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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie
+in 1860-'61, by Abner Doubleday
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860-'61
+
+Author: Abner Doubleday
+
+Release Date: April 1, 2008 [EBook #24972]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Greg Bergquist and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FORT SUMTER.]
+
+
+
+
+  REMINISCENCES
+  OF
+  FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE
+  IN 1860-'61
+
+
+  BY ABNER DOUBLEDAY
+  BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL U.S.A.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS
+  FRANKLIN SQUARE
+  1876
+
+
+
+
+  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by
+  HARPER & BROTHERS,
+  In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Now that the prejudices and bitter partisan feeling of the past are
+subsiding, it seems a fitting time to record the facts and incidents
+connected with the first conflict of the Rebellion. Of the eleven
+officers who took part in the events herein narrated, but four now
+survive. Before the hastening years shall have partially obliterated
+many circumstances from my memory, and while there is still an
+opportunity for conference and friendly criticism, I desire to make,
+from letters, memoranda, and documents in my possession, a statement
+which will embody my own recollections of the turbulent days of 1860 and
+1861.
+
+I am aware that later and more absorbing events have caused the earlier
+struggles of the war to recede in the distance; but those who were in
+active life at that time will not soon forget the thrill of emotion and
+sympathy which followed the movements of Anderson's little band, when it
+became its duty to unfold the flag of the Union against a united South
+in arms.
+
+I know how difficult it is to write contemporaneous history, or even to
+give a bare detail of facts, without wounding the susceptibilities of
+others; but whenever I have felt called upon to give my own opinion, I
+have endeavored to do so in the spirit of Lincoln's immortal
+sentiment--"With malice toward none; with charity for all."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FORT MOULTRIE IN 1860.
+
+
+The Garrison of Fort Moultrie.--Early Indications of
+Secession.--Situation of the Fort.--Edmund Ruffin and Robert Barnwell
+Rhett.--The Secretary of War.--Arms sent to the South.--Colonel
+Gardner.--Captain Foster ordered to Charleston Harbor.--The Officers at
+Fort Moultrie.--Communications with Northern Men by
+Cipher.--Proscription of Antislavery Men in Charleston.--Position of
+Charleston Merchants.--The Secession Leaders only prepared to resist
+Coercion.--The Mob proves Unmanageable.--General Scott's Letter to the
+President, October 29th.--The Situation in November.--No Instructions
+from Washington.--Colonel Gardner's Report to General Wool.      _Page_ 13
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.
+
+Defeat of Captain Seymour's Expedition on the Ashley.--Mayor Macbeth's
+Explanation.--Captain Foster's Work on Fort Moultrie.--Governor Gist
+convenes the South Carolina Legislature.--Creation of a Standing
+Army.--Arrival of Masons from Baltimore.--Situation of Fort Sumter.--A
+Dramatic Incident.--Secretary Floyd's Action.--Horace Greeley's Advocacy
+of the Right of Secession.--The Situation November 18th.                30
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS OF THE SECESSIONISTS.
+
+Arrival of Major Anderson.--Huger's Opposition to a Premature Assault on
+Fort Moultrie.--Anderson's Report to the Secretary of War.--Active
+Preparations by the South Carolinians.--Meeting of Congress.--Attempts
+at Compromise.--Secession Batteries at Mount Pleasant.--Arrival of Major
+Buell with Written Orders.--Vain Efforts to Strengthen Castle
+Pinckney.--Northern Opinion.--Public Meeting in Philadelphia.           41
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE REMOVAL TO FORT SUMTER.
+
+Passage of the Secession Ordinance.--Governor Pickens's
+Proclamation.--Judge Petigru's Visit to Fort Moultrie.--Floyd's
+Treachery.--Yancey's Lectures in the North.--The Removal to Sumter.     55
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE FIRST OVERT ACT.
+
+The New Quarters.--Seizure of Castle Pinckney by Charleston
+Troops.--Raising the Flag at Fort Sumter.--The Sergeant's
+Daughter.--Major Anderson's Position.--The Charleston Troops take Fort
+Moultrie.--A Military Problem.--Condition of Fort Sumter.--Governor
+Pickens's Commission.--A New Outrage.                                   68
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+EFFECT OF ANDERSON'S MOVEMENT.
+
+President Buchanan Aroused.--Excitement in Charleston.--The Situation at
+the Beginning of 1861.--Governor Pickens's War Measures.--"My heart was
+never in this War".                                                     82
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE "STAR OF THE WEST."
+
+Promise of Succor.--Fatal Delay.--A Contumacious Chaplain.--Visit from
+our Ladies.--Governor Pickens's Cabinet.--Appearance of the Star of the
+West.--The Vessel fired upon from Morris Island and Fort
+Moultrie.--Major Anderson's Protest.--Governor Pickens's Reply.         92
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+A RESORT TO DIPLOMACY.
+
+Major Anderson's Proposed Diplomatic Negotiations.--Defensive
+Preparations.--Changes in the Cabinet.--Meade's Defection.--Anecdote of
+Governor Pickens.--Battery at Cummings Point.--Soldiers' Families
+Removed.--A Threatening Letter.--Confederate Visitors to the
+Fort.--Organization of the Confederate Government.                     107
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE CRISIS AT HAND.
+
+South Carolina's Grievances.--Inauguration of President
+Lincoln.--Determination to Re-enforce Sumter.--An Audacious
+Proposal.--The Shannon.--New Rebel Batteries Unmasked.--Formal Notice of
+Bombardment.                                                           123
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE BOMBARDMENT.
+
+The First Shot.--Defective Guns.--John Carmody's Exploit.--Destructive
+Effects of the Bombardment.--Burning of the Officers'
+Quarters.--Terrific Conflagration.                                     143
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE EVACUATION.
+
+Senator Wigfall's Volunteer Mission.--Terms of Evacuation Settled.--The
+Question of Casualties on the Other Side.--Salute to the
+Flag.--Occupation of the Fort by Southern Troops.--Embarkation.--Welcome
+in New York.--Conclusion.                                              161
+
+
+APPENDIX.                                                              179
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF CHARLESTON HARBOR.]
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE IN 1860-'61.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FORT MOULTRIE IN 1860.
+
+     The Garrison of Fort Moultrie.--Early Indications of
+     Secession.--Situation of the Fort.--Edmund Ruffin and Robert
+     Barnwell Rhett.--The Secretary of War.--Arms sent to the
+     South.--Colonel Gardner.--Captain Foster ordered to Charleston
+     Harbor.--The Officers at Fort Moultrie.--Communications with
+     Northern Men by Cipher.--Proscription of Antislavery Men in
+     Charleston.--Position of Charleston Merchants.--The Secession
+     Leaders only prepared to resist Coercion.--The Mob proves
+     unmanageable.--General Scott's Letter to the President, October
+     29.--The Situation in November.--No Instructions from
+     Washington.--Colonel Gardner's Report to General Wool.
+
+
+The summer of 1860 found me stationed at the head-quarters of the First
+United States Artillery at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina. I was captain
+of Company E, and second in command to Brevet Colonel John L. Gardner,
+who was lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. The regimental band and
+Captain Truman Seymour's company (H) also formed part of the garrison.
+The other forts were unoccupied, except by the ordnance-sergeants in
+charge.
+
+Charleston, at this period, was far from being a pleasant place for a
+loyal man. Almost every public assemblage was tinctured with treasonable
+sentiments, and toasts against the flag were always warmly applauded. As
+early as July there was much talk of secession, accompanied with
+constant drilling, and threats of taking the forts as soon as a
+separation should occur.
+
+To the South Carolinians Fort Moultrie was almost a sacred spot,
+endeared by many precious historical associations; for the ancestors of
+most of the principal families had fought there in the Revolutionary War
+behind their hastily improvised ramparts of palmetto logs, and had
+gained a glorious victory over the British fleet in its first attempt to
+enter the harbor and capture the city.
+
+The modern fort had been built nearly on the site of the ancient one.
+Its walls were but twelve feet high. They were old, weak, and so full of
+cracks that it was quite common to see soldiers climb to the top by
+means of the support these crevices afforded to their hands and feet.
+The constant action of the sea-breeze had drifted one immense heap of
+sand against the shore-front of the work, and another in the immediate
+vicinity. These sand-hills dominated the parapet, and made the fort
+untenable. Indeed, it was originally built by the engineers as a mere
+sea-battery, with just sufficient strength to prevent it from being
+taken by a _coup de main_. As an overpowering force of militia could
+always be summoned for its defense, it was supposed that no foreign army
+would ever attempt to besiege it. The contingency that the people of
+Charleston themselves might attack a fort intended for their own
+protection had never been anticipated.
+
+Our force was pitifully small, even for a time of peace and for mere
+police purposes. It consisted of sixty-one enlisted men and seven
+officers, together with thirteen musicians of the regimental band;
+whereas the work called for a war garrison of three hundred men.
+
+The first indication of actual danger came from Richmond, Virginia, in
+the shape of urgent inquiries as to the strength of our defenses, and
+the number of available troops in the harbor. These questions were put
+by a resident of that city named Edmund Ruffin; an old man, whose later
+years had been devoted to the formation of disunion lodges, and who
+became subsequently noted for firing the first gun at Fort Sumter. His
+love of slavery amounted to fanaticism. When the cause of the Rebellion
+became hopeless, he refused to survive it, and committed suicide.
+
+In the beginning of July, Robert Barnwell Rhett, and other ultra men in
+Charleston, made violent speeches to the mob, urging them to drive every
+United States official out of the State; but as many influential
+Secessionists were enjoying the sweets of Federal patronage under
+Buchanan, we did not anticipate any immediate disturbance. To influence
+his hearers still more, Rhett did not hesitate to state that Hamlin was
+a mulatto, and he asked if they intended to submit to a negro
+vice-president.[1]
+
+It is an interesting question to know how far at this period the
+Secretary of War himself was loyal. Mr. Dawson, the able editor of the
+_Historical Magazine_, is of opinion, after a careful investigation of
+the facts, that Floyd at this time was true to the Union, and that he
+remained so until December 24th, when it was discovered that he had been
+advancing large sums of money from the Treasury to contractors, to pay
+for work which had never been commenced. To make the loss good, nearly a
+million of dollars was taken from the Indian Trust Fund.
+
+Finding he would be dismissed from the Cabinet for his complicity in
+these transactions, and would also be indicted by the Grand Jury of the
+District of Columbia, he made a furious Secession speech, sent in his
+resignation, and suddenly left for the South.[2] Mr. Dawson founds his
+opinion in this case upon the statement of Fitz John Porter, who was a
+major on duty in the War Department at the time, and therefore
+apparently well qualified to judge. Floyd's actions toward us, however,
+were not those of a true man, and I am of opinion that his loyalty was
+merely assumed for the occasion. He sent seventeen thousand muskets to
+South Carolina, when he knew that Charleston was a hot-bed of sedition,
+and that in all probability the arms would be used against the United
+States. Greeley says, in his "American Conflict," that during these
+turbulent times Floyd disarmed the Government by forwarding one hundred
+and fifteen thousand muskets, in all, to the Southern Confederacy.[3] In
+addition to this, he sold large quantities of arms to S.B. Lamar, of
+Savannah, and other Secessionists in the South, on the plea that the
+muskets thus disposed of did not conform to the latest army model. Just
+before his resignation, he continued the same policy by directing that
+one hundred and twenty-four heavy guns should be shipped from Pittsburg,
+Pennsylvania, to Ship Island, Mississippi, where there was no garrison,
+and to Galveston, Texas. Yet this was the official upon whom we were to
+rely for advice and protection. This was the wolf who was to guard the
+fold.
+
+Our commander, Colonel Gardner, had done good service in the War of 1812
+and in Mexico; but now, owing to his advanced age, was ill fitted to
+weather the storm that was about to burst upon us. In politics he was
+quite Southern, frequently asserting that the South had been treated
+outrageously in the question of the Territories, and defrauded of her
+just rights in other respects. He acquiesced, however, in the necessity
+of defending the fort should it be attacked; but as he lived with his
+family outside of the walls, he could not take a very active part
+himself. Indeed, on one occasion, when a Secession meeting was held in
+our immediate vicinity, accompanied with many threats and noisy
+demonstrations, he sent word to me to assume command at once in his
+place.
+
+He now found himself in a peculiar position. The populace were becoming
+excited, and there was every probability that a collision, accidental or
+otherwise, might occur at any moment between the troops and the mob
+outside, if not between the troops and the State militia. The dilemma
+which confronted him was either to make a disgraceful surrender of his
+command, or take the other alternative, and fight South Carolina
+single-handed, without the aid or co-operation of the General
+Government. He thought the difficulty might perhaps be solved by
+removing the garrison to Smithville, North Carolina, having received
+permission to do so, in case the yellow fever, which had proved so
+disastrous the previous year, should break out again. Strange to say,
+some of the most ultra papers in the Southern interest in New York and
+Charleston ridiculed the proposed movement. They probably feared that
+our absence might deprive the conspirators of the prestige of an easy
+victory.
+
+By the middle of August the country people began to be quite violent in
+their language, and made many threats of what they would do in case of
+Lincoln's election.
+
+While the rebellion was thus drifting onward, the North remained
+quiescent, utterly refusing to believe in the existence of any real
+danger. Yet it was publicly known that, although the Southern States had
+refused to commit themselves to Secession, they were pledged not to
+allow South Carolina to be coerced, and this practically amounted to a
+powerful league against the Union, since it was a combination to prevent
+the enforcement of the laws which bound the States together.
+
+As we were liable to be attacked at any moment, we desired to get rid of
+the sand-hills which dominated our walls. To this end we applied to the
+Quartermaster-general (General Joseph E. Johnston) for authority to hire
+citizen laborers; but he declined to accede to the request, on the
+ground that the work did not properly appertain to his department. He
+was a nephew of Floyd, and soon went over to the enemy. With the
+exception of Robert E. Lee, he subsequently became the most noted of all
+the rebel generals.
+
+We were gratified, about the 1st of September, at seeing some signs of
+life in the Secretary of War, which seemed to show that he appreciated
+our dangers and difficulties. He ordered First Lieutenant and Brevet
+Captain John G. Foster, of the engineers, to repair to Fort Moultrie,
+and put that and the other defenses of Charleston harbor in perfect
+order. The reason privately assigned for this was that we were drifting
+into complications with England and France with reference to Mexico. For
+one, I gave the honorable secretary very little credit for this
+proceeding, inasmuch as he had just previous to this forwarded to South
+Carolina the means of arming and equipping seventeen thousand men
+against the United States. I, therefore, came to the conclusion that the
+forts were to be made ready for active service, in order that they might
+be turned over in that condition to the Southern League.
+
+Two young lieutenants of engineers, G.W. Snyder and R.K. Meade, were
+soon after sent to Foster as assistants.
+
+And here it may be well to speak of the officers of our command, as they
+were at that period. The record of their services afterward, during the
+rebellion, would constitute a volume in itself.
+
+Colonel John L. Gardner was wounded in the war with Great Britain in
+1812. He had also been engaged in the war against the Florida Indians,
+and the war with Mexico, receiving two brevets for the battles of Cerro
+Gordo and Contreras.
+
+Seymour, Foster, and myself had also served in Mexico as second
+lieutenants on our first entrance into the army, and Davis as a
+non-commissioned officer of an Indiana regiment.
+
+John G. Foster, severely wounded at Molino del Rey, and brevetted
+captain, was one of the most fearless and reliable men in the service.
+
+Captain Truman Seymour, twice brevetted for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and
+Chernbusco, was an excellent artillery officer, full of invention and
+resource, a lover of poetry, and an adept at music and painting.
+
+First Lieutenant Jefferson C. Davis, brave, generous, and impetuous--the
+boy-sergeant of Buena Vista--won his first commission in the regular
+army by his gallantry in that action.
+
+First Lieutenant Theodore Talbot, when very young, had shared the
+dangers, privations, and sufferings of Fremont's party in their
+explorations to open a pathway across the continent. He was a cultivated
+man, and a representative of the chivalry of Kentucky, equally ready to
+meet his friend at the festive board, or his enemy at ten paces.
+
+Doctor S. Wiley Crawford, our assistant surgeon, entered the service
+after the Mexican war. He was a genial companion, studious, and full of
+varied information. His ambition to win a name as a soldier soon induced
+him to quit the ranks of the medical profession.
+
+Hall, Snyder, and Meade were recent graduates of the Academy, who had
+never seen active service in the field. They were full of zeal,
+intelligence, and energy.
+
+In one respect we were quite fortunate: the habits of the officers were
+good, and there was no dissipation or drunkenness in the garrison. The
+majority of the men, too, were old soldiers, who could be thoroughly
+relied upon under all circumstances.
+
+There was, also, one civilian with us, Mr. Edward Moale, who was clerk
+and brother-in-law to Captain Foster. His services were subsequently
+very valuable in many ways.
+
+Fearing that in the course of events our correspondence might be
+tampered with, I invented a cipher which afterward proved to be very
+useful. It enabled me to communicate, through my brother in New York,
+much valuable information to Mr. Lincoln at Springfield, Preston King,
+Roscoe Conkling, and other leaders of public opinion, in relation to our
+strength and resources.[4]
+
+Situated as we were, we naturally desired to know how far Mr. Buchanan's
+Cabinet was willing to sustain us. William H. Trescott, of South
+Carolina, was Assistant Secretary of State at this time, and frequently
+corresponded with his brother, Doctor Trescott, in Charleston. We,
+therefore, naturally thought the views of the latter might indirectly
+reflect those of the Administration. The doctor was of opinion there
+would be no attempt at coercion in case South Carolina seceded, but that
+all postal and telegraphic communication would cease, and a man-of-war
+be placed outside to collect the revenue. This arrangement would leave
+our little force isolated and deserted, to bear the brunt of whatever
+might occur.
+
+In October the disunionists became more bitter, but they were not
+disposed to be aggressive, as they thought Buchanan could be relied upon
+not to take any decisive action against them.
+
+Colonel Gardner would not at this time mount the guns, or take any
+precautions whatever. He alleged, with reason, that the work was all
+torn to pieces by the engineers; that it was full of débris, and that,
+under the circumstances, he was not responsible for any thing that might
+happen. We had been promised a considerable number of recruits, but they
+were kept back; and we now ascertained that none would be sent until
+late in December, after the crisis was over.
+
+In the latter part of the month I became quite unpopular in Charleston;
+partly on account of my anti-slavery sentiments, but more especially
+because some very offensive articles, written from that city, had
+appeared in the Northern papers, and were attributed to me. It seems
+that at this very time an abolition correspondent of the _New York
+Tribune_ was employed in the office of Rhett's paper, the _Charleston
+Mercury_. This man professed to be the most loud-mouthed secessionist of
+them all. In conversation with me afterward, he claimed to be the author
+of the articles referred to.
+
+In truth, these were days of extraordinary proscription for opinion's
+sake. I heard with profound indignation of the case of a poor seamstress
+from New York, who had been sent to jail in Charleston simply for
+stating that she did not believe in the institution of slavery. On
+appealing to the then mayor of New York, Fernando Wood, he replied that
+he was rejoiced she was in prison, and hoped she would be kept there.
+
+Toward the close of the month, the South Carolina leaders began to fear
+that the other Southern States would not join them, and were engaged in
+discussing the subject of a French protectorate.
+
+The negroes overheard a great deal that was said by their masters, and
+in consequence became excited and troublesome, for the news flew like
+wild-fire among them that "Massa Linkum" was coming to set them all
+free.
+
+The enthusiasm of the moneyed men in Charleston began to cool when they
+reflected upon the enormous expenses involved in keeping up a standing
+army in an agricultural State like South Carolina. At the request of
+some Union men, Captain Seymour made a startling exhibit, showing the
+large amount required to maintain even a moderate force. It had a good
+effect upon the merchants, and, indeed, if the other Southern States had
+not promptly sustained South Carolina, the movement must have soon
+collapsed from its inherent weakness.
+
+Although the secession leaders were preparing to meet coercion, if it
+should come, I will do them the justice to say that they determined to
+commit no overt act against the Union so long as the State formed an
+integral part of it. They soon found, however, that the mob did not
+recognize these fine distinctions. It was easy to raise the storm, but,
+once under full headway, it was difficult to govern it. Independent
+companies and minute-men were everywhere forming, in opposition to their
+wishes; for these organizations, from their very nature, were quite
+unmanageable. The military commanders much preferred the State militia,
+because they could control it by law. A gentleman from the country, who
+had joined the minute-men, came in one day to the Charleston Hotel, with
+a huge cockade on his hat, expecting to be received with great
+applause; but, to his astonishment, he was greeted with laughter and
+ridicule.
+
+On the 29th of October, General Scott wrote his celebrated letter to the
+President, recommending that strong garrisons be placed at once in all
+the Southern forts. Undoubtedly this was good advice; but as our army
+was widely scattered all over the West to protect the frontier
+settlements from the Indians, only five small companies were available
+for the purpose. The suggestion, therefore, had but little practical
+value.
+
+November had arrived. The muttering of the storm was heard all around
+us, and yet not one word of counsel or encouragement came from
+Washington. Colonel Gardner began to feel uneasy at this studied
+silence, and determined to place the responsibility of any disaster that
+might occur where it properly belonged. On the 1st of the month he made
+a full report to his next superior officer, General Wool, at Troy, New
+York, to be forwarded to the Secretary of War, in relation to the
+dangers that threatened us, and our imperfect means of defense. He
+notified them that our provisions would be exhausted by the 20th of the
+month, and that we were very deficient in ammunition and military
+supplies generally. The secretary, in his answer to this communication,
+simply expressed his regret that he had not been informed of all this
+before. This sympathy was no doubt very gratifying; but, being of an
+entirely passive nature, did not benefit us in the least. Colonel
+Gardner, at our solicitation, directed that the guns which had been
+dismounted to enable the engineers to make their repairs be remounted at
+once, and Seymour's company and mine soon placed them in position. It
+was of little use, however, to have our armament in readiness, unless
+the approaches to the fort could be carefully watched. This it was
+impossible to do by the ordinary system of guard duty; but I suggested a
+plan which enabled us to have an ample number of sentinels, without
+exhausting the men. It was done by placing each man on guard for a
+single hour, between tattoo and reveille, allowing him to sleep for the
+remainder of the night.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.
+
+     Defeat of Captain Seymour's Expedition on the Ashley.--Mayor
+     Macbeth's Explanation.--Captain Foster's Work on Fort
+     Moultrie.--Governor Gist convenes the South Carolina
+     Legislature.--Creation of a Standing Army.--Arrival of Masons from
+     Baltimore.--Situation of Fort Sumter.--A Dramatic
+     Incident.--Secretary Floyd's Action.--Horace Greeley's Advocacy of
+     the Right of Secession.--The Situation November 18th.
+
+
+The United States Arsenal in Charleston is situated on the banks of the
+Ashley River. It looked feasible to go there in a boat without
+attracting attention, and procure a full supply of cartridges and other
+articles which were very much needed. Captain Seymour volunteered for
+the service, and was sent over with a small party, early in the
+afternoon. Notwithstanding he took every precaution, some spy belonging
+to a vigilance committee followed him, and reported the facts in the
+city. Seymour at once found himself beset by an excited mob, and wholly
+prevented from accomplishing the object of his mission. Colonel Gardner
+wrote to Mayor Macbeth for an explanation. The latter apologized
+politely for this unexpected occurrence, and, speaking for himself and
+other city officials, stated that so long as they staid in the Union
+they desired to remain faithful to its obligations, and that no further
+obstacles would be thrown in the way of another expedition. Colonel
+Gardner, however, did not send out again, thinking, perhaps, the mob
+might be beyond the control of the mayor.
+
+Since his arrival, Captain Foster had been hard at work on the fort. He
+had hired laborers from the vicinity of Charleston, and had sent to
+Baltimore for a large number of masons who had formerly worked for him.
+In spite of his efforts, we were still in a very weak condition, and
+unable to defend ourselves. It is true the sand had been removed from
+the sea-face of the work; but as that front had no flanking defenses,
+the angles in the wall were torn down to enable the engineers to
+construct double caponieres there. This left great gaps, through which
+an assaulting party could penetrate at any moment. Perhaps in one sense
+it added to our security, for there was no glory to be acquired in
+capturing a fort which was wide open and defenseless. Crowds of excited
+countrymen, wearing secession cockades, constantly came to visit the
+work; and on the 3d of November they formed in procession and marched
+around it, but did not offer any violence.
+
+It may not be improper to state that I was the only officer of the
+command who favored Lincoln's election. As regards my companions,
+however, there was no difference of opinion in regard to sustaining the
+new President should he be legally elected, and they were all both
+willing and anxious to defend the fort confided to their honor.
+
+In view of the probable success of the Republican candidate for the
+presidency, Governor Gist called the South Carolina Legislature
+together, to meet on Monday, the 5th of November. In his message he
+recommended the immediate formation of a standing army of ten thousand
+men; and that all persons between the ages of eighteen and forty-five be
+armed for immediate service. In consequence of this recommendation, by
+the 9th of November the whole State was swarming with minute-men.
+
+The spark came at last which was to set fire to the magazine. The
+startling news of Lincoln's election reached Charleston on the 7th of
+November. As this event was sure to lead to secession, the Disunionists
+were wild with delight. In their exuberance of spirits, they ran
+through the streets shouting "Hurra for Lincoln!" The United States
+District Court, which was in session, at once broke up, and its judge,
+Magrath, sent in his resignation. In the evening of the same day, Edmund
+Ruffin, who has already been referred to, made a fiery secession speech
+to an immense audience at the capitol of the State. The Legislature,
+inflamed by public sentiment, called a convention, to meet on the 17th
+of the month, to decide the question of secession. Governor Joseph E.
+Brown, of Georgia, also called a convention there for the same purpose;
+and the excitement in each State constantly reacted on the other.
+
+In the early part of November, one hundred and fifty masons arrived from
+Baltimore to work on the forts in the harbor. They were undoubtedly good
+workmen, but it is much to be regretted that they were not also good
+Unionists. Captain Foster at this time did not believe that any serious
+complications would arise from the attitude South Carolina had assumed,
+and did not, therefore, think it necessary to pay any attention to the
+politics of his laborers. Had he selected zealous Union men, their
+arrival would have been a most opportune re-enforcement for the
+garrison. Unfortunately, most of them sympathized with the South, and
+their coming was rather a source of weakness than of strength, so far as
+actual fighting was concerned. They rendered us, however, great and
+timely assistance by their labor.
+
+The first thing that attracted the eye of the stranger, upon approaching
+Charleston from the sea, was Fort Sumter. It was built on an artificial
+island made of large blocks of stone. The walls were of dark brick, and
+designed for three tiers of guns. The whole structure, as it rose
+abruptly out of the water, had a gloomy, prison-like appearance. It was
+situated on the edge of the channel, in the narrowest part of the
+harbor, between Fort Moultrie and Cummings Point, distant about a mile
+from the former place, and twelve hundred yards from the latter. The
+year before, it had been used by us as a temporary place of confinement
+and security for some negroes that had been brought over from Africa in
+a slaver captured by one of our naval vessels. The inevitable conflict
+was very near breaking out at that time; for there was an eager desire
+on the part of all the people around us to seize these negroes, and
+distribute them among the plantations; and if the Government had not
+acted promptly in sending them back to Africa, I think an attempt would
+have been made to take them from us by force, on the ground that some
+of them had violated a State law by landing at Moultrieville.
+
+As Fort Sumter has considerable historic renown, it may not be
+uninteresting to relate another incident connected with it, although it
+is not germane to my narrative. In 1859, after the negroes were taken
+away, the fort remained in charge of an ordnance-sergeant, who lived
+there alone with his wife and two little children. Supplies were sent to
+him regularly, but in case of emergency he could only communicate with
+the shore by means of a small boat. One wild stormy day, when the wind
+was blowing a gale, he was suddenly struck down with yellow fever. His
+wife saw that if he did not have immediate medical assistance he would
+die. She herself could not go, as he required constant attention, and
+the children were too young to be of any service. A day passed on, and
+it became evident that he was growing worse. In a frantic state of mind,
+she rushed up to the top of the fort, waved a sheet backward and
+forward, and raised and lowered the garrison flag repeatedly, in hopes
+of attracting the attention of some passing vessel; but although several
+went by, no one seemed to notice the signals, or, if they did, they
+would not stop, on account of the tempest, which still continued. She
+then took the desperate resolution of putting her two little children in
+the small boat, and trusting to the flood-tide to drift them somewhere
+in the vicinity of Charleston. She placed a letter in the hand of one of
+them, to be given to the first person they met, imploring that a
+physician might be sent to her at once. It was a terrible experiment,
+for the children might easily have been swept out to sea by the ebb-tide
+before they could make a landing. They succeeded, however, in reaching
+the shore near Mount Pleasant. A doctor finally arrived, but too late to
+be of any service.
+
+Foster wanted forty muskets to arm some of his workmen, as a guard for
+the powder in Fort Sumter, and for valuable public property in Castle
+Pinckney. This was approved at Washington; but the moment he obtained
+the guns from the arsenal, the Secretary of War hastily telegraphed him,
+in the middle of the night, to send them back again immediately. And yet
+at this same period two thousand additional United States muskets were
+forwarded by Floyd's order to South Carolina; and the _Charleston
+Courier_ stated that five thousand more were on their way. This did not
+look, much as if the Administration intended to sustain us. While the
+honorable secretary was thus supplying our enemies with arms, and
+leaving the United States Arsenal in Charleston, full of military
+stores, without a guard, he was very solicitous to ascertain whether our
+garrison duties were accurately performed, and sent an assistant
+inspector-general, Major Fitz John Porter, to make a thorough
+examination. As the secretary intended neither to re-enforce nor
+withdraw us, and as he made no effort at any time to remedy defects in
+our armament, this inspection seemed to us to be a mere pretense. It
+resulted, however, in relieving Colonel Gardner from his command, on
+Porter's recommendation, Major Robert Anderson being ordered to take his
+place.
+
+Mr. Greeley was at this time the head of the Republican party, and one
+of the great leaders of Northern opinion. His immense services in
+rousing the public mind to the evils of slavery can not be
+overestimated, but some of his views were too hastily formed and
+promulgated. In this crisis of our history he injured the cause he
+afterward so eloquently advocated by publishing an opinion, on the 9th
+of November, that the South had a perfect right to secede whenever a
+majority thought proper to do so; and, in another communication, he
+stated that the Union could not be pinned together with bayonets.
+General Scott was also at one time in favor of letting the "wayward
+sisters depart in peace;" and I have heard on good authority that at
+least one member of the Cabinet and one leading general, appalled by the
+magnitude of the conflict, were willing to consent to a separation,
+provided the Border States would go with the North. Greeley's article
+went farther than this, for it seemed to favor a simple severance of the
+North and the South. This was not only a virtual abandonment of the
+rights of Northern men who had invested their capital in the Southern
+States, but it amounted to giving up all the sea-coast and magnificent
+harbors south of New Jersey, including Chesapeake Bay. It was expressing
+a willingness to surrender the mouth of the Mississippi, the commerce of
+the great North-west, and the Capitol at Washington, to the control of a
+foreign nation, hostile to us from the very nature of its institutions.
+In fact, it was a proposition to commit national suicide. The new
+Northern republic would have been three thousand miles long, and only
+one hundred miles wide, in the vicinity of Wheeling. A country of such a
+peculiar shape could not, as every military man knows, have been
+successfully defended, and must inevitably have soon broken up into
+small confederacies. We objected, with reason, to the formation of a
+European monarchy in far-off Mexico, but the proposed separation would
+have created a powerful slave empire, with its northern border within
+eighteen miles of Philadelphia. Once firmly established there and along
+the Ohio, the Southern army could have burned Cincinnati from the
+opposite shore, and have penetrated to Lake Erie by a single successful
+battle and march, permanently severing the East from the West.
+
+These unexpected views of Mr. Greeley strengthened the hands of the
+Disunionists. They were everywhere quoted as evidence that no attempt
+would be made to interfere with or coerce the South. The fearful and
+wavering were thus induced to join the clamorous majority.
+
+I think, too, that the publication of these sentiments did much to
+influence the after-conduct of Major Anderson. He was not a Republican
+himself, and he may very well have thought, if the Republican leaders
+did not deny the right of secession, there was little use in his
+sacrificing his small command in a feeble attempt to make South Carolina
+remain in the Union.
+
+The sky darkened after this, for Georgia voted a million of dollars to
+raise troops, and it became evident that the other Southern States would
+follow in the same direction.
+
+By the 18th of November we considered ourselves reasonably secure
+against a _coup-de-main_. Our guns were up, and loaded with canister,
+and we had a fair supply of hand-grenades ready for use. With a view to
+intimidate those who were planning an attack, I occasionally fired
+toward the sea an eight-inch howitzer, loaded with double canister. The
+spattering of so many balls in the water looked very destructive, and
+startled and amazed the gaping crowds around. I also amused myself by
+making some small mines, which would throw a shell a few feet out of the
+ground whenever any person accidentally trod upon a concealed plank: of
+course the shell did not have a bursting charge in it. These experiments
+had a cooling effect upon the ardor of the militia, who did not fancy
+storming the fort over a line of torpedoes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS OF THE SECESSIONISTS.
+
+     Arrival of Major Anderson.--Huger's Opposition to a premature
+     Assault on Fort Moultrie.--Anderson's Report to the Secretary of
+     War.--Active Preparations by the South Carolinians.--Meeting of
+     Congress.--Attempts at Compromise.--Secession Batteries at Mount
+     Pleasant.--Arrival of Major Buell with written Orders.--Vain
+     Efforts to Strengthen Castle Pinckney.--Northern Opinion.--Public
+     Meeting in Philadelphia.
+
+
+It was now openly proclaimed in Charleston that declarations in favor of
+the Union would no longer be tolerated; that the time for deliberation
+had passed, and the time for action had come.
+
+On the 21st our new commander arrived and assumed command. He felt as if
+he had a hereditary right to be there, for his father had distinguished
+himself in the Revolutionary War in defense of old Fort Moultrie against
+the British, and had been confined a long time as a prisoner in
+Charleston. We had long known Anderson as a gentleman; courteous,
+honest, intelligent, and thoroughly versed in his profession. He had
+been twice brevetted for gallantry--once for services against the
+Seminole Indians in Florida, and once for the battle of Molino del Rey
+in Mexico, where he was badly wounded. In politics he was a strong
+pro-slavery man. Nevertheless, he was opposed to secession and Southern
+extremists. He soon found himself in troubled waters, for the
+approaching battle of Fort Moultrie was talked of everywhere throughout
+the State, and the mob in Charleston could hardly be restrained from
+making an immediate assault. They were kept back once through the
+exertions of Colonel Benjamin Huger, of the Ordnance Department of the
+United States Army. As he belonged to one of the most distinguished
+families in Charleston, he had great influence there. It was said at the
+time that he threatened if we were attacked, or rather mobbed, in this
+way, he would join us, and fight by the side of his friend Anderson.[5]
+Colonel Memminger, afterward the Confederate Secretary of the Treasury,
+also exerted himself to prevent any irregular and unauthorized
+violence.
+
+An additional force of workmen having arrived from Baltimore, Captain
+Foster retained one hundred and twenty to continue the work on Fort
+Moultrie, leaving his assistant, Lieutenant Snyder, one hundred and nine
+men to finish Fort Sumter.
+
+On the 1st of December, Major Anderson made a full report to Secretary
+Floyd in relation to our condition and resources. It was accompanied
+with requisitions, in due form, for supplies and military material.
+Colonel Gardner, before he left, had already applied for rations for the
+entire command for six months.
+
+Previous to Lincoln's election, Governor Gist had stated that in that
+event the State would undoubtedly secede, and demand the forts, and that
+any hesitation or delay in giving them up would lead to an immediate
+assault. Active preparations were now in progress to carry out this
+threat. In the first week of December we learned that cannon had been
+secretly sent to the northern extremity of the island, to guard the
+channel and oppose the passage of any vessels bringing us
+re-enforcements by that entrance. We learned, too, that lines of
+countervallation had been quietly marked out at night, with a view to
+attack the fort by regular approaches in case the first assault failed.
+Also, that two thousand of the best riflemen in the State were engaged
+to occupy an adjacent sand-hill and the roofs of the adjoining houses,
+all of which overlooked the parapet, the intention being to shoot us
+down the moment we attempted to man our guns. Yet the Administration
+made no arrangements to withdraw us, and no effort to re-enforce us,
+because to do the former would excite great indignation in the North,
+and the latter might be treated as coercion by the South. So we were
+left to our own scanty resources, with every probability that the affair
+would end in a massacre. Under these circumstances the appropriating of
+$150,000 to repair Fort Moultrie and $80,000 to finish Fort Sumter by
+the mere order of the Secretary of War, without the authority of
+Congress, was simply an expenditure of public money for the benefit of
+the Secessionists, and I have no doubt it was so intended. Forts
+constructed in an enemy's country, and left unguarded, are built for the
+enemy.
+
+Congress met on the 3d of December, but took no action in relation to
+our peculiar position. As usual, their whole idea was to settle the
+matter by some new compromise. The old experiment was to be tried over
+again: St. Michael and the Dragon were to lie down in peace, and become
+boon companions once more.
+
+The office-holders in the South, who saw in Lincoln's election an end to
+their pay and emoluments, were Secessionists to a man, and did their
+best to keep up the excitement. They tried to make the poor whites
+believe that through the re-opening of the African slave-trade negroes
+would be for sale, in a short time, at thirty dollars a head; and that
+every laboring man would soon become a rich slave-owner and
+cotton-planter. To the timid, they said there would be no coercion. To
+the ambitious, they spoke of military glory, and the formation of a vast
+slave empire, to include Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies.
+The merchants were assured that Charleston would be a free port,
+rivaling New York in its trade and opulence.
+
+They painted the future in glowing colors, but the present looked dreary
+enough. All business was at an end. The expenses of the State had become
+enormous, and financial ruin was rapidly approaching. The heavy
+property-owners began to fear they might have to bear the brunt of all
+these military preparations in the way of forced loans.[6] For a time a
+strong reaction set in against the Rhett faction, but intimidation and
+threats prevented any open retrograde movement.
+
+Among those who were reported to be most clamorous to have an immediate
+attack made upon us, was a certain captain of the United States
+Dragoons, named Lucius B. Northrup; afterward made Paymaster-general of
+South Carolina, and subsequently, through the personal friendship of
+Jeff. Davis, promoted to be Commissary-general of the rebel army. He had
+resided for several years in Charleston on sick-leave, on full pay.
+Before urging an assault he should have had the grace to resign his
+commission, for his oath of office bound him to be a friend to his
+comrades in the army, and not an enemy. I am tempted, in this
+connection, to show how differently the rebel general Magruder acted,
+under similar circumstances, when he was a captain and brevet colonel in
+our service. He said to his officers, the evening before he rode over
+the Long Bridge, at Washington, to join the Confederates, "If the
+rebels come to-night, we'll give them hell; but to-morrow I shall send
+in my resignation, and become a rebel myself."
+
+Amidst all this turmoil, our little band of regulars kept their spirits
+up, and determined to fight it out to the last against any force that
+might be brought against them. The brick-layers, however, at work in
+Fort Sumter were considerably frightened. They held a meeting, and
+resolved to defend themselves, if attacked by the Charleston roughs, but
+not to resist any organized force.
+
+On the 11th of December we had the good fortune to get our provisions
+from town without exciting observation. They had been lying there
+several days. It was afterward stated in the papers that the captain of
+the schooner was threatened severely for having brought them. On the
+same day the enemy began to build batteries at Mount Pleasant, and at
+the upper end of Sullivan's Island, guns having already been sent there.
+We also heard that ladders had been provided for parties to escalade our
+walls. Indeed, the proposed attack was no longer a secret. Gentlemen
+from the city said to us, "We appreciate your position. It is a point of
+honor with you to hold the fort, but a political necessity obliges us
+to take it."
+
+My wife, becoming indignant at these preparations, and the utter apathy
+of the Government in regard to our affairs, wrote a stirring letter to
+my brother, in New York, stating some of the facts I have mentioned. By
+some means it found its way into the columns of the _Evening Post_, and
+did much to call attention to the subject, and awaken the Northern
+people to a true sense of the situation. She was quite distressed to
+find her hasty expressions in print, and freely commented on both by
+friends and enemies. I may say, in passing, that the distinguished
+editor of that paper, William Cullen Bryant, proved to be one of the
+best friends we had at the North. George W. Curtis, who aided us freely
+with his pen and influence, was another. They exerted themselves to
+benefit us in every way, and were among the first to invoke the
+patriotism of the nation to extricate us from our difficulties, and save
+the union of the States. When we returned to New York, they and their
+friends gave us a cordial and heartfelt welcome.
+
+To resume the thread of my narrative. The fort by this time had been
+considerably strengthened. The crevices were filled up, and the walls
+were made sixteen feet high, by digging down to the foundations and
+throwing up the surplus earth as a glacis. Each of the officers had a
+certain portion given him to defend. I caused a sloping picket fence,
+technically called _a fraise_, to be projected over the parapet on my
+side of the work, as an obstacle against an escalading party. I
+understood that this puzzled the military men and newspapers in
+Charleston exceedingly. They could not imagine what object I could have
+in view. One of the editors said, in reference to it, "Make ready your
+sharpened stakes, but you will not intimidate freemen."
+
+There was one good reason why our opponents did not desire to commence
+immediate hostilities. The delay was manifestly to their advantage, for
+the engineers were putting Fort Sumter in good condition at the expense
+of the United States. They (the rebels) intended to occupy it as soon as
+the work approached completion. In the mean time, to prevent our
+anticipating them, they kept two steamers on guard, to patrol the
+harbor, and keep us from crossing. These boats contained one hundred and
+twenty soldiers, and were under the command of Ex-lieutenant James
+Hamilton, who had recently resigned from the United States Navy.
+
+The threatening movements against Fort Moultrie required incessant
+vigilance on our part, and we were frequently worn out with watching and
+fatigue. On one of these occasions Mrs. Seymour and Mrs. Doubleday
+volunteered to take the places of Captain Seymour and myself, and they
+took turns in walking the parapet, two hours at a time, in readiness to
+notify the guard in case the minute-men became more than usually
+demonstrative.
+
+In December the secretary sent another officer of the
+Inspector-general's Department, Major Don Carlos Buell, to examine and
+report upon our condition. Buell bore written orders, which were
+presented on the 11th, directing Major Anderson not to provoke
+hostilities, but in case of immediate danger to defend himself to the
+last extremity, and take any steps that he might think necessary for
+that purpose. There would appear to be some mystery connected with this
+subject, for Anderson afterward stated to Seymour, as a reason for not
+firing when the rebels attempted to sink the _Star of the West_, that
+his instructions tied his hands, and obliged him to remain quiescent.
+Now, as there are no orders of this character on record in the War
+Department, they must have been of a verbal and confidential nature. In
+my opinion, Floyd was fully capable of supplementing written orders to
+resist, by verbal orders to surrender without resistance. If he did so,
+I can conceive of nothing more treacherous, for his object must have
+been to make Anderson the scape-goat of whatever might occur. Buell,
+however, is not the man to be the bearer of any treacherous
+communication. Still, he did not appear to sympathize much with us, for
+he expressed his disapproval of our defensive preparations; referring
+particularly to some loop-holes near the guard-house, which he said
+would have a tendency to irritate the people. I thought the remark a
+strange one, under the circumstances, as "the people" were preparing to
+attack us. I had no doubt, at the time, in spite of the warlike message
+he had brought, that Buell's expressions reflected the wishes of his
+superiors. I have ascertained recently that Floyd did have one or more
+confidential agents in Charleston, who were secretly intermeddling in
+this matter, without the sanction of the President or the open authority
+of the War Office. It appears from the records that another assistant
+adjutant-general, Captain Withers, who joined the rebels at the outbreak
+of the rebellion, and became a rebel general, was also sent by Floyd to
+confer with Anderson. It is not at all improbable, therefore, that some
+one of the messengers who actually joined the enemy may have been the
+bearer of a treasonable communication. It appears from Anderson's own
+statement that his hands were tied, and no one that knew him would ever
+doubt his veracity. Yet, if he really desired to retain possession of
+Charleston harbor for the Government, and Floyd's orders stood in his
+way, why did he not, after the latter fled to the South, make a plain
+statement to the new secretary, Judge Holt, whose patriotism was
+undoubted, and ask for fresh instructions? It looks to me very much as
+if he accepted the orders without question because he preferred the
+policy of non-resistance.
+
+I shall have occasion to refer to this subject again in the course of my
+narrative.
+
+We had frequently regretted the absence of a garrison in Castle
+Pinckney, as that post, being within a mile of Charleston, could easily
+control the city by means of its mortars and heavy guns. We were too
+short-handed ourselves to spare a single soldier. The brave
+ordnance-sergeant, Skillen, who was in charge there, begged hard that we
+would send him a few artillerists. He could not bear the thought of
+surrendering the work to the enemies of the Government without a
+struggle, and would have made a determined resistance if he could have
+found any one to stand by him. We talked the matter over, and Captain
+Foster thought he could re-enforce Skillen by selecting a few reliable
+men from his masons to assist in defending the place. He accordingly
+sent a body of picked workmen there, under his assistant, Lieutenant
+R.K. Meade, with orders to make certain repairs. The moment, however,
+Meade attempted to teach these men the drill at the heavy guns, they
+drew back in great alarm, and it was soon seen that no dependence could
+be placed upon them. So Castle Pinckney was left to its fate.
+
+As the General Government seemed quietly to have deserted us, we watched
+the public sentiment at the North with much interest. There was but
+little to encourage us there. The Northern cities, however, were
+beginning to appreciate the gravity of the crisis. At the call of the
+Mayor of Philadelphia, a great public meeting was held in Independence
+Square. For one, I was thoroughly dispirited and disgusted at the
+resolutions that were passed. They were evidently prompted by the
+almighty dollar, and the fear of losing the Southern trade. They urged
+that the North should be more than ever subservient to the South, more
+active in catching fugitive slaves, and more careful not to speak
+against the institution of slavery. As a pendant to these resolutions,
+an official attempt was made, a few days afterward, to prevent the
+eloquent Republican orator, George W. Curtis, from advocating the
+Northern side of the question.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE REMOVAL TO FORT SUMTER.
+
+     Passage of the Secession Ordinance.--Governor Pickens's
+     Proclamation.--Judge Petigru's Visit to Fort Moultrie.--Floyd's
+     Treachery.--Yancey's Lectures in the North.--The Removal to Fort
+     Sumter.
+
+
+On the 17th a bill was passed to arm the militia of North Carolina.
+
+On the same day the Charleston Convention met, and chose General D.F.
+Jamison as their president, and on the 20th of the month the secession
+ordinance was duly passed, and South Carolina voted out of the Union
+amidst screams of enthusiasm. Immediately afterward there was great
+competition for the possession of the immortal pen with which the
+instrument was signed. At the close of the war, I heard it was for sale
+at a very low figure.
+
+The new Governor, Francis W. Pickens, signed the ordinance very gladly,
+and issued his proclamation on the 24th declaring South Carolina to be a
+free and independent nation. He had served as a member of Congress from
+1835 to 1843, and as Minister to Russia in 1858, but he was not
+considered a man of decided ability. He was very impetuous in his
+disposition, and, according to a statement made by him in one of his
+Congressional speeches, which attracted much attention at the time, he
+was "born insensible to fear."
+
+Soon after the State seceded, that stern old patriot, Judge J.L.
+Petigru, of South Carolina, came over, with one of his friends, to pay
+us a final visit, to express the deep sorrow and sympathy he felt for us
+in our trying position. As he knew that arrangements were being made to
+drive us out, he bade us farewell with much feeling. The tears rolled
+down his cheeks as he deplored the folly and the madness of the times.
+He had been previously asked in the city if he did not intend to join
+the secession movement. He replied, "_I should think not! South Carolina
+is too small for a republic, and too large for a lunatic-asylum._" At a
+later period of the war, it is said he was called upon to give up the
+property of his Northern clients for confiscation, under a law which
+made it treason to refuse. He positively declined to comply with the
+demand, and said, with much spirit, "_Whenever the time comes for me to
+choose between death and dishonor, I shall have no difficulty in saying
+which of the two I shall elect._" It is much to be regretted that he did
+not live to witness the final triumph of the cause which was so dear to
+him.
+
+Four of Buchanan's Cabinet--Floyd, Cobb, Toucey, and Thompson--were now
+open and avowed Disunionists. On the 23d, a defalcation of eight hundred
+and thirty-three thousand dollars was discovered in the Department of
+the Interior, while the Secretary, Jacob Thompson, was absent from his
+post, and acting as a disunion agent, to represent the State of
+Mississippi. This dallying with treason in the Cabinet was one of the
+most discouraging signs of the times.
+
+A circumstance now occurred which to my mind was proof positive that
+Floyd intended to betray us and the Government he represented. I have no
+doubt it hastened our departure from Fort Moultrie. He directed Captain
+Foster to have the guns mounted in Fort Sumter immediately. It was plain
+enough, from demonstrations already made, that the moment this was done
+the rebels would seize the fort, and turn its powerful armament upon us.
+There was no one there to resist them. It seems to me that Floyd's
+speech to the Secessionists of Richmond, made shortly after his flight
+from Washington, was a pretty plain acknowledgment that he had violated
+his oath of office as Secretary of War, in order that he might advance
+the interests of the Confederacy. He said on that occasion, "I undertook
+so to dispose of the power in my hands that when the terrific hour came,
+you, and all of you, and each of you, should say, 'This man has done his
+duty.'"
+
+Anderson had been urged by several of us to remove his command to Fort
+Sumter, but he had invariably replied that he was specially assigned to
+Fort Moultrie, and had no right to vacate it without orders. Our
+affairs, however, were becoming critical, and I thought it my duty to
+speak to him again on the subject. He still apparently adhered to his
+decision. Nevertheless, he had fully determined to make the change, and
+was now merely awaiting a favorable opportunity. To deceive the enemy,
+he still kept at work with unabated zeal on the defenses of Fort
+Moultrie. This exactly suited the purposes of the rebel leaders, for
+they knew we could make no effectual defense there, and our preparations
+would only increase the prestige of their victory. We were not
+authorized to commence hostilities by burning the adjacent houses, and
+yet, if they were not leveled, clouds of riflemen could occupy them, and
+prevent our men from serving the guns. Under any circumstances, it was
+plain that we must soon succumb from over-exertion and loss of sleep
+incident to repelling incessant attacks from a host of enemies. The fact
+that through the provident care of the Secretary of War the guns of Fort
+Sumter would also be turned upon us, enfilading two sides of Fort
+Moultrie, and taking another side in reverse, was quite decisive as to
+the impossibility of our making a lengthened defense.
+
+Up to this time we had hoped, almost against hope, that, even if the
+Government were base enough to desert us, the loyal spirit of the
+patriotic North would manifest itself in our favor, inasmuch as our
+little force represented the supremacy of the Constitution and the laws;
+but all seemed doubt, apathy, and confusion there. Yancey was delivering
+lectures in the Northern States, as a representative of the
+Disunionists, not only without molestation, but with frequent and
+vociferous applause from the Democratic masses, who could not be made to
+believe there was any real danger.
+
+In making his arrangements to cross over, Anderson acted with consummate
+prudence and ability. He only communicated his design to the
+staff-officers, whose co-operation was indispensable, and he waited
+until the moment of execution before he informed the others of his
+intention. No one, of course, would deliberately betray a secret of this
+kind, but it sometimes happens, under such circumstances, that officers
+give indications of what is about to take place by sending for their
+washing, packing their trunks, and making changes in their messing
+arrangements.
+
+Without knowing positively that any movement had been projected, two
+circumstances excited my suspicions. Once, while I was walking with the
+major on the parapet, he turned to me abruptly, and asked me what would
+be the best course to take to render the gun-carriages unserviceable. I
+told him there were several methods, but my plan would be to heap
+pitch-pine knots around them, and burn them up. The question was too
+suggestive to escape my attention.
+
+On the day previous to our departure, I requested him to allow me to
+purchase a large quantity of wire, to make an entanglement in front of
+the part of the work I was assigned to defend. He said, with a quizzical
+look, "Certainly; you shall have a mile of wire, if you require it."
+When I proposed to send for it immediately, he smiled, and objected in
+such a peculiar way that I at once saw that he was no longer interested
+in our efforts to strengthen Fort Moultrie.
+
+As a preliminary to the proposed movement, he directed the post
+quartermaster, Lieutenant Hall, to charter three schooners and some
+barges, for the ostensible purpose of transporting the soldiers'
+families to old Fort Johnson, on the opposite side of the harbor, where
+there were some dilapidated public buildings belonging to the United
+States. The danger of the approaching conflict was a good pretext for
+the removal of the non-combatants. All this seemed natural enough to the
+enemy, and no one offered any opposition. In reality, these vessels were
+loaded with supplies for all the troops, with reference to a prolonged
+residence in Fort Sumter. Hall was directed to land every thing there as
+soon as a signal-gun was fired. In the mean time he sailed for Fort
+Johnson, and lay off and on, waiting for the signal.
