast offered to loan her patent lamp for the occasion; but
+when they suddenly happened to hear of a marriage celebrated in the wild
+and picturesque woods of the White Hills, it was immediately decided
+that there was no better place; so sacred a ceremony should be performed
+'under the broad canopy of heaven,' and the birds of the air and the
+countless leaves of the trees should sing their epithalamium.
+
+After some search, it was decided that the happy spot should be on
+'Huckleberry Hill,' a picturesque elevation about a mile from the
+postoffice in Peonytown, covered with a luxurious growth of pines and
+hemlocks, interspersed with huckleberry bushes, sweet fern, and
+mullenstalks. A small, open place was selected, where the long moss made
+a beautiful carpet, and the tall trees on every side entwined their arms
+as lovingly together as if they, too, were about to take each other 'for
+better for worse,' while the ripple of a brook hidden in the woods lent
+a pleasant melody to the scene.
+
+'This is the place of all others,' remarked Ann Harriet. 'Houses may
+burn down or decay, churches may be sold and turned into ice-cream
+saloons and lager-beer depots--as Mr. Dunstable's was; but these lofty
+pines and rugged hemlocks will stand for centuries, to mark the spot
+where, in my girlhood, I plighted my troth to that _dear_ Dobbs.'
+
+Preparations for the bridal went gloriously on. The Peonytown dressmaker
+was busy day and evening in making up the trousseau of the expectant
+bride. The wedding dress was to be of fine white muslin, and no
+ornaments to detract from its spotless purity.
+
+The important day at length arrived. The sun rose warm, brilliant, calm,
+and cloudless--and so did Ann Harriet. Her heart beat quick and
+tumultuously as the coming event of the day suddenly occurred to her,
+and she rejoiced to think that she was now to have _one_ to shield her
+from the chilling blasts of a cold, relentless world--a husband on whose
+breast her weary head could rest and feel secure.
+
+These thoughts made her footsteps light, and she hastened to array
+herself for the bridal, which, was appointed at ten o'clock. The barber
+of Peonytown was sent for, and, although dressing a bride's hair was
+something as yet unknown to him, yet, after much perseverance and more
+ox marrow, he succeeded in twisting and braiding her luxuriant black
+locks into a kind of triumphal-arched basketwork, that resembled a
+miniature summer-house. The white muslin dress was then put on, and a
+pair of white kid gloves drawn over her small fingers (plump people have
+little hands), and Ann Harriet awaited her husband elect.
+
+All Peonytown had been apprized of the hour of the wedding, and, in
+consequence, the grove was at an early period filled with spectators.
+Boys climbed into the trees; camp stools were provided; and one
+enterprising Peonytowner brought a long wooden settee, and let the weary
+rest on it for the slight consideration of half a dime each. The Rev.
+Derby Sifter was there too. He was to perform the ceremony, and, as it
+was the first wedding in Peonytown for six months, he was in unusual
+humor, rubbing his hands together, and laughing at every remark that was
+made.
+
+At the appointed time Ann Harriet appeared, hanging lovingly on the arm
+of the gallant Captain. The bride attracted universal attention. At
+first, indeed, many were impressed with the idea that a crowd of girls
+were coming, dressed in unsullied white; but as she approached nearer,
+they saw that it was the fair Ann Harriet in her white muslin, leaning
+on the arm of Captain Dobbs, who was dressed in full uniform, and had a
+carnation pink in his mouth. The Rev. Derby Sifter now stepped forward,
+and the parties took their places. No bridesmaids were needed, the bride
+'answering' for several. After a few preliminary remarks, the reverend
+gentleman pronounced them--under green leaves--_husband and wife!_ Ann
+Harriet heaved a sigh of relief: the H had vanished forever from her
+name, and D now reigned in its stead. A short prayer then followed.
+
+Meanwhile, a boy in a tree directly over their heads spied a
+caterpillar's nest near him, and, breaking a twig from a branch, he
+probed the nest, causing a tremendous stampede among the inmates. Down
+they dropped, silently and softly, upon the elaborate head of the bride,
+who stood wholly unconscious of the additional ornaments so profusely
+decorating her hair; the company noticed it, and very soon every one was
+in a broad grin. Ann Harriet became conscious of some merriment in that
+portion of the party immediately under her observation, and a succession
+of blushes suffused her face as she felt that something ridiculous to
+herself must have caused it. At that instant a caterpillar, that had
+been swinging to and fro on his attenuated web, landed plump on Ann's
+nose as she raised her face (he had been waiting for something to turn
+up), causing her to give utterance to a scream that made the clerical
+gentleman open his eyes, and a couple of catbirds to fly frightened and
+squealing from their nests.
+
+At the same time an angry cow, rendered furious by the sting of some
+insect, plunged frantically into the wedding circle, bellowing, tossing
+her head, and flourishing her tail in a terrific and antinuptial manner.
+The Rev. Mr. Sifter was the first one to leave, and, being very spare,
+he passed swiftly through the trees and bushes, never looking behind him
+till he had reached the meeting house, where he stopped and in his
+unconscious delirium caught at the bell rope and rang the bell with a
+vigor that started every one from his work, so that in a few minutes
+'Extinguisher No. 1' was hurried along the roads by an extempore company
+of about fifty men and boys.
+
+Meanwhile, the witnesses of the rural wedding had all skedaddled--to
+borrow a Greek word--into the woods, in dire confusion, tearing
+dresses, pulling down 'back hair,' hitching hoop skirts, and tumbling
+over blackberry vines--but each intent on increasing the distance from
+the mad cow. Ann Harriet was not so fortunate; her size prevented her
+running, and a fiery peony on her bosom attracted the animal's
+attention, so that, with a loud roar, the beast rushed directly upon
+her. Had Ann Harriet been--as she was a few weeks before--an unprotected
+female, the undertaker of Peonytown would have had a 'big job' that day;
+but luckily, he who had just sworn to love and protect her saw that now
+was his time and chance to begin; so, drawing his sword, he stepped in
+front of his trembling bride, and, as the cow approached with head down
+and eyeballs glaring wildly, he aimed a blow with his weapon, which
+inflicted a severe cut on her nose.
+
+The cow paused.
+
+'Step backward gradually, my Ann Harriet,' said the valiant Dobbs, 'and
+I will see that she does not touch you.'
+
+Ann Harriet stepped backward, but not 'gradually,' for she trod on a
+loose stone, which upset her, and she rolled over and over down a
+sloping rock, ruining, on the way, any quantity of huckleberry bushes
+and pennyroyal. This started the cow, who made another furious charge at
+the soldier, who this time, by a well-directed blow, cut one horn sheer
+off.
+
+'That's good!' exclaimed he; 'next time I'll take t'other horn, and then
+commence on her legs.'
+
+The cow made another retreat, but appeared by no means vanquished. The
+Captain stood his ground manfully. Ann Harriet sat on the moss at the
+foot of the rock, disentangling from her hair the bruised and mangled
+caterpillars which still remained there.
+
+Just as the cow was about to make her third charge, shouts were heard in
+the path which led to the village, and in a moment 'Extinguisher No. 1,'
+with its brave volunteers, was on the ground. They had followed the
+directions of the parson and arrived at an opportune moment.
+
+The boys at once decided that, as there was no fire to put out, they
+would 'put out' the cow; so, unreeling the hose, they drew the water
+from the brook, and in a very little while a stream of water from a
+two-inch pipe struck the astonished cow full in the face, when she
+turned and scampered off into the forest, jumping over Ann Harriet at a
+single bound, and was seen no more.
+
+Captain Dobbs wiped his gory weapon on the greensward, and returned it
+to the sheath. He then sprang to the side of his wife, and, with the
+help of the foreman and two brakemen, raised her. She said her nerves
+were all unstrung, and she 'never could walk home in the world;' so she
+was placed on the box of the hose carriage and carried to the village.
+
+The Peonytowners turned out _en masse_ to meet them, and were anxious
+that the heroic Captain should make a speech from the town pump; but he
+declined.
+
+In a short time the happy couple were comfortably seated on the sofa in
+the parlor of the old homestead, and his arm was as far round her waist
+as it would go. Here we will bid them adieu. Ann Harriet being married,
+she will have no more _miss_-haps--albeit at some future time something
+may be heard of Captain and Mrs. Dobbs--and all the little Dobbses.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] Broken-up apple pie.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNION.
+
+IV.
+
+
+The census tables of the North and the South, and especially of
+Massachusetts, Maryland, and South Carolina, heretofore presented, have
+proved that slavery greatly retarded the progress of population, wealth,
+science, education, and religion. The comparison now instituted between
+New York and Virginia demonstrates the same law.
+
+By the census, the population of Virginia in 1790 was 748,308, and in
+1860, 1,596,318, making the ratio of increase 113.32 percent. In 1790,
+New York numbered 340,120, and in 1860, 3,880,735, the ratio of increase
+being 1,040.99. (Table 1, Prelim. Census Rep., p. 132.) Thus, the rate
+of increase in New York exceeded that of Virginia more than nine to one.
+
+In 1790, the population of Virginia was largely more than double that of
+New York. In 1860, the population of New York was very largely more than
+double that of Virginia. In 1790, Virginia, in population, ranked first
+of all the States, and New York the fifth. In 1860, they had reversed
+their positions, and New York was the first, and Virginia the fifth.
+(Rep., p. 120.) At the same rate of progress, from 1860 to 1900, as from
+1790 to 1860, Virginia, retaining slavery, would have sunk from the
+first to the twenty-first State, and would still continue, at each
+succeeding decade, descending the inclined plane toward the lowest
+position of all the States. Such has been, and still continues to be,
+the effect of slavery, in dragging down that once great State from the
+first toward the last in rank in the Union. But if, as in the absence of
+slavery must have been the case, Virginia had increased from 1790 to
+1860 in the same ratio as New York, her population in 1860 would have
+been 7,789,141, and she must always have remained the first in rank of
+all the States.
+
+AREA.--The natural advantages of Virginia far exceed those of New York.
+The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and that of New York,
+47,000. The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was 12.19,
+and in 1860, 26.02. That of New York, in 1790, was 7.83, and in 1860,
+84.36. Now, if New York, with her present numbers per square mile, had
+the area of Virginia, her population, in 1860, would have been
+5,175,654, and that of Virginia, reduced to the area of New York, on the
+basis of her present numbers per square mile, would have been 1,320,000.
+This illustrates the immense effect of area, as one of the great
+elements influencing the progress of population. But, wonderful as are
+these results, the great fact is omitted in this calculation, that
+Virginia, in 1790, had largely more than double the population of New
+York. Thus, if we reverse the numbers of New York and Virginia in 1790,
+and take the actual ratio of increase of each for the succeeding seventy
+years, the population of Virginia, in 1860, would have been 728,875, and
+that of New York, as we have seen, would have been 7,789,141, making the
+difference exceed seven millions, or very largely more than ten to one.
+Reverse the areas also, and the difference would exceed eight millions.
+
+SHORE LINE.--As furnishing cheap and easy access for imports and
+exports, creating marts for commerce with great cities, and affecting
+the interior most beneficially, the shore line, with adequate harbors,
+constitutes a vast element in the progress of states and empires. Now,
+by the last tables of the United States coast survey, the shore line of
+Virginia was 1,571 miles, and of New York 725 miles. The five great
+parallel tide-water rivers of Virginia, the Potomac, the Rappahannock,
+the York river, James river, and Roanoke (partly in North Carolina),
+with their tributaries, furnish easy access for hundreds of miles into
+the interior, with both shores of the noble Chesapeake bay for many
+miles, as well as its magnificent outlet and the main ocean for a
+considerable distance, all within the limits of Virginia. We have seen
+that the coast line of Virginia is largely more than double that of New
+York, and the harbors of Virginia are more numerous, deeper, and much
+nearer the great valley of the Ohio and Mississippi. By the coast-survey
+tables, the mean low water into the harbor of New York by Gedney's
+channel is 20 feet, and at high-water spring tides is 24.2; north
+channel, 24, mean low water, and 29.1 spring tides, high water; south
+channel, 22 and 27.1; main ship channel, after passing S.W. spit buoy,
+on N.E. course, one mile up the bay, for New York, 22.5-27.06. By the
+same tables, from capes at entrance of Chesapeake bay to Hampton, at
+mean low water, 30 feet; spring tides, high water, 32.8. Anchorage in
+Hampton roads, 59-61.8. From Hampton roads to Sewell's point, 25-27.8.
+South of Sewell's point (one mile and a half), 21-23.8; up to Norfolk,
+23-25.8. From Hampton roads to James river, entering to the northward of
+Newport News, middle ground, 22-24.8. From Hampton roads to James river,
+entering to the southward of Newport News, middle ground, 27-29.8. From
+abreast the tail of York spit, up to Yorktown, 33-35.8. Elizabeth river,
+between Norfolk and navy yard, 25.5-28.3.
+
+When we leave the tide-water rivers for the interior navigable streams,
+Virginia has a vast advantage. New York has no such rivers above tide,
+but Virginia has the Ohio for hundreds of miles, with its tributaries,
+the Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy. It is true, New York has several
+of the great lakes, and the vast advantage of connection with them
+through her great canal. But, in the absence of slavery, the canal
+projected by Washington (preceding that of New York) would have
+connected, through Virginia, the Chesapeake bay with the Ohio river. The
+James river, flowing into the Chesapeake, cuts the Blue Mountains, and
+the Kanawha, a confluent of the Ohio, cuts the Alleghany; thus opening
+an easy and practicable route for a great canal from the eastern to the
+western waters. The valley of the lakes, with which New York is
+connected by her canal, has an area of 335,515 square miles. The valley
+of the Mississippi, with which the Chesapeake would long since, in the
+absence of slavery, have been connected by the Virginia canal, has an
+area of 1,226,600 square miles. The shore line of the Mississippi and
+its tributaries, above tide water, is 35,644 miles. (Page 35 Compend.
+Census of 1850.) Our shore line of the lakes is 3,620 miles, including
+bays, sounds, and islands; and that of the British, 2,629. (Ib. 35.) The
+connection of the lakes with the Ohio and Mississippi would be the same
+for both States, the one being from the lakes to these rivers, and the
+other from the rivers to the lakes. The location of Virginia is more
+central than that of New York, and Virginia runs farther west by several
+hundred miles. We are so accustomed to look at the connection of New
+York with the West by her canal, and Virginia with no such union, that
+it is difficult to realize the great change if Virginia had been
+connected by her progressing work with the Ohio and Mississippi, and
+thence, by the present canals, with the lakes.
+
+It is apparent, then, that, as regards easy access to the West, the
+natural advantages of Virginia surpass New York, and with greater
+facilities for artificial works. How many decades would be required,
+after emancipation, to bring the superior natural advantages of Virginia
+into practical operation, is not the question; nor do I believe that
+the city of New York will ever cease to be the centre of our own trade,
+and ultimately of the commerce of the world. But although Virginia, in
+adhering to slavery, has lost her supremacy in the Union, it is quite
+certain that, as a Free State, she would commence a new career of
+wonderful prosperity, that capital and population from the North and
+from Europe would flow there with a mighty current, her lands be doubled
+in value, and her town and city property far more than quadrupled.
+
+MINES.--Virginia has vast mines of coal, the great element of modern
+progress. New York has none. It is coal that has made Great Britain a
+mighty empire, giving her power, by land and sea, equal to the manual
+force of all mankind. It is stated by the Commissioner of the General
+Land Office, in his report before referred to, of November, 1860, 'that
+an acre of coal, three feet thick, is equal to the product of 1,940
+acres of forest trees; and each acre of a coal seam four feet in
+thickness, and yielding one yard of pure coal, is equivalent to 5,000
+tons, and possesses, therefore, a reserve of mechanical strength in its
+fuel, equal to the life labor of more than 1,600 men.'
+
+This statement of the Commissioner is made on the highest authority, and
+proves the vast natural advantages of Virginia over New York. Virginia,
+also, has far more abundant mines of iron, more widely diffused over the
+State, reaching from tide water to the Ohio. She has also these iron
+mines in juxtaposition with coal and all the fluxes. Virginia, also, has
+valuable mines of gold, lead, and copper. New York has no gold or copper
+mines, and produced in 1860 but $800 worth of lead. (Table 14.)
+
+HYDRAULIC POWER.--Omitting Niagara, which thus far scorns the control of
+man, the hydraulic power of Virginia very far exceeds that of New York.
+It is to be found on the Potomac and its tributaries, and upon nearly
+every stream that flows into the Chesapeake or Ohio. The superior
+mildness of the climate of Virginia makes this power available there for
+a much greater portion of the year. The great falls of the Potomac,
+where Washington constructed the largest locks of the continent, has a
+water power unsurpassed, and is but twelve miles from tide water, at
+Washington. This point is a most healthy and beautiful location,
+surrounded by lands whose natural fertility was very great, and, in the
+absence of slavery, must have been a vast manufacturing city. This water
+power could move more spindles than are now worked on all this
+continent.
+
+AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES.--The natural fertility of the soil of
+Virginia far exceeded that of New York, with a more genial sun, and much
+more favorable seasons for agricultural products, as well as for stock.
+The number of acres of land in Virginia susceptible of profitable
+culture, is nearly double that of New York, but much of it has been
+impoverished by slave labor, scratching and exhausting the soil, without
+manure or rotation of crops. The census shows that Virginia has all the
+products of New York, and cotton in addition. Virginia produced, in
+1860, 12,727 bales of cotton (table 36), worth, at present prices,
+nearly $3,000,000. She also adjoins the States of North Carolina and
+Tennessee, producing, in 1860, 372,964 bales, worth, at present prices,
+nearly $90,000,000. Virginia is also much nearer than New York to all
+the other cotton States. With these vast advantages, with her larger
+area, more fertile soil, cheaper subsistence, her coal and iron and
+great hydraulic power, with so much cotton raised by herself and in
+adjacent States, Virginia should have manufactured much more cotton than
+New York. But, by the census (table 22), the value of the cotton
+manufacture of Virginia in 1850 was $1,446,109, and in 1860,
+$1,063,611--a decrease of one third. In New York, the value of the
+cotton manufacture in 1850 was $5,019,323, and in 1860, $7,471,961, an
+increase of over 48 per cent. So, if we look at the tables of mines,
+manufactures, and the fisheries, with the vastly superior advantages of
+Virginia, the whole product in 1860 was of the value of $51,300,000, and
+of agriculture $68,700,000; whilst in New York these values were
+respectively $379,623,560 and $226,376,440. (Tables of Census, 33 and
+36.)
+
+CLIMATE AND MORTALITY.--By table 6, page 22, of the Census, there were
+for the year ending June 1st, 1860, 46,881 deaths in New York, being 1
+in every 82 of the population, and 1.22 per cent. The number of deaths
+in Virginia, in the same year, was 22,472, being 1 in every 70 of the
+population, or 1.43 per cent. There was, then, a slight difference in
+favor of New York. But Virginia is divided into four geographical
+sections: the tide-water, the Piedmont (running from the tide-water
+region to the Blue Mountains), the valley between these mountains and
+the Alleghanies, and the trans-Alleghany to the Ohio. These three last
+sections, containing three fourths of the area and white population of
+the State, surpass New York in salubrity, with the most bracing and
+delightful climate. The climate of Virginia is far more favorable for
+stock and agricultural products than New York, with longer and better
+seasons, and is more salubrious than the climate of Europe. (Comp.
+1850.)
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--We have seen how great was the advance in
+population of New York over Virginia, from 1790 to 1860, being in the
+ratio of more than 9 to 1. Now let us compare the relative progress of
+wealth. It is contended by the advocates of slavery, that it accumulates
+wealth more rapidly, and thus enriches the nation, although it may
+depress its moral and intellectual development, its increase of numbers
+and of power, and tarnish its reputation throughout the world. As
+population and its labor create wealth, it must be retarded by a system
+which, as we have seen in this case, diminishes the relative advance of
+numbers in the ratio of more than 9 to 1. But the census proves that
+slavery greatly retards the increase of wealth. By tables 33 and 36 of
+the census of 1860, it appears, omitting commerce, that the products of
+industry, as given, viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and
+fisheries, were that year in New York $604,000,000, or $155 _per
+capita_; and in Virginia $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. This shows a
+total value of product in New York more than five times greater than in
+Virginia, and _per capita_, more than 2 to 1. If we include the earnings
+of commerce, and all business not given in the census, I think it will
+be shown hereafter, that the value of the products and earnings of New
+York, in 1860, exceeded those of Virginia at least 7 to 1. As to the
+rate of increase, the value of the products of agriculture,
+manufactures, mines, and fisheries of Virginia, in 1850, was $84,480,428
+(table 9), and in New York $356,736,603, showing an increase in Virginia
+from 1850 to 1860 of $35,519,572, being 41 per cent., and in New York
+$247,263,397, being 69 per cent., exhibiting a difference of 28 per
+cent. Now the increase of population in Virginia from 1850 to 1860 was
+12.29 per cent., and in New York 25.29 per cent., the difference being
+only 13 per cent. (Table 1, p. 131.) Thus, it appears, the increase of
+wealth in New York, exclusive of the gains of commerce, as compared with
+Virginia, was more than double the ratio of the augmentation of
+population. By the census table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195, 'The true value
+of the real and personal property, according to the eighth census was,
+New York, $1,843,338,517, and of Virginia $793,249,681.' Now we have
+seen the value of the products of New York in 1860 by the census was
+$604,000,000, and in Virginia $120,000,000. Thus, as a question of the
+annual yield of capital, that of New York was 32.82 per cent., and
+Virginia 15.13 per cent.; the annual product of capital being more than
+double in New York what it was in Virginia. The problem then is solved
+in Virginia, as it was in Maryland and South Carolina, and all the South
+compared with all the North, that slavery retards the progress of wealth
+and accumulation of capital, in the ratio of 2 to 1. Our war taxes may
+be very great, but the tax of slavery is far greater, and the relief
+from it, in a few years, will add much more to the national wealth than
+the whole deduction made by the war debt. Our total wealth, by the
+census of 1860, being, by table 35, $16,159,616,068, one per cent. taken
+annually to pay the interest and gradually extinguish the war debt,
+would be $161,596,160; whereas, judging by Virginia and New York, the
+diminished increase of the annual product of capital, as the result of
+slavery, is 2.8 per cent., or $452,469,250 per annum, equal in a decade,
+without compounding the annual results, to $4,524,692,500.
+
+That our population would have reached in 1860 nearly 40,000,000, and
+our wealth have been more than doubled, if slavery had been extinguished
+in 1790, is one of the revelations made by the census; whilst in
+science, in education, and national power, the advance would have been
+still more rapid, and the moral force of our example and success would
+have controlled for the benefit of mankind the institutions of the
+world.
+
+By table 36, p. 196, of the census of 1860, the _cash_ value of the
+farms of Virginia was $371,096,211, being $11.91 per acre, and of New
+York $803,343,593, being $38.26 per acre. Now, by the table, the number
+of acres embraced in these farms of New York was 20,992,950, and in
+Virginia 31,014,950, the difference of value per acre being $26.36, or
+much more than 3 to 1 in favor of New York. Now, if we multiply this
+number of acres of farm lands of Virginia by the New York value, it
+would make the total value of the farm lands of New York $1,186,942,136,
+and the _additional_ value caused by emancipation $815,845,925. Now the
+whole number of slaves in Virginia in 1860, was 490,865; multiplying
+which by $300 as their average value, would be $147,259,500, leaving
+$668,586,425 as the sum by which Virginia would be richer in farms
+alone, if slavery were abolished. But, stupendous as is this result in
+regard to lands, it is far below the reality. We have seen that the farm
+lands of Virginia, improved and unimproved, constituted 31,014,950
+acres. By the census and the land-office tables, the area of Virginia is
+39,265,280 acres. Deduct the farm lands, and there remain unoccupied
+8,250,330 acres. Now, Virginia's population to the square mile being
+26.02, and that of New York 84.36, with an equal density in Virginia,
+more than two thirds of these Virginia lands, as in New York, must have
+been occupied as farms. This would have been equivalent, at two thirds,
+to 5,500,000 acres, which, at their present average value of $2 per
+acre, would be worth $11,000,000; but, at the value per acre of the New
+York lands, these 5,500,000 acres would be worth $206,430,000. Deduct
+from this their present value, $11,000,000, and the remainder,
+$195,430,000, is the sum by which the unoccupied lands of Virginia,
+converted into farms, would have been increased in value by
+emancipation. Add this to the enhanced value of their present farms,
+$815,845,925, and the result would be $1,011,275,925, as the gain of
+Virginia in the value of lands by emancipation. To these we should add,
+from the same cause, the enhancement of the town and city property in
+Virginia to the extent of several hundred millions of dollars. In order
+to realize the truth, we must behold Virginia as she would have been,
+with New York railroads and canals, farms, manufactures, commerce,
+towns, and cities. Then we must consider the superior natural advantages
+of Virginia, her far greater area, her richer soil, her more genial sun,
+her greater variety of products, her mines of coal, iron, gold, copper,
+and lead, her petroleum, her superior hydraulic power, her much larger
+coast line, with more numerous and deeper harbors--and reflect what
+Virginia would have been in the absence of slavery. Her early statesmen,
+Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Mason, Tucker, and Marshall, all
+realized this great truth, and all desired to promote emancipation in
+Virginia. But their advice was disregarded by her present leaders--the
+new, false, and fatal dogmas of Calhoun were substituted; and, as a
+consequence, Virginia, from the first rank (_longo intervallo_) of all
+the States, has fallen to the fifth, and, with slavery continued, will
+descend still more rapidly in the future than in the past. Let her
+abolish slavery, and she will commence a new career of progress. Freedom
+and its associates, education and energy, will occupy her waste lands,
+restore her exhausted fields, decaying cities, and prostrate industry,
+employ her vast hydraulic power, develop her mines, unite by her grand
+canals the waters of the Chesapeake and Ohio, and, placing her feet upon
+slavery, hear her proclaim, in the proud language of her own State
+motto, '_Sic semper tyrannis._'
+
+By census table 36, p. 197, the value, in 1860, of the farm lands of all
+the Slave States, was $2,570,466,935, and the number of acres
+245,721,062, worth $10.46 per acre. In the Free States, the value of the
+farm lands was $4,067,947,286, and the number of acres 161,462,008,
+worth $25.19 per acre. Now if, as certainly in the absence of slavery
+would have been the case, the farm lands of the South had been worth as
+much per acre as those of the North, their total value would have been
+$6,189,713,551, and, deducting the present price, the _additional_ cash
+value would have been $3,619,346,616. Now the whole number of slaves in
+all the States, in 1860, was 3,950,531, multiplying which by $300, as
+their average value, would make all the slaves in the Union worth
+$1,185,159,300. Deduct this from the enhanced value of the farm lands of
+the South as above, and the result would be $2,434,087,316 as the gain
+in the price of farms by emancipation. This is independent of the
+increased value of their unoccupied lands, and of their town and city
+property.