+
+Anderson had broken up his own mess, and on the last evening of our stay
+(December 26th) I left my room to ask him in to take tea with us. The
+sun was just setting as I ascended the steps leading to the parapet and
+approached him. He was in the midst of a group of officers, each of whom
+seemed silent and distrait. As I passed our assistant-surgeon, I
+remarked, "It is a fine evening, Crawford." He replied in a hesitating
+and embarrassed manner, showing that his thoughts were elsewhere. I saw
+plainly that something unusual had occurred. Anderson approached me as I
+advanced, and said quietly, "I have determined to evacuate this post
+immediately, for the purpose of occupying Fort Sumter; I can only allow
+you twenty minutes to form your company and be in readiness to start." I
+was surprised at this announcement, and realized the gravity of the
+situation at a glance. We were watched by spies and
+vigilance-committees, who would undoubtedly open fire upon us as soon as
+they saw the object of the movement. I was naturally concerned, too, for
+the safety of my wife, who was the only lady in the fort at that time,
+and who would necessarily be exposed to considerable danger.
+Fortunately, I had little or no property to lose, as, in anticipation of
+a crisis, I had previously sent every thing of value to New York. Some
+of the other officers did not fare so well. The doctor, not expecting so
+sudden a _dénouement_, had necessarily left his medical stores unpacked.
+Foster, who had taken a house outside for his family, was wholly
+unprepared, and lost heavily.
+
+I made good use of the twenty minutes allowed me. I first went to the
+barracks, formed my company, inspected it, and saw that each man was
+properly armed and equipped. This left me ten minutes to spare. I dashed
+over to my quarters; told my wife to get ready to leave immediately, and
+as the fighting would probably commence in a few minutes, I advised her
+to take refuge with some family outside, and get behind the sand-hills
+as soon as possible, to avoid the shot. She hastily threw her
+wearing-apparel into her trunks, and I called two men to put her baggage
+outside the main gate. I then accompanied her there, and we took a sad
+and hasty leave of each other, for neither knew when or where we would
+meet again. As soon as this was accomplished, I strapped on my revolver,
+tied a blanket across my shoulders, and reported to Major Anderson that
+my men were in readiness to move.
+
+In the mean time Lieutenant Jefferson C. Davis, of my company, who had
+been detailed to command the rear guard, aimed the guns, which were
+already loaded, to bear upon the passage to Fort Sumter, and Captain
+Foster and Assistant-surgeon Crawford, with two sergeants and three
+privates, remained with him, and took post at five columbiads, in
+readiness to carry out Major Anderson's design, which was to sink the
+guard-boats, should they attempt to fire into us or run us down while
+_en route_. Certainly the major showed no lack of determination or
+energy on this occasion.
+
+If we were successful in crossing, Davis was to follow with the
+remainder of the men. Foster and Mr. Moale agreed to remain behind until
+morning. They also volunteered to place themselves at the guns, and
+cover the retreat of the rear guard under Davis, in case an attempt was
+made to intercept them.
+
+The chaplain, the Rev. Matthias Harris, being a non-combatant, and
+having his family in the village, was not notified. Neither was Surgeon
+Simons, of the army, who was living in a house adjoining the fort, and
+directly in line with our guns. When he saw the movement in progress, he
+hastened out with his family, to shelter them behind the sand-hills as
+soon as possible.
+
+Every thing being in readiness, we passed out of the main gates, and
+silently made our way for about a quarter of a mile to a spot where the
+boats were hidden behind an irregular pile of rocks, which originally
+formed part of the sea-wall. There was not a single human being in sight
+as we marched to the rendezvous, and we had the extraordinary good luck
+to be wholly unobserved. We found several boats awaiting us, under
+charge of two engineer officers, Lieutenants Snyder and Meade. They and
+their crews were crouched down behind the rocks, to escape observation.
+In a low tone they pointed out to me the boats intended for my company,
+and then pushed out rapidly to return to the fort. Noticing that one of
+the guard-boats was approaching, they made a wide circuit to avoid it. I
+hoped there would be time for my party to cross before the steamer could
+overhaul us; but as among my men there were a number of unskillful
+oarsmen, we made but slow progress, and it soon became evident that we
+would be overtaken in mid-channel. It was after sunset, and the twilight
+had deepened, so that there was a fair chance for us to escape. While
+the steamer was yet afar off, I took off my cap, and threw open my coat
+to conceal the buttons. I also made the men take off their coats, and
+use them to cover up their muskets, which were lying alongside the
+rowlocks. I hoped in this way that we might pass for a party of laborers
+returning to the fort. The paddle-wheels stopped within about a hundred
+yards of us; but, to our great relief, after a slight scrutiny, the
+steamer kept on its way. In the mean time our men redoubled their
+efforts, and we soon arrived at our destination. As we ascended the
+steps of the wharf, crowds of workmen rushed out to meet us, most of
+them wearing secession emblems. One or two Union men among them cheered
+lustily, but the majority called out angrily, "What are these soldiers
+doing here?" I at once formed my men, charged bayonets, drove the
+tumultuous mass inside the fort, and seized the guard-room, which
+commanded the main entrance. I then placed sentinels to prevent the
+crowd from encroaching on us. As soon as we had disembarked, the boats
+were sent back for Seymour's company. The major landed soon after in one
+of the engineer boats, which had coasted along to avoid the steamer.
+Seymour's men arrived in safety, followed soon after by the remaining
+detachments, which had been left behind as a rear-guard. The latter,
+however, ran a good deal of risk, for in the dark it passed almost under
+the bow of the guard-boat _Niña_. The whole movement was successful
+beyond our most sanguine expectations, and we were highly elated. The
+signal-gun was fired, and Hall at once sailed over, and landed the
+soldiers' families and supplies. As soon as the schooners were unloaded,
+the disloyal workmen were placed on board and shipped off to the
+main-land. Only a few of the best and most reliable were retained.
+
+Upon leaving me, my wife took refuge temporarily in the residence of Dan
+Sinclair, the sutler of the post, a most excellent man, and one to whom
+we were indebted for many kindnesses. Finding that the people of
+Moultrieville were not yet aware of the change that had taken place, and
+that every thing was tranquil, she ventured back to the fort, and
+finished the removal of all our effects. After this, in company with the
+chaplain's family, she walked up and down the beach the greater part of
+the night, looking anxiously toward Fort Sumter to see if there were any
+indications of trouble or disturbance there. In the morning she took up
+her residence at the chaplain's house. As for the other ladies, both
+Mrs. Simons and Mrs. Foster fled to the city at the first intimation of
+danger, and Mrs. Seymour was already there.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE FIRST OVERT ACT.
+
+     The New Quarters.--Seizure of Castle Pinckney by Charleston
+     Troops.--Raising the Flag at Fort Sumter.--The Sergeant's
+     Daughter.--Major Anderson's Position.--The Charleston Troops take
+     Fort Moultrie.--A Military Problem.--Condition of Fort
+     Sumter.--Governor Pickens's Commission.--A New Outrage.
+
+
+On the very day that these events occurred, the South Carolina
+commissioners, R.W. Barnwell, J.H. Adams, and James L. Orr, arrived in
+Washington to treat for the surrender of the forts and other public
+property. It proved to be a very inauspicious time for such a
+negotiation.
+
+Our garrison were up betimes on the morning of the 27th, to inspect
+their new quarters. The soldiers thronged the parapet in such numbers as
+to attract the attention of the troops on board the _Niña_. That vessel
+steamed up to the city in great haste, and communicated the startling
+intelligence that Fort Sumter, in some inexplicable manner, had been
+fully re-enforced.[7] The chagrin of the authorities was intense.
+Messengers were at once dispatched to all parts of the city, to ring the
+door-bells and arouse the people.
+
+While this was going on in town, Anderson, who was very punctilious in
+regard to settling all debts due by the United States to citizens,
+determined to send a detachment, under Lieutenant Davis, back to Fort
+Moultrie as a guard to Captain Foster, to enable him to pay off the
+claims of the workmen he had left behind. Doctor Crawford went over
+also, to look after some of his medical property. As the guard-boats had
+been withdrawn, they reached the fort without difficulty, and found it
+deserted. The people of the little village, to all appearance, were
+still ignorant of our change of station. Soon after their arrival, the
+party, in accordance with instructions from Major Anderson, set fire to
+the gun-carriages bearing on Fort Sumter, and destroyed all the
+ammunition and military material that could not be brought away. The
+guns had been spiked the night before, and the flag-staff was cut down,
+either at that time or in the morning.
+
+As I have stated, the major took great pains to see that all bills,
+even those of a private nature, due in Charleston we're fully paid by
+the officers and men of his command; but many leading merchants in the
+city were not so scrupulous. They gladly took advantage of the war to
+repudiate the claims of their Northern creditors. I was also informed by
+one of the pay-masters that a number of officers of the army who
+resigned to join the rebellion first deliberately drew their month's pay
+in advance, and then left the pay-master, as a penalty for his kindness,
+to make good the deficiency from his private funds, in order to settle
+his accounts.
+
+Foster and Davis, finding Fort Moultrie still deserted, made good use of
+the occasion by loading up with supplies and ammunition one of the
+schooners which had been previously chartered to carry over the women
+and children, and which were now lying empty at the wharf.
+
+On their way back from this expedition our officers saw the Charleston
+troops going over to take possession of Castle Pinckney. The calm and
+dignified South Carolina Legislature had not authorized this outrageous
+proceeding. Even if we assume that the State had the right to secede, it
+does not follow that the public property within her limits properly
+belonged to her. It appertained to the nation at large, inasmuch as all
+the other States had contributed toward it, and therefore it was a
+proper subject of negotiation. To seize it at once, without a
+declaration of war, and while the subject was still pending, was a
+violation of all right and precedent. The hot-headed governor, however,
+irritated at our change of station, took the responsibility of
+commencing hostilities against the Union, without the co-operation of
+the Legislature, and this, too, at a time when the State was almost
+destitute of war material and funds. I doubt if there were more than
+half a dozen heavy guns on hand, and there were certainly not a dozen
+rounds of cannon-powder for each.
+
+Major Anderson, who was a very religious man, thought it best to give
+some solemnity to our occupation of Fort Sumter by formally raising the
+flag, at noon, with prayer and military ceremonies. The band played "The
+Star-spangled Banner," the troops presented arms, and our chaplain, the
+Rev. Matthias Harris, offered up a fervent supplication, invoking the
+blessing of Heaven upon our small command and the cause we represented.
+Three cheers were then given for the flag, and the troops were
+dismissed.
+
+The seizure of Castle Pinckney, on the afternoon of the 27th, was the
+first overt act of the Secessionists against the sovereignty of the
+United States. As already stated, it was ordered by Governor Pickens, on
+his own responsibility, without the concurrence of the Legislature.[8]
+The latter, indeed, positively declined to sanction the measure. At 2
+P.M. the Washington Light Infantry and Meagher Guards, both companies of
+Colonel J.J. Petigru's rifle regiment, embarked, under command of that
+officer, on board the _Niña_, and steamed down to the little island upon
+which the Castle is situated. When they arrived in front of the main
+gates they found them closed; whereupon they applied scaling-ladders,
+and with eager, flushed faces made their way to the top of the wall. The
+excitement was needless, for there was no one there to resist them, the
+only fighting-men present being Lieutenant R.K. Meade, of the engineers,
+and Ordnance-sergeant Skillen, who resided there with his family, and
+who was in charge of the work. Meade, himself a Virginian, had a sharp
+colloquy with Petigru, and expressed himself in severe terms in relation
+to this treasonable assault.
+
+After taking possession, one of the rebel officers found the sergeant's
+daughter, pretty Kate Skillen, aged fifteen, weeping bitterly at the
+foot of the ramparts. He assured her no harm should befall her. She
+replied, "I am not crying because I am afraid!" "What is the matter,
+then?" said he. "I am crying because you have put that miserable rag up
+there," she said, pointing to the Palmetto flag which had just been
+raised to the top of the staff.
+
+Foster's few reliable workmen proved to be a bad investment. It is said
+that most of them, when they found the enemy were actually coming, hid
+in closets, sheds, and under the beds, and some cried bitterly.
+
+While this was going on, Major Anderson and myself stood side by side on
+the parapet, watching the scene through our spy-glasses. From his
+expressions of indignation, I was in hopes he would take prompt measures
+to close the harbor against any further encroachments of the State
+troops, made with a view to occupy Fort Moultrie or Fort Johnson. It
+would have required but a short time to mount a few pieces; and when
+these were once in position, it would have been easy to cut off all
+direct communication by water between the different posts. In short, he
+could take entire possession of the harbor. He did threaten to put out
+the lights in the light-houses with his artillery, and close the port in
+that way; but his anger soon passed away, and he took no aggressive
+measures of any kind.
+
+In my opinion, if he could have been satisfied that no other States
+would join South Carolina in her mad attempt, he would have done every
+thing that lay in his power to punish her; for he looked upon her as a
+spoiled child that needed correction. Having married a lady from
+Georgia, he had almost identified himself with that State. He did own a
+plantation and negroes there, but had recently sold them. The purchaser
+afterward refused to pay for them, on the ground that Anderson had
+destroyed their value by virtually warring against slavery. At this
+period the feeling in many parts of the South was strong against South
+Carolina. This was particularly the case among the young men of Georgia,
+who looked upon the leaders of secession in the Palmetto State as very
+presuming, because these leaders thought and acted as if they were the
+only representatives of Southern sentiment, and as if the leadership
+belonged to them as a matter of right. They seemed to consider that the
+mere fact of being born in South Carolina (or Carolina, as they called
+it, contemptuously ignoring North Carolina) constituted in itself a
+patent of nobility; and their implied scorn of other States caused the
+antagonistic feeling which I have mentioned. This was shared by
+Anderson, until he found that Georgia also would certainly secede. He
+then seemed to lose all interest in the Union, and merely desired to
+become a spectator of the contest, and not an actor. His efforts
+thenceforth were simply confined to making his fort secure against an
+assault. Hardly any amount of provocation could induce him to become the
+assailant.
+
+On the day we left Fort Moultrie, Captain Humphreys, of the engineers,
+arrived there from Washington, with orders for Captain Foster from the
+Secretary of War. I have never learned the purport of these dispatches.
+
+On the 27th, the day after we evacuated the place, Lieutenant-colonel
+Wilmot G. De Saussure arrived at Fort Moultrie, at 9 P.M., with his
+battalion of Charleston artillery and thirty riflemen; in all, one
+hundred and seventy men. (The companies composing the battalion were
+the Marion Artillery, the La Fayette Artillery, the German Artillery,
+and the Washington Artillery.) I was informed by a spectator that the
+new-comers were exceedingly cautious in making an entrance. They were
+looking out for mines in all directions, and had brought ladders with
+them, on the supposition that there might be torpedoes in front of the
+main gates. It was a clear, beautiful evening, and the moon was at the
+full. They were greatly enraged to find the flag-staff cut down, for
+they had hoped to run up their own flag on the very spot where ours had
+formerly waved. They found, too, the gun-carriages burned, and the guns,
+which had gradually settled down as the carriages gave way, resting with
+their breeches on the platforms, and the muzzles leaning against the
+walls. Out of the mouth of each hung a small white string. As many of
+the guns had been kept loaded for a considerable length of time, these
+strings had been tied by me to the cartridges, in order that the latter
+might be pulled out and sunned occasionally, as a precaution against
+dampness. De Saussure's men imagined that these strings were arranged
+with a view to blow up the guns the moment any one attempted to
+interfere with them, and each soldier, as he passed, avoided the
+supposed danger.
+
+The South Carolina officers, at this period, spent much of their time
+in discussing military problems. One of these, which was afterward
+referred to us for solution, occasioned us much amusement. All
+cannon-balls used in the army, and exposed to the weather, are coated
+with a varnish of coal-tar, to protect them from rust. Many of those we
+left behind were in piles near the guns, and when the carriages were
+burned, the tar melted, ran down in streams, and coagulated in lumps. It
+was immediately reported that before leaving we had taken great pains to
+tar the balls, to render them useless. The problem which puzzled the
+military _savans_ of Charleston was, to determine in what way
+cannon-balls were ruined by tar. Some months afterward, when we
+evacuated Fort Sumter, one of the officers who had been much interested
+in this subject took Seymour aside, and asked him confidentially if he
+had any objection to tell him why we tarred our balls, assuring him most
+earnestly that they could scrape it all off.
+
+Upon occupying Fort Sumter, we found it was in a very unfinished
+condition, and that it would require an immense amount of labor to
+render it safe against an assault. It had no flanking defenses
+whatever. Three or four hundred men, with short ladders, could easily
+have taken it; for no guns were mounted, except a few on the gorge, and
+all the embrasures were open, there being no efficient means of closing
+them. On the gorge side, where the wharf was located, there were two
+sally-ports and numerous windows to be guarded. In the second story the
+embrasures were nothing but large unfinished openings, slightly boarded
+up. Three or four blows of an axe would have made a broad entrance for
+an escalading party. The form of the fort was a pentagon. Retaining a
+small force as a reserve in the centre of the work, we could only
+furnish eight men to defend each side and guard all the numerous
+openings.
+
+Fortunately no assault was made. It was thought the fort was almost
+impregnable, and that there would be no difficulty in inducing Buchanan
+to order us back to Fort Moultrie. This occasioned a delay, and gave us
+time to strengthen our position. We were hard at work, mounting guns,
+preparing shells to be used as hand-grenades, stopping up surplus
+embrasures, and removing the débris which encumbered the passages from
+one part of the work to another. Quarters were selected for the
+officers, soldiers, and camp-women; and the household furniture which
+belonged to each, and which had been thrown pell-mell on the
+parade-ground, was all separated and deposited in the different rooms. I
+chose an apartment near the mess hall, and made it so comfortable that
+Anderson and Seymour came there temporarily to live with me. Our mess
+was also organized, and placed in charge of Mr. Edward Moale.
+
+In the afternoon, Governor Pickens sent Colonel J.J. Petigru and Major
+Elison Capers, both field-officers of the rifle regiment, in full
+uniform, to interview Major Anderson. Their looks were full of wrath,
+and they bowed stiffly and indignantly in answer to our smiling
+salutations. I was present at the conversation that ensued, but did not
+take notes. They told the major that perhaps he was not aware that an
+agreement had been entered into with President Buchanan not to
+re-enforce the forts in the harbor. They desired to call his attention
+to the fact that his recent movement was in direct violation of the
+contract referred to. They were, therefore, directed by the governor to
+request him, peremptorily but courteously, to immediately return to Fort
+Moultrie. Anderson replied, in substance, that he knew nothing of any
+such agreement; that as commander of the defenses of Charleston he had
+an inherent right to occupy any fort in the harbor. He stated that he,
+too, was a Southern man; that he believed the whole difficulty was
+brought on by the faithlessness of the North--here the aids made a stiff
+bow--but as regards returning to Fort Moultrie, he could not, and he
+would not, do it. The commissioners were then courteously dismissed.
+
+I have always felt that this was a most insolent demand. If the governor
+considered himself aggrieved by our change of station, his redress lay
+in an appeal to Washington. This attempt to assume command of us, and
+order us out of a United States fort, was an assumption of authority
+that merited a more spirited reply.
+
+Before his messengers left, I took occasion, in conversation with a
+person who came over in the boat with them, to refer to the great
+strength of the work, and I also spoke of the shells which we had
+prepared to throw down on the heads of an attacking party. I knew the
+conversation would be repeated, and hoped it might have some effect in
+deterring an immediate assault.
+
+A new outrage now took place in full view of our garrison. The United
+States revenue-cutter, which lay anchored in the stream, was turned
+over by its commander, Captain N.L. Coste, to the authorities of South
+Carolina. The previous seizures, made without a declaration of war, had
+been justified on the ground that the forts and public buildings were
+fixtures within the limits of the State. To retain this vessel was
+simply an act of piracy.
+
+When it became apparent that South Carolina did not control the
+Administration in Washington, and that Anderson would not be ordered
+back, it is possible a boat attack might have been organized against us;
+but a storm came up about this time, and the wind was so violent that no
+small boat could venture out with safety. This occasioned still further
+delay, which enabled us to do much toward placing the fort in a better
+condition for defense.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+EFFECT OF ANDERSON'S MOVEMENT.
+
+     President Buchanan Aroused.--Excitement in Charleston.--The
+     Situation at the Beginning of 1861.--Governor Pickens's War
+     Measures.--"My heart was never in this War."
+
+
+Anderson's movement and the sudden uprising of the North put an end to
+the mission of the South Carolina commissioners. Governor Pickens seized
+Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie on the 27th, and the custom-house and
+other United States property on the 28th. Before leaving, the
+commissioners made a formal call upon the President. The latter expected
+some apology or explanation in relation to the high-handed outrages
+which had been perpetrated. Had they temporized, or even used
+conciliatory language on this occasion, it is possible the South might
+still have preserved the ascendancy it had always held in the councils
+of the President. Fortunately, they assumed an air of injured innocence,
+and required Mr. Buchanan to humble himself before them for the past,
+and give guarantees for the future by immediately ordering Fort Sumter
+to be vacated; that is, by surrendering to the State all public property
+in Charleston harbor which had not been already stolen. For once, the
+President, whose personal integrity was called in question, was
+thoroughly roused, and made the only answer which suited the
+circumstances. He ordered a man-of-war to proceed to Charleston
+immediately, drive the State garrisons out of the forts, and take
+possession of the city. He might, indeed, have arrested the
+commissioners for high treason; but his Unionism was of a very mild
+type, and far from being aggressive.
+
+One of the commissioners, Mr. Adams, hastened to telegraph to the
+authorities of Charleston, on the 28th, to prepare for war immediately,
+as there were no longer any hopes of a peaceful settlement.
+
+This dispatch caused a great uproar and excitement in Charleston. The
+banks at once suspended specie payments. All was terror and confusion,
+for it was expected that a fleet would bombard the city and land troops,
+and there were no adequate means of opposing its entrance. Castle
+Pinckney, indeed, might offer some resistance, but as it had been a
+dependency of Fort Sumter, and unoccupied, little, if any, ammunition
+was kept there. The governor rushed frantically down to Fort Moultrie to
+hasten the preparations for defense. Non-combatants were urged to leave
+Moultrieville at once. The laborers formerly employed by Captain Foster
+were again hired by the State engineers, and were kept at work
+thereafter, night and day, in piling up sand-bags to shield the troops
+from the fire of Fort Sumter. The batteries at the north-eastern
+extremity of Sullivan's Island, which were made up of a few old
+field-pieces brought from the Citadel Academy in the city, were hastily
+put in order to protect the entrance by that channel. As for Fort
+Moultrie, before we left we had rendered its armament useless. At this
+time the guns were still spiked, and the workshops in the city were
+going night and day to replace the gun-carriages that had been burned.
+In place of these, some of the guns and carriages were sent over from
+Castle Pinckney.
+
+No attempt had been made to fortify the Morris Island channel, and
+vessels could enter there without the slightest difficulty. It took
+several days to transfer the guns and make the preparations I have
+mentioned. It follows, therefore, that if the Administration had acted
+promptly, Charleston could have been taken at once, and full reparation
+exacted for all the wrongs perpetrated against the United States. Why
+this was not done will be explained hereafter.
+
+Foster had not been able to settle with all his workmen, and the rebels
+frequently sent them over under a flag of truce to demand their back pay
+and act as spies. I was enabled through this channel to keep up a
+correspondence with my wife, who was still in Moultrieville. I learned
+all that was going on there, and took occasion to inform her that we had
+no means of lighting up our quarters--a serious inconvenience in those
+long winter nights. She purchased a gross of matches and a box of
+candles, and had them put on board one of the boats referred to, in full
+view of a rebel sentinel, who was supervising the embarkation. She then
+requested one of the crew, an old soldier named M'Narhamy, who formerly
+belonged to my company, to deliver them to me, which he agreed to do.
+The sentinel stared, but the self-possessed manner in which she acted
+made him think it must be all right, and he did not interfere. The box
+arrived safely, and added very much to our comfort and convenience.
+
+When the governor found that the spell of Southern supremacy was broken,
+and that there was no probability that we would be ordered back to Fort
+Moultrie, he was in a very angry mood. He stopped our mail for a time,
+and cut off all communication with us. We were, of course, prevented
+from purchasing fresh provisions, and reduced to pork, beans, and
+hard-tack. Anderson was quite indignant at this proceeding, and again
+talked of shutting up the port by putting out the lights in the
+light-houses.
+
+While the leaders in the city complained bitterly to the public of
+Anderson for his perfidy in occupying Fort Sumter, they did not
+hesitate, among themselves, to express their admiration for his
+acuteness in evading the dangers and difficulties which surrounded him,
+and for the skillful manner in which he had accomplished it.
+
+Our life now proved to be one of great hardship. Captain Seymour and
+myself were the only officers for duty as officers of the day,
+Lieutenant Davis and Lieutenant Hall serving under us as officers of the
+guard. The situation required constant vigilance. Lieutenant Talbot,
+being a great sufferer from lung-disease, was unable to do this kind of
+duty. We were, therefore, very busy during the day superintending
+measures for defense, and were obliged to be on the alert, and wide
+awake every other night, so that we were completely exhausted in a
+short time. Assistant-surgeon Crawford, having no sick in hospital,
+generously offered to do duty as officer of the day, and his offer was
+gladly accepted. The two young engineer officers, Snyder and Meade, were
+also willing to serve as line officers; but Captain Foster thought it
+was contrary to precedent, and they were not detailed.
+
+As the Engineer department is regarded in this country as the highest
+branch of the military service, and as its officers are really very able
+men, I can not conceive what induced them to build Fort Sumter without
+any flanking defenses whatever, and without fire-proof quarters for the
+officers. The first defect I endeavored to remedy by projecting
+iron-plated, bullet-proof galleries over the angles of the parapet. I
+left small trap-doors in the bottom of these, for the purpose of
+throwing down shells on the heads of any party below attempting to force
+an entrance through the embrasures. The other defect--the presence of so
+much combustible matter in the quarters--it was impossible to remedy,
+and it ultimately cost the loss of the fort. The excuse that it never
+could have been anticipated that the fort would be attacked from the
+land side is hardly a valid one, for a foreign fleet might possibly
+have effected a landing on Morris Island; or they might have set fire to
+the quarters from the decks of the vessels by means of incendiary
+shells.
+
+As may well be supposed, there was a great deal of excitement in New
+York in relation to us; and, in view of the small number of men
+available for service in the regular army, three of the principal
+citizens, James A. Hamilton, Moses H. Grinnell, and I.E. Williams,
+offered, at their own expense, about the last of December, to send us
+four hundred picked artillerists from the citizen soldiery of the city;
+but General Scott refused to entertain the proposition.
+
+On the 1st of January, 1861, we took an account of our resources, and
+found we had but one month's supply of fuel for cooking purposes, but
+few candles, and no soap. There was, however, a small light-house inside
+the fort, and we found a little oil stored there.
+
+It seemed to me that the time had now come when forbearance ceased to be
+a virtue. Even our opponents were willing to acknowledge that we
+represented a legitimate government, and that both duty and propriety
+called upon us to resist the numerous war measures which the governor of
+South Carolina had inaugurated. He had taken forcible possession of two
+United States forts, of the money in the custom-house, of the
+custom-house itself, and of other national property in Charleston. He
+had closed the harbor, by destroying the costly prismatic lenses in the
+light-houses, and by withdrawing the warning light-ship from Rattlesnake
+Shoal. He had cut off all communication between us and the city, and had
+seized the United States mails. His steamboats, laden with war material
+to be used in erecting batteries against us, were allowed to pass and
+repass Fort Sumter, not only without opposition, but without even a
+protest. Worse than all, he had commenced imprisoning the crews of
+merchant vessels for contumacy in refusing to acknowledge his authority
+as the head of an independent nation. In vain did these vessels reverse
+their flags in a mute appeal to us to use our guns in their defense.
+Anderson would do nothing--not even send a communication to the governor
+on the subject, although the latter, without authority from the State
+Legislature, was thus wielding all the powers of a military dictator.
+The enemy were greatly emboldened at our weakness or timidity, and with
+good reason, for they saw us stand by with folded arms, and allow
+steamboat loads of ammunition and war material to pass us, on their way
+to Morris Island, to be used in the erection and arming of batteries to
+prevent any United States vessels from coming to our assistance.
+
+Major Anderson was neither timid nor irresolute, and he was fully aware
+of his duties and responsibilities. Unfortunately, he desired not only
+to save the Union, but to save slavery with it. Without this, he
+considered the contest as hopeless. In this spirit he submitted to every
+thing, and delayed all action in the expectation that Congress would
+make some new and more binding compromise which would restore peace to
+the country. He could not read the signs of the times, and see that the
+conscience of the nation and the progress of civilization had already
+doomed slavery to destruction. If he had taken this view of the
+situation, he would have made more strenuous efforts to hold on to the
+harbor of Charleston, and the one hundred and twenty millions of
+dollars, more or less, spent to regain it might still have formed part
+of the national treasury.
+
+The applause which, both in the North and South, greeted his masterly
+movement of the 26th of December, made him feel more like an arbiter
+between two contending nations than a simple soldier engaged in
+carrying out the instructions of his superiors. To show the spirit in
+which he acted, it is only necessary to quote from his letter to
+Governor Pickens while the rebellion was still pending. He wrote: "My
+dear Governor, my heart was never in this war." This sentiment was
+repeated by him in letters to other parties, and, strange to say, was
+actually sent in the form of an official communication to the
+adjutant-general of the army.
+
+The difficulties he experienced in his unavailing attempts to defer
+hostilities seriously impaired his health and spirits, and ultimately
+brought on the disease which kept him almost entirely out of service
+during the remainder of the war, and in all probability hastened his
+death.
+
+However much I differed from him in regard to his pro-slavery
+sentiments, I take pleasure in stating that, aside from his political
+career, the graces of his private life were such as to win the esteem
+and regard of all who knew him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE "STAR OF THE WEST."
+
+     Promise of Succor;--Fatal Delay.--A Contumacious Chaplain.--Visit
+     from our Ladies.--Governor Pickens's Cabinet.--Appearance of the
+     _Star of the West_.--The Vessel fired upon from Morris Island and
+     Fort Moultrie.--Major Anderson's Protest.--Governor Pickens's
+     Reply.
+
+
+About the close of the year a great fear fell upon Charleston, for they
+had received positive information that a United States naval vessel was
+on its way to the city. The President had indeed acted promptly. On the
+31st of December, he ordered the _Brooklyn_, man-of-war, under Captain
+Farragut, to take three hundred veteran soldiers on board from Fortress
+Monroe, as a re-enforcement for us, and then proceed to Charleston
+harbor to drive out the State troops, and resume possession of the
+public property. General Scott, the commander-in-chief, assented to the
+arrangement at the time; but, unfortunately, he was afterward seized
+with doubts as to whether the withdrawing of so many men from Fortress
+Monroe might not endanger its safety; and that being a far more
+important work than Fort Sumter, he did not like to run any risk in
+relation to it. He therefore induced Mr. Buchanan to change the order,
+and substitute for the _Brooklyn_ a merchant vessel, loaded with
+supplies and two hundred and fifty recruits.[9] This was a fatal error,
+for the steamer chosen, the _Star of the West_, was, from its nature,
+wholly unfitted to contend with shore batteries. The general, who at
+this time was quite pacifically inclined, may have thought that if this
+vessel could slip in, and land its cargo unawares, he would have secured
+the harbor of Charleston without increasing the war fever in the South.
+Be this as it may, there is no doubt that his policy was too peaceful in
+the early days of the war. When a company of the most distinguished men
+in Washington was formed, under Cassius M. Clay, to prevent the capture
+of the President, and the destruction of the public buildings, he gave
+positive orders to Senator Nye, who was on duty at the Navy-yard, not to
+fire upon the enemy in case they came there to take possession.
+
+The original plan to succor us was excellent: the substitute was an
+utter failure. A change of this kind always occasions more or less
+delay, and in the present instance nearly a week elapsed before the
+vessel left New York. The enemy took immediate advantage of the time
+thus gained, to put up a work to control the main channel which passes
+by Morris Island, and which had previously been wholly unobstructed.
+They received the telegraphic notice on the 31st of December that a
+man-of-war would be sent, and the very next day the cadets of the
+Citadel Academy were hard at work at the new battery. It was located so
+that it would command the channel, and at the same time be beyond the
+reach of our guns. The day was cold and rainy, and the wind blew
+fiercely. We wondered how long those boys would keep up their enthusiasm
+amidst the hardships and trials of the real war which was now fast
+approaching.
+
+Our chaplain, who had been present at the raising of the flag, and had
+then returned to his family in Moultrieville, desired to make us another
+visit. For this purpose, he called upon the rebel commander at Fort
+Moultrie, and asked if there would be any obstacle thrown in the way of
+his crossing over to see us. The answer was, "Oh no, parson; I think I
+will give you a pass." The chaplain replied, "I did not ask you for a
+pass, sir! I am a United States officer, and I shall visit a United
+States fort whenever I think proper, without asking your permission. I
+simply desire to know whether you intend to prevent my going by force."
+He was not allowed to cross; and as he soon gave new proofs of contumacy
+by persisting in praying for the President of the United States, when
+asked to hold services in the chapel, before the rebel soldiers, he was
+soon banished, and his property confiscated.
+
+The ladies we had left behind naturally felt a strong-desire to be with
+us once more. My wife did not wish to ask permission of the rebel
+authorities, and I saw little chance of her coming in any other way.
+Nevertheless, to my surprise, she made her appearance at the wharf at
+Fort Sumter on the afternoon of the 3d of January. It seems she found a
+boat-load of laborers about to make the passage, for the purpose of
+obtaining their back pay from Captain Foster. She took a seat in the
+stern of the boat, and told them to take her with them. The sentinel who
+was there to examine the passes did not interfere or ask her any
+questions, so she came over without difficulty. Mrs. Foster and her
+sister, Mrs. Smith, were already with us, having obtained a permit from
+the governor. Mrs. Seymour had made an unsuccessful application to the
+commander of Fort Moultrie, and had been somewhat rudely refused. Two
+clever little boys, sons of our generous-hearted sutler, Dan Sinclair,
+volunteered to row her across. After dark, they pulled a boat out from
+under a house up the beach; and as there was no guard there, Mrs.
+Seymour came over without difficulty.
+
+The ladies were desirous of remaining an indefinite length of time; but
+we had no means of making them comfortable, and Major Anderson thought
+their presence would merely add to our embarrassment. In accordance with
+his wishes, they left that night and the next day. The cold was intense,
+and as all the wood was retained for cooking purposes, I was obliged to
+split up a mahogany table for fuel, to keep my wife from suffering
+during her brief visit. She and Mrs. Seymour went back with the Sinclair
+boys at midnight. They succeeded in making a landing, and in reaching
+the chaplain's house without being observed.
+
+In the mean time, an amusing scene had occurred there. A very chivalrous
+gentleman, Ex-Governor Means, of South Carolina, had learned in some
+way that Mrs. Seymour had been rudely refused permission to visit her
+husband in Fort Sumter. He thought this action of the commandant of Fort
+Moultrie harsh and unnecessary, and was kind enough to take the trouble
+to call at the chaplain's house to assure Mrs. Seymour that he would
+procure her a pass from higher authority. The chaplain hardly knew how
+to act. He did not like to tell the ex-governor that Mrs. Seymour had
+already gone, for fear it might get the Sinclair boys into trouble. He
+therefore pretended that Mrs. Seymour was confined to her room with a
+sick-headache. The ex-governor sent in repeated messages to beg that she
+would see him, if it was only for a moment, but the answers made up by
+Mrs. Harris were invariably in the negative. The chaplain afterward
+laughed heartily at the equivocal position he had been forced to assume.
+
+Now that we were alone once more, we went to work with a will. The
+Baltimore laborers were of inestimable value. They did an immense amount
+of labor in the way of mounting guns, and moving weighty materials from
+one part of the work to another; but they showed no inclination to take
+part in the fighting, should any occur.
+
+On the 3d, the South Carolina commissioners finally shook off the dust
+from their feet, and left Washington, having utterly failed to
+accomplish the object of their mission.
+
+On the same day, the governor, through Mr. Gourdin's[10] influence,
+permitted us to receive our mails once more. By this date we had mounted
+all the guns we were able to man on the lower tier, and had bricked up
+the surplus windows, sally-ports, and embrasures, as we had no one to
+guard them. The enemy, in the mean time, had erected a battery at Fort
+Johnson, and marked out another directly opposite to us in
+Moultrieville.
+
+On the 6th, the mayor of New York, Fernando Wood, promulgated a message
+to the effect that the Union was breaking up, and recommending that the
+city of New York secede from the State. At this time the seeming
+indifference of the politicians to our fate made us feel like orphan
+children of the Republic, deserted by both the State and Federal
+administrations.
+
+On the same day, Governor Pickens graciously allowed Mrs. Anderson to
+visit her husband, but coupled the permission with the ungenerous
+stipulation that the interview must take place in presence of witnesses.
+He disliked very much to disoblige her, as she belonged to one of the
+most distinguished families of Georgia, and had many influential
+relatives among the Secessionists. Mr. Gourdin too, who was a warm
+personal friend of her husband, exerted himself in her behalf. While she
+herself displayed great patriotism, several of her brothers in the final
+attack on Fort Sumter were on the opposite side, fighting against her
+husband. Under the circumstances, her visit to us was a brief one. She
+brought a valuable addition to the fort in the shape of Peter Hart, a
+gallant and trustworthy man, who had been Anderson's orderly sergeant in
+Mexico. She felt much easier in her mind, now that the major had Hart to
+look after him. He was only permitted to join us on condition that his
+duties were to be those of a civilian, and not of a soldier.
+
+On the 8th, the governor, who, like Louis XIV., might very readily have
+said, "_L'état, c'est moi!_" concluded to form a cabinet to assist him
+in his onerous duties. He accordingly appointed J.G. Magrath Secretary
+of State; D.F. Jamison, Secretary of War; C.G. Memminger, Secretary of
+the Treasury; A.C. Garlington, Secretary of the Interior; and W.H.
+Harlee, Postmaster-general.
+
+On the same day, our ladies, who had assembled at the Mills House, in
+Charleston, left for the North in a body, on account of the state of
+public feeling in the city.[11]
+
+Their presence with us threw a momentary brightness over the scene, but
+after their departure every thing looked more gloomy and disheartening
+than before. The fort itself was a deep, dark, damp, gloomy-looking
+place, inclosed in high walls, where the sunlight rarely penetrated. If
+we ascended to the parapet, we saw nothing but uncouth State flags,
+representing palmettos, pelicans, and other strange devices. No echo
+seemed to come back from the loyal North to encourage us. Our glasses in
+vain swept the horizon; the one flag we longed to see was not there. It
+did come at last, in a timid, apologetic way, and not as a
+representative of the war power of the Government.
+
+We had seen a statement in a Northern paper that a steamer named the
+_Star of the West_, which belonged to Marshall O. Roberts, was to be
+sent to us, under command of Captain John M`Gowan, with a re-enforcement
+of several hundred men and supplies of food and ammunition; but we could
+not credit the rumor. To publish all the details of an expedition of
+this kind, which ought to be kept a profound secret, was virtually
+telling South Carolina to prepare her guns to sink the vessel. It was
+hard to believe the Government would send to us a mercantile steamer--a
+mere transport, utterly unfitted to contend with shore batteries--when
+it could dispatch a man-of-war furnished with all the means and
+appliances to repel force by force. As the insurgents at this period had
+but few field-guns, and a very scanty supply of cannon-powder, the
+_Brooklyn_ alone, in my opinion, could have gone straight to the wharf
+in Charleston, and have put an end to the insurrection then and there;
+for we all know what its distinguished captain, Farragut, was able to
+accomplish when left to his own resources.
+
+It seems, however, the news was literally true. The expedition was
+fitted out by Lieutenant Washington A. Bartlett, an ex-officer of our
+navy.[12]
+
+Although I had little faith in the announcement, I scanned with
+increased interest every vessel that approached the harbor.
+
+Soon after daylight, on the morning of the 9th, I was on the parapet
+with my spy-glass; for I fancied, from a signal I had observed the
+previous evening on a pilot-boat, that something must be coming. As I
+looked seaward, I saw a large steamer pass the bar and enter the Morris
+Island channel. It had the ordinary United States flag up; and as it
+evidently did not belong to the navy, I came to the conclusion it must
+be the _Star of the West_. I do not remember that any other officers
+were on the lookout at this time. Anderson himself was still in bed.
+When the vessel came opposite the new battery, which had just been built
+by the cadets, I saw a shot fired to bring her to. Soon after this an
+immense United States garrison-flag was run up at the fore. Without
+waiting to ascertain the result of the firing, I dashed down the back
+stairs to Anderson's room, to notify him of the occurrence. He told me
+to have the long roll beaten, and to post the men at the guns on the
+parapet. I ran out, called the drummers, and had the alarm sounded. It
+took but a few minutes for men and officers to form at the guns in
+readiness for action. The battery was still firing, but the transport
+had passed by, and was rapidly getting out of range. At the same time it
+was approaching within gun-shot of Fort Moultrie. The latter immediately
+opened fire from one or two guns. Anderson would not allow us to return
+this fire; and the captain of the vessel, wholly discouraged by our
+failure to respond, turned about, and made his way back to New York. Two
+shots had struck the steamer, but no essential injury was done. I think
+the people in Fort Moultrie, who expected to be driven out to take
+refuge behind the sand-hills, were especially astonished at our
+inaction. It is very true that the Morris Island battery was beyond the
+reach of our guns. Still, we did not know this positively at the time;
+and our firing in that direction, even if ineffectual, would have
+encouraged the steamer to keep on its course. We had one or two guns
+bearing on Fort Moultrie; and as that was within easy range, we could
+have kept down the fire there long enough to enable the steamer to come
+in. It was plainly our duty to do all that we could. For any thing we
+knew to the contrary, she might have been in a sinking condition. Had
+she gone down before our eyes, without an effort on our part to aid her,
+Anderson would have incurred a fearful responsibility by his inaction.
+
+Mr. Dawson, in his account of these incidents in the _Historical
+Magazine_, has it that a council of war was held by us to determine
+whether we would fire or not, and that we decided not to fire. He founds
+this upon verbal statements made by Foster and Davis. I know Foster was
+under this impression; but upon my recalling the circumstances to his
+recollection a short time before his death, he admitted his mistake. My
+memory is very clear and distinct on this point, and I am sustained in
+regard to it by both Seymour and Crawford. Davis I have not seen for
+some time, but I have no doubt he will confirm what I have said when his
+memory is refreshed.
+
+Indeed there was no time for deliberation while the troops were at the
+guns, for the vessel was moving very rapidly, and the whole affair was
+over in a few minutes. The council was held after the steamer had gone,
+to determine what action ought to be taken in consequence of the
+attack. It was too late then for resistance, and all we could do was to
+send Lieutenant Hall to the governor with a flag of truce, to demand an
+explanation. In this communication, Anderson expressly stated that if he
+did not receive a satisfactory reply, he would not, hereafter, allow any
+vessel from Charleston to pass within reach of his guns. As might be
+expected, the governor replied that he took the responsibility of the
+firing, and would do it again under like circumstances. Anderson then
+reconvened the council to lay this answer before them. Through his
+influence it was concluded to send Lieutenant Talbot to Washington with
+a full statement of the occurrence, and await his return with specific
+instructions from the War Department. To carry out even this programme,
+the major was obliged to obtain the governor's permission for Lieutenant
+Talbot to pass through Charleston. It was urged by Anderson that the
+delay would enable us to finish our preparations for defense; but it was
+evident that time was far more valuable to the enemy than it was to us,
+for it enabled them to complete and arm their batteries, and close the
+harbor against our men-of-war, thus virtually imprisoning us in our
+island home.
+
+When Talbot left, we resumed our labors as usual. No attempt was made
+to carry out the threat of stopping all passing vessels.
+
+By the 14th of January our heavy guns were up; but by that time, too,
+the greater part of Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney were shielded from
+our direct fire by huge piles of sand-bags.[13]
+
+We now began to get out of fuel, but we still had a resource in some
+wooden sheds inside the fort, which had been used as a temporary shelter
+for cement and building materials. Our position was greatly alleviated
+in one respect. Owing, it is said, to the influence of Mr. Gourdin,
+already referred to as a leading Secessionist, and an old friend of
+Major Anderson, we were allowed to receive our mails once more. After
+the _Star of the West_ affair, they probably thought we were very
+harmless people, and deserved some reward for our forbearance.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+A RESORT TO DIPLOMACY.
+
+     Major Anderson's Proposed Diplomatic Negotiations.--Defensive
+     Preparations.--Changes in the Cabinet.--Meade's
+     Defection.--Anecdote of Governor Pickens.--Battery at Cummings
+     Point.--Soldiers' Families removed.--A Threatening
+     Letter.--Confederate Visitors to the Fort.--Organization of the
+     Confederate Government.
+
+
+And now the Charleston statesmen concocted a plan to take away from us
+all hope of succor, so that we might be induced to surrender. To this
+end they determined to fill up the entrance of the harbor by depositing
+stone there. Whether they really intended to do this, or made a pretense
+of doing it, I never knew; but they certainly did obtain some old hulks
+from Savannah, and sunk them in the channel. Either these hulks were
+deposited in the wrong places, or else the tide drifted them into deep
+water, for it is certain they never formed any impediment to navigation
+afterward. Perhaps it was a mere _coup de théâtre_, to intimidate us,
+and prevent re-enforcements from attempting to come in; at all events,
+it was a preliminary to a grand effort to negotiate us out of Fort
+Sumter. For this purpose two representative men came over from the city
+on the 11th, in the little steamer _Antelope_, under a white flag. The
+party consisted of the late United States district judge, A.G. Magrath,
+now Secretary of State for South Carolina, and General D.F. Jamison,
+their new Secretary of War. The judge, who was the champion orator of
+the State, made a long and eloquent speech, the purport of which was
+that South Carolina was determined to have Fort Sumter at all hazards;
+that they would pull it down with their finger-nails, if they could not
+get it in any other way; that the other Southern States were becoming
+excited on the subject; that President Buchanan was in his dotage; that
+the government in Washington was breaking up; that all was confusion,
+despair, and disorder there; and that it was full time for us to look
+out for our own safety, for if we refused to give up the fort nothing
+could prevent the Southern troops from exterminating us. He ended this
+tragical statement by saying, "May God Almighty enable you to come to a
+just decision!"
+
+Anderson seemed deeply affected at the prospect of hostilities. He asked
+them why they did not first attempt diplomacy, instead of war. He said
+if they would send a commissioner to lay their claims before the
+authorities at Washington, he would send another to represent the
+condition of the fort; and the Government could then form its own
+judgment, and come to some decision. Judge Magrath replied that he would
+report the proposition to Governor Pickens for his action. He and his
+companion then took a solemn leave of us, and returned to Charleston.
+
+Upon reporting the facts to the governor, it was at once decided to
+accept Anderson's proposition. They gained an immense advantage in so
+doing; for the agreement tied the hands of the United States for an
+indefinite period of time, and prevented the arrival of any war vessels
+until South Carolina was fully prepared to receive them. The delay gave
+the State time to complete and man its batteries, and to obtain an
+unlimited number of guns and quantities of shot and shell from the
+cannon foundry at Richmond, Virginia, known as the Tredegar Iron Works.
+Thus, while our supplies would be running out, theirs would be coming
+in. Every day's delay would weaken us and strengthen them. I was
+strongly opposed to this fatal measure, which ultimately cost us the
+loss of Fort Sumter; but as it had simply emanated from Anderson
+himself, by virtue of his powers as commanding officer, and had not been
+submitted to a council of war, there was no opportunity for protest. He
+was at this time at the height of his popularity, and every thing he did
+was sure to be sustained at Washington.
+
+In this embassy, Colonel Isaac W. Hayne, an eminent lawyer of
+Charleston, was chosen as the commissioner from South Carolina, and
+Lieutenant Norman J. Hall was sent as a representative of Fort Sumter.
+
+After this event every thing went on, for a while, as usual.
+
+By the 15th of January we had secured the main gates against an assault,
+by building a wall of stone and mortar behind them, leaving merely what
+is called a man-hole, for the entrance of one person at a time. Even
+this was covered by a twenty-four-pounder howitzer, loaded with
+canister.
+
+By the 11th the money appropriated by the South Carolina Legislature for
+war purposes amounted to $1,450,000, and was soon after increased to
+$1,800,000. There was not a dollar in the treasury, and nothing but the
+bank of the State to draw upon.
+
+On the same day the financial condition of the United States was much
+improved by the appointment of John A. Dix as Secretary of the Treasury.
+This gave great confidence to the moneyed men of New York, who
+immediately rallied to the support of the Government.
+
+To all appearance, about six hundred negroes were now at work, night and
+day, in perfecting the defenses of Fort Moultrie. The enemy continued
+their hostile preparations with the utmost energy and zeal, in spite of
+the tacit truce which was supposed to exist, and which prevented the
+President from sending men-of-war to aid or to re-enforce us. I think
+Anderson might well have remonstrated against the landing of additional
+heavy guns and mortars on Sullivan's Island, and the erection or new
+batteries, to be used against us. He should at once have reported this
+increased activity to Washington, in order that the agreement might be
+terminated, or at least limited to a certain number of days.
+
+On the 17th, Judge Holt was nominated as Secretary of War, and was soon
+after confirmed by the Senate. We were very glad to have an energetic
+and patriotic man at the head of this department.
+
+On the 18th, Lieutenant Meade left us for his home in Richmond,
+Virginia, in consequence of a dispatch which stated that his mother was
+at the point of death. I never knew whether this telegram was founded on
+fact, or was a strategic move to force poor Meade into the ranks of the
+Confederacy, by detaching him temporarily from us, and taking him where
+tremendous political and social influences could be brought to bear upon
+him. He had previously been overwhelmed with letters on the subject. He
+was already much troubled in mind; and some months after the bombardment
+of Fort Sumter the pressure of family ties induced him (very
+reluctantly, as I heard) to join the Disunionists. It was stated that he
+never was a happy man afterward, and that before a year had passed death
+put an end to his sorrow and regret. He was the son of R.K. Meade, our
+minister to Brazil.
+
+The troops opposite to us were now regularly receiving supplies and
+re-enforcements, and drilling daily, while all the necessaries of life
+were constantly diminishing with us. We were already out of sugar, soap,
+and candles.
+
+On the 19th, Lieutenant Talbot returned from his visit to Washington,
+where, it will be remembered, he had been sent to explain the _Star of
+the West_ affair, and ask for specific instructions, which would
+relieve Anderson from the responsibility, and throw it upon the
+Administration. The orders he brought back were to the effect that they
+had the utmost confidence in Major Anderson, and that they left every
+thing to his judgment. This was throwing the responsibility all back
+upon him. It was very complimentary, but far from satisfactory.
+
+Talbot stated that he had great difficulty in making a safe transit
+through Charleston; for while the leaders seemed to be more pacific than
+ever, the populace had become more violent. It was even thought
+necessary to send an officer with him to secure his personal safety. He
+brought me the pleasant information that the mob were howling for my
+head, as that of the only Republican, or, as they called it, "Black
+Republican," in the fort.
+
+Many unfavorable comments having been made, even in the Southern States,
+more particularly in Kentucky, in relation to Governor Pickens's
+treatment of us, he relaxed his severity, and on the 21st sent us over
+some fresh beef and vegetables; as if we would consent to be fed by the
+charity of South Carolina. Anderson showed a good deal of proper spirit
+on this occasion. He declined to receive the provisions, but notified
+the governor that, if we were not interfered with, we would purchase
+our own supplies in Charleston market. The governor consented to this;
+but nothing came of it. There seemed to be a combination among the
+market-men not to sell us any food. Indeed, this action of the governor
+made him very unpopular with the Rhett faction. Rhett rushed over to
+inform him that the people demanded that Fort Sumter should be taken
+without any further procrastination or delay. The governor made a very
+shrewd reply. He said, "Certainly, Mr. Rhett; I have no objection! I
+will furnish you with some men, and you can storm the work yourself."
+Rhett drew back and replied, "But, sir, I am not a military man!" "Nor I
+either," said the governor, "and therefore I take the advice of those
+that are!" After this, there was no further talk of an immediate
+assault. The action of the governor in this case almost gained him the
+reputation of a wit among the officers of his command.
+
+Lieutenant Hall being absent on diplomatic duty, and Dr. Crawford being
+temporarily, and Lieutenant Talbot permanently, on the sick-list, the
+rest of us were utterly worn out with the labor that devolved upon us.