+
+By census tables of 1860, 33 and 36, the total value of the products of
+agriculture, mines, and fisheries in the Free States was $4,100,000,000,
+and of the Slave States $1,150,000,000, making the products of the Free
+States in 1860 nearly 4 to 1 of the Slave States, and $216 _per capita_
+for the Free States, and for the Slave States $94 _per capita_. This is
+exclusive of commerce, which would greatly increase the ratio in favor
+of the North, that of New York alone being nearly equal to that of all
+the Slave States. Now, multiply the population of the Slave States by
+the value of the products _per capita_ of the Free States, and the
+result is $2,641,631,032, making, by emancipation, the increased annual
+product of the Slave States $1,491,631,032, and in ten years, exclusive
+of the yearly accumulations, $14,916,310,320.
+
+By the table 35, census of 1860, the total value of all the property,
+real and personal, of the Free States, was $10,852,081,681, and of the
+Slave States, $5,225,307,034. Now, the product, in 1860, of the Free
+States, being $4,100,000,000, the annual yield on the capital was 38 per
+cent.; and, the product of the Slave States being $1,150,000,000, the
+yield on the capital was 22 per cent. This was the gross product in both
+cases. I have worked out these amazing results from the census tables,
+to illustrate the fact, that the same law, by which slavery retarded the
+progress of wealth in Virginia, as compared with New York, and of
+Maryland and South Carolina, as compared with Massachusetts, rules the
+relative advance in wealth of all the Slave States, as compared with
+that of all the Free States. I have stated that the statistics of
+commerce, omitted in these tables, would vastly increase the difference
+in favor of the Free States, as compared with the Slave States, and of
+New York as contrasted with Virginia. I shall now resume the latter
+inquiry, so as to complete the comparison between New York and Virginia.
+By commerce is embraced, in this examination, all earning not included
+under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, or fisheries.
+
+RAILROADS.--The number of miles of railroads in operation in New York,
+in 1860, including city roads, was 2,842 miles, costing $138,395,055;
+and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807. (Census table of
+1860, No. 38, pp. 230 and 233.) Now, by the same census report, p. 105,
+the value of the freights of the New York roads for 1860 was as follows:
+Product of the forest--tons carried, 373,424; value per ton, $20; total
+value, $7,468,480. Of animals--895,519 tons; value per ton, $200; total
+value, $179,103,800. Vegetable food--1,103,640 tons; value per ton, $50;
+total value, $55,182,000. Other agricultural products--143,219 tons;
+value per ton, $15; total value, $2,148,055. Manufactures--511,916 tons;
+value per ton, $500; total value, $391,905,500. Other articles--930,244
+tons; value, $10 per ton; total value, $9,302,440. Grand total,
+4,741,773 tons carried; value per ton, $163. Total values, $773,089,275.
+Deducting one quarter for duplication, makes 3,556,330 tons carried on
+the New York roads in 1860; and the value, $579,681,790. The values of
+the freights on the Virginia roads, as estimated, is $60,000,000, giving
+an excess to those of New York of $519,681,790, on the value of railroad
+freights in 1860. The passenger account, not given, would largely
+increase the disparity in favor of New York.
+
+CANALS.--The number of miles of canals in New York is 1,038, and their
+cost $67,567,972. In Virginia, the number of miles is 178, and the cost
+$7,817,000. (Census table 39, p. 238.) The estimated value of the
+freight on the New York canals is 19 times that of the freight on the
+Virginia canals. (Census.)
+
+TONNAGE.--The tonnage of vessels built in New York in 1860 was 31,936
+tons, and in Virginia 4,372. (Census, p. 107.)
+
+BANKS.--The number of banks in New York in 1860 was 303; capital
+$111,441,320, loans $200,351,332, specie $20,921,545, circulation
+$29,959,506, deposits $101,070,273; and in Virginia the number was 65;
+capital $16,005,156, loans $24,975,792, specie $2,943,652, circulation
+$9,812,197, deposits $7,729,652. (Table 34, p. 193, Census.)
+
+INSURANCE COMPANIES.--The risks taken in New York were $916,474,956, or
+nearly one third of those in the whole Union. Virginia, estimated at
+$100,000,000; difference in favor of New York $816,474,956. (Census, p.
+79.)
+
+EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, ETC.--Our exports abroad from New York for the
+fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, were $145,555,449, and the foreign
+imports $248,489,877; total of both, $394,045,326. The clearances same
+year from New York were 4,574,285 tons, and the entries 4,836,448 tons;
+total of both, 9,410,733 tons. In Virginia, the exports the same year
+were $5,858,024, and the imports $1,326,249; total of both, $7,184,273;
+clearances, 80,381 tons, entries, 97,762 tons; total of both, 178,143
+tons. (Table 14, Register of United States Treasury.) Revenue collected
+from customs same year in New York, $37,788,969, and in Virginia
+$189,816, or 200 to 1 in favor of New York. (Tables, U.S. Com. of
+Customs.) No returns are given for the coastwise and internal trade of
+either State, but the tables of the railway and canal transportation of
+both States show nearly the same proportion in favor of New York as in
+the foreign trade. Thus the _domestic_ exports from New York for the
+above year abroad were $126,060,967, and from Virginia $5,833,371.
+(Same table, 14.) And yet Virginia, as we have seen, had much greater
+natural advantages than New York for commerce, as well as for mines,
+manufactures, and agriculture. But slavery has almost expelled commerce
+from Virginia, and nearly paralyzed all other pursuits.
+
+These tables, taken from the census and the Treasury records, prove
+incontestably, that slavery retards the progress of wealth and
+population throughout the South, but especially in Virginia. Nor can the
+Tariff account for the results; for Virginia, as we have seen, possesses
+far greater advantages than New York for manufactures. Besides, the
+commerce of New York far surpasses that of Virginia, and this is the
+branch of industry supposed to be affected most injuriously by high
+tariffs, and New York has generally voted against them with as much
+unanimity as Virginia. But there is a still more conclusive proof. The
+year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs, and yet, from
+1790 to 1820, as proved by the census, the percentage of increase of New
+York over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to 1860. Thus, by table I
+of the census, p. 124, the increase of population in Virginia was as
+follows:
+
+   From 1790 to 1800 17.63 per cent.
+     "  1800 "  1810 10.73    "
+     "  1810 "  1820  9.31    "
+     "  1820 "  1830 13.71    "
+     "  1830 "  1840  2.34    "
+     "  1840 "  1850 14.60    "
+     "  1850 "  1860 12.29    "
+
+The increase of population in New York was:
+
+   From 1790 to 1800 72.51 per cent.
+     "  1800 "  1810 63.45    "
+     "  1810 "  1820 43.14    "
+     "  1820 "  1830 39.76    "
+     "  1830 "  1840 26.60    "
+     "  1840 "  1850 27.52    "
+     "  1850 "  1860 25.29    "
+
+In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318, in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of New York was 340,120, in
+1820, 1,372,111, and in 1860, 3,880,735. Thus, from 1790 to 1820, before
+the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase of the
+population of New York, as compared with Virginia, was very far greater
+than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the Tariff had no
+influence whatever in depressing the progress of Virginia as compared
+with New York.
+
+We have heretofore proved by the census the same position as regards the
+relative progress of Maryland and Massachusetts, and the same principle
+applies as between all the Free, as compared with all the Slave States.
+In New York, we have seen that her progress from 1790 to 1820, in the
+absence of high tariffs, and, even before the completion of her great
+canal, her advance in population was much more rapid than from 1820 to
+1860. Indeed, it is quite clear that, so far as the Tariff had any
+influence, it was far more unfavorable to New York than to Virginia, New
+York being a much greater agricultural as well as commercial State.
+
+Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and periodicals in
+New York in 1860 was 542, of which 365 were political, 56 religious, 63
+literary, 58 miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860
+was 320,930,884. (Census tables, Nos. 15, 37.) The number in Virginia
+was 139; of which 117 were political, 13 religious, 3 literary, 6
+miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860 was
+26,772,568. Thus, the annual circulation of the press in New York was
+twelve times as great as that of Virginia. As to periodicals: New York
+had 69 monthlies, of which 2 were political, 25 religious, 24 literary,
+and 18 miscellaneous; 10 quarterlies, of which 5 were religious, and 5
+literary; 6 annuals, of which 2 were political, 2 religious, and 2
+miscellaneous. Virginia had 5 monthlies, of which 1 was political, 2
+religious, 1 literary, and 1 miscellaneous; and no quarterlies or
+annuals. The annual circulation of the New York monthlies was 2,045,000;
+that of Virginia was 43,900; or more than 43 to 1 in favor of New York.
+
+As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged
+and printed. The number of public schools in New York in 1850 was
+11,580, teachers 13,965, pupils 675,221; colleges, academies, etc.,
+pupils 52,001; attending school during the year, as returned by
+families, 693,329; native adults of the State who cannot read or write,
+23,341. Public libraries, 11,013; volumes, 1,760,820. Value of churches,
+$21,539,561. (Comp. Census, 1850.)
+
+The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937, teachers
+3,005, pupils 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils 10,326;
+attending school during the year, as returned by families, 109,775;
+native white adults of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868.
+Public libraries, 54; volumes, 88,462. Value of churches, $2,902,220.
+(Compend. of Census of 1850.) By table 155, same compend, the percentage
+of native free population in Virginia over 20 years of age who cannot
+read or write is 19.90, and in New York 1.87, in North Carolina 30.34,
+in Maryland 11.10, in Massachusetts 0.32, or less than one third of one
+per cent. In New England, the percentage of native whites who cannot
+read or write is 0.42, or less than one half of one per cent.; and in
+the Southern States 20.30, or 50 to 1 in favor of New England.
+(Compend., table 157.) But, if we take the whole adult population of
+Virginia, including whites, free blacks, and slaves, 42.05 per cent., or
+nearly one half, cannot read or write; and in North Carolina, more than
+one half cannot read or write. We have seen, by the above official
+tables of the census of 1850, that New York, compared with Virginia, had
+nearly ten times as many pupils at schools, colleges, and academies,
+twenty times as many books in libraries, and largely more than seven
+times the value of churches; while the ratio of native white adults who
+cannot read or write was more than 10 to 1 in Virginia, compared with
+New York. We have seen, also, that in North Carolina nearly one third of
+the native white adults, and in Virginia nearly one fifth, cannot read
+or write, and in New England 1 in every 400, in New York 1 in every 131,
+in the South and Southwest 1 in every 12 of the native white adults.
+(Comp. p. 153.)
+
+These official statistics enable me, then, again to say that slavery is
+hostile to the progress of wealth and education, to science and
+literature, to schools, colleges, and universities, to books and
+libraries, to churches and religion, to the press, and therefore to free
+government; hostile to the poor, keeping them in want and ignorance;
+hostile to labor, reducing it to servitude, and decreasing two thirds
+the value of its products; hostile to morals, repudiating among slaves
+the marital and parental condition, classifying them by law as chattels,
+darkening the immortal soul, and making it a crime to teach millions of
+human beings to read or write. Surely such a system is hostile to
+civilization, which consists in the education of the masses of the
+people of a country, and not of the few only. A State, one third of
+whose population are slaves, classified by law as chattels, and
+forbidden all instruction, and nearly one fifth of whose adult whites
+cannot read or write, is semi-civilized, however enlightened may be the
+ruling classes. If a highly educated chief or parliament governed China
+or Dahomey, they would still be semi-civilized or barbarous countries,
+however enlightened their rulers might be. The real discord between the
+North and the South, is not only the difference between freedom and
+slavery, but between civilization and barbarism caused by slavery. When
+we speak of a civilized _nation_, we mean the masses of the people, and
+not the government or rulers only. The enlightenment of the _people_ is
+the true criterion of civilization, and any community that falls below
+this standard, is barbarous or semi-civilized. In countries where kings
+or oligarchies rule, the government may be maintained, (however
+unjustly,) without educating the masses; but, in a republic, or popular
+government, this is impossible; and the deluded masses of the South
+never could have been driven into this rebellion, but for the ignorance
+into which they had been plunged by slavery; nor is there any remedy for
+the evil but emancipation. If, then, we would give stability and wisdom
+to the government, and perpetuity to the Union, we must abolish slavery,
+which withholds education and enlightenment from the masses of the
+people, who, with us, control the policy of the nation.
+
+With our only cause of ignorance and poverty among the people, and only
+element of discord among the States, extirpated by the gradual removal
+of slavery and negroism, we would bound forward in a new and wonderful
+career of power and prosperity. Our noble vessel of state, the great
+Republic, freighted with the hopes of humanity, and the liberties of our
+country and of mankind, still bearing aloft the flag of our mighty
+Union, indissoluble by domestic traitors or conspiring oligarchs, will,
+under Divine guidance, pass over the troubled waters, reassuring a
+desponding world, as she glides into the blessed haven of safety and
+repose. All the miracles of our past career would be eclipsed by the
+glories of the future. We might then laugh to scorn the impotent malice
+of foreign foes. Without force or fraud, without sceptre or bayonet, our
+moral influence and example, for their own good, and by their own free
+choice, would control the institutions and destiny of nations. The wise
+men of the East may then journey westward again, to see the rising star
+of a regenerated humanity, the fall of thrones and dynasties, the
+lifting up of the downtrodden masses, and the political redemption of
+our race, not by a new dispensation, but by the fulfilment thus of the
+glorious prophecies and blessed promises of Holy Writ. And can we not
+lift ourselves into that serene atmosphere of love of country and of our
+race, above all selfish schemes or mere party devices, and contemplate
+the grandeur of these results, if now, _now_, NOW we will only do our
+duty? Now, indeed, is the 'accepted time,' now is the day of the
+'salvation' of our country. And now, as in former days of trouble, let
+us remember the mighty dead, as, when living, silencing the voice of
+treason, and calming the tempest of revolution, he uttered those
+electric words: 'UNION AND LIBERTY, NOW AND FOREVER, ONE AND
+INSEPARABLE!'
+
+If we could rise to the height of prophetic vision, behold the
+procession of coming events, and, unrolling the scroll of advancing
+years and centuries, contemplate our Union securing by its example the
+rights and liberties of man, would we not welcome any sacrifice, even
+death itself, if we could thus aid in accomplishing results so god-like
+and sublime? But, whether in gloom or glory, chastened for national sins
+or rewarded for good deeds, let us realize the _great truth_, that the
+Almighty directs nations as well as planets in their course, governs the
+moral as well as the material world, never abdicating for a moment the
+control of either; and that persevering opposition to his laws must
+meet, in the end, retributive justice.
+
+
+
+
+PROMISE.
+
+
+   O watcher for the dawn of day,
+     As o'er the mountain peaks afar
+   Hangs in the twilight cold and gray,
+     Like a bright lamp, the morning star!
+   Though slow the daybeams creep along
+     The serried pines which top the hills,
+   And gloomy shadows brood among
+     The silent valleys, and the rills
+
+   Seem almost hushed--patience awhile!
+     Though slowly night to day gives birth,
+   Soon the young babe with radiant smile
+     Shall gladden all the waiting earth.
+   By fair gradation changes come,
+     No harsh transitions mar God's plan,
+   But slowly works from sun to sun
+     His perfect rule of love to man.
+
+   And patience, too, my countrymen,
+     In this our nation's fierce ordeal!
+   Bright burns the searching flame, and then,
+     The dross consumed, shall shine the real.
+   Wake, watcher! see the mountain peaks
+     Already catch a golden ray,
+   Light on the far horizon speaks
+     The dawning of a glorious day.
+
+   Murky the shadows still that cling
+     In the deep valleys, but the mist
+   Is soaring up on silver wing
+     To where the sun the clouds has kissed.
+   Hard-fought and long the strife may be,
+     The powers of wrong be slow to yield,
+   But Right shall gain the victory,
+     And Freedom hold the battle field.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN DESTINY.
+
+
+We would study the question of American Destiny in the light of common
+sense, of history, and of science.
+
+It may be unusual to illustrate from science a principle which is to
+have a political application; but we shall endeavor to do so, believing
+it to be unexceptionably legitimate. The different departments of
+science, science and history, science and politics, have been,
+heretofore, kept quite distinct as to the provinces of inquiry to which
+it was presumed they severally belonged. Each has been cultivated as if
+it had no relation external to itself, and was not one of a family of
+cognate truths. This, however, is undergoing a gradual but certain
+change, in which it is becoming constantly more manifest that between
+the different departments of human inquiry there are mutual dependences
+and complicated interrelations, which enable us, by the truths of one
+science, to thread the mazes of another.
+
+There are certain general laws which pertain with equal validity to many
+departments of activity in the natural world; there are parallel lines
+of development as the result of the inherent correlation of forces.
+Thus, if we have found a great general law in physiology, that same law
+may apply with equal aptness to astronomy, geology, chemistry, and even
+to social and political evolution.
+
+One of these general laws, and perhaps the most comprehensive in its
+character and universal in its application of any yet known, we will
+announce in the language of Guyot, the comparative geographer: 'We have
+recognized in the life of all that develops itself, three successive
+states, three grand phases, three evolutions, identically repeated in
+every order of existence; a _chaos_, where all is confounded together; a
+_development_, where all is separating; a _unity_, where all is binding
+itself together and organizing. We have observed that here is the law of
+_phenomenal life_, the _formula_ of development, whether in inorganic
+nature or in organized nature.'
+
+This answers for the department of physics and physiology. We will let
+Guizot, the historian, speak for the political and social realm: 'All
+things, at their origin, are nearly confounded in one and the same
+physiognomy; it is only in their aftergrowth that their variety shows
+itself. Then begins a new development which urges forward societies
+toward that free and lofty unity, the glorious object of the efforts and
+wishes of mankind.'
+
+We find an illustration of this law in the simplest of the sciences, if
+the nebular hypothesis be true, as most astronomers believe. We have
+first the chaotic, nebulous matter, then the formation of worlds
+therefrom, by a continuous process of unfolding. Each world is a unit
+within itself, but part of a still greater unit composed of a system of
+worlds revolving around the same sun; and this greater unit, part of one
+which is still greater--a star cluster, composed of many planetary
+systems, and subject to the same great cosmical laws. If the theory be
+correct, we find, in this example, the heterogeneous derived from the
+simple, and far more completely an organized unit, with all its
+complexity, than was the chaotic mass from which development originally
+proceeded.
+
+We find additional illustration in coming to our own world. Its primeval
+geography was simple and uniform; there was little diversity of coast
+line, soil, or surface. But the cooling process of the earth went on,
+the surface contracted and ridged up, the exposed rocks were
+disintegrated by the action of the atmosphere and the waters; the
+sediment deposited in the bottom of the seas was thrown to the surface;
+continents were enlarged, higher mountain ranges upheaved, the coasts
+worn into greater irregularity of outline; and everywhere the soil
+became more composite, the surface more uneven, the landscape more
+variegated.
+
+Corresponding changes have taken place in the climate. At first the
+temperature of the earth was much warmer than now, and uniform in all
+parallels of latitude, as is shown by the fossil remains. Now we have a
+great diversity of climate, whether we contrast the polar with the
+torrid regions, or the different seasons of the temperate zone with each
+other.
+
+The same law of increasing diversity obtains in the fauna and flora of
+the various periods of geological history. The earliest fossil record of
+animal life is witness to the simplicity of organic structure. Among
+vertebrated animals, fishes first appear, next reptiles, then birds;
+still higher, the lower type of animals which suckle their young; and as
+the strata become more recent, still higher forms of mammalia, till we
+reach the upper tertiary, in which geologists have discovered the
+remains of many animals of complex structure nearly allied to those
+which are now in existence. In the historic period appear many organic
+forms of still greater complexity, with man at the head of the
+zoological series.
+
+In this glance of zoological progress, we discover increasing
+complication of two kinds; for while the individual structure has been
+constantly becoming more complex, there are now in existence the
+analogues of the lowest fossil types, which, with the highest, and with
+all the intermediate, present a maze and vastness of complication,
+which, in comparison with the homogeneity of the aggregate of early
+structure, is sufficiently obvious and impressive.
+
+There is in this view, still another outline of increasing complexity.
+At first the same types prevailed all over the earth's surface; but as
+the soil, atmosphere, and climate changed, and the animal structure
+became more complex and varied, the limits of particular species became
+more and more localized, till the earth's surface presented zoological
+districts, with the fauna of each peculiar to itself.
+
+But, what of unitization? Here, there appears to be divergence only, and
+that continually increasing.
+
+Guyot says that 'the unity reappears with the creation of man, who
+combines in his physical nature all the perfections of the animal, and
+who is the end of all this long progression of organized beings.'
+Agassiz recognizes man alone as cosmopolite; and Comte regards him as
+the supreme head of the economy of nature, and representative of the
+fundamental unity of the anatomical scale.
+
+But another and more obvious example of unitization in complexity, is
+derivable from the consideration of the animal organism, and will soon
+be given.
+
+We will merely mention in passing, that the most complex animals, in the
+various stages of fetal development through which they pass, correspond
+to the types of structure which are permanent in the lower forms of
+animal life. Thus, in the zoological chain, there are beings of all
+grades, from the most simple in structure to the most complex; and the
+most complex animal, in its development from the ovum or egg, passes
+through all these grades of structure, ending in that which is above
+all, and distinctively its own. 'Without going into tedious details, man
+presents, as regards the most important of his constituent structures,
+his nervous system, the successive characteristics of an avertebrated
+animal, a fish, a turtle, a bird, a quadruped, a quadrumanous animal,
+before he assumes the special human characteristics.' (Draper.)
+
+Our purpose being to show that while complexity of structure is
+constantly increasing, unitization, or the organized dependence of one
+part on another, is, at the same time, becoming more complete, we shall
+refer briefly to the comparative anatomy and physiology of animals.
+There is in this connection such wealth of material--a long chain of
+animal beings with all grades of structure from very simple to very
+complex; each complex animal, in its development from the ovum, passing
+through all the lower types of structure in succession; so many new
+organs and functions arising in the course of this development; each
+organ so arising, becoming, in its turn, more complex in structure, more
+specialized in function, and more dependent on the office of other
+organs;--in the midst, I say, of all this wealth of material, indicated
+here in a great general and imperfect manner, the difficulty, in so
+brief an exposition as this, is to know what facts to seize upon as
+calculated to illustrate most aptly the principle under consideration.
+
+The development of the senses, with reference to their organs, nerves,
+and functions, presents a striking illustration of increasing
+complexity.
+
+In the lowest forms of animal life, we find general sensibility only,
+and it is claimed that this exists in the lowest forms, without even the
+presence of nerves. But as we rise higher in the scale, the special
+organs of sense gradually become developed--one new sense after another
+appears; but this is not the only line of increasing complexity. When an
+organ of sense first appears, its function is of the simplest character;
+and it is only when we reach the highest types of animal life that it
+performs the greatest variety of offices peculiar thereto. That of touch
+is, at first, but crude and simple, becoming delicate and complicated
+only in the highest types. The sense of pain is a differentiated
+function, possessed only in a slight degree by reptiles and fishes, and
+probably not at all by animals still lower in the scale.
+
+The eye-spots of star fishes and jelly fishes simply distinguish light
+from darkness, much as we do with our eyes closed. There are many
+degrees of development from this condition of the inferior organism to
+that of the human eye, which distinguishes the nicest shades of color,
+distance, form, and size of objects, and the play of passion on the
+human countenance.
+
+The same variety of function is acquired by the ear in its development
+from its simplest to its most complex form. In the higher animals, the
+organ of hearing is formed of three parts, an external, middle, and
+internal portion; but in birds the external ear is wanting; in fishes
+both the external and middle parts are wanting; in mollusks it is
+reduced to a simple sack of microscopic dimensions, filled with a liquid
+in which there are otolithes, or pebbly substances. Such an organ can
+distinguish noises only; it can recognize nothing of the infinite
+variety of articulations, notes, tones, melodies, harmonies of the human
+voice and of musical instruments. There is even a great difference
+between the disciplined, and therefore differentiated ear of a cultured
+person, and the undisciplined, and therefore less differentiated ear of
+a boor. Similar specializations of structure and function pertain to the
+other senses; but we may pass them.
+
+The digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems, and all the other
+systems of the animal structure, evince the same law.
+
+The lowest form of the circulating fluid, as in sponges, is simply water
+containing gases and organic particles; and this can scarcely be spoken
+of as circulating, for it is merely drawn in and then expelled. A little
+higher in the scale naturalists find a 'chylaqueous fluid,' which
+oscillates in the general cavity of the sack-like animal. The true blood
+is another step in development; and even this organized fluid changes
+its character as the scale advances. Most animals have no heart; and
+when the organ does first appear, it is but a simple, rudimentary
+structure, very unlike the complex machine which plays at the centre of
+circulation in the higher types.
+
+Though fishes breathe through their gills, receiving all the oxygen they
+require from the small amount of air in the water, the swimming bladder
+is in them the rudimentary lung--a very simple structure, indeed, when
+compared with the more complex arrangement for respiration in the higher
+animals.
+
+Some animals of gelatinous, and therefore flexible structure, perform
+digestion by folding their bodies over the food, and pressing the
+nutritious matter out of it: they extemporize a stomach for the
+occasion. And even in some of their higher types, in such as have a
+permanent mouth and stomach, the digestive process is simply a squeezing
+out of the elements of nutrition. The digestive apparatus, from being a
+simple sack in the polype and similar organisms, becomes, by a
+continuous unfolding, the complicated structure which we find in the
+higher animals, with various organs effecting various parts of the
+digestive change, and even different parts of the same organ having
+specialized functions to perform.
+
+The most complex animal proceeds originally from a simple cell; and 'at
+the two extremes we may contemplate the single germinal membrane of the
+ovum, which is discharging contemporaneously every function--digesting,
+absorbing, respiring, etc.; and the complete organic apparatus of man,
+the stomach, the lungs, the skin, the kidneys, and the liver--mechanisms
+set apart each for the discharge of a special duty, yet each having
+arisen, as we know positively from watching the order of their
+development, from that simple germinal membrane.' (Draper.) This is what
+one physiologist says of the ovum which is being developed into a
+complex being. Here is what another says of animals at the lower end of
+the zoological scale: 'The simplest organisms breathe, exhale, secrete,
+absorb, and reproduce, by their envelopes alone.' (Lewes.) Here we
+perceive the resemblance between the ovum of the higher animals and the
+permanent structure of the lower animals. Indeed, some of the lower
+forms of animal life are simply cells. How vast the difference between
+the organism of man, with all its complexity of structure, and that of
+the Ameba or Actinophrys, which, being merely a homogeneous mass of
+organic matter, performs all the functions of its simple life without
+any special organ whatever! Yet, is man any less a unit than the Ameba,
+or any other simple organism? Does his multiplicity of organs impair the
+integrity of his anatomical and physiological oneness? Is the
+circulation independent of respiration? Is digestion independent of the
+circulation? Can any one organ act independently of the others? Is not
+the entire series of parts, organs, and functions bound up in complete
+and inseparable unity? The vicarious action of one organ for another has
+been a question among physiologists; and if admitted, as in the case of
+the salivary glands acting for the kidneys in profuse spitting, and the
+skin for the liver, the vicarious function can only obtain to a slight
+degree and in a temporary manner. The destruction of any considerable
+organ involves the destruction of all the rest. I repeat that the
+integrity of the physiological unity at the top of the scale, is far
+more complete, with all its complexity, than is the integrity of the
+physiological unity at the bottom of the scale, with its marked
+simplicity of structure. By no sort of legerdemain or surgical skill can
+we make an individual mammal become two. If we divide it, the whole
+dies. Not so, however, with some of the lower grades of animal
+existence. Cut a hydra into thirty or forty pieces, and each piece will
+become a distinct animal--a facsimile of the original one. In quite an
+analogous way do a large number of animals at the lower end of the scale
+propagate, by segmentation and division; one individual becoming two,
+two four, and so on.
+
+Many examples might be adduced to show the absence of organized unity in
+the lower orders of the animal creation. Thus, in the annelid, which is
+composed of a great many similar rings, and is regarded as quite a
+complex creature, there is so little dependence of one part on another,
+that a number of the rings may be destroyed without any injury to the
+rest. The Synapta, when in want of food, will amputate its own body to
+procure the necessary supply; and it has been observed to repeat the
+operation, until it 'had by degrees eaten away the whole of its body to
+keep life in the head.' (Quatrefages.) Such a phenomenon as this is very
+unlike that presented by the higher animals, which, together with their
+multiplied individuality of part and function, and their infinite
+variety of physiognomic expression, present, at the same time, a unity
+of organization so complete, that an injury to one part is
+instantaneously telegraphed to all parts of the system, and sympathized
+in by all to a greater or less extent.
+
+As in physiology, the development of the individual corresponds to the
+development of the entire zoological series; so, when we rise into the
+psychological realm, do we ascertain that the development of the
+individual mind corresponds to the development of the mental series from
+the savage to the civilized. In the physiognomy of the savage there is
+little variety of expression; he has not differentiated that
+multiplicity of thought and feeling which moulds the face and plays upon
+its lineaments in the cultivated Teuton. The same is true of the latter
+while an infant. But who will say that the cultured man of this age is
+less a balanced, unitized creature than the child of the cradle, or of
+the forest? The latter is but a creature of impulse, moved by every
+appetite, and swayed by every gust of passion. He has no fixed
+principles for the regulation of his life. There is no presiding power
+to rule and subordinate the tumultuous and refractory elements of his
+character, and thus unitize the mental organism and its manifestations.
+This is what culture gives. Here then we also perceive that with the
+development of variety and complexity, the element of unity becomes more
+active and manifest. This view of the progressive unitization of the
+individual man in a psychological aspect, is very suggestive when taken
+in connection with the wane of despotism and the growth of liberty, as
+society and government advance, and it becomes ever less the province of
+law to govern, and also to regulate.
+
+We have adduced some of the illustrations which physical and
+physiological science affords of the Law of Universal Development: let
+us close this part of our subject with the illustrations afforded by the
+rise and progress of Science as a whole. The first germs of science were
+very simple, existing in connection with Art, and subserving the
+purposes of priestcraft. For a long time the range of scientific inquiry
+was so limited that the same individual was able to grasp it entire. But
+one branch after another has sprung up, diverging more and more into the
+realms of the unknown, until no one mind can hope to obtain even a
+general knowledge of them all.
+
+But this has not been the only tendency of scientific growth. Divergence
+and differentiation had not proceeded far till the combining and
+organizing movement began. The more individuality and complexity have
+threatened to outreach the mental powers and become unmanageable, the
+more have order and organization shown their ability to subordinate and
+unitize the seeming diversity of elements. While the sciences continued
+to increase in number and complexity, they began to overlap and
+interlace, the principles of one running into the domain of another,
+and even cooerdinating and binding together its seemingly incongruous
+parts.
+
+A simple scientific generalization is based on certain facts which,
+taken in their collective capacity, mean the truth which is expressed in
+the formula. A higher generalization embraces those which are simpler,
+and unites by its expression the truths which they contain into the
+formula of one great truth. This process goes on, rising constantly
+higher and higher, the generalizations of the ascending series becoming
+more comprehensive, and the convergence of all the diversified elements
+into great general laws more striking and complete. Thus advances the
+unitizing movement of science; and it is now progressing with a
+steadiness and certainty unknown in former periods of research. Great
+minds are at this moment occupied in the discovery and verification of
+these great unitizing laws. Thus we perceive, that while science has
+developed a bewildering mass of individual facts and minor principles,
+it has also developed the germs of a unity which is destined to unfold
+with a richness and magnificence of result heretofore unknown in the
+annals of human inquiry.
+
+As the special departments of science have testified, so also does the
+general view of all science testify to this Law of Universal
+Development.
+
+But, what has all this to do with American Destiny? Very much, as may
+yet appear. It is by the Past only that we can read the Future; and if
+in history and in all development, there is revealed by the inductive
+process a great general law, that law becomes the Oracle of Destiny.
+
+A fitting transition from science to history would be ethnology, the
+science of races, connected as it is with physics, chemistry, and
+physiology, on the one hand, and with history on the other.
+
+There are different theories in vogue to account for the diversity of
+human races now in existence. Some refer human origin to an original
+pair, whose descendants have changed through the action of physical
+causes, as food, soil, climate, and scenery, and also through the
+operation of moral ones as dependent on the physical, and therefore
+secondary thereto, such as manners, customs, and government. Others
+deduce it from different lines of development, coming up through the
+zoological scale, and thence passing from the lower to the higher races
+of men. Others still speak of mankind as originating 'in nations,' each
+race being fixed in its physical and mental characteristics, and having
+an origin independent and distinct from all others.
+
+It matters little to our purpose which of these theories may be true,
+the difference as to aptness of illustration being only one of degree.
+We prefer, however, to deal with facts in regard to which there is
+little or no difference of opinion among the theorists themselves.
+
+There are simple and complex peoples or races, as there are simple and
+complex organisms. Take any primitive race, whether described in history
+or by some contemporaneous traveller: in a physical point of view, the
+men are all very nearly alike, and the women likewise. Describe one
+individual, and you have the description for all other individuals of
+the same sex belonging to the race. And there is not usually as much
+difference in the physical appearance of the sexes in primitive races as
+among those who stand higher in the scale. What is true of their
+physique, is also true of their minds. As one thinks and feels, so all
+think and feel--and that, too, without concert; it is the simple
+expression of an undiversified mental organism. Their faculties are rude
+and uncultivated; they act chiefly on the perceptive plane, reflecting
+but little. They are predominantly sensual, not having developed the
+higher mental activities which pertain to an advanced state of society
+and result in those great diversities of attainment and expression among
+individuals of the same people. There are reasons for believing that
+there was a time when this planet had no human inhabitants but races of
+this simple type. Great changes have taken place since that day; changes
+which, by the law of their accomplishment, correspond precisely with the
+changes which have taken place in the zoological scale. Owing to causes
+which we may not fully understand, races have been developed which
+present, each within its own limits, great contrarieties of physical
+appearance and mental characteristics. Among 'Anglo-Saxons' there is
+often greater diversity in members of the same family, than you would
+find in a million individuals of a primitive race. The complex appears,
+somehow or other, to have been developed from the simple.
+
+The simple fact of a population becoming more numerous, necessitates
+certain changes--from hunting to pasturage, for example, from pastoral
+life to agricultural and fixed habitation--and these would affect the
+habits, modes of thought, and, to some extent, personal appearance. The
+modification of climate by clearing, draining, and cultivation, and the
+removal of a people from one climate to another, would effect still
+other changes. But the intermixture of races by war and immigration has,
+perhaps, done more than any other cause to produce the great physical
+diversities which we now find in the higher races. Having traced the
+stream of warlike immigration from Eastern Asia westward, and thence to
+Central Europe, and still westward and southward to the shores of the
+Atlantic, and even across the Mediterranean into Africa, overwhelming
+the Roman Empire of the West in its course,--observe this tide of human
+movement, as wave followed wave for centuries, rolling peoples against
+and over one another, confounding them together, and leaving them upon
+the same soil, or in close proximity to each other; and, even admitting
+that they were simple and primitive to begin with, we shall not wonder
+at the diversified aspect of the people of Europe and their descendants
+in America. But this is only one series of movements from which has
+resulted the intermixture of races; there are others, and some, no
+doubt, beyond the farthest reach of history. The process of intermixture
+is still going on, especially in the Western World, though by methods
+usually more peaceful than formerly. The result multiplies itself, and
+the leading races of mankind are becoming constantly more composite.
+
+The contact and intermixture of races have had a moral result, which, in
+its turn, acts upon the physical. Mental development has been one of the
+results of war and immigration; one people learning from another, and
+striking out new modes of thought from the sheer necessity of new
+circumstances; and this mental development changing the physiognomic
+expression and general bearing of the man. This result has been
+increasing in geometrical progression since history, printing, and the
+facilities of intercommunication have made the culture of one people
+contagious to other peoples, and the attainments of one generation
+available to all the generations that follow. Thus does every movement
+among the nations conspire to change the simple types into those which
+are more complex.
+
+The ethnological unity may be less apparent; and before we clearly
+perceive it, we may have to rise into the consideration of social and
+political relations, not divorcing these from physiology, without which
+no question relative to man can be rightly judged. And it may be that
+after greater development in this direction, the unity of races may
+become more distinctly pronounced and more readily recognized.
+
+We may observe, in passing, that the same causes which have contributed
+to this ethnological complexity, have, at the same time, aided in the
+development of the cosmical idea--the idea of the unity of the universe.
+At first, tribes had little communication with each other, and knew
+nothing of geography beyond the limits of their own hunting grounds.
+They knew as little of the vastness of the earth outside of their domain
+as of that of the universe. This could only be conjectured from the
+vantage ground of some degree of intellectual culture, and the idea must
+remain vague and indefinite till after long ages of real experience and
+intellectual unfolding. It was not till after Alexander's conquests in
+the East, the extension of the Roman Empire, the invention of the
+mariner's compass, the discovery of America, and the circumnavigation of
+the globe, together with the perfection of optical instruments by the
+use of which the true character of the celestial bodies was
+demonstrated, that the cosmical idea became truly a scientific one.
+(Humboldt.) Thus were the partial and fragmentary notions of early
+peoples at length corrected, enlarged, unitized.
+
+Closely akin to this is the development of the god-idea. Fetich-worship
+is that of the rudest people. They see a god in every individual object,
+in every stream, in every tree, in every stone. All they see is,
+however, shrouded in mystery, and they have a blind veneration for every
+object. A step farther, and the developing mind generalizes these
+objects. The individual trees, for example, are taken collectively, and
+their divine representative worshipped as the god of the groves. There
+are, at the same time, other unitizing conceptions of the god-idea.
+There is a god of the hills, a god of the streams, of the seas, and so
+on. New classes of divinities may be evolved in the mythological system;
+the strong and salient passions of our nature may come to have their
+deities--to be unitized, at length, with all other gods. Meantime,
+mankind are forming into states, with some degree of regular government;
+and apparently in accordance with this fact, the gods are subjected to
+the partial control of one who is greater than all the rest, and who is
+their father and king, but himself subject to the decrees of Fate.
+Another grand step, and seemingly in correspondence with the more
+centralized government of a vast and powerful empire, we hear of one God
+only, who is all-powerful, and master of Fate itself, with a hierarchy
+of angels, powers, and principalities, reaching from God to man, and
+subordinate to the Central Will, which rules all things, whether 'in the
+armies of heaven or among the inhabitants of the earth.' Thus did the
+idea of one God eventually swallow up all the others; and the god-idea
+was completely unitized.
+
+We now come to consider the political and social evolution of mankind,
+as it appears to be revealed by the comparison of various stages of
+national growth.
+
+The primitive condition of all races, so far as history and travel
+reveal it, correspond with what is characterized as homogeneous or
+unorganized. Socially and politically, individuals of the same sex are
+all alike. There are no classes in society, no rulers, no
+aristocrats--no society even--nothing but individuals; and it is here
+that we find individuality in its purest form. There is no law
+originating with a sovereign, or with the people, for the adjustment of
+difficulties; every individual avenges his own wrongs in his own way.
+Cooeperation is scarcely known; there is nothing in their habits, nothing
+in their social and political relations to bind society together; there
+are no specialized parts or functions--no dependence of one part on
+another; it is marked by a homogeneity of structure, if structure it can
+be called, which is unimpeachable. The only cooeperation which obtains
+beyond the limits of the family, is that of hunting and war; and these
+exercises develop the need of a chief or leader. The strongest and most
+daring are self-elected by virtue of individual prowess. But still the
+chief is very like all the rest of the tribe, lives in the same style,
+provides for his own wants in the same way, has no special
+privileges--is merely a chief or leader, and nothing more. And
+afterward, when he may have acquired some degree of authority, that
+authority is purely of a military character--civil government is not yet
+born. Usage comes at length to confirm the chief's right, and human
+selfishness works out its legitimate results: smaller men are dwarfed,
+as occasion permits, in order that the one who is greatest may be
+magnified. His office becomes hereditary, and his family is, at length,
+fabled to have descended from the gods. This is the tendency of
+primitive ignorance and superstition: there must be a sensual object for
+the blind veneration of sensual minds; and the imagination readily
+provides this, by attributing to the progenitors of their chiefs vast
+corporeal forms, great strength and skill, undaunted courage, and
+success in amorous intrigue--the perfection of those qualities which
+they themselves most covet. Their chiefs or petty kings are now such by
+divine origin; and when civil relations become developed, one man
+combines within himself all the prerogatives of civil, military, and
+religious government.
+
+The ambition and turbulence of the chief or petty king and of his people
+bring them into hostile conflict with other tribes or petty states; and
+when victorious, they appropriate the conquered territory, and
+annihilate, enslave, or extend their rule over the vanquished people.
+This warlike encroachment and increase of power alarm other states, and
+they form confederacies or leagues more or less intimate and permanent
+for resistance and mutual protection. Thus does the unitizing element of
+government gather strength with the progress of political movement.
+
+The ambitious chieftain, having acquired greater power than his
+neighbors, conceives of further aggrandizement, undertakes new
+conquests, attacks the weak, and adds other states to his own, till in
+time he may have made himself a great sovereign and won a great kingdom.
+These new conquests impose additional cares on the ruler; but he uses
+the tools of his power to execute his will; he governs his kingdoms with
+absolute sway, as a general governs his army; it is a military despotism
+of the simplest structure, and all prerogatives and interests are merged
+in and subservient to this one. The civil function is not yet developed
+as distinct from the military. Only one idea pervades the government,
+and that is the idea of absolute rule by brute force. Society has as yet
+developed few elements, has but few interests and little functional
+diversity; there are only two classes, the ruler and the ruled, the
+masters and the slaves. There being but few political and social
+interests to play among each other, there cannot be development for want
+of activity; there can be little progress of any kind. Such are the
+simple, unprogressive, one-idea governments which prevailed in the
+earliest times of which we have any tolerably authentic record, and
+which still prevail among half-civilized peoples.
+
+Government is simply a growth, a development, and it must correspond to
+the character of the people out of whose mental status it has sprung. If
+the people are homogeneous in their mental structure, their social and
+political interests must be correspondingly homogeneous and simple. The
+more rude and primitive the minds of any people, the fewer are the
+relations external to the individual which obtain among them. But when a
+people, or a mixture of peoples, have developed great versatility of
+mind, a great variety of tastes, propensities, aspirations, and
+interests, their social and political institutions become
+correspondingly heterogeneous and complex. Such are the social and
+political systems of Middle and Western Europe. There was nothing of the
+kind in the ancient world. Then the people were more simple and less
+versatile in their mental habitudes; and a simple, though despotic
+government was the inevitable outgrowth. Rome was but a military
+despotism, and it conquered and ruled with military stringency. It was
+not till the reign of Diocletian that the civil functions were divorced
+from the military, and then only to a partial extent. It remained for
+Constantine to carry out more fully what Diocletian had begun, and to
+divide, or, if you please, to differentiate the governmental functions
+to an extent which had been altogether unknown before.
+
+The people of the provinces subject to Roman dominion had no recognized
+rights, no voice in their own government, but were dominated by the
+central power at Rome. The right of representation, so sacred in modern
+times as an element of confederate policy, they did not desire nor
+appreciate; for, when seven provinces of the south of Gaul were
+commanded by the emperor Honorius to send a representation of their
+chief men to the city of Arles for the supervision of interests which
+concerned themselves, they disregarded the mandate. A central despotism
+maintained Roman unity; and, whenever its iron arm should by any means
+become weakened, the empire must fall into fragments.
+
+The dissolution of the Roman Empire in the West was the end of one
+cycle; thence began another--that in which we now are, and which should
+be of absorbing interest to us. A state of affairs quite unlike anything
+known before was then inaugurated. Hundreds of years have been required
+to develop results so as to enable the human mind to divine at all
+definitely the law of its movement; and hundreds more may be required to
+develop the full fruition of what was then so inauspiciously begun.
+
+As we are all aware, the Roman Empire of the West was overrun by hordes
+of barbarians from the North, who annihilated a great portion of the old
+population, and changed the character of society. But Rome did not die
+without bequeathing a legacy to be enjoyed by the descendants at least
+of those by whose hands she had fallen. There was still some remembrance
+of what Rome was. Guizot says that 'the two elements which passed from
+the Roman civilization into ours were, first, the system of municipal
+corporations--its habits, its regulations, its principle of liberty, a
+general civil legislation common to all; secondly, the idea of absolute
+power--the principle of order and the principle of servitude.' These
+elements, though almost latent for a time, were destined to make up and
+play a conspicuous part in the war of diversified interests and the
+adjustment of political relations, hundreds of years afterward.
+
+Another element of society at the time of the Fall, was the Church. The
+barbarians conquered the empire, but the Church conquered them; without
+gaining much, however, to show for her victory; for, while the
+barbarians embraced Christianity, they reduced it to barbarism, and were
+much the same rude, cruel people, after their conversion, that they were
+before. The Church, however, in its origin and growth, illustrates the
+law under consideration, in the gradual development of the distinct
+specialities of organization; and we are now regarding it at a time when
+it was one element among others, and destined with them, by the
+interaction of their various forces, to evolve a still higher unity.
+
+Another element in society, at this time, was that which was brought by
+the conquerors from their native wilds in the free North. They were a
+rude, and even savage people, with no fixed ideas of property, but
+living by hunting and pasturage, and driving their herds from one region
+to another as necessity required. The most marked and distinctive
+feature in their character, and that which played the most conspicuous
+part in the social and political drama of the following centuries of
+development, was their personal independence--their almost absolute
+individuality, as the result, we believe, of their superior native
+physical constitution.
+
+They had little or no cooeperation in their own country; no combination
+of civil interests; no settled government. They were apt for adventure,
+and readily formed into bands of roving warriors; and when pressed
+forward by the tide of warlike immigration from the East, they conquered
+the Roman Empire, and divided the lands among themselves. German
+magnates courted followers in their own country by hospitality, by
+presents of horses and arms; but in the conquered countries, by grants
+of land for military service. These grants were at first made during
+pleasure, then for life, and at length they became hereditary.
+(Robertson.) In this manner it appears that the feudal system
+originated--a system which grew into such magnificent proportions in
+Middle and Western Europe. It was, however, a growth which was five
+centuries in maturing. (Hallam.)
+
+A curious circumstance, connected with its development, deserves to be
+noticed, as showing that certain rights, however desirable, and even
+sacred they may seem to be, must succumb to the prevailing order,
+however undesirable that system or order might, under other
+circumstances, appear to be. Allodial lands, or those held in the right
+of the individual, and for which there was no obligation of service,
+except in the general defence, were at length swallowed up by the feudal
+system. In those days of universal anarchy, rapine, and oppression, the
+rule of might and unrestrained selfishness prevailed to such an extent,
+that small proprietors, having no means of defence against the strong,
+were compelled to surrender their allodial title for a feudal one, and
+do homage to the neighboring lord for the sake of protection. And to
+such an extent did the abasement of allodial privileges prevail, that it
+came at length to be recognized as a principle that the feudal
+arrangement was the only legitimate one; whereupon allodial lands were
+seized with impunity, and appropriated by the feudal barons. Even the
+Church was subordinated by the prevailing system. Bishops became feudal
+lords. The incomes of religious service were, in some cases, seized upon
+by the irresponsible barons, and disposed of according to the feudal
+policy. This, however, is but one example of the struggle of a system or
+movement to subordinate what stands in its way, and become universal; it
+is a law of history.
+
+The feudal system was a very complete embodiment of despotism. It grew
+out of the political circumstances and mental status of the times, and
+could only exist by the warrant of these conditions. It had its
+redeeming qualities, however, and, no doubt, promoted the conditions and
+the spirit which prepared the way for its own overthrow and the
+inauguration of a better system. The isolated and pent-up condition of
+all classes, together with such culture as was afforded by their mode of
+life to the inmates of the baronial castle, made the occasion for that
+general restlessness in society from which proceeded such ready response
+to the fanatical appeals of Peter the Hermit. The Crusades lasted two
+hundred years, and contributed to the overthrow of feudalism by the
+increase of general intelligence and the diminution of the baronial
+estates.
+
+After the fall of the empire, the cities began to decline, and their
+government fell, in a great measure, into the hands of the clergy; and
+thence supervened a kind of ecclesiastical municipal system. Commerce,
+which some centuries later began to develop, gave renewed importance to
+the cities; and the activities developed within them were antagonistic
+to the feudal spirit, and destined to contribute their part, and an
+important one, to the process of ultimate organization and its
+accompanying phenomena. The cities at length became free, not without a
+struggle; for it is not to be supposed that the great barons would
+passively allow the enfranchisement of a rival power within their own
+domains. In those rude times, the cities had little intercourse with
+each other; yet they became independent nearly at the same time, showing
+that this political phenomenon was also a growth arising out of the
+condition of the times--the result of political and social causes acting
+in concert over more than half a continent.
+
+The cities accomplished their political mission by doing something
+toward establishing law and order, and fostering the germs of freedom.
+Their example could not but tell upon their immediate neighbors. In some
+cases they even attacked the nearest feudal lords, and afterward those
+more remote, compelling them to become citizens. Thus was feudalism
+overthrown in Italy in the thirteenth century. Elsewhere, commerce had
+as yet done less for the cities, and their progress was less rapid. But,
+whenever they appeared, they had the great barons to contend with. The
+free cities or communities gradually extended intercourse with each
+other; and for objects of commerce and mutual defence against their
+enemies, they formed into leagues. Coalitions of the feudal barons also
+sprung up, and wars between the two systems were frequent and bloody.
+Feudal France made war on municipal France. The Hanseatic league,
+embracing at one time eighty-five German cities, maintained successful
+wars against the monarchs themselves. There was a confederacy of cities
+in Italy of great power and influence. These movements show that the
+former isolated condition of European society was no longer compatible
+with the change which was being gradually brought about in the social
+elements. We perceive a manifest tendency toward more extensive union;
+larger combinations were becoming a demand of the times.
+
+But, along with the progress of this tendency to unity, we perceive that
+society was constantly becoming more diversified in character, and its
+elements more distinctly defined. The institution of chivalry, the
+troubadours, and minnesingers had played their part. Besides those great
+political and social powers, the Church, the barons, the kings, and the
+free cities, new classes were rising in society, giving it greater
+complexity, and, by their diversified activities and needs, urging it
+forward to a more comprehensive and centralized organization. At first,
+in the twelfth century, the inhabitants of the cities or free
+communities were composed only of 'small traders and small landed or
+house proprietors.' 'Three centuries afterward there were added to
+these, lawyers, physicians, men of letters, and local magistrates.'
+(Guizot.)
+
+In the rude and chaotic society which succeeded the fall of the empire,
+there was no occupation honorable but that of arms; but in the course of
+time, the meed of honor assumed new branches, and fell upon various
+classes.
+
+The discovery of the Pandects of Justinian in the twelfth century, gave
+the study of the law a new impulse, and, together with accompanying
+developments, complicated the administration of justice. Rude and
+ignorant warriors were no longer adequate to this function; civil
+processes required a distinct organ; the profession of law arose, and
+commanded its share of public attention and respect. With the rise of
+commerce, there was developed a commercial class, which acquired wealth,
+power, distinction, and a demand for rights. With the revival of
+learning and philosophy, however unpromising at first, there arose a
+literary class, which attracted notice and acquired influence.
+
+In the view given of the earlier stages of modern civilization, we
+perceive, first, a social chaos which obtained for some time after the
+fall of the empire in the West; secondly, the development out of this
+chaos, in the course of centuries, of various political and social
+powers, classes, and interests, which were differentiated from the
+unorganized mass; thirdly, all these diversified elements, classes, and
+interests, gradually tending to the formation of more comprehensive
+relations with each other. There was no general organization of these
+several elements, in the early periods of the modern cycle. There were
+what were called kings and kingdoms, but it was not till a comparatively
+recent period that the government became an integer, a complete
+organism, with a sensorium and will-power, and a mutual interrelation
+and dependence of parts and functions. During the prevalence of the
+feudal system and the rise of the independent communities, European
+society was composed of innumerable fragments, isolated from each other,
+and each caring for itself only, looking to no centre as the source of
+political order and vitality, without organization or head. The king did
+not rule the barons any more than the barons ruled the king--they were
+rival powers; the barons and the cities were rival powers; the kings and
+barons played off the cities against each other. The Church, by the
+peculiarity of its constitution and character, was related to them all.
+The clergy were the subjects of the king, the vassals of the baron, and
+yet the spiritual lords of both, as well as of their feudal peers. And
+when the Church effected the separation of her own from the political
+power, she sought, in turn, to subordinate the latter; and secular
+rulers were obliged to resist her encroachments to save themselves. The
+kings had no fixed revenue adequate to government, and were the sport of
+the capricious elements within their own realms. But the Crusades
+brought all these fragments into closer relations, and broke the power
+of the feudal lords. The king gained what the barons lost; and with
+these powerful, turbulent, and refractory subjects out of the way, the
+cities were easily subordinated. The sovereign acquired at length an
+adequate revenue and a standing army; he was now enabled to command the
+resources of his kingdom, and play a king's part in the drama of
+nations. Thus was consummated the movement of national centralization.
+
+Progress advances by action and reaction; extremes develop each other.