+Guard duty was especially severe, as increased vigilance became
+necessary, in consequence of certain threatening preparations made by
+the enemy. The leaders in Charleston soon saw that the joint mission of
+Hall and Hayne could not possibly result in any thing decisive; but as
+every day added to their strength and resources, they did not choose to
+recall their commissioner. They left him to continue his arguments in
+relation to the "right of eminent domain," while they prepared for war.
+In the hope that some day they might take us by surprise, they had the
+guard-boats, which still patrolled the harbor, painted black, and all
+the lights and fires carefully screened from view. They probably
+intended to choose a dark night to drop down noiselessly with the tide,
+and take advantage of a sleepy sentinel, or some other favorable
+circumstance, to land a party on the rocks at the base of the wall, and
+seize the main entrance, or make their way in through one of the
+embrasures.
+
+On the 24th, New York City, speaking through its mayor, Fernando Wood,
+seemed to offer the right hand of fellowship to the Secessionists.
+Certain arms which had been purchased by Georgia, to be used against the
+General Government, were detained in New York, and Ex-Senator Toombs
+telegraphed to Wood for an explanation. The latter characterized the
+detention as an outrage for which he was not responsible, and for which
+he would inflict summary punishment, if he had the power.
+
+Lieutenant Meade returned faithfully on the 25th, but brought no news of
+importance.
+
+On the 26th, Anderson applied for the code of naval signals, so that if
+a fleet at any time should cross the bar, he might communicate with it
+at a distance.
+
+Up to the 30th we had not been able to procure any thing to eat from the
+city; but through the influence of Mr. Gourdin, who seemed to have a
+special mission to smooth over all difficulties, a new arrangement was
+made, by which our provisions were ostensibly purchased for Fort
+Johnson, and were forwarded to us from there.
+
+The nearest land to us was called Cummings Point. It was nearly opposite
+the gorge, which was the weakest side of Fort Sumter, the wall there
+being thinner than in any other part. The enemy now began to build the
+most formidable of all their batteries on the point referred to. It was
+constructed of strong timber, plated with railroad iron, and partially
+covered with sand. When finished, it was regarded as almost impregnable.
+Steamers from the city passed within a stone's-throw of us daily,
+loaded with the materials used in its construction, without opposition
+and without remonstrance.
+
+As it seemed settled that we were to wait until Hayne was through with
+his law-points, and as our food, in the mean time, was rapidly giving
+out, Anderson, on the 21st, directed me to make arrangements with the
+authorities of Charleston to enable us to send off the soldiers'
+families to Fort Hamilton. This was done; and the women and children
+were shipped off to Charleston on the 30th, and transferred to the
+steamer _Marion_, which left for New York on the 3d of February. As they
+passed the fort outward-bound, the men gave them repeated cheers as a
+farewell, and displayed much feeling; for they thought it very probable
+they might not meet them again for a long period, if ever.[14]
+
+On the arrival of these families at Fort Hamilton, New York, they found
+themselves in straitened circumstances, because, owing to our isolation,
+the men had not been paid off for a long time, and therefore had no
+money to give their wives. Plymouth Church, however, interested itself
+in their behalf, and soon made them comparatively comfortable.
+
+Had our Government been really disposed, at this period, to act with
+ordinary energy, it might have opened a communication with us, and
+cleared the Morris Island channel without much difficulty. There were
+only about three hundred Charleston militia guarding the batteries on
+that island; and it would have been easy for a small force of mariners
+and soldiers to land there in the night, take the batteries in reverse,
+and drive the troops out, or capture them. This once accomplished,
+re-enforcements and supplies could have been sent us to any amount.
+Buchanan's administration, however, was drawing to a close; and his only
+desire seemed to be to get through his term of office without a
+collision, leaving the difficulties and perplexities of his position as
+a legacy to his successor.
+
+On the 30th, I received an insulting letter from Charleston, informing
+me that, if I were ever caught in the city, an arrangement had been made
+to tar and feather me as an Abolitionist.
+
+February had now arrived. The 4th of the month was made memorable by the
+meeting of the Peace Congress at Washington, and by a convention to
+represent the Southern States at Montgomery, Alabama.
+
+On the 6th, the new Secretary of War, Judge Holt, wrote to South
+Carolina that the President did not intend to inaugurate any aggressive
+measures; and if the State government attacked Fort Sumter, they would
+incur a fearful responsibility.
+
+On the 8th, some photographic artists were allowed to come over and take
+our portraits in a group. I think it proved a profitable speculation,
+for the sale was quite large. One of the party proved afterward to be a
+lieutenant of a Charleston company. It seems he came as a spy, and, no
+doubt, thought he had done a very clever thing; but inasmuch as Mr.
+Gourdin and other Secessionists, including several military and naval
+officers, were permitted to roam through the fort at will, there was
+very little use in taking precautions against spies. Indeed, on one
+occasion, another Major Anderson, a namesake of our commander, came down
+to Charleston with a freight-train loaded with shot, shell, heavy guns,
+and mortars for South Carolina, to be used in the batteries against us.
+He was the owner of the celebrated Tredegar Iron Works, of Richmond,
+Virginia, already referred to, and had been enriched by the patronage of
+the United States. I thought it decidedly cool in him, under the
+circumstances, to come over to call on our Major Anderson. He made no
+attempt at concealment, but stated without reserve the object of his
+trip to the South. To my surprise, instead of being summarily expelled,
+he met with a most cordial reception, was invited to stay to dinner, and
+when he left he was dismissed with a "Good-bye! God bless you! You
+haven't such a thing as a late newspaper about you, have you?"
+
+On the 9th of February, the enemy's batteries were completed, manned and
+ready for action. On the same day the Confederate Government was duly
+organized by the election of Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as
+President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, as Vice-president. The
+Cabinet consisted of Robert Toombs, of Georgia, Secretary of State; L.
+Pope Walker, of Alabama, Secretary of War; and Charles G. Memminger, of
+South Carolina, Secretary of the Treasury. Afterward, Judah P. Benjamin,
+of Louisiana, was appointed Attorney-general; Stephen M. Mallory, of
+Florida, Secretary of the Navy; and John H. Reagan, of Texas,
+Postmaster-general. Peter Gustave T. Beauregard, of Louisiana, was made
+Brigadier-general to command the provisional army.
+
+By this time we had finished most of our preparations, and were busily
+engaged in constructing a mine at the extremity of the wharf, for the
+benefit of any hostile party that might land there.
+
+Lieutenant Hall returned on the 10th. He had had a very pleasant time in
+Washington, and had been petted a good deal by the loyal people of the
+North, but his mission proved of no real benefit to the United States,
+and we had missed him a great deal, for we had been very short-handed.
+
+He brought nothing definite from the Administration. All the latter
+desired was to have a peaceable death-bed, leaving its burdens for Mr.
+Lincoln's shoulders.
+
+As Hall passed through Charleston, one of the young men there told him
+there was quite a revulsion of feeling with regard to attacking Fort
+Sumter. Hall inquired the reason. The reply was, that a schooner which
+had just come in had been in great danger from one of our infernal
+machines, which had exploded and whitened the water for three hundred
+yards around. It seems that Seymour, who is very ingenious, had fastened
+a cannon cartridge in the centre of a barrel of paving-stones, so
+arranged that when the barrel was rolled off the parapet, the powder
+would explode about five feet from the base of the wall. I was trying
+the experiment one day as the schooner passed, and the explosion did
+look very destructive, as the paving-stones dashed up the water for a
+distance of fifty feet from the fort.
+
+On the 14th, we had two more mines ready for any storming party that
+might desire to land.
+
+About this time Captain Edward M'Cready, of Charleston, who had formerly
+been very intimate with the officers of the garrison, wrote a letter
+urging them to throw off their allegiance to the United States, and
+enter into the Confederate service. No one took the trouble to answer
+it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE CRISIS AT HAND.
+
+     South Carolina's Grievances.--Inauguration of President
+     Lincoln.--Determination to Re-enforce Sumter.--An Audacious
+     Proposal.--The _Shannon_.--New Rebel Batteries Unmasked.--Formal
+     Notice of Bombardment.
+
+
+We saw advertisements now in the Northern papers showing that dramas
+founded on our occupation of Fort Sumter, and confinement there, were
+being acted both in Boston and New York. It was quite amusing to see our
+names in the play-bills, and to find that persons were acting our parts
+and spouting mock heroics on the stage.
+
+On the 15th, several Southern senators at Washington wrote to Governor
+Pickens, recommending that we be allowed fresh provisions, fuel, and
+other necessaries, at the same time expressing their sympathy with South
+Carolina. After this the governor became more polite and considerate,
+and allowed our officers to send to purchase oil and groceries in
+Charleston. Rhett's paper, _The Mercury_, of course, bitterly opposed
+this concession. We now learned that the whole question of Fort Sumter
+had been turned over to the new Southern Confederacy for solution.
+
+At this period grievous complaints were made by the merchants of the
+city of the utter stagnation of trade. All the business had fled to
+Savannah. Foreign vessels would not attempt to enter a harbor where
+civil war was raging, especially as it was reported that obstructions
+had been sunk in the channel. The Charleston people said they now fully
+understood and appreciated the kindness of the people of Savannah in
+furnishing them with old hulks to destroy the harbor of Charleston.
+
+When the organization of the new government was complete, the original
+Secessionists of the Palmetto State were exceedingly angry to find
+themselves ignored. The President, Vice-president, and all the prominent
+members of the Cabinet, with the single exception of the Secretary of
+the Treasury, were from other States. Henceforward, instead of
+pretentious leadership, the position of South Carolina was to be that of
+humble obedience to the new _régime_. Nor was this their only grievance.
+Free trade was not proclaimed; and no ordinance was passed to re-open
+the African slave-trade, inasmuch as it would destroy the domestic
+slave-trade and the profits of slave-breeding in Virginia. It was soon
+seen that the associated States differed widely on a great many vital
+points. One of these related to Indian incursions into Texas. The Border
+States, owing to the withdrawal of the United States forces, desired
+large appropriations in money, for the purpose of organizing troops to
+guard the settlements from Indian incursions. The people of South
+Carolina, whose burdens were already very great, and who were
+advertising in vain for a loan, were very unwilling to be taxed for the
+benefit of Texas and Arkansas. In their anger at these untoward events,
+the proposition was freely discussed whether it would not be the best
+course to secede from the Confederacy altogether, and place themselves
+under a British protectorate. The only difficulty in the way seemed to
+be the unwillingness of Great Britain to act as step-father to such a
+spoiled child as South Carolina.
+
+Virginia had not yet seceded. She still professed neutrality, but
+allowed a brisk trade in cannon and ammunition to be carried on with the
+South, knowing they were to be used against the General Government.
+
+Anderson now expressed himself as openly opposed to coercion. He was in
+favor of surrendering all the forts to the States in which they were
+located. This course would simply be an acknowledgment that the
+sovereignty did not vest in the United States, and would have led to
+nothing but disorder and disunion. He said if his native State,
+Kentucky, seceded, he should throw up his commission and go to Europe.
+The fact is, as I have stated, he was a strong pro-slavery man, and felt
+bitterly toward the North for not carrying out the Fugitive Slave Law.
+He contended that slavery was right in principle, and expressly
+sanctioned by the Bible. One day, while we were conversing on the
+subject, I called his attention to the fact that slavery in ancient
+times was not founded on color; and if white slavery was right, I saw no
+reason why some one might not make a slave of him, and read texts of
+Scripture to him to keep him quiet. He was unable to answer this
+argument.[15]
+
+On the 1st of March, he informed the General Government that he had no
+doubt we would soon be attacked. The communication, however, led to no
+comment and no immediate action.
+
+From certain circumstances, I saw that South Carolina not only intended
+to build iron-clad batteries, but was thinking of iron-clad ships, to
+sink our wooden navy, and at some future time capture our Northern
+harbors.
+
+I was so much impressed with the importance of this subject that I felt
+it my duty to call attention to it, in letters to Mr. Curtis, of
+Missouri, and other members of Congress; but no one at the North seemed
+to give the matter a second thought, or imagine there was any danger to
+be apprehended in the future. It was not so with our enemies. They were
+fully alive to the aggressive power it would give them, and they
+commenced to experiment by building an iron-clad floating battery, which
+was to be plated deep enough to resist our heaviest metal. When
+finished, it was to be anchored off the gorge of Fort Sumter, so that it
+could beat down our main gates, and make wide breaches in the walls for
+an assaulting party to enter. This battery was completed on the 3d of
+March; but the State militia had a great prejudice against it, and could
+not be induced to man it. They christened it "The Slaughter Pen," and
+felt certain it would go to the bottom the moment we opened fire upon
+it. Out of deference to public opinion, it was tied up to the wharf in
+Moultrieville, and took part from that position in the final bombardment
+of Fort Sumter.
+
+The eventful 4th of March had now arrived, and with it a new President,
+representing the patriotism and vigor of the great North-west. We looked
+for an immediate change of policy; but it was some weeks before any
+definite action was taken with regard to us. This is not to be wondered
+at, when we consider that a large proportion of the employés of the
+previous Administration were disloyal and treacherous, while the new
+appointments could not be made hastily, on account of the tremendous
+pressure for office, and the difficulty of canvassing the claims of so
+many rival and influential candidates. If Mr. Lincoln wrote a private
+dispatch, it was sure to be betrayed to the enemy. The defection in the
+civil service, in the army, and navy, was so great that, if he gave an
+order, he was always in doubt whether it would be faithfully carried
+out. General Cooper, who was Adjutant-general of the army, and the
+mouth-piece of the Secretary of War and of the Commander-in-chief, was
+himself a rebel at heart, and soon resigned to join the Confederacy.
+
+Enough, however, was already known of the policy of the Administration
+to cause great uneasiness in Charleston. The feeling there was very
+gloomy at the prospect of real war; for almost every one had persuaded
+himself that the new President would not attempt coercion, but would
+simply submit to the dismemberment of the country, and make the best
+terms he could. They now knew they would be obliged to face the storm
+they had raised, and they already foresaw great sufferings and
+sacrifices in the future.
+
+On the 5th, Anderson wrote to Washington that he needed no
+re-enforcement. The fact is, he did not want it, because its arrival
+would be sure to bring on a collision, and that was the one thing he
+wished to avoid.
+
+Mr. Lincoln soon after appointed Simon Cameron as the new Secretary of
+War.
+
+On the 7th, an accidental shot, fired from the battery opposite, struck
+near our wharf. The enemy sent a boat over at once to make an
+explanation.
+
+Our men were dissatisfied that the affair ended in nothing. They were
+becoming thoroughly angry and disgusted at their long confinement, and
+at the supervision South Carolina exercised over them. One and all
+desired to fight it out as soon as possible.
+
+After consultation with Major Anderson, it was deemed impossible at
+Washington to succor us without sending a force of at least twenty
+thousand men to storm the batteries on Morris Island. There was a time
+when these works could have been easily captured; but now, with the
+North full of spies, any attempt to take them by force would have called
+out all the available strength of South Carolina, assisted by volunteers
+from other States. On the 10th, it was everywhere published that the
+Administration intended to withdraw us; but no admission of the kind
+could be obtained from Mr. Lincoln.[16]
+
+Learning that we had nothing but pork and hard biscuit to eat, Mr.
+Haight, a wealthy gentleman of New York, sent us several boxes of
+delicacies. The governor, under the impression we were soon to be
+withdrawn, allowed them to come over. They were fully appreciated.
+
+The great tobacconist, John Anderson, of New York, also sent a large
+supply of the best quality of tobacco, having learned that the men felt
+the loss of their smoking more than any thing else.
+
+By this time the South Carolina treasury was in a state of collapse. A
+loan for six hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars was freely
+advertised, but no one desired to invest. The city trade, however, began
+to be quite brisk again, from the immense influx of sympathizing
+strangers that poured into the city to see the preparations for war.
+Goods, too, began to come in from all quarters, and there was a gleam of
+prosperity.
+
+On the 20th, G.W. Lay, one of General Scott's aids, who had resigned on
+the 2d of the month, came down to offer his services to Governor
+Pickens. He must have had in his possession much valuable military and
+diplomatic information, to which his late confidential position had
+given him access.
+
+On the 21st, another messenger, Captain G.V. Fox, United States Navy,
+came over to see us. Captain Hartstein, who was an ex-officer of our
+navy, and an old friend of Fox's, was sent with him, to be within
+ear-shot, and see that he did no harm to the Confederacy. Fox had an
+excellent plan of his own in reference to us, and came to reconnoitre,
+and ascertain whether it was practicable to carry it out; for the
+President had now fully determined not to withdraw us, or surrender Fort
+Sumter without an effort to hold and re-enforce it. Indeed, there came
+up an indignant roar from the great North-west, and many parts of the
+North, that could not be disregarded with impunity. To have done so
+would almost have created a revolution.
+
+I was struck by one modest question which Hartstein put to me on this
+occasion. He asked if I thought Anderson would object to his anchoring
+the iron-plated floating-battery within a hundred yards of our main
+gates. Upon my expressing my surprise at such an audacious proposal, he
+replied, "Anderson has allowed these batteries to be built around him,
+and has permitted so many things to be done, that I don't see why he
+should not go a step farther and allow this."
+
+On the 22d, we learned that Beauregard had assumed command of the forces
+opposite to us. As he had just left our army, where he had been highly
+trusted and honored, it is said he displayed a good deal of feeling at
+finding himself opposed to the flag under which he had served so long.
+He expressed much sympathy for his old friend, Anderson, who, he stated,
+was merely fulfilling his duty as a soldier in fighting for his own
+Government, and asserted that he would not attack us, even if we
+withdrew all our sentinels, but would force us to surrender by cutting
+off our supplies.
+
+On the 23d, we had but two days' regular fuel left, but we had contrived
+to secure and utilize a number of floating logs as they passed the fort,
+and these increased the amount on hand to some extent.
+
+Anderson now had no doubt that we would be withdrawn, and the papers all
+gave out the same idea. Under these circumstances, as we were out of
+fuel, and had a large number of surplus gun-carriages on hand which we
+could not possibly use, and which would inevitably fall into the hands
+of the enemy when we left, I suggested that it would be good policy to
+use them for fire-wood, especially as many of them were decayed and
+worthless. He would not, however, consent to this. Perhaps he thought
+fuel at six hundred dollars a cord was rather dear. The result was that
+they were finally all turned over to the Confederacy, with the other
+public property on hand.
+
+On the 25th, Colonel Ward C. Lamon, the former law-partner of Mr.
+Lincoln, came over to visit us under charge of Colonel Duryea, of
+Charleston. It was given out that he was sent as an agent of the General
+Government to see Governor Pickens in relation to post-office matters;
+but in reality he came to confer with Anderson, and ascertain the amount
+of provisions on hand. He took with him the important information that
+our food would be out by the middle of April.
+
+On the 28th, Beauregard sent a message of some kind to Anderson. I do
+not know its purport. The latter stated to us that he expected decisive
+orders from Washington on the 29th, but none came.
+
+The 1st of April arrived, and as the heavy work of mounting guns, etc.,
+was completed, our commander thought it would be a good idea to send off
+the hired laborers, and he intrusted Captain Foster to ask permission of
+the rebel authorities to allow them to land. The request was granted,
+and all left with the exception of a few, who desired to remain with us
+and share our fortunes. Among them was Mr. William O. Lyman, the
+principal overseer of the masons, a brave and reliable man.
+
+On the 3d of April, another affair occurred similar to that of the _Star
+of the West_. The schooner _R.H. Shannon_, of Boston, under Captain
+Mounts, _en route_ for Savannah with a cargo of ice, sailed into the
+harbor of Charleston on account of a fog. As the captain did not read
+the papers, he did not know that any thing unusual was going on. A
+battery on Morris Island fired a shot across the bow of his vessel to
+bring her to. Very much astonished at this proceeding, he ran up the
+Stars and Stripes to show that he was all right. This was regarded as a
+direct defiance, and a heavy cannonade was at once opened on the vessel.
+Very much puzzled to account for this hostility, he lowered his flag,
+and the firing ceased. A boat's crew now put off from the shore to
+ascertain his character and purpose in entering the harbor. While this
+was going on, we were formed at our guns, in readiness to fire, but were
+not allowed to do so, although there was every probability that the
+vessel would be sunk before our eyes. It is true we could not have
+reached the particular battery that was doing the mischief; but the
+other works of the enemy were all under our guns, and, not expecting
+immediate action, were in a measure unprepared. Anderson, however,
+contented himself with sending Seymour and Snyder over in a boat with a
+white flag to ask for an explanation, with the usual result: Lieutenant
+Talbot and Lieutenant Snyder were then sent over to have an interview
+with the governor in relation to this matter. This being far from
+satisfactory, Lieutenant Snyder returned to Fort Sumter, and Lieutenant
+Talbot kept on his way to Washington with dispatches.
+
+Although this affair attracted very little attention or comment at the
+North, I was convinced, from the major's depression of spirits, that it
+acted a great deal upon his mind. He evidently feared it might be
+considered as a betrayal of his trust, and he was very sensitive to
+every thing that affected his honor.
+
+I have already stated the reasons for his inaction. In amplifying his
+instructions not to provoke a collision into instructions not to fight
+at all, I have no doubt he thought he was rendering a real service to
+the country. He knew the first shot fired by us would light the flames
+of a civil war that would convulse the world, and tried to put off the
+evil day as long as possible. Yet a better analysis of the situation
+might have taught him that the contest had already commenced, and could
+no longer be avoided. The leaders of the South at this period would
+hardly have been satisfied with the most abject submission of the
+anti-slavery party to all their behests. In fact, every concession made
+to their wishes seemed to them to be dictated by the weakness of the
+Government, and its fears of internal dissensions and civil war in all
+the great cities of the North. They needed blood and the prestige of a
+victory to rouse the enthusiasm of their followers, and cement the
+rising Confederacy. They wanted a new and powerful slave empire,
+extending to the Isthmus of Panama, and for this a direct issue must be
+made with the free States. In vain did a member of Congress, who
+afterward became a distinguished Union general, offer in Richmond to
+raise an army of twenty thousand men in the North to fight the
+abolitionists, if the South would consent to remain in the Union. Even
+this was not deemed sufficient or satisfactory. Slavery had so long
+dominated every thing with a rod of iron, that its votaries deemed it
+was born to universal dominion. All the pathways to political power, all
+the avenues of promotion in the army and navy, lay in that direction.
+General Scott was accustomed to say that "with Virginia officers and
+Yankee troops he could conquer the world," and this implied that
+slave-holders, in his opinion, were the only men fitted to command.
+
+Washington was too full of spies for the rebel leaders to remain in
+ignorance of Lincoln's intention to re-enforce us. On the 6th of April,
+Beauregard restricted our marketing to two days in the week. On the 7th,
+it was wholly cut off, and we noticed gangs of negroes hard at work
+strengthening the defenses on Morris Island. Every thing betokened that
+the conflict would soon take place. Anderson was greatly troubled at the
+failure of all his plans to keep the place. The rebels knew, and perhaps
+he knew, that on the 6th and 7th of April a number of naval vessels had
+left New York and Norfolk under sealed orders. Their destination could
+hardly be doubted. Lieutenant Talbot reached Washington on the 6th, but
+was immediately sent back with a message from the President to Governor
+Pickens, notifying the latter that the Government intended to provision
+Fort Sumter at all hazards. This formal notice was given by the
+President, probably because he considered himself bound to do so before
+putting an end to the semi-pacific code which had governed Anderson's
+intercourse with the forces around him ever since the departure of Hall
+and Hayne for Washington.
+
+Talbot delivered his message on the 8th. Beauregard immediately
+telegraphed the information to the rebel Secretary of War, at
+Montgomery, Alabama, and received orders on the 10th to open fire at
+once upon Fort Sumter.
+
+I think it was on the 9th that the official letter came, notifying
+Anderson that a naval expedition had been sent to our relief, and that
+he must co-operate with it to the best of his ability. He communicated
+this information to us on the 10th, but desired it should be kept
+secret. The preparations we were obliged to make told the men plainly
+enough, however, that the fighting was about to commence. The news acted
+like magic upon them. They had previously been drooping and dejected;
+but they now sprung to their work with the greatest alacrity, laughing,
+singing, whistling, and full of glee. They were overjoyed to learn that
+their long imprisonment in the fort would soon be at an end. They had
+felt themselves humiliated by the open supervision which South Carolina
+exercised over us, and our tame submission to it. It was very galling to
+them to see the revenue-cutter, which had been stolen from the United
+States, anchored within a stone's cast of our walls, to watch our
+movements and overhaul every thing coming to or going from the fort,
+including our mail-boat.
+
+On the 10th, Beauregard announced his personal staff to consist of
+Colonels Wigfall, Chestnut, Means, M'Gowan, Manning, and Boyleston.
+
+On the same day, a house directly opposite to us in Moultrieville, at
+the nearest point, was suddenly removed, disclosing a formidable masked
+battery, which effectually enfiladed two rows of our upper tier of guns
+in barbette, and took a third tier in reverse. It was a sad surprise to
+us, for we had our heaviest metal there. I set to work immediately to
+construct sand-bag traverses; but it was difficult to make much
+progress, as we had no bags, and were obliged to tear up sheets for the
+purpose, and have the pieces sewed together. This labor, however, was
+entirely thrown away, for Anderson ordered us to abandon all the guns on
+the parapet. This, of course, was much less dangerous for the men, but
+it deprived us of the most powerful and effective part of our armament.
+
+About 3 P.M. of the same day, a boat came over with Colonel James
+Chestnut, Ex-United States Senator, and Captain Stephen D. Lee, both
+aids of Beauregard. They bore a demand for the surrender of the fort.
+Anderson politely declined to accede to this request, but stated in
+conversation he would soon be starved out. This gratuitous information
+ought never to have been given to the enemy, in view of the fact that a
+naval expedition was on its way to us. It was at once supposed that
+Anderson desired to surrender without fighting; and about 11 P.M.
+another boat came over, containing Colonel Chestnut, Colonel Pryor, and
+Captain Lee, to inquire upon what day he would be willing to evacuate
+the work in case he was not attacked. The answer was, on the 15th at
+noon, provided he did not receive fresh instructions, or was not
+relieved before that time. As we had pork enough on hand to last for two
+weeks longer, there was no necessity for fixing so early a day. It left
+too little margin for naval operations, as, in all probability, the
+vessels, in case of any accident or detention, would arrive too late to
+be of service. This proved to be the case.
+
+The enemy's batteries on Sullivan's Island were so placed as to fire
+directly into the officers' quarters at Fort Sumter; and as our rooms
+would necessarily become untenable, we vacated them, and chose points
+that were more secure. I moved my bed into a magazine which was directly
+opposite to Cummings Point, and which was nearly empty. As I was
+sensible that the next three days would call for great physical exertion
+and constant wakefulness, I endeavored to get all the sleep I could on
+the night of the 11th. About 4 A.M. on the 12th, I was awakened by some
+one groping about my room in the dark and calling out my name. It proved
+to be Anderson, who came to announce to me that he had just received a
+dispatch from Beauregard, dated 3.20 A.M., to the effect that he should
+open fire upon us in an hour. Finding it was determined not to return
+the fire until after breakfast, I remained in bed. As we had no lights,
+we could in fact do nothing before that time, except to wander around in
+the darkness, and fire without an accurate view of the enemy's works.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE BOMBARDMENT.
+
+     The First Shot.--Defective Guns.--John Carmody's
+     Exploit.--Destructive Effects of the Bombardment.--Burning of the
+     Officers' Quarters.--Terrific Conflagration.
+
+
+As soon as the outline of our fort could be distinguished, the enemy
+carried out their programme. It had been arranged, as a special
+compliment to the venerable Edmund Ruffin, who might almost be called
+the father of secession, that he should fire the first shot against us,
+from the Stevens battery on Cummings Point, and I think in all the
+histories it is stated that he did so; but it is attested by Dr.
+Crawford and others who were on the parapet at the time, that the first
+shot really came from the mortar battery at Fort Johnson.[17] Almost
+immediately afterward a ball from Cummings Point lodged in the magazine
+wall, and by the sound seemed to bury itself in the masonry about a
+foot from my head, in very unpleasant proximity to my right ear. This is
+the one that probably came with Mr. Ruffin's compliments. In a moment
+the firing burst forth in one continuous roar, and large patches of both
+the exterior and interior masonry began to crumble and fall in all
+directions. The place where I was had been used for the manufacture of
+cartridges, and there was still a good deal of powder there, some packed
+and some loose. A shell soon struck near the ventilator, and a puff of
+dense smoke entered the room, giving me a strong impression that there
+would be an immediate explosion. Fortunately, no sparks had penetrated
+inside.
+
+Nineteen batteries were now hammering at us, and the balls and shells
+from the ten-inch columbiads, accompanied by shells from the
+thirteen-inch mortars which constantly bombarded us, made us feel as if
+the war had commenced in earnest.
+
+When it was broad daylight, I went down to breakfast. I found the
+officers already assembled at one of the long tables in the mess-hall.
+Our party were calm, and even somewhat merry. We had retained one
+colored man to wait on us. He was a spruce-looking mulatto from
+Charleston, very active and efficient on ordinary occasions, but now
+completely demoralized by the thunder of the guns and crashing of the
+shot around us. He leaned back against the wall, almost white with fear,
+his eyes closed, and his whole expression one of perfect despair.[18]
+Our meal was not very sumptuous. It consisted of pork and water, but Dr.
+Crawford triumphantly brought forth a little farina, which he had found
+in a corner of the hospital.
+
+When this frugal repast was over, my company was told off in three
+details for firing purposes, to be relieved afterward by Seymour's
+company. As I was the ranking officer, I took the first detachment, and
+marched them to the casemates, which looked out upon the powerful
+iron-clad battery of Cummings Point.
+
+In aiming the first gun fired against the rebellion I had no feeling of
+self-reproach, for I fully believed that the contest was inevitable, and
+was not of our seeking. The United States was called upon not only to
+defend its sovereignty, but its right to exist as a nation. The only
+alternative was to submit to a powerful oligarchy who were determined to
+make freedom forever subordinate to slavery. To me it was simply a
+contest, politically speaking, as to whether virtue or vice should rule.
+
+My first shot bounded off from the sloping roof of the battery opposite
+without producing any apparent effect. It seemed useless to attempt to
+silence the guns there; for our metal was not heavy enough to batter the
+work down, and every ball glanced harmlessly off, except one, which
+appeared to enter an embrasure and twist the iron shutter, so as to stop
+the firing of that particular gun.
+
+I observed that a group of the enemy had ventured out from their
+intrenchments to watch the effect of their fire, but I sent them flying
+back to their shelter by the aid of a forty-two-pounder ball, which
+appeared to strike right in among them.
+
+Assistant-surgeon Crawford, having no sick in hospital, volunteered to
+take command of one of the detachments. He and Lieutenant Davis were
+detailed at the same time with me; and I soon heard their guns on the
+opposite side of the fort, echoing my own. They attacked Fort Moultrie
+with great vigor.
+
+Our firing now became regular, and was answered from the rebel guns
+which encircled us on the four sides of the pentagon upon which the fort
+was built. The other side faced the open sea. Showers of balls from
+ten-inch columbiads and forty-two-pounders, and shells from
+thirteen-inch mortars poured into the fort in one incessant stream,
+causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions. When the
+immense mortar shells, after sailing high in the air, came down in a
+vertical direction, and buried themselves in the parade-ground, their
+explosion shook the fort like an earthquake.[19]
+
+Our own guns were very defective, as they had no breech-sights. In place
+of these, Seymour and myself were obliged to devise notched sticks,
+which answered the purpose, but were necessarily very imperfect.
+
+Our fort had been built with reference to the penetration of shot when
+the old system of smooth-bore guns prevailed. The balls from a new
+Blakely gun on Cummings Point, however, had force enough to go entirely
+through the wall which sheltered us, and some of the fragments of brick
+which were knocked out wounded several of my detachment. None were
+seriously hurt except Sergeant Thomas Kirnan, of my company. His
+contusions were severe, but did not keep him out of the fight.
+
+After three hours' firing, my men became exhausted, and Captain Seymour
+came, with a fresh detachment, to relieve us. He has a great deal of
+humor in his composition, and said, jocosely, "Doubleday, what in the
+world is the matter here, and what is all this uproar about?"
+
+I replied, "There is a trifling difference of opinion between us and our
+neighbors opposite, and we are trying to settle it."
+
+"Very well," he said; "do you wish me to take a hand?"
+
+I said, "Yes, I would like to have you go in."
+
+"All right," he said. "What is your elevation, and range?"
+
+I replied, "Five degrees, and twelve hundred yards."
+
+"Well," he said, "here goes!" And he went to work with a will.
+
+Part of the fleet was visible outside the bar about half-past ten A.M.
+It exchanged salutes with us, but did not attempt to enter the harbor,
+or take part in the battle. In fact, it would have had considerable
+difficulty in finding the channel, as the marks and buoys had all been
+taken up. It was composed originally of the frigates _Pawnee_, under
+Commodore Rowan; the _Pocahontas_, under Captain Gillis; the _Powhatan_,
+under Captain Mercer; the steam transport _Baltic_, under Captain
+Fletcher; and, I believe, the steam-tugs _Yankee_, _Uncle Ben_, and
+another, which was not permitted to leave New York. The soldiers on
+board consisted of two hundred and fifty recruits from Governor's
+Island, under command of First Lieutenants E.M.K. Hudson, of the Fourth,
+and Robert O. Tyler, of the Third Artillery, and Second Lieutenant A.I.
+Thomas, of the First Infantry.
+
+This expedition was designed by Captain Fox, in consultation with G.W.
+Blunt, William H. Aspinwall, Russel Sturges, and others. After the
+event much obloquy was thrown upon the navy because it did not come in
+and engage the numerous batteries and forts, and open for itself a way
+to Charleston; but this course would probably have resulted in the
+sinking of every vessel.
+
+As far back as December I had written to New York that it was very
+difficult for a gun on shore to hit a small boat dancing on the waves in
+the daytime, and at night it is almost impossible. I suggested,
+therefore, that we might be re-enforced and provisioned by means of a
+number of small boats, supplied from several naval vessels as a base of
+operations. The same idea had occurred to Captain Fox; and on the
+present occasion he had brought thirty launches to be used for this
+purpose. They were to be manned by three hundred sailors, and in case
+they were assailed, the fleet was to protect them as far as possible by
+its guns. Unfortunately, the different vessels did not reach the
+rendezvous together. The _Pawnee_ and _Pocahontas_ arrived on the 12th,
+but lost a great deal of time in waiting for the _Powhatan_, which
+contained the launches and other arrangements, without which a boat
+expedition could not be organized. The _Powhatan_ never appeared,
+having been unexpectedly detached, by order of the President, at the
+solicitation of Secretary Seward, and without consultation with the Navy
+Department. I think the _Baltic_ was detained by running upon
+Rattlesnake Shoal. The steam-tug _Uncle Ben_ was driven into Wilmington
+by a storm, and the _Yankee_ did not make its appearance until the 15th.
+The expedition was thus an utter failure. Nevertheless, a passing
+schooner was purchased and loaded up with provisions and soldiers, and
+an attempt would have been made to run in on the night of the 13th, but
+by that time it was too late. The fort had surrendered.
+
+Having explained this matter, we will now resume the narrative of our
+operations. For the next three hours a vigorous fire was kept up on both
+sides. A great many shots were aimed at our flag-staff, but nearly all
+of them passed above the fort and struck in the water beyond. I think we
+succeeded in silencing several guns in Fort Moultrie, and one or more in
+the Stevens battery.
+
+When Seymour's three hours were up, I relieved him, and continued the
+firing. As our balls bounded off the sloping iron rails like peas upon a
+trencher, utterly failing to make any impression, and as the shot from
+the Blakely gun came clear through our walls, Anderson directed that the
+men should cease firing at that particular place. I regretted very much
+that the upper tier of guns had been abandoned, as they were all loaded
+and pointed, and were of very heavy calibre. A wild Irish soldier,
+however, named John Carmody, slipped up on the parapet, and, without
+orders, fired the pieces there, one after another, on his own account.
+One of the ten-inch balls so aimed made quite an impression on the
+Cummings Point battery; and if the fire could have been kept up, it
+might possibly have knocked the iron-work to pieces.
+
+After my detachment had abandoned the casemate opposite the Blakely gun,
+to my great astonishment the battery I had left recommenced firing. I
+could not imagine who could have taken our places. It seems that a group
+of the Baltimore workmen had been watching our motions, and had thus
+learned the duties of a cannoneer. In spite of their previous
+determination not to take part in the fight, they could not resist the
+fun of trying their hand at one of the guns. It was already accurately
+pointed, and the ball struck the mark in the centre. The men attributed
+it to their own skill, and when I entered they were fairly in
+convulsions of laughter. One of them, in answer to my question, gasped
+out, "I hit it square in the middle." After this first attempt, each of
+them was desirous of trying his skill at aiming. The result was, that we
+soon had them organized into a firing-party.
+
+Finding one of my chests had been left in the officers' quarters, and
+that it would probably be knocked to pieces by the shells, I asked the
+mulatto, who still sat back against the wall, apparently asleep, to bear
+a hand and help me bring it out. He opened his eyes, shook his head
+dolefully, and said, "De major, he say, I muss not expose myself."
+
+If I mistake not, Roswell S. Ripley, formerly a brevet major in our
+army, fired the second or third shot to bring down the flag under which
+he had served for so many years. Ripley was born in Ohio, appointed from
+New York, and educated at the Military Academy. He had, therefore, even
+on the Southern theory of State rights, no necessary affiliation with
+the South. In fact, they always despised a man who joined them to fight
+against his own State. In one instance, Jeff Davis himself had to use
+all his influence to induce the Southern troops to obey one of these
+Northern generals. Ripley had previously been engaged as an agent for
+Sharpe's Arms Company in Europe; and, having been unsuccessful there,
+came to Charleston, with the hope of repairing his shattered fortunes by
+selling guns to South Carolina. Through the influence of Colonel Huger,
+of our Ordnance Department, who was in the city at the time, Ripley
+failed in this, and, being entirely out of employment, accepted a
+commission from the Confederacy to fight against his old comrades. Being
+a man of talent, and a skillful artillerist, he did us a great deal of
+harm. Like all Northern converts, he thought it necessary to be
+overzealous in his new position, to do away with the suspicions excited
+by his birth and education. I was told at the time that for this purpose
+he took pains to denounce me as an Abolitionist, and to recommend that I
+be hanged by the populace as soon as caught.
+
+The firing continued all day, without any special incident of
+importance, and without our making much impression on the enemy's works.
+They had a great advantage over us, as their fire was concentrated on
+the fort, which was in the centre of the circle, while ours was diffused
+over the circumference. Their missiles were exceedingly destructive to
+the upper exposed portion of the work, but no essential injury was done
+to the lower casemates which sheltered us.
+
+Some of these shells, however, set the officers' quarters on fire three
+times; but the flames were promptly extinguished once or twice through
+the exertions of Peter Hart, whose activity and gallantry were very
+conspicuous.
+
+The night was an anxious one for us, for we thought it probable that the
+launches, filled with armed men from the fleet, might take advantage of
+the darkness to come in with provisions and supplies. Then, too, it was
+possible that the enemy might attempt a night attack. We were on the
+alert, therefore, with men stationed at all the embrasures; but nothing
+unusual occurred. The batteries fired upon us at stated intervals all
+night long. We did not return the fire, having no ammunition to waste.
+
+On the morning of the 13th, we took our breakfast--or, rather, our pork
+and water--at the usual hour, and marched the men to the guns when the
+meal was over.
+
+From 4 to 6.30 A.M. the enemy's fire was very spirited. From 7 to 8 A.M.
+a rain-storm came on, and there was a lull in the cannonading. About 8
+A.M. the officers' quarters were ignited by one of Ripley's incendiary
+shells, or by shot heated in the furnaces at Fort Moultrie. The fire was
+put out; but at 10 A.M. a mortar shell passed through the roof, and
+lodged in the flooring of the second story, where it burst, and started
+the flames afresh. This, too, was extinguished; but the hot shot soon
+followed each other so rapidly that it was impossible for us to contend
+with them any longer. It became evident that the entire block, being
+built with wooden partitions, floors, and roofing, must be consumed, and
+that the magazine, containing three hundred barrels of powder, would be
+endangered; for, even after closing the metallic door, sparks might
+penetrate through the ventilator. The floor was covered with loose
+powder, where a detail of men had been at work manufacturing
+cartridge-bags out of old shirts, woolen blankets, etc.
+
+While the officers exerted themselves with axes to tear down and cut
+away all the wood-work in the vicinity, the soldiers were rolling
+barrels of powder out to more sheltered spots, and were covering them
+with wet blankets. The labor was accelerated by the shells which were
+bursting around us; for Ripley had redoubled his activity at the first
+signs of a conflagration. We only succeeded in getting out some
+ninety-six barrels of powder, and then we were obliged to close the
+massive copper door, and await the result. A shot soon after passed
+through the intervening shield, struck the door, and bent the lock in
+such a way that it could not be opened again. We were thus cut off from
+our supply of ammunition, but still had some piled up in the vicinity of
+the guns. Anderson officially reported only four barrels and three
+cartridges as on hand when we left.
+
+By 11 A.M. the conflagration was terrible and disastrous. One-fifth of
+the fort was on fire, and the wind drove the smoke in dense masses into
+the angle where we had all taken refuge. It seemed impossible to escape
+suffocation. Some lay down close to the ground, with handkerchiefs over
+their mouths, and others posted themselves near the embrasures, where
+the smoke was somewhat lessened by the draught of air. Every one
+suffered severely. I crawled out of one of these openings, and sat on
+the outer edge; but Ripley made it lively for me there with his
+case-shot, which spattered all around. Had not a slight change of wind
+taken place, the result might have been fatal to most of us.
+
+Our firing having ceased, and the enemy being very jubilant, I thought
+it would be as well to show them that we were not all dead yet, and
+ordered the gunners to fire a few rounds more. I heard afterward that
+the enemy loudly cheered Anderson for his persistency under such adverse
+circumstances.
+
+The scene at this time was really terrific. The roaring and crackling of
+the flames, the dense masses of whirling smoke, the bursting of the
+enemy's shells, and our own which were exploding in the burning rooms,
+the crashing of the shot, and the sound of masonry falling in every
+direction, made the fort a pandemonium. When at last nothing was left of
+the building but the blackened walls and smoldering embers, it became
+painfully evident that an immense amount of damage had been done. There
+was a tower at each angle of the fort. One of these, containing great
+quantities of shells, upon which we had relied, was almost completely
+shattered by successive explosions. The massive wooden gates, studded
+with iron nails, were burned, and the wall built behind them was now a
+mere heap of débris, so that the main entrance was wide open for an
+assaulting party. The sally-ports were in a similar condition, and the
+numerous windows on the gorge side, which had been planked up, had now
+become all open entrances.
+
+About 12.48 P.M. the end of the flag-staff was shot down, and the flag
+fell.[20] It had been previously hanging by one halliard, the other
+having been cut by a piece of shell. The exultation of the enemy,
+however, was short-lived. Peter Hart found a spar in the fort, which
+answered very well as a temporary flag-staff. He nailed the flag to
+this, and raised it triumphantly by nailing and tying the pole firmly to
+a pile of gun-carriages on the parapet. This was gallantly done, without
+undue haste, under Seymour's supervision, although the enemy
+concentrated all their fire upon the spot to prevent Hart from carrying
+out his intention. From the beginning, the rebel gunners had been very
+ambitious to shoot the flag down, and had wasted an immense number of
+shots in the attempt.
+
+While the battle was going on, a correspondent of the _New York
+Tribune_, who was in Charleston, wrote that the populace were calling
+for my head. Fortunately, I was not there to gratify them. My relations
+with the gentlemen of Charleston had always been friendly. The enmity of
+the mob was simply political, and was founded on the belief that I was
+the only "Black Republican," as they termed it, in the fort.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE EVACUATION.
+
+     Senator Wigfall's Volunteer Mission.--Terms of Evacuation
+     Settled.--The Question of Casualties on the Other Side.--Salute to
+     the Flag.--Occupation of the Fort by Southern
+     Troops.--Embarkation.--Welcome in New York.--Conclusion.
+
+
+There was a large, first-class wooden hotel, near the shore, on
+Sullivan's Island, called the Moultrie House. It was only kept open
+during the summer, and was a favorite resort, for planters and others,
+to enjoy the fresh sea-breeze, and the beautiful drive up the beach at
+low tide. Since the rebel occupation of Fort Moultrie, this hotel had
+been used as a dépôt and barracks for the troops in the vicinity. Just
+before the attack was made upon us, the Palmetto flag, which had waved
+over the building, was taken down; but I noticed with a spy-glass that
+there was still quite a number of people, apparently troops, remaining
+in the house. I saw no reason why the mere lowering of the flag should
+prevent us from firing at them. I therefore aimed two forty-two pounder
+balls at the upper story. The crashing of the shot, which went through
+the whole length of the building among the clapboards and interior
+partitions, must have been something fearful to those who were within.
+They came rushing out in furious haste, and tumbled over each other
+until they reached the bottom of the front steps, in one writhing,
+tumultuous mass.
+
+When we left Fort Sumter, a South Carolina officer, who seemed to feel
+aggrieved in relation to this matter, asked me why we fired at that
+building. Not caring to enter into a discussion at that time, I evaded
+it by telling him the true reason was, that the landlord had given me a
+wretched room there one night, and this being the only opportunity that
+had occurred to get even with him, I was unable to resist it. He laughed
+heartily, and said, "I understand it all now. You were perfectly right,
+sir, and I justify the act."
+
+About 2 P.M., Senator Wigfall, in company with W. Gourdin Young, of
+Charleston, unexpectedly made his appearance at one of the embrasures,
+having crossed over from Morris Island in a small boat, rowed by
+negroes. He had seen the flag come down, and supposed that we had
+surrendered in consequence of the burning of the quarters. This visit
+was sanctioned by the commander of Morris Island, Brigadier-general
+James W. Simons. An artillery-man, serving his gun, was very much
+astonished to see a man's face at the entrance, and asked him what he
+was doing there. Wigfall replied that he wished to see Major Anderson.
+The man, however, refused to allow him to enter until he had surrendered
+himself as a prisoner, and given up his sword. This done, another
+artillery-man was sent to bring an officer. Lieutenant Davis came almost
+immediately, but it took some time to find Anderson, who was out
+examining the condition of the main gates. I was not present during this
+scene, or at the interview that ensued, as I was engaged in trying to
+save some shells in the upper story from the effects of the fire.
+Wigfall, in Beauregard's name, offered Anderson his own terms, which
+were, the evacuation of the fort, with permission to salute our flag,
+and to march out with the honors of war, with our arms and private
+baggage, leaving all other war material behind. As soon as this matter
+was arranged, Wigfall returned to Cummings Point.
+
+In the mean time, Beauregard having noticed the white flag, sent a boat
+containing Colonel James Chestnut, and Captain Lee, Colonel Roger A.
+Pryor, and Colonel William Porcher Miles, to ascertain the meaning of
+the signal. A second boat soon followed, containing Major D.K. Jones,
+who was Beauregard's adjutant-general, Ex-Governor J.L. Manning, and
+Colonel Charles Alston.
+
+Miles and Pryor were exceedingly astonished when they heard that Wigfall
+had been carrying on negotiations in Beauregard's name, and stated that,
+to their certain knowledge, he had had no communication with Beauregard.
+They spoke of the matter with great delicacy, for Wigfall was a parlous
+man, and quick to settle disputed points with the pistol. Anderson
+replied with spirit that, under the circumstances, he would run up his
+flag again, and resume the firing. They begged him, however, not to take
+action until they had had an opportunity to lay the whole subject before
+General Beauregard; and Anderson agreed to wait a reasonable time for
+that purpose. The boat then returned to the city. In due time another
+boat arrived, containing Colonels Chestnut and Chisholm, and Captain
+Stephen D. Lee, all aids of Beauregard. They came to notify Major
+Anderson that the latter was willing to treat with him on the basis
+proposed. Colonel Charles Alston soon came over with Major Jones (who
+was chief-of-staff to Beauregard, and adjutant-general of the
+Provisional Army), to settle the details of the evacuation. There was
+some difficulty about permitting us to salute our flag; but that, too,
+was finally conceded. In case we held out for another day, the rebels
+had made arrangements to storm the fort that night.
+
+During all these operations, our officers and men behaved with great
+gallantry. Hall, Snyder, and Meade had never been under fire before, but
+they proved themselves to be true sons of their Alma Mater at West
+Point.
+
+The first contest of the war was over, and had ended as a substantial
+victory for the Secessionists. They had commenced the campaign naked and
+defenseless; but the General Government had allowed them time to levy an
+army against us, and we had permitted ourselves to be surrounded with a
+ring of fire, from which there was no escape. Nor had we employed to the
+fullest extent all our available means of defense. No attempt had ever
+been made to use the upper tier of guns, which contained our heaviest
+metal, and which, from its height, overlooked the enemy's works, and
+was, therefore, the most efficient part of our armament. Although the
+fire of our columbiads, under ordinary circumstances, could not quite
+reach the city, we had arranged one of them to point upward at the
+maximum angle. As the carriage would not admit of this, the gun was
+taken off, and made to rest on a bed of masonry. Seymour and myself
+thought, by loading it with eccentric shells, we could increase the
+range of the guns so that the balls would reach that part of Charleston
+which was nearest to us; but we were not allowed to use the gun at all.
+It seemed to me there was a manifest desire to do as little damage as
+possible.
+
+About eighteen hundred shot had been fired into Fort Sumter, and the
+upper story was pretty well knocked to pieces. To walk around the
+parapet, we had constantly to climb over heaps of débris. With all this
+expenditure of ammunition, we had but one man dangerously wounded. This
+was John Schweirer, foreman of the Baltimore brick-layers. He was struck
+by a piece of shell while standing near the open parade-ground. So long
+as our men fought in the lower casemates, which were shell-proof, the
+vertical fire could not reach them; and by drilling them to step one
+side of the embrasure whenever they saw the flash of a gun opposite,
+they escaped the danger of being struck by any ball which might enter
+the opening; so that, on the whole, they ran very little risk. Had they
+used the guns on the parapet, the number of casualties would have been
+greatly increased, but our missiles would have been much more effective.
+
+When William Porcher Miles was about to enter the boat to return to
+Charleston, he told our commander that none of the secession soldiers
+were injured by our fire. Anderson raised his hands and ejaculated,
+"Thank God for that!" As the object of our fighting was to do as much
+damage as possible, I could see no propriety in thanking Heaven for the
+small amount of injury we had inflicted. I have since had reason to
+suspect, from several circumstances, that the contest was not as
+bloodless as it was represented to be at the time. The coxswain of the
+boat that brought Miles over heard him make the remark that no one was
+hurt on the rebel side. The man stared at him for a moment in
+undisguised amazement, and then stepped aside behind an angle of the
+work, where he could indulge in a hearty fit of laughter. His whole
+action was that of one who thought his chief had been indulging in
+romance. Of course Miles believed the assertion, or he would not have
+made it.
+
+The fact is, Fort Moultrie was all slivered and knocked to pieces; and
+as I heard so much in reference to the narrow escapes of officers and
+soldiers there, I concluded that, if no one was hurt, a miracle must
+have taken place. The rebel who carried dispatches between Fort Moultrie
+and Mount Pleasant in a small boat was in a position to know, and he
+told Peter Hart, some years after the war, that a schooner, to his
+certain knowledge, came from Charleston during the battle, and took off
+a number of killed from Fort Moultrie, who were taken to Potter's Field,
+on Cooper River, and buried there on Saturday, at 4.30 A.M. I had
+previously seen the same story published as coming from Charleston. A
+similar statement was made, on his arrival in New York, by the mate of
+the schooner _D.B. Pitts_, and it purported to be founded on his own
+observation.
+
+When we left Fort Sumter for New York, a man of my company, named
+Fielding, was seriously injured by an explosion, and left behind in the
+hospital at Charleston. He was frequently visited there by an old
+comrade, named Galloway, who was one of our discharged soldiers.
+Galloway laughed at the idea that no one had been injured, and told
+Fielding that he himself had served in Fort Moultrie during the
+bombardment, and had seen with his own eyes a number of killed and
+wounded there. If Galloway's story is true, Ripley may have concealed
+his losses, as he did not wish to have us appear more successful than he
+had been. I believe there were a great many Irish laborers enlisted in
+Fort Moultrie, and their loss would hardly have excited a remark in
+aristocratic Charleston. It is said, too, that a list of killed and
+wounded was posted up on a bulletin-board in the city, and afterward
+torn down, for fear that it might discourage the troops. On the other
+hand, the assertion of men holding high official position on the other
+side, that no one was killed or injured, would seem to leave little room
+for doubt.