+It was so in governmental affairs. The movement of unitization ended in
+the absolute power of the sovereign, who became not only the head of the
+executive function, but the source of legislation as well. In France,
+Louis XIV. knew no will but his own; the States General and Parliament
+were little more than empty names; and in England, Parliament stood in
+awe of Queen Elizabeth, and the courts did her behests. The sovereigns
+were absolute. But with the culmination of royal prerogative and
+centralized government, there were also an increase of intelligence,
+greater facilities for intercommunication, and, as we have seen, a
+diversity of social and political forces interrelated, and acting and
+reacting upon each other in a manner quite unprecedented. The inquiry
+and criticism of plebeian minds were becoming more daring, and there was
+a stir and a restlessness in society, which made bad subjects for an
+absolute monarch. The religious Reformation, which began in Germany and
+spread to the westward, was but the legitimate result of the
+intellectual agitation which preceded it; and the political absolutism
+of kings could no more expect exemption from searching criticism and
+final revolution than the religious absolutism of the Pope. The German
+Reformation was blind to the magnitude and significance of its own
+mission; for while its leaders denounced reason, it was in its essential
+nature a protest against priestly domination over intellect, and a plea
+for the right of free inquiry. Agitation, of whatever kind, is
+contagious; and the energetic play of this diversity of plebeian forces
+must needs result in the recognition of a popular element in the
+government, more or less formal in its character. The government of an
+intelligent people must emanate from the popular will, to a very great
+extent, whatever the form of government may be. If Queen Elizabeth and
+Louis XIV. were more absolute than the sovereigns of our day, it was
+because the French and English people had not then developed that
+versatility of genius, that intelligence and freedom of inquiry, that
+self-appreciation and dignity of character for which they have since
+become so conspicuous. With the increase of intelligence and
+self-respect among the people, there originated a popular branch of
+government to look after their interests, and it grew with their growth.
+Through this channel there came a pressure upon the throne, which must
+needs yield, or be overturned by the surges of revolution. The examples
+of Charles I. and Louis XVI. were extreme. The popular element has since
+then usually accomplished its ends with less turbulence and commotion.
+It has been less violent, but none the less effective. Since the
+Restoration in England, the popular will has been making itself felt in
+national affairs more and more. And in France, even a Napoleon, mighty
+and original as he was, had to consult popular tastes, and, in a great
+measure, conform thereto. We have heard a great deal about the tyranny
+and usurpation of Louis Napoleon; but he, too, must conform to the
+predominance of public feeling in France, or that public
+feeling--'public opinion'--would burst out in a torrent of revolution
+which would overwhelm him. This introduction of the popular element into
+government is a result of the developing process, which has made
+government an organism of almost infinite complexity.
+
+As we have seen, while primitive peoples remained in an isolated and
+exclusively individualistic condition, there were few civil interests;
+and these few the sovereign was not concerned with, so that he could
+discharge in person all the functions of his simple government. But,
+when the civil interests had grown into greater magnitude and diversity,
+and the pressure of their administration was upon the throne, the
+affairs of government became too burdensome for one man. A division of
+labor became necessary. The order of priests originated at an early day,
+and took charge of religion. The king, in time, ceased to march at the
+head of his army, and sent his generals instead. Not being able to hear
+and decide all causes, he named judges to administer justice; and thus
+the process of functional differentiation began, and kept on without
+abatement as the needs of the government required. There was a time when
+an Englishman had no conception of a prime minister. (Hume.) In this age
+we cannot conceive of government without such a functionary, whether
+administered in the name of king or president. With the development of
+new interests arose new branches in the administration of government.
+The constant rise of new industrial elements; the increasing demand for
+the facilities of intercommunication; the development of trade and
+commerce; the interrelation of interests within, and the complication of
+affairs without, have given rise to new departments in the government,
+with a hierarchy of subordinate bureaus; while the interests of towns,
+counties, and states have necessitated an analogous scale of
+functionaries, making, on the whole, an amazing complication of
+governmental machinery. This increase of complexity is precisely
+analogous to the order of development in every department of nature; it
+is perfectly in accordance with the second feature of the law which we
+have recognized as a Law of Universal Development.
+
+Some of our economists may object on principle to so much complexity,
+and attempt to simplify government by eliminating certain terms of the
+series. Let them try it; GOD is mightier than they! There may be
+governmental abuse in regard to the complexity of its functions; but the
+thing itself is simply in the order of destiny. Man develops it, because
+he _must_; it is the historical result of the accumulation of all human
+activities.
+
+There is one kind of simplification, however, which should be closely
+observed; and that is to accomplish the object of any governmental
+function in the most _direct_ and economical manner. There is great room
+for improvement in this respect. Nature, in the midst of all her growing
+complexities, exemplifies the principle of the greatest possible result
+with the greatest possible economy of means, considering in all cases
+the obstacles to be overcome. Let government do the same, and see that
+every channel of official activity be thoroughly purged of corruption
+and abuse.
+
+This development of organic complexity is just as necessary and
+inevitable in the political as in the animal economy; and the
+performance of any function, in the one case as in the other, depends
+for the degree of its completeness on the extent to which 'the division
+of labor' is carried through the complexity of the organic structure.
+There are no grounds of apprehension from this source whatever. In
+regard to government, this increase of complexity is most strikingly
+observable in the executive department; and it is worthy of notice that
+while this department of government is in general becoming less
+tyrannical and relatively weaker with reference to the legislative
+department, it is also becoming more complex: as tyranny recedes,
+complexity advances. There is no point better sustained in history than
+the general fact that, as government increases the multiplicity of its
+machinery, it gradually relaxes its interference with the private rights
+of individuals.
+
+After man has laid aside his primitive habits of selfish isolation, and,
+though still rude and untutored, has come, through the mere increase of
+numbers, into a more compact form of society, the government, however
+circumscribed as to territorial limits, assumes a despotic and
+intermeddling character. Such was the government of the feudal lords
+during the middle ages, and of the kings at a still later day. Laws were
+made for the regulation of dress, as to quality and cut for particular
+classes, and the number of garments which any person might have in a
+year. Citizens were not allowed to keep certain kinds of furniture; and
+the dishes they might have for dinner and supper respectively were
+definitely and rigidly prescribed. The wages of the laborer were fixed
+by law to the great advantage of the lordly employer: this, however, was
+a very natural sequence to the abolition of villanage or vassal
+servitude. The law made service at particular trades compulsory; and
+decided where certain kinds of manufacturing should be carried on; and
+how an article should be made, and how sold when made. This interference
+affected every department of the individual's private life. Religious
+interference need only be mentioned; it is well known. As Buckle
+declares, in speaking of the interference of governments, 'It may be
+emphatically said that they have taxed the human mind. They have made
+the very thoughts of men pay toll.' Queen Elizabeth was a very great
+sovereign, but she meddled with very small matters. She disliked the
+smell of woad, a plant used for blue dye, and thereupon prohibited its
+cultivation. She was displeased with long swords and high ruffs, and
+commissioned her officers to break the swords and abate the ruffs. None
+of the nobility dared marry without her consent; no one could travel
+without her permission. Foreign commerce was subject to her capricious
+will. The star chamber, the court of high commission, the court martial,
+the warrants of the secretary of state and privy council, were
+instruments of terror to the subject, who had no remedy by law. There
+was no safety but for harmless stupidity or slavish conformity.
+Individual independence was impossible. Every noble, manly head that
+appeared above the servile mass, was unceremoniously hid away in a
+dungeon, or struck off on a scaffold.
+
+Such annoying and insolent meddling on the part of governments no longer
+exists. There can be no such thing among an enlightened people. As the
+mass of mankind, or we will say their leaders or representatives, become
+more cultured, they demand a larger field of individual freedom, and
+organize a pressure upon government, which in time effects its object,
+and the oppression is removed, or gradually becomes relaxed and
+obsolete.
+
+Observing that the differentiation of function obtains chiefly in the
+administrative department of government, and putting the two general
+facts of history together,--first, that while the subject is enlarging
+the domain of individual liberty, and secondly, the government becoming
+more complex in structure and activity,--we infer that, through the
+advance of general intelligence and the multiplication of interests,
+government is changing its character from an instrument of compulsion
+and force to an instrument of management and direction, wielded by the
+governed themselves for the benefit of their own diversified and
+interrelated interests.
+
+In following the course of individuality, we find it simple and almost
+absolute in savage life; then it is overpowered and disappears under the
+despotic and one-idea governments of ancient times, and of Asia still;
+at length it reappears, and gathers strength with every advancing age,
+with every discovery, with every improvement, with every flash of
+intelligence, till it has accumulated, in its course, all the
+diversified means of expression and gratification afforded by art,
+literature, and all the social appliances of a complex and exalted form
+of society;--and the end is not yet: there will be more freedom, other
+methods of expression, new facilities for enjoyment and happiness. Its
+destiny is a glorious one!
+
+It may be well in this connection to recall to mind the principle that,
+with the rise of new functions and the increase of complexity, _unity
+obtains its completest form and fullest expression_. These two elements
+are by no means antagonistic; they belong together, and one necessitates
+the other.
+
+It is a general fact of history that there is a relation between the
+culture of a people and the geographical extent of their voluntary
+combinations. Whilst rude and uncultivated, with no facilities for
+intercommunication, they form no permanent associations of any
+considerable magnitude; but with the advance of general intelligence,
+the rise of distinct classes and industrial and commercial interests,
+together with the improvement of facilities for travel and trade, and
+for the intercommunication of thought and feeling, there is developed a
+general bond of sympathy between larger masses of mankind, and the
+natural result is more extensive combination. The unity becomes more
+comprehensive. We have observed this in our glance at European
+development.
+
+Let us trace the course of one of the lines of political movement. In a
+primitive society, as among the ancient Germans, each individual has
+the right of avenging himself, of taking justice into his own hands,
+and determining what the measure of satisfaction shall be. The right of
+private war, derived from rude society, remained for a long time in
+Western Europe, and pertained to the clergy as well as to laymen--a
+custom which was withal not very Christian-like. A step beyond this, and
+there was recognized a regular method of determining the amount of
+satisfaction due for an injury: composition for crime became fixed. We
+observe here a development from absolute individuality in the matter of
+determining justice to the recognition of a conventionalism--a law which
+was the product of the sense of many individuals acting, it may have
+been, in some cases, without conscious concert, yet in a social and
+cooeperative way. As mankind grew out of their original rude conditions,
+they relinquished the individual prerogative of taking justice into
+their own hands, and appealed therefore to a tribunal which was
+recognized as adequate to this end, and the jurisdiction of which seems
+to have had a constant tendency to enlarge its territorial limits. Thus,
+for a time, the feudal barons claimed the final adjudication of all
+difficulties among their own vassals; but, gradually, dissatisfied
+clients appealed to the king, who encouraged them to do so, and at
+length the throne became the universally recognized centre and source of
+all formal justice.
+
+This was a movement occupying centuries for its consummation, a movement
+which extended the jurisdiction of the tribunal of justice from the
+territory of a private individual to the territory of an entire kingdom,
+collecting the isolated jurisdictions of every individual in barbarian
+society, and uniting them all together in the recognized sovereign of a
+consolidated nation.
+
+Now, while it is true that 'the history of progress is the history of
+successful struggles against coercion and authoritative direction, and
+in favor of human spontaneity and free motion' (Slack); it is also true,
+as we have seen in tracing the course of the administration of justice,
+that 'the progress of civilization consists in the substitution of the
+general for the individual will, of legal for individual resistance.'
+(Guizot.)
+
+The development of law, or of a general method, is the necessary result
+of social interchange, through which thoughts and feelings become
+contagious and mould a general will. In primitive society, individuals
+are isolated, and it matters little to others what any individual does;
+hence he is allowed to settle his own difficulties in his own way. He is
+let alone in a way so terrible, that similar treatment would be social
+death to a man of culture. We repeat, there is nothing like absolute
+individuality, except among isolated and unsocial savages. In an
+advanced state of society, human interests become interrelated--a
+complete network of complexity; and what any particular individual does
+becomes a matter of interest to many, since the many are, to a certain
+extent, affected thereby. The individual of civilization has developed
+relations external to himself, and his rights can only be secured and
+his tastes and wants gratified by mutual understanding, cooeperation, and
+combination. His individuality is of a far higher order than that of the
+uncultivated man; and precisely because it is higher, does it develop
+law as the embodiment of the general will, and require organization for
+its expression. 'It is through association that the highest form of
+individuation becomes possible; and nationality wisely developed will
+terminate in a cosmopolitan identity of interests, and a general unity
+founded upon a reciprocity of services among all the divisions of
+mankind.' (Slack.)
+
+It is owing to this same fact of the interrelation and dependence of
+interests, that the movement of unitization has not stopped in Europe
+with the organization of a distinct government for each nation. We have
+observed that when primitive individuals develop relations with each
+other, they form into small societies, and that when these develop
+relations with like societies, they unite and form larger associations;
+and further, that these states, cities, baronies, come at length to
+develop relations with each other, and the result is their union into
+kingdoms. But this tendency of growth does not cease here. One nation
+cannot long remain isolated and distinct from other nations. The
+interests of one kingdom become, in many ways, interrelated with the
+interests of other kingdoms; and there must be new governmental
+appliances to meet the case. Diplomacy, a new function of government,
+arose from this necessity. This is a political activity of quite recent
+development: it originated in the fifteenth century. Like all
+progressive developments, it was at first immature; 'it was not till the
+seventeenth century that it became really systematic; before then it had
+not brought about long alliances, great combinations, and especially
+combinations of a durable nature, directed by fixed principles, with a
+steady object, and with that spirit of consistency which forms the true
+character of established government.' (Guizot.)
+
+Who can say that we have yet seen the end of this process of national
+development? Centuries have been required for all great changes
+affecting the destiny of man: the centuries of the great Future may yet
+develop a unity among the nations themselves--a distinct political
+organism for the regulation of national interests, which are constantly
+becoming more interrelated and complex. As cities, states, and baronies
+were developed from individuals and tribes, and as kingdoms were
+developed from cities, states, and baronies, so may a mightier political
+fabric than has yet been known be developed from the family of nations!
+
+The law, we repeat, is, that with the advance of social dependence and
+complexity, the principle of unitization becomes practically more
+intimate and comprehensive. _It is to this law that nations owe that
+vitality_ of which diplomatists and constitutional lawyers take
+cognizance. By virtue of this law, a nation is a living organism,
+resisting with all its vital force whatever may threaten it with
+dissolution. Hence the utter folly of cherishing the idea of a
+'peaceable separation' of confederated states. There can be no such
+thing in the order of nature. The rupture and division of a nation is a
+reaction against the spirit of social progress, a backward movement
+against the current of civilization, a terrible outrage to the
+organizing forces of the political realm, and can only be effected
+through violence and bloodshed. The more mature civilization becomes,
+the more difficult to effect disunion, the more terrible the penalty,
+and the more enduring, discordant, and wretched the consequences.
+
+The law of unitization is a universal one, being an accompaniment of all
+unfolding, and man worse than wastes his energy in fighting against it.
+It is a great law of Universal Progress; and in lifting our hands
+against it, we are presuming to measure arms with a Power which will be
+sure to overwhelm us with confusion and defeat. We must consent to go
+with the grand movements of the Universe, and to march to the step of
+Destiny, or be crushed under the resistless tread of advancing peoples!
+
+The course of industrial, mechanical, and commercial progress from
+savage to civilized life, goes to illustrate and confirm the view which
+we have taken of the course of political development.
+
+Among the least cultivated tribes of mankind, the family is wholly
+adequate to itself, there being no dissimilarity of industrial function,
+except between the husband and wife. The family builds its own hut,
+makes its own weapons, kills its own game--in short, provides for all
+its own needs. What is industrially true of one family is true of all
+others; there is no division of labor, no exchange of products. They
+have no accumulated property, no fixed habitation, but wander from place
+to place, as the attractions of their simple life may lead them. But
+when population becomes more numerous, and neither hunting nor pasturage
+is sufficient for their support, the cultivation of the soil is resorted
+to, and new wants are developed. The division of labor, the
+differentiation of the industrial function begins. One man cultivates
+the soil, another works in iron, another in wood, and so on; and these
+specialities, in their turn, assume new branches. Take agriculture for
+example: At first every husbandman grows all that he needs for himself
+and family; after a while he observes that his soil is better adapted to
+one kind of crop than another, and he devotes himself more exclusively
+to its cultivation. A similar result with a different crop obtains on a
+different soil and in a different locality; and thus do the specialities
+of soil and climate result in the specialization of agriculture. These
+diversities of occupation with reference to the soil, wood, metals,
+imply the exchange of products; but this must obtain to a very limited
+extent while neighbors are remote, and the means of travel and
+transportation defective. With few roads, and commerce undeveloped,
+there is little intercommunication, little culture, little civilization.
+This was the condition of Scotland as late as the middle of the
+eighteenth century. (Buckle.) England had some external commerce as
+early as the thirteenth century (Hallam), but did not send a ship of her
+own into the Mediterranean till the fifteenth. (Robertson.) Think of the
+difference between then and now!
+
+The making of tools, implements, and fabrics is at first carried on
+solely by individuals working alone, but at length, machinery comes into
+use, the elements are used as driving power, and manufacturing
+establishments arise having a complicated organization. The division of
+labor has been all the time becoming more complete, till now a single
+workman manages but a part of the process of making an implement or a
+fabric, which must pass through many hands in succession before it is
+completed. All are familiar with this fact. It is exactly analogous to
+that which we observe in the animal economy. Low in the zoological
+scale, one membrane performs all the organic functions; higher in the
+scale, there are different organs to perform the distinct functions.
+When the stomach and liver first appear, they are very simple in
+structure, and as simple in function; it is just so with the
+manufactories in the industrial organism. But the stomach and liver
+become more complicated as the scale rises; it is just so with the
+manufactories as civilization advances. Animals lowest in the scale have
+no heart--no circulation. It is just so with society--if society it may
+be called--which is lowest in the scale; it has no exchange of
+products--no commercial circulation. The parallelism is complete.
+
+Further, as already specified, we find in the animal organism, that the
+dependence of parts and functions upon each other becomes greater with
+the increase of complexity; that unitization at the top of the scale, in
+the midst of an almost infinite complication of organic structures and
+functions, has a completeness and significance which it cannot have in
+the simple organism at the bottom of the scale. The same precisely is
+true of the social organism. At the bottom of the scale, there is no
+dependence of one part on another--no cooeperation--no proper
+unity--nothing but simple individual life. Higher in the scale, there is
+dependence of one element of society on another; there must be
+cooeperation, combination, organization, a tendency, at least, toward
+unity.
+
+This is well exemplified by industrial and commercial development. With
+regard to manufacturing, there is specialization, not only in the
+handiwork, but also in the locality of production. Thus, in Great
+Britain, where this development has most fully matured itself, 'the
+calico manufacture locates itself in this county, the woollen-cloth
+manufacture in that; silks are produced here, lace there, stockings in
+one place, shoes in another; pottery, hardware, cutlery, come to have
+their special towns; and ultimately, every locality becomes more or less
+distinguished from the rest by the leading occupation carried on in it.
+Nay, more, this subdivision of functions shows itself, not only among
+the different parts of the same nation, but among different nations.'
+(Westminster Review.) Some of our economists object to this process, and
+would bring all kinds of productive labor into the same district; but a
+law higher than their theories brings artisans of the same kind into the
+neighborhood of each other;--it is the cooeperative action of the
+principles of differentiation and unitization.
+
+The effect of this process is to make one locality dependent on another
+locality. Once, as we have seen, the family was adequate to its own
+needs; now, we perceive the industrial producers of one district have
+become dependent on each other, and on the products of other districts
+and nations, for the supply of their needs. This industrial division and
+concentration gives increased importance to commerce, without which
+there could be no industrial development. It is thus that these two
+activities are separating the elements of society in order to bind them
+the more firmly together.
+
+The improvement of roads, rivers, harbors, the construction of canals,
+railroads, and telegraphs, the development of industry, the extension of
+commerce, the advance of general culture, and the consequent increase of
+human wants, is making society a very complicated structure;--indeed, it
+has nerve and tissue, and is becoming very sensitive. The loss of a crop
+in one country affects all other countries. The burning of a city, or
+even of a great manufacturing establishment, is really felt to the
+remotest ends of civilization. A commercial crisis on either shore of
+the Atlantic shocks the whole civilized world. A rebellion in the United
+States is affecting the agriculture of the whole country, the production
+of a staple on three continents, manufacturing in France and New and Old
+England, commerce everywhere. Every partisan clique, every political
+court and cabinet, even political destiny itself, throughout the whole
+world, reels with every surge of a distant revolution! How different
+from the condition even of Europe in the twelfth century, when a whole
+city or barony, an entire kingdom, or half the continent even, might
+have sunk beneath, the ocean, and the rest of the world have known
+nothing of it by its social results!
+
+Thus, as in the undeveloped organism there is a want of dependence and
+sensitiveness, so is there the same want in undeveloped society. As in
+the higher organic structures there is a high degree of unity and
+sensitiveness, an injury to the remotest part affecting instantaneously
+the whole organism; so, precisely, is the same true of society in its
+higher stages of development. The law is universal; it governs the
+organic as well as the inanimate, the social as well as the organic
+world. Hence the reason why the rupture of Europe, on the death of
+Charlemagne, into provinces and kingdoms loosely united, could not
+prevent the ultimate organization of national government, and the rise
+of relations external to the individual nation, out of which diplomacy
+grew, for the consummation of a policy above the nations themselves.
+Obstructions may be thrown in the way of unitization, but it will
+express itself in some form or other. If, on account of the viciousness
+of primitive conditions from which it has been developed, modern Europe
+cannot yet exist as a union of states under one great and glorious
+government, it will, nevertheless, approximate that union, as best it
+can, and consummate vast national leagues, which are becoming constantly
+more comprehensive and permanent as civilization advances.
+
+
+
+
+WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?
+
+     'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one _lives_
+     it--to not many is it _known_; and seize it where you will, it is
+     interesting.'--_Goethe._
+
+     'SUCCESSFUL.--Terminating in accomplishing what is wished or
+     intended.'--_Webster's Dictionary._
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Our hero starts once more with a new field before him--the field where
+all his hopes and aspirations have been centred since he first was
+capable of comprehending the shrewd advice of Hiram Bennett, of the firm
+of H. Bennett & Co.
+
+Yes, he starts with a new field in view, unencumbered by any love
+affair, and free from all entanglements of that nature--indeed, of any
+nature.
+
+I have endeavored to be so minute in this history as to give the reader
+a proper idea of young Meeker at the time he was ready to launch upon
+New-York life. He was now nearly twenty-three years old, and fully
+competent, by his previous education and experience, to undertake any
+kind of business.
+
+Mr. Bennett, with whom Hiram had become a great favorite, looked
+confidently to securing him in his establishment. It is true, he had
+attempted to make no positive engagement with his namesake in advance,
+but for the last year he always spoke to him as if, in due time, he was
+to enter his service as a matter of course. Hiram did not assent nor
+dissent to such observations; but, really, he had not the slightest idea
+of taking a situation with his cousin. He did not like 'dry goods' to
+begin with. He thought the trade offered too little scope for
+enterprise, unless, indeed, one had good foreign connections, and even
+then he had his objections to it. The competition was more active, the
+credits longer, and the risks were greater, than in other commercial or
+mercantile pursuits. The question, as you may naturally suppose, had
+occupied his serious attention for years; but he kept his counsel, and
+never spoke of his designs.
+
+The first that was known of Hiram's whereabouts, he was established as
+the junior clerk in a first-class ship chandler's store in South street.
+It was rather difficult to obtain such a situation; but the reader well
+knows that, once in it, Hiram will not fail to merit the approbation of
+his employers.
+
+Singular to say, he was indebted for the place to that scapegrace Hill.
+The head clerk was Hill's cousin, himself utterly unlike his relation,
+yet a good deal attached to him. Hiram, who made it a rule never to lose
+sight of anybody, always managed to fall in with Hill (who had quit
+Joslin) whenever he came to the city, and on one occasion Hill
+introduced him to this cousin. He managed to make himself very
+agreeable, and an intimacy commenced, which ended in Hiram's obtaining
+the place of the junior clerk, who was about leaving. Of course, Hiram
+came backed with the highest recommendations, so that his friend had
+really to assume no responsibility on his behalf. Thus he secured the
+place.
+
+A 'ship chandler!' Reader, have you any idea of his occupation? You have
+doubtless some business notion of commerce, or at least a romantic idea
+of ships on the ocean, their sails spread to favorable breezes, or
+closehauled, braving adverse gales--joyous in fine weather, defiant in
+the tempest--yes, you know or feel something about this. But to enable
+the good ship to pursue her way, she must be 'provided.' She must not
+only have wherewithal to feed crew and passengers, but every special
+notion which can be conceived of in the ship's 'husbandry.' From out a
+ship chandler's establishment comes everything, directly or indirectly,
+which shall furnish the vessel.
+
+Step in, and look through such a store. Taking the interest I hope you
+do in Hiram, pray devote a few moments to visiting the place where he
+has resolved to _begin_ his New-York life. You won't find it an
+agreeable spot. Nothing to compare with the neat, well-arranged office
+at Burnsville--pleasant Burnsville!--nor even as attractive as the
+country store of Benjamin Jessup, at Hampton. It is dark and
+disagreeable. It smells of tar, bacon, cheese, and cordage, blended with
+a suspicious odor of bilge water. This last does not really belong to
+the store, but comes from the docks, which are in close proximity. The
+place is ample. It has a large front, runs back deep, and you will find,
+if you walk far enough, a respectable counting-room, where the gas is
+kept all the time burning. This establishment is managed by three
+partners, careful, economical men, who divide a large sum each year in
+profits. They have, it is true, the cream of the trade, for they are
+reliable, straightforward people, and can be trusted to fit out a ship
+without fear that advantage will be taken if they are not closely
+watched. No danger that the pork, when opened ninety days out, will
+prove to be rusty, or the beef a little tainted. Hendly, Layton & Gibb
+are old-fashioned, respectable people. They have been already twenty
+years together. Hendly keeps the books, Layton makes all the purchases,
+Gibb fits out the vessels. Levi Eastman (Hill's cousin, Hiram's friend),
+now over ten years in the place, is head man under the firm, having a
+general supervision of whatever is going on. He is forty years old at
+least, has a wife, and, some say, in addition to a good salary, enjoys a
+percentage on all profits over a certain amount. Hiram Meeker ranks next
+to Eastman, though it will take him a few weeks to get familiar with his
+duties.
+
+I will tell you presently what decided Hiram to become clerk to a ship
+chandler, I do not intend, after being so communicative, to hide his
+motives on this occasion. I say I will explain presently: meantime, do
+not fear that Hiram has any desire to supplant his friend Eastman, or
+get the control of the business of the firm; not at all. Other views,
+far more important, engage his mind--views which he thinks, in this ship
+chandler's store, to study and develop to advantage.
+
+Hiram seemed to have altered his tactics on leaving Burnsville. There
+his style of living was considered expensive. His salary was very
+liberal, and although he did not spend it all (it was much increased
+after the Joslin affair), he appeared far from calculating in his
+disbursements. Now, this was all changed. Eastman, who had no children,
+and with two spare rooms in his house, consented, after consulting his
+wife, to take Hiram as a boarder, on more moderate terms than he could
+possibly get elsewhere for comfortable accommodations.
+
+In this arrangement, Hiram had unquestionably decided to forego the
+luxury of pleasant female society. Mrs. Eastman had a sour-looking
+countenance, which did not in the least belie her disposition. In fact,
+her husband had a hard time of it, and doubtless thought Hiram's
+presence might prove a distraction for him--or for his wife. In either
+case, he would be the gainer, even if Hiram suffered somewhat. The
+latter did not appear to be apprehensive, but made himself at home in
+short order.
+
+Then, and not before, he called on Mr. Bennett, and told him, ere the
+latter had time to inquire, that he had quit Burnsville, and was now
+clerk for Hendly, Layton & Gibb, ship chandlers.
+
+'Well, that's a move, I declare! Did you suppose I was so full I could
+not make room for you?'
+
+'Not that; but, you see, I am not going into your line,' said Hiram,
+blandly.
+
+Till that moment Mr. Bennett had himself no idea how much he was
+calculating on Hiram's assistance in his largely increasing business. He
+was greatly disappointed. He was too shrewd, however, to express much
+regret. He only said, 'I should have been glad to have had you with me,
+but you know your own business best, I dare say. You will _do_ anywhere,
+I guess. Now you are here, come and see us often, and let me know when I
+can be of use to you.'
+
+Keen men sympathize with keen; knaves with knaves; the good with the
+good.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+When Sarah Burns, after Hiram's departure, sat down, quietly to think
+over the events of the past few days--for during the week he remained in
+the house she had no opportunity for reflection--she was sensible of a
+species of relief that she was no longer bound to him.
+
+It was not permitted in nature nor in God's providence that this fellow
+should have lasting power over one so true hearted. With such, his
+influence was not to become absolute or controlling.
+
+This was Sarah's first love affair, and she had no experience as to her
+own emotions, and possessed, therefore, no test by which to judge of
+their intensity. Now she could look back and see that her heart had not
+been satisfied.
+
+'_Not satisfied!_' How many a young girl has been forced bitterly to
+take up this burden--when too late. '_Disappointed!_' How many, when it
+is past help, whisper the terrible word in secret to their souls! How
+many are now dragging out a despairing existence, chained to some Hiram
+Meeker, with heart-wants never to be filled; with sympathies never to be
+responded to; with rich capacities for loving, which find in return
+neither tenderness nor appreciation; with affections, and no lawful
+object;--glowing, earnest natures companioned with calculation and
+selfishness and a remorseless subtlety; full, fresh, joyous vitality,
+yoked to a living corpse.
+
+Thank God! for Sarah Burns it was not too late.
+
+It is true, she persuaded herself she loved Hiram, and that she enjoyed
+every delight which flows from affections mutually pledged. But, really,
+it was entirely on one side. He, as we know, utterly selfish, had no
+genuine affection to impart; so all was made up by her. Out of her full
+imagination she brought rich treasures, and bestowed them on her lover,
+and then, valued him for possessing them.
+
+Still, for Sarah Burns it was not too late.
+
+That afternoon, when she came and threw her arms around her father's
+neck, and pleaded to come back again to his confidence, she was fully
+convinced of Hiram's real character. From that moment everything was
+settled. She permitted no explanations; for Hiram, when he saw how
+summarily he was to be disposed of, felt not only piqued, but roused, I
+may say, to a certain degree of appreciation of the object he was to
+lose so unexpectedly. He believed Sarah was so strongly attached to him
+that she would become reconciled to his going to New York, and then he
+could permit the affair to drag along to suit his convenience, to be
+revived or die out at his pleasure. So all his attempts at a private
+interview, his injured looks, and woful countenance went for nothing.
+
+Sarah treated him precisely as she would treat an ordinary acquaintance,
+while Mr. Burns was careful to make no allusion to the subject, or
+permit the slightest difference in his conduct toward his confidential
+clerk. Hiram, therefore, was the one to feel uncomfortable; but the week
+was soon brought to a close, and he departed.
+
+He went first to Hampton to visit his home. When the wagon drove to Mr.
+Burns's house to receive his luggage, Sarah was entertaining two or
+three young ladies who were paying her a morning visit. I dare say there
+was an object in the call not altogether amiable: namely, to see how
+Sarah would 'appear' in respect to Hiram's departure, and to find out,
+if possible, by the way she bore it, whether or not there was anything
+in the rumor of an engagement between them. Hiram had already taken a
+most affectionate leave of each of these young ladies the day before,
+and they thought he was to depart early in the morning. Much to their
+disappointment, Sarah Burns never appeared more natural or more at ease.
+She spoke of Hiram's going to New York as a settled plan, determined on
+even before he came to Burnsville; and (the trunks were now all in the
+carriage) at length exclaimed, 'Come, girls; I think Hiram must be
+waiting to bid us good-by.'
+
+Thereupon, all went on the piazza, and thus frustrated a design of
+Hiram of taking a brief but most pathetic and impressive and
+never-to-be-forgotten farewell of his cruel betrothed. He had prepared a
+short speech for the occasion, which he believed would plant a dagger in
+her heart. He intended, just as soon as everything was ready, to find
+Sarah, deliver his speech, then rush to the carriage, and be almost
+instantly lost sight of.
+
+As it was, he saw with intense mortification a bevy of girls come
+running out, each with something to say, and all at once--for, to
+conceal any little private feeling of her own, each one was as gay as
+possible. At last Hiram was forced to mount the wagon (the trunks filled
+all the vacant space, and, besides, were provokingly placed so that his
+seat was a most awkward one) and to drive away very unromantically, amid
+the adieus and railleries of the commingled voices.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+Freed from Hiram's disagreeable presence, Sarah Burns, as soon as her
+visitors had left, sat down to _think_; and she experienced, as I have
+already remarked, a species of relief. By degrees her spirits rose to
+their old, natural level, and then the fact struck her that they had not
+of late been so elastic and joyous as formerly. Presently she jumped up,
+and, snatching her hat, she resolved to run into the office, as she used
+to do in 'old times,' and surprise her father by a little visit. She
+tripped cheerfully out, and was soon at the office door. Here she
+paused. Her heart beat loudly, but it was with pleasure. Then she
+quietly opened the door and stepped in.
+
+'Good morning, sir,' she exclaimed. 'Here is your old clerk back again.'
+
+She rushed up and gave him a kiss, and received a dozen in return.
+
+Mr. Burns used afterward to say it was the most blissful moment of his
+life.
+
+After that, how they enjoyed themselves!--like school children let
+loose. Sarah ran up, and down, and around the office, through the front
+room and the little room back, then in the closets, her father
+following, as much of a child as she--his heart also freed of a load,
+and his soul filled with sunshine--no Hiram Meeker to cast a baleful
+shadow over it.
+
+There were not any explanations between those two. Explanations were not
+in the least necessary. Each felt that all _was_ explained, and all was
+right and happy again. That was enough.
+
+After a while, some one came in to see Mr. Burns on business, and Sarah
+took her departure. With a light heart she retraced her steps toward
+home. She had reached the memorable corner where she once encountered
+Hiram--it was on his first visit to Burnsville--when, quite abruptly, as
+it seemed, a tall, handsome young man stood directly in her way.
+
+She stopped, of course; she could not do otherwise, unless she chose to
+run into the arms of the stranger. A pair of bright, dark eyes were
+turned inquiringly on her.
+
+'I have found you at last,' said the young man, in a pleasant tone. 'I
+have just left your house. I did not think you would be out so early.
+And now that we do meet,' he continued, 'I perceive you don't know me:
+that is too bad!'
+
+Sarah stood like one in a trance. At first she thought the man was
+deranged; but he looked so handsome and so intelligent, she quickly
+abandoned that hypothesis. Then she began to think she was a little out
+of her wits herself. That seemed to her more probable.
+
+Meanwhile, there he stood, directly and squarely in her path. He
+appeared rather to enjoy Sarah's perplexity.
+
+'Yes, it is unkind in you to forget an old friend--one you promised to
+remember always.'
+
+Sarah was beginning to recover herself. It was evident, from the whole
+appearance of the stranger, that he would not adopt this singular mode
+of addressing her, unless he had some claim to her acquaintance. So she
+reasoned. Resolving she would no longer play the part of a bashful miss,
+she said: 'I am very sorry to be obliged to confess it; but, really, I
+have not the slightest recollection of you.'
+
+'Ah, that is the way with the sex!' continued the other, in the same
+tone. 'Who would have thought it? After bestowing on me such a precious
+token (here he presented a locket, in which he exhibited a curl of
+hair), you now propose to ignore me altogether.'
+
+'I am inclined to think you are the one in error. I am quite sure you
+mistake me for some other person,' retorted Sarah, quietly.
+
+'Possibly. Therefore, permit me to inquire whether or not I have the
+honor of addressing Miss Sarah Burns?'
+
+'Yes.'
+
+'Yet you have no recollection of presenting me with this?'
+
+'You must have shown me the wrong locket,' said Sarah, dryly. 'The hair
+is several shades lighter than mine.'
+
+'True, I did not think of that,' said the mysterious young gentleman.' I
+ought to have known it would be so; but it never occurred to me.
+Good-by!'
+
+He bowed courteously and passed on his way, leaving Sarah in complete
+bewilderment. She walked slowly toward home. She roused her memory. She
+went through the list of her acquaintances. She endeavored to recall
+those she had encountered when taking some little trips with her
+father--but the stranger was not any of these.
+
+A faint outline was, nevertheless, before her. A shadowy image, the
+same, yet not the same, with the young man who had stood in her path.
+
+'Who? where? when?'
+
+In vain she asked herself the questions.
+
+Over the past hangs a dim uncertainty, like that which veils the future,
+and, young as Sarah was, she could already realize it. At length she
+stopped her efforts, and recurred to the more pleasing task of thinking
+about the young gentleman as he now appeared, without respect to any
+other circumstance. She recalled his manly form. He was nearly six feet
+in height. How bright his eyes were, and how mischievously they were
+turned on her, yet how kindly--she was almost ready to think
+lovingly--when the locket was produced! What about that locket? She
+never gave anybody a locket, never--not even Hiram Meeker. Faugh! It
+sickened her to think of _him_ now, and in this connection. Only imagine
+it! A lock of her hair. How ridiculous! No living being had a lock of
+_her_ hair. She knew that well enough. Besides, this was so much
+lighter--as light as hers was when she was a child. A sudden thought
+struck her. Strange; how very, _very_ strange! Yet, it was true. Once in
+her life she _had_ given a single curl! Was this it? Had she promised
+anything with the curl? And was this young man he? Sarah's heart beat
+tumultuously as she entered the house. She reflected on the words of the
+stranger as he turned to leave her. Should she see him again? * * *
+
+A message came from her father. He would bring a gentleman to dine with
+him--that was all.
+
+Who would it be? the one she had lately parted with? Not a doubt of it.
+_That_ she felt instinctively.
+
+On a certain occasion, as the reader may remember, Sarah had
+imperceptibly prepared herself to receive Hiram Meeker. It was the first
+time he took tea at the house. This day she did the very same thing to
+receive somebody else. There is no use to deny it, for such is the fact.
+Yet it was but a short week since she was the betrothed of Hiram, and
+believed she loved him. That very morning they had separated forever!
+
+It often happens that a young girl is deceived by or disappointed in her
+admirer. They may prove to be incompatible, or, what is worse, he may
+prove unworthy; and she discards him, but with reluctance, after a
+struggle, leaving a pang in her heart, while she mourns over her lost
+_love_--not lover. _Him_ she no longer regards with any feeling; but the
+memory of the old attachment is dear to her, though it be sad, and time
+is required before the heart will be attracted by new objects, or seek
+to be engrossed by a fresh passion.
+
+The bond between Hiram and Sarah was of no such nature. He exercised a
+species of magnetism over her, in consequence of her lively and
+sympathetic nature; but it was of a kind that, when broken, neither
+pleasing nor mournful reminiscences remained--no recollection of past
+joys, no thought of former happiness and bliss. The fountains of the
+heart had not been reached, and when Hiram Meeker quitted her presence,
+she was as though she had never known him.
+
+Thus it was, when she received her father's message, her pulses thrilled
+at the idea of meeting the one he was to bring with him.
+
+Already she guessed who it was.
+
+
+
+
+VATES.
+
+
+   Poets are never in the wrong,
+     Whate'er the present age may say:
+   The future only, in their song,
+     Will see the truth of this our day;
+   And what a BRYANT says and sings
+     May well outweigh all false-born things.
+
+
+
+
+THE PHYSICAL SURVEY OF NEW YORK HARBOR AND ITS APPROACHES.
+
+
+No coast offers more admirable opportunities for the study, on a large
+scale, of the effects of winds, waves, and currents, tidal and others,
+on the movable matters which line the ocean shores, than that from New
+York southward. Besides the peculiar local actions, there are general
+ones, which are changing, slowly or rapidly, the whole of the sandy
+coast line. While here the pebbles of the ancient drift are being
+assorted by size and shape, and rolled into ridges and heaps, by the
+action of the waves, there heaps and ridges of wet sand are formed by
+the waves and travel under their motion, and the dry sand is forced
+along by the winds, covering up meadows and woods, and changing the
+ocean shore line; and in other or the same localities, sub-currents,
+setting in a nearly constant general direction, roll onward the movable
+materials of the bottom of the sea, or tidal currents roll them forward
+and backward, giving the general direction of the resulting motion.
+
+The reports of the Government and State engineers and commissioners,
+public and private, who have studied the improvements of different
+localities, have given us glimpses of the local, and even of the general
+actions; but most commonly there has been a want of means or such
+preliminary experiments as were necessary fully to develop the actions,
+and which, like the stitch which saves nine, would often have saved the
+costly experiment on the full scale of construction. Remarkable
+instances of complete modes of investigation occur in the examination of
+the Mississippi River by Captain A.A. Humphreys and Lieutenant Abbot, of
+the Topographical Engineers, and by the commission of which General
+Totten, Prof. Bache, and Admiral Davis were members. As most familiar to
+me, from having taken an official part in the experiments and
+observations made, I propose to notice the Physical Surveys of New York
+and Boston, indicating the chief agents which are at work in destroying
+and building up, so as to produce the present condition of these
+important ports.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In connection with the surveys made a few years since by direction of
+the Commissioners on Harbor Encroachments, there was undertaken, as an
+incidental inquiry, an investigation into the physical conditions under
+which the shoals and beaches in and about New York harbor had submitted
+to those changes of position and area which the repeated surveys
+revealed. It was at the request of these Commissioners that Professor
+Bache, the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, gave his personal
+attention to this subject. He drew up a comprehensive scheme for a
+series of observations upon all the natural agencies at work, and, for
+the execution of the project, selected one of his assistants, whose
+experience had already been considerable in similar studies.
+
+The investigation was commenced in the lower harbor early in the spring
+of 1856. Records were kept of tides, currents, winds, and waves, and the
+most careful notes were made on the immediate effects of these working
+agents as observable in the movements of the sands.
+
+A glance at a general coast chart discovers at once a marked contrast
+between two different sections of our seaboard: to the eastward of us,
+the principal harbors of New England are rockbound, with elevated back
+countries; while to the southward, in the region of alluvial drift,
+which extends all along the coast of the Middle and Southern States, the
+harbors have flat and sandy shores. The harbor and neighborhood of New
+York, holding an intermediate position between these diverse sections,
+exhibit a singular combination of the leading physical features of both,
+and present to the hydrographer a field for research that is quite
+without a parallel.
+
+We recognize in the Bar of New York simply a submerged portion of that
+_sandy cordon_ which skirts the coast from Montauk Point to Florida; and
+although, in the ordinary sense, the lower entrance to the harbor is not
+an _inlet_, it may nevertheless be regarded as belonging to the same
+class.
+
+This _sandy cordon_, which may be said to be the principal
+characteristic of our coast, is an exceedingly interesting feature; it
+appears to have been formed by the action of the sea, which has
+disintegrated the borders of shallow flats, bearing away the light
+vegetable moulds, but suffering the coarse quartz sand to remain rolled
+up into ridges. In many places the dry winds have caught up these sands,
+when laid bare at low water, and elevated them into dunes or galls.
+
+The distance of the sand ridge from the mainland is observed to vary
+with the slope of the adjacent country. It is the _motion of
+translation_ which a wave acquires on reaching shallow water, that gives
+it such great capacity for the transportation of material.
+
+This _translative action_, as it is technically called, commences
+ordinarily in about three fathoms water, and is most violent in six or
+eight feet depths, within which the sea breaks. It is just within the
+breaker that the windrows of sand are observed to form on exposed flats.
+
+This disposition of the sea to cast up well defined boundaries of sand
+along its margin, is so great and persistent, that the inland waters are
+dammed up and suffered only to escape into the ocean by narrow avenues,
+where their rapid currents maintain a supremacy of power--albeit with
+unceasing contest.
+
+Wherever, along our coast, the waves drive _obliquely_ upon the beach, a
+movement of the sand takes place, and the inlets are consequently
+continually shifting.
+
+The Long Island inlets are moving _westward_, and Sandy Hook advances to
+the _northward_, because the sea rolls in along the axis of the great
+bay between Long Island and New Jersey, and necessarily sweeps along the
+beaches, instead of taking the direction of a _normal_ to the shore
+line.
+
+The movement of Sandy Hook to the northward is, however, a problem not
+so easily disposed of as we might conceive from the above
+considerations; for although, in the most general sense, its existence
+must be regarded as the work of the waves, there are other agents
+influencing materially its form and its rate of progress. The currents
+control, to a very great extent, the final disposition of the sands worn
+away or kept in motion by the waves.
+
+Professor Bache's investigations in the neighborhood of Sandy Hook have
+been published, and we should not especially refer to them here, except
+that the recent physical changes reported by Colonel Delafield to the
+Engineer Department, have reawakened an interest in the matter.
+
+The measurements of the Coast Survey, made in 1856 and 1857, showed that
+the Hook was being washed away on the east and west shores, but was
+extending slowly to the northwest, where it already encroached on the
+main ship channel. This order of things has continued up to the present
+time, and is now in progress.
+
+The able Superintendent of the fortifications at Sandy Hook has evinced
+considerable alarm lest the new fort shall fall a prey to the
+encroachments, or be separated from the main body of the beach by
+slue-ways. The Coast Surrey has been notified of the matter, and the
+assistant to whom I have already referred has visited the Hook, and made
+an informal report, which agrees essentially with the statements of
+Colonel Delafield. A complete and reliable report can only be made upon
+_actual surveys_; and we trust these will be executed, and the
+Government placed in possession of the whole truth.
+
+We understand that Colonel Delafield has already, upon a small scale,
+made some very successful experiments of curvilineal dikes, constructed
+with caissons of concrete; and we have no doubt that, with adequate
+means at his disposal, this ingenious engineer could avert the dangers
+which threaten, not only the fort, but the noble harbor of New York.
+
+To return to the Physical Survey, and to speak as briefly as we may upon
+so extended a subject, we hold that it is possible, by a patient
+collection of facts and figures, to determine the natural _scheme_ of
+the harbor--we had almost said the _formula of its development_.
+
+It is ascertained that the group of shoals which form the Bar--composed,
+as they are, for the most part, of loose and shifting sands--are not
+accidental accumulations, modified by violent storms and freshets, but
+that they are orderly arrangements, made by the currents, to whose
+unceasing activities are due the form and preservation of each bank and
+channel. The peculiar contours of the shoals given by our most ancient
+charts are still developed by recent surveys, although alterations in
+magnitude have taken place. _The order of the physical forces is
+unchanged, but their work is still progressing._
+
+Now, since these currents have determinable laws, regulating their
+periods, durations, velocities, and directions, it was only necessary to
+compile observations, in order to reduce this study to a simple
+consideration of the _composition of forces_.
+
+'The process by which sand is swept along by currents upon the bottom of
+the sea, is not unlike the motion of dunes upon the land; a ridge of
+sand is propagated in the direction of the current by the continual
+rolling of the particles from the rear to the front. This movement is
+exceedingly slow when compared with that of the current which induces
+it, and for this reason a shoal, though traversed by violent tidal
+currents, may, as a whole, remain stationary when the alternate drifts
+are equal and opposite; for in this case, though the sand upon the
+surface is drifted to and fro, it undergoes no more ultimate change of
+position than it would if the forces which acted upon it were
+simultaneous and in equilibrium.'[9]
+
+Of course, so simple a case as that in which the ebb and flood forces
+are equal and opposite, is rarely presented; for at most of the stations
+on the Bar the direction of the flow varies from hour to hour, going
+quite round the circle in a half-tidal day: the velocities and
+directions also vary with the depth. These circumstances complicate the
+computation a little, but the problem is still simple and direct.
+Everything depends upon the faithfulness of the observations.
+
+The physical diagrams which have been plotted from the results of these
+studies may be regarded as decided successes, for they show in most
+cases that the shoals lie in the foci or in the equilibrium points of
+the observed forces.
+
+The current stations occupied cover a district embracing not only the
+immediate vicinity of the shoals, but extending many miles from them in
+different directions; for it was deemed necessary that each elementary
+force should be separately studied before it reached its working point.
+It has been ascertained that among the causes of the different shoal
+formations there exists a mutual relation and dependence, so that they
+may be regarded as a single physical system. _It will be seen from this
+consideration, that any artificial disturbance of the conditions, at a
+single point, may interrupt the operations of nature in other localities
+more or less remote, or cause general changes in the hydrogaphy of the
+harbor._
+
+It is not simply the superficial drift of the tidal and other currents
+that these observations comprehend; but, with the use of apparatus
+suitably arranged, the movements at all depths have been determined,
+with the exact amount of power exerted by streams coursing along the bed
+of the sea. The necessity for this minuteness of examination has been
+fully shown in some of the curious discoveries that have been made.
+
+In several parts of our harbor, systems of counter-currents have been
+detected, occupying strata of water at different depths, and these
+present, in their motions, striking contrasts of directions, velocities,
+and epochs. The most remarkable exhibition of these sub-currents was
+observed in the neighborhood of the city, in the channel between
+Governor's and Bedloe's Islands. In this locality, during the last
+quarter of the ebb, floating objects drift southward toward the sea,
+while the heavier material upon the bottom is borne northward toward the
+city piers. While, upon the surface, the ebb exceeds the flood both in
+velocity and duration, the motions of the lowest water-stratum are
+subject to the reverse conditions: it therefore follows that _the
+heavier deposits from the city drainage cannot be swept away through
+this the main avenue to the sea_. This contrast of motion between the
+upper and lower drifts was observed in greater or less degree throughout
+the entire distance from the Bar to a point in the Hudson River off Fort
+Washington. These results appear to us of the highest importance, since
+they would seem to indicate that the scouring action of the currents
+will not be sufficient to prevent the accumulation of certain classes of
+deposits in the upper harbor--as the ashes from the steamers, and the
+like.
+
+The course of the land waters in their progress seaward was followed
+nearly sixty miles beyond the Bar, where currents of considerable
+velocity were still observed. At the station farthest seaward, where the
+sounding is thirty fathoms, the observations at different depths
+disclosed some very remarkable peculiarities. It was perceived that the
+moving stratum was not always of the same depth; the whole body of the
+sea moving steadily forward at one time, while at another no motion
+could be detected below a superficial stream.
+
+The land waters, to which allusion has been made, augment the ebb
+current to such a degree, that a general eastwardly preponderance was
+observed in the drift along the south shore of Long Island; and this
+preponderance, increasing steadily from station to station at each
+remove, was found, at a point twenty-five miles east of Fire Island
+Light, to outlive the tidal currents and maintain itself as a constant
+coastwise stream.
+
+One very curious discovery was made with regard to this stream along
+shore. It was ascertained that during easterly gales a portion of the
+water, crowded up into the bight of the coast, escapes seaward by a
+sub-current. Shells, carefully marked, were deposited in the sea during
+fine weather, and, after an easterly gale, were picked up on the shore
+of Fire Island, _four miles eastward_ of the place of deposit. There was
+no evidence that these shells travelled any distance during still
+weather.
+
+We do not despair of the possibility of artificial improvements at the
+Long Island inlets.
+
+At present the great inland basins on the southern portion of Long
+Island communicate with the sea only by narrow passes obstructed by bars
+and shoals; yet, in spite of the dangers which are always presented,
+large fleets of market vessels pass out daily through the inlets, laden
+with farm produce and shell fish. It requires no thought to perceive
+that if these inlets were made safe and permanent by suitable marine
+constructions, and were furnished with the proper buoys and beacons,
+there would spring up in their neighborhood great commercial
+enterprises.
+
+While, in the case of the lower harbor and its approaches, it was the
+design of the observations to detect in the movement of the waters the
+causes of alterations in the physical geography, the same kind of
+studies, undertaken afterward in Hell Gate, had for their object the
+reverse inquiry, viz., to ascertain to what degree and in what manner
+the form of the rocky channel influenced the tides and currents, in
+order that some prediction might be made of the consequences likely to
+follow the removal of obstructions from the waterways. The propagations
+of the tide wave meet at Hell Gate, so that here the observations, when
+plotted, exhibit compound curves, in which the portion due to the wave
+from Sandy Hook is easily distinguishable from that due to the wave from
+Long Island Sound. The Sandy Hook tide wave differs so widely in height
+and time from that of Long Island Sound, that there is over three feet
+difference of level between the harbor and the Sound at certain stages
+of the tides; and at these times the currents rush through the Gate,
+vainly endeavoring to restore the inequalities.
+
+The problem of referring a current to a _tidal head_ is a very difficult
+one. The current, for instance, which renders Hell Gate so dangerous, is
+not at any time so great as a _permanent head_, equal to the difference
+of the tides observed, would engender. The currents are so very slow in
+their movements, compared with the undulations of the tide wave, that it
+cannot be ascertained as yet, what are the magnitudes of such elements
+as _inertia_ and _friction_, and how they are to be corrected for, so as
+to predict the time and velocity of the current from observations of the
+vertical rise and fall.
+
+It is due to the officers of the Coast Survey to state that their
+services to the Harbor Commissioners were rendered gratuitously; the
+work offered to them only an opportunity for research.
+
+This Physical Survey must, at the outset, have held out small
+inducements to patient labor--the field was so large and ill defined,
+and had been so long the region of mere speculation; but the few simple
+and useful generalizations it has now grasped should, hereafter, prove
+the stepping stones to larger inductions, valuable alike to physical
+science and commercial interests.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] Report of the Observations for the Completion of the Physical Survey
+of New York Bar and Harbor, in pursuance of the Act of the Legislature
+of New York, April 17, 1857, and of the authority of the Commissioners
+on Harbor Encroachments. By A. D. BACHE, Supt. U.S. Coast Survey.