+
+When Beauregard received notice that Anderson was willing to ratify the
+terms agreed upon, he sent over another boat, containing Colonel Miles,
+Colonel Pryor, Ex-Governor Manning, Major Jones, and Captain Hartstein,
+to arrange the details of the evacuation.
+
+Almost a fatal accident occurred to Roger A. Pryor shortly after his
+arrival in the fort. He was sitting in the hospital at a table, with a
+black bottle and a tumbler near his right hand. The place was quite
+dark, having been built up all around with boxes of sand, to render it
+shell-proof. Being thirsty, and not noticing what he did, he
+mechanically picked up the bottle, poured some of the liquid into the
+glass, and drank it down. It proved to be iodide of potassium, which is
+quite a poisonous compound. When I saw him, he was very pale, and
+leaning on the shoulder of Dr. Crawford, who was taking him out on the
+grass to apply the stomach-pump. He was soon out of danger. Some of us
+questioned the doctor's right to interpose in a case of this kind. It
+was argued that if any rebel leader chose to come over to Fort Sumter
+and poison himself, the Medical Department had no business to interfere
+with such a laudable intention. The doctor, however, claimed, with some
+show of reason, that he himself was held responsible to the United
+States for the medicine in the hospital, and therefore he could not
+permit Pryor to carry any of it away.
+
+All of the preliminaries having been duly adjusted, it was decided that
+the evacuation should take place the next morning. Our arrangements were
+few and simple, but the rebels made extensive preparations for the
+event, in order to give it the greatest _éclat_, and gain from it as
+much prestige as possible. The population of the surrounding country
+poured into Charleston in vast multitudes, to witness the humiliation
+of the United States flag. We slept soundly that night for the first
+time, after all the fatigue and excitement of the two preceding days.
+
+The next morning, Sunday, the 14th, we were up early, packing our
+baggage in readiness to go on board the transport. The time having
+arrived, I made preparations, by order of Major Anderson, to fire a
+national salute to the flag. It was a dangerous thing to attempt, as
+sparks of fire were floating around everywhere, and there was no safe
+place to deposit the ammunition. In that portion of the line commanded
+by Lieutenant Hall, a pile of cartridges lay under the muzzle of one of
+the guns. Some fire had probably lodged inside the piece, which the
+sponging did not extinguish, for, in loading it, it went off
+prematurely, and blew off the right arm of the gunner, Daniel Hough, who
+was an excellent soldier. His death was almost instantaneous. He was the
+first man who lost his life on our side in the war for the Union. The
+damage did not end here, for some of the fire from the muzzle dropped on
+the pile of cartridges below, and exploded them all. Several men in the
+vicinity were blown into the air, and seriously injured. Their names
+were George Fielding, John Irwin, George Pinchard, and Edwin Galway,
+and, I think, James Hayes. The first-named being very badly hurt, was
+left behind, to be cared for by the rebels. He was sent over to
+Charleston, where he was well treated, finally cured, and forwarded to
+us without being exchanged.
+
+The salute being over, the Confederate troops marched in to occupy the
+fort. The Palmetto Guard, Captain Cuthbert's company, detailed by
+Colonel De Saussure, and Captain Hollinquist's Company B, of the
+regulars, detailed by Colonel Ripley, constituted the new garrison under
+Ripley.[21] Anderson directed me to form the men on the parade-ground,
+assume command, and march them on board the transport. I told him I
+should prefer to leave the fort with the flag flying, and the drums
+beating Yankee Doodle, and he authorized me to do so. As soon as our
+tattered flag came down, and the silken banner made by the ladies of
+Charleston was run up, tremendous shouts of applause were heard from
+the vast multitude of spectators; and all the vessels and steamers,
+with one accord, made for the fort. Corporal Bringhurst came running to
+tell me that many of the approaching crowd were shouting my name, and
+making threatening demonstrations. The disorder, however, was
+immediately quelled by the appearance of Hartstein, an ex-officer of our
+navy, who threw out sentinels in all directions, and prevented the mob
+from landing.
+
+The bay was alive with floating craft of every description, filled with
+people from all parts of the South, in their holiday attire. As I
+marched out at the head of our little band of regulars, it must have
+presented a strange contrast to the numerous forces that had assailed
+us; some sixty men against six thousand. As we went on board the
+_Isabel_, with the drums beating the national air, all eyes were fixed
+upon us amidst the deepest silence. It was an hour of triumph for the
+originators of secession in South Carolina, and no doubt it seemed to
+them the culmination of all their hopes; but could they have seen into
+the future with the eye of prophecy, their joy might have been turned
+into mourning. Who among them could have conceived that the Charleston
+they deemed so invincible, which they boasted would never be polluted
+by the footsteps of a Yankee invader until every son of the soil had
+shed the last drop of his blood in her defense--who could have imagined
+that this proud metropolis, after much privation and long-suffering from
+fire and bombardment, would finally surrender, without bloodshed, to a
+negro regiment, under a Massachusetts flag--the two most abhorred
+elements of the strife to the proud people of South Carolina? Who could
+have imagined that the race they had so despised was destined to govern
+them in the future, in the dense ignorance which the South itself had
+created, by prohibiting the education of the blacks?
+
+My story is nearly done. We soon reached the _Baltic_, and were received
+with great sympathy and feeling by the army and navy officers present.
+Among the latter was Captain Fox, who afterward became the Assistant
+Secretary of the Navy.
+
+It is worthy of remark that, after we had left the harbor, Bishop Lynch,
+of Charleston, threw the Catholic influence in favor of the
+Secessionists by celebrating the Southern victory by a grand _Te Deum_.
+
+We arrived in New York on the 19th, and were received with unbounded
+enthusiasm. All the passing steamers saluted us with their
+steam-whistles and bells, and cheer after cheer went up from the
+ferry-boats and vessels in the harbor. We did not attempt to land, but
+came to anchor in the stream, between Governor's Island and the Battery.
+Several distinguished citizens at once came on board, and Major Anderson
+was immediately carried off to dine with Mr. Lloyd Aspinwall. As
+somebody had to remain with the troops and attend to their wants, I
+accompanied them to Fort Hamilton, where we soon found ourselves in
+comfortable quarters. Nearly all of the officers obtained a furlough
+immediately; but I remained in command of the fort during the temporary
+absence of Major Anderson, who was soon after permanently detached from
+us.
+
+Our captivity had deeply touched the hearts of the people, and every day
+the number of visitors almost amounted to an ovation. The principal city
+papers, the _Tribune_, _Times_, _Herald_, and _Evening Post_, gave us a
+hearty welcome. For a long time the enthusiasm in New York remained
+undiminished. It was impossible for us to venture into the main streets
+without being ridden on the shoulders of men, and torn to pieces by
+hand-shaking. Shortly after our arrival, Henry Ward Beecher came down to
+the fort to meet us, and made a ringing speech, full of fire and
+patriotism. It seemed as if every one of note called to express his
+devotion to the cause of the Union, and his sympathy with us, who had
+been its humble representatives amidst the perils of the first conflict
+of the war.
+
+As I have stated, of the officers who were engaged in the operations
+herein narrated, but four now survive.
+
+George W. Snyder was the first to leave us. He was present in the battle
+of Bull Run, attained the brevet of captain, and died in Washington,
+District of Columbia, on the 17th of November, 1861.
+
+Theodore Talbot became assistant-adjutant-general, with the rank of
+major, and died on the 22d of April, 1862, also in Washington.
+
+Richard K. Meade was induced, by the pressure of social and family ties,
+to resign his commission in our army. He became a rebel officer, and
+died at Petersburg, Virginia, in July, 1862.
+
+Norman J. Hall became colonel of the Seventh Michigan Volunteers, and
+received three brevets in the regular army, the last being for gallant
+and distinguished services at Gettysburg. He died on the 26th of May,
+1867, at Brooklyn, New York.
+
+John L. Gardner received the brevet of brigadier-general, and was
+retired at the commencement of the war. He died at Wilmington, Delaware,
+on the 19th of February, 1869.
+
+Robert Anderson was made a brigadier-general, and afterward a brevet
+major-general, for his services at Fort Sumter. He served about six
+months as Commander of the Department of Kentucky and of the Cumberland,
+and was then obliged to leave the field in consequence of ill health. He
+was retired from active service on the 27th of October, 1863, and died
+at Nice, in France, on the 26th day of October, 1871.
+
+Lastly, John G. Foster, after a brilliant career as commander of a
+department and army corps, died at Nashua, New Hampshire, September 2d,
+1874.
+
+Each of us who survive became major-general during the rebellion, and
+each now holds the same grade by brevet in the regular army.
+
+Mr. Edward Moale, the citizen who remained with us, did excellent
+service in the war. At present he is a brevet lieutenant-colonel in the
+regular army.
+
+This statement of events was completed at New York, April 14th, 1875, on
+the fourteenth anniversary of the evacuation of Fort Sumter.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+_List of Officers and Enlisted Men present at the Bombardment of Fort
+Sumter, April 12th and 13th, 1861._
+
+
+COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
+
+  Major ROBERT ANDERSON, First United States Artillery.
+  Captain ABNER DOUBLEDAY, First United States Artillery.
+  Captain TRUMAN SEYMOUR, First United States Artillery.
+  First Lieutenant JEFFERSON C. DAVIS, First United States Artillery.
+  Second Lieutenant NORMAN J. HALL, First United States Artillery.
+  Captain J.G. FOSTER, United States Engineers.
+  Lieutenant G.W. SNYDER, United States Engineers.
+  Lieutenant R.K. MEADE, United States Engineers.
+  Assistant Surgeon S.W. CRAWFORD, United States Army.
+
+
+ENLISTED MEN.
+
+Ordnance-sergeant James Kearney, United States Army.
+Quartermaster-sergeant William H. Hammer, First United States Artillery.
+
+_Regimental Band, First Artillery._
+
+  Sergeant James E. Galway.
+  Corporal Andrew Smith.
+  Private Andrew Murphy.
+  Private Fedeschi Onoratti.
+  Private Peter Rice.
+  Private Henry Schmidt.
+  Private John Urquhart.
+  Private Andrew Wickstrom.
+
+
+_Company E, First Artillery._
+
+  First Sergeant Eugene Scheibner.
+  Sergeant Thomas Kirnan.
+  Sergeant William A. Harn.
+  Sergeant James Chester.
+  Corporal Owen M'Guire.
+  Corporal Francis J. Oakes.
+  Corporal Charles Bringhurst.
+  Corporal Henry Ellerbrook.
+  Musician Charles Hall.
+  Private Philip Anderman.
+  Private John Emil Noack.
+  Private Cornelius Baker.
+  Private Thomas Carroll.
+  Private Patrick Clancy.
+  Private John Davis.
+  Private James Digdam.
+  Private George Fielding.
+  Private Edward Gallway.
+  Private James Gibbons.
+  Private James Hays.
+  Private Daniel Hough.
+  Private John Irwin.
+  Private James M'Donald.
+  Private Samuel Miller.
+  Private John Newport.
+  Private George Pinchard.
+  Private Frank Rivers.
+  Private Lewis Schroeder.
+  Private Carl A. Sellman.
+  Private John Thompson.
+  Private Charles H. Tozer.
+  Private William Witzman.
+
+
+_Company H, First Artillery._
+
+  First Sergeant John Renehan.
+  Sergeant James M'Mahon.
+  Sergeant John Carmody.
+  Sergeant John Otto.
+  Corporal Christopher Costolan.
+  Musician Robert Foster.
+  Artificer Henry Strandt.
+  Private Edward Brady.
+  Private Barney Cain.
+  Private John Doran.
+  Private Dennis Johnson.
+  Private John Kehoe.
+  Private John Klein.
+  Private John Lanagan.
+  Private Frederick Lintner.
+  Private John Magill.
+  Private John Laroche.
+  Private Frederick Meier.
+  Private James Moore.
+  Private William Morter.
+  Private Patrick Neilan.
+  Private John Nixon.
+  Private Michael O'Donald.
+  Private Robert Roe.
+  Private William Walker.
+  Private Joseph Wall.
+  Private Edmond Walsh.
+  Private Henry R. Walter.
+  Private Herman Will.
+  Private Thomas Wishnowski.
+  Private Casper Wutterpel.
+
+
+_List of Mechanics and Employés present in Fort Sumter during the
+Bombardment, April 12th and 13th, 1861._
+
+EMPLOYÉS OF THE ENGINEER DEPARTMENT.
+
+  George Coons, _mason_.
+  John Schweirer,_mason_.
+  John Buckley, _smith_.
+  John Lindsay, _carpenter_.
+  John Saxton, _rigger_.
+  James Tweedle, _smith_.
+  Wm. O. Lyman, _overseer_.
+
+
+LABORERS.
+
+  Michael Berne.
+  John Burns.
+  John Branley.
+  Peter Caine.
+  Patrick Conner.
+  Michael Cummins.
+  William Dorsey.
+  Edward Davis.
+  Patrick Donahoe.
+  Peter Donley.
+  William Eagen.
+  Andrew Felton.
+  Michael Goff.
+  James Howlett.
+  Patrick Heeney.
+  Andrew Lindsey.
+  Dennis Magrath.
+  John M'Carty.
+  James M'Mahon.
+  Michael Meechins.
+  Thomas Murphy.
+  Thomas Myers.
+  William Powers.
+  Edward Quinn.
+  Patrick Quinn.
+  Martin Rafferty.
+  John Riley.
+  Michael Ryan.
+  Jeremiah Ryan.
+  James Ryan.
+  James Shea.
+
+
+COOKS.
+
+  Samuel Abraze.
+  Patrick Walsh.
+
+
+The following is taken from a South Carolina official document, but it
+seems somewhat defective in detail:
+
+_List of Confederate Batteries constructed with a View to the Reduction
+of Fort Sumter._
+
+
+ON MORRIS ISLAND.
+
+     Brigadier-general JAMES W. SIMONS, commanding; Colonel WILMOT G. DE
+     SAUSSURE, commanding Artillery Battalion. Lieutenant J. R. MACBETH,
+     Captain J. JONES, and Lieutenant F.L. CHILDS, acting as aids to
+     Colonel De Saussure.
+
+
+STEVENS BATTERY. (Fired 1200 shots.)
+
+_Three Eight-inch columbiads._
+
+     Garrisoned by the Palmetto Guard, CAPTAIN GEORGE B. CUTHBERT
+     commanding; Lieutenant G.L. BUIST. The ammunition was served out by
+     Mr. PHILIPS and Mr. CAMPBELL. One gun was disabled on Friday.
+
+
+CUMMINGS POINT BATTERY.
+
+_Two forty-two-pounders, three ten-inch mortars, one Blakely gun._
+
+     Garrisoned by a detachment of the Palmetto Guard, and by cadets
+     from the Citadel Academy in Charleston. Captain J.P. THOMAS, of the
+     Citadel Academy, commanding Blakely gun; Lieutenant C. R. HOLMES,
+     of the Citadel Academy, commanding mortars; Lieutenant W.W.
+     ARMSTRONG, of the Citadel Academy, at the mortars; Second
+     Lieutenant THOMAS SUMTER, of the Palmetto Guard, in charge of the
+     forty-two-pounders.
+
+
+CHANNEL BATTERY. (Did not fire.)
+
+     Captain CALHOUN, commanding; First Lieutenant A.M. WAGNER;
+     Lieutenant---- SITGREAVES; Second Lieutenant M.C. PRESTON.
+
+
+ON JAMES ISLAND.
+
+Major N.G. EVANS, A.A.G., commanding.
+
+BATTERY OF TWENTY-FOUR-POUNDERS.
+
+Captain GEORGE S. JAMES, commanding.
+
+MORTAR BATTERY.
+
+     First Lieutenant W.H. GIBBES, of the Artillery; Lieutenant H.S.
+     FARLEY; Lieutenant J.E. M'PHERSON, Washington; Lieutenant T.B.
+     HAYNE; Doctor LIBBY.
+
+
+UPPER BATTERY. (Fired 2425 shots.)
+
+_Two ten-inch mortars._
+
+
+LOWER BATTERY.
+
+_Two ten-inch mortars._
+
+Captain S.C. THAYER, of the S.C. Navy, commanding.
+
+
+ON SULLIVAN'S ISLAND.
+
+     Brigadier-general JOHN DUNOVANT, commanding. Lieutenant-colonel
+     ROSWELL S. RIPLEY, commanding the Artillery; Captain J. B. BURNS,
+     of General DUNOVANT'S staff; Surgeons P.J. ROBINSON, R.F. MITCHELL,
+     and ARTHUR LYNCH; Assistant-surgeons D.W. TAYLOR, Doctor F.F.
+     MILES, Doctor F.L. PARKER.
+
+
+THE IRON-CLAD FLOATING BATTERY. (At the Cove. Fired 1900 shots.)
+
+_Two forty-two-pounders. Two thirty-two-pounders._
+
+     Garrisoned by Company D, of the Artillery. Captain JAMES HAMILTON;
+     First Lieutenant J.A. YATES, Second Lieutenant F.H. HARLESTON.
+
+
+THE DAHLGREN BATTERY. (Near the Floating Battery.)
+
+_One nine-inch Dahlgren gun._
+
+     Garrisoned by Company D, of the Artillery. Captain S.R. HAMILTON;
+     Mr. JOHN WELLS.
+
+
+THE ENFILADE BATTERY. (Fired 1825 shots.)
+
+     Garrisoned by Company K, of the Artillery, Captain JAMES H.
+     HALLONQUIST, Company B, of the Artillery, commanding; First
+     Lieutenant J. VALENTINE, B.S. BURNETT.
+
+MORTAR BATTERY, NO. 1. (Between Fort Moultrie and the Cove.)
+
+     Captain JAMES H. HALLONQUIST, Company B, of the Artillery,
+     commanding. Lieutenant O. BLANDING, Lieutenant FLEMING.
+
+
+FORT MOULTRIE. (Fired 1825 shots.)
+
+_Three eight-inch columbiads, two thirty-two-pounders, four
+twenty-four-pounders._
+
+     Garrisoned by the Artillery Battalion under Lieutenant-colonel
+     RIPLEY. Captain W.R. CALHOUN, Company A, of the Artillery,
+     executive officer.
+
+
+SUMTER BATTERY. (Facing south-south-west.)
+
+     Lieutenant ALFRED RHETT, Company B, Artillery, commanding; Second
+     Lieutenant JOHN MITCHELL, Jun.; Mr. F.D. BLAKE, Volunteer Engineer.
+
+
+OBLIQUE BATTERY. (On the west.)
+
+_Two twenty-four-pounders._
+
+Lieutenant C.W. PARKER, Company D, of the Artillery.
+
+
+MORTAR BATTERY, No. 2. (East of Fort Moultrie.)
+
+_Two ten-inch mortars._
+
+     Captain WILLIAM BUTLER, of the Infantry; Lieutenant J.A. HUGENIN.
+     E. MOWRY, Mr. BLOCKER, Mr. BILLINGS, and Mr. RICE assisted. This
+     battery was joined to the Maffit Channel Battery.
+
+
+THE TRAPIER BATTERY. (Fired 1300 shots.)
+
+_Three ten-inch mortars._
+
+     Garrisoned by the Marion Artillery, J. GADSDEN KING, commanding.
+     Lieutenant W.D.H. KIRKWOOD, J.P. STROHECKER, A.M. HUGER, E.L.
+     PARKER. The Marion Artillery was afterward relieved by the Sumter
+     Guard, under Captain JOHN RUSSELL.
+
+
+AT MOUNT PLEASANT.
+
+BATTERY. (Fired 2925 shots.)
+
+_Two ten-inch mortars._
+
+     Captain ROBERT MARTIN of the Infantry, commanding; Lieutenant G.N.
+     REYNOLDS, Company B, of the Artillery; Lieutenant D.S. CALHOUN, of
+     the Infantry.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Hamlin's father named four of his sons, Europe, Asia, Africa, and
+America. The fact that one of them was called Africa gave rise to the
+statement that he was an African.
+
+[2] He afterward returned, gave bail, and appeared before the court,
+because he was aware that a rule existed that parties who had given
+evidence before a Congressional committee in reference to any
+defalcation could not be tried for having taken part in it.
+
+[3] It is true there is a law authorizing the distribution of _surplus_
+United States arms to the States, but there were no surplus muskets on
+hand; and even if there had been, it was a very injudicious time to
+distribute them among the insurgent States. A little delay would have
+been both patriotic and judicious.
+
+[4] My brother and myself each owned copies of the same dictionary.
+Instead of using a word in my correspondence, I simply referred to its
+place in the book, by giving the number of the page, number of the
+column, and number of the word from the top of the page.
+
+[5] He left the United States service soon after the attack on Fort
+Sumter, and joined the Confederates. He did so reluctantly, for he had
+gained great renown in our army for his gallantry in Mexico, and he knew
+he would soon have been promoted to the position of Chief of our
+Ordnance Department had he remained with us.
+
+[6] About a month afterward the Honorable William Aiken, who was a Union
+man, and who had formerly been governor of the State, and a member of
+Congress, was compelled to pay forty thousand dollars as his share of
+the war taxes.
+
+[7] Dawson's _Historical Magazine_.
+
+[8] See Dawson's story of Fort Sumter, in the _Historical Magazine for
+January, 1872_.
+
+[9] The facts in this statement are taken from Dawson's _Historical
+Magazine for January, 1872_.
+
+[10] One of the original leaders of secession, and a life-long friend
+and correspondent of Major Anderson.
+
+[11] My wife applied for board in Charleston, but was told she must
+first obtain the sanction of Mr. Rhett, the editor of the _Mercury_. She
+was afterward informed by the boarding-house keeper that, as the house
+depended on the patronage of the Southern people for support, she (the
+landlady) could not undertake to harbor the wives of Federal officers.
+
+[12] The army officers on board were First Lieutenant Charles R. Woods,
+Ninth Infantry, commanding; First Lieutenant William A. Webb, Fifth
+Infantry; Second Lieutenant Charles W. Thomas, First Infantry; and
+Assistant-surgeon P.G.S. Ten Broeck.
+
+[13] Castle Pinckney at this time was commanded by Colonel J. Johnston
+Petigru; Sullivan's Island, by Adjutant and Inspector-general Dunovant;
+Fort Johnson, by Captain James Johnson, of the Charleston Rifles. The
+United States Arsenal, by Colonel John Cunningham, of the Seventeenth
+South Carolina militia; its former commander, Captain Humphreys, the
+United States military store-keeper, having been ejected on the 30th of
+December.
+
+[14] Among these children was a little waif, called Dick Kowley,
+afterward known as "Sumter Dick." He had been abandoned by his mother,
+and thus thrown out on the world. For a time he was sent, after his
+arrival in New York, to the house of Dr. Stewart, who was a family
+connection of mine. After supper he reminded the ladies that he had not
+heard tattoo yet, and wished to know at what hour they beat the
+reveille. He evidently thought every well-regulated family kept a
+drummer and fifer on hand, to sound the calls. He was very unhappy until
+he had procured a small stick and a miniature flag. Every morning at
+sunrise he hoisted the flag, and carefully lowered it and put it away at
+sunset. He is now a cabinet-maker at Marion, Ohio, and recently gained a
+prize for his excellent workmanship.
+
+[15] It is due to the major to state that, in a speech made before the
+Board of Brokers in New York, on the 13th of May, he asserted that if
+the question lay between the preservation of the Union or the
+preservation of slavery, slavery must be sacrificed.
+
+[16] About this time, my wife, who was in Washington, was very much
+surprised at receiving a call from the President. He came quietly to
+request her to show him my letters from Fort Sumter, so that he might
+form a better opinion as to the condition of affairs there, more
+particularly in regard to our resources.
+
+[17] I have since learned that the shell from Fort Johnson was not a
+hostile shot, but was simply intended as a signal for the firing to
+commence.
+
+[18] In this he was an exception to most negroes. Those I have seen in
+the colored regiments in Texas have shown themselves to be among the
+best and most reliable men in the service for operations against the
+Indians. It was a line of negroes that charged over the torpedoes at
+Mobile.
+
+[19] The troops and defenses on Morris Island were commanded by
+Brigadier-general James W. Simons. The artillery was under the command
+of Colonel Wilmot G. De Saussure, of the South Carolina Artillery
+Battalion.
+
+Sullivan's Island was commanded by Brigadier-general John Dunovant,
+formerly an officer of the United States Army. His second in command was
+Lieutenant-colonel Roswell S. Ripley, of the South Carolina Artillery
+Battalion, formerly of our army.
+
+Major N.G. Evans, assistant adjutant-general, commanded on James Island.
+
+The battery at Mount Pleasant was under the command of Captain Robert
+Martin, of the South Carolina Infantry.
+
+[20] It is claimed that this shot was fired by Lieutenant W.C. Preston,
+of South Carolina.
+
+[21] Edmund Ruffin entered the fort as a volunteer ensign of the
+Palmetto Guard; Captain Samuel Ferguson received the keys of Fort
+Sumter, and raised the Confederate flag over the ramparts;
+Lieutenant-colonel F.J. Moses raised the State flag. Moses has since
+figured as the Republican governor of South Carolina.
+
+
+
+
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+POETS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The Poets of the Nineteenth Century.
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+THE REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. With an
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+$3.00.
+
+This work embraces in one volume:
+
+I. ON A FRESH REVISION OF THE ENGLISH NEW TESTAMENT. By J.B. LIGHTFOOT,
+D.D., Canon of St. Paul's, and Hulsean Professor of Divinity, Cambridge.
+Second Edition, Revised. 196 pp.
+
+II. ON THE AUTHORIZED VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT in Connection with
+some Recent Proposals for its Revision. By RICHARD CHENEVIX TRENCH,
+D.D., Archbishop of Dublin. 194 pp.
+
+III. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NEW
+TESTAMENT. By C.J. ELLICOTT, D.D., Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. 178
+pp.
+
+NORDHOFF'S CALIFORNIA. California: For Health, Pleasure, and Residence.
+A Book for Travelers and Settlers. Illustrated. 8vo, Paper, $2.00;
+Cloth, $2.50.
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+MOTLEY'S DUTCH REPUBLIC. The Rise of the Dutch Republic. By JOHN LOTHROP
+MOTLEY, LL.D., D.C.L. With a Portrait of William of Orange. 3 vols.,
+8vo, Cloth, $10.50.
+
+MOTLEY'S UNITED NETHERLANDS. History of the United Netherlands: from the
+Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce--1609. With a
+full View of the English-Dutch Struggle against Spain, and of the Origin
+and Destruction of the Spanish Armada. By JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY, LL.D.,
+D.C.L. Portraits. 4 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $14.00.
+
+NAPOLEON'S LIFE OF CÆSAR. The History of Julius Cæsar. By His late
+Imperial Majesty NAPOLEON III. Two Volumes ready. Library Edition, 8vo,
+Cloth, $3.50 per vol.
+
+HAYDN'S DICTIONARY OF DATES, relating to all Ages and Nations. For
+Universal Reference. Edited by BENJAMIN VINCENT, Assistant Secretary and
+Keeper of the Library of the Royal Institution of Great Britain; and
+Revised for the Use of American Readers. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00; Sheep,
+$6.00.
+
+MACGREGOR'S ROB ROY ON THE JORDAN. The Rob Roy on the Jordan, Nile, Red
+Sea, and Gennesareth, &c. A Canoe Cruise in Palestine and Egypt, and the
+Waters of Damascus. By J. MACGREGOR, M.A. With Maps and Illustrations.
+Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+WALLACE'S MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. The Malay Archipelago: the Land of the
+Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel, 1854-1862.
+With Studies of Man and Nature. By ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE. With Ten Maps
+and Fifty-one Elegant Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+WHYMPER'S ALASKA. Travel and Adventure in the Territory of Alaska,
+formerly Russian America--now Ceded to the United States--and in various
+other parts of the North Pacific. By FREDERICK WHYMPER With Map and
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+ORTON'S ANDES AND THE AMAZON. The Andes and the Amazon; or, Across the
+Continent of South America. By JAMES ORTON, M.A., Professor of Natural
+History in Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., and Corresponding Member
+of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. With a New Map of
+Equatorial America and numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
+
+WINCHELL'S SKETCHES OF CREATION. Sketches of Creation: a Popular View of
+some of the Grand Conclusions of the Sciences in reference to the
+History of Matter and of Life. Together with a Statement of the
+Intimations of Science respecting the Primordial Condition and the
+Ultimate Destiny of the Earth and the Solar System. By ALEXANDER
+WINCHELL, LL.D., Chancellor of the Syracuse University. With
+Illustrations. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.
+
+WHITE'S MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew:
+Preceded by a History of the Religious Wars in the Reign of Charles IX.
+By HENRY WHITE, M.A. With Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $1.75.
+
+LOSSING'S FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION. Pictorial Field-Book of the
+Revolution; or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History,
+Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of the War for Independence,
+By BENSON J. LOSSING. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $14.00; Sheep, $15.00; Half
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+
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+of 1812; or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History,
+Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of the Last War for American
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+Author. 1088 pages, 8vo, Cloth, $7.00; Sheep, $8.50; Half Calf, $10.00.
+
+ALFORD'S GREEK TESTAMENT. The Greek Testament: with a critically revised
+Text; a Digest of Various Readings; Marginal References to Verbal and
+Idiomatic Usage; Prolegomena; and a Critical and Exegetical Commentary.
+For the Use of Theological Students and Ministers. By HENRY ALFORD,
+D.D., Dean of Canterbury. Vol. I., containing the Four Gospels. 944
+pages, 8vo, Cloth, $6.00; Sheep, $6.50.
+
+ABBOTT'S FREDERICK THE GREAT. The History of Frederick the Second,
+called Frederick the Great. By JOHN S.C. ABBOTT. Elegantly Illustrated.
+8vo, Cloth, $5.00.
+
+ABBOTT'S HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. The French Revolution of
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+ABBOTT. With 100 Engravings. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00.
+
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+S.C. ABBOTT. With Maps, Woodcuts, and Portraits on Steel. 2 vols., 8vo,
+Cloth, $10.00.
+
+ABBOTT'S NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA; or, Interesting Anecdotes and
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+
+ADDISON'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Joseph Addison, embracing the
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+
+ALCOCK'S JAPAN. The Capital of the Tycoon: a Narrative of a Three
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+Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan.
+With Maps and Engravings. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50.
+
+ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. FIRST SERIES: From the Commencement of the
+French Revolution, in 1789, to the Restoration of the Bourbons, in 1815.
+[In addition to the Notes on Chapter LXXVI., which correct the errors of
+the original work concerning the United States, a copious Analytical
+Index has been appended to this American Edition.] SECOND SERIES: From
+the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in
+1852. 8 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $16.00.
+
+BARTH'S NORTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. Travels and Discoveries in North and
+Central Africa: being a Journal of an Expedition undertaken under the
+Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849-1855. By HENRY BARTH,
+Ph.D., D.C.L. Illustrated. 3 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $12.00.
+
+HENRY WARD BEECHER'S SERMONS. Sermons by HENRY WARD BEECHER, Plymouth
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+
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+
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+
+DRAPER'S CIVIL WAR. History of the American Civil War. By JOHN W.
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+DRAPER'S INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE. A History of the
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+DU CHAILLU'S AFRICA. Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa,
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+
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+HAZEN'S SCHOOL AND ARMY IN GERMANY AND FRANCE. The School and the Army
+in Germany and France, with a Diary of Siege Life at Versailles. By
+Brevet Major-General W.B. HAZEN, U.S.A., Colonel Sixth Infantry. Crown
+8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+HARPER'S NEW CLASSICAL LIBRARY. Literal Translations.
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+     The following Vols. are now ready. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50 each.
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+     CÆSAR.--VIRGIL.--SALLUST.--HORACE.--CICERO'S ORATIONS.--CICERO'S
+     OFFICES, &C.--CICERO ON ORATORY AND ORATORS.--TACITUS (2
+     vols.).--TERENCE.--SOPHOCLES.--JUVENAL.--XENOPHON.--HOMER'S
+     ILIAD.--HOMER'S
+     ODYSSEY.--HERODOTUS.--DEMOSTHENES.--THUCYDIDES.--ÆSCHYLUS.--EURIPIDES
+     (2 vols.).--LIVY (2 vols.).
+
+DAVIS'S CARTHAGE. Carthage and her Remains: being an Account of the
+Excavations and Researches on the Site of the Phoenician Metropolis in
+Africa and other adjacent Places. Conducted under the Auspices of Her
+Majesty's Government. By Dr. DAVIS, F.R.G.S. Profusely Illustrated with
+Maps, Woodcuts, Chromo-Lithographs, &c. 8vo, Cloth. $4.00.
+
+EDGEWORTH'S (Miss) NOVELS. With Engravings. 10 vols., 12mo, Cloth,
+$15.00.
+
+GROTE'S HISTORY OF GREECE. 12 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $18.00.
+
+HELPS'S SPANISH CONQUEST. The Spanish Conquest in America, and its
+Relation to the History of Slavery and to the Government of Colonies. By
+ARTHUR HELPS. 4 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $6.00.
+
+HALE'S (MRS.) WOMAN'S RECORD. Woman's Record; or, Biographical Sketches
+of all Distinguished Women, from the Creation to the Present Time:
+Arranged in Four Eras, with Selections from Female Writers of Each Era.
+By Mrs. SARAH JOSEPHA HALE. Illustrated with more than 200 Portraits.
+8vo, Cloth, $5.00.
+
+HALL'S ARCTIC RESEARCHES. Arctic Researches and Life among the
+Esquimaux: being the Narrative of an Expedition in Search of Sir John
+Franklin, in the Years 1860, 1861, and 1862. By CHARLES FRANCIS HALL.
+With Maps and 100 Illustrations. The Illustrations are from the Original
+Drawings by Charles Parsons, Henry L. Stephens, Solomon Eytinge, W.S.L.
+Jewett, and Granville Perkins, after Sketches by Captain Hall. 8vo,
+Cloth, $5.00.
+
+HALLAM'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of Henry
+VII. to the Death of George II. 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
+
+HALLAM'S LITERATURE. Introduction to the Literature of Europe during the
+Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries. By HENRY HALLAM. 2
+vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
+
+HALLAM'S MIDDLE AGES. State of Europe during the Middle Ages. By HENRY
+HALLAM. 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
+
+HILDRETH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES: From the First
+Settlement of the Country to the Adoption of the Federal Constitution.
+SECOND SERIES: From the Adoption of the Federal Constitution to the End
+of the Sixteenth Congress. 6 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $18.00.
+
+HUME'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. History of England, from the Invasion of
+Julius Cæsar to the Abdication of James II., 1688. By DAVID HUME. A new
+Edition, with the Author's last Corrections and Improvements. To which
+is Prefixed a short Account of his Life, written by Himself. With a
+Portrait of the Author. 6 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $9.00.
+
+JAY'S WORKS. Complete Works of Rev. William Jay: comprising his Sermons,
+Family Discourses, Morning and Evening Exercises for every Day in the
+Year, Family Prayers, &c. Author's enlarged Edition, revised. 3 vols.,
+8vo, Cloth, $6.00.
+
+JEFFERSON'S DOMESTIC LIFE. The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson:
+compiled from Family Letters and Reminiscences, by his
+Great-Granddaughter, SARAH N. RANDOLPH. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo,
+Illuminated Cloth, Beveled Edges, $2.50.
+
+JOHNSON'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. With an
+Essay on his Life and Genius, by ARTHUR MURPHY, Esq. Portrait of
+Johnson. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
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+KINGLAKE'S CRIMEAN WAR. The Invasion of the Crimea, and an Account of
+its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan. By ALEXANDER WILLIAM
+KINGLAKE. With Maps and Plans. Two Vols. ready. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00 per
+vol.
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+KINGSLEY'S WEST INDIES. At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies. By
+CHARLES KINGSLEY. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.
+
+KRUMMACHER'S DAVID, KING OF ISRAEL. David, the King of Israel: a
+Portrait drawn from Bible History and the Book of Psalms. By FREDERICK
+WILLIAM KRUMMACHER, D.D., Author of "Elijah the Tishbite," &c.
+Translated under the express Sanction of the Author by the Rev. M.G.
+EASTON, M.A. With a Letter from Dr. Krummacher to his American Readers,
+and a Portrait. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
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+LAMB'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Charles Lamb. Comprising his
+Letters, Poems, Essays of Elia, Essays upon Shakspeare, Hogarth, &c.,
+and a Sketch of his Life, with the Final Memorials, by T. NOON TALFOURD.
+Portrait. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.00.
+
+LIVINGSTONE'S SOUTH AFRICA. Missionary Travels and Researches in South
+Africa; including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior
+of Africa, and a Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loando on the
+West Coast; thence across the Continent, down the River Zambesi, to the
+Eastern Ocean. By DAVID LIVINGSTONE, LL.D., D.C.L. With Portrait, Maps
+by Arrowsmith, and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $4.50.
+
+LIVINGSTONES' ZAMBESI. Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its
+Tributaries, and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa.
+1858-1864. By DAVID and CHARLES LIVINGSTONE. With Map and Illustrations.
+8vo, Cloth, $5.00.
+
+M'CLINTOCK & STRONG'S CYCLOPÆDIA. Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological,
+and Ecclesiastical Literature. Prepared by the Rev. JOHN M'CLINTOCK,
+D.D., and JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. _5 vols. now ready._ Royal 8vo, Price per
+vol., Cloth, $5.00; Sheep, $6.00; Half Morocco, $8.00.
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+MARCY'S ARMY LIFE ON THE BORDER. Thirty Years of Army Life on the
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+Explorations of New Territory; a Trip across the Rocky Mountains in the
+Winter; Descriptions of the Habits of Different Animals found in the
+West, and the Methods of Hunting them; with Incidents in the Life of
+Different Frontier Men, &c., &c. By Brevet Brigadier-General R.B. MARCY,
+U.S.A., Author of "The Prairie Traveller." With numerous Illustrations.
+8vo, Cloth, Beveled Edges, $3.00.
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+MACAULAY'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. The History of England from the Accession
+of James II. By THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY. With an Original Portrait of
+the Author. 5 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $10.00; 12mo, Cloth, $7.50.
+
+MOSHEIM'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, Ancient and Modern; in which the Rise,
+Progress, and Variation of Church Power are considered in their
+Connection with the State of Learning and Philosophy, and the Political
+History of Europe during that Period. Translated, with Notes, &c., by A.
+MACLAINE, D.D. A new Edition, continued to 1826, by C. COOTE, LL.D. 2
+vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
+
+THE DESERT OF THE EXODUS. Journeys on Foot in the Wilderness of the
+Forty Years' Wanderings; undertaken in connection with the Ordnance
+Survey of Sinai and the Palestine Exploration Fund. By E. H. PALMER,
+M.A., Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic, and Fellow of St. John's
+College, Cambridge. With Maps and numerous Illustrations from
+Photographs and Drawings taken on the spot by the Sinai Survey
+Expedition and C.F. Tyrwhitt Drake. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3.00.
+
+OLIPHANT'S CHINA AND JAPAN. Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to
+China and Japan, in the Years 1857, '58, '59. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT,
+Private Secretary to Lord Elgin. Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3.50.
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+OLIPHANT'S (MRS.) LIFE OF EDWARD IRVING. The Life of Edward Irving,
+Minister of the National Scotch Church, London. Illustrated by his
+Journals and Correspondence. By Mrs. OLIPHANT. Portrait. 8vo, Cloth,
+$3.50.
+
+RAWLINSON'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY. A Manual of Ancient History, from
+the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire. Comprising the
+History of Chaldæa, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Lydia, Phoenicia,
+Syria, Judæa, Egypt, Carthage, Persia, Greece, Macedonia, Parthia, and
+Rome. By GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History in
+the University of Oxford. 12mo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+RECLUS'S THE EARTH. The Earth: A Descriptive History of the Phenomena
+and Life of the Globe. By ÉLISÉE RECLUS. Translated by the late B.B.
+Woodward, and Edited by Henry Woodward. With 234 Maps and Illustrations
+and 23 Page Maps printed in Colors. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00.
+
+RECLUS'S OCEAN. The Ocean, Atmosphere, and Life. Being the Second Series
+of a Descriptive History of the Life of the Globe. By ÉLISÉE RECLUS.
+Profusely Illustrated with 250 Maps or Figures, and 27 Maps printed in
+Colors. 8vo, Cloth, $6.00.
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+SHAKSPEARE. The Dramatic Works of William Shakspeare, with the
+Corrections and Illustrations of Dr. JOHNSON, G. STEVENS, and others.
+Revised by ISAAC REED. Engravings. 6 vols, Royal 12mo, Cloth, $9.00.
+2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
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+SMILES'S LIFE OF THE STEPHENSONS. The Life of George Stephenson, and of
+his Son, Robert Stephenson; comprising, also, a History of the Invention
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+Cloth, $3.00.
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+SMILES'S HISTORY OF THE HUGUENOTS. The Huguenots: their Settlements,
+Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland. By SAMUEL SMILES. With
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+$1.75.
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+SPEKE'S AFRICA. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. By
+Captain JOHN HANNING SPEKE, Captain H.M. Indian Army, Fellow and Gold
+Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society, Hon. Corresponding Member
+and Gold Medalist of the French Geographical Society, &c. With Maps and
+Portraits and numerous Illustrations, chiefly from Drawings by Captain
+GRANT. 8vo, Cloth, uniform with Livingstone, Barth, Burton, &c., $4.00.
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+STRICKLAND'S (MISS) QUEENS OF SCOTLAND. Lives of the Queens of Scotland
+and English Princesses connected with the Regal Succession of Great
+Britain. By AGNES STRICKLAND. 8 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $12.00.
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+THE STUDENT'S SERIES.
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+  Old Testament History. Engravings. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.
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+  Strickland's Queens of England. Abridged. Eng's. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.
+  Ancient History of the East. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.
+  Hallam's Middle Ages. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.
+  Hallam's Constitutional History of England. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.
+  Lyell's Elements of Geology. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.
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+Laureate. With numerous Illustrations by Eminent Artists, and Three
+Characteristic Portraits. 8vo, Paper, 75 cents; Cloth, $1.25.
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+THOMSON'S LAND AND THE BOOK. The Land and the Book; or, Biblical
+Illustrations drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and the
+Scenery of the Holy Land. By W.M. THOMSON, D.D., Twenty-five Years a
+Missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. in Syria and Palestine. With two elaborate
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+TYERMAN'S WESLEY. The Life and Times of the Rev. John Wesley, M.A.,
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+Crown 8vo, Cloth, $7.50.
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+TYERMAN'S OXFORD METHODISTS. The Oxford Methodists: Memoirs of the Rev.
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+Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+VÁMBÉRY'S CENTRAL ASIA. Travels in Central Asia. Being the Account of a
+Journey from Teheren across the Turkoman Desert, on the Eastern Shore of
+the Caspian, to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand, performed in the Year
+1863. By ARMINIUS VÁMBÉRY, Member of the Hungarian Academy of Pesth, by
+whom he was sent on this Scientific Mission. With Map and Woodcuts. 8vo,
+Cloth, $4.50.
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+WOOD'S HOMES WITHOUT HANDS. Homes Without Hands: being a Description of
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+Construction. By J.G. WOOD, M.A., F.L.S. With about 140 Illustrations.
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in
+      1860&ndash;'61, by Abner Doubleday.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie
+in 1860-'61, by Abner Doubleday
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860-'61
+
+Author: Abner Doubleday
+
+Release Date: April 1, 2008 [EBook #24972]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Greg Bergquist and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
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+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/sumter.jpg" width="500" height="327" alt="FORT SUMTER." title="" />
+<span class="caption">FORT SUMTER.</span></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h1>REMINISCENCES<br /><br />
+<small>OF</small><br /><br />
+<big>FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE</big><br /><br />
+<small>IN 1860&ndash;'61</small><br /><br /><br /></h1>
+
+
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">By</span> ABNER DOUBLEDAY<br />
+<small>BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL U.S.A.</small></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"><br /><br /><br /><br />
+<img src="images/emblem.jpg" width="150" height="111" alt="emblem" title="" /></div>
+
+
+<p class="publish"><br /><br /><br />NEW YORK<br />
+HARPER &amp; BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS<br />
+<small>FRANKLIN SQUARE</small><br />
+1876
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by<br />
+HARPER &amp; BROTHERS,<br />
+In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</small><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+<hr class="small" />
+
+<p>Now that the prejudices and bitter partisan feeling of the past are
+subsiding, it seems a fitting time to record the facts and incidents
+connected with the first conflict of the Rebellion. Of the eleven
+officers who took part in the events herein narrated, but four now
+survive. Before the hastening years shall have partially obliterated
+many circumstances from my memory, and while there is still an
+opportunity for conference and friendly criticism, I desire to make,
+from letters, memoranda, and documents in my possession, a statement
+which will embody my own recollections of the turbulent days of 1860 and
+1861.</p>
+
+<p>I am aware that later and more absorbing events have caused the earlier
+struggles of the war to recede in the distance; but those who were in
+active life at that time will not soon forget the thrill of emotion and
+sympathy which followed the movements of Anderson's little band, when it
+became its duty to unfold the flag of the Union against a united South
+in arms.</p>
+
+<p>I know how difficult it is to write contemporaneous history, or even to
+give a bare detail of facts, without wounding the susceptibilities of
+others; but whenever I have felt called upon to give my own opinion, I
+have endeavored to do so in the spirit of Lincoln's immortal
+sentiment&mdash;"With malice toward none; with charity for all."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+<hr class="small" />
+<div class="toc">
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>FORT MOULTRIE IN 1860.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Garrison of Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Early Indications of
+Secession.&mdash;Situation of the Fort.&mdash;Edmund Ruffin and Robert Barnwell
+Rhett.&mdash;The Secretary of War.&mdash;Arms sent to the South.&mdash;Colonel
+Gardner.&mdash;Captain Foster ordered to Charleston Harbor.&mdash;The Officers at
+Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Communications with Northern Men by
+Cipher.&mdash;Proscription of Antislavery Men in Charleston.&mdash;Position of
+Charleston Merchants.&mdash;The Secession Leaders only prepared to resist
+Coercion.&mdash;The Mob proves Unmanageable.&mdash;General Scott's Letter to the
+President, October 29th.&mdash;The Situation in November.&mdash;No Instructions
+from Washington.&mdash;Colonel Gardner's Report to General Wool. <span class="tpage"><i>Page</i> 13</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Defeat of Captain Seymour's Expedition on the Ashley.&mdash;Mayor Macbeth's
+Explanation.&mdash;Captain Foster's Work on Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Governor Gist
+convenes the South Carolina Legislature.&mdash;Creation of a Standing
+Army.&mdash;Arrival of Masons from Baltimore.&mdash;Situation of Fort Sumter.&mdash;A
+Dramatic Incident.&mdash;Secretary Floyd's Action.&mdash;Horace Greeley's Advocacy
+of the Right of Secession.&mdash;The Situation November 18th. <span class="tpage">30</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS OF THE SECESSIONISTS.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Arrival of Major Anderson.&mdash;Huger's Opposition to a Premature Assault on
+Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Anderson's Report to the Secretary of War.&mdash;Active
+Preparations by the South Carolinians.&mdash;Meeting of Congress.&mdash;Attempts
+at Compromise.&mdash;Secession Batteries at Mount Pleasant.&mdash;Arrival of Major
+Buell with Written Orders.&mdash;Vain Efforts to Strengthen Castle
+Pinckney.&mdash;Northern Opinion.&mdash;Public Meeting in Philadelphia. <span class="tpage">41</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>THE REMOVAL TO FORT SUMTER.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Passage of the Secession Ordinance.&mdash;Governor Pickens's
+Proclamation.&mdash;Judge Petigru's Visit to Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Floyd's
+Treachery.&mdash;Yancey's Lectures in the North.&mdash;The Removal to Sumter. <span class="tpage">55</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>THE FIRST OVERT ACT.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">The New Quarters.&mdash;Seizure of Castle Pinckney by Charleston
+Troops.&mdash;Raising the Flag at Fort Sumter.&mdash;The Sergeant's
+Daughter.&mdash;Major Anderson's Position.&mdash;The Charleston Troops take Fort
+Moultrie.&mdash;A Military Problem.&mdash;Condition of Fort Sumter.&mdash;Governor
+Pickens's Commission.&mdash;A New Outrage. <span class="tpage">68</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>EFFECT OF ANDERSON'S MOVEMENT.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">President Buchanan Aroused.&mdash;Excitement in Charleston.&mdash;The Situation at
+the Beginning of 1861.&mdash;Governor Pickens's War Measures.&mdash;"My heart was
+never in this War". <span class="tpage">82</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>THE "STAR OF THE WEST."</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Promise of Succor.&mdash;Fatal Delay.&mdash;A Contumacious Chaplain.&mdash;Visit from
+our Ladies.&mdash;Governor Pickens's Cabinet.&mdash;Appearance of the Star of the
+West.&mdash;The Vessel fired upon from Morris Island and Fort
+Moultrie.&mdash;Major Anderson's Protest.&mdash;Governor Pickens's Reply. <span class="tpage">92</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>A RESORT TO DIPLOMACY.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Major Anderson's Proposed Diplomatic Negotiations.&mdash;Defensive
+Preparations.&mdash;Changes in the Cabinet.&mdash;Meade's Defection.&mdash;Anecdote of
+Governor Pickens.&mdash;Battery at Cummings Point.&mdash;Soldiers' Families
+Removed.&mdash;A Threatening Letter.&mdash;Confederate Visitors to the
+Fort.&mdash;Organization of the Confederate Government. <span class="tpage">107</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>THE CRISIS AT HAND.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">South Carolina's Grievances.&mdash;Inauguration of President
+Lincoln.&mdash;Determination to Re-enforce Sumter.&mdash;An Audacious
+Proposal.&mdash;The Shannon.&mdash;New Rebel Batteries Unmasked.&mdash;Formal Notice of
+Bombardment. <span class="tpage">123</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>THE BOMBARDMENT.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">The First Shot.&mdash;Defective Guns.&mdash;John Carmody's Exploit.&mdash;Destructive
+Effects of the Bombardment.&mdash;Burning of the Officers'
+Quarters.&mdash;Terrific Conflagration. <span class="tpage">143</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="center"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></big><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>THE EVACUATION.</small><br /></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Senator Wigfall's Volunteer Mission.&mdash;Terms of Evacuation Settled.&mdash;The
+Question of Casualties on the Other Side.&mdash;Salute to the
+Flag.&mdash;Occupation of the Fort by Southern Troops.&mdash;Embarkation.&mdash;Welcome
+in New York.&mdash;Conclusion. <span class="tpage">161</span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap"><a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a></span> <span class="tpage">179</span></p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/harbor.jpg" width="600" height="379" alt="MAP OF CHARLESTON HARBOR." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MAP OF CHARLESTON HARBOR.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h2><small>REMINISCENCES OF</small><br /> FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE<br /> <small>IN 1860&ndash;'61.</small></h2>
+
+
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>FORT MOULTRIE IN 1860.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">The Garrison of Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Early Indications of
+Secession.&mdash;Situation of the Fort.&mdash;Edmund Ruffin and Robert
+Barnwell Rhett.&mdash;The Secretary of War.&mdash;Arms sent to the
+South.&mdash;Colonel Gardner.&mdash;Captain Foster ordered to Charleston
+Harbor.&mdash;The Officers at Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Communications with
+Northern Men by Cipher.&mdash;Proscription of Antislavery Men in
+Charleston.&mdash;Position of Charleston Merchants.&mdash;The Secession
+Leaders only prepared to resist Coercion.&mdash;The Mob proves
+unmanageable.&mdash;General Scott's Letter to the President, October
+29.&mdash;The Situation in November.&mdash;No Instructions from
+Washington.&mdash;Colonel Gardner's Report to General Wool. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>The summer of 1860 found me stationed at the head-quarters of the First
+United States Artillery at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina. I was captain
+of Company E, and second in command to Brevet Colonel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> John L. Gardner,
+who was lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. The regimental band and
+Captain Truman Seymour's company (H) also formed part of the garrison.
+The other forts were unoccupied, except by the ordnance-sergeants in
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>Charleston, at this period, was far from being a pleasant place for a
+loyal man. Almost every public assemblage was tinctured with treasonable
+sentiments, and toasts against the flag were always warmly applauded. As
+early as July there was much talk of secession, accompanied with
+constant drilling, and threats of taking the forts as soon as a
+separation should occur.</p>
+
+<p>To the South Carolinians Fort Moultrie was almost a sacred spot,
+endeared by many precious historical associations; for the ancestors of
+most of the principal families had fought there in the Revolutionary War
+behind their hastily improvised ramparts of palmetto logs, and had
+gained a glorious victory over the British fleet in its first attempt to
+enter the harbor and capture the city.</p>
+
+<p>The modern fort had been built nearly on the site of the ancient one.
+Its walls were but twelve feet high. They were old, weak, and so full of
+cracks that it was quite common to see soldiers climb to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> top by
+means of the support these crevices afforded to their hands and feet.
+The constant action of the sea-breeze had drifted one immense heap of
+sand against the shore-front of the work, and another in the immediate
+vicinity. These sand-hills dominated the parapet, and made the fort
+untenable. Indeed, it was originally built by the engineers as a mere
+sea-battery, with just sufficient strength to prevent it from being
+taken by a <i>coup de main</i>. As an overpowering force of militia could
+always be summoned for its defense, it was supposed that no foreign army
+would ever attempt to besiege it. The contingency that the people of
+Charleston themselves might attack a fort intended for their own
+protection had never been anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>Our force was pitifully small, even for a time of peace and for mere
+police purposes. It consisted of sixty-one enlisted men and seven
+officers, together with thirteen musicians of the regimental band;
+whereas the work called for a war garrison of three hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>The first indication of actual danger came from Richmond, Virginia, in
+the shape of urgent inquiries as to the strength of our defenses, and
+the number of available troops in the harbor. These questions were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> put
+by a resident of that city named Edmund Ruffin; an old man, whose later
+years had been devoted to the formation of disunion lodges, and who
+became subsequently noted for firing the first gun at Fort Sumter. His
+love of slavery amounted to fanaticism. When the cause of the Rebellion
+became hopeless, he refused to survive it, and committed suicide.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning of July, Robert Barnwell Rhett, and other ultra men in
+Charleston, made violent speeches to the mob, urging them to drive every
+United States official out of the State; but as many influential
+Secessionists were enjoying the sweets of Federal patronage under
+Buchanan, we did not anticipate any immediate disturbance. To influence
+his hearers still more, Rhett did not hesitate to state that Hamlin was
+a mulatto, and he asked if they intended to submit to a negro
+vice-president.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is an interesting question to know how far at this period the
+Secretary of War himself was loyal. Mr. Dawson, the able editor of the
+<i>Historical Magazine</i>, is of opinion, after a careful investigation of
+the facts, that Floyd at this time was true to the Union,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> and that he
+remained so until December 24th, when it was discovered that he had been
+advancing large sums of money from the Treasury to contractors, to pay
+for work which had never been commenced. To make the loss good, nearly a
+million of dollars was taken from the Indian Trust Fund.</p>
+
+<p>Finding he would be dismissed from the Cabinet for his complicity in
+these transactions, and would also be indicted by the Grand Jury of the
+District of Columbia, he made a furious Secession speech, sent in his
+resignation, and suddenly left for the South.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Mr. Dawson founds his
+opinion in this case upon the statement of Fitz John Porter, who was a
+major on duty in the War Department at the time, and therefore
+apparently well qualified to judge. Floyd's actions toward us, however,
+were not those of a true man, and I am of opinion that his loyalty was
+merely assumed for the occasion. He sent seventeen thousand muskets to
+South Carolina, when he knew that Charleston was a hot-bed of sedition,
+and that in all probability the arms would be used against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> the United
+States. Greeley says, in his "American Conflict," that during these
+turbulent times Floyd disarmed the Government by forwarding one hundred
+and fifteen thousand muskets, in all, to the Southern Confederacy.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> In
+addition to this, he sold large quantities of arms to S.B. Lamar, of
+Savannah, and other Secessionists in the South, on the plea that the
+muskets thus disposed of did not conform to the latest army model. Just
+before his resignation, he continued the same policy by directing that
+one hundred and twenty-four heavy guns should be shipped from Pittsburg,
+Pennsylvania, to Ship Island, Mississippi, where there was no garrison,
+and to Galveston, Texas. Yet this was the official upon whom we were to
+rely for advice and protection. This was the wolf who was to guard the
+fold.</p>
+
+<p>Our commander, Colonel Gardner, had done good service in the War of 1812
+and in Mexico; but now, owing to his advanced age, was ill fitted to
+weather the storm that was about to burst upon us. In politics<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> he was
+quite Southern, frequently asserting that the South had been treated
+outrageously in the question of the Territories, and defrauded of her
+just rights in other respects. He acquiesced, however, in the necessity
+of defending the fort should it be attacked; but as he lived with his
+family outside of the walls, he could not take a very active part
+himself. Indeed, on one occasion, when a Secession meeting was held in
+our immediate vicinity, accompanied with many threats and noisy
+demonstrations, he sent word to me to assume command at once in his
+place.</p>
+
+<p>He now found himself in a peculiar position. The populace were becoming
+excited, and there was every probability that a collision, accidental or
+otherwise, might occur at any moment between the troops and the mob
+outside, if not between the troops and the State militia. The dilemma
+which confronted him was either to make a disgraceful surrender of his
+command, or take the other alternative, and fight South Carolina
+single-handed, without the aid or co-operation of the General
+Government. He thought the difficulty might perhaps be solved by
+removing the garrison to Smithville, North Carolina, having received
+permission to do so, in case the yellow fever, which had proved so
+disastrous the previous year,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> should break out again. Strange to say,
+some of the most ultra papers in the Southern interest in New York and
+Charleston ridiculed the proposed movement. They probably feared that
+our absence might deprive the conspirators of the prestige of an easy
+victory.</p>
+
+<p>By the middle of August the country people began to be quite violent in
+their language, and made many threats of what they would do in case of
+Lincoln's election.</p>
+
+<p>While the rebellion was thus drifting onward, the North remained
+quiescent, utterly refusing to believe in the existence of any real
+danger. Yet it was publicly known that, although the Southern States had
+refused to commit themselves to Secession, they were pledged not to
+allow South Carolina to be coerced, and this practically amounted to a
+powerful league against the Union, since it was a combination to prevent
+the enforcement of the laws which bound the States together.</p>
+
+<p>As we were liable to be attacked at any moment, we desired to get rid of
+the sand-hills which dominated our walls. To this end we applied to the
+Quartermaster-general (General Joseph E. Johnston) for authority to hire
+citizen laborers; but he declined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> to accede to the request, on the
+ground that the work did not properly appertain to his department. He
+was a nephew of Floyd, and soon went over to the enemy. With the
+exception of Robert E. Lee, he subsequently became the most noted of all
+the rebel generals.</p>
+
+<p>We were gratified, about the 1st of September, at seeing some signs of
+life in the Secretary of War, which seemed to show that he appreciated
+our dangers and difficulties. He ordered First Lieutenant and Brevet
+Captain John G. Foster, of the engineers, to repair to Fort Moultrie,
+and put that and the other defenses of Charleston harbor in perfect
+order. The reason privately assigned for this was that we were drifting
+into complications with England and France with reference to Mexico. For
+one, I gave the honorable secretary very little credit for this
+proceeding, inasmuch as he had just previous to this forwarded to South
+Carolina the means of arming and equipping seventeen thousand men
+against the United States. I, therefore, came to the conclusion that the
+forts were to be made ready for active service, in order that they might
+be turned over in that condition to the Southern League.</p>
+
+<p>Two young lieutenants of engineers, G.W. Snyder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> and R.K. Meade, were
+soon after sent to Foster as assistants.</p>
+
+<p>And here it may be well to speak of the officers of our command, as they
+were at that period. The record of their services afterward, during the
+rebellion, would constitute a volume in itself.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel John L. Gardner was wounded in the war with Great Britain in
+1812. He had also been engaged in the war against the Florida Indians,
+and the war with Mexico, receiving two brevets for the battles of Cerro
+Gordo and Contreras.</p>
+
+<p>Seymour, Foster, and myself had also served in Mexico as second
+lieutenants on our first entrance into the army, and Davis as a
+non-commissioned officer of an Indiana regiment.</p>
+
+<p>John G. Foster, severely wounded at Molino del Rey, and brevetted
+captain, was one of the most fearless and reliable men in the service.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Truman Seymour, twice brevetted for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and
+Chernbusco, was an excellent artillery officer, full of invention and
+resource, a lover of poetry, and an adept at music and painting.</p>
+
+<p>First Lieutenant Jefferson C. Davis, brave, generous, and impetuous&mdash;the
+boy-sergeant of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>Buena Vista&mdash;won his first commission in the regular
+army by his gallantry in that action.</p>
+
+<p>First Lieutenant Theodore Talbot, when very young, had shared the
+dangers, privations, and sufferings of Fremont's party in their
+explorations to open a pathway across the continent. He was a cultivated
+man, and a representative of the chivalry of Kentucky, equally ready to
+meet his friend at the festive board, or his enemy at ten paces.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor S. Wiley Crawford, our assistant surgeon, entered the service
+after the Mexican war. He was a genial companion, studious, and full of
+varied information. His ambition to win a name as a soldier soon induced
+him to quit the ranks of the medical profession.</p>
+
+<p>Hall, Snyder, and Meade were recent graduates of the Academy, who had
+never seen active service in the field. They were full of zeal,
+intelligence, and energy.</p>
+
+<p>In one respect we were quite fortunate: the habits of the officers were
+good, and there was no dissipation or drunkenness in the garrison. The
+majority of the men, too, were old soldiers, who could be thoroughly
+relied upon under all circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>There was, also, one civilian with us, Mr. Edward<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> Moale, who was clerk
+and brother-in-law to Captain Foster. His services were subsequently
+very valuable in many ways.</p>
+
+<p>Fearing that in the course of events our correspondence might be
+tampered with, I invented a cipher which afterward proved to be very
+useful. It enabled me to communicate, through my brother in New York,
+much valuable information to Mr. Lincoln at Springfield, Preston King,
+Roscoe Conkling, and other leaders of public opinion, in relation to our
+strength and resources.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>Situated as we were, we naturally desired to know how far Mr. Buchanan's
+Cabinet was willing to sustain us. William H. Trescott, of South
+Carolina, was Assistant Secretary of State at this time, and frequently
+corresponded with his brother, Doctor Trescott, in Charleston. We,
+therefore, naturally thought the views of the latter might indirectly
+reflect those of the Administration. The doctor was of opinion there
+would be no attempt at coercion in case South Carolina seceded, but that
+all postal and telegraphic communication<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> would cease, and a man-of-war
+be placed outside to collect the revenue. This arrangement would leave
+our little force isolated and deserted, to bear the brunt of whatever
+might occur.</p>
+
+<p>In October the disunionists became more bitter, but they were not
+disposed to be aggressive, as they thought Buchanan could be relied upon
+not to take any decisive action against them.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Gardner would not at this time mount the guns, or take any
+precautions whatever. He alleged, with reason, that the work was all
+torn to pieces by the engineers; that it was full of d&eacute;bris, and that,
+under the circumstances, he was not responsible for any thing that might
+happen. We had been promised a considerable number of recruits, but they
+were kept back; and we now ascertained that none would be sent until
+late in December, after the crisis was over.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of the month I became quite unpopular in Charleston;
+partly on account of my anti-slavery sentiments, but more especially
+because some very offensive articles, written from that city, had
+appeared in the Northern papers, and were attributed to me. It seems
+that at this very time an abolition correspondent of the <i>New York
+Tribune</i> was employed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> in the office of Rhett's paper, the <i>Charleston
+Mercury</i>. This man professed to be the most loud-mouthed secessionist of
+them all. In conversation with me afterward, he claimed to be the author
+of the articles referred to.</p>
+
+<p>In truth, these were days of extraordinary proscription for opinion's
+sake. I heard with profound indignation of the case of a poor seamstress
+from New York, who had been sent to jail in Charleston simply for
+stating that she did not believe in the institution of slavery. On
+appealing to the then mayor of New York, Fernando Wood, he replied that
+he was rejoiced she was in prison, and hoped she would be kept there.</p>
+
+<p>Toward the close of the month, the South Carolina leaders began to fear
+that the other Southern States would not join them, and were engaged in
+discussing the subject of a French protectorate.</p>
+
+<p>The negroes overheard a great deal that was said by their masters, and
+in consequence became excited and troublesome, for the news flew like
+wild-fire among them that "Massa Linkum" was coming to set them all
+free.</p>
+
+<p>The enthusiasm of the moneyed men in Charleston began to cool when they
+reflected upon the enormous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> expenses involved in keeping up a standing
+army in an agricultural State like South Carolina. At the request of
+some Union men, Captain Seymour made a startling exhibit, showing the
+large amount required to maintain even a moderate force. It had a good
+effect upon the merchants, and, indeed, if the other Southern States had
+not promptly sustained South Carolina, the movement must have soon
+collapsed from its inherent weakness.</p>
+
+<p>Although the secession leaders were preparing to meet coercion, if it
+should come, I will do them the justice to say that they determined to
+commit no overt act against the Union so long as the State formed an
+integral part of it. They soon found, however, that the mob did not
+recognize these fine distinctions. It was easy to raise the storm, but,
+once under full headway, it was difficult to govern it. Independent
+companies and minute-men were everywhere forming, in opposition to their
+wishes; for these organizations, from their very nature, were quite
+unmanageable. The military commanders much preferred the State militia,
+because they could control it by law. A gentleman from the country, who
+had joined the minute-men, came in one day to the Charleston Hotel, with
+a huge cockade on his hat, expecting to be received<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> with great
+applause; but, to his astonishment, he was greeted with laughter and
+ridicule.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th of October, General Scott wrote his celebrated letter to the
+President, recommending that strong garrisons be placed at once in all
+the Southern forts. Undoubtedly this was good advice; but as our army
+was widely scattered all over the West to protect the frontier
+settlements from the Indians, only five small companies were available
+for the purpose. The suggestion, therefore, had but little practical
+value.</p>
+
+<p>November had arrived. The muttering of the storm was heard all around
+us, and yet not one word of counsel or encouragement came from
+Washington. Colonel Gardner began to feel uneasy at this studied
+silence, and determined to place the responsibility of any disaster that
+might occur where it properly belonged. On the 1st of the month he made
+a full report to his next superior officer, General Wool, at Troy, New
+York, to be forwarded to the Secretary of War, in relation to the
+dangers that threatened us, and our imperfect means of defense. He
+notified them that our provisions would be exhausted by the 20th of the
+month, and that we were very deficient in ammunition and military
+supplies generally. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> secretary, in his answer to this communication,
+simply expressed his regret that he had not been informed of all this
+before. This sympathy was no doubt very gratifying; but, being of an
+entirely passive nature, did not benefit us in the least. Colonel
+Gardner, at our solicitation, directed that the guns which had been
+dismounted to enable the engineers to make their repairs be remounted at
+once, and Seymour's company and mine soon placed them in position. It
+was of little use, however, to have our armament in readiness, unless
+the approaches to the fort could be carefully watched. This it was
+impossible to do by the ordinary system of guard duty; but I suggested a
+plan which enabled us to have an ample number of sentinels, without
+exhausting the men. It was done by placing each man on guard for a
+single hour, between tattoo and reveille, allowing him to sleep for the
+remainder of the night.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">Defeat of Captain Seymour's Expedition on the Ashley.&mdash;Mayor
+Macbeth's Explanation.&mdash;Captain Foster's Work on Fort
+Moultrie.&mdash;Governor Gist convenes the South Carolina
+Legislature.&mdash;Creation of a Standing Army.&mdash;Arrival of Masons from
+Baltimore.&mdash;Situation of Fort Sumter.&mdash;A Dramatic
+Incident.&mdash;Secretary Floyd's Action.&mdash;Horace Greeley's Advocacy of
+the Right of Secession.&mdash;The Situation November 18th. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>The United States Arsenal in Charleston is situated on the banks of the
+Ashley River. It looked feasible to go there in a boat without
+attracting attention, and procure a full supply of cartridges and other
+articles which were very much needed. Captain Seymour volunteered for
+the service, and was sent over with a small party, early in the
+afternoon. Notwithstanding he took every precaution, some spy belonging
+to a vigilance committee followed him, and reported the facts in the
+city. Seymour at once found himself beset by an excited mob, and wholly
+prevented from accomplishing the object of his mission. Colonel Gardner
+wrote to Mayor Macbeth for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> an explanation. The latter apologized
+politely for this unexpected occurrence, and, speaking for himself and
+other city officials, stated that so long as they staid in the Union
+they desired to remain faithful to its obligations, and that no further
+obstacles would be thrown in the way of another expedition. Colonel
+Gardner, however, did not send out again, thinking, perhaps, the mob
+might be beyond the control of the mayor.</p>
+
+<p>Since his arrival, Captain Foster had been hard at work on the fort. He
+had hired laborers from the vicinity of Charleston, and had sent to
+Baltimore for a large number of masons who had formerly worked for him.
+In spite of his efforts, we were still in a very weak condition, and
+unable to defend ourselves. It is true the sand had been removed from
+the sea-face of the work; but as that front had no flanking defenses,
+the angles in the wall were torn down to enable the engineers to
+construct double caponieres there. This left great gaps, through which
+an assaulting party could penetrate at any moment. Perhaps in one sense
+it added to our security, for there was no glory to be acquired in
+capturing a fort which was wide open and defenseless. Crowds of excited
+countrymen, wearing secession cockades, constantly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> came to visit the
+work; and on the 3d of November they formed in procession and marched
+around it, but did not offer any violence.</p>
+
+<p>It may not be improper to state that I was the only officer of the
+command who favored Lincoln's election. As regards my companions,
+however, there was no difference of opinion in regard to sustaining the
+new President should he be legally elected, and they were all both
+willing and anxious to defend the fort confided to their honor.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the probable success of the Republican candidate for the
+presidency, Governor Gist called the South Carolina Legislature
+together, to meet on Monday, the 5th of November. In his message he
+recommended the immediate formation of a standing army of ten thousand
+men; and that all persons between the ages of eighteen and forty-five be
+armed for immediate service. In consequence of this recommendation, by
+the 9th of November the whole State was swarming with minute-men.</p>
+
+<p>The spark came at last which was to set fire to the magazine. The
+startling news of Lincoln's election reached Charleston on the 7th of
+November. As this event was sure to lead to secession, the Disunionists
+were wild with delight. In their exuberance of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> spirits, they ran
+through the streets shouting "Hurra for Lincoln!" The United States
+District Court, which was in session, at once broke up, and its judge,
+Magrath, sent in his resignation. In the evening of the same day, Edmund
+Ruffin, who has already been referred to, made a fiery secession speech
+to an immense audience at the capitol of the State. The Legislature,
+inflamed by public sentiment, called a convention, to meet on the 17th
+of the month, to decide the question of secession. Governor Joseph E.
+Brown, of Georgia, also called a convention there for the same purpose;
+and the excitement in each State constantly reacted on the other.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of November, one hundred and fifty masons arrived from
+Baltimore to work on the forts in the harbor. They were undoubtedly good
+workmen, but it is much to be regretted that they were not also good
+Unionists. Captain Foster at this time did not believe that any serious
+complications would arise from the attitude South Carolina had assumed,
+and did not, therefore, think it necessary to pay any attention to the
+politics of his laborers. Had he selected zealous Union men, their
+arrival would have been a most opportune re-enforcement for the
+garrison. Unfortunately, most of them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> sympathized with the South, and
+their coming was rather a source of weakness than of strength, so far as
+actual fighting was concerned. They rendered us, however, great and
+timely assistance by their labor.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing that attracted the eye of the stranger, upon approaching
+Charleston from the sea, was Fort Sumter. It was built on an artificial
+island made of large blocks of stone. The walls were of dark brick, and
+designed for three tiers of guns. The whole structure, as it rose
+abruptly out of the water, had a gloomy, prison-like appearance. It was
+situated on the edge of the channel, in the narrowest part of the
+harbor, between Fort Moultrie and Cummings Point, distant about a mile
+from the former place, and twelve hundred yards from the latter. The
+year before, it had been used by us as a temporary place of confinement
+and security for some negroes that had been brought over from Africa in
+a slaver captured by one of our naval vessels. The inevitable conflict
+was very near breaking out at that time; for there was an eager desire
+on the part of all the people around us to seize these negroes, and
+distribute them among the plantations; and if the Government had not
+acted promptly in sending them back to Africa, I think an attempt would
+have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> made to take them from us by force, on the ground that some
+of them had violated a State law by landing at Moultrieville.</p>
+
+<p>As Fort Sumter has considerable historic renown, it may not be
+uninteresting to relate another incident connected with it, although it
+is not germane to my narrative. In 1859, after the negroes were taken
+away, the fort remained in charge of an ordnance-sergeant, who lived
+there alone with his wife and two little children. Supplies were sent to
+him regularly, but in case of emergency he could only communicate with
+the shore by means of a small boat. One wild stormy day, when the wind
+was blowing a gale, he was suddenly struck down with yellow fever. His
+wife saw that if he did not have immediate medical assistance he would
+die. She herself could not go, as he required constant attention, and
+the children were too young to be of any service. A day passed on, and
+it became evident that he was growing worse. In a frantic state of mind,
+she rushed up to the top of the fort, waved a sheet backward and
+forward, and raised and lowered the garrison flag repeatedly, in hopes
+of attracting the attention of some passing vessel; but although several
+went by, no one seemed to notice the signals, or, if they did, they
+would not stop,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> on account of the tempest, which still continued. She
+then took the desperate resolution of putting her two little children in
+the small boat, and trusting to the flood-tide to drift them somewhere
+in the vicinity of Charleston. She placed a letter in the hand of one of
+them, to be given to the first person they met, imploring that a
+physician might be sent to her at once. It was a terrible experiment,
+for the children might easily have been swept out to sea by the ebb-tide
+before they could make a landing. They succeeded, however, in reaching
+the shore near Mount Pleasant. A doctor finally arrived, but too late to
+be of any service.</p>
+
+<p>Foster wanted forty muskets to arm some of his workmen, as a guard for
+the powder in Fort Sumter, and for valuable public property in Castle
+Pinckney. This was approved at Washington; but the moment he obtained
+the guns from the arsenal, the Secretary of War hastily telegraphed him,
+in the middle of the night, to send them back again immediately. And yet
+at this same period two thousand additional United States muskets were
+forwarded by Floyd's order to South Carolina; and the <i>Charleston
+Courier</i> stated that five thousand more were on their way. This did not
+look, much as if the Administration intended to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> sustain us. While the
+honorable secretary was thus supplying our enemies with arms, and
+leaving the United States Arsenal in Charleston, full of military
+stores, without a guard, he was very solicitous to ascertain whether our
+garrison duties were accurately performed, and sent an assistant
+inspector-general, Major Fitz John Porter, to make a thorough
+examination. As the secretary intended neither to re-enforce nor
+withdraw us, and as he made no effort at any time to remedy defects in
+our armament, this inspection seemed to us to be a mere pretense. It
+resulted, however, in relieving Colonel Gardner from his command, on
+Porter's recommendation, Major Robert Anderson being ordered to take his
+place.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Greeley was at this time the head of the Republican party, and one
+of the great leaders of Northern opinion. His immense services in
+rousing the public mind to the evils of slavery can not be
+overestimated, but some of his views were too hastily formed and
+promulgated. In this crisis of our history he injured the cause he
+afterward so eloquently advocated by publishing an opinion, on the 9th
+of November, that the South had a perfect right to secede whenever a
+majority thought proper to do so; and, in another communication, he
+stated that the Union could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> not be pinned together with bayonets.
+General Scott was also at one time in favor of letting the "wayward
+sisters depart in peace;" and I have heard on good authority that at
+least one member of the Cabinet and one leading general, appalled by the
+magnitude of the conflict, were willing to consent to a separation,
+provided the Border States would go with the North. Greeley's article
+went farther than this, for it seemed to favor a simple severance of the
+North and the South. This was not only a virtual abandonment of the
+rights of Northern men who had invested their capital in the Southern
+States, but it amounted to giving up all the sea-coast and magnificent
+harbors south of New Jersey, including Chesapeake Bay. It was expressing
+a willingness to surrender the mouth of the Mississippi, the commerce of
+the great North-west, and the Capitol at Washington, to the control of a
+foreign nation, hostile to us from the very nature of its institutions.
+In fact, it was a proposition to commit national suicide. The new
+Northern republic would have been three thousand miles long, and only
+one hundred miles wide, in the vicinity of Wheeling. A country of such a
+peculiar shape could not, as every military man knows, have been
+successfully defended, and must inevitably have soon broken up into
+small<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> confederacies. We objected, with reason, to the formation of a
+European monarchy in far-off Mexico, but the proposed separation would
+have created a powerful slave empire, with its northern border within
+eighteen miles of Philadelphia. Once firmly established there and along
+the Ohio, the Southern army could have burned Cincinnati from the
+opposite shore, and have penetrated to Lake Erie by a single successful
+battle and march, permanently severing the East from the West.</p>
+
+<p>These unexpected views of Mr. Greeley strengthened the hands of the
+Disunionists. They were everywhere quoted as evidence that no attempt
+would be made to interfere with or coerce the South. The fearful and
+wavering were thus induced to join the clamorous majority.</p>
+
+<p>I think, too, that the publication of these sentiments did much to
+influence the after-conduct of Major Anderson. He was not a Republican
+himself, and he may very well have thought, if the Republican leaders
+did not deny the right of secession, there was little use in his
+sacrificing his small command in a feeble attempt to make South Carolina
+remain in the Union.</p>
+
+<p>The sky darkened after this, for Georgia voted a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> million of dollars to
+raise troops, and it became evident that the other Southern States would
+follow in the same direction.</p>
+
+<p>By the 18th of November we considered ourselves reasonably secure
+against a <i>coup-de-main</i>. Our guns were up, and loaded with canister,
+and we had a fair supply of hand-grenades ready for use. With a view to
+intimidate those who were planning an attack, I occasionally fired
+toward the sea an eight-inch howitzer, loaded with double canister. The
+spattering of so many balls in the water looked very destructive, and
+startled and amazed the gaping crowds around. I also amused myself by
+making some small mines, which would throw a shell a few feet out of the
+ground whenever any person accidentally trod upon a concealed plank: of
+course the shell did not have a bursting charge in it. These experiments
+had a cooling effect upon the ardor of the militia, who did not fancy
+storming the fort over a line of torpedoes.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS OF THE SECESSIONISTS.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">Arrival of Major Anderson.&mdash;Huger's Opposition to a premature
+Assault on Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Anderson's Report to the Secretary of
+War.&mdash;Active Preparations by the South Carolinians.&mdash;Meeting of
+Congress.&mdash;Attempts at Compromise.&mdash;Secession Batteries at Mount
+Pleasant.&mdash;Arrival of Major Buell with written Orders.&mdash;Vain
+Efforts to Strengthen Castle Pinckney.&mdash;Northern Opinion.&mdash;Public
+Meeting in Philadelphia. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>It was now openly proclaimed in Charleston that declarations in favor of
+the Union would no longer be tolerated; that the time for deliberation
+had passed, and the time for action had come.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st our new commander arrived and assumed command. He felt as if
+he had a hereditary right to be there, for his father had distinguished
+himself in the Revolutionary War in defense of old Fort Moultrie against
+the British, and had been confined a long time as a prisoner in
+Charleston. We had long known Anderson as a gentleman; courteous,
+honest, intelligent, and thoroughly versed in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> profession. He had
+been twice brevetted for gallantry&mdash;once for services against the
+Seminole Indians in Florida, and once for the battle of Molino del Rey
+in Mexico, where he was badly wounded. In politics he was a strong
+pro-slavery man. Nevertheless, he was opposed to secession and Southern
+extremists. He soon found himself in troubled waters, for the
+approaching battle of Fort Moultrie was talked of everywhere throughout
+the State, and the mob in Charleston could hardly be restrained from
+making an immediate assault. They were kept back once through the
+exertions of Colonel Benjamin Huger, of the Ordnance Department of the
+United States Army. As he belonged to one of the most distinguished
+families in Charleston, he had great influence there. It was said at the
+time that he threatened if we were attacked, or rather mobbed, in this
+way, he would join us, and fight by the side of his friend Anderson.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+Colonel Memminger, afterward the Confederate Secretary of the Treasury,
+also exerted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> himself to prevent any irregular and unauthorized
+violence.</p>
+
+<p>An additional force of workmen having arrived from Baltimore, Captain
+Foster retained one hundred and twenty to continue the work on Fort
+Moultrie, leaving his assistant, Lieutenant Snyder, one hundred and nine
+men to finish Fort Sumter.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of December, Major Anderson made a full report to Secretary
+Floyd in relation to our condition and resources. It was accompanied
+with requisitions, in due form, for supplies and military material.
+Colonel Gardner, before he left, had already applied for rations for the
+entire command for six months.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to Lincoln's election, Governor Gist had stated that in that
+event the State would undoubtedly secede, and demand the forts, and that
+any hesitation or delay in giving them up would lead to an immediate
+assault. Active preparations were now in progress to carry out this
+threat. In the first week of December we learned that cannon had been
+secretly sent to the northern extremity of the island, to guard the
+channel and oppose the passage of any vessels bringing us
+re-enforcements by that entrance. We learned, too, that lines of
+countervallation had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> been quietly marked out at night, with a view to
+attack the fort by regular approaches in case the first assault failed.
+Also, that two thousand of the best riflemen in the State were engaged
+to occupy an adjacent sand-hill and the roofs of the adjoining houses,
+all of which overlooked the parapet, the intention being to shoot us
+down the moment we attempted to man our guns. Yet the Administration
+made no arrangements to withdraw us, and no effort to re-enforce us,
+because to do the former would excite great indignation in the North,
+and the latter might be treated as coercion by the South. So we were
+left to our own scanty resources, with every probability that the affair
+would end in a massacre. Under these circumstances the appropriating of
+$150,000 to repair Fort Moultrie and $80,000 to finish Fort Sumter by
+the mere order of the Secretary of War, without the authority of
+Congress, was simply an expenditure of public money for the benefit of
+the Secessionists, and I have no doubt it was so intended. Forts
+constructed in an enemy's country, and left unguarded, are built for the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Congress met on the 3d of December, but took no action in relation to
+our peculiar position. As usual, their whole idea was to settle the
+matter by some new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> compromise. The old experiment was to be tried over
+again: St. Michael and the Dragon were to lie down in peace, and become
+boon companions once more.</p>
+
+<p>The office-holders in the South, who saw in Lincoln's election an end to
+their pay and emoluments, were Secessionists to a man, and did their
+best to keep up the excitement. They tried to make the poor whites
+believe that through the re-opening of the African slave-trade negroes
+would be for sale, in a short time, at thirty dollars a head; and that
+every laboring man would soon become a rich slave-owner and
+cotton-planter. To the timid, they said there would be no coercion. To
+the ambitious, they spoke of military glory, and the formation of a vast
+slave empire, to include Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies.
+The merchants were assured that Charleston would be a free port,
+rivaling New York in its trade and opulence.</p>
+
+<p>They painted the future in glowing colors, but the present looked dreary
+enough. All business was at an end. The expenses of the State had become
+enormous, and financial ruin was rapidly approaching. The heavy
+property-owners began to fear they might have to bear the brunt of all
+these military preparations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> in the way of forced loans.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> For a time a
+strong reaction set in against the Rhett faction, but intimidation and
+threats prevented any open retrograde movement.</p>
+
+<p>Among those who were reported to be most clamorous to have an immediate
+attack made upon us, was a certain captain of the United States
+Dragoons, named Lucius B. Northrup; afterward made Paymaster-general of
+South Carolina, and subsequently, through the personal friendship of
+Jeff. Davis, promoted to be Commissary-general of the rebel army. He had
+resided for several years in Charleston on sick-leave, on full pay.
+Before urging an assault he should have had the grace to resign his
+commission, for his oath of office bound him to be a friend to his
+comrades in the army, and not an enemy. I am tempted, in this
+connection, to show how differently the rebel general Magruder acted,
+under similar circumstances, when he was a captain and brevet colonel in
+our service. He said to his officers, the evening before he rode over
+the Long Bridge, at Washington,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> to join the Confederates, "If the
+rebels come to-night, we'll give them hell; but to-morrow I shall send
+in my resignation, and become a rebel myself."</p>
+
+<p>Amidst all this turmoil, our little band of regulars kept their spirits
+up, and determined to fight it out to the last against any force that
+might be brought against them. The brick-layers, however, at work in
+Fort Sumter were considerably frightened. They held a meeting, and
+resolved to defend themselves, if attacked by the Charleston roughs, but
+not to resist any organized force.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of December we had the good fortune to get our provisions
+from town without exciting observation. They had been lying there
+several days. It was afterward stated in the papers that the captain of
+the schooner was threatened severely for having brought them. On the
+same day the enemy began to build batteries at Mount Pleasant, and at
+the upper end of Sullivan's Island, guns having already been sent there.
+We also heard that ladders had been provided for parties to escalade our
+walls. Indeed, the proposed attack was no longer a secret. Gentlemen
+from the city said to us, "We appreciate your position. It is a point of
+honor with you to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> hold the fort, but a political necessity obliges us
+to take it."</p>
+
+<p>My wife, becoming indignant at these preparations, and the utter apathy
+of the Government in regard to our affairs, wrote a stirring letter to
+my brother, in New York, stating some of the facts I have mentioned. By
+some means it found its way into the columns of the <i>Evening Post</i>, and
+did much to call attention to the subject, and awaken the Northern
+people to a true sense of the situation. She was quite distressed to
+find her hasty expressions in print, and freely commented on both by
+friends and enemies. I may say, in passing, that the distinguished
+editor of that paper, William Cullen Bryant, proved to be one of the
+best friends we had at the North. George W. Curtis, who aided us freely
+with his pen and influence, was another. They exerted themselves to
+benefit us in every way, and were among the first to invoke the
+patriotism of the nation to extricate us from our difficulties, and save
+the union of the States. When we returned to New York, they and their
+friends gave us a cordial and heartfelt welcome.</p>
+
+<p>To resume the thread of my narrative. The fort by this time had been
+considerably strengthened. The crevices were filled up, and the walls
+were made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> sixteen feet high, by digging down to the foundations and
+throwing up the surplus earth as a glacis. Each of the officers had a
+certain portion given him to defend. I caused a sloping picket fence,
+technically called <i>a fraise</i>, to be projected over the parapet on my
+side of the work, as an obstacle against an escalading party. I
+understood that this puzzled the military men and newspapers in
+Charleston exceedingly. They could not imagine what object I could have
+in view. One of the editors said, in reference to it, "Make ready your
+sharpened stakes, but you will not intimidate freemen."</p>
+
+<p>There was one good reason why our opponents did not desire to commence
+immediate hostilities. The delay was manifestly to their advantage, for
+the engineers were putting Fort Sumter in good condition at the expense
+of the United States. They (the rebels) intended to occupy it as soon as
+the work approached completion. In the mean time, to prevent our
+anticipating them, they kept two steamers on guard, to patrol the
+harbor, and keep us from crossing. These boats contained one hundred and
+twenty soldiers, and were under the command of Ex-lieutenant James
+Hamilton, who had recently resigned from the United States Navy.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p><p>The threatening movements against Fort Moultrie required incessant
+vigilance on our part, and we were frequently worn out with watching and
+fatigue. On one of these occasions Mrs. Seymour and Mrs. Doubleday
+volunteered to take the places of Captain Seymour and myself, and they
+took turns in walking the parapet, two hours at a time, in readiness to
+notify the guard in case the minute-men became more than usually
+demonstrative.</p>
+
+<p>In December the secretary sent another officer of the
+Inspector-general's Department, Major Don Carlos Buell, to examine and
+report upon our condition. Buell bore written orders, which were
+presented on the 11th, directing Major Anderson not to provoke
+hostilities, but in case of immediate danger to defend himself to the
+last extremity, and take any steps that he might think necessary for
+that purpose. There would appear to be some mystery connected with this
+subject, for Anderson afterward stated to Seymour, as a reason for not
+firing when the rebels attempted to sink the <i>Star of the West</i>, that
+his instructions tied his hands, and obliged him to remain quiescent.
+Now, as there are no orders of this character on record in the War
+Department, they must have been of a verbal and confidential nature. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+my opinion, Floyd was fully capable of supplementing written orders to
+resist, by verbal orders to surrender without resistance. If he did so,
+I can conceive of nothing more treacherous, for his object must have
+been to make Anderson the scape-goat of whatever might occur. Buell,
+however, is not the man to be the bearer of any treacherous
+communication. Still, he did not appear to sympathize much with us, for
+he expressed his disapproval of our defensive preparations; referring
+particularly to some loop-holes near the guard-house, which he said
+would have a tendency to irritate the people. I thought the remark a
+strange one, under the circumstances, as "the people" were preparing to
+attack us. I had no doubt, at the time, in spite of the warlike message
+he had brought, that Buell's expressions reflected the wishes of his
+superiors. I have ascertained recently that Floyd did have one or more
+confidential agents in Charleston, who were secretly intermeddling in
+this matter, without the sanction of the President or the open authority
+of the War Office. It appears from the records that another assistant
+adjutant-general, Captain Withers, who joined the rebels at the outbreak
+of the rebellion, and became a rebel general, was also sent by Floyd to
+confer with Anderson.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> It is not at all improbable, therefore, that some
+one of the messengers who actually joined the enemy may have been the
+bearer of a treasonable communication. It appears from Anderson's own
+statement that his hands were tied, and no one that knew him would ever
+doubt his veracity. Yet, if he really desired to retain possession of
+Charleston harbor for the Government, and Floyd's orders stood in his
+way, why did he not, after the latter fled to the South, make a plain
+statement to the new secretary, Judge Holt, whose patriotism was
+undoubted, and ask for fresh instructions? It looks to me very much as
+if he accepted the orders without question because he preferred the
+policy of non-resistance.</p>
+
+<p>I shall have occasion to refer to this subject again in the course of my
+narrative.</p>
+
+<p>We had frequently regretted the absence of a garrison in Castle
+Pinckney, as that post, being within a mile of Charleston, could easily
+control the city by means of its mortars and heavy guns. We were too
+short-handed ourselves to spare a single soldier. The brave
+ordnance-sergeant, Skillen, who was in charge there, begged hard that we
+would send him a few artillerists. He could not bear the thought of
+surrendering the work to the enemies of the Government<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> without a
+struggle, and would have made a determined resistance if he could have
+found any one to stand by him. We talked the matter over, and Captain
+Foster thought he could re-enforce Skillen by selecting a few reliable
+men from his masons to assist in defending the place. He accordingly
+sent a body of picked workmen there, under his assistant, Lieutenant
+R.K. Meade, with orders to make certain repairs. The moment, however,
+Meade attempted to teach these men the drill at the heavy guns, they
+drew back in great alarm, and it was soon seen that no dependence could
+be placed upon them. So Castle Pinckney was left to its fate.</p>
+
+<p>As the General Government seemed quietly to have deserted us, we watched
+the public sentiment at the North with much interest. There was but
+little to encourage us there. The Northern cities, however, were
+beginning to appreciate the gravity of the crisis. At the call of the
+Mayor of Philadelphia, a great public meeting was held in Independence
+Square. For one, I was thoroughly dispirited and disgusted at the
+resolutions that were passed. They were evidently prompted by the
+almighty dollar, and the fear of losing the Southern trade. They urged
+that the North should be more than ever subservient to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> South, more
+active in catching fugitive slaves, and more careful not to speak
+against the institution of slavery. As a pendant to these resolutions,
+an official attempt was made, a few days afterward, to prevent the
+eloquent Republican orator, George W. Curtis, from advocating the
+Northern side of the question.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE REMOVAL TO FORT SUMTER.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">Passage of the Secession Ordinance.&mdash;Governor Pickens's
+Proclamation.&mdash;Judge Petigru's Visit to Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Floyd's
+Treachery.&mdash;Yancey's Lectures in the North.&mdash;The Removal to Fort
+Sumter. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>On the 17th a bill was passed to arm the militia of North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day the Charleston Convention met, and chose General D.F.
+Jamison as their president, and on the 20th of the month the secession
+ordinance was duly passed, and South Carolina voted out of the Union
+amidst screams of enthusiasm. Immediately afterward there was great
+competition for the possession of the immortal pen with which the
+instrument was signed. At the close of the war, I heard it was for sale
+at a very low figure.</p>
+
+<p>The new Governor, Francis W. Pickens, signed the ordinance very gladly,
+and issued his proclamation on the 24th declaring South Carolina to be a
+free and independent nation. He had served as a member<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> of Congress from
+1835 to 1843, and as Minister to Russia in 1858, but he was not
+considered a man of decided ability. He was very impetuous in his
+disposition, and, according to a statement made by him in one of his
+Congressional speeches, which attracted much attention at the time, he
+was "born insensible to fear."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the State seceded, that stern old patriot, Judge J.L.
+Petigru, of South Carolina, came over, with one of his friends, to pay
+us a final visit, to express the deep sorrow and sympathy he felt for us
+in our trying position. As he knew that arrangements were being made to
+drive us out, he bade us farewell with much feeling. The tears rolled
+down his cheeks as he deplored the folly and the madness of the times.
+He had been previously asked in the city if he did not intend to join
+the secession movement. He replied, "<i>I should think not! South Carolina
+is too small for a republic, and too large for a lunatic-asylum.</i>" At a
+later period of the war, it is said he was called upon to give up the
+property of his Northern clients for confiscation, under a law which
+made it treason to refuse. He positively declined to comply with the
+demand, and said, with much spirit, "<i>Whenever the time comes for me to
+choose between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> death and dishonor, I shall have no difficulty in saying
+which of the two I shall elect.</i>" It is much to be regretted that he did
+not live to witness the final triumph of the cause which was so dear to
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Four of Buchanan's Cabinet&mdash;Floyd, Cobb, Toucey, and Thompson&mdash;were now
+open and avowed Disunionists. On the 23d, a defalcation of eight hundred
+and thirty-three thousand dollars was discovered in the Department of
+the Interior, while the Secretary, Jacob Thompson, was absent from his
+post, and acting as a disunion agent, to represent the State of
+Mississippi. This dallying with treason in the Cabinet was one of the
+most discouraging signs of the times.</p>
+
+<p>A circumstance now occurred which to my mind was proof positive that
+Floyd intended to betray us and the Government he represented. I have no
+doubt it hastened our departure from Fort Moultrie. He directed Captain
+Foster to have the guns mounted in Fort Sumter immediately. It was plain
+enough, from demonstrations already made, that the moment this was done
+the rebels would seize the fort, and turn its powerful armament upon us.
+There was no one there to resist them. It seems to me that Floyd's
+speech to the Secessionists of Richmond, made shortly after his flight
+from Washington, was a pretty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> plain acknowledgment that he had violated
+his oath of office as Secretary of War, in order that he might advance
+the interests of the Confederacy. He said on that occasion, "I undertook
+so to dispose of the power in my hands that when the terrific hour came,
+you, and all of you, and each of you, should say, 'This man has done his
+duty.'"</p>
+
+<p>Anderson had been urged by several of us to remove his command to Fort
+Sumter, but he had invariably replied that he was specially assigned to
+Fort Moultrie, and had no right to vacate it without orders. Our
+affairs, however, were becoming critical, and I thought it my duty to
+speak to him again on the subject. He still apparently adhered to his
+decision. Nevertheless, he had fully determined to make the change, and
+was now merely awaiting a favorable opportunity. To deceive the enemy,
+he still kept at work with unabated zeal on the defenses of Fort
+Moultrie. This exactly suited the purposes of the rebel leaders, for
+they knew we could make no effectual defense there, and our preparations
+would only increase the prestige of their victory. We were not
+authorized to commence hostilities by burning the adjacent houses, and
+yet, if they were not leveled, clouds of riflemen could occupy them, and
+prevent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> our men from serving the guns. Under any circumstances, it was
+plain that we must soon succumb from over-exertion and loss of sleep
+incident to repelling incessant attacks from a host of enemies. The fact
+that through the provident care of the Secretary of War the guns of Fort
+Sumter would also be turned upon us, enfilading two sides of Fort
+Moultrie, and taking another side in reverse, was quite decisive as to
+the impossibility of our making a lengthened defense.</p>
+
+<p>Up to this time we had hoped, almost against hope, that, even if the
+Government were base enough to desert us, the loyal spirit of the
+patriotic North would manifest itself in our favor, inasmuch as our
+little force represented the supremacy of the Constitution and the laws;
+but all seemed doubt, apathy, and confusion there. Yancey was delivering
+lectures in the Northern States, as a representative of the
+Disunionists, not only without molestation, but with frequent and
+vociferous applause from the Democratic masses, who could not be made to
+believe there was any real danger.</p>
+
+<p>In making his arrangements to cross over, Anderson acted with consummate
+prudence and ability. He only communicated his design to the
+staff-officers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> whose co-operation was indispensable, and he waited
+until the moment of execution before he informed the others of his
+intention. No one, of course, would deliberately betray a secret of this
+kind, but it sometimes happens, under such circumstances, that officers
+give indications of what is about to take place by sending for their
+washing, packing their trunks, and making changes in their messing
+arrangements.</p>
+
+<p>Without knowing positively that any movement had been projected, two
+circumstances excited my suspicions. Once, while I was walking with the
+major on the parapet, he turned to me abruptly, and asked me what would
+be the best course to take to render the gun-carriages unserviceable. I
+told him there were several methods, but my plan would be to heap
+pitch-pine knots around them, and burn them up. The question was too
+suggestive to escape my attention.</p>
+
+<p>On the day previous to our departure, I requested him to allow me to
+purchase a large quantity of wire, to make an entanglement in front of
+the part of the work I was assigned to defend. He said, with a quizzical
+look, "Certainly; you shall have a mile of wire, if you require it."
+When I proposed to send for it immediately, he smiled, and objected in
+such a peculiar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> way that I at once saw that he was no longer interested
+in our efforts to strengthen Fort Moultrie.</p>
+
+<p>As a preliminary to the proposed movement, he directed the post
+quartermaster, Lieutenant Hall, to charter three schooners and some
+barges, for the ostensible purpose of transporting the soldiers'
+families to old Fort Johnson, on the opposite side of the harbor, where
+there were some dilapidated public buildings belonging to the United
+States. The danger of the approaching conflict was a good pretext for
+the removal of the non-combatants. All this seemed natural enough to the
+enemy, and no one offered any opposition. In reality, these vessels were
+loaded with supplies for all the troops, with reference to a prolonged
+residence in Fort Sumter. Hall was directed to land every thing there as
+soon as a signal-gun was fired. In the mean time he sailed for Fort
+Johnson, and lay off and on, waiting for the signal.</p>
+
+<p>Anderson had broken up his own mess, and on the last evening of our stay
+(December 26th) I left my room to ask him in to take tea with us. The
+sun was just setting as I ascended the steps leading to the parapet and
+approached him. He was in the midst of a group of officers, each of whom
+seemed silent and distrait. As I passed our assistant-surgeon,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> I
+remarked, "It is a fine evening, Crawford." He replied in a hesitating
+and embarrassed manner, showing that his thoughts were elsewhere. I saw
+plainly that something unusual had occurred. Anderson approached me as I
+advanced, and said quietly, "I have determined to evacuate this post
+immediately, for the purpose of occupying Fort Sumter; I can only allow
+you twenty minutes to form your company and be in readiness to start." I
+was surprised at this announcement, and realized the gravity of the
+situation at a glance. We were watched by spies and
+vigilance-committees, who would undoubtedly open fire upon us as soon as
+they saw the object of the movement. I was naturally concerned, too, for
+the safety of my wife, who was the only lady in the fort at that time,
+and who would necessarily be exposed to considerable danger.
+Fortunately, I had little or no property to lose, as, in anticipation of
+a crisis, I had previously sent every thing of value to New York. Some
+of the other officers did not fare so well. The doctor, not expecting so
+sudden a <i>d&eacute;nouement</i>, had necessarily left his medical stores unpacked.
+Foster, who had taken a house outside for his family, was wholly
+unprepared, and lost heavily.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p><p>I made good use of the twenty minutes allowed me. I first went to the
+barracks, formed my company, inspected it, and saw that each man was
+properly armed and equipped. This left me ten minutes to spare. I dashed
+over to my quarters; told my wife to get ready to leave immediately, and
+as the fighting would probably commence in a few minutes, I advised her
+to take refuge with some family outside, and get behind the sand-hills
+as soon as possible, to avoid the shot. She hastily threw her
+wearing-apparel into her trunks, and I called two men to put her baggage
+outside the main gate. I then accompanied her there, and we took a sad
+and hasty leave of each other, for neither knew when or where we would
+meet again. As soon as this was accomplished, I strapped on my revolver,
+tied a blanket across my shoulders, and reported to Major Anderson that
+my men were in readiness to move.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time Lieutenant Jefferson C. Davis, of my company, who had
+been detailed to command the rear guard, aimed the guns, which were
+already loaded, to bear upon the passage to Fort Sumter, and Captain
+Foster and Assistant-surgeon Crawford, with two sergeants and three
+privates, remained with him, and took post at five columbiads, in
+readiness to carry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> out Major Anderson's design, which was to sink the
+guard-boats, should they attempt to fire into us or run us down while
+<i>en route</i>. Certainly the major showed no lack of determination or
+energy on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p>If we were successful in crossing, Davis was to follow with the
+remainder of the men. Foster and Mr. Moale agreed to remain behind until
+morning. They also volunteered to place themselves at the guns, and
+cover the retreat of the rear guard under Davis, in case an attempt was
+made to intercept them.</p>
+
+<p>The chaplain, the Rev. Matthias Harris, being a non-combatant, and
+having his family in the village, was not notified. Neither was Surgeon
+Simons, of the army, who was living in a house adjoining the fort, and
+directly in line with our guns. When he saw the movement in progress, he
+hastened out with his family, to shelter them behind the sand-hills as
+soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Every thing being in readiness, we passed out of the main gates, and
+silently made our way for about a quarter of a mile to a spot where the
+boats were hidden behind an irregular pile of rocks, which originally
+formed part of the sea-wall. There was not a single human being in sight
+as we marched to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> rendezvous, and we had the extraordinary good luck
+to be wholly unobserved. We found several boats awaiting us, under
+charge of two engineer officers, Lieutenants Snyder and Meade. They and
+their crews were crouched down behind the rocks, to escape observation.
+In a low tone they pointed out to me the boats intended for my company,
+and then pushed out rapidly to return to the fort. Noticing that one of
+the guard-boats was approaching, they made a wide circuit to avoid it. I
+hoped there would be time for my party to cross before the steamer could
+overhaul us; but as among my men there were a number of unskillful
+oarsmen, we made but slow progress, and it soon became evident that we
+would be overtaken in mid-channel. It was after sunset, and the twilight
+had deepened, so that there was a fair chance for us to escape. While
+the steamer was yet afar off, I took off my cap, and threw open my coat
+to conceal the buttons. I also made the men take off their coats, and
+use them to cover up their muskets, which were lying alongside the
+rowlocks. I hoped in this way that we might pass for a party of laborers
+returning to the fort. The paddle-wheels stopped within about a hundred
+yards of us; but, to our great relief, after a slight scrutiny, the
+steamer kept on its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> way. In the mean time our men redoubled their
+efforts, and we soon arrived at our destination. As we ascended the
+steps of the wharf, crowds of workmen rushed out to meet us, most of
+them wearing secession emblems. One or two Union men among them cheered
+lustily, but the majority called out angrily, "What are these soldiers
+doing here?" I at once formed my men, charged bayonets, drove the
+tumultuous mass inside the fort, and seized the guard-room, which
+commanded the main entrance. I then placed sentinels to prevent the
+crowd from encroaching on us. As soon as we had disembarked, the boats
+were sent back for Seymour's company. The major landed soon after in one
+of the engineer boats, which had coasted along to avoid the steamer.
+Seymour's men arrived in safety, followed soon after by the remaining
+detachments, which had been left behind as a rear-guard. The latter,
+however, ran a good deal of risk, for in the dark it passed almost under
+the bow of the guard-boat <i>Ni&ntilde;a</i>. The whole movement was successful
+beyond our most sanguine expectations, and we were highly elated. The
+signal-gun was fired, and Hall at once sailed over, and landed the
+soldiers' families and supplies. As soon as the schooners were unloaded,
+the disloyal workmen were placed on board<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> and shipped off to the
+main-land. Only a few of the best and most reliable were retained.</p>
+
+<p>Upon leaving me, my wife took refuge temporarily in the residence of Dan
+Sinclair, the sutler of the post, a most excellent man, and one to whom
+we were indebted for many kindnesses. Finding that the people of
+Moultrieville were not yet aware of the change that had taken place, and
+that every thing was tranquil, she ventured back to the fort, and
+finished the removal of all our effects. After this, in company with the
+chaplain's family, she walked up and down the beach the greater part of
+the night, looking anxiously toward Fort Sumter to see if there were any
+indications of trouble or disturbance there. In the morning she took up
+her residence at the chaplain's house. As for the other ladies, both
+Mrs. Simons and Mrs. Foster fled to the city at the first intimation of
+danger, and Mrs. Seymour was already there.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE FIRST OVERT ACT.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">The New Quarters.&mdash;Seizure of Castle Pinckney by Charleston
+Troops.&mdash;Raising the Flag at Fort Sumter.&mdash;The Sergeant's
+Daughter.&mdash;Major Anderson's Position.&mdash;The Charleston Troops take
+Fort Moultrie.&mdash;A Military Problem.&mdash;Condition of Fort
+Sumter.&mdash;Governor Pickens's Commission.&mdash;A New Outrage. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>On the very day that these events occurred, the South Carolina
+commissioners, R.W. Barnwell, J.H. Adams, and James L. Orr, arrived in
+Washington to treat for the surrender of the forts and other public
+property. It proved to be a very inauspicious time for such a
+negotiation.</p>
+
+<p>Our garrison were up betimes on the morning of the 27th, to inspect
+their new quarters. The soldiers thronged the parapet in such numbers as
+to attract the attention of the troops on board the <i>Ni&ntilde;a</i>. That vessel
+steamed up to the city in great haste, and communicated the startling
+intelligence that Fort Sumter, in some inexplicable manner, had been
+fully <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>re-enforced.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The chagrin of the authorities was intense.