+
+
+
+
+AN ENGLISHMAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+DECEMBER, 1860, AND JULY, 1862.
+
+
+II.
+
+'Mornin', sa! De Cunnel send dis with his compliments. Merry Christmas,
+sa!' Such was the salutation arousing me on the anniversary of the birth
+of Him who came on earth to preach the Gospel of love and fraternity to
+all men--or the date which pious tradition has arbitrarily assigned to
+it. And Pomp appeared by the bedside of the ponderous, old-fashioned
+four-poster, in which I had slept, bearing a tumbler containing that
+very favorite Southern 'eye-opener,' a mixture of peach brandy and
+honey. I sipped, rose, and began dressing. The slave regarded me
+wistfully, and repeated his Christmas salutation.
+
+I knew what the poor fellow meant, well enough, and responded with a
+gratuity sufficient to make his black face lustrous with pleasure. All
+through the South the system of _backsheesh_ is as prevalent as in
+Turkey, and with more justification. At the hotels its adoption is
+compulsory, if the traveller would shun eyeservice and the most
+provoking inattention or neglect. His coffee appears unaccompanied by
+milk or sugar, his steak without bread, condiments are inaccessible, and
+his sable attendant does the least possible toward deserving that name,
+until a semi-weekly quarter or half dollar transforms him from a miracle
+of stupidity and awkwardness into your enthusiastic and ever-zealous
+retainer. This, however, by the way.
+
+My present had the usual effect; Pompey became approbative and
+talkative:
+
+'You come from England, sa?' he asked, looking up from the hearth and
+temporarily desisting in his vigorous puffing at the fire he had already
+kindled for me to dress by.
+
+'Yes,' I answered.
+
+'Dat a long ways off, sa?'
+
+'Over three thousand miles of salt water, Pompey.'
+
+'Golly! I 'fraid o' dem! didn't tink dere was so much water in de
+world!' adding a compliment on the supposed courage involved in crossing
+the Atlantic. Negroes have almost no relative ideas of distance or
+number beyond a very limited extent; they will say 'a tousan'd,' fifty
+or a hundred 'tousand,' with equal inexactitude and fluency. Presently
+Pompey began again:
+
+'Many colored people in England, sa?'
+
+'Very few. You might live there a year without meeting one.'
+
+'I'se hear dey's all free--dem what is dar? dat so?' he asked,
+curiously.
+
+'Yes; just as they are at the North; only I think they're a little
+better treated in England. We don't make any difference between men on
+account of their skin. You might marry a white woman there, Pompey, if
+you could get her to have you.'
+
+Pompey honored this remark with as much ready negro laughter as he
+seemed to think it demanded.
+
+'I'se got a wife already, sa,' he answered. 'But 'pears to me England
+must be good country to lib in.'
+
+'Why so?'
+
+'All free dar, sa!'
+
+'Why you'd have to work harder than you do here, and have nobody to take
+care of you. The climate wouldn't suit you, either, there's not enough
+sunshine. You couldn't have a kinder or a better master than Colonel
+----, I'm sure.'
+
+'No, _sa!_' with a good deal of earnestness; 'he fust-rate man, sa, dat
+a fac; and Mass' Philip and de young ladies, dey berry good to us.
+But--' and the slave hesitated.
+
+'What is it, Pompey? Speak out!'
+
+'Well, den, some day de Cunnel he die, and den trouble come, _suah!_ De
+ole plantation be sold, and de hands sold too, or we be divide 'tween
+Mass' Phil, Miss Jule, and Miss Emmy. Dey get married, ob course. Some
+go one way, some toder, we wid dem--nebber lib together no more. Dat's
+what I keep t'inkin ob, sa!'
+
+What answer could be made to this simple statement of one of the dire
+contingencies inevitable to slave life? perhaps that most dreaded by the
+limited class of well cared-for house servants, of which Pompey was a
+good representative. He knew, as well as I, that his poor average of
+happiness was fortuitous--that it hinged on the life of his master. At
+his death he might become the chattel of any human brute with a white
+epidermis and money enough to buy him; might be separated from wife,
+children, companions and past associations. Suggesting the practical
+wisdom involved in the biblical axiom that sufficient for the day is the
+evil thereof, I turned the conversation and presently dismissed him. I
+experienced some little difficulty in accomplishing the latter, for he
+was both zealous and familiar in my service: indeed, this is one of the
+nuisances appertaining to the institution; a pet slave seems hardly to
+understand the desire for privacy, and is prone to consider himself
+ill-used if you presume to dispense with his attendance. His ideal of a
+master is one who needs a great deal of waiting on in trivial,
+unlaborious ways, who tolerates all shortcomings and slovenliness, and
+bestows liberal gratuities.
+
+Descending to the breakfast parlor, I received and responded to the
+appropriate salutations for the day from my host and his family, who had
+already recognized it, English fashion, by the interchange of mutual
+presents, those of the Colonel to his daughters being jewelry of a
+handsome and expensive character. The trinkets were submitted to my
+inspection and duly admired.
+
+'I must tell you something about these knick-knacks, Mr. ----,' said the
+evidently gratified father. 'You wouldn't suppose, now, that these
+mercenary girls actually asked me to give them money instead of
+trinkets?'
+
+His tone and looks involved some latent compliment to the young ladies,
+and I said as much.
+
+'They wanted to give it to the State, to help arm and equip some of the
+military companies. I couldn't let 'em suffer for their patriotism, you
+know; so I had to advance the money and buy the trinkets, too; though
+I'll do them the justice to say they didn't expect it. Never mind! the
+Southern Confederacy and free trade will reimburse me. And now let's
+have breakfast.'
+
+The Southern Confederacy and Free Trade! During secession time in
+Charleston, there was displayed in front of the closed theatre, a
+foolish daub on canvas, depicting crowded wharves, cotton bales,
+arriving and departing vessels, and other indications of maritime and
+commercial prosperity, surmounted by seven stars, that being the
+expected number of seceding States, all presented as a representation of
+the good time coming. It remained there for over a month, when one of
+those violent storms of wind and rain variegating the humidity of a
+South-Carolinian winter tore it to pieces, leaving only the skeleton
+framework on which it had been supported. May not this picture and its
+end prove symbolical?
+
+'Did you observe that our Charleston ladies dress very plainly, this
+season?' continued the Colonel, as we sat at breakfast. 'There are no
+silks and satins this Christmas, no balls, no concerts, no marriages. We
+are generally economizing for whatever may happen.'
+
+'Why, I thought you didn't expect war?' I answered.
+
+'No more we do; but it's well to be prepared.'
+
+'There's to be no race ball, I understand,' said the lazy gentleman, who
+had appeared later than the rest of us, and was having a couple of eggs
+'opened' for him into a tumbler, by Pompey. 'The girls will miss that.
+Can you tell me how the betting stood between _Albine_ and _Planet_?'
+
+I could not, and observed that the Colonel changed the subject with some
+marks of irritation. I learned afterward that his indolent relative had
+an incurable passion for betting, and, when carried away by it, was
+capable of giving unauthorized notes upon his opulent relative, who paid
+them in honor of the family name, but objected to the practice. He
+himself affected to discourage betting, though his State pride actually
+induced him to risk money on the 'little mare' _Albine_, a
+South-Carolina horse, who subsequently and very unexpectedly triumphed
+over her Virginian opponent. But this by the way.
+
+Breakfast over and cigars lighted (the Colonel imported his own from
+Havana, each one enwrapped in a separate leaf, and especially excellent
+in quality), we strolled abroad. The negroes were not at work, of
+course; and, early as it was, we found their quarters all alive with
+merriment and expectation. Some of the younger men, dressed in their
+best clothes--generally suits of plain, substantial homespun, white or
+check shirts, and felt hats--went from house to house, wishing the
+inmates the compliments of the season, blended with obstreperous,
+broad-mouthed laughter; in some instances carrying nosegays, received,
+in common with the givers, with immense delight and coquetry on the part
+of the females. These wore neatly-made, clean cotton dresses, with
+gaily-colored handkerchiefs arranged turban fashion upon their heads.
+Many of the old men and not a few of the old women were smoking clay or
+corncob pipes; the children laughed, cried, played with each other,
+rolled upon the ground, and disported themselves as children, white,
+black, or particolored, do all the world over; the occasional twang of a
+banjo and a fiddle was heard, and everything looked like enjoyment and
+anticipation. Of course, the huts of the future brides constituted the
+centre of attraction: from the chattering of tongues within we inferred
+that the wedding dresses were exposed for the admiring inspection of the
+negro population.
+
+The Colonel had just arrived at the peroration of an eloquent eulogium
+of the scene, when the overseer appeared at the end of the avenue of
+orange trees, and presently drew rein beside us, his countenance
+exhibiting marks of dissatisfaction.
+
+'I've had trouble with them boys over to my place, Colonel,' he said,
+briefly, and looking loweringly around, as though he would be disposed
+to resent any listening to his report on the part of the negroes.
+
+'Why, what's the matter with them?' asked his employer, hastily.
+
+'Well, it 'pears they got some rotgut--two gallon of it--from somewheres
+last night, and of course, all got as drunk as h----, down to the old
+shanty behind the gin--they went thar so's I shouldn't suspicion
+nothin'. They played cards, and quarrelled and fit, and Hurry's John he
+cut Timberlake bad--cut Wilkie, too, 'cross the hand, but ain't hurt him
+much!'
+
+'Hurry's John! I always knew that nigger had a d----d ugly temper!' I'll
+sell him, by ---- ! I won't have him on the place a week longer. Is
+Timberlake badly hurt?'
+
+'He's nigh killed, I reckon. Got a bad stick in the ribs, and a cut in
+the shoulder, and one in the face--bled like a hog, he did! Reckon he
+may get over it. I've done what I could for him.'
+
+The Colonel's handsome face was inflamed with passion; he strode up and
+down, venting imprecations of an intensity only to be achieved by an
+enraged Southerner. Presently he stopped and asked abruptly:
+
+'Where did they get the liquor from?'
+
+'I don't know. Most likely from old Whalley, down to the landing. He's
+mean enough for anything.'
+
+'If I can prove it on him, I'll run him out of the country!
+I'll--I'll--d----n it! I'll shoot him!' And the Colonel continued his
+imprecations, this time directing them toward the supposed vender of the
+whiskey.
+
+'These men are the curse of the country! the curse of the country!' he
+repeated, excitedly; 'these d----d mean, low, thieving, sneaking,
+pilfering, poor whites! They teach our negroes to steal, they sell them
+liquor, they do everything to corrupt and demoralize them. That's how
+they _live_, by ----! The slaves are respectable, compared to them. By
+----, they ought to be slaves themselves--only no amount of paddling[10]
+would get any work out of their d----d lazy hides! I almost wish we
+might have a war with the Yankees: we should get some of 'em killed off,
+then!'
+
+How little Colonel ---- thought, as he uttered these words, 'so wicked
+and uncivic' (as Gellius says of a similar wish on the part of a Roman
+lady, for which she was fined the sum of twenty-five thousand pounds
+brass), that in the future lay such dire fulfilment of them! Apropos of
+the subject, what fitting tools for the purposes of rebellion have these
+hated 'poor whites' proved themselves!--their ignorance, their vices,
+their brutality rendering them all the more appropriate instruments for
+the work in hand. It would seem, almost, as if a diabolic providence had
+prepared them for this very result.
+
+'I must ride over and see about this business at once,' resumed the
+Colonel. 'Mr. ----, I can very well suppose you'd rather be spared
+accompanying me, so make yourself at home for an hour or two. I won't be
+a minute longer than I can help. Perhaps you'd better not mention this
+unfortunate affair up at the house until I return; it'll shock the
+girls, and I'm very careful to keep all unpleasant things out of their
+way. It's the first time such an atrocity has occurred on this
+plantation, believe me.'
+
+And, ordering his horse, he rode off with the overseer. I should really
+have preferred visiting the scene of the recent tragedy, but my host's
+wish to the contrary was evident, and I knew enough of Southern
+sensitiveness with respect to the ugly side of their 'institution' to
+comply. (I had been advised by a fellow countryman not to attend a slave
+sale in Charleston, lest my curiosity might be looked upon as
+impertinent, and get me into trouble; but I did it, and, I am bound to
+say, without any evil consequences.) So I retraced my steps toward the
+house, presently encountering the lazy gentleman, and one in black, who
+was introduced to me as the Reverend Mr. ----, an Episcopal clergyman of
+Beaufort, also a resident on an adjacent island.
+
+The lazy gentleman inquired after Colonel ----. Judging that my host's
+caution, as to secrecy, was only intended to apply to his daughters, I
+made no scruple of relating what I had heard. My auditors were at once
+more than interested--anxious. Whenever a negro breaks bounds in the
+South, everybody is on the alert, a self-constituted detective, judge,
+inquisitor, and possible executioner. Eternal vigilance is the price
+of--slavery!
+
+'That boy born on the plantation?' asked the clergyman, when the affair
+had been discussed at considerable length.
+
+'Yes! He's a valuable hand, too; I've known him pick seven hundred and
+fifty pounds of cotton in a day--of course, for a wager.'
+
+'The Colonel will have to sell him, I suppose? he can't keep him after
+this.'
+
+'Reckon so, though he hates to part with any of his hands. This trouble
+wouldn't have happened, if it hadn't been for the whiskey, I've no
+doubt. The rascal who sold it ought to be responsible.'
+
+'Are crimes originating in drunkenness common among the negroes?' I
+asked.
+
+'Well, no!' answered the clergyman, deliberately; 'I can't say that. But
+most of them will drink, if they get an opportunity--the field hands
+especially; and then they're apt to be quarrelsome, and if there's a
+knife handy, they'll use it.'
+
+'That's so,' assented the lazy gentleman, nodding. 'You Englishmen and
+Yankees--excuse me for coupling you together!--know very little of negro
+character; and, because the darkies have a habit of indulging in
+unmeaning laughter on all occasions, you think them the best-tempered
+people in existence. In reality their tempers are often
+execrable--infernal!' And he compacently blew a ring of tobacco-smoke
+into the mild, humid morning. The clergyman looked on assentingly.
+
+'They can never be trusted with any responsibility involving the
+exercise of authority without abusing it. They ill use animals on all
+occasions--treat them with positive brutality, and sometimes whip their
+children so unmercifully that we have to interfere. I don't know what
+would become of them without us, I'm sure!'
+
+'What do you think of their religious convictions?' I asked of the
+clergyman, when the speaker had arrived at his comfortable,
+characteristically Southern conclusion.
+
+'Our best negroes are unquestionably pious,' he answered; 'and some of
+them have a very earnest sense of their duties as to this life and the
+next; but I regret to say that a good deal of what passes for religion
+among them is mere exitement, often of a mischievous and sensual
+character.'
+
+'Heathenish! quite heathenish!' added the lazy gentleman. 'Did you ever
+see a _shout_, Mr. ----?'
+
+I responded in the negative, and inquired what it was.
+
+'Oh, a dance of negro men and women to the accompaniment of their own
+voices. It's of no particular figure, and they sing to no particular
+tune, improvising both at pleasure, and keeping it up for an hour
+together. I'll defy you to look at it without thinking of Ashantee or
+Dahomey; it's so suggestive of aboriginal Africa.'
+
+I had an opportunity, subsequently, of witnessing the performance in
+question, and can indorse the lazy gentleman's assertion. Inheriting the
+saltatory traditions of their barbarous ancestry, the slaves have also a
+current fund of superstition, of a simple and curious character. But
+further ethical disquisitions were here cut short by the appearance of
+the Colonel's daughters, when the conversation was at once changed, as
+by tacit consent of all three of us. What their father had told me,
+relative to his solicitude to keep them in ignorance of all 'unpleasant
+things' accruing from the fundamental institution, was in perfect
+accordance with Southern instincts. I had observed similar instances of
+habitual caution before, reminding me of the eulogized tendency toward
+'Orientalism' alluded to in the previous chapter. And, of all people,
+South-Carolinians possess the equally rare and admirable faculty of
+holding their tongues, when there is occasion for it.
+
+We joined the ladies in a walk. As the elder had much to say to the
+clergyman about mutual acquaintances, while her fat relative strolled
+carelessly by her side, her sister naturally fell to my companionship.
+With a rather handsome and intelligent girl I should have preferred to
+converse on general topics than the one with which I had been already
+nauseated at Charleston--secession; but she was full of it, and would
+not be evaded. Very soon she asked me what I supposed would be the
+sentiment in England toward the seceding States, in the assumed event of
+their forming a confederacy.
+
+I told her, as I then believed, that it would be adverse, in consequence
+of the national hostility to slavery, appealing to her own British
+experience for confirmation.
+
+'Yes,' she said, 'they were all abolitionists in England, and could
+hardly credit us when we told them that _we_ owned negroes. They thought
+all Southerners must be like Legree in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_! But papa,
+who went to the club houses, and mixed with the aristocracy, says that
+_they_ are much better informed about us; that they were opposed to
+emancipation in the West Indies, and have always regarded it as a great
+mistake. And England must have cotton, you know.'
+
+'If there's a war between the North and South, won't you find it very
+difficult to retain your negroes?' I asked, waiving the immediate
+question.
+
+Miss ---- responded by the usual assertion of the fidelity of the slaves
+to their owners.
+
+'What if the new Government resorts to emancipation as a weapon against
+you?' I made this inquiry, thinking it possible that this might be done
+_at the outset_. Like other foreigners, though familiar with the North,
+I had not supposed that nearly two years of civil war, with its
+inevitable expenditure of blood and treasure, would be needed to induce
+this direct and obvious means of subduing a rebellion. Englishmen, it is
+known, have ferocious ideas on the subject, as witness India.
+
+'If the slaves rose, we should kill them like so many snakes!' was the
+answer. And the young lady's voice and flashing eyes showed that she was
+in earnest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our promenade lasted until the return of the Colonel, who presently took
+a private opportunity of informing me that the wounded slave would
+probably survive, and that he had sent for a surgeon from an adjoining
+plantation, expressing some apprehension that delay or indifference on
+his part might involve fatal consequences.
+
+'It's Christmas time, you see, and perhaps he won't care about coming,'
+said my host. I may add that his anticipation was in part verified by
+the result, 'the doctor' not appearing till the following morning.
+Thanks, however, to a rough knowledge of surgery on the part of the
+overseer, aided by the excellence of his constitution, 'Timberlake'
+recovered. I will mention here, in dismissing the subject, that 'Hurry's
+John' was subsequently sold to a Louisiana sugar-planter, a fate only
+less terrible to a negro than his exportation to Texas.
+
+Within an hour of our return to the house, we partook of an excellent
+and luxurious Christmas dinner, to which birds of the air, beasts of the
+earth, and fish of the sea had afforded tribute, and the best of
+European wines served as an appropriate accompaniment. The meal was, I
+think, served earlier than usual, that we might attend the event of the
+day, the negro weddings.
+
+These were solemnized at a little private church, in the rear of which
+was absolutely the most enormous live-oak I had ever seen, its branches,
+fringed with pendent moss, literally covering the small churchyard,
+where, perhaps, a dozen of the ---- family lie buried--a few tombstones,
+half hidden by the refuse of the luxuriant vegetation, marking their
+places of sepulture. The plain interior of the building had been
+decorated with evergreens in honor of the time and the occasion, under
+the tasteful direction of the young ladies, who had also contrived to
+furnish white dresses and bouquets for the brides. These, duly escorted
+by their future husbands, clad in their best, and looking alternate
+happiness and sheepishness, had preceded us by a few minutes, and were
+waiting our arrival, while all around beamed black faces full of
+expectation and interest.
+
+We walked through a lane of sable humanity--for the church was too small
+to contain a fourth of the assembled negroes--to the little altar,
+before which the six couples were presently posed by the clergyman, in
+front of us and himself. That done to everybody's satisfaction, the
+Colonel stationed to give away the brides--an arrangement that caused a
+visible flutter of delight among them--and as many lookers-on
+accommodated within the building as could crowd in, the ceremony was
+proceeded with, the clergyman using an abbreviated form of the Episcopal
+service, reading it but once, but demanding separate responses. I
+noticed that he omitted the words 'until death do ye part,' and I
+thought that omission suggestive.
+
+The persons directly concerned behaved with as much propriety as if they
+had possessed the whitest of cuticles, being quiet, serious, and
+attentive; nor did I detect anything indecorous on the part of the
+spectators, beyond an occasional smile or whisper by the younger
+negroes, whose soft-skinned, dusky faces and white eyeballs glanced
+upward at the six couples with admiring curiosity, and at us, visitors,
+with that appealing glance peculiar to the negro--always, to my
+thinking, irresistibly touching, and suggestive of dependence on,
+humility toward, and entreaty for merciful consideration at the hands of
+a superior race. Perhaps, however, the old folks enjoyed the occasion
+most, particularly the negresses: one wrinkled crone, of at least
+fourscore years, her head bound in, the usual gaudy handkerchief, and
+her hands resting on a staff or crutch, went off into a downright
+chuckle of irrepressible exultation after the closing benediction,
+echoed more openly by the crowd of colored people peeping in at the
+doors and windows.
+
+The ceremony over, the concourse adjourned to a large frame building,
+part shed, part cotton-house, ordinarily used for storing the staple
+plant of South Carolina, before ginning and pressing. The Colonel had
+sent his year's crop to Charleston, and the vacant space was now
+occupied by a triple row of tables, set out with plates, knives and
+forks, and drinking utensils. Here, the newly married couples being
+inducted into the uppermost seats, as places of honor, and the rest of
+the company accommodated as well as could be effected, a substantial
+dinner was served, and partaken of with a gusto and appreciation only
+conceivable in those to whom such an indulgence is exceptional, coming,
+like the occasion, but once in a year. Upward of a hundred and fifty
+persons sat down to it, exclusive of those temporarily detailed as
+waiters, who presently found leisure to minister to their own appetites.
+Their owner surveyed the scene with an air of gratification, in which I
+could not detect a trace of his recent serious discomposure. I am well
+persuaded, however, that he had not forgotten it, as that the cause of
+it was known among the negroes; I thought I observed evidences of it in
+their looks and deportment, even amid the general hilarity.
+
+The ladies had returned to the house, and we were about following them,
+when the clatter of a horse's hoofs was heard without, and the officious
+voices of the negroes announced the arrival of a visitor or messenger
+for the Colonel, who stepped forward to meet him. A young man, clad in a
+coarse homespun gray uniform, scantily trimmed with red worsted, and a
+French military cap, alighted, and addressed our friend in a faltering,
+hesitating manner, as though communicating some disastrous intelligence.
+I saw the Colonel turn pale, and put his hand to his head as if he had
+received a stunning blow. Instinctively the three of us rushed toward
+him.
+
+'My God! what's the matter? what has happened, ----?' inquired the
+clergyman.
+
+'Philip! Philip! my boy's dead--shot himself by accident!' was the
+answer.
+
+A very few words explained all, The young volunteer had fallen a victim
+to one of those common instances of carelessness in playing with loaded
+firearms. While frolicking with a comrade, at his barracks, he had taken
+up his revolver, jestingly threatening to shoot. The other, grasping the
+barrel of the cocked pistol, in turning it round, had caused its
+discharge, the bullet penetrating the breast of the unfortunate owner of
+the weapon. Conveyed to the hospital, he had died within an hour after
+his arrival.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our holiday-making, of course, came to a sudden termination. Next day I
+accompanied the Colonel to Charleston, to claim the body of his deceased
+son, and not long afterward parted with him, on my return to the North.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] The paddle has superseded the cowhide in all jails, workhouses, and
+places of punishment in South Carolina, as being more effective--that is
+painful. In some instances it is used on the plantations. It consists of
+a wooden instrument, shaped like a baker's peel, with a blade from three
+to five inches wide, and from eight to ten long. There are commonly
+holes in the blade, which give the application a percussive effect. In
+Charleston this punishment is generally administered at the guardhouse
+by the police, who are all Irishmen. Any offended master or mistress
+sends a slave to the place of chastisement with a note, stating the
+desired amount, which is duly honored. Like institutions breed like
+results all over the world: in Sala's 'Journey Due North' we find the
+same system in operation in Russia.
+
+
+
+
+
+PEN, PALLET, AND PIANO.
+
+
+With the roar of cannon and tramp of armed men resounding through the
+land, and the fair young face of the Republic disfigured to our eyes by
+the deep furrows of war, it is pleasant to know that in certain nooks
+and corners, gentler sounds of harmony still linger, and that ateliers
+exist where men's fancies grow on canvas from day to day into soothing
+visions of loveliness.
+
+The scarlet-and-gold and general paraphernalia of war are too tempting
+to pallet and brush, not to be seized on with avidity and reproduced
+with marvellous truth; but it is more agreeable to pass over accurate
+representations of the Irish zouave, with Celtic features, not purely
+classical in outline, glowing defiantly under the red cap of the Arab,
+and Teutonic cavalrymen, clinging clumsily to their steeds, and turn for
+solace to the grand, solemn Shores of Niagara, to wander amid the
+tangled luxuriance of the Heart of the Andes, or to bask in the sweet
+silence of Twilight in the Wilderness. There are Icebergs too, floating
+in the Arctic Sea, frozen white and mute with horror at the dread
+secrets of ages; but, responsive to the versatile talent of the hand
+that creates them, they glow with prismatic light of many colors. Mr.
+Church irradiates the frozen regions with the coruscations of his own
+genius, bringing to these lonely, despairing masses of ice the
+revivifying hope and promise of warmer climates.
+
+In pondering over the sad mystery of these Icebergs, we float down again
+to Tropical Seas and Islands; and as we linger under the shade of palm
+and banana tree, the rude chant of the negro strikes the ear in the
+grotesque and characteristic framework of the '_Bananier_,' the
+plaintive melody of '_La Savane_' sighs past on the evening breeze,
+Spanish eyes flash out temptingly from the enticing cadence of the
+'_Ojos Criollos_,' and Spanish guitars tinkle in the soft moonlight of
+the '_Minuit a Seville,_' and Tropical life awakes to melody under the
+touch of the Creole poet of the piano, Mr. Gottschalk.
+
+There are many beings, otherwise estimable, to whom the Tropical sense
+is wanting; who are ever suspicious of malaria lurking under the rich,
+glossy leaves of the orange groves; who look with disgust and loathing
+at the exaggerated proportions and venomous nature of all creeping
+things; who find the succulence of the fruit unpleasant to the taste,
+and the flowers, though fair to the eye, deadly as the upas tree to all
+other sense;--for whom it is no compensation to feel, with the first
+breath of morning air, the dull, leaden weight of life lifted, or no
+happiness to watch the sea heaving and palpitating with delight under
+the rays of the noon-day sun, and to know that the stars at night droop
+down lovingly and confidingly to the embrace of warm Tropical earth.
+With an insensibility to these influences, there can be but little
+sympathy or appreciation of the works of Mr. Gottschalk; for all that is
+born of the Tropics partakes of its beauties and its defects, its
+passionate languor, its useless profusion and its poetic tenderness. And
+where else in the United States, can we look for a spontaneous gush of
+melody? Plymouth Rock and its surroundings have not hitherto seemed
+favorable to the growth and manifestation of musical genius; for the old
+Puritan element, in its savage intent to annihilate the aesthetic part of
+man's nature, under the deadening dominion of its own Blue Laws, and to
+crush out whatever of noble inspiration had been vouchsafed to man by
+his Creator, rarely sought relief in outbursts of song.
+
+Psalmody appears to have been the chief source of musical indulgence,
+and for many a long, weary year, hymns of praise, nasal in tone and
+dismal in tendency, have ascended from our prim forefathers to the
+throne of grace on high.
+
+Such depressing musical antecedents have not prepared New England for
+greater efforts of melody than are to be found in the simple ballads
+supposed to originate with the plantation negro, who, in addition to his
+other burdens, is thus chosen to assume the onerous one of Northern
+song, as being the only creature frivolous enough to indulge in vain
+carolling. If we can scarcely affirm that the Americans are yet a
+musical people, that they would be is an undeniable fact, and one
+constantly evinced in their lavish support of artists, from the highest
+to the lowest grade. Among the musical aspirants to popular favor, none
+has of late enjoyed so large a share of notice and admiration as Mr.
+Gottschalk; and to return from our recent digression, we will proceed to
+the consideration of his compositions. Fragmentary and suggestive as are
+his ideas, there is infinite method and system in their treatment.
+Avoiding thus far what is termed '_sustained effort_,' and which
+frequently implies the same demands on the patience of the listener as
+on the creative power of the composer, Mr. Gottschalk's compositions
+contain just so much of the true poetic vein as can be successfully
+digested and enjoyed in a piano piece of moderate length. With the power
+to conceive, and the will and discipline of mind to execute, there is no
+reason why, with perhaps a diminished tendency to fritter away positive
+excellence at the shrine of effect, enduring proofs of the genius of our
+American pianist should not be given to the world.
+
+As a mere player, the popularity of Mr. Gottschalk with the uninitiated
+masses is due, in a great measure, to his tact in discerning the
+American craving for novelty and sensation, and to his native
+originality and brilliancy, which allow him to respond so fully to these
+exigencies of public taste, as to possess on all occasions the keynote
+to applause. The faculty of never degenerating into dulness, the rock on
+which most pianists are wrecked in early youth, is another just cause
+for insuring to our compatriot the preeminence which he enjoys. Viewed
+from a critical point, the mechanical endowments and acquirements of
+Gottschalk are such as to enable him to subject his playing to the test
+of keenest analysis without detriment to his reputation. For clearness
+and limpidity of touch and unerring precision, for impetuosity of style,
+combined with dreamy delicacy, he has few rivals. The evenness and
+brilliancy of his trill are unequalled, the mechanical process required
+to produce it being lost to sight in the wonderful birdlike nature of
+the effect. In the playing of classical music, Mr. Gottschalk has to
+contend against his own individuality. This individuality, naturally
+intense and of a kind calculated to meet with public favor, has been
+cultivated and indulged in to such an extent as to prove an occasional
+obstacle to the exclusive absorption and utter identification with the
+ideas of another composer that classical music demands. In the mere
+matter of execution there is no difficulty which the fingers of this
+skilful pianist cannot overcome, and his intellectual grasp of a subject
+enables him to discern and interpret the beauties of all musical themes;
+but where an earnest, passionate interest in the music of the old
+masters is not felt by the performer, it is rarely communicated to his
+hearers.
+
+The world of letters, however, has not seemingly regretted the inability
+of Byron to trammel his muse with the uncongenial fetters of Pope's
+metre, and has certainly never quarrelled with Tom Moore for not
+assuming the manners and diction of the revered Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
+
+With due allowance for difference of latitude, and wide difference of
+aim and pursuit, the contemplation of the Master of Creole Melody
+recalls to us a genius which found utterance in song none the less
+melodious that it was written, not sung. The 'ashen sky' and 'crisped,
+sere leaves of the lonesome October,' so thrillingly pictured by Edgar
+Poe in his 'Ulalume,' find echo in the foreboding sadness of the opening
+bars to Gottschalk's 'Last Hope;' and as both poems grow in vague,
+dreamy sound, they culminate in a cry of smothered despair at the tomb
+where all hopes lie buried with the lost Ulalume. The same weird
+conception and eccentricity of design, with knowledge of rhythmical
+effect and extreme carefulness of finish, are prominent traits of both
+artists; and the American disregard of tradition, as evinced in all
+enterprises, whether literary, artistic, or commercial, and which
+readily infects the simple sojourner among us as well as the happy being
+born to republican privileges, marks alike the nationality of poet and
+pianist.
+
+Edgar Poe's literary reputation undoubtedly gains additional lustre as
+the lapse of years permits the veil of obscurity to fall over the
+personal vices and irregularities which so tarnished the living fame of
+this great artist. Genius draws around itself a magical circle,
+attracting and keeping by the force of its own magnetism those whom it
+values, but at the same time exercising an equally repellent effect on
+the envious and ignorant wandering beyond the pale of its charmed
+precincts. Hence the difficulty of judging it by contemporaneous
+standards. The Hyperion head of Poe was lost to the view of many by a
+too persistent search for the satyr's cloven foot. In considering the
+poet's eccentricities, in common with other extraordinary and anomalous
+beings, it must be deeply deplored that one so endowed with wealth of
+intellect beyond his fellow men, should be still so poor in moral store
+that the dullest of them could dare look with disdain on this heir to
+gifts regal and sacred.
+
+He could forget his deep, earnest love of order in things intellectual,
+in every excess of disorder in things material, and his passionate love
+of the beautiful could be profaned by frequent grovelling amid the
+hideous deformities of vice. Poe, in his reverence for Art (his only
+reverence), seemed generally to set greater store on the elaborate and
+artistic perfection of his works, than in the spontaneity of genius
+therein displayed. So it would seem, at least, in his voluntarily
+exposing the skeleton design of his greatest poem, 'The Raven,' and the
+various processes by which this grand shadow attained its final
+harmonious and terrible proportions. This may be a noble sacrifice to
+the principles of Art, intended as a warning to rash novices against the
+sin of slovenliness in composition; but the poem must be of solid fibre
+to resist this disenchanting test. The unveiling of hidden mysteries,
+the disclosure of trap doors, ropes, and pulleys, may assist in the
+general dissemination of knowledge; but in behalf of those who prefer to
+be ignorant that they may be happy, we protest against the innovation.
+In this dangerous experiment of Poe's, however, we are forced to do what
+he would have us do--admire the ingenuity of the poet, together with his
+knowledge of effect, rhythmical and dramatic, his flexibility and
+strength of versification, and marvellous faculty of word painting. This
+propensity to make all things subservient to the advancement of Art is
+not always productive of present good to one's fellow beings, whatever
+may be the results to posterity, as the luckless women who cross the
+path of such men cannot unfrequently testify--oftentimes assiduously
+wooed, won, and lightly discarded, to furnish an artistic study of the
+female capacity for suffering, as well as to supply renewed inspiration
+for further poetic bemoanings. In the prose narrations of Edgar Poe, the
+same skilful handling of mystery, and the turning to account of any
+incident susceptible of dramatic effect, are always apparent as in his
+poems. But the want of extended sympathy with mankind, the artist
+egotism, which looks inwardly for all material, and in truth scorns the
+approval of the masses, must naturally fail to secure the interest of a
+large class of readers. His compositions, on the contrary, which give
+full scope to his keen, subtle powers of analysis, and vigorous handling
+of the subject in question, are more widely understood and appreciated.
+Since the days when Poe dealt with contemporaneous literature, and
+literary men, in not the most temperate mood of criticism, poetic fire
+in America, with few exceptions, seems to have sunk into a dead,
+smouldering condition, and to have yielded to its sister art of painting
+the task of grappling with the New-World monster of utilitarianism and
+practical reform. The demands for indigenous painters in America being
+constantly greater, the result is necessarily a vast increase and
+improvement in this branch of Art.
+
+New England, on whose barren musical soil we have already descanted, and
+who has not hitherto disputed to the Old World her privilege of pouring
+out on our untutored continent the accumulated wealth of years of
+musical study and training, has at last gone far to redeem her
+reputation of artistic nullity, by producing the greatest landscape
+painter of which the country can boast. With us, the superiority of
+atmospheric effects over most countries, and the great variety and
+originality of American scenery, have united in bringing the landscape
+painter into existence, and the public have assured this existence by
+fostering applause and pecuniary compensation. Nature, thus prodigal of
+gifts to America, has, in a crowning act of munificence, conferred also
+a painter, capable of interpreting her own most recondite mysteries, and
+of faithfully transcribing the beauties revealed to all eyes in their
+simple majesty.
+
+Immensity of theme possesses no terrors for Mr. Church's essentially
+American genius; his facile brush recoils not before the gigantic
+natural elements of his own land, but deals as readily and composedly
+with the unapproachable sublimity of Niagara and the terrible beauty of
+icebergs as with the peace of simple woodland scenes and the glowing
+sentiment of the tropics. To tread the beaten path of landscape
+painting, and offer to the public a tame transcript of the glories he
+has beheld, is repugnant to the creative power of this true artist; but
+when form, color, and the legitimate means at his command fail to embody
+all he would express, his suggestive faculty is generally of force
+sufficient to reach all beholders, even those of feeblest imagination.
+
+In standing before the _Falls of Niagara_, one can, in fancy, feel the
+cool moisture of spray, rising, incense-like, through a rainbow of
+promise, from the inspired canvas, together with the earth's tremor at
+the roar of mad waters rushing headlong to a desperate death. This
+inestimable quality of suggestiveness is preserved in Mr. Church's
+pictures when deprived of the aid of color and reduced to mere black and
+white in engraving, a fact bearing equally conclusive testimony to their
+inherent correctness of lines and elegance of composition.
+
+Mr. Church's prominent characteristics of hardy vigor and adventurous
+treatment of a subject, seem to have monopolized his artistic nature, to
+the frequent exclusion of tenderness, either in idea or in the handling
+of color. The painting, in our eyes, least open to this objection, is
+_Twilight in the Wilderness_--a dreamy picture of inexpressible sadness,
+of a tearful silence that is felt, and of a loneliness too sacred to be
+profaned by human intrusion. The gorgeous panorama of the _Heart of the
+Andes_, its snowy mountain peaks, and plains glowing with tropical
+verdure, is too bewildering in its complicated grandeur to excite dreams
+of beauty so tender and sadness so touching.
+
+In contemplating this last-named picture, the demands on the attention
+are so numerous and weighty,--in the first place, to comprehend the
+situation, and exchange at a moment's notice the stagnation of the
+temperate zone for the emotional excitement of the tropics; then to
+separate and classify the many points of beauty, to rise to the summits
+of distant mountains, sublime in their snowy crests, and sink again to
+earth at the foot of the rustic cross, by whose aid we may one day rise
+to sink no more,--to follow the painter successfully through this maze
+of thoughts, without the guiding light of his own matchless color, would
+seem a difficult and displeasing task. But the task has been
+accomplished with complete success, in an English line engraving of the
+_Heart of the Andes_, recently arrived in this country; which indication
+of popularity abroad conduces materially to the ever-growing fame of the
+artist. The same test, we believe, is in store for the _Icebergs_--with
+what result, time will show. Meanwhile, the picture itself will, on
+foreign soil, plead the cause of American civilization, and tend to
+assure those who look with dismay at the tumultuous upheavings of
+freedom's home, that imperishable Art still maintains her placid sway in
+this distracted land, and that her votaries falter not in their
+allegiance.
+
+Volcanoes pour out fiery lava under the red glare of the setting sun,
+obedient to Church's magic touch--delicate fancies are weaved into
+poetic life by the fingers of Gottschalk--but the voice of Poe, alas! is
+mute forever. The 'Lost Lenore,' found too late, may have inspired a
+song far beyond the dull range of human comprehension, but poor mortals
+left below, can only echo, with the grim and ghastly raven: _Nevermore!
+Nevermore!_
+
+
+
+
+LITERARY NOTICES
+
+
+     THE SLAVE POWER; ITS CHARACTER, CAREER, AND PROBABLE DESIGNS: BEING
+     AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE REAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN THE AMERICAN
+     CONTEST. By J. E. CAIRNES, M.A., Professor of Jurisprudence and
+     Political Economy in Queen's College, Galway, and late Whately
+     Professor in the University of Dublin. Second edition. New York:
+     Carleton, 413 Broadway. London: Parker and Son & Co.
+
+It is to be sincerely hoped that the American public, in its detestation
+of the ungenerous, narrow-minded, and inconsistent conduct of the
+majority of Englishmen toward the Federal Union since the present war
+began, will not lose sight of the fact that, here and there in Great
+Britain, men of superior intelligence and information have labored
+strenuously to make the truth known, and to vindicate our cause. Amid a
+mob of ignorant and furious foes of freedom, France has seen a Gasparin
+rise calm and great in superior knowledge, declaring incontrovertible
+truths; and in like manner, the English press has given the views of
+Stewart Mill and Professor Cairnes to their public, at a time when it
+seemed as if falsehood had completely triumphed. In 'The Slave Power,'
+the latest work by this last-named writer, we have indeed such a
+searching analysis of the present American crisis, and find the history
+of the entire difficulty set forth so fully, yet with such remarkable
+conciseness, that we cannot suppress a feeling of astonishment that a
+country which has slandered us so cruelly should, at the same time, have
+given to the world by far the best vindication of our cause which has as
+yet appeared. For it is no undue praise to say, that in this book we
+have the completest defence of the Federal cause and the most effective
+onslaught on the Slave Power which any writer has thus far placed on
+record; and we cordially agree with the vigorous reviewer of the
+_Westminster_, in believing that a work more needed could scarcely have
+been produced at the present time, 'since,' as he adds, 'it contains
+more than enough to give a new turn to English feeling on the subject,
+if those who guide and sway public opinion were ever likely to
+reconsider a question on which they have so deeply committed
+themselves.'
+
+'The Slave Power,' it is true, contains little which has not, at one
+time or another, been brought before the mind of the well-informed
+American republican; yet it is precisely in this that its chief merit
+consists, since it is not by idle oratory and fine writing, but by
+_facts_ and the plain truth, that we can be best vindicated. Englishmen
+are grossly ignorant of the true causes of this struggle, or of the
+principles involved--a matter little to be marvelled at, when we find
+almost a majority of professed Federal Americans, under the name of
+Democrats, cheerfully admitting that their confederate foes are quite in
+the right as far as the _main_ cause of the difficulty is concerned. For
+all such men, a clear exposition of facts, logically set forth, cannot
+be other than a real blessing; since their amiability to the South, when
+not based on traitorous and selfish interests, means simply nothing more
+nor less than ignorance--and that of a kind which is little less than
+criminal, let the guilt rest where it may.
+
+Professor Cairnes begins judiciously by showing that in the beginning it
+was believed, not without very apparent cause, in England, that our war
+'sprang from narrow and selfish views of sectional interests,' in which
+the free-trading South was in the right, and that the abolition of
+slavery was a mere pretence by which the North sought, without a color
+of truth, to attract foreign sympathy. And when we remember for how long
+a time slaves were returned by Federal officers to their owners, and how
+persistently anything like abolition, or even the most moderate
+emancipation, was earnestly and practically disowned by the Federal
+power, it is not wonderful, as Mr. Cairnes declares, that England should
+have regarded our claim to be fighting for the cause of free labor as a
+shallow deceit. Even as we write, we have before us a journal containing
+an allusion to an officer who attempted to return to slavery a
+contraband who had brought to him information of the greatest
+importance. Yet, despite the frightful appearances against us, our
+writer saw, through all, the truth, and declared that, as regarded the
+popular British abuse of this country, 'never was an explanation of a
+political catastrophe propounded, in more daring defiance of all the
+great and cardinal realities of the case with which it professed to
+deal.'
+
+Slavery is the cause and core of our national difficulty. Secession and
+Southern Rights have flourished in strength in exact ratio to the number
+of slaves in the States--nay, in the very counties in which slaves
+abounded. Slavery early developed a sectional class of politicians
+devoted to one object, who, by the sheer force of intense, unscrupulous
+application, from the year 1819 down to 1860, swayed our councils, gave
+an infamous character to American diplomacy, and stained our national
+character. They are called the Free Trade Party: why was it, then, that
+they never employed their power to accomplish that object, 'or how does
+it happen that, having submitted to the tariffs of 1832, 1842, and 1846,
+it should have resorted to the extreme measure of secession while under
+the tariff of 1857--a comparatively Free Trade law'? 'From 1842 down to
+1860, the tendency of Federal legislation was distinctly in the
+direction of Free Trade.' 'If Free Trade was their main object, why did
+the Southern senators withdraw from their posts precisely at the time
+when their presence was most required to secure their cherished
+principle?' Or why did they not apply to their supple and infamous tool,
+Buchanan, to veto the bill? _Because they wished it to pass_--to make
+political capital against the North in England; and they accordingly
+aided its passage, Mr. Toombs being in the Senate, and actually voting
+for it! Or if it was a Free Trade question, why was it that the Western
+States did not take part with them?
+
+The North, however, did not take up arms to destroy slavery, but the
+Right of Secession, since that was the irritating _point d'honneur_,
+and, what was more, the real first cause of injury which at first
+presented itself. Mr. Lincoln had cause to know that in the beginning,
+even in the South itself, secession was only the work of a turbulent
+minority. 'To have yielded would have been to have written himself down
+before the world as incompetent--nay, as a traitor to the cause which he
+had just sworn to defend.' In short, we were misunderstood--painfully
+so--and it is not a matter of indifference to learn that at last there
+is a reaction of intelligence in our favor, and that light is breaking
+through the bewildering mists which once veiled the truth.
+
+In discussing 'the economic basis of slavery,' Professor Cairnes deals
+out truths with a prompt vigor which is truly admirable. From Stirling,
+Olmsted, Sewell, and others, he disposes of the old falsehood that only
+the negro can endure the Southern climate--a fact but recently
+_generally_ made known at the North--that isothermal lines do not follow
+the parallels of latitude--and that it is a gross error to believe the
+black incapable of improvement as a freeman. He admits that slave labor
+has its advantages, in being absolutely controllable, and in returning
+the whole fruit of its labor to the owner. It may, therefore, be
+combined on an extensive scale, and its cost is trifling. But, on the
+other hand, slave labor is given reluctantly, and is consequently a
+losing means, unless much of it can be concentrated under the eye of one
+overseer. It is unskillful, because the slave cannot be educated; and,
+therefore, having once learned one thing, he must be kept at that for
+life.
+
+The result of this is that, as the slave, unlike the free farm-laborer,
+cannot (with rare exceptions) be profitably employed at aught save
+agriculture, and indeed only at one branch of that, he soon exhausts the
+soil. If all the blacks in the South were capable of laboring at
+rotation of crops, they would soon be free. Slavery has always of itself
+died out in the wheat and corn regions--because, in raising cereals,
+labor is more widely dispersed than in cotton or tobacco planting, and
+the workers are more difficult to oversee. Hence the constant
+immigration from the wornout to the new plantation, and the cry for new
+land; and hence the admission, by the most intelligent men of the South,
+that to prevent the extension of slavery would be to destroy it. Free
+labor flourishes even on barren soils--ingenuity is stimulated and
+science developed. But slave labor requires abundance of fertile soil
+and a branch of culture demanding combination and organization of large
+masses of labor and its _concentration_.
+
+Yet, in spite of these facts, a writer in the London _Saturday Review_
+informs the English public that the rapid deterioration of the soil
+under slave labor is a popular fallacy! Could the gentleman who gives
+this information so glibly, examine, we do not say Virginia, but simply
+that lower county of Delaware which has adhered somewhat to the old
+Southern slave system, in contradistinction to its two sisters, he might
+have distinctly ascertained if the exhaustion of soil by slave labor be
+a fallacy. Again, if the profits of slavery be only for the master, it
+may be true that the same process which enriches him impoverishes the
+country at large; and this is really the case through all the South.
+Free labor shuns slave society: a few Northern men may here and there
+live in the South, but as a rule the negro makes the poor white meaner
+than himself. It is true that free white labor in new lands is very
+exhaustive--but in time it takes them up again and restores them: this
+the negro never does, and never can do.
+
+The tendencies of slavery to render the white man insolent, arrogant,
+and oligarchical, are well pointed out by Professor Cairnes, and with
+them the evil tendencies of slave societies. It makes bad white men, and
+intolerable political neighbors. In the ancient world, slaves were
+constantly being educated, freed, and made equal to their masters; but
+in the confederacy, everything is done to crush them lower and lower;
+and in these facts lie _perdu_ the future further degradation of every
+poor white in the South, the constant increase of power and capital in
+the hands of a few, and the diminution in number even of these few.
+
+The fact that Virginians breed slaves expressly for sale is well exposed
+in this book. Our author is kind enough to believe that they never raise
+a single negro for the _express purpose_ of selling him or her; but we,
+who live nearer the 'sacred soil,' know better. It is not many days
+since a farmer in our present immediate vicinity, on the Southern
+Pennsylvania line, found himself obliged to dismiss a fine six-foot
+negro runaway from Virginia, whom he had hired, on account of the entire
+inability of the contraband to do the simplest farm tasks. 'What _is_
+the reason you can't stand work?' inquired the amazed farmer. 'Why,
+mass', to tell de trufe, I wasn't brought up to wuck (work), but to
+_sell_. If I'd been wucked too hard, it ud a spiled my looks fo' de
+markit.' Professor Cairnes may accept the sorrowful assurances of more
+than one person, who has been taken frequently enough into the councils
+of 'the enemy' in bygone times (_crede experto Ruperto_), that slaves
+_are_ begotten, born, bred, and raised for the Southern market--as much
+so as any pigs--and that, too, by eminently aristocratic and highly
+refined scions of first families. Now that we can and dare speak the
+truth, it is not amiss to do so. We recall the day when to have taken
+part in the charge of the Six Hundred would have been a trifle of
+bravery compared to making the above truthful statement--for any one who
+valued social standing, or indeed a whole skin--on the border. Whether
+their own children were sold may be imagined from an anecdote long
+current in Virginia, relative to ex-Governor Wise, who, in a certain law
+case where he was opposed by a Northern trader, decided of a certain
+slave, that the chattel, being a mulatto, was of more value than 'a
+molangeon.' 'And what, in the name of God, _is_ a molungeon?' inquired
+the astonished 'Northern man.' 'A _mulatto_,' replied Wise, is the child
+of a female house-servant by young master'--a molungeon is the offspring
+of a field hand by a Yankee peddler.'
+
+Mr. Cairnes has, we doubt not, often heard of mulattoes--they constitute
+the great majority of Virginia slaves. But did he ever hear of
+'molungeons'?
+
+Mr. Cairnes justly denies the common theory that the South has
+maintained paramount political sway in the Union by a superior capacity
+for politics. He declares that men whose interests and ideas are
+concentrated in a very narrow range, on one object, have vast advantage
+over their intellectual superiors, when the latter pursue no such single
+course. He might have added that the young Southern gentleman, when not
+intended for a physician, almost invariably devotes to mere provincial
+politics and the arts of declamation and debate, all of those
+intellectual energies which the Northerner applies to business, art,
+commerce, literature, and other solidly useful occupations. If the
+Southerner has an inborn superior _talent_ for politics, why is it that,
+as in the case of British or French statesmen, he never develops the
+slightest talent for _literature_? So notoriously is this the case, that
+even the first writers of the South, especially for the press, are
+generally broken-down Northern literary hacks, or miserable Irish and
+English refugees. Mr. Cairnes quotes De Bow's _Review_. He might be
+amazed, could he examine a number of that remarkable periodical, at the
+quality of the English written by some of the most eminent philosophers,
+patriots, and politicians of the confederacy!
+
+The history of the Slave Power, as set forth in Louisiana, Missouri and
+its Compromise, the Mexican war, Kansas, the rise of the Republican
+Party, the Dred Scott decision, the attempt of John Brown, and
+secession, are given in a masterly manner in this work, and with a
+miraculous appreciation of truths. Not less vigorous and shrewd is the
+chapter devoted to the designs of the Slave Power, in which the future
+capacity of that power to do illimitable mischief is set forth in a
+manner which will be new even to the great mass of American Republican
+readers. If we differ with him in his 'Conclusion,' it is that we may be
+consistent to his earlier position. We do not agree with him when he
+advocates the giving permission to the South to secede with the
+Mississippi as their western boundary. Penned up by North and West, and
+with their ports occupied by us, the South would soon decay. But we
+rather believe the North, brought to the tremendous trial of a test
+between aristocracy and republicanism, will yet conquer by destroying
+slavery and giving the poor whites of the South their rights. But we
+cannot conclude without expressing the earnest hope that this book will
+be read, and that thoroughly, by every intelligent American. There is at
+present a reaction rapidly forming in England in favor of the Federal
+cause, and we foresee that this extraordinary work--the best summary in
+existence of our principles, and the most overwhelming stylus-stroke
+which slavery has ever received--is destined to be of incalculable
+service to the great cause. Let it circulate by the hundred
+thousand!--and do you, dear reader, do your part by perusing it, and
+making its merits known to all. In connection with it, we commend the
+review in the _Westminster_ already referred to. It is pleasant to
+realize that we have friends among enemies. Let us hope that when
+brighter days come, our Government and our people will not be unmindful
+of those who defended us in the days of darkness and dole. We owe a
+great debt of gratitude to such men as Professor Cairnes, and must not
+be slack in paying it.
+
+
+    LES MISERABLES. No. IV. _St. Denis._ By VICTOR HUGO. New York:
+    Carleton.
+
+A great improvement on the preceding miserable trio, yet still far from
+fulfilling the extravagant assertions as to its merit with which the
+press has been deluged. We see in this novel, historic pictures, not
+without accuracy, details of life which are true enough, and, we might
+add, familiar enough, from a thousand _feuilletons_, but we find no
+PURPOSE, corresponding to the expectations excited. We have every
+variety of miserable wretch imaginable paraded before us, without a hint
+of any means of curing their social disease. 'There is a hammer for
+tearing down, but no trowel for building up,' beyond a little empty talk
+on the benefits to be derived from education. The truth is that Victor
+Hugo writes, like too many of his nation, simply for sensation and
+effect. The fault to be found with this series is, that, like Jack
+Sheppard, it degrades the taste and blunts the feelings--in a word, it
+vulgarizes, and is as improper reading for the young, so far as _effect_
+is concerned, as the most immoral production extant. Vulgarity is the
+open doorway to vice, and, philosophize as we may, sketches of thieves
+and vagabonds, _gamins_, prostitutes and liars are vulgar and unfit
+reading for youthful minds, if not for any minds whatever.