+Messengers were at once dispatched to all parts of the city, to ring the
+door-bells and arouse the people.</p>
+
+<p>While this was going on in town, Anderson, who was very punctilious in
+regard to settling all debts due by the United States to citizens,
+determined to send a detachment, under Lieutenant Davis, back to Fort
+Moultrie as a guard to Captain Foster, to enable him to pay off the
+claims of the workmen he had left behind. Doctor Crawford went over
+also, to look after some of his medical property. As the guard-boats had
+been withdrawn, they reached the fort without difficulty, and found it
+deserted. The people of the little village, to all appearance, were
+still ignorant of our change of station. Soon after their arrival, the
+party, in accordance with instructions from Major Anderson, set fire to
+the gun-carriages bearing on Fort Sumter, and destroyed all the
+ammunition and military material that could not be brought away. The
+guns had been spiked the night before, and the flag-staff was cut down,
+either at that time or in the morning.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p><p>As I have stated, the major took great pains to see that all bills,
+even those of a private nature, due in Charleston we're fully paid by
+the officers and men of his command; but many leading merchants in the
+city were not so scrupulous. They gladly took advantage of the war to
+repudiate the claims of their Northern creditors. I was also informed by
+one of the pay-masters that a number of officers of the army who
+resigned to join the rebellion first deliberately drew their month's pay
+in advance, and then left the pay-master, as a penalty for his kindness,
+to make good the deficiency from his private funds, in order to settle
+his accounts.</p>
+
+<p>Foster and Davis, finding Fort Moultrie still deserted, made good use of
+the occasion by loading up with supplies and ammunition one of the
+schooners which had been previously chartered to carry over the women
+and children, and which were now lying empty at the wharf.</p>
+
+<p>On their way back from this expedition our officers saw the Charleston
+troops going over to take possession of Castle Pinckney. The calm and
+dignified South Carolina Legislature had not authorized this outrageous
+proceeding. Even if we assume that the State had the right to secede, it
+does not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> follow that the public property within her limits properly
+belonged to her. It appertained to the nation at large, inasmuch as all
+the other States had contributed toward it, and therefore it was a
+proper subject of negotiation. To seize it at once, without a
+declaration of war, and while the subject was still pending, was a
+violation of all right and precedent. The hot-headed governor, however,
+irritated at our change of station, took the responsibility of
+commencing hostilities against the Union, without the co-operation of
+the Legislature, and this, too, at a time when the State was almost
+destitute of war material and funds. I doubt if there were more than
+half a dozen heavy guns on hand, and there were certainly not a dozen
+rounds of cannon-powder for each.</p>
+
+<p>Major Anderson, who was a very religious man, thought it best to give
+some solemnity to our occupation of Fort Sumter by formally raising the
+flag, at noon, with prayer and military ceremonies. The band played "The
+Star-spangled Banner," the troops presented arms, and our chaplain, the
+Rev. Matthias Harris, offered up a fervent supplication, invoking the
+blessing of Heaven upon our small command and the cause we represented.
+Three cheers were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> then given for the flag, and the troops were
+dismissed.</p>
+
+<p>The seizure of Castle Pinckney, on the afternoon of the 27th, was the
+first overt act of the Secessionists against the sovereignty of the
+United States. As already stated, it was ordered by Governor Pickens, on
+his own responsibility, without the concurrence of the Legislature.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+The latter, indeed, positively declined to sanction the measure. At 2
+<span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the Washington Light Infantry and Meagher Guards, both companies of
+Colonel J.J. Petigru's rifle regiment, embarked, under command of that
+officer, on board the <i>Ni&ntilde;a</i>, and steamed down to the little island upon
+which the Castle is situated. When they arrived in front of the main
+gates they found them closed; whereupon they applied scaling-ladders,
+and with eager, flushed faces made their way to the top of the wall. The
+excitement was needless, for there was no one there to resist them, the
+only fighting-men present being Lieutenant R.K. Meade, of the engineers,
+and Ordnance-sergeant Skillen, who resided there with his family, and
+who was in charge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> of the work. Meade, himself a Virginian, had a sharp
+colloquy with Petigru, and expressed himself in severe terms in relation
+to this treasonable assault.</p>
+
+<p>After taking possession, one of the rebel officers found the sergeant's
+daughter, pretty Kate Skillen, aged fifteen, weeping bitterly at the
+foot of the ramparts. He assured her no harm should befall her. She
+replied, "I am not crying because I am afraid!" "What is the matter,
+then?" said he. "I am crying because you have put that miserable rag up
+there," she said, pointing to the Palmetto flag which had just been
+raised to the top of the staff.</p>
+
+<p>Foster's few reliable workmen proved to be a bad investment. It is said
+that most of them, when they found the enemy were actually coming, hid
+in closets, sheds, and under the beds, and some cried bitterly.</p>
+
+<p>While this was going on, Major Anderson and myself stood side by side on
+the parapet, watching the scene through our spy-glasses. From his
+expressions of indignation, I was in hopes he would take prompt measures
+to close the harbor against any further encroachments of the State
+troops, made with a view to occupy Fort Moultrie or Fort Johnson. It
+would have required but a short time to mount a few<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> pieces; and when
+these were once in position, it would have been easy to cut off all
+direct communication by water between the different posts. In short, he
+could take entire possession of the harbor. He did threaten to put out
+the lights in the light-houses with his artillery, and close the port in
+that way; but his anger soon passed away, and he took no aggressive
+measures of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>In my opinion, if he could have been satisfied that no other States
+would join South Carolina in her mad attempt, he would have done every
+thing that lay in his power to punish her; for he looked upon her as a
+spoiled child that needed correction. Having married a lady from
+Georgia, he had almost identified himself with that State. He did own a
+plantation and negroes there, but had recently sold them. The purchaser
+afterward refused to pay for them, on the ground that Anderson had
+destroyed their value by virtually warring against slavery. At this
+period the feeling in many parts of the South was strong against South
+Carolina. This was particularly the case among the young men of Georgia,
+who looked upon the leaders of secession in the Palmetto State as very
+presuming, because these leaders thought and acted as if they were the
+only representatives of Southern sentiment,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> and as if the leadership
+belonged to them as a matter of right. They seemed to consider that the
+mere fact of being born in South Carolina (or Carolina, as they called
+it, contemptuously ignoring North Carolina) constituted in itself a
+patent of nobility; and their implied scorn of other States caused the
+antagonistic feeling which I have mentioned. This was shared by
+Anderson, until he found that Georgia also would certainly secede. He
+then seemed to lose all interest in the Union, and merely desired to
+become a spectator of the contest, and not an actor. His efforts
+thenceforth were simply confined to making his fort secure against an
+assault. Hardly any amount of provocation could induce him to become the
+assailant.</p>
+
+<p>On the day we left Fort Moultrie, Captain Humphreys, of the engineers,
+arrived there from Washington, with orders for Captain Foster from the
+Secretary of War. I have never learned the purport of these dispatches.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th, the day after we evacuated the place, Lieutenant-colonel
+Wilmot G. De Saussure arrived at Fort Moultrie, at 9 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, with his
+battalion of Charleston artillery and thirty riflemen; in all, one
+hundred and seventy men. (The companies composing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> battalion were
+the Marion Artillery, the La Fayette Artillery, the German Artillery,
+and the Washington Artillery.) I was informed by a spectator that the
+new-comers were exceedingly cautious in making an entrance. They were
+looking out for mines in all directions, and had brought ladders with
+them, on the supposition that there might be torpedoes in front of the
+main gates. It was a clear, beautiful evening, and the moon was at the
+full. They were greatly enraged to find the flag-staff cut down, for
+they had hoped to run up their own flag on the very spot where ours had
+formerly waved. They found, too, the gun-carriages burned, and the guns,
+which had gradually settled down as the carriages gave way, resting with
+their breeches on the platforms, and the muzzles leaning against the
+walls. Out of the mouth of each hung a small white string. As many of
+the guns had been kept loaded for a considerable length of time, these
+strings had been tied by me to the cartridges, in order that the latter
+might be pulled out and sunned occasionally, as a precaution against
+dampness. De Saussure's men imagined that these strings were arranged
+with a view to blow up the guns the moment any one attempted to
+interfere with them, and each soldier, as he passed, avoided the
+supposed danger.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p><p>The South Carolina officers, at this period, spent much of their time
+in discussing military problems. One of these, which was afterward
+referred to us for solution, occasioned us much amusement. All
+cannon-balls used in the army, and exposed to the weather, are coated
+with a varnish of coal-tar, to protect them from rust. Many of those we
+left behind were in piles near the guns, and when the carriages were
+burned, the tar melted, ran down in streams, and coagulated in lumps. It
+was immediately reported that before leaving we had taken great pains to
+tar the balls, to render them useless. The problem which puzzled the
+military <i>savans</i> of Charleston was, to determine in what way
+cannon-balls were ruined by tar. Some months afterward, when we
+evacuated Fort Sumter, one of the officers who had been much interested
+in this subject took Seymour aside, and asked him confidentially if he
+had any objection to tell him why we tarred our balls, assuring him most
+earnestly that they could scrape it all off.</p>
+
+<p>Upon occupying Fort Sumter, we found it was in a very unfinished
+condition, and that it would require an immense amount of labor to
+render it safe against an assault. It had no flanking defenses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+whatever. Three or four hundred men, with short ladders, could easily
+have taken it; for no guns were mounted, except a few on the gorge, and
+all the embrasures were open, there being no efficient means of closing
+them. On the gorge side, where the wharf was located, there were two
+sally-ports and numerous windows to be guarded. In the second story the
+embrasures were nothing but large unfinished openings, slightly boarded
+up. Three or four blows of an axe would have made a broad entrance for
+an escalading party. The form of the fort was a pentagon. Retaining a
+small force as a reserve in the centre of the work, we could only
+furnish eight men to defend each side and guard all the numerous
+openings.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately no assault was made. It was thought the fort was almost
+impregnable, and that there would be no difficulty in inducing Buchanan
+to order us back to Fort Moultrie. This occasioned a delay, and gave us
+time to strengthen our position. We were hard at work, mounting guns,
+preparing shells to be used as hand-grenades, stopping up surplus
+embrasures, and removing the d&eacute;bris which encumbered the passages from
+one part of the work to another. Quarters were selected for the
+officers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> soldiers, and camp-women; and the household furniture which
+belonged to each, and which had been thrown pell-mell on the
+parade-ground, was all separated and deposited in the different rooms. I
+chose an apartment near the mess hall, and made it so comfortable that
+Anderson and Seymour came there temporarily to live with me. Our mess
+was also organized, and placed in charge of Mr. Edward Moale.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon, Governor Pickens sent Colonel J.J. Petigru and Major
+Elison Capers, both field-officers of the rifle regiment, in full
+uniform, to interview Major Anderson. Their looks were full of wrath,
+and they bowed stiffly and indignantly in answer to our smiling
+salutations. I was present at the conversation that ensued, but did not
+take notes. They told the major that perhaps he was not aware that an
+agreement had been entered into with President Buchanan not to
+re-enforce the forts in the harbor. They desired to call his attention
+to the fact that his recent movement was in direct violation of the
+contract referred to. They were, therefore, directed by the governor to
+request him, peremptorily but courteously, to immediately return to Fort
+Moultrie. Anderson replied, in substance, that he knew nothing of any
+such agreement; that as commander<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> of the defenses of Charleston he had
+an inherent right to occupy any fort in the harbor. He stated that he,
+too, was a Southern man; that he believed the whole difficulty was
+brought on by the faithlessness of the North&mdash;here the aids made a stiff
+bow&mdash;but as regards returning to Fort Moultrie, he could not, and he
+would not, do it. The commissioners were then courteously dismissed.</p>
+
+<p>I have always felt that this was a most insolent demand. If the governor
+considered himself aggrieved by our change of station, his redress lay
+in an appeal to Washington. This attempt to assume command of us, and
+order us out of a United States fort, was an assumption of authority
+that merited a more spirited reply.</p>
+
+<p>Before his messengers left, I took occasion, in conversation with a
+person who came over in the boat with them, to refer to the great
+strength of the work, and I also spoke of the shells which we had
+prepared to throw down on the heads of an attacking party. I knew the
+conversation would be repeated, and hoped it might have some effect in
+deterring an immediate assault.</p>
+
+<p>A new outrage now took place in full view of our garrison. The United
+States revenue-cutter, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> lay anchored in the stream, was turned
+over by its commander, Captain N.L. Coste, to the authorities of South
+Carolina. The previous seizures, made without a declaration of war, had
+been justified on the ground that the forts and public buildings were
+fixtures within the limits of the State. To retain this vessel was
+simply an act of piracy.</p>
+
+<p>When it became apparent that South Carolina did not control the
+Administration in Washington, and that Anderson would not be ordered
+back, it is possible a boat attack might have been organized against us;
+but a storm came up about this time, and the wind was so violent that no
+small boat could venture out with safety. This occasioned still further
+delay, which enabled us to do much toward placing the fort in a better
+condition for defense.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>EFFECT OF ANDERSON'S MOVEMENT.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">President Buchanan Aroused.&mdash;Excitement in Charleston.&mdash;The
+Situation at the Beginning of 1861.&mdash;Governor Pickens's War
+Measures.&mdash;"My heart was never in this War." </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Anderson's movement and the sudden uprising of the North put an end to
+the mission of the South Carolina commissioners. Governor Pickens seized
+Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie on the 27th, and the custom-house and
+other United States property on the 28th. Before leaving, the
+commissioners made a formal call upon the President. The latter expected
+some apology or explanation in relation to the high-handed outrages
+which had been perpetrated. Had they temporized, or even used
+conciliatory language on this occasion, it is possible the South might
+still have preserved the ascendancy it had always held in the councils
+of the President. Fortunately, they assumed an air of injured innocence,
+and required Mr. Buchanan to humble himself before them for the past,
+and give guarantees<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> for the future by immediately ordering Fort Sumter
+to be vacated; that is, by surrendering to the State all public property
+in Charleston harbor which had not been already stolen. For once, the
+President, whose personal integrity was called in question, was
+thoroughly roused, and made the only answer which suited the
+circumstances. He ordered a man-of-war to proceed to Charleston
+immediately, drive the State garrisons out of the forts, and take
+possession of the city. He might, indeed, have arrested the
+commissioners for high treason; but his Unionism was of a very mild
+type, and far from being aggressive.</p>
+
+<p>One of the commissioners, Mr. Adams, hastened to telegraph to the
+authorities of Charleston, on the 28th, to prepare for war immediately,
+as there were no longer any hopes of a peaceful settlement.</p>
+
+<p>This dispatch caused a great uproar and excitement in Charleston. The
+banks at once suspended specie payments. All was terror and confusion,
+for it was expected that a fleet would bombard the city and land troops,
+and there were no adequate means of opposing its entrance. Castle
+Pinckney, indeed, might offer some resistance, but as it had been a
+dependency of Fort Sumter, and unoccupied, little, if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> any, ammunition
+was kept there. The governor rushed frantically down to Fort Moultrie to
+hasten the preparations for defense. Non-combatants were urged to leave
+Moultrieville at once. The laborers formerly employed by Captain Foster
+were again hired by the State engineers, and were kept at work
+thereafter, night and day, in piling up sand-bags to shield the troops
+from the fire of Fort Sumter. The batteries at the north-eastern
+extremity of Sullivan's Island, which were made up of a few old
+field-pieces brought from the Citadel Academy in the city, were hastily
+put in order to protect the entrance by that channel. As for Fort
+Moultrie, before we left we had rendered its armament useless. At this
+time the guns were still spiked, and the workshops in the city were
+going night and day to replace the gun-carriages that had been burned.
+In place of these, some of the guns and carriages were sent over from
+Castle Pinckney.</p>
+
+<p>No attempt had been made to fortify the Morris Island channel, and
+vessels could enter there without the slightest difficulty. It took
+several days to transfer the guns and make the preparations I have
+mentioned. It follows, therefore, that if the Administration had acted
+promptly, Charleston could have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> been taken at once, and full reparation
+exacted for all the wrongs perpetrated against the United States. Why
+this was not done will be explained hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>Foster had not been able to settle with all his workmen, and the rebels
+frequently sent them over under a flag of truce to demand their back pay
+and act as spies. I was enabled through this channel to keep up a
+correspondence with my wife, who was still in Moultrieville. I learned
+all that was going on there, and took occasion to inform her that we had
+no means of lighting up our quarters&mdash;a serious inconvenience in those
+long winter nights. She purchased a gross of matches and a box of
+candles, and had them put on board one of the boats referred to, in full
+view of a rebel sentinel, who was supervising the embarkation. She then
+requested one of the crew, an old soldier named M'Narhamy, who formerly
+belonged to my company, to deliver them to me, which he agreed to do.
+The sentinel stared, but the self-possessed manner in which she acted
+made him think it must be all right, and he did not interfere. The box
+arrived safely, and added very much to our comfort and convenience.</p>
+
+<p>When the governor found that the spell of Southern supremacy was broken,
+and that there was no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> probability that we would be ordered back to Fort
+Moultrie, he was in a very angry mood. He stopped our mail for a time,
+and cut off all communication with us. We were, of course, prevented
+from purchasing fresh provisions, and reduced to pork, beans, and
+hard-tack. Anderson was quite indignant at this proceeding, and again
+talked of shutting up the port by putting out the lights in the
+light-houses.</p>
+
+<p>While the leaders in the city complained bitterly to the public of
+Anderson for his perfidy in occupying Fort Sumter, they did not
+hesitate, among themselves, to express their admiration for his
+acuteness in evading the dangers and difficulties which surrounded him,
+and for the skillful manner in which he had accomplished it.</p>
+
+<p>Our life now proved to be one of great hardship. Captain Seymour and
+myself were the only officers for duty as officers of the day,
+Lieutenant Davis and Lieutenant Hall serving under us as officers of the
+guard. The situation required constant vigilance. Lieutenant Talbot,
+being a great sufferer from lung-disease, was unable to do this kind of
+duty. We were, therefore, very busy during the day superintending
+measures for defense, and were obliged to be on the alert, and wide
+awake every other night,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> so that we were completely exhausted in a
+short time. Assistant-surgeon Crawford, having no sick in hospital,
+generously offered to do duty as officer of the day, and his offer was
+gladly accepted. The two young engineer officers, Snyder and Meade, were
+also willing to serve as line officers; but Captain Foster thought it
+was contrary to precedent, and they were not detailed.</p>
+
+<p>As the Engineer department is regarded in this country as the highest
+branch of the military service, and as its officers are really very able
+men, I can not conceive what induced them to build Fort Sumter without
+any flanking defenses whatever, and without fire-proof quarters for the
+officers. The first defect I endeavored to remedy by projecting
+iron-plated, bullet-proof galleries over the angles of the parapet. I
+left small trap-doors in the bottom of these, for the purpose of
+throwing down shells on the heads of any party below attempting to force
+an entrance through the embrasures. The other defect&mdash;the presence of so
+much combustible matter in the quarters&mdash;it was impossible to remedy,
+and it ultimately cost the loss of the fort. The excuse that it never
+could have been anticipated that the fort would be attacked from the
+land side is hardly a valid one, for a foreign fleet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> might possibly
+have effected a landing on Morris Island; or they might have set fire to
+the quarters from the decks of the vessels by means of incendiary
+shells.</p>
+
+<p>As may well be supposed, there was a great deal of excitement in New
+York in relation to us; and, in view of the small number of men
+available for service in the regular army, three of the principal
+citizens, James A. Hamilton, Moses H. Grinnell, and I.E. Williams,
+offered, at their own expense, about the last of December, to send us
+four hundred picked artillerists from the citizen soldiery of the city;
+but General Scott refused to entertain the proposition.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of January, 1861, we took an account of our resources, and
+found we had but one month's supply of fuel for cooking purposes, but
+few candles, and no soap. There was, however, a small light-house inside
+the fort, and we found a little oil stored there.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed to me that the time had now come when forbearance ceased to be
+a virtue. Even our opponents were willing to acknowledge that we
+represented a legitimate government, and that both duty and propriety
+called upon us to resist the numerous war measures which the governor of
+South Carolina<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> had inaugurated. He had taken forcible possession of two
+United States forts, of the money in the custom-house, of the
+custom-house itself, and of other national property in Charleston. He
+had closed the harbor, by destroying the costly prismatic lenses in the
+light-houses, and by withdrawing the warning light-ship from Rattlesnake
+Shoal. He had cut off all communication between us and the city, and had
+seized the United States mails. His steamboats, laden with war material
+to be used in erecting batteries against us, were allowed to pass and
+repass Fort Sumter, not only without opposition, but without even a
+protest. Worse than all, he had commenced imprisoning the crews of
+merchant vessels for contumacy in refusing to acknowledge his authority
+as the head of an independent nation. In vain did these vessels reverse
+their flags in a mute appeal to us to use our guns in their defense.
+Anderson would do nothing&mdash;not even send a communication to the governor
+on the subject, although the latter, without authority from the State
+Legislature, was thus wielding all the powers of a military dictator.
+The enemy were greatly emboldened at our weakness or timidity, and with
+good reason, for they saw us stand by with folded arms, and allow
+steamboat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> loads of ammunition and war material to pass us, on their way
+to Morris Island, to be used in the erection and arming of batteries to
+prevent any United States vessels from coming to our assistance.</p>
+
+<p>Major Anderson was neither timid nor irresolute, and he was fully aware
+of his duties and responsibilities. Unfortunately, he desired not only
+to save the Union, but to save slavery with it. Without this, he
+considered the contest as hopeless. In this spirit he submitted to every
+thing, and delayed all action in the expectation that Congress would
+make some new and more binding compromise which would restore peace to
+the country. He could not read the signs of the times, and see that the
+conscience of the nation and the progress of civilization had already
+doomed slavery to destruction. If he had taken this view of the
+situation, he would have made more strenuous efforts to hold on to the
+harbor of Charleston, and the one hundred and twenty millions of
+dollars, more or less, spent to regain it might still have formed part
+of the national treasury.</p>
+
+<p>The applause which, both in the North and South, greeted his masterly
+movement of the 26th of December, made him feel more like an arbiter
+between two contending nations than a simple soldier engaged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> in
+carrying out the instructions of his superiors. To show the spirit in
+which he acted, it is only necessary to quote from his letter to
+Governor Pickens while the rebellion was still pending. He wrote: "My
+dear Governor, my heart was never in this war." This sentiment was
+repeated by him in letters to other parties, and, strange to say, was
+actually sent in the form of an official communication to the
+adjutant-general of the army.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulties he experienced in his unavailing attempts to defer
+hostilities seriously impaired his health and spirits, and ultimately
+brought on the disease which kept him almost entirely out of service
+during the remainder of the war, and in all probability hastened his
+death.</p>
+
+<p>However much I differed from him in regard to his pro-slavery
+sentiments, I take pleasure in stating that, aside from his political
+career, the graces of his private life were such as to win the esteem
+and regard of all who knew him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE "STAR OF THE WEST."</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">Promise of Succor;&mdash;Fatal Delay.&mdash;A Contumacious Chaplain.&mdash;Visit
+from our Ladies.&mdash;Governor Pickens's Cabinet.&mdash;Appearance of the
+<i>Star of the West</i>.&mdash;The Vessel fired upon from Morris Island and
+Fort Moultrie.&mdash;Major Anderson's Protest.&mdash;Governor Pickens's
+Reply. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>About the close of the year a great fear fell upon Charleston, for they
+had received positive information that a United States naval vessel was
+on its way to the city. The President had indeed acted promptly. On the
+31st of December, he ordered the <i>Brooklyn</i>, man-of-war, under Captain
+Farragut, to take three hundred veteran soldiers on board from Fortress
+Monroe, as a re-enforcement for us, and then proceed to Charleston
+harbor to drive out the State troops, and resume possession of the
+public property. General Scott, the commander-in-chief, assented to the
+arrangement at the time; but, unfortunately, he was afterward seized
+with doubts as to whether the withdrawing of so many men from Fortress
+Monroe might<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> not endanger its safety; and that being a far more
+important work than Fort Sumter, he did not like to run any risk in
+relation to it. He therefore induced Mr. Buchanan to change the order,
+and substitute for the <i>Brooklyn</i> a merchant vessel, loaded with
+supplies and two hundred and fifty recruits.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> This was a fatal error,
+for the steamer chosen, the <i>Star of the West</i>, was, from its nature,
+wholly unfitted to contend with shore batteries. The general, who at
+this time was quite pacifically inclined, may have thought that if this
+vessel could slip in, and land its cargo unawares, he would have secured
+the harbor of Charleston without increasing the war fever in the South.
+Be this as it may, there is no doubt that his policy was too peaceful in
+the early days of the war. When a company of the most distinguished men
+in Washington was formed, under Cassius M. Clay, to prevent the capture
+of the President, and the destruction of the public buildings, he gave
+positive orders to Senator Nye, who was on duty at the Navy-yard, not to
+fire upon the enemy in case they came there to take possession.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p><p>The original plan to succor us was excellent: the substitute was an
+utter failure. A change of this kind always occasions more or less
+delay, and in the present instance nearly a week elapsed before the
+vessel left New York. The enemy took immediate advantage of the time
+thus gained, to put up a work to control the main channel which passes
+by Morris Island, and which had previously been wholly unobstructed.
+They received the telegraphic notice on the 31st of December that a
+man-of-war would be sent, and the very next day the cadets of the
+Citadel Academy were hard at work at the new battery. It was located so
+that it would command the channel, and at the same time be beyond the
+reach of our guns. The day was cold and rainy, and the wind blew
+fiercely. We wondered how long those boys would keep up their enthusiasm
+amidst the hardships and trials of the real war which was now fast
+approaching.</p>
+
+<p>Our chaplain, who had been present at the raising of the flag, and had
+then returned to his family in Moultrieville, desired to make us another
+visit. For this purpose, he called upon the rebel commander at Fort
+Moultrie, and asked if there would be any obstacle thrown in the way of
+his crossing over to see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> us. The answer was, "Oh no, parson; I think I
+will give you a pass." The chaplain replied, "I did not ask you for a
+pass, sir! I am a United States officer, and I shall visit a United
+States fort whenever I think proper, without asking your permission. I
+simply desire to know whether you intend to prevent my going by force."
+He was not allowed to cross; and as he soon gave new proofs of contumacy
+by persisting in praying for the President of the United States, when
+asked to hold services in the chapel, before the rebel soldiers, he was
+soon banished, and his property confiscated.</p>
+
+<p>The ladies we had left behind naturally felt a strong-desire to be with
+us once more. My wife did not wish to ask permission of the rebel
+authorities, and I saw little chance of her coming in any other way.
+Nevertheless, to my surprise, she made her appearance at the wharf at
+Fort Sumter on the afternoon of the 3d of January. It seems she found a
+boat-load of laborers about to make the passage, for the purpose of
+obtaining their back pay from Captain Foster. She took a seat in the
+stern of the boat, and told them to take her with them. The sentinel who
+was there to examine the passes did not interfere or ask her any
+questions, so she came over without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> difficulty. Mrs. Foster and her
+sister, Mrs. Smith, were already with us, having obtained a permit from
+the governor. Mrs. Seymour had made an unsuccessful application to the
+commander of Fort Moultrie, and had been somewhat rudely refused. Two
+clever little boys, sons of our generous-hearted sutler, Dan Sinclair,
+volunteered to row her across. After dark, they pulled a boat out from
+under a house up the beach; and as there was no guard there, Mrs.
+Seymour came over without difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>The ladies were desirous of remaining an indefinite length of time; but
+we had no means of making them comfortable, and Major Anderson thought
+their presence would merely add to our embarrassment. In accordance with
+his wishes, they left that night and the next day. The cold was intense,
+and as all the wood was retained for cooking purposes, I was obliged to
+split up a mahogany table for fuel, to keep my wife from suffering
+during her brief visit. She and Mrs. Seymour went back with the Sinclair
+boys at midnight. They succeeded in making a landing, and in reaching
+the chaplain's house without being observed.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, an amusing scene had occurred there. A very chivalrous
+gentleman, Ex-Governor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> Means, of South Carolina, had learned in some
+way that Mrs. Seymour had been rudely refused permission to visit her
+husband in Fort Sumter. He thought this action of the commandant of Fort
+Moultrie harsh and unnecessary, and was kind enough to take the trouble
+to call at the chaplain's house to assure Mrs. Seymour that he would
+procure her a pass from higher authority. The chaplain hardly knew how
+to act. He did not like to tell the ex-governor that Mrs. Seymour had
+already gone, for fear it might get the Sinclair boys into trouble. He
+therefore pretended that Mrs. Seymour was confined to her room with a
+sick-headache. The ex-governor sent in repeated messages to beg that she
+would see him, if it was only for a moment, but the answers made up by
+Mrs. Harris were invariably in the negative. The chaplain afterward
+laughed heartily at the equivocal position he had been forced to assume.</p>
+
+<p>Now that we were alone once more, we went to work with a will. The
+Baltimore laborers were of inestimable value. They did an immense amount
+of labor in the way of mounting guns, and moving weighty materials from
+one part of the work to another; but they showed no inclination to take
+part in the fighting, should any occur.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p><p>On the 3d, the South Carolina commissioners finally shook off the dust
+from their feet, and left Washington, having utterly failed to
+accomplish the object of their mission.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, the governor, through Mr. Gourdin's<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> influence,
+permitted us to receive our mails once more. By this date we had mounted
+all the guns we were able to man on the lower tier, and had bricked up
+the surplus windows, sally-ports, and embrasures, as we had no one to
+guard them. The enemy, in the mean time, had erected a battery at Fort
+Johnson, and marked out another directly opposite to us in
+Moultrieville.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th, the mayor of New York, Fernando Wood, promulgated a message
+to the effect that the Union was breaking up, and recommending that the
+city of New York secede from the State. At this time the seeming
+indifference of the politicians to our fate made us feel like orphan
+children of the Republic, deserted by both the State and Federal
+administrations.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, Governor Pickens graciously allowed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> Mrs. Anderson to
+visit her husband, but coupled the permission with the ungenerous
+stipulation that the interview must take place in presence of witnesses.
+He disliked very much to disoblige her, as she belonged to one of the
+most distinguished families of Georgia, and had many influential
+relatives among the Secessionists. Mr. Gourdin too, who was a warm
+personal friend of her husband, exerted himself in her behalf. While she
+herself displayed great patriotism, several of her brothers in the final
+attack on Fort Sumter were on the opposite side, fighting against her
+husband. Under the circumstances, her visit to us was a brief one. She
+brought a valuable addition to the fort in the shape of Peter Hart, a
+gallant and trustworthy man, who had been Anderson's orderly sergeant in
+Mexico. She felt much easier in her mind, now that the major had Hart to
+look after him. He was only permitted to join us on condition that his
+duties were to be those of a civilian, and not of a soldier.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th, the governor, who, like Louis XIV., might very readily have
+said, "<i>L'&eacute;tat, c'est moi!</i>" concluded to form a cabinet to assist him
+in his onerous duties. He accordingly appointed J.G. Magrath Secretary
+of State; D.F. Jamison, Secretary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> of War; C.G. Memminger, Secretary of
+the Treasury; A.C. Garlington, Secretary of the Interior; and W.H.
+Harlee, Postmaster-general.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, our ladies, who had assembled at the Mills House, in
+Charleston, left for the North in a body, on account of the state of
+public feeling in the city.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>Their presence with us threw a momentary brightness over the scene, but
+after their departure every thing looked more gloomy and disheartening
+than before. The fort itself was a deep, dark, damp, gloomy-looking
+place, inclosed in high walls, where the sunlight rarely penetrated. If
+we ascended to the parapet, we saw nothing but uncouth State flags,
+representing palmettos, pelicans, and other strange devices. No echo
+seemed to come back from the loyal North to encourage us. Our glasses in
+vain swept the horizon; the one flag we longed to see was not there. It
+did come at last, in a timid, apologetic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> way, and not as a
+representative of the war power of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>We had seen a statement in a Northern paper that a steamer named the
+<i>Star of the West</i>, which belonged to Marshall O. Roberts, was to be
+sent to us, under command of Captain John M`Gowan, with a re-enforcement
+of several hundred men and supplies of food and ammunition; but we could
+not credit the rumor. To publish all the details of an expedition of
+this kind, which ought to be kept a profound secret, was virtually
+telling South Carolina to prepare her guns to sink the vessel. It was
+hard to believe the Government would send to us a mercantile steamer&mdash;a
+mere transport, utterly unfitted to contend with shore batteries&mdash;when
+it could dispatch a man-of-war furnished with all the means and
+appliances to repel force by force. As the insurgents at this period had
+but few field-guns, and a very scanty supply of cannon-powder, the
+<i>Brooklyn</i> alone, in my opinion, could have gone straight to the wharf
+in Charleston, and have put an end to the insurrection then and there;
+for we all know what its distinguished captain, Farragut, was able to
+accomplish when left to his own resources.</p>
+
+<p>It seems, however, the news was literally true.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> The expedition was
+fitted out by Lieutenant Washington A. Bartlett, an ex-officer of our
+navy.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>Although I had little faith in the announcement, I scanned with
+increased interest every vessel that approached the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after daylight, on the morning of the 9th, I was on the parapet
+with my spy-glass; for I fancied, from a signal I had observed the
+previous evening on a pilot-boat, that something must be coming. As I
+looked seaward, I saw a large steamer pass the bar and enter the Morris
+Island channel. It had the ordinary United States flag up; and as it
+evidently did not belong to the navy, I came to the conclusion it must
+be the <i>Star of the West</i>. I do not remember that any other officers
+were on the lookout at this time. Anderson himself was still in bed.
+When the vessel came opposite the new battery, which had just been built
+by the cadets, I saw a shot fired to bring her to. Soon after this an
+immense United States garrison-flag was run up at the fore. Without
+waiting to ascertain the result of the firing, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> dashed down the back
+stairs to Anderson's room, to notify him of the occurrence. He told me
+to have the long roll beaten, and to post the men at the guns on the
+parapet. I ran out, called the drummers, and had the alarm sounded. It
+took but a few minutes for men and officers to form at the guns in
+readiness for action. The battery was still firing, but the transport
+had passed by, and was rapidly getting out of range. At the same time it
+was approaching within gun-shot of Fort Moultrie. The latter immediately
+opened fire from one or two guns. Anderson would not allow us to return
+this fire; and the captain of the vessel, wholly discouraged by our
+failure to respond, turned about, and made his way back to New York. Two
+shots had struck the steamer, but no essential injury was done. I think
+the people in Fort Moultrie, who expected to be driven out to take
+refuge behind the sand-hills, were especially astonished at our
+inaction. It is very true that the Morris Island battery was beyond the
+reach of our guns. Still, we did not know this positively at the time;
+and our firing in that direction, even if ineffectual, would have
+encouraged the steamer to keep on its course. We had one or two guns
+bearing on Fort Moultrie; and as that was within easy range, we could
+have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> kept down the fire there long enough to enable the steamer to come
+in. It was plainly our duty to do all that we could. For any thing we
+knew to the contrary, she might have been in a sinking condition. Had
+she gone down before our eyes, without an effort on our part to aid her,
+Anderson would have incurred a fearful responsibility by his inaction.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dawson, in his account of these incidents in the <i>Historical
+Magazine</i>, has it that a council of war was held by us to determine
+whether we would fire or not, and that we decided not to fire. He founds
+this upon verbal statements made by Foster and Davis. I know Foster was
+under this impression; but upon my recalling the circumstances to his
+recollection a short time before his death, he admitted his mistake. My
+memory is very clear and distinct on this point, and I am sustained in
+regard to it by both Seymour and Crawford. Davis I have not seen for
+some time, but I have no doubt he will confirm what I have said when his
+memory is refreshed.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed there was no time for deliberation while the troops were at the
+guns, for the vessel was moving very rapidly, and the whole affair was
+over in a few minutes. The council was held after the steamer had gone,
+to determine what action ought to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> taken in consequence of the
+attack. It was too late then for resistance, and all we could do was to
+send Lieutenant Hall to the governor with a flag of truce, to demand an
+explanation. In this communication, Anderson expressly stated that if he
+did not receive a satisfactory reply, he would not, hereafter, allow any
+vessel from Charleston to pass within reach of his guns. As might be
+expected, the governor replied that he took the responsibility of the
+firing, and would do it again under like circumstances. Anderson then
+reconvened the council to lay this answer before them. Through his
+influence it was concluded to send Lieutenant Talbot to Washington with
+a full statement of the occurrence, and await his return with specific
+instructions from the War Department. To carry out even this programme,
+the major was obliged to obtain the governor's permission for Lieutenant
+Talbot to pass through Charleston. It was urged by Anderson that the
+delay would enable us to finish our preparations for defense; but it was
+evident that time was far more valuable to the enemy than it was to us,
+for it enabled them to complete and arm their batteries, and close the
+harbor against our men-of-war, thus virtually imprisoning us in our
+island home.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p><p>When Talbot left, we resumed our labors as usual. No attempt was made
+to carry out the threat of stopping all passing vessels.</p>
+
+<p>By the 14th of January our heavy guns were up; but by that time, too,
+the greater part of Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney were shielded from
+our direct fire by huge piles of sand-bags.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>We now began to get out of fuel, but we still had a resource in some
+wooden sheds inside the fort, which had been used as a temporary shelter
+for cement and building materials. Our position was greatly alleviated
+in one respect. Owing, it is said, to the influence of Mr. Gourdin,
+already referred to as a leading Secessionist, and an old friend of
+Major Anderson, we were allowed to receive our mails once more. After
+the <i>Star of the West</i> affair, they probably thought we were very
+harmless people, and deserved some reward for our forbearance.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>A RESORT TO DIPLOMACY.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">Major Anderson's Proposed Diplomatic Negotiations.&mdash;Defensive
+Preparations.&mdash;Changes in the Cabinet.&mdash;Meade's
+Defection.&mdash;Anecdote of Governor Pickens.&mdash;Battery at Cummings
+Point.&mdash;Soldiers' Families removed.&mdash;A Threatening
+Letter.&mdash;Confederate Visitors to the Fort.&mdash;Organization of the
+Confederate Government. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>And now the Charleston statesmen concocted a plan to take away from us
+all hope of succor, so that we might be induced to surrender. To this
+end they determined to fill up the entrance of the harbor by depositing
+stone there. Whether they really intended to do this, or made a pretense
+of doing it, I never knew; but they certainly did obtain some old hulks
+from Savannah, and sunk them in the channel. Either these hulks were
+deposited in the wrong places, or else the tide drifted them into deep
+water, for it is certain they never formed any impediment to navigation
+afterward. Perhaps it was a mere <i>coup de th&eacute;&acirc;tre</i>, to intimidate us,
+and prevent re-enforcements from attempting to come in; at all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> events,
+it was a preliminary to a grand effort to negotiate us out of Fort
+Sumter. For this purpose two representative men came over from the city
+on the 11th, in the little steamer <i>Antelope</i>, under a white flag. The
+party consisted of the late United States district judge, A.G. Magrath,
+now Secretary of State for South Carolina, and General D.F. Jamison,
+their new Secretary of War. The judge, who was the champion orator of
+the State, made a long and eloquent speech, the purport of which was
+that South Carolina was determined to have Fort Sumter at all hazards;
+that they would pull it down with their finger-nails, if they could not
+get it in any other way; that the other Southern States were becoming
+excited on the subject; that President Buchanan was in his dotage; that
+the government in Washington was breaking up; that all was confusion,
+despair, and disorder there; and that it was full time for us to look
+out for our own safety, for if we refused to give up the fort nothing
+could prevent the Southern troops from exterminating us. He ended this
+tragical statement by saying, "May God Almighty enable you to come to a
+just decision!"</p>
+
+<p>Anderson seemed deeply affected at the prospect of hostilities. He asked
+them why they did not first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> attempt diplomacy, instead of war. He said
+if they would send a commissioner to lay their claims before the
+authorities at Washington, he would send another to represent the
+condition of the fort; and the Government could then form its own
+judgment, and come to some decision. Judge Magrath replied that he would
+report the proposition to Governor Pickens for his action. He and his
+companion then took a solemn leave of us, and returned to Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>Upon reporting the facts to the governor, it was at once decided to
+accept Anderson's proposition. They gained an immense advantage in so
+doing; for the agreement tied the hands of the United States for an
+indefinite period of time, and prevented the arrival of any war vessels
+until South Carolina was fully prepared to receive them. The delay gave
+the State time to complete and man its batteries, and to obtain an
+unlimited number of guns and quantities of shot and shell from the
+cannon foundry at Richmond, Virginia, known as the Tredegar Iron Works.
+Thus, while our supplies would be running out, theirs would be coming
+in. Every day's delay would weaken us and strengthen them. I was
+strongly opposed to this fatal measure, which ultimately cost us the
+loss of Fort Sumter; but as it had simply emanated from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> Anderson
+himself, by virtue of his powers as commanding officer, and had not been
+submitted to a council of war, there was no opportunity for protest. He
+was at this time at the height of his popularity, and every thing he did
+was sure to be sustained at Washington.</p>
+
+<p>In this embassy, Colonel Isaac W. Hayne, an eminent lawyer of
+Charleston, was chosen as the commissioner from South Carolina, and
+Lieutenant Norman J. Hall was sent as a representative of Fort Sumter.</p>
+
+<p>After this event every thing went on, for a while, as usual.</p>
+
+<p>By the 15th of January we had secured the main gates against an assault,
+by building a wall of stone and mortar behind them, leaving merely what
+is called a man-hole, for the entrance of one person at a time. Even
+this was covered by a twenty-four-pounder howitzer, loaded with
+canister.</p>
+
+<p>By the 11th the money appropriated by the South Carolina Legislature for
+war purposes amounted to $1,450,000, and was soon after increased to
+$1,800,000. There was not a dollar in the treasury, and nothing but the
+bank of the State to draw upon.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day the financial condition of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> United States was much
+improved by the appointment of John A. Dix as Secretary of the Treasury.
+This gave great confidence to the moneyed men of New York, who
+immediately rallied to the support of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>To all appearance, about six hundred negroes were now at work, night and
+day, in perfecting the defenses of Fort Moultrie. The enemy continued
+their hostile preparations with the utmost energy and zeal, in spite of
+the tacit truce which was supposed to exist, and which prevented the
+President from sending men-of-war to aid or to re-enforce us. I think
+Anderson might well have remonstrated against the landing of additional
+heavy guns and mortars on Sullivan's Island, and the erection or new
+batteries, to be used against us. He should at once have reported this
+increased activity to Washington, in order that the agreement might be
+terminated, or at least limited to a certain number of days.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th, Judge Holt was nominated as Secretary of War, and was soon
+after confirmed by the Senate. We were very glad to have an energetic
+and patriotic man at the head of this department.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th, Lieutenant Meade left us for his home in Richmond,
+Virginia, in consequence of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> dispatch which stated that his mother was
+at the point of death. I never knew whether this telegram was founded on
+fact, or was a strategic move to force poor Meade into the ranks of the
+Confederacy, by detaching him temporarily from us, and taking him where
+tremendous political and social influences could be brought to bear upon
+him. He had previously been overwhelmed with letters on the subject. He
+was already much troubled in mind; and some months after the bombardment
+of Fort Sumter the pressure of family ties induced him (very
+reluctantly, as I heard) to join the Disunionists. It was stated that he
+never was a happy man afterward, and that before a year had passed death
+put an end to his sorrow and regret. He was the son of R.K. Meade, our
+minister to Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>The troops opposite to us were now regularly receiving supplies and
+re-enforcements, and drilling daily, while all the necessaries of life
+were constantly diminishing with us. We were already out of sugar, soap,
+and candles.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th, Lieutenant Talbot returned from his visit to Washington,
+where, it will be remembered, he had been sent to explain the <i>Star of
+the West</i> affair, and ask for specific instructions, which would
+relieve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> Anderson from the responsibility, and throw it upon the
+Administration. The orders he brought back were to the effect that they
+had the utmost confidence in Major Anderson, and that they left every
+thing to his judgment. This was throwing the responsibility all back
+upon him. It was very complimentary, but far from satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>Talbot stated that he had great difficulty in making a safe transit
+through Charleston; for while the leaders seemed to be more pacific than
+ever, the populace had become more violent. It was even thought
+necessary to send an officer with him to secure his personal safety. He
+brought me the pleasant information that the mob were howling for my
+head, as that of the only Republican, or, as they called it, "Black
+Republican," in the fort.</p>
+
+<p>Many unfavorable comments having been made, even in the Southern States,
+more particularly in Kentucky, in relation to Governor Pickens's
+treatment of us, he relaxed his severity, and on the 21st sent us over
+some fresh beef and vegetables; as if we would consent to be fed by the
+charity of South Carolina. Anderson showed a good deal of proper spirit
+on this occasion. He declined to receive the provisions, but notified
+the governor that,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> if we were not interfered with, we would purchase
+our own supplies in Charleston market. The governor consented to this;
+but nothing came of it. There seemed to be a combination among the
+market-men not to sell us any food. Indeed, this action of the governor
+made him very unpopular with the Rhett faction. Rhett rushed over to
+inform him that the people demanded that Fort Sumter should be taken
+without any further procrastination or delay. The governor made a very
+shrewd reply. He said, "Certainly, Mr. Rhett; I have no objection! I
+will furnish you with some men, and you can storm the work yourself."
+Rhett drew back and replied, "But, sir, I am not a military man!" "Nor I
+either," said the governor, "and therefore I take the advice of those
+that are!" After this, there was no further talk of an immediate
+assault. The action of the governor in this case almost gained him the
+reputation of a wit among the officers of his command.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Hall being absent on diplomatic duty, and Dr. Crawford being
+temporarily, and Lieutenant Talbot permanently, on the sick-list, the
+rest of us were utterly worn out with the labor that devolved upon us.
+Guard duty was especially severe, as increased vigilance became
+necessary, in consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> of certain threatening preparations made by
+the enemy. The leaders in Charleston soon saw that the joint mission of
+Hall and Hayne could not possibly result in any thing decisive; but as
+every day added to their strength and resources, they did not choose to
+recall their commissioner. They left him to continue his arguments in
+relation to the "right of eminent domain," while they prepared for war.
+In the hope that some day they might take us by surprise, they had the
+guard-boats, which still patrolled the harbor, painted black, and all
+the lights and fires carefully screened from view. They probably
+intended to choose a dark night to drop down noiselessly with the tide,
+and take advantage of a sleepy sentinel, or some other favorable
+circumstance, to land a party on the rocks at the base of the wall, and
+seize the main entrance, or make their way in through one of the
+embrasures.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th, New York City, speaking through its mayor, Fernando Wood,
+seemed to offer the right hand of fellowship to the Secessionists.
+Certain arms which had been purchased by Georgia, to be used against the
+General Government, were detained in New York, and Ex-Senator Toombs
+telegraphed to Wood for an explanation. The latter characterized<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> the
+detention as an outrage for which he was not responsible, and for which
+he would inflict summary punishment, if he had the power.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Meade returned faithfully on the 25th, but brought no news of
+importance.</p>
+
+<p>On the 26th, Anderson applied for the code of naval signals, so that if
+a fleet at any time should cross the bar, he might communicate with it
+at a distance.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the 30th we had not been able to procure any thing to eat from the
+city; but through the influence of Mr. Gourdin, who seemed to have a
+special mission to smooth over all difficulties, a new arrangement was
+made, by which our provisions were ostensibly purchased for Fort
+Johnson, and were forwarded to us from there.</p>
+
+<p>The nearest land to us was called Cummings Point. It was nearly opposite
+the gorge, which was the weakest side of Fort Sumter, the wall there
+being thinner than in any other part. The enemy now began to build the
+most formidable of all their batteries on the point referred to. It was
+constructed of strong timber, plated with railroad iron, and partially
+covered with sand. When finished, it was regarded as almost impregnable.
+Steamers from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> city passed within a stone's-throw of us daily,
+loaded with the materials used in its construction, without opposition
+and without remonstrance.</p>
+
+<p>As it seemed settled that we were to wait until Hayne was through with
+his law-points, and as our food, in the mean time, was rapidly giving
+out, Anderson, on the 21st, directed me to make arrangements with the
+authorities of Charleston to enable us to send off the soldiers'
+families to Fort Hamilton. This was done; and the women and children
+were shipped off to Charleston on the 30th, and transferred to the
+steamer <i>Marion</i>, which left for New York on the 3d of February. As they
+passed the fort outward-bound, the men gave them repeated cheers as a
+farewell, and displayed much feeling; for they thought it very probable
+they might not meet them again for a long period, if ever.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p><p>On the arrival of these families at Fort Hamilton, New York, they found
+themselves in straitened circumstances, because, owing to our isolation,
+the men had not been paid off for a long time, and therefore had no
+money to give their wives. Plymouth Church, however, interested itself
+in their behalf, and soon made them comparatively comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>Had our Government been really disposed, at this period, to act with
+ordinary energy, it might have opened a communication with us, and
+cleared the Morris Island channel without much difficulty. There were
+only about three hundred Charleston militia guarding the batteries on
+that island; and it would have been easy for a small force of mariners
+and soldiers to land there in the night, take the batteries in reverse,
+and drive the troops out, or capture them. This once accomplished,
+re-enforcements and supplies could have been sent us to any amount.
+Buchanan's administration, however, was drawing to a close; and his only
+desire seemed to be to get through his term of office without a
+collision, leaving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> the difficulties and perplexities of his position as
+a legacy to his successor.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th, I received an insulting letter from Charleston, informing
+me that, if I were ever caught in the city, an arrangement had been made
+to tar and feather me as an Abolitionist.</p>
+
+<p>February had now arrived. The 4th of the month was made memorable by the
+meeting of the Peace Congress at Washington, and by a convention to
+represent the Southern States at Montgomery, Alabama.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th, the new Secretary of War, Judge Holt, wrote to South
+Carolina that the President did not intend to inaugurate any aggressive
+measures; and if the State government attacked Fort Sumter, they would
+incur a fearful responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th, some photographic artists were allowed to come over and take
+our portraits in a group. I think it proved a profitable speculation,
+for the sale was quite large. One of the party proved afterward to be a
+lieutenant of a Charleston company. It seems he came as a spy, and, no
+doubt, thought he had done a very clever thing; but inasmuch as Mr.
+Gourdin and other Secessionists, including several military and naval
+officers, were permitted to roam through the fort at will, there was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+very little use in taking precautions against spies. Indeed, on one
+occasion, another Major Anderson, a namesake of our commander, came down
+to Charleston with a freight-train loaded with shot, shell, heavy guns,
+and mortars for South Carolina, to be used in the batteries against us.
+He was the owner of the celebrated Tredegar Iron Works, of Richmond,
+Virginia, already referred to, and had been enriched by the patronage of
+the United States. I thought it decidedly cool in him, under the
+circumstances, to come over to call on our Major Anderson. He made no
+attempt at concealment, but stated without reserve the object of his
+trip to the South. To my surprise, instead of being summarily expelled,
+he met with a most cordial reception, was invited to stay to dinner, and
+when he left he was dismissed with a "Good-bye! God bless you! You
+haven't such a thing as a late newspaper about you, have you?"</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of February, the enemy's batteries were completed, manned and
+ready for action. On the same day the Confederate Government was duly
+organized by the election of Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as
+President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, as Vice-president. The
+Cabinet consisted of Robert Toombs, of Georgia, Secretary of State;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> L.
+Pope Walker, of Alabama, Secretary of War; and Charles G. Memminger, of
+South Carolina, Secretary of the Treasury. Afterward, Judah P. Benjamin,
+of Louisiana, was appointed Attorney-general; Stephen M. Mallory, of
+Florida, Secretary of the Navy; and John H. Reagan, of Texas,
+Postmaster-general. Peter Gustave T. Beauregard, of Louisiana, was made
+Brigadier-general to command the provisional army.</p>
+
+<p>By this time we had finished most of our preparations, and were busily
+engaged in constructing a mine at the extremity of the wharf, for the
+benefit of any hostile party that might land there.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Hall returned on the 10th. He had had a very pleasant time in
+Washington, and had been petted a good deal by the loyal people of the
+North, but his mission proved of no real benefit to the United States,
+and we had missed him a great deal, for we had been very short-handed.</p>
+
+<p>He brought nothing definite from the Administration. All the latter
+desired was to have a peaceable death-bed, leaving its burdens for Mr.
+Lincoln's shoulders.</p>
+
+<p>As Hall passed through Charleston, one of the young men there told him
+there was quite a revulsion of feeling with regard to attacking Fort
+Sumter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> Hall inquired the reason. The reply was, that a schooner which
+had just come in had been in great danger from one of our infernal
+machines, which had exploded and whitened the water for three hundred
+yards around. It seems that Seymour, who is very ingenious, had fastened
+a cannon cartridge in the centre of a barrel of paving-stones, so
+arranged that when the barrel was rolled off the parapet, the powder
+would explode about five feet from the base of the wall. I was trying
+the experiment one day as the schooner passed, and the explosion did
+look very destructive, as the paving-stones dashed up the water for a
+distance of fifty feet from the fort.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th, we had two more mines ready for any storming party that
+might desire to land.</p>
+
+<p>About this time Captain Edward M'Cready, of Charleston, who had formerly
+been very intimate with the officers of the garrison, wrote a letter
+urging them to throw off their allegiance to the United States, and
+enter into the Confederate service. No one took the trouble to answer
+it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CRISIS AT HAND.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">South Carolina's Grievances.&mdash;Inauguration of President
+Lincoln.&mdash;Determination to Re-enforce Sumter.&mdash;An Audacious
+Proposal.&mdash;The <i>Shannon</i>.&mdash;New Rebel Batteries Unmasked.&mdash;Formal
+Notice of Bombardment. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>We saw advertisements now in the Northern papers showing that dramas
+founded on our occupation of Fort Sumter, and confinement there, were
+being acted both in Boston and New York. It was quite amusing to see our
+names in the play-bills, and to find that persons were acting our parts
+and spouting mock heroics on the stage.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th, several Southern senators at Washington wrote to Governor
+Pickens, recommending that we be allowed fresh provisions, fuel, and
+other necessaries, at the same time expressing their sympathy with South
+Carolina. After this the governor became more polite and considerate,
+and allowed our officers to send to purchase oil and groceries in
+Charleston. Rhett's paper, <i>The Mercury</i>, of course,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> bitterly opposed
+this concession. We now learned that the whole question of Fort Sumter
+had been turned over to the new Southern Confederacy for solution.</p>
+
+<p>At this period grievous complaints were made by the merchants of the
+city of the utter stagnation of trade. All the business had fled to
+Savannah. Foreign vessels would not attempt to enter a harbor where
+civil war was raging, especially as it was reported that obstructions
+had been sunk in the channel. The Charleston people said they now fully
+understood and appreciated the kindness of the people of Savannah in
+furnishing them with old hulks to destroy the harbor of Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>When the organization of the new government was complete, the original
+Secessionists of the Palmetto State were exceedingly angry to find
+themselves ignored. The President, Vice-president, and all the prominent
+members of the Cabinet, with the single exception of the Secretary of
+the Treasury, were from other States. Henceforward, instead of
+pretentious leadership, the position of South Carolina was to be that of
+humble obedience to the new <i>r&eacute;gime</i>. Nor was this their only grievance.
+Free trade was not proclaimed; and no ordinance was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> passed to re-open
+the African slave-trade, inasmuch as it would destroy the domestic
+slave-trade and the profits of slave-breeding in Virginia. It was soon
+seen that the associated States differed widely on a great many vital
+points. One of these related to Indian incursions into Texas. The Border
+States, owing to the withdrawal of the United States forces, desired
+large appropriations in money, for the purpose of organizing troops to
+guard the settlements from Indian incursions. The people of South
+Carolina, whose burdens were already very great, and who were
+advertising in vain for a loan, were very unwilling to be taxed for the
+benefit of Texas and Arkansas. In their anger at these untoward events,
+the proposition was freely discussed whether it would not be the best
+course to secede from the Confederacy altogether, and place themselves
+under a British protectorate. The only difficulty in the way seemed to
+be the unwillingness of Great Britain to act as step-father to such a
+spoiled child as South Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia had not yet seceded. She still professed neutrality, but
+allowed a brisk trade in cannon and ammunition to be carried on with the
+South, knowing they were to be used against the General Government.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p><p>Anderson now expressed himself as openly opposed to coercion. He was in
+favor of surrendering all the forts to the States in which they were
+located. This course would simply be an acknowledgment that the
+sovereignty did not vest in the United States, and would have led to
+nothing but disorder and disunion. He said if his native State,
+Kentucky, seceded, he should throw up his commission and go to Europe.
+The fact is, as I have stated, he was a strong pro-slavery man, and felt
+bitterly toward the North for not carrying out the Fugitive Slave Law.
+He contended that slavery was right in principle, and expressly
+sanctioned by the Bible. One day, while we were conversing on the
+subject, I called his attention to the fact that slavery in ancient
+times was not founded on color; and if white slavery was right, I saw no
+reason why some one might not make a slave of him, and read texts of
+Scripture to him to keep him quiet. He was unable to answer this
+argument.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of March, he informed the General Government that he had no
+doubt we would soon be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> attacked. The communication, however, led to no
+comment and no immediate action.</p>
+
+<p>From certain circumstances, I saw that South Carolina not only intended
+to build iron-clad batteries, but was thinking of iron-clad ships, to
+sink our wooden navy, and at some future time capture our Northern
+harbors.</p>
+
+<p>I was so much impressed with the importance of this subject that I felt
+it my duty to call attention to it, in letters to Mr. Curtis, of
+Missouri, and other members of Congress; but no one at the North seemed
+to give the matter a second thought, or imagine there was any danger to
+be apprehended in the future. It was not so with our enemies. They were
+fully alive to the aggressive power it would give them, and they
+commenced to experiment by building an iron-clad floating battery, which
+was to be plated deep enough to resist our heaviest metal. When
+finished, it was to be anchored off the gorge of Fort Sumter, so that it
+could beat down our main gates, and make wide breaches in the walls for
+an assaulting party to enter. This battery was completed on the 3d of
+March; but the State militia had a great prejudice against it, and could
+not be induced to man it. They christened it "The Slaughter Pen," and
+felt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> certain it would go to the bottom the moment we opened fire upon
+it. Out of deference to public opinion, it was tied up to the wharf in
+Moultrieville, and took part from that position in the final bombardment
+of Fort Sumter.</p>
+
+<p>The eventful 4th of March had now arrived, and with it a new President,
+representing the patriotism and vigor of the great North-west. We looked
+for an immediate change of policy; but it was some weeks before any
+definite action was taken with regard to us. This is not to be wondered
+at, when we consider that a large proportion of the employ&eacute;s of the
+previous Administration were disloyal and treacherous, while the new
+appointments could not be made hastily, on account of the tremendous
+pressure for office, and the difficulty of canvassing the claims of so
+many rival and influential candidates. If Mr. Lincoln wrote a private
+dispatch, it was sure to be betrayed to the enemy. The defection in the
+civil service, in the army, and navy, was so great that, if he gave an
+order, he was always in doubt whether it would be faithfully carried
+out. General Cooper, who was Adjutant-general of the army, and the
+mouth-piece of the Secretary of War and of the Commander-in-chief, was
+himself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> a rebel at heart, and soon resigned to join the Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>Enough, however, was already known of the policy of the Administration
+to cause great uneasiness in Charleston. The feeling there was very
+gloomy at the prospect of real war; for almost every one had persuaded
+himself that the new President would not attempt coercion, but would
+simply submit to the dismemberment of the country, and make the best
+terms he could. They now knew they would be obliged to face the storm
+they had raised, and they already foresaw great sufferings and
+sacrifices in the future.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th, Anderson wrote to Washington that he needed no
+re-enforcement. The fact is, he did not want it, because its arrival
+would be sure to bring on a collision, and that was the one thing he
+wished to avoid.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln soon after appointed Simon Cameron as the new Secretary of
+War.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th, an accidental shot, fired from the battery opposite, struck
+near our wharf. The enemy sent a boat over at once to make an
+explanation.</p>
+
+<p>Our men were dissatisfied that the affair ended in nothing. They were
+becoming thoroughly angry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> and disgusted at their long confinement, and
+at the supervision South Carolina exercised over them. One and all
+desired to fight it out as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>After consultation with Major Anderson, it was deemed impossible at
+Washington to succor us without sending a force of at least twenty
+thousand men to storm the batteries on Morris Island. There was a time
+when these works could have been easily captured; but now, with the
+North full of spies, any attempt to take them by force would have called
+out all the available strength of South Carolina, assisted by volunteers
+from other States. On the 10th, it was everywhere published that the
+Administration intended to withdraw us; but no admission of the kind
+could be obtained from Mr. Lincoln.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>Learning that we had nothing but pork and hard biscuit to eat, Mr.
+Haight, a wealthy gentleman of New York, sent us several boxes of
+delicacies. The governor, under the impression we were soon to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+withdrawn, allowed them to come over. They were fully appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>The great tobacconist, John Anderson, of New York, also sent a large
+supply of the best quality of tobacco, having learned that the men felt
+the loss of their smoking more than any thing else.</p>
+
+<p>By this time the South Carolina treasury was in a state of collapse. A
+loan for six hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars was freely
+advertised, but no one desired to invest. The city trade, however, began
+to be quite brisk again, from the immense influx of sympathizing
+strangers that poured into the city to see the preparations for war.
+Goods, too, began to come in from all quarters, and there was a gleam of
+prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th, G.W. Lay, one of General Scott's aids, who had resigned on
+the 2d of the month, came down to offer his services to Governor
+Pickens. He must have had in his possession much valuable military and
+diplomatic information, to which his late confidential position had
+given him access.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st, another messenger, Captain G.V. Fox, United States Navy,
+came over to see us. Captain Hartstein, who was an ex-officer of our
+navy, and an old friend of Fox's, was sent with him, to be within<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+ear-shot, and see that he did no harm to the Confederacy. Fox had an
+excellent plan of his own in reference to us, and came to reconnoitre,
+and ascertain whether it was practicable to carry it out; for the
+President had now fully determined not to withdraw us, or surrender Fort
+Sumter without an effort to hold and re-enforce it. Indeed, there came
+up an indignant roar from the great North-west, and many parts of the
+North, that could not be disregarded with impunity. To have done so
+would almost have created a revolution.</p>
+
+<p>I was struck by one modest question which Hartstein put to me on this
+occasion. He asked if I thought Anderson would object to his anchoring
+the iron-plated floating-battery within a hundred yards of our main
+gates. Upon my expressing my surprise at such an audacious proposal, he
+replied, "Anderson has allowed these batteries to be built around him,
+and has permitted so many things to be done, that I don't see why he
+should not go a step farther and allow this."</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d, we learned that Beauregard had assumed command of the forces
+opposite to us. As he had just left our army, where he had been highly
+trusted and honored, it is said he displayed a good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> deal of feeling at
+finding himself opposed to the flag under which he had served so long.
+He expressed much sympathy for his old friend, Anderson, who, he stated,
+was merely fulfilling his duty as a soldier in fighting for his own
+Government, and asserted that he would not attack us, even if we
+withdrew all our sentinels, but would force us to surrender by cutting
+off our supplies.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d, we had but two days' regular fuel left, but we had contrived
+to secure and utilize a number of floating logs as they passed the fort,
+and these increased the amount on hand to some extent.</p>
+
+<p>Anderson now had no doubt that we would be withdrawn, and the papers all
+gave out the same idea. Under these circumstances, as we were out of
+fuel, and had a large number of surplus gun-carriages on hand which we
+could not possibly use, and which would inevitably fall into the hands
+of the enemy when we left, I suggested that it would be good policy to
+use them for fire-wood, especially as many of them were decayed and
+worthless. He would not, however, consent to this. Perhaps he thought
+fuel at six hundred dollars a cord was rather dear. The result was that
+they were finally all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> turned over to the Confederacy, with the other
+public property on hand.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th, Colonel Ward C. Lamon, the former law-partner of Mr.
+Lincoln, came over to visit us under charge of Colonel Duryea, of
+Charleston. It was given out that he was sent as an agent of the General
+Government to see Governor Pickens in relation to post-office matters;
+but in reality he came to confer with Anderson, and ascertain the amount
+of provisions on hand. He took with him the important information that
+our food would be out by the middle of April.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th, Beauregard sent a message of some kind to Anderson. I do
+not know its purport. The latter stated to us that he expected decisive
+orders from Washington on the 29th, but none came.</p>
+
+<p>The 1st of April arrived, and as the heavy work of mounting guns, etc.,
+was completed, our commander thought it would be a good idea to send off
+the hired laborers, and he intrusted Captain Foster to ask permission of
+the rebel authorities to allow them to land. The request was granted,
+and all left with the exception of a few, who desired to remain with us
+and share our fortunes. Among them was Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> William O. Lyman, the
+principal overseer of the masons, a brave and reliable man.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d of April, another affair occurred similar to that of the <i>Star
+of the West</i>. The schooner <i>R.H. Shannon</i>, of Boston, under Captain
+Mounts, <i>en route</i> for Savannah with a cargo of ice, sailed into the
+harbor of Charleston on account of a fog. As the captain did not read
+the papers, he did not know that any thing unusual was going on. A
+battery on Morris Island fired a shot across the bow of his vessel to
+bring her to. Very much astonished at this proceeding, he ran up the
+Stars and Stripes to show that he was all right. This was regarded as a
+direct defiance, and a heavy cannonade was at once opened on the vessel.
+Very much puzzled to account for this hostility, he lowered his flag,
+and the firing ceased. A boat's crew now put off from the shore to
+ascertain his character and purpose in entering the harbor. While this
+was going on, we were formed at our guns, in readiness to fire, but were
+not allowed to do so, although there was every probability that the
+vessel would be sunk before our eyes. It is true we could not have
+reached the particular battery that was doing the mischief; but the
+other works of the enemy were all under our guns, and, not expecting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+immediate action, were in a measure unprepared. Anderson, however,
+contented himself with sending Seymour and Snyder over in a boat with a
+white flag to ask for an explanation, with the usual result: Lieutenant
+Talbot and Lieutenant Snyder were then sent over to have an interview
+with the governor in relation to this matter. This being far from
+satisfactory, Lieutenant Snyder returned to Fort Sumter, and Lieutenant
+Talbot kept on his way to Washington with dispatches.</p>
+
+<p>Although this affair attracted very little attention or comment at the
+North, I was convinced, from the major's depression of spirits, that it
+acted a great deal upon his mind. He evidently feared it might be
+considered as a betrayal of his trust, and he was very sensitive to
+every thing that affected his honor.</p>
+
+<p>I have already stated the reasons for his inaction. In amplifying his
+instructions not to provoke a collision into instructions not to fight
+at all, I have no doubt he thought he was rendering a real service to
+the country. He knew the first shot fired by us would light the flames
+of a civil war that would convulse the world, and tried to put off the
+evil day as long as possible. Yet a better analysis of the situation
+might have taught him that the contest had already<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> commenced, and could
+no longer be avoided. The leaders of the South at this period would
+hardly have been satisfied with the most abject submission of the
+anti-slavery party to all their behests. In fact, every concession made
+to their wishes seemed to them to be dictated by the weakness of the
+Government, and its fears of internal dissensions and civil war in all
+the great cities of the North. They needed blood and the prestige of a
+victory to rouse the enthusiasm of their followers, and cement the
+rising Confederacy. They wanted a new and powerful slave empire,
+extending to the Isthmus of Panama, and for this a direct issue must be
+made with the free States. In vain did a member of Congress, who
+afterward became a distinguished Union general, offer in Richmond to
+raise an army of twenty thousand men in the North to fight the
+abolitionists, if the South would consent to remain in the Union. Even
+this was not deemed sufficient or satisfactory. Slavery had so long
+dominated every thing with a rod of iron, that its votaries deemed it
+was born to universal dominion. All the pathways to political power, all
+the avenues of promotion in the army and navy, lay in that direction.
+General Scott was accustomed to say that "with Virginia officers and
+Yankee troops<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> he could conquer the world," and this implied that
+slave-holders, in his opinion, were the only men fitted to command.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was too full of spies for the rebel leaders to remain in
+ignorance of Lincoln's intention to re-enforce us. On the 6th of April,
+Beauregard restricted our marketing to two days in the week. On the 7th,
+it was wholly cut off, and we noticed gangs of negroes hard at work
+strengthening the defenses on Morris Island. Every thing betokened that
+the conflict would soon take place. Anderson was greatly troubled at the
+failure of all his plans to keep the place. The rebels knew, and perhaps
+he knew, that on the 6th and 7th of April a number of naval vessels had
+left New York and Norfolk under sealed orders. Their destination could
+hardly be doubted. Lieutenant Talbot reached Washington on the 6th, but
+was immediately sent back with a message from the President to Governor
+Pickens, notifying the latter that the Government intended to provision
+Fort Sumter at all hazards. This formal notice was given by the
+President, probably because he considered himself bound to do so before
+putting an end to the semi-pacific code which had governed Anderson's
+intercourse with the forces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> around him ever since the departure of Hall
+and Hayne for Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Talbot delivered his message on the 8th. Beauregard immediately
+telegraphed the information to the rebel Secretary of War, at
+Montgomery, Alabama, and received orders on the 10th to open fire at
+once upon Fort Sumter.</p>
+
+<p>I think it was on the 9th that the official letter came, notifying
+Anderson that a naval expedition had been sent to our relief, and that
+he must co-operate with it to the best of his ability. He communicated
+this information to us on the 10th, but desired it should be kept
+secret. The preparations we were obliged to make told the men plainly
+enough, however, that the fighting was about to commence. The news acted
+like magic upon them. They had previously been drooping and dejected;
+but they now sprung to their work with the greatest alacrity, laughing,
+singing, whistling, and full of glee. They were overjoyed to learn that
+their long imprisonment in the fort would soon be at an end. They had
+felt themselves humiliated by the open supervision which South Carolina
+exercised over us, and our tame submission to it. It was very galling to
+them to see the revenue-cutter, which had been stolen from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> United
+States, anchored within a stone's cast of our walls, to watch our
+movements and overhaul every thing coming to or going from the fort,
+including our mail-boat.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th, Beauregard announced his personal staff to consist of
+Colonels Wigfall, Chestnut, Means, M'Gowan, Manning, and Boyleston.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, a house directly opposite to us in Moultrieville, at
+the nearest point, was suddenly removed, disclosing a formidable masked
+battery, which effectually enfiladed two rows of our upper tier of guns
+in barbette, and took a third tier in reverse. It was a sad surprise to
+us, for we had our heaviest metal there. I set to work immediately to
+construct sand-bag traverses; but it was difficult to make much
+progress, as we had no bags, and were obliged to tear up sheets for the
+purpose, and have the pieces sewed together. This labor, however, was
+entirely thrown away, for Anderson ordered us to abandon all the guns on
+the parapet. This, of course, was much less dangerous for the men, but
+it deprived us of the most powerful and effective part of our armament.</p>
+
+<p>About 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> of the same day, a boat came over with Colonel James
+Chestnut, Ex-United States Senator,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> and Captain Stephen D. Lee, both
+aids of Beauregard. They bore a demand for the surrender of the fort.
+Anderson politely declined to accede to this request, but stated in
+conversation he would soon be starved out. This gratuitous information
+ought never to have been given to the enemy, in view of the fact that a
+naval expedition was on its way to us. It was at once supposed that
+Anderson desired to surrender without fighting; and about 11 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>
+another boat came over, containing Colonel Chestnut, Colonel Pryor, and
+Captain Lee, to inquire upon what day he would be willing to evacuate
+the work in case he was not attacked. The answer was, on the 15th at
+noon, provided he did not receive fresh instructions, or was not
+relieved before that time. As we had pork enough on hand to last for two
+weeks longer, there was no necessity for fixing so early a day. It left
+too little margin for naval operations, as, in all probability, the
+vessels, in case of any accident or detention, would arrive too late to
+be of service. This proved to be the case.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's batteries on Sullivan's Island were so placed as to fire
+directly into the officers' quarters at Fort Sumter; and as our rooms
+would necessarily become untenable, we vacated them, and chose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> points
+that were more secure. I moved my bed into a magazine which was directly
+opposite to Cummings Point, and which was nearly empty. As I was
+sensible that the next three days would call for great physical exertion
+and constant wakefulness, I endeavored to get all the sleep I could on
+the night of the 11th. About 4 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> on the 12th, I was awakened by some
+one groping about my room in the dark and calling out my name. It proved
+to be Anderson, who came to announce to me that he had just received a
+dispatch from Beauregard, dated 3.20 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, to the effect that he should
+open fire upon us in an hour. Finding it was determined not to return
+the fire until after breakfast, I remained in bed. As we had no lights,
+we could in fact do nothing before that time, except to wander around in
+the darkness, and fire without an accurate view of the enemy's works.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE BOMBARDMENT.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">The First Shot.&mdash;Defective Guns.&mdash;John Carmody's
+Exploit.&mdash;Destructive Effects of the Bombardment.&mdash;Burning of the
+Officers' Quarters.&mdash;Terrific Conflagration. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>As soon as the outline of our fort could be distinguished, the enemy
+carried out their programme. It had been arranged, as a special
+compliment to the venerable Edmund Ruffin, who might almost be called
+the father of secession, that he should fire the first shot against us,
+from the Stevens battery on Cummings Point, and I think in all the
+histories it is stated that he did so; but it is attested by Dr.
+Crawford and others who were on the parapet at the time, that the first
+shot really came from the mortar battery at Fort Johnson.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> Almost
+immediately afterward a ball from Cummings Point lodged in the magazine
+wall, and by the sound seemed to bury itself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> in the masonry about a
+foot from my head, in very unpleasant proximity to my right ear. This is
+the one that probably came with Mr. Ruffin's compliments. In a moment
+the firing burst forth in one continuous roar, and large patches of both
+the exterior and interior masonry began to crumble and fall in all
+directions. The place where I was had been used for the manufacture of
+cartridges, and there was still a good deal of powder there, some packed
+and some loose. A shell soon struck near the ventilator, and a puff of
+dense smoke entered the room, giving me a strong impression that there
+would be an immediate explosion. Fortunately, no sparks had penetrated
+inside.</p>
+
+<p>Nineteen batteries were now hammering at us, and the balls and shells
+from the ten-inch columbiads, accompanied by shells from the
+thirteen-inch mortars which constantly bombarded us, made us feel as if
+the war had commenced in earnest.</p>
+
+<p>When it was broad daylight, I went down to breakfast. I found the
+officers already assembled at one of the long tables in the mess-hall.
+Our party were calm, and even somewhat merry. We had retained one
+colored man to wait on us. He was a spruce-looking mulatto from
+Charleston, very active and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> efficient on ordinary occasions, but now
+completely demoralized by the thunder of the guns and crashing of the
+shot around us. He leaned back against the wall, almost white with fear,
+his eyes closed, and his whole expression one of perfect despair.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+Our meal was not very sumptuous. It consisted of pork and water, but Dr.
+Crawford triumphantly brought forth a little farina, which he had found
+in a corner of the hospital.</p>
+
+<p>When this frugal repast was over, my company was told off in three
+details for firing purposes, to be relieved afterward by Seymour's
+company. As I was the ranking officer, I took the first detachment, and
+marched them to the casemates, which looked out upon the powerful
+iron-clad battery of Cummings Point.</p>
+
+<p>In aiming the first gun fired against the rebellion I had no feeling of
+self-reproach, for I fully believed that the contest was inevitable, and
+was not of our seeking. The United States was called upon not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> only to
+defend its sovereignty, but its right to exist as a nation. The only
+alternative was to submit to a powerful oligarchy who were determined to
+make freedom forever subordinate to slavery. To me it was simply a
+contest, politically speaking, as to whether virtue or vice should rule.</p>
+
+<p>My first shot bounded off from the sloping roof of the battery opposite
+without producing any apparent effect. It seemed useless to attempt to
+silence the guns there; for our metal was not heavy enough to batter the
+work down, and every ball glanced harmlessly off, except one, which
+appeared to enter an embrasure and twist the iron shutter, so as to stop
+the firing of that particular gun.</p>
+
+<p>I observed that a group of the enemy had ventured out from their
+intrenchments to watch the effect of their fire, but I sent them flying
+back to their shelter by the aid of a forty-two-pounder ball, which
+appeared to strike right in among them.</p>
+
+<p>Assistant-surgeon Crawford, having no sick in hospital, volunteered to
+take command of one of the detachments. He and Lieutenant Davis were
+detailed at the same time with me; and I soon heard their guns on the
+opposite side of the fort, echoing my own. They attacked Fort Moultrie
+with great vigor.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p><p>Our firing now became regular, and was answered from the rebel guns
+which encircled us on the four sides of the pentagon upon which the fort
+was built. The other side faced the open sea. Showers of balls from
+ten-inch columbiads and forty-two-pounders, and shells from
+thirteen-inch mortars poured into the fort in one incessant stream,
+causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions. When the
+immense mortar shells, after sailing high in the air, came down in a
+vertical direction, and buried themselves in the parade-ground, their
+explosion shook the fort like an earthquake.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>Our own guns were very defective, as they had no breech-sights. In place
+of these, Seymour and myself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> were obliged to devise notched sticks,
+which answered the purpose, but were necessarily very imperfect.</p>
+
+<p>Our fort had been built with reference to the penetration of shot when
+the old system of smooth-bore guns prevailed. The balls from a new
+Blakely gun on Cummings Point, however, had force enough to go entirely
+through the wall which sheltered us, and some of the fragments of brick
+which were knocked out wounded several of my detachment. None were
+seriously hurt except Sergeant Thomas Kirnan, of my company. His
+contusions were severe, but did not keep him out of the fight.</p>
+
+<p>After three hours' firing, my men became exhausted, and Captain Seymour
+came, with a fresh detachment, to relieve us. He has a great deal of
+humor in his composition, and said, jocosely, "Doubleday, what in the
+world is the matter here, and what is all this uproar about?"</p>
+
+<p>I replied, "There is a trifling difference of opinion between us and our
+neighbors opposite, and we are trying to settle it."</p>
+
+<p>"Very well," he said; "do you wish me to take a hand?"</p>
+
+<p>I said, "Yes, I would like to have you go in."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p><p>"All right," he said. "What is your elevation, and range?"</p>
+
+<p>I replied, "Five degrees, and twelve hundred yards."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," he said, "here goes!" And he went to work with a will.</p>
+
+<p>Part of the fleet was visible outside the bar about half-past ten <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>
+It exchanged salutes with us, but did not attempt to enter the harbor,
+or take part in the battle. In fact, it would have had considerable
+difficulty in finding the channel, as the marks and buoys had all been
+taken up. It was composed originally of the frigates <i>Pawnee</i>, under
+Commodore Rowan; the <i>Pocahontas</i>, under Captain Gillis; the <i>Powhatan</i>,
+under Captain Mercer; the steam transport <i>Baltic</i>, under Captain
+Fletcher; and, I believe, the steam-tugs <i>Yankee</i>, <i>Uncle Ben</i>, and
+another, which was not permitted to leave New York. The soldiers on
+board consisted of two hundred and fifty recruits from Governor's
+Island, under command of First Lieutenants E.M.K. Hudson, of the Fourth,
+and Robert O. Tyler, of the Third Artillery, and Second Lieutenant A.I.
+Thomas, of the First Infantry.</p>
+
+<p>This expedition was designed by Captain Fox, in consultation with G.W.
+Blunt, William H. Aspinwall,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> Russel Sturges, and others. After the
+event much obloquy was thrown upon the navy because it did not come in
+and engage the numerous batteries and forts, and open for itself a way
+to Charleston; but this course would probably have resulted in the
+sinking of every vessel.</p>
+
+<p>As far back as December I had written to New York that it was very
+difficult for a gun on shore to hit a small boat dancing on the waves in
+the daytime, and at night it is almost impossible. I suggested,
+therefore, that we might be re-enforced and provisioned by means of a
+number of small boats, supplied from several naval vessels as a base of
+operations. The same idea had occurred to Captain Fox; and on the
+present occasion he had brought thirty launches to be used for this
+purpose. They were to be manned by three hundred sailors, and in case
+they were assailed, the fleet was to protect them as far as possible by
+its guns. Unfortunately, the different vessels did not reach the
+rendezvous together. The <i>Pawnee</i> and <i>Pocahontas</i> arrived on the 12th,
+but lost a great deal of time in waiting for the <i>Powhatan</i>, which
+contained the launches and other arrangements, without which a boat
+expedition could not be organized. The <i>Powhatan</i> never appeared,
+having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> been unexpectedly detached, by order of the President, at the
+solicitation of Secretary Seward, and without consultation with the Navy
+Department. I think the <i>Baltic</i> was detained by running upon
+Rattlesnake Shoal. The steam-tug <i>Uncle Ben</i> was driven into Wilmington
+by a storm, and the <i>Yankee</i> did not make its appearance until the 15th.
+The expedition was thus an utter failure. Nevertheless, a passing
+schooner was purchased and loaded up with provisions and soldiers, and
+an attempt would have been made to run in on the night of the 13th, but
+by that time it was too late. The fort had surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>Having explained this matter, we will now resume the narrative of our
+operations. For the next three hours a vigorous fire was kept up on both
+sides. A great many shots were aimed at our flag-staff, but nearly all
+of them passed above the fort and struck in the water beyond. I think we
+succeeded in silencing several guns in Fort Moultrie, and one or more in
+the Stevens battery.</p>
+
+<p>When Seymour's three hours were up, I relieved him, and continued the
+firing. As our balls bounded off the sloping iron rails like peas upon a
+trencher, utterly failing to make any impression, and as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> shot from
+the Blakely gun came clear through our walls, Anderson directed that the
+men should cease firing at that particular place. I regretted very much
+that the upper tier of guns had been abandoned, as they were all loaded
+and pointed, and were of very heavy calibre. A wild Irish soldier,
+however, named John Carmody, slipped up on the parapet, and, without
+orders, fired the pieces there, one after another, on his own account.
+One of the ten-inch balls so aimed made quite an impression on the
+Cummings Point battery; and if the fire could have been kept up, it
+might possibly have knocked the iron-work to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>After my detachment had abandoned the casemate opposite the Blakely gun,
+to my great astonishment the battery I had left recommenced firing. I
+could not imagine who could have taken our places. It seems that a group
+of the Baltimore workmen had been watching our motions, and had thus
+learned the duties of a cannoneer. In spite of their previous
+determination not to take part in the fight, they could not resist the
+fun of trying their hand at one of the guns. It was already accurately
+pointed, and the ball struck the mark in the centre. The men attributed
+it to their own skill, and when I entered they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> were fairly in
+convulsions of laughter. One of them, in answer to my question, gasped
+out, "I hit it square in the middle." After this first attempt, each of
+them was desirous of trying his skill at aiming. The result was, that we
+soon had them organized into a firing-party.</p>
+
+<p>Finding one of my chests had been left in the officers' quarters, and
+that it would probably be knocked to pieces by the shells, I asked the
+mulatto, who still sat back against the wall, apparently asleep, to bear
+a hand and help me bring it out. He opened his eyes, shook his head
+dolefully, and said, "De major, he say, I muss not expose myself."</p>
+
+<p>If I mistake not, Roswell S. Ripley, formerly a brevet major in our
+army, fired the second or third shot to bring down the flag under which
+he had served for so many years. Ripley was born in Ohio, appointed from
+New York, and educated at the Military Academy. He had, therefore, even
+on the Southern theory of State rights, no necessary affiliation with
+the South. In fact, they always despised a man who joined them to fight
+against his own State. In one instance, Jeff Davis himself had to use
+all his influence to induce the Southern troops to obey one of these
+Northern generals. Ripley had previously been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> engaged as an agent for
+Sharpe's Arms Company in Europe; and, having been unsuccessful there,
+came to Charleston, with the hope of repairing his shattered fortunes by
+selling guns to South Carolina. Through the influence of Colonel Huger,
+of our Ordnance Department, who was in the city at the time, Ripley
+failed in this, and, being entirely out of employment, accepted a
+commission from the Confederacy to fight against his old comrades. Being
+a man of talent, and a skillful artillerist, he did us a great deal of
+harm. Like all Northern converts, he thought it necessary to be
+overzealous in his new position, to do away with the suspicions excited
+by his birth and education. I was told at the time that for this purpose
+he took pains to denounce me as an Abolitionist, and to recommend that I
+be hanged by the populace as soon as caught.</p>
+
+<p>The firing continued all day, without any special incident of
+importance, and without our making much impression on the enemy's works.
+They had a great advantage over us, as their fire was concentrated on
+the fort, which was in the centre of the circle, while ours was diffused
+over the circumference. Their missiles were exceedingly destructive to
+the upper exposed portion of the work, but no essential<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> injury was done
+to the lower casemates which sheltered us.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these shells, however, set the officers' quarters on fire three
+times; but the flames were promptly extinguished once or twice through
+the exertions of Peter Hart, whose activity and gallantry were very
+conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p>The night was an anxious one for us, for we thought it probable that the
+launches, filled with armed men from the fleet, might take advantage of
+the darkness to come in with provisions and supplies. Then, too, it was
+possible that the enemy might attempt a night attack. We were on the
+alert, therefore, with men stationed at all the embrasures; but nothing
+unusual occurred. The batteries fired upon us at stated intervals all
+night long. We did not return the fire, having no ammunition to waste.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 13th, we took our breakfast&mdash;or, rather, our pork
+and water&mdash;at the usual hour, and marched the men to the guns when the
+meal was over.</p>
+
+<p>From 4 to 6.30 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> the enemy's fire was very spirited. From 7 to 8 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>
+a rain-storm came on, and there was a lull in the cannonading. About 8
+<span class="smcap">a.m.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></span> the officers' quarters were ignited by one of Ripley's incendiary
+shells, or by shot heated in the furnaces at Fort Moultrie. The fire was
+put out; but at 10 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> a mortar shell passed through the roof, and
+lodged in the flooring of the second story, where it burst, and started
+the flames afresh. This, too, was extinguished; but the hot shot soon
+followed each other so rapidly that it was impossible for us to contend
+with them any longer. It became evident that the entire block, being
+built with wooden partitions, floors, and roofing, must be consumed, and
+that the magazine, containing three hundred barrels of powder, would be
+endangered; for, even after closing the metallic door, sparks might
+penetrate through the ventilator. The floor was covered with loose
+powder, where a detail of men had been at work manufacturing
+cartridge-bags out of old shirts, woolen blankets, etc.</p>
+
+<p>While the officers exerted themselves with axes to tear down and cut
+away all the wood-work in the vicinity, the soldiers were rolling
+barrels of powder out to more sheltered spots, and were covering them
+with wet blankets. The labor was accelerated by the shells which were
+bursting around us; for Ripley had redoubled his activity at the first
+signs of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> conflagration. We only succeeded in getting out some
+ninety-six barrels of powder, and then we were obliged to close the
+massive copper door, and await the result. A shot soon after passed
+through the intervening shield, struck the door, and bent the lock in
+such a way that it could not be opened again. We were thus cut off from
+our supply of ammunition, but still had some piled up in the vicinity of
+the guns. Anderson officially reported only four barrels and three
+cartridges as on hand when we left.</p>
+
+<p>By 11 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> the conflagration was terrible and disastrous. One-fifth of
+the fort was on fire, and the wind drove the smoke in dense masses into
+the angle where we had all taken refuge. It seemed impossible to escape
+suffocation. Some lay down close to the ground, with handkerchiefs over
+their mouths, and others posted themselves near the embrasures, where
+the smoke was somewhat lessened by the draught of air. Every one
+suffered severely. I crawled out of one of these openings, and sat on
+the outer edge; but Ripley made it lively for me there with his
+case-shot, which spattered all around. Had not a slight change of wind
+taken place, the result might have been fatal to most of us.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p><p>Our firing having ceased, and the enemy being very jubilant, I thought
+it would be as well to show them that we were not all dead yet, and
+ordered the gunners to fire a few rounds more. I heard afterward that
+the enemy loudly cheered Anderson for his persistency under such adverse
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>The scene at this time was really terrific. The roaring and crackling of
+the flames, the dense masses of whirling smoke, the bursting of the
+enemy's shells, and our own which were exploding in the burning rooms,
+the crashing of the shot, and the sound of masonry falling in every
+direction, made the fort a pandemonium. When at last nothing was left of
+the building but the blackened walls and smoldering embers, it became
+painfully evident that an immense amount of damage had been done. There
+was a tower at each angle of the fort. One of these, containing great
+quantities of shells, upon which we had relied, was almost completely
+shattered by successive explosions. The massive wooden gates, studded
+with iron nails, were burned, and the wall built behind them was now a
+mere heap of d&eacute;bris, so that the main entrance was wide open for an
+assaulting party. The sally-ports were in a similar condition, and the
+numerous windows on the gorge side, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> had been planked up, had now
+become all open entrances.</p>
+
+<p>About 12.48 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the end of the flag-staff was shot down, and the flag
+fell.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> It had been previously hanging by one halliard, the other
+having been cut by a piece of shell. The exultation of the enemy,
+however, was short-lived. Peter Hart found a spar in the fort, which
+answered very well as a temporary flag-staff. He nailed the flag to
+this, and raised it triumphantly by nailing and tying the pole firmly to
+a pile of gun-carriages on the parapet. This was gallantly done, without
+undue haste, under Seymour's supervision, although the enemy
+concentrated all their fire upon the spot to prevent Hart from carrying
+out his intention. From the beginning, the rebel gunners had been very
+ambitious to shoot the flag down, and had wasted an immense number of
+shots in the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>While the battle was going on, a correspondent of the <i>New York
+Tribune</i>, who was in Charleston, wrote that the populace were calling
+for my head. Fortunately, I was not there to gratify them. My<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> relations
+with the gentlemen of Charleston had always been friendly. The enmity of
+the mob was simply political, and was founded on the belief that I was
+the only "Black Republican," as they termed it, in the fort.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE EVACUATION.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">Senator Wigfall's Volunteer Mission.&mdash;Terms of Evacuation
+Settled.&mdash;The Question of Casualties on the Other Side.&mdash;Salute to
+the Flag.&mdash;Occupation of the Fort by Southern
+Troops.&mdash;Embarkation.&mdash;Welcome in New York.&mdash;Conclusion. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>There was a large, first-class wooden hotel, near the shore, on
+Sullivan's Island, called the Moultrie House. It was only kept open
+during the summer, and was a favorite resort, for planters and others,
+to enjoy the fresh sea-breeze, and the beautiful drive up the beach at
+low tide. Since the rebel occupation of Fort Moultrie, this hotel had
+been used as a d&eacute;p&ocirc;t and barracks for the troops in the vicinity. Just
+before the attack was made upon us, the Palmetto flag, which had waved
+over the building, was taken down; but I noticed with a spy-glass that
+there was still quite a number of people, apparently troops, remaining
+in the house. I saw no reason why the mere lowering of the flag should
+prevent us from firing at them. I therefore aimed two forty-two pounder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+balls at the upper story. The crashing of the shot, which went through
+the whole length of the building among the clapboards and interior
+partitions, must have been something fearful to those who were within.
+They came rushing out in furious haste, and tumbled over each other
+until they reached the bottom of the front steps, in one writhing,
+tumultuous mass.</p>
+
+<p>When we left Fort Sumter, a South Carolina officer, who seemed to feel
+aggrieved in relation to this matter, asked me why we fired at that
+building. Not caring to enter into a discussion at that time, I evaded
+it by telling him the true reason was, that the landlord had given me a
+wretched room there one night, and this being the only opportunity that
+had occurred to get even with him, I was unable to resist it. He laughed
+heartily, and said, "I understand it all now. You were perfectly right,
+sir, and I justify the act."</p>
+
+<p>About 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, Senator Wigfall, in company with W. Gourdin Young, of
+Charleston, unexpectedly made his appearance at one of the embrasures,
+having crossed over from Morris Island in a small boat, rowed by
+negroes. He had seen the flag come down, and supposed that we had
+surrendered in consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> of the burning of the quarters. This visit
+was sanctioned by the commander of Morris Island, Brigadier-general
+James W. Simons. An artillery-man, serving his gun, was very much
+astonished to see a man's face at the entrance, and asked him what he
+was doing there. Wigfall replied that he wished to see Major Anderson.
+The man, however, refused to allow him to enter until he had surrendered
+himself as a prisoner, and given up his sword. This done, another
+artillery-man was sent to bring an officer. Lieutenant Davis came almost
+immediately, but it took some time to find Anderson, who was out
+examining the condition of the main gates. I was not present during this
+scene, or at the interview that ensued, as I was engaged in trying to
+save some shells in the upper story from the effects of the fire.
+Wigfall, in Beauregard's name, offered Anderson his own terms, which
+were, the evacuation of the fort, with permission to salute our flag,
+and to march out with the honors of war, with our arms and private
+baggage, leaving all other war material behind. As soon as this matter
+was arranged, Wigfall returned to Cummings Point.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Beauregard having noticed the white flag, sent a boat
+containing Colonel James<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> Chestnut, and Captain Lee, Colonel Roger A.
+Pryor, and Colonel William Porcher Miles, to ascertain the meaning of
+the signal. A second boat soon followed, containing Major D.K. Jones,
+who was Beauregard's adjutant-general, Ex-Governor J.L. Manning, and
+Colonel Charles Alston.</p>
+
+<p>Miles and Pryor were exceedingly astonished when they heard that Wigfall
+had been carrying on negotiations in Beauregard's name, and stated that,
+to their certain knowledge, he had had no communication with Beauregard.
+They spoke of the matter with great delicacy, for Wigfall was a parlous
+man, and quick to settle disputed points with the pistol. Anderson
+replied with spirit that, under the circumstances, he would run up his
+flag again, and resume the firing. They begged him, however, not to take
+action until they had had an opportunity to lay the whole subject before
+General Beauregard; and Anderson agreed to wait a reasonable time for
+that purpose. The boat then returned to the city. In due time another
+boat arrived, containing Colonels Chestnut and Chisholm, and Captain
+Stephen D. Lee, all aids of Beauregard. They came to notify Major
+Anderson that the latter was willing to treat with him on the basis
+proposed. Colonel Charles Alston soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> came over with Major Jones (who
+was chief-of-staff to Beauregard, and adjutant-general of the
+Provisional Army), to settle the details of the evacuation. There was
+some difficulty about permitting us to salute our flag; but that, too,
+was finally conceded. In case we held out for another day, the rebels
+had made arrangements to storm the fort that night.</p>
+
+<p>During all these operations, our officers and men behaved with great
+gallantry. Hall, Snyder, and Meade had never been under fire before, but
+they proved themselves to be true sons of their Alma Mater at West
+Point.</p>
+
+<p>The first contest of the war was over, and had ended as a substantial
+victory for the Secessionists. They had commenced the campaign naked and
+defenseless; but the General Government had allowed them time to levy an
+army against us, and we had permitted ourselves to be surrounded with a
+ring of fire, from which there was no escape. Nor had we employed to the
+fullest extent all our available means of defense. No attempt had ever
+been made to use the upper tier of guns, which contained our heaviest
+metal, and which, from its height, overlooked the enemy's works, and
+was, therefore, the most efficient part of our armament. Although the
+fire<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> of our columbiads, under ordinary circumstances, could not quite
+reach the city, we had arranged one of them to point upward at the
+maximum angle. As the carriage would not admit of this, the gun was
+taken off, and made to rest on a bed of masonry. Seymour and myself
+thought, by loading it with eccentric shells, we could increase the
+range of the guns so that the balls would reach that part of Charleston
+which was nearest to us; but we were not allowed to use the gun at all.
+It seemed to me there was a manifest desire to do as little damage as
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>About eighteen hundred shot had been fired into Fort Sumter, and the
+upper story was pretty well knocked to pieces. To walk around the
+parapet, we had constantly to climb over heaps of d&eacute;bris. With all this
+expenditure of ammunition, we had but one man dangerously wounded. This
+was John Schweirer, foreman of the Baltimore brick-layers. He was struck
+by a piece of shell while standing near the open parade-ground. So long
+as our men fought in the lower casemates, which were shell-proof, the
+vertical fire could not reach them; and by drilling them to step one
+side of the embrasure whenever they saw the flash of a gun opposite,
+they escaped the danger of being struck by any ball which might enter
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> opening; so that, on the whole, they ran very little risk. Had they
+used the guns on the parapet, the number of casualties would have been
+greatly increased, but our missiles would have been much more effective.</p>
+
+<p>When William Porcher Miles was about to enter the boat to return to
+Charleston, he told our commander that none of the secession soldiers
+were injured by our fire. Anderson raised his hands and ejaculated,
+"Thank God for that!" As the object of our fighting was to do as much
+damage as possible, I could see no propriety in thanking Heaven for the
+small amount of injury we had inflicted. I have since had reason to
+suspect, from several circumstances, that the contest was not as
+bloodless as it was represented to be at the time. The coxswain of the
+boat that brought Miles over heard him make the remark that no one was
+hurt on the rebel side. The man stared at him for a moment in
+undisguised amazement, and then stepped aside behind an angle of the
+work, where he could indulge in a hearty fit of laughter. His whole
+action was that of one who thought his chief had been indulging in
+romance. Of course Miles believed the assertion, or he would not have
+made it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p><p>The fact is, Fort Moultrie was all slivered and knocked to pieces; and
+as I heard so much in reference to the narrow escapes of officers and
+soldiers there, I concluded that, if no one was hurt, a miracle must
+have taken place. The rebel who carried dispatches between Fort Moultrie
+and Mount Pleasant in a small boat was in a position to know, and he
+told Peter Hart, some years after the war, that a schooner, to his
+certain knowledge, came from Charleston during the battle, and took off
+a number of killed from Fort Moultrie, who were taken to Potter's Field,
+on Cooper River, and buried there on Saturday, at 4.30 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> I had
+previously seen the same story published as coming from Charleston. A
+similar statement was made, on his arrival in New York, by the mate of
+the schooner <i>D.B. Pitts</i>, and it purported to be founded on his own
+observation.</p>
+
+<p>When we left Fort Sumter for New York, a man of my company, named
+Fielding, was seriously injured by an explosion, and left behind in the
+hospital at Charleston. He was frequently visited there by an old
+comrade, named Galloway, who was one of our discharged soldiers.
+Galloway laughed at the idea that no one had been injured, and told
+Fielding that he himself had served in Fort Moultrie during<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> the
+bombardment, and had seen with his own eyes a number of killed and
+wounded there. If Galloway's story is true, Ripley may have concealed
+his losses, as he did not wish to have us appear more successful than he
+had been. I believe there were a great many Irish laborers enlisted in
+Fort Moultrie, and their loss would hardly have excited a remark in
+aristocratic Charleston. It is said, too, that a list of killed and
+wounded was posted up on a bulletin-board in the city, and afterward
+torn down, for fear that it might discourage the troops. On the other
+hand, the assertion of men holding high official position on the other
+side, that no one was killed or injured, would seem to leave little room
+for doubt.</p>
+
+<p>When Beauregard received notice that Anderson was willing to ratify the
+terms agreed upon, he sent over another boat, containing Colonel Miles,
+Colonel Pryor, Ex-Governor Manning, Major Jones, and Captain Hartstein,
+to arrange the details of the evacuation.</p>
+
+<p>Almost a fatal accident occurred to Roger A. Pryor shortly after his
+arrival in the fort. He was sitting in the hospital at a table, with a
+black bottle and a tumbler near his right hand. The place was quite
+dark, having been built up all around with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> boxes of sand, to render it
+shell-proof. Being thirsty, and not noticing what he did, he
+mechanically picked up the bottle, poured some of the liquid into the
+glass, and drank it down. It proved to be iodide of potassium, which is
+quite a poisonous compound. When I saw him, he was very pale, and
+leaning on the shoulder of Dr. Crawford, who was taking him out on the
+grass to apply the stomach-pump. He was soon out of danger. Some of us
+questioned the doctor's right to interpose in a case of this kind. It
+was argued that if any rebel leader chose to come over to Fort Sumter
+and poison himself, the Medical Department had no business to interfere
+with such a laudable intention. The doctor, however, claimed, with some
+show of reason, that he himself was held responsible to the United
+States for the medicine in the hospital, and therefore he could not
+permit Pryor to carry any of it away.</p>
+
+<p>All of the preliminaries having been duly adjusted, it was decided that
+the evacuation should take place the next morning. Our arrangements were
+few and simple, but the rebels made extensive preparations for the
+event, in order to give it the greatest <i>&eacute;clat</i>, and gain from it as
+much prestige as possible. The population of the surrounding country
+poured into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> Charleston in vast multitudes, to witness the humiliation
+of the United States flag. We slept soundly that night for the first
+time, after all the fatigue and excitement of the two preceding days.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, Sunday, the 14th, we were up early, packing our
+baggage in readiness to go on board the transport. The time having
+arrived, I made preparations, by order of Major Anderson, to fire a
+national salute to the flag. It was a dangerous thing to attempt, as
+sparks of fire were floating around everywhere, and there was no safe
+place to deposit the ammunition. In that portion of the line commanded
+by Lieutenant Hall, a pile of cartridges lay under the muzzle of one of
+the guns. Some fire had probably lodged inside the piece, which the
+sponging did not extinguish, for, in loading it, it went off
+prematurely, and blew off the right arm of the gunner, Daniel Hough, who
+was an excellent soldier. His death was almost instantaneous. He was the
+first man who lost his life on our side in the war for the Union. The
+damage did not end here, for some of the fire from the muzzle dropped on
+the pile of cartridges below, and exploded them all. Several men in the
+vicinity were blown into the air, and seriously injured. Their names
+were George Fielding, John<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> Irwin, George Pinchard, and Edwin Galway,
+and, I think, James Hayes. The first-named being very badly hurt, was
+left behind, to be cared for by the rebels. He was sent over to
+Charleston, where he was well treated, finally cured, and forwarded to
+us without being exchanged.</p>
+
+<p>The salute being over, the Confederate troops marched in to occupy the
+fort. The Palmetto Guard, Captain Cuthbert's company, detailed by
+Colonel De Saussure, and Captain Hollinquist's Company B, of the
+regulars, detailed by Colonel Ripley, constituted the new garrison under
+Ripley.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Anderson directed me to form the men on the parade-ground,
+assume command, and march them on board the transport. I told him I
+should prefer to leave the fort with the flag flying, and the drums
+beating Yankee Doodle, and he authorized me to do so. As soon as our
+tattered flag came down, and the silken banner made by the ladies of
+Charleston was run up, tremendous shouts of applause were heard from
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> vast multitude of spectators; and all the vessels and steamers,
+with one accord, made for the fort. Corporal Bringhurst came running to
+tell me that many of the approaching crowd were shouting my name, and
+making threatening demonstrations. The disorder, however, was
+immediately quelled by the appearance of Hartstein, an ex-officer of our
+navy, who threw out sentinels in all directions, and prevented the mob
+from landing.</p>
+
+<p>The bay was alive with floating craft of every description, filled with
+people from all parts of the South, in their holiday attire. As I
+marched out at the head of our little band of regulars, it must have
+presented a strange contrast to the numerous forces that had assailed
+us; some sixty men against six thousand. As we went on board the
+<i>Isabel</i>, with the drums beating the national air, all eyes were fixed
+upon us amidst the deepest silence. It was an hour of triumph for the
+originators of secession in South Carolina, and no doubt it seemed to
+them the culmination of all their hopes; but could they have seen into
+the future with the eye of prophecy, their joy might have been turned
+into mourning. Who among them could have conceived that the Charleston
+they deemed so invincible, which they boasted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> would never be polluted
+by the footsteps of a Yankee invader until every son of the soil had
+shed the last drop of his blood in her defense&mdash;who could have imagined
+that this proud metropolis, after much privation and long-suffering from
+fire and bombardment, would finally surrender, without bloodshed, to a
+negro regiment, under a Massachusetts flag&mdash;the two most abhorred
+elements of the strife to the proud people of South Carolina? Who could
+have imagined that the race they had so despised was destined to govern
+them in the future, in the dense ignorance which the South itself had
+created, by prohibiting the education of the blacks?</p>
+
+<p>My story is nearly done. We soon reached the <i>Baltic</i>, and were received
+with great sympathy and feeling by the army and navy officers present.
+Among the latter was Captain Fox, who afterward became the Assistant
+Secretary of the Navy.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of remark that, after we had left the harbor, Bishop Lynch,
+of Charleston, threw the Catholic influence in favor of the
+Secessionists by celebrating the Southern victory by a grand <i>Te Deum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We arrived in New York on the 19th, and were received with unbounded
+enthusiasm. All the passing steamers saluted us with their
+steam-whistles and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> bells, and cheer after cheer went up from the
+ferry-boats and vessels in the harbor. We did not attempt to land, but
+came to anchor in the stream, between Governor's Island and the Battery.