+
+
+    ABEL DRAKE'S WIFE. By JOHN SAUNDERS. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+The reader is well aware that this work has attained a great
+popularity--we may add that it has deserved it, being a work of marked
+originality; one of characters and feelings which will even bear at
+sundry times reperusal: as good a character as can be given to a novel,
+and a far better one than we are disposed to award to the majority of
+those which we meet. It is, we should say, in justice to the progressive
+powers of the author, far superior to his earlier productions.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+In the noble Message of President LINCOLN, there are two paragraphs
+which should be committed to memory and constantly recalled by every
+man:
+
+     'Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and
+     this Administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No
+     personal significance or insignificance can spare one or another of
+     us. The fiery trial through which we pass will light us down into
+     honor or dishonor to the highest generation.
+
+     'We say 'we are for the Union!' The world will not forget that we
+     say this. We know how to save this Union. _The world knows we know
+     how to save it._ We--even we here--hold the power and bear the
+     responsibility!'
+
+'We cannot escape history.' And this is true, not only of the Congress
+and of the Administration, but of all men who at the present day are
+raised one fraction above the veriest obscurity and completest
+nothing-ism. You, reader, and series of those whom you daily meet, may
+fancy that your deeds, speeches, writings, overshadowed as they are by
+the greater men and events of the day, will be forgotten. It is not so.
+
+The last age was more antiquarian, more given to collecting, searching,
+and recording, than its predecessor. This present one is, however, a
+hundredfold more seeking and more chronicling than the last, and this
+tendency increases every year. As it is, scarce a hero or a traitor,
+even of the Revolution, is escaping glory or infamy. Will it be less the
+case with the good and bad men of the Emancipation? There is not one
+among them who shall escape history.
+
+There is no thieving contractor, no 'helping' official, no shoddy
+scoundrel, no unrighteously 'commission' gathering leech, who is not
+quietly noted down here and there, to be duly exposed, some soon--some
+in after years. We know that extensive researches have been undertaken,
+to prepare and keep in black and white a record of the rascality of this
+war, in high places as well as low. _They shall not escape history._
+
+There is no cowardly, dishonest, selfish politician--be he who he
+may--no trimmer and truckler to the times--who will be forgotten. The
+most important war of all history--the greatest and most clearly
+outlined struggle between Aristocracy and Republicanism--will not pass
+away into oblivion. Men will toil away their lives that they may revive
+some of the salient points of this great fight for freedom. To
+commemorate the good, they must set forth the opposition of the bad--of
+those who aided the foe either by approving of endless slavery, by
+clogging the action of the Administration, or by turning the hardly
+earned income of Government, wrung from a suffering people, to their own
+profit. They shall not escape history.
+
+Those who had the ability to aid the great cause of truth in any way, by
+brain or hand, and yet who did nothing--verily they shall not escape
+history.
+
+The cautious, shrewd fellows, who hurrah loudly for the truth--after it
+has become safe and profitable to do so--they who run with the hound and
+hold with the hare--they may chuckle to themselves in their day, and
+rejoice at their shrewdness-but Time and GOD sift all things, however
+small--even such men as these. They shall not escape history.
+
+And let them cry, 'After us the Deluge,' who will. You will live again
+in your children; the heritage of sin is repaid with compound interest
+to your name. How do you know but there is a GOD and a future knowledge
+of all this, that you act so boldly? What evil have your children or
+your name done you, that you should lay a curse on them? For if you do
+not put forth your hand to the great cause of truth and in the great
+battle of the LORD on behalf of Freedom, be certain that you are now
+shaping a malediction, and awaking the anathema maranatha, which shall
+go down into the deepest ages, and even in many lands, to cover you and
+yours with the dark shadow of shame forever. You shall not escape
+history.
+
+But neither shall they escape who have fought the good fight for truth,
+for man and liberty. Truly, as the German proverb hath it, _Zeit bricht
+Rosen und Zeit bringt Rosen_--'Time breaks roses--but Time brings them
+also.' There is an age coming which will distinguish between the battles
+for conquest and idle glory and the honor of kings, and those which were
+fought for holy freedom. In that age, the great and good and wise, yes!
+even the smallest and weakest who chose the cause of Truth, will be
+prized above the men of all battles which ever were beforetime. Stand
+fast, O soldier! be firm, O friend of the good cause! let us see this
+thing bravely through to the end, come what may. GOD bless you!--and he
+_will_ bless you! Die on the battle field, or labor humbly at home--if
+your heart and your hand have been given to the good work, you shall not
+escape history.
+
+   'Fate for you shall sheathe her shears,
+   You shall live some thousand years.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been nobly proposed, and we doubt not that the proposition will
+be as nobly realized, that a shipload of food be sent to the relief of
+the starving operatives of England. If the wealthy classes of Great
+Britain were generous in proportion to the same order of men in this
+country, and in proportion to their own riches, it would be simply
+absurd for us to offer to relieve their paupers. But they are not so;
+and it is a matter to be deeply deplored, that the manufacturers who
+have made fortunes from their operatives, are, in Great Britain, the
+ones who are least inclined to relieve the sufferings of their poor
+dependants. And this we state entirely on the authority of the British
+press, and from the comments made by it on a recent and wretchedly
+abortive effort to collect from manufacturing capitalists somewhat to
+feed the poor who had enriched them. To an American, accustomed to hear
+of deeds of generosity and public spirit, the list of moneys subscribed
+for such an object, against the names of millionaires, would seem
+incredibly beggarly and pitiful.
+
+However this may be, some one must feed the poor; and if John Bull
+cannot afford it, Jonathan must. There is a degree of suffering in which
+Englishman or confederate rebel becomes simply a suffering brother, and
+when he who would not act the good Samaritan becomes most truly an
+outlaw to all humanity. Therefore, let there be, not one, but many
+shiploads sent to the sufferers--let us cast our bread upon the waters,
+literally as well as figuratively, and give no heed or thought to its
+return. The London _Times_ will, we presume, impugn the motives of the
+charity--call it Pecksniffian and Heep-ish--or possibly try to prove
+that the Federals had no hand in the good deed. Let it rave--the
+business in hand is to feed starving men, women, and children, and not
+to make political capital, or gain glory, or please a party--for that we
+most assuredly shall not--but to do good and act in the large-hearted
+manner which gives a good conscience, and which as a national trait is
+the noblest characteristic of a republican.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The South has been quicker than the North in perceiving that public
+opinion in England is rapidly changing in certain quarters in favor of
+the Federal cause, and it is for this reason that the press in Secessia
+has of late been so unamiable toward Great Britain, while SEMMES has
+shown in his pirating so little kindness to English goods. Possibly
+Secessia may after all discover that she might do a more unprofitable
+thing than be in alliance offensive and defensive with us, and that she
+might go further and fare worse, either alone, or with foreign friends
+who are, after all, only foes in disguise.
+
+But it is a mad and a foolish thing for England to hope to be benefited
+by our dissension. Have we grown weaker or less dangerous by the
+discovery that we are capable of raising the greatest armies and the
+most invincible fleets in the world? While we flourish in prosperity, we
+afford her an outlet for all her paupers, thieves, vagabond Bohemians,
+and refuse of all sorts, to say nothing of the vast mass of the really
+industrious poor who do well here, but who would have starved to death
+at home. With one person in eight in Great Britain dying as a pauper and
+buried at the public expense, it is hardly expedient for its people to
+wish to see us ruined. Were we to exclude her vagabonds and paupers by
+an alien act from entering this country, and at the same time close our
+markets to her goods, of what avail would all the cotton in the world be
+to her? The American public understand this thing perfectly--so
+perfectly that the first movement toward intervention would be to
+effectually shut out the offending party, to bear by itself the worst
+results of prostrated manufactures and a turbulent starving population.
+
+But we trust that nothing of the kind may happen, and that England will
+perceive that a great, prosperous, and united America, though it covers
+the whole Western hemisphere, will be of more advantage to her than a
+divided, impoverished land, full of fighting factions. It is a bad, an
+inhuman, and a most un-Christian policy to set wealthy and powerful
+neighbors at dissensions, to rejoice at their losses, and finally hope
+to see them from prosperous citizens, turned into starved brigands. Envy
+is of the devil. And it is the more wicked, because _we_ know, and every
+one of our readers knows with us, that there never existed in this
+country, within our recollection, any desire whatever to see England
+impoverished, injured, or in any way 'set back' as a country. That
+deep-seated desire, openly avowed by her orators and press, to see our
+growing greatness checked, was never seriously cherished by any true
+American--and it could be proved that the insulting expressions of such
+a desire have in almost every instance originated with British _emigres_
+in this country, who are notoriously the most bitter foes to their
+fatherland.
+
+It is finally worth noting that the sympathy expressed by Americans for
+Russia during the Crimean war, has been of late frequently urged in
+England as a reason for withholding sympathy from the Federals. Now it
+is most _undeniably true_ that, with certain rare exceptions, the
+friendship for Russia _at that time_ came in a great measure from the
+Democratic party, and especially from the South. It was an Irish
+antipathy to England in the North, and a serf-sympathy in the South
+which caused it all--naturally enough, in all conscience. If any one
+doubts this, let him recall Roger Pryor's book, indorsing Russia as the
+great power destined to swallow up all Europe--written at a time when
+Pryor was beyond question the first and loudest exponent living of
+Southern feelings and principles. This is the simplest and plainest of
+facts, most easily susceptible of proof--and yet how many Englishmen are
+there who would believe it?
+
+The truth is that the whole criticism of America by England has
+presented the melancholy spectacle of prejudice and envy, made maudlin
+by gross ignorance--and the worst of it all has been the making the
+North responsible for the bygone evil deeds of the South. Repudiation,
+protection, Russian sympathy, filibustering, and other objections--are
+all heaped on the Federal head alone to bear? Will the _truth_ ever come
+to light in England?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+May we venture to mention to our readers that 'Among the
+Pines'--originally published in these pages--is now selling its
+_thirtieth_ thousand, with constantly increasing orders. And in
+connection we would add that 'Americans in Rome'--originally published
+in THE CONTINENTAL under the title of _Maccaroni and Canvas_ has
+appeared in book form, and may be obtained from George P. Putnam. This
+work is, we believe, one of the most remarkable collections of sketches
+and observation ever written on Italy; combining a very great amount of
+accurate personal observations of the Roman people, both in the city and
+country, with that of American artists' life there. The observations are
+throughout racily humorous, and those who have within a few years
+visited 'the Cradle of Art' cannot fail to recognize, as hit off with no
+sparing hand, more than one American notoriety. Art quackery as it
+exists, is well shown up in 'Americans in Rome;' the author having
+little in common with those amiable romancers who glorify every
+illiterate picture-maker, though he never fails to do justice to true
+genius. We believe, in short, that these sketches form a very peculiar,
+piquant, and _earnest_ work, as truthful as it is amusing, and as such
+commend it to our readers.
+
+
+
+
+The
+
+CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:
+
+EDITORS:
+
+   HON. ROBERT J. WALKER,
+   CHARLES G. LELAND,
+   HON. FRED. P. STANTON,
+   EDMUND KIRKE.
+
+
+The readers of the CONTINENTAL are aware of the important position it
+has assumed, of the influence which it exerts, and of the brilliant
+array of political and literary talent of the highest order which
+supports it. No publication of the kind has, in this country, so
+successfully combined the energy and freedom of the daily newspaper with
+the higher literary tone of the first-class monthly; and it is very
+certain that no magazine has given wider range to its contributors, or
+preserved itself so completely from the narrow influences of party or of
+faction. In times like the present, such a journal is either a power in
+the land or it is nothing. That the CONTINENTAL is not the latter is
+abundantly evidenced _by what it has done_--by the reflection of its
+counsels in many important public events, and in the character and power
+of those who are its staunchest supporters.
+
+By the accession of HON. ROBERT J. WALKER and HON. F. P. STANTON to its
+editorial corps, the CONTINENTAL acquires a strength and a political
+significance which, to those who are aware of the ability and experience
+of these gentlemen, must elevate it to a position far above any
+previously occupied by any publication of the kind in America.
+Preserving all "the boldness, vigor, and ability" which a thousand
+journals have attributed to it, it will at once greatly enlarge its
+circle of action, and discuss, fearlessly and frankly, every principle
+involved in the great questions of the day. The first minds of the
+country, embracing men most familiar with its diplomacy and most
+distinguished for ability, are to become its contributors; and it is no
+mere "flattering promise of a prospectus" to say, that this "magazine
+for the times" will employ the first intellect in America, under
+auspices which no publication ever enjoyed before in this country.
+
+CHARLES GODFREY LELAND, the accomplished scholar and author, who has
+till now been the sole Editor of the Magazine, will, beside his
+editorial labors, continue his brilliant contributions to its pages; and
+EDMUND KIRKE, author of "AMONG THE PINES," will contribute to each
+issue, having already begun a work on Southern Life and Society, which,
+will be found far more widely descriptive, and, in all respects,
+superior to the first.
+
+While the CONTINENTAL will express decided opinions on the great
+questions of the day, it will not be a mere political journal: much the
+larger portion of its columns will be enlivened, as heretofore, by
+tales, poetry, and humor. In a word, the CONTINENTAL will be found,
+under its new staff of Editors, occupying a position and presenting
+attractions never before found in a magazine.
+
+
+TERMS TO CLUBS.
+
+   Two copies for one year,         Five dollars.
+   Three copies for one year,       Seven dollars.
+   Six copies for one year,         Thirteen dollars.
+   Eleven copies for one year,      Twenty-four dollars.
+   Twenty copies for one year,      Forty-four dollars.
+
+PAID IN ADVANCE.
+
+_Postage, Thirty-six cents a year_, TO BE PAID BY THE SUBSCRIBER.
+
+
+SINGLE COPIES.
+
+Three Dollars a year, IN ADVANCE.--_Postage paid by the Publisher._
+
+JOHN F. TROW, 50 Greene St., N. Y.
+
+PUBLISHER FOR THE PROPRIETORS.
+
+As an Inducement to new subscribers, the Publisher offers the following
+very liberal premiums:
+
+Any person remitting $3, in advance, will receive the Magazine from
+July, 1862, to January, 1864, thus securing the whole of Mr. KIMBALL'S
+and Mr. KIRKE'S new serials, which are alone worth the price of
+subscription. Or, if preferred, a subscriber can take the Magazine for
+1863 and a copy of "AMONG THE PINES," bound in cloth (the book to be
+sent postage paid).
+
+Any person remitting $4.50, will receive the Magazine from its
+commencement, January, 1862, to January, 1864, thus securing Mr.
+KIMBALL'S "WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?" and Mr. KIRKE'S "AMONG THE PINES" and
+"MERCHANT'S STORY," and nearly 3,000 octavo pages of the best literature
+in the world. Premium subscribers to pay their own postage.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE FINEST FARMING LANDS
+
+WHEAT CORN COTTON FRUITS & VEGETABLES]
+
+
+
+
+                   EQUAL TO ANY IN THE WORLD!!!
+                          MAY BE PROCURED
+                     At FROM $8 to $12 PER ACRE,
+    Near Markets, Schools, Railroads, Churches, and all the blessings of
+    Civilization.
+
+    1,200,000 Acres, in Farms of 40, 80, 120, 160 Acres and upwards, in
+              ILLINOIS, the garden State of America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Illinois Central Railroad Company offer, ON LONG CREDIT, the
+beautiful and fertile PRAIRIE LANDS lying along the whole line of their
+Railroad, 700 MILES IN LENGTH, upon the most Favorable Terms for
+enabling Farmers, Manufacturers, Mechanics and Workingmen to make for
+themselves and their families a competency, and a HOME they can call
+THEIR OWN, as will appear from the following statements:
+
+
+ILLINOIS.
+
+Is about equal in extent to England, with a population of 1,722,666, and
+a soil capable of supporting 20,000,000. No State in the Valley of the
+Mississippi offers so great an inducement to the settler as the State of
+Illinois. There is no part of the world where all the conditions of
+climate and soil so admirably combine to produce those two great
+staples, CORN and WHEAT.
+
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+Nowhere can the industrious farmer secure such immediate results from
+his labor as on these deep, rich, loamy soils, cultivated with so much
+ease. The climate from the extreme southern part of the State to the
+Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis Railroad, a distance of nearly 200
+miles, is well adapted to Winter.
+
+
+WHEAT, CORN, COTTON, TOBACCO.
+
+Peaches, Pears, Tomatoes, and every variety of fruit and vegetables is
+grown in great abundance, from which Chicago and other Northern markets
+are furnished from four to six weeks earlier than their immediate
+vicinity. Between the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railway and the
+Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, (a distance of 115 miles on the Branch,
+and 136 miles on the Main Trunk,) lies the great Corn and Stock raising
+portion of the State.
+
+
+THE ORDINARY YIELD
+
+of Corn is from 50 to 80 bushels per acre. Cattle, Horses, Mules, Sheep
+and Hogs are raised here at a small cost, and yield large profits. It is
+believed that no section of country presents greater inducements for
+Dairy Farming than the Prairies of Illinois, a branch of farming to
+which but little attention has been paid, and which must yield sure
+profitable results. Between the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, and
+Chicago and Dunleith, (a distance of 56 miles on the Branch and 147
+miles by the Main Trunk,) Timothy Hay, Spring Wheat, Corn, &c., are
+produced in great abundance.
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
+
+The Agricultural products of Illinois are greater than those of of any
+other State. The Wheat crop of 1861 was estimated at 85,000,000 bushels,
+while the Corn crop yields not less than 140,000,000 bushels besides the
+crop of Oats, Barley, Rye, Buckwheat, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes,
+Pumpkins, Squashes, Flax, Hemp, Peas, Clover, Cabbage, Beets, Tobacco,
+Sorgheim, Grapes, Peaches, Apples, &c., which go to swell the vast
+aggregate of production in this fertile region. Over Four Million tons
+of produce were sent out the State of Illinois during the past year.
+
+
+STOCK RAISING.
+
+In Central and Southern Illinois uncommon advantages are presented for
+the extension of Stock raising. All kinds of Cattle, Horses, Mules,
+Sheep, Hogs, &c., of the best breeds, yield handsome profits; large
+fortunes have already been made, and the field is open for others to
+enter with the fairest prospects of like results. DAIRY FARMING also
+presents its inducements to many.
+
+
+CULTIVATION OF COTTON.
+
+_The experiments in Cotton culture are of very great promise. Commencing
+in latitude 39 deg. 30 min. (see Mattoon on the Branch, and Assumption
+on the Main Line), the Company owns thousands of acres well adapted to
+the perfection of this fibre. A settler having a family of young
+children, can turn their youthful labor to a most profitable account in
+the growth and perfection of this plant._
+
+
+THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
+
+Traverses the whole length of the State, from the banks of the
+Mississippi and Lake Michigan to the Ohio. As its name imports, the
+Railroad runs through the centre of the State, and on either side of the
+road along its whole length lie the lands offered for sale.
+
+
+CITIES, TOWNS, MARKETS, DEPOTS,
+
+There are Ninety-eight Depots on the Company's Railway, giving about one
+every seven miles. Cities, Towns and Villages are situated at convenient
+distances throughout the whole route, where every desirable commodity
+may be found as readily as in the oldest cities of the Union and where
+buyers are to be met for all kinds of farm produce.
+
+
+EDUCATION.
+
+Mechanics and working-men will find the free school system encouraged by
+the State, and endowed with a large revenue for the support of the
+schools. Children can live in sight of the school, the college, the
+church, and grow up with the prosperity of the leading State in the
+Great Western Empire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRICES AND TERMS OF PAYMENT--ON LONG CREDIT.
+
+   80 acres at $10 per acre. with interest at 6 per ct. annually
+   on the following terms:
+
+   Cash payment                $48.00
+   Payments in one year         48.00
+     "      in two years        48.00
+     "      in three years      48.00
+     "      in four years      236.00
+     "      in five years      224.00
+     "      in six years       212.00
+     "      in seven years     300.00
+
+   40 acres at $10 per acre;
+   Cash payment                $24.00
+   Payments in one year         24.00
+     "      in two years        24.00
+     "      in three years      24.00
+     "      in four years      118.00
+     "      in five years      112.00
+     "      in six years       106.00
+     "      in seven years     100.00
+
+Address Land Commissioner, Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, Ill.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Number 14
+
+25 Cents
+
+The CONTINENTAL MONTHLY.
+
+DEVOTED TO Literature and National Policy.
+
+
+FEBRUARY, 1863.
+
+
+NEW YORK:
+
+JOHN F. TROW 50 GREENE STREET (FOR THE PROPRIETORS).
+
+HENRY DEXTER AND SINCLAIR TOUSEY. WASHINGTON, D.C.: FRANCK TAYLOR
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.--No. XIV.
+
+   Our National Finances. Robert J. Walker,                          129
+
+   A Trip to Antietam. Charles W. Loring,                            145
+
+   American Destiny. John Stahl Patterson,                           160
+
+   The Birth of the Lily,                                            169
+
+   Was He Successful? Richard B. Kimball,                            171
+
+   Nullification and Secession. Hon. Robert J. Walker,               179
+
+   The Sioux War. John G. Nicolay, Private Secretary
+
+   to President Lincoln,                                             195
+
+   "Dead!"                                                           204
+
+   A Merchant's Story. Edmund Kirke,                                 206
+
+   The Consequences of the Rebellion. Hon. Frederic
+
+   P. Stanton,                                                       223
+
+   Sunshine in Thought,                                              233
+
+   How they Jested in the Good Old Time. Charles G. Leland,          237
+
+   Literary Notices,                                                 248
+
+   Editor's Table,                                                   250
+
+
+The article in this number of THE CONTINENTAL, on "Our National
+Finances," by Hon. ROBERT J. WALKER, will be found worthy of especial
+attention at the present time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our next issue will contain a valuable article on "GOLD."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by JAMES R.
+GILMORE, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INDEX TO VOLUME III.
+
+
+   A Chapter on Wonders. Perth Granton, 461
+
+   A Fancy Sketch, 482
+
+   A Heroine of To-Day, 543
+
+   A Merchant's Story. Edmund Kirke, 206, 289, 451, 528, 642
+
+   American Destiny. John Stahl Patterson, 79, 160
+
+   An Englishman in South Carolina, 110
+
+   A Trip to Antietam. Charles W. Loring, 145
+
+   A Winter in Camp. E. G. Hammond, 519
+
+
+   Cloud and Sunshine, 687
+
+   Consequences of the Rebellion. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 26, 223
+
+   Cost of a Trip to Europe, 730
+
+
+   "Dead," 204
+
+   Down in Tennessee, 469
+
+
+   Editor's Table, 126, 250, 379, 503, 747
+
+   Ethel. Mrs. Martha Walker Cook, 435
+
+
+   False Estimations, 274
+
+   Flag of our Union. Hon. R. J. Walker, 480
+
+   For and Against, 334
+
+
+   Gold. Hon. Robert A. Walker, 279
+
+   Great Heart, 629
+
+
+   Henrietta and Vulcan. Delia M. Colton, 421
+
+   How they Jested in the Good Old Time. Charles Godfrey Leland, 237
+
+   How the War affects Americans. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 411
+
+   How Mr. Lincoln became an Abolitionist. S. B. Gookins, 727
+
+   Huguenots of New Rochelle. Hon. G. P. Disosway, 1
+
+   Huguenots of Virginia, 348
+
+
+   'I;' or, Summer in the City, 40
+
+   In Memoriam. Richard Wolcott, 527
+
+   'Is there Anything in It?' 688
+
+
+   Last Words. Ingoldsby North, 282
+
+   Literary Notices, 122, 248, 374, 500, 630, 744
+
+
+   Maccaroni and Canvas. Henry P. Leland, 7
+
+   May Morning, 657
+
+   Mill on Liberty. Hon. F. P. Stanton, 674
+
+   Miriam's Testimony. M. A. Edwards, 589
+
+   Montgomery in Secession Time, 354
+
+
+   National Ode, 554
+
+   Nullification and Secession. Hon. Robert J. Walker, 179
+
+
+   Our National Finances. Hon. R. J. Walker, 129
+
+   Our Present Position, its Dangers and Duties, 488
+
+
+   Parting, 288
+
+   Pen, Pallet, and Piano, 117
+
+   Pictures from the North, 398
+
+   Poetry and Poetical Selections, 474
+
+   Promise. Edward S. Rend, jr., 78
+
+   Promoted, 420
+
+
+   Reason, Rhyme, and Rhythm. Mrs. Martha Walker Cook, 662, 698
+
+
+   Shylock vs. Antonio. Carlton Edwards, 539
+
+   Sunshine in Thought, 233
+
+
+   The Birth of the Lily, 169
+
+   The Blue Handkerchief, 279
+
+   The Buccaneers of America. Wm. L. Stone, 703
+
+   The Captain of '63 to his Men, 315
+
+   The Causes and Results of the War. Lieut. E. Phelps, U. S. A., 617
+
+   The Century of Inventions. C. G. Leland, 318
+
+   The Chained River. Charles G. Leland, 410
+
+   The Chech, 395
+
+   The Complaining Bore, 496
+
+   The Confederation and the Nation. E. Carey, 694
+
+   The Destiny of the African Race in the United States.
+     Rev. J. M. Sturtevant, D. D., 600
+
+   The Great Prairie State. Mrs. C. M. Kirkland, 513
+
+   The Ivy. Charles Godfrey Leland, 47
+
+   The Lady and her Slave. Mrs. Martha W. Cook, 330
+
+   The Mishaps of Miss Hobbs. Wm. L. Williams, 54
+
+   The Navy of the United States, 659
+
+   The New Rasselas, 404
+
+   The Physical Survey of New York Harbor
+   and its Approaches. Henry Mitchell, 105
+
+   The Return. E. S. Rand, jr., 464
+
+   The Sioux War. John G. Nicolay, 195
+
+   The Skeptics of the Waverley Novels. Chas. G. Leland, 439
+
+   The Soldier's Burial, 373
+
+   The Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. F. H. Gerdes, 557
+
+   The Union. Hon. R. J. Walker, 68, 366, 465, 615
+
+   The Value of the Union. W. H. Muller, 571, 633
+
+   The Vision of the Monk Gabriel. Eleanor C. Donnelly, 316
+
+   The Wonders of Words, 385
+
+
+   Thought, 23
+
+   Three Modern Romances, 667
+
+   Touching the Soul. Lieut. Egbert Phelps, 734
+
+   Turkey. A. Comte, jr., 257
+
+
+   Virginia, 714
+
+   Visit to the National Academy of Design, 718
+
+
+   War Song--Earth's Last Battle. Mrs. M. W. Cook, 562
+
+   Was He Successful? Richard B. Kimball, 98, 171, 611, 719
+
+
+JOHN F. TROW, PRINTER.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Continental Monthly, Vol. 3, No. 1
+January 1863, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
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