+Several distinguished citizens at once came on board, and Major Anderson
+was immediately carried off to dine with Mr. Lloyd Aspinwall. As
+somebody had to remain with the troops and attend to their wants, I
+accompanied them to Fort Hamilton, where we soon found ourselves in
+comfortable quarters. Nearly all of the officers obtained a furlough
+immediately; but I remained in command of the fort during the temporary
+absence of Major Anderson, who was soon after permanently detached from
+us.</p>
+
+<p>Our captivity had deeply touched the hearts of the people, and every day
+the number of visitors almost amounted to an ovation. The principal city
+papers, the <i>Tribune</i>, <i>Times</i>, <i>Herald</i>, and <i>Evening Post</i>, gave us a
+hearty welcome. For a long time the enthusiasm in New York remained
+undiminished. It was impossible for us to venture into the main streets
+without being ridden on the shoulders of men, and torn to pieces by
+hand-shaking. Shortly after our arrival, Henry Ward Beecher came down to
+the fort to meet us, and made a ringing speech,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> full of fire and
+patriotism. It seemed as if every one of note called to express his
+devotion to the cause of the Union, and his sympathy with us, who had
+been its humble representatives amidst the perils of the first conflict
+of the war.</p>
+
+<p>As I have stated, of the officers who were engaged in the operations
+herein narrated, but four now survive.</p>
+
+<p>George W. Snyder was the first to leave us. He was present in the battle
+of Bull Run, attained the brevet of captain, and died in Washington,
+District of Columbia, on the 17th of November, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore Talbot became assistant-adjutant-general, with the rank of
+major, and died on the 22d of April, 1862, also in Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Richard K. Meade was induced, by the pressure of social and family ties,
+to resign his commission in our army. He became a rebel officer, and
+died at Petersburg, Virginia, in July, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>Norman J. Hall became colonel of the Seventh Michigan Volunteers, and
+received three brevets in the regular army, the last being for gallant
+and distinguished services at Gettysburg. He died on the 26th of May,
+1867, at Brooklyn, New York.</p>
+
+<p>John L. Gardner received the brevet of brigadier-general,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> and was
+retired at the commencement of the war. He died at Wilmington, Delaware,
+on the 19th of February, 1869.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Anderson was made a brigadier-general, and afterward a brevet
+major-general, for his services at Fort Sumter. He served about six
+months as Commander of the Department of Kentucky and of the Cumberland,
+and was then obliged to leave the field in consequence of ill health. He
+was retired from active service on the 27th of October, 1863, and died
+at Nice, in France, on the 26th day of October, 1871.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, John G. Foster, after a brilliant career as commander of a
+department and army corps, died at Nashua, New Hampshire, September 2d,
+1874.</p>
+
+<p>Each of us who survive became major-general during the rebellion, and
+each now holds the same grade by brevet in the regular army.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Edward Moale, the citizen who remained with us, did excellent
+service in the war. At present he is a brevet lieutenant-colonel in the
+regular army.</p>
+
+<p>This statement of events was completed at New York, April 14th, 1875, on
+the fourteenth anniversary of the evacuation of Fort Sumter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2>
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center"><i>List of Officers and Enlisted Men present at the Bombardment of<br /> Fort
+Sumter, April 12th and 13th, 1861.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="tiny" />
+<p class="center">COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.</p>
+<table><tr><td>
+Major <span class="smcap">Robert Anderson</span>, First United States Artillery.<br />
+Captain <span class="smcap">Abner Doubleday</span>, First United States Artillery.<br />
+Captain <span class="smcap">Truman Seymour</span>, First United States Artillery.<br />
+First Lieutenant <span class="smcap">Jefferson C. Davis</span>, First United States Artillery.<br />
+Second Lieutenant <span class="smcap">Norman J. Hall</span>, First United States Artillery.<br />
+Captain <span class="smcap">J.G. Foster</span>, United States Engineers.<br />
+Lieutenant <span class="smcap">G.W. Snyder</span>, United States Engineers.<br />
+Lieutenant <span class="smcap">R.K. Meade</span>, United States Engineers.<br />
+Assistant Surgeon <span class="smcap">S.W. Crawford</span>, United States Army.<br />
+</td></tr></table>
+<hr class="tiny" />
+
+<p class="center">ENLISTED MEN.</p>
+<table><tr><td>
+<p class="noin">
+Ordnance-sergeant James Kearney, United States Army.<br />
+Quartermaster-sergeant William H. Hammer, First United States Artillery.<br />
+</p></td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Regimental Band, First Artillery.</i></p>
+<table><tr><td>
+Sergeant James E. Galway.<br />
+Corporal Andrew Smith.<br />
+Private Andrew Murphy.<br />
+Private Fedeschi Onoratti.<br />
+Private Peter Rice.<br />
+Private Henry Schmidt.<br />
+Private John Urquhart.<br />
+Private Andrew Wickstrom.<br />
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><i>Company E, First Artillery.</i></p>
+<table><tr><td>
+First Sergeant Eugene Scheibner.<br />
+Sergeant Thomas Kirnan.<br />
+Sergeant William A. Harn.<br />
+Sergeant James Chester.<br />
+Corporal Owen M'Guire.<br />
+Corporal Francis J. Oakes.<br />
+Corporal Charles Bringhurst.<br />
+Corporal Henry Ellerbrook.<br />
+Musician Charles Hall.<br />
+Private Philip Anderman.<br />
+Private John Emil Noack.<br />
+Private Cornelius Baker.<br />
+Private Thomas Carroll.<br />
+Private Patrick Clancy.<br />
+Private John Davis.<br />
+Private James Digdam.<br />
+Private George Fielding.<br />
+Private Edward Gallway.<br />
+Private James Gibbons.<br />
+Private James Hays.<br />
+Private Daniel Hough.<br />
+Private John Irwin.<br />
+Private James M'Donald.<br />
+Private Samuel Miller.<br />
+Private John Newport.<br />
+Private George Pinchard.<br />
+Private Frank Rivers.<br />
+Private Lewis Schroeder.<br />
+Private Carl A. Sellman.<br />
+Private John Thompson.<br />
+Private Charles H. Tozer.<br />
+Private William Witzman.<br />
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><i>Company H, First Artillery.</i></p>
+<table><tr><td>
+First Sergeant John Renehan.<br />
+Sergeant James M'Mahon.<br />
+Sergeant John Carmody.<br />
+Sergeant John Otto.<br />
+Corporal Christopher Costolan.<br />
+Musician Robert Foster.<br />
+Artificer Henry Strandt.<br />
+Private Edward Brady.<br />
+Private Barney Cain.<br />
+Private John Doran.<br />
+Private Dennis Johnson.<br />
+Private John Kehoe.<br />
+Private John Klein.<br />
+Private John Lanagan.<br />
+Private Frederick Lintner.<br />
+Private John Magill.<br />
+Private John Laroche.<br />
+Private Frederick Meier.<br />
+Private James Moore.<br />
+Private William Morter.<br />
+Private Patrick Neilan.<br />
+Private John Nixon.<br />
+Private Michael O'Donald.<br />
+Private Robert Roe.<br />
+Private William Walker.<br />
+Private Joseph Wall.<br />
+Private Edmond Walsh.<br />
+Private Henry R. Walter.<br />
+Private Herman Will.<br />
+Private Thomas Wishnowski.<br />
+Private Casper Wutterpel.<br />
+</td></tr></table>
+<hr class="tiny" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>List of Mechanics and Employ&eacute;s present in Fort Sumter during the<br />
+Bombardment, April 12th and 13th, 1861.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Employ&eacute;s of the Engineer Department.</span></p>
+<table><tr><td>
+George Coons, <i>mason</i>.<br />
+John Schweirer, <i>mason</i>.<br />
+John Buckley, <i>smith</i>.<br />
+John Lindsay, <i>carpenter</i>.<br />
+John Saxton, <i>rigger</i>.<br />
+James Tweedle, <i>smith</i>.<br />
+Wm. O. Lyman, <i>overseer</i>.<br />
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Laborers.</span></p>
+<table><tr><td>
+Michael Berne.<br />
+John Burns.<br />
+John Branley.<br />
+Peter Caine.<br />
+Patrick Conner.<br />
+Michael Cummins.<br />
+William Dorsey.<br />
+Edward Davis.<br />
+Patrick Donahoe.<br />
+Peter Donley.<br />
+William Eagen.<br />
+Andrew Felton.<br />
+Michael Goff.<br />
+James Howlett.<br />
+Patrick Heeney.<br />
+Andrew Lindsey.<br />
+Dennis Magrath.<br />
+John M'Carty.<br />
+James M'Mahon.<br />
+Michael Meechins.<br />
+Thomas Murphy.<br />
+Thomas Myers.<br />
+William Powers.<br />
+Edward Quinn.<br />
+Patrick Quinn.<br />
+Martin Rafferty.<br />
+John Riley.<br />
+Michael Ryan.<br />
+Jeremiah Ryan.<br />
+James Ryan.<br />
+James Shea.<br />
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Cooks.</span></p>
+<table><tr><td>
+Samuel Abraze.<br />
+Patrick Walsh.<br />
+</td></tr></table>
+<hr class="small" />
+
+<p>The following is taken from a South Carolina official document, but it
+seems somewhat defective in detail:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>List of Confederate Batteries constructed with a View to the Reduction
+of Fort Sumter.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="tiny" />
+<p class="center">ON MORRIS ISLAND.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Brigadier-general <span class="smcap">James W. Simons</span>, commanding; Colonel <span class="smcap">Wilmot G. De
+Saussure</span>, commanding Artillery Battalion. Lieutenant <span class="smcap">J. R. Macbeth</span>,
+Captain <span class="smcap">J. Jones</span>, and Lieutenant <span class="smcap">F.L. Childs</span>, acting as aids to
+Colonel De Saussure. </p>
+
+<hr class="tiny" />
+<p class="center"><small>STEVENS BATTERY. (Fired 1200 shots.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Three Eight-inch columbiads.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Garrisoned by the Palmetto Guard, <span class="smcap">Captain George B. Cuthbert</span>
+commanding; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">G.L. Buist</span>. The ammunition was served out by
+Mr. <span class="smcap">Philips</span> and Mr. <span class="smcap">Campbell</span>. One gun was disabled on Friday.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>CUMMINGS POINT BATTERY.</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Two forty-two-pounders, three ten-inch mortars, one Blakely gun.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Garrisoned by a detachment of the Palmetto Guard, and by cadets
+from the Citadel Academy in Charleston. Captain <span class="smcap">J.P. Thomas</span>, of the
+Citadel Academy, commanding Blakely gun; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">C. R. Holmes</span>,
+of the Citadel Academy, commanding mortars; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">W.W.
+Armstrong</span>, of the Citadel Academy, at the mortars; Second
+Lieutenant <span class="smcap">Thomas Sumter</span>, of the Palmetto Guard, in charge of the
+forty-two-pounders. </p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>CHANNEL BATTERY. (Did not fire.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Captain <span class="smcap">Calhoun</span>, commanding; First Lieutenant <span class="smcap">A.M. Wagner</span>;
+Lieutenant&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Sitgreaves</span>; Second Lieutenant <span class="smcap">M.C. Preston</span>. </p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center">ON JAMES ISLAND.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Major <span class="smcap">N.G. Evans</span>, A.A.G., commanding.</p>
+<hr class="tiny" />
+<p class="center"><small>BATTERY OF TWENTY-FOUR-POUNDERS.</small></p>
+
+<p class="center">Captain <span class="smcap">George S. James</span>, commanding.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>MORTAR BATTERY.</small></p>
+
+<p class="hang">First Lieutenant <span class="smcap">W.H. Gibbes</span>, of the Artillery; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">H.S.
+Farley</span>; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">J.E. M'Pherson</span>, Washington; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">T.B.
+Hayne</span>; Doctor <span class="smcap">Libby</span>. </p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>UPPER BATTERY. (Fired 2425 shots.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Two ten-inch mortars.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>LOWER BATTERY.</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Two ten-inch mortars.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">Captain <span class="smcap">S.C. Thayer</span>, of the S.C. Navy, commanding.</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center">ON SULLIVAN'S ISLAND.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Brigadier-general <span class="smcap">John Dunovant</span>, commanding. Lieutenant-colonel
+<span class="smcap">Roswell S. Ripley</span>, commanding the Artillery; Captain <span class="smcap">J.</span> <span class="smcap">B. Burns</span>,
+of General <span class="smcap">Dunovant's</span> staff; Surgeons <span class="smcap">P.J. Robinson</span>, <span class="smcap">R.F. Mitchell</span>,
+and <span class="smcap">Arthur Lynch</span>; Assistant-surgeons <span class="smcap">D.W. Taylor</span>, Doctor <span class="smcap">F.F.
+Miles</span>, Doctor <span class="smcap">F.L. Parker</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tiny" />
+<p class="center"><small>THE IRON-CLAD FLOATING BATTERY. (At the Cove. Fired 1900 shots.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Two forty-two-pounders. Two thirty-two-pounders.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Garrisoned by Company D, of the Artillery. Captain <span class="smcap">James Hamilton</span>;
+First Lieutenant <span class="smcap">J.A. Yates</span>, Second Lieutenant <span class="smcap">F.H. Harleston</span>. </p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>THE DAHLGREN BATTERY. (Near the Floating Battery.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>One nine-inch Dahlgren gun.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Garrisoned by Company D, of the Artillery. Captain <span class="smcap">S.R. Hamilton</span>;
+Mr. <span class="smcap">John Wells</span>. </p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>THE ENFILADE BATTERY. (Fired 1825 shots.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Garrisoned by Company K, of the Artillery, Captain <span class="smcap">James H.
+Hallonquist</span>, Company B, of the Artillery, commanding; First
+Lieutenant <span class="smcap">J. Valentine</span>, <span class="smcap">B.S. Burnett</span>. </p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>MORTAR BATTERY, NO. 1. (Between Fort Moultrie and the Cove.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Captain <span class="smcap">James H. Hallonquist</span>, Company B, of the Artillery,
+commanding. Lieutenant <span class="smcap">O. Blanding</span>, Lieutenant <span class="smcap">Fleming</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center">FORT MOULTRIE. (Fired 1825 shots.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Three eight-inch columbiads, two thirty-two-pounders, four
+twenty-four-pounders.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Garrisoned by the Artillery Battalion under Lieutenant-colonel
+<span class="smcap">Ripley</span>. Captain <span class="smcap">W.R. Calhoun</span>, Company A, of the Artillery,
+executive officer. </p>
+
+<hr class="tiny" />
+<p class="center"><small>SUMTER BATTERY. (Facing south-south-west.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Lieutenant <span class="smcap">Alfred Rhett</span>, Company B, Artillery, commanding; Second
+Lieutenant <span class="smcap">John Mitchell</span>, Jun.; Mr. <span class="smcap">F.D. Blake</span>, Volunteer Engineer.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>OBLIQUE BATTERY. (On the west.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Two twenty-four-pounders.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">Lieutenant <span class="smcap">C.W. Parker</span>, Company D, of the Artillery.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>MORTAR BATTERY, No. 2. (East of Fort Moultrie.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Two ten-inch mortars.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Captain <span class="smcap">William Butler</span>, of the Infantry; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">J.A. Hugenin</span>.
+<span class="smcap">E. Mowry</span>, Mr. <span class="smcap">Blocker</span>, Mr. <span class="smcap">Billings</span>, and Mr. <span class="smcap">Rice</span> assisted. This
+battery was joined to the Maffit Channel Battery.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>THE TRAPIER BATTERY. (Fired 1300 shots.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Three ten-inch mortars.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Garrisoned by the Marion Artillery, <span class="smcap">J. Gadsden King</span>, commanding.
+Lieutenant <span class="smcap">W.D.H. Kirkwood</span>, <span class="smcap">J.P. Strohecker</span>, <span class="smcap">A.M. Huger</span>, <span class="smcap">E.L.
+Parker</span>. The Marion Artillery was afterward relieved by the Sumter
+Guard, under Captain <span class="smcap">John Russell</span>. </p></div>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center">AT MOUNT PLEASANT.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><small>BATTERY. (Fired 2925 shots.)</small></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Two ten-inch mortars.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Captain <span class="smcap">Robert Martin</span> of the Infantry, commanding; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">G.N.
+Reynolds</span>, Company B, of the Artillery; Lieutenant <span class="smcap">D.S. Calhoun</span>, of
+the Infantry. </p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><br />THE END.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr />
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Hamlin's father named four of his sons, Europe, Asia,
+Africa, and America. The fact that one of them was called Africa gave
+rise to the statement that he was an African.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> He afterward returned, gave bail, and appeared before the
+court, because he was aware that a rule existed that parties who had
+given evidence before a Congressional committee in reference to any
+defalcation could not be tried for having taken part in it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> It is true there is a law authorizing the distribution of
+<i>surplus</i> United States arms to the States, but there were no surplus
+muskets on hand; and even if there had been, it was a very injudicious
+time to distribute them among the insurgent States. A little delay would
+have been both patriotic and judicious.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> My brother and myself each owned copies of the same
+dictionary. Instead of using a word in my correspondence, I simply
+referred to its place in the book, by giving the number of the page,
+number of the column, and number of the word from the top of the page.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> He left the United States service soon after the attack on
+Fort Sumter, and joined the Confederates. He did so reluctantly, for he
+had gained great renown in our army for his gallantry in Mexico, and he
+knew he would soon have been promoted to the position of Chief of our
+Ordnance Department had he remained with us.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> About a month afterward the Honorable William Aiken, who
+was a Union man, and who had formerly been governor of the State, and a
+member of Congress, was compelled to pay forty thousand dollars as his
+share of the war taxes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Dawson's <i>Historical Magazine</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> See Dawson's story of Fort Sumter, in the <i>Historical
+Magazine for January, 1872</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The facts in this statement are taken from Dawson's
+<i>Historical Magazine for January, 1872</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> One of the original leaders of secession, and a life-long
+friend and correspondent of Major Anderson.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> My wife applied for board in Charleston, but was told she
+must first obtain the sanction of Mr. Rhett, the editor of the
+<i>Mercury</i>. She was afterward informed by the boarding-house keeper that,
+as the house depended on the patronage of the Southern people for
+support, she (the landlady) could not undertake to harbor the wives of
+Federal officers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> The army officers on board were First Lieutenant Charles
+R. Woods, Ninth Infantry, commanding; First Lieutenant William A. Webb,
+Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Charles W. Thomas, First Infantry; and
+Assistant-surgeon P.G.S. Ten Broeck.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Castle Pinckney at this time was commanded by Colonel J.
+Johnston Petigru; Sullivan's Island, by Adjutant and Inspector-general
+Dunovant; Fort Johnson, by Captain James Johnson, of the Charleston
+Rifles. The United States Arsenal, by Colonel John Cunningham, of the
+Seventeenth South Carolina militia; its former commander, Captain
+Humphreys, the United States military store-keeper, having been ejected
+on the 30th of December.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Among these children was a little waif, called Dick
+Kowley, afterward known as "Sumter Dick." He had been abandoned by his
+mother, and thus thrown out on the world. For a time he was sent, after
+his arrival in New York, to the house of Dr. Stewart, who was a family
+connection of mine. After supper he reminded the ladies that he had not
+heard tattoo yet, and wished to know at what hour they beat the
+reveille. He evidently thought every well-regulated family kept a
+drummer and fifer on hand, to sound the calls. He was very unhappy until
+he had procured a small stick and a miniature flag. Every morning at
+sunrise he hoisted the flag, and carefully lowered it and put it away at
+sunset. He is now a cabinet-maker at Marion, Ohio, and recently gained a
+prize for his excellent workmanship.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> It is due to the major to state that, in a speech made
+before the Board of Brokers in New York, on the 13th of May, he asserted
+that if the question lay between the preservation of the Union or the
+preservation of slavery, slavery must be sacrificed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> About this time, my wife, who was in Washington, was very
+much surprised at receiving a call from the President. He came quietly
+to request her to show him my letters from Fort Sumter, so that he might
+form a better opinion as to the condition of affairs there, more
+particularly in regard to our resources.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> I have since learned that the shell from Fort Johnson was
+not a hostile shot, but was simply intended as a signal for the firing
+to commence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> In this he was an exception to most negroes. Those I have
+seen in the colored regiments in Texas have shown themselves to be among
+the best and most reliable men in the service for operations against the
+Indians. It was a line of negroes that charged over the torpedoes at
+Mobile.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> The troops and defenses on Morris Island were commanded by
+Brigadier-general James W. Simons. The artillery was under the command
+of Colonel Wilmot G. De Saussure, of the South Carolina Artillery
+Battalion.
+</p><p>
+Sullivan's Island was commanded by Brigadier-general John Dunovant,
+formerly an officer of the United States Army. His second in command was
+Lieutenant-colonel Roswell S. Ripley, of the South Carolina Artillery
+Battalion, formerly of our army.
+</p><p>
+Major N.G. Evans, assistant adjutant-general, commanded on James Island.
+</p><p>
+The battery at Mount Pleasant was under the command of Captain Robert
+Martin, of the South Carolina Infantry.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> It is claimed that this shot was fired by Lieutenant W.C.
+Preston, of South Carolina.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Edmund Ruffin entered the fort as a volunteer ensign of
+the Palmetto Guard; Captain Samuel Ferguson received the keys of Fort
+Sumter, and raised the Confederate flag over the ramparts;
+Lieutenant-colonel F.J. Moses raised the State flag. Moses has since
+figured as the Republican governor of South Carolina.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="VALUABLE_AND_INTERESTING_WORKS" id="VALUABLE_AND_INTERESTING_WORKS"></a>VALUABLE AND INTERESTING WORKS</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><small>FOR</small></p>
+
+<p class="advert"><big>PUBLIC &amp; PRIVATE LIBRARIES,</big></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Published by</span> HARPER &amp; BROTHERS, <span class="smcap">New York</span>.</p>
+<hr />
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang2"><big>&#9755;</big><i>For a full List of Books suitable for Libraries,
+see</i> <span class="smcap">Harper &amp; Brothers' Trade-List</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Catalogue</span>, <i>which may be
+had gratuitously on application to the Publishers personally, or by
+letter enclosing Six Cents in Postage Stamps</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2"><big>&#9755;</big><span class="smcap">Harper &amp; Brothers</span> <i>will send any of the following
+works by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States,
+on receipt of the price</i>. </p></div>
+<hr />
+<p class="hang">FLAMMARION'S ATMOSPHERE. The Atmosphere. Translated from the French of
+<span class="smcap">Camille Flammarion</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">James Glaisher</span>, F.R.S., Superintendent of
+the Magnetical and Meteorological Department of the Royal Observatory at
+Greenwich. With 10 Chromo-Lithographs and 86 Woodcuts. 8vo, Cloth,
+$6.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HUDSON'S HISTORY OF JOURNALISM. Journalism in the United States, from
+1690 to 1872. By <span class="smcap">Frederick Hudson</span>. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">PIKE'S SUB-TROPICAL RAMBLES. Sub-Tropical Rambles in the Land of the
+Aphanapteryx. By <span class="smcap">Nicolas Pike</span>, U.S. Consul, Port Louis, Mauritius.
+Profusely Illustrated from the Author's own Sketches; containing also
+Maps and Valuable Meteorological Charts. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">TRISTRAM'S THE LAND OF MOAB. The Result of Travels and Discoveries on
+the East Side of the Dead Sea and the Jordan. By <span class="smcap">H.B. Tristram</span>, M.A.,
+LL.D., F.R.S., Master of the Greatham Hospital, and Hon. Canon of
+Durham. With a Chapter on the Persian Palace of Mashita, by <span class="smcap">Jas.
+Ferguson</span>, F.R.S. With Map and Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">SANTO DOMINGO, Past and Present; with a Glance at Hayti. By <span class="smcap">Samuel
+Hazard</span>. Maps and Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">LIFE OF ALFRED COOKMAN. The Life of the Rev. Alfred Cookman; with some
+Account of his Father, the Rev. George Grimston Cookman. By <span class="smcap">Henry B.
+Ridgaway</span>, D.D. With an Introduction by Bishop <span class="smcap">Foster</span>, LL.D. Portrait on
+Steel. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HERVEY'S CHRISTIAN RHETORIC. A System of Christian Rhetoric, for the Use
+of Preachers and Other Speakers. By <span class="smcap">George Winfred Hervey</span>, M.A., Author
+of "Rhetoric of Conversation," &amp;c. 8vo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">CASTELAR'S OLD ROME AND NEW ITALY. Old Rome and New Italy. By <span class="smcap">Emilio
+Castelar</span>. Translated by Mrs. <span class="smcap">Arthur Arnold</span>. 12mo, Cloth, $1.75.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON: Its Negotiation, Execution, and the
+Discussions Relating Thereto. By <span class="smcap">Caleb Cushing</span>. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">PRIME'S I GO A-FISHING. I Go a-Fishing. By <span class="smcap">W.C. Prime</span>. Crown 8vo, Cloth,
+$2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HALLOCK'S FISHING TOURIST. The Fishing Tourist: Angler's Guide and
+Reference Book. By <span class="smcap">Charles Hallock</span>. Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth,
+$2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">SCOTT'S AMERICAN FISHING. Fishing in American Waters. By <span class="smcap">Genio C. Scott</span>.
+With 170 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ANNUAL RECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY FOR 1874. Edited by Prof. <span class="smcap">Spencer
+F. Baird</span>, of the Smithsonian Institution, with the Assistance of Eminent
+Men of Science. 12mo, over 700 pp., Cloth, $2.00. (Uniform with the
+<i>Annual Record of Science and Industry for 1871</i>, 1872, and 1873. 12mo,
+Cloth, $2.00.)</p>
+
+<p class="hang">COL. FORNEY'S ANECDOTES OF PUBLIC MEN. Anecdotes of Public Men. By <span class="smcap">John
+W. Forney</span>. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">MISS BEECHER'S HOUSEKEEPER AND HEALTHKEEPER: Containing Five Hundred
+Recipes for Economical and Healthful Cooking; also, many Directions for
+securing Health and Happiness. Approved by Physicians of all Classes.
+Illustrations. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">FARM BALLADS. By <span class="smcap">Will Carleton</span>. Handsomely Illustrated. Square 8vo,
+Ornamental Cloth, $2.00; Gilt Edges, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">POETS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The Poets of the Nineteenth Century.
+Selected and Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Robert Aris Willmott</span>. With English and
+American Additions, arranged by <span class="smcap">Evert A. Duyckinck</span>, Editor of
+"Cyclop&aelig;dia of American Literature." Comprising Selections from the
+Greatest Authors of the Age. Superbly Illustrated with 141 Engravings
+from Designs by the most Eminent Artists. In elegant small 4to form,
+printed on Superfine Tinted Paper, richly bound in extra Cloth, Beveled,
+Gilt Edges, $5.00; Half Calf, $5.50; Full Turkey Morocco, $9.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">THE REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. With an
+Introduction by the Rev. <span class="smcap">P. Schaff</span>, D.D. 618 pp., Crown 8vo, Cloth,
+$3.00.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>This work embraces in one volume:</p>
+
+<p class="hang">I. ON A FRESH REVISION OF THE ENGLISH NEW TESTAMENT. By <span class="smcap">J.B. Lightfoot</span>,
+D.D., Canon of St. Paul's, and Hulsean Professor of Divinity, Cambridge.
+Second Edition, Revised. 196 pp.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">II. ON THE AUTHORIZED VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT in Connection with
+some Recent Proposals for its Revision. By <span class="smcap">Richard Chenevix Trench</span>,
+D.D., Archbishop of Dublin. 194 pp.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">III. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NEW
+TESTAMENT. By <span class="smcap">C.J. Ellicott</span>, D.D., Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. 178
+pp.</p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">NORDHOFF'S CALIFORNIA. California: For Health, Pleasure, and Residence.
+A Book for Travelers and Settlers. Illustrated. 8vo, Paper, $2.00;
+Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">MOTLEY'S DUTCH REPUBLIC. The Rise of the Dutch Republic. By <span class="smcap">John Lothrop
+Motley</span>, LL.D., D.C.L. With a Portrait of William of Orange. 3 vols.,
+8vo, Cloth, $10.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">MOTLEY'S UNITED NETHERLANDS. History of the United Netherlands: from the
+Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce&mdash;1609. With a
+full View of the English-Dutch Struggle against Spain, and of the Origin
+and Destruction of the Spanish Armada. By <span class="smcap">John Lothrop Motley</span>, LL.D.,
+D.C.L. Portraits. 4 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $14.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">NAPOLEON'S LIFE OF C&AElig;SAR. The History of Julius C&aelig;sar. By His late
+Imperial Majesty <span class="smcap">Napoleon III.</span> Two Volumes ready. Library Edition, 8vo,
+Cloth, $3.50 per vol.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HAYDN'S DICTIONARY OF DATES, relating to all Ages and Nations. For
+Universal Reference. Edited by <span class="smcap">Benjamin Vincent</span>, Assistant Secretary and
+Keeper of the Library of the Royal Institution of Great Britain; and
+Revised for the Use of American Readers. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00; Sheep,
+$6.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">MACGREGOR'S ROB ROY ON THE JORDAN. The Rob Roy on the Jordan, Nile, Red
+Sea, and Gennesareth, &amp;c. A Canoe Cruise in Palestine and Egypt, and the
+Waters of Damascus. By <span class="smcap">J. Macgregor</span>, M.A. With Maps and Illustrations.
+Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">WALLACE'S MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. The Malay Archipelago: the Land of the
+Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel, 1854&ndash;1862.
+With Studies of Man and Nature. By <span class="smcap">Alfred Russel Wallace</span>. With Ten Maps
+and Fifty-one Elegant Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">WHYMPER'S ALASKA. Travel and Adventure in the Territory of Alaska,
+formerly Russian America&mdash;now Ceded to the United States&mdash;and in various
+other parts of the North Pacific. By <span class="smcap">Frederick Whymper</span> With Map and
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ORTON'S ANDES AND THE AMAZON. The Andes and the Amazon; or, Across the
+Continent of South America. By <span class="smcap">James Orton</span>, M.A., Professor of Natural
+History in Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., and Corresponding Member
+of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. With a New Map of
+Equatorial America and numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">WINCHELL'S SKETCHES OF CREATION. Sketches of Creation: a Popular View of
+some of the Grand Conclusions of the Sciences in reference to the
+History of Matter and of Life. Together with a Statement of the
+Intimations of Science respecting the Primordial Condition and the
+Ultimate Destiny of the Earth and the Solar System. By <span class="smcap">Alexander
+Winchell</span>, LL.D., Chancellor of the Syracuse University. With
+Illustrations. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">WHITE'S MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew:
+Preceded by a History of the Religious Wars in the Reign of Charles IX.
+By <span class="smcap">Henry White</span>, M.A. With Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $1.75.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">LOSSING'S FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION. Pictorial Field-Book of the
+Revolution; or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History,
+Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of the War for Independence,
+By <span class="smcap">Benson J. Lossing</span>. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $14.00; Sheep, $15.00; Half
+Calf, $18.00; Full Turkey Morocco, $22.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">LOSSING'S FIELD-BOOK OF THE WAR OF 1812. Pictorial Field-Book of the War
+of 1812; or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History,
+Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of the Last War for American
+Independence. By <span class="smcap">Benson J. Lossing</span>. With several hundred Engravings on
+Wood, by Lossing and Barritt, chiefly from Original Sketches by the
+Author. 1088 pages, 8vo, Cloth, $7.00; Sheep, $8.50; Half Calf, $10.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ALFORD'S GREEK TESTAMENT. The Greek Testament: with a critically revised
+Text; a Digest of Various Readings; Marginal References to Verbal and
+Idiomatic Usage; Prolegomena; and a Critical and Exegetical Commentary.
+For the Use of Theological Students and Ministers. By <span class="smcap">Henry Alford</span>,
+D.D., Dean of Canterbury. Vol. I., containing the Four Gospels. 944
+pages, 8vo, Cloth, $6.00; Sheep, $6.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ABBOTT'S FREDERICK THE GREAT. The History of Frederick the Second,
+called Frederick the Great. By <span class="smcap">John S.C. Abbott</span>. Elegantly Illustrated.
+8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ABBOTT'S HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. The French Revolution of
+1789, as viewed in the Light of Republican Institutions. By <span class="smcap">John S.C.
+Abbott</span>. With 100 Engravings. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ABBOTT'S NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. The History of Napoleon Bonaparte. By <span class="smcap">John
+S.C. Abbott</span>. With Maps, Woodcuts, and Portraits on Steel. 2 vols., 8vo,
+Cloth, $10.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ABBOTT'S NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA; or, Interesting Anecdotes and
+Remarkable Conversations of the Emperor during the Five and a Half Years
+of his Captivity. Collected from the Memorials of Las Casas, O'Meara,
+Montholon, Antommarchi, and others. By <span class="smcap">John S.C. Abbott</span>. With
+Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ADDISON'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Joseph Addison, embracing the
+whole of the "Spectator." Complete in 3 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $6.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ALCOCK'S JAPAN. The Capital of the Tycoon: a Narrative of a Three
+Years' Residence in Japan. By Sir <span class="smcap">Rutherford Alcock</span>, K.C.B., Her
+Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan.
+With Maps and Engravings. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. <span class="smcap">First Series</span>: From the Commencement of the
+French Revolution, in 1789, to the Restoration of the Bourbons, in 1815.
+[In addition to the Notes on Chapter LXXVI., which correct the errors of
+the original work concerning the United States, a copious Analytical
+Index has been appended to this American Edition.] <span class="smcap">Second Series</span>: From
+the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in
+1852. 8 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $16.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BARTH'S NORTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. Travels and Discoveries in North and
+Central Africa: being a Journal of an Expedition undertaken under the
+Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849&ndash;1855. By <span class="smcap">Henry Barth</span>,
+Ph.D., D.C.L. Illustrated. 3 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $12.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HENRY WARD BEECHER'S SERMONS. Sermons by <span class="smcap">Henry Ward Beecher</span>, Plymouth
+Church, Brooklyn. Selected from Published and Unpublished Discourses,
+and Revised by their Author. With Steel Portrait. Complete in 2 vols.,
+8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">LYMAN BEECHER'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY, &amp;c. Autobiography, Correspondence, &amp;c.,
+of Lyman Beecher, D.D. Edited by his Son, <span class="smcap">Charles Beecher</span>. With Three
+Steel Portraits, and Engravings on Wood. In 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BOSWELL'S JOHNSON. The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Including a Journey
+to the Hebrides. By <span class="smcap">James Boswell</span>, Esq. A New Edition, with numerous
+Additions and Notes. By <span class="smcap">John Wilson Croker</span>, LL.D., F.R.S. Portrait of
+Boswell. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">DRAPER'S CIVIL WAR. History of the American Civil War. By <span class="smcap">John W.
+Draper</span>, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Chemistry and Physiology in the
+University of New York. In Three Vols. 8vo, Cloth, $3.50 per vol.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">DRAPER'S INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE. A History of the
+Intellectual Development of Europe. By <span class="smcap">John W. Draper</span>, M.D., LL.D.,
+Professor of Chemistry and Physiology in the University of New York.
+8vo, Cloth. $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">DRAPER'S AMERICAN CIVIL POLICY. Thoughts on the Future Civil Policy of
+America. By <span class="smcap">John W. Draper</span>, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Chemistry and
+Physiology in the University of New York. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">DU CHAILLU'S AFRICA. Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa,
+with Accounts of the Manners and Customs of the People, and of the Chase
+of the Gorilla, the Crocodile, Leopard, Elephant, Hippopotamus, and
+other Animals. By <span class="smcap">Paul B. Du Chaillu</span>. Numerous Illustrations. 8vo,
+Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">DU CHAILLU'S ASHANGO LAND. A Journey to Ashango Land: and Further
+Penetration into Equatorial Africa. By <span class="smcap">Paul B. Du Chaillu</span>. New Edition.
+Handsomely Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BELLOWS'S OLD WORLD. The Old World in its New Face: Impressions of
+Europe in 1867&ndash;1868. By <span class="smcap">Henry W. Bellows</span>. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BRODHEAD'S HISTORY OF NEW YORK. History of the State of New York. By
+<span class="smcap">John Romeyn Brodhead</span>. 1609&ndash;1691. 2 vols. 8vo, Cloth, $3.00 per vol.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BROUGHAM'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Life and Times of <span class="smcap">Henry, Lord Brougham</span>.
+Written by Himself. In Three Volumes. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00 per vol.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BULWER'S PROSE WORKS. Miscellaneous Prose Works of Edward Bulwer, Lord
+Lytton. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BULWER'S HORACE. The Odes and Epodes of Horace. A Metrical Translation
+into English. With Introduction and Commentaries. By <span class="smcap">Lord Lytton</span>. With
+Latin Text from the Editions of Orelli, Macleane, and Yonge. 12mo,
+Cloth, $1.75.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BULWER'S KING ARTHUR, A Poem. By <span class="smcap">Lord Lytton</span>. New Edition, 12mo, Cloth,
+$1.75.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">BURNS'S LIFE AND WORKS. The Life and Works of Robert Burns. Edited by
+<span class="smcap">Robert Chambers</span>. 4 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $6.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">REINDEER, DOGS, AND SNOW-SHOES. A Journal of Siberian Travel and
+Explorations made in the Years 1865&ndash;'67. By <span class="smcap">Richard J. Bush</span>, late of the
+Russo-American Telegraph Expedition. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, Cloth,
+$3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">CARLYLE'S FREDERICK THE GREAT. History of Friedrich II., called
+Frederick the Great. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Carlyle</span>. Portraits, Maps, Plans, &amp;c. 6
+vols., 12mo, Cloth, $12.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">CARLYLE'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. History of the French Revolution. 2 vols.,
+12mo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">CARLYLE'S OLIVER CROMWELL. Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. With
+Elucidations and Connecting Narrative. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">CHALMERS'S POSTHUMOUS WORKS. The Posthumous Works of Dr. Chalmers.
+Edited by his Son-in-Law, Rev. <span class="smcap">William Hanna</span>, LL.D. Complete in 9 vols.,
+12mo, Cloth, $13.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">COLERIDGE'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor
+Coleridge. With an Introductory Essay upon his Philosophical and
+Theological Opinions. Edited by Professor <span class="smcap">Shedd</span>. Complete in Seven Vols.
+With a Portrait. Small 8vo, Cloth, $10.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">DOOLITTLE'S CHINA. Social Life of the Chinese: with some Account of
+their Religious, Governmental, Educational, and Business Customs and
+Opinions. With special but not exclusive Reference to Fuhchau. By Rev.
+<span class="smcap">Justus Doolittle</span>, Fourteen Years Member of the Fuhchau Mission of the
+American Board. Illustrated with more that 150 characteristic Engravings
+on Wood. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">GIBBON'S ROME. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. By
+<span class="smcap">Edward Gibbon</span>. With Notes by Rev. <span class="smcap">H.H. Milman</span> and <span class="smcap">M. Guizot</span>. A new cheap
+Edition. To which is added a complete Index of the whole Work, and a
+Portrait of the Author. 6 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $9.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HAZEN'S SCHOOL AND ARMY IN GERMANY AND FRANCE. The School and the Army
+in Germany and France, with a Diary of Siege Life at Versailles. By
+Brevet Major-General <span class="smcap">W.B. Hazen</span>, U.S.A., Colonel Sixth Infantry. Crown
+8vo, Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HARPER'S NEW CLASSICAL LIBRARY. Literal Translations.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following Vols. are now ready. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50 each.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">C&aelig;sar.&mdash;Virgil.&mdash;Sallust.&mdash;Horace.&mdash;Cicero's Orations.&mdash;Cicero's Offices,</span>
+&amp;c.<span class="smcap">&mdash;Cicero on Oratory<br /> and Orators.&mdash;Tacitus</span>
+(2 vols.).&mdash;<span class="smcap">Terence.&mdash;Sophocles.&mdash;Juvenal.&mdash;Xenophon.&mdash;Homer's Iliad.&mdash;Homer's<br />
+Odyssey.&mdash;Herodotus.&mdash;Demosthenes.&mdash;Thucydides.&mdash;&AElig;schylus.&mdash;Euripides</span>
+(2 vols.).&mdash;<span class="smcap">Livy</span> (2 vols.). </p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">DAVIS'S CARTHAGE. Carthage and her Remains: being an Account of the
+Excavations and Researches on the Site of the Ph&#339;nician Metropolis in
+Africa and other adjacent Places. Conducted under the Auspices of Her
+Majesty's Government. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Davis</span>, F.R.G.S. Profusely Illustrated with
+Maps, Woodcuts, Chromo-Lithographs, &amp;c. 8vo, Cloth. $4.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">EDGEWORTH'S (Miss) NOVELS. With Engravings. 10 vols., 12mo, Cloth,
+$15.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">GROTE'S HISTORY OF GREECE. 12 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $18.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HELPS'S SPANISH CONQUEST. The Spanish Conquest in America, and its
+Relation to the History of Slavery and to the Government of Colonies. By
+<span class="smcap">Arthur Helps</span>. 4 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $6.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HALE'S (<span class="smcap">Mrs.</span>) WOMAN'S RECORD. Woman's Record; or, Biographical Sketches
+of all Distinguished Women, from the Creation to the Present Time:
+Arranged in Four Eras, with Selections from Female Writers of Each Era.
+By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Sarah Josepha Hale</span>. Illustrated with more than 200 Portraits.
+8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HALL'S ARCTIC RESEARCHES. Arctic Researches and Life among the
+Esquimaux: being the Narrative of an Expedition in Search of Sir John
+Franklin, in the Years 1860, 1861, and 1862. By <span class="smcap">Charles Francis Hall</span>.
+With Maps and 100 Illustrations. The Illustrations are from the Original
+Drawings by Charles Parsons, Henry L. Stephens, Solomon Eytinge, W.S.L.
+Jewett, and Granville Perkins, after Sketches by Captain Hall. 8vo,
+Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HALLAM'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of Henry
+VII. to the Death of George II. 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HALLAM'S LITERATURE. Introduction to the Literature of Europe during the
+Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries. By <span class="smcap">Henry Hallam</span>. 2
+vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HALLAM'S MIDDLE AGES. State of Europe during the Middle Ages. By <span class="smcap">Henry
+Hallam</span>. 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HILDRETH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. <span class="smcap">First Series</span>: From the First
+Settlement of the Country to the Adoption of the Federal Constitution.
+<span class="smcap">Second Series</span>: From the Adoption of the Federal Constitution to the End
+of the Sixteenth Congress. 6 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $18.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">HUME'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. History of England, from the Invasion of
+Julius C&aelig;sar to the Abdication of James II., 1688. By <span class="smcap">David Hume</span>. A new
+Edition, with the Author's last Corrections and Improvements. To which
+is Prefixed a short Account of his Life, written by Himself. With a
+Portrait of the Author. 6 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $9.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">JAY'S WORKS. Complete Works of Rev. William Jay: comprising his Sermons,
+Family Discourses, Morning and Evening Exercises for every Day in the
+Year, Family Prayers, &amp;c. Author's enlarged Edition, revised. 3 vols.,
+8vo, Cloth, $6.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">JEFFERSON'S DOMESTIC LIFE. The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson:
+compiled from Family Letters and Reminiscences, by his
+Great-Granddaughter, <span class="smcap">Sarah N. Randolph</span>. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo,
+Illuminated Cloth, Beveled Edges, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">JOHNSON'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. With an
+Essay on his Life and Genius, by <span class="smcap">Arthur Murphy</span>, Esq. Portrait of
+Johnson. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">KINGLAKE'S CRIMEAN WAR. The Invasion of the Crimea, and an Account of
+its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan. By <span class="smcap">Alexander William
+Kinglake</span>. With Maps and Plans. Two Vols. ready. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00 per
+vol.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">KINGSLEY'S WEST INDIES. At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies. By
+<span class="smcap">Charles Kingsley</span>. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">KRUMMACHER'S DAVID, KING OF ISRAEL. David, the King of Israel: a
+Portrait drawn from Bible History and the Book of Psalms. By <span class="smcap">Frederick
+William Krummacher</span>, D.D., Author of "Elijah the Tishbite," &amp;c.
+Translated under the express Sanction of the Author by the Rev. <span class="smcap">M.G.
+Easton</span>, M.A. With a Letter from Dr. Krummacher to his American Readers,
+and a Portrait. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">LAMB'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Charles Lamb. Comprising his
+Letters, Poems, Essays of Elia, Essays upon Shakspeare, Hogarth, &amp;c.,
+and a Sketch of his Life, with the Final Memorials, by <span class="smcap">T. Noon Talfourd</span>.
+Portrait. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">LIVINGSTONE'S SOUTH AFRICA. Missionary Travels and Researches in South
+Africa; including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior
+of Africa, and a Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loando on the
+West Coast; thence across the Continent, down the River Zambesi, to the
+Eastern Ocean. By <span class="smcap">David Livingstone</span>, LL.D., D.C.L. With Portrait, Maps
+by Arrowsmith, and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $4.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">LIVINGSTONES' ZAMBESI. Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its
+Tributaries, and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa.
+1858&ndash;1864. By <span class="smcap">David</span> and <span class="smcap">Charles Livingstone</span>. With Map and Illustrations.
+8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">M'CLINTOCK &amp; STRONG'S CYCLOP&AElig;DIA. Cyclop&aelig;dia of Biblical, Theological,
+and Ecclesiastical Literature. Prepared by the Rev. <span class="smcap">John M'Clintock</span>,
+D.D., and <span class="smcap">James Strong</span>, S.T.D. <i>5 vols. now ready.</i> Royal 8vo, Price per
+vol., Cloth, $5.00; Sheep, $6.00; Half Morocco, $8.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">MARCY'S ARMY LIFE ON THE BORDER. Thirty Years of Army Life on the
+Border. Comprising descriptions of the Indian Nomads of the Plains;
+Explorations of New Territory; a Trip across the Rocky Mountains in the
+Winter; Descriptions of the Habits of Different Animals found in the
+West, and the Methods of Hunting them; with Incidents in the Life of
+Different Frontier Men, &amp;c., &amp;c. By Brevet Brigadier-General <span class="smcap">R.B. Marcy</span>,
+U.S.A., Author of "The Prairie Traveller." With numerous Illustrations.
+8vo, Cloth, Beveled Edges, $3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">MACAULAY'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. The History of England from the Accession
+of James II. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Babington Macaulay</span>. With an Original Portrait of
+the Author. 5 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $10.00; 12mo, Cloth, $7.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">MOSHEIM'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, Ancient and Modern; in which the Rise,
+Progress, and Variation of Church Power are considered in their
+Connection with the State of Learning and Philosophy, and the Political
+History of Europe during that Period. Translated, with Notes, &amp;c., by <span class="smcap">A.
+Maclaine</span>, D.D. A new Edition, continued to 1826, by <span class="smcap">C. Coote</span>, LL.D. 2
+vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">THE DESERT OF THE EXODUS. Journeys on Foot in the Wilderness of the
+Forty Years' Wanderings; undertaken in connection with the Ordnance
+Survey of Sinai and the Palestine Exploration Fund. By <span class="smcap">E. H. Palmer</span>,
+M.A., Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic, and Fellow of St. John's
+College, Cambridge. With Maps and numerous Illustrations from
+Photographs and Drawings taken on the spot by the Sinai Survey
+Expedition and C.F. Tyrwhitt Drake. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">OLIPHANT'S CHINA AND JAPAN. Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to
+China and Japan, in the Years 1857, '58, '59. By <span class="smcap">Laurence Oliphant</span>,
+Private Secretary to Lord Elgin. Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">OLIPHANT'S (<span class="smcap">Mrs.</span>) LIFE OF EDWARD IRVING. The Life of Edward Irving,
+Minister of the National Scotch Church, London. Illustrated by his
+Journals and Correspondence. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Oliphant</span>. Portrait. 8vo, Cloth,
+$3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">RAWLINSON'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY. A Manual of Ancient History, from
+the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire. Comprising the
+History of Chald&aelig;a, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Lydia, Ph&#339;nicia,
+Syria, Jud&aelig;a, Egypt, Carthage, Persia, Greece, Macedonia, Parthia, and
+Rome. By <span class="smcap">George Rawlinson</span>, M.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History in
+the University of Oxford. 12mo, Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">RECLUS'S THE EARTH. The Earth: A Descriptive History of the Phenomena
+and Life of the Globe. By <span class="smcap">&Eacute;lis&eacute;e Reclus</span>. Translated by the late B.B.
+Woodward, and Edited by Henry Woodward. With 234 Maps and Illustrations
+and 23 Page Maps printed in Colors. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">RECLUS'S OCEAN. The Ocean, Atmosphere, and Life. Being the Second Series
+of a Descriptive History of the Life of the Globe. By <span class="smcap">&Eacute;lis&eacute;e Reclus</span>.
+Profusely Illustrated with 250 Maps or Figures, and 27 Maps printed in
+Colors. 8vo, Cloth, $6.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">SHAKSPEARE. The Dramatic Works of William Shakspeare, with the
+Corrections and Illustrations of Dr. <span class="smcap">Johnson, G. Stevens</span>, and others.
+Revised by <span class="smcap">Isaac Reed</span>. Engravings. 6 vols, Royal 12mo, Cloth, $9.00.
+2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">SMILES'S LIFE OF THE STEPHENSONS. The Life of George Stephenson, and of
+his Son, Robert Stephenson; comprising, also, a History of the Invention
+and Introduction of the Railway Locomotive. By <span class="smcap">Samuel Smiles</span>, Author of
+"Self-Help," &amp;c. With Steel Portraits and numerous Illustrations. 8vo,
+Cloth, $3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">SMILES'S HISTORY OF THE HUGUENOTS. The Huguenots: their Settlements,
+Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland. By <span class="smcap">Samuel Smiles</span>. With
+an Appendix relating to the Huguenots in America. Crown 8vo, Cloth,
+$1.75.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">SPEKE'S AFRICA. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. By
+Captain <span class="smcap">John Hanning Speke</span>, Captain H.M. Indian Army, Fellow and Gold
+Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society, Hon. Corresponding Member
+and Gold Medalist of the French Geographical Society, &amp;c. With Maps and
+Portraits and numerous Illustrations, chiefly from Drawings by Captain
+<span class="smcap">Grant</span>. 8vo, Cloth, uniform with Livingstone, Barth, Burton, &amp;c., $4.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">STRICKLAND'S (<span class="smcap">Miss</span>) QUEENS OF SCOTLAND. Lives of the Queens of Scotland
+and English Princesses connected with the Regal Succession of Great
+Britain. By <span class="smcap">Agnes Strickland</span>. 8 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $12.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">THE STUDENT'S SERIES.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+France. Engravings. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Gibbon. Engravings. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Greece. Engravings. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Hume. Engravings. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Rome. By Liddell. Engravings. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Old Testament History. Engravings. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+New Testament History. Engravings, 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Strickland's Queens of England. Abridged. Eng's. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Ancient History of the East. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Hallam's Middle Ages. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Hallam's Constitutional History of England. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+Lyell's Elements of Geology. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang">TENNYSON'S COMPLETE POEMS. The Complete Poems of Alfred Tennyson, Poet
+Laureate. With numerous Illustrations by Eminent Artists, and Three
+Characteristic Portraits. 8vo, Paper, 75 cents; Cloth, $1.25.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">THOMSON'S LAND AND THE BOOK. The Land and the Book; or, Biblical
+Illustrations drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and the
+Scenery of the Holy Land. By <span class="smcap">W.M. Thomson</span>, D.D., Twenty-five Years a
+Missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. in Syria and Palestine. With two elaborate
+Maps of Palestine, an accurate Plan of Jerusalem, and several hundred
+Engravings, representing the Scenery, Topography, and Productions of the
+Holy Land, and the Costumes, Manners, and Habits of the People. 2 large
+12mo vols., Cloth, $5.00.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">TYERMAN'S WESLEY. The Life and Times of the Rev. John Wesley, M.A.,
+Founder of the Methodists. By the Rev. <span class="smcap">Luke Tyerman</span>. Portraits. 3 vols.,
+Crown 8vo, Cloth, $7.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">TYERMAN'S OXFORD METHODISTS. The Oxford Methodists: Memoirs of the Rev.
+Messrs. Clayton, Ingham, Gambold, Hervey, and Broughton, with
+Biographical Notices of others. By the Rev. <span class="smcap">L. Tyerman</span>. With Portraits.
+Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">V&Aacute;MB&Eacute;RY'S CENTRAL ASIA. Travels in Central Asia. Being the Account of a
+Journey from Teheren across the Turkoman Desert, on the Eastern Shore of
+the Caspian, to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand, performed in the Year
+1863. By <span class="smcap">Arminius V&aacute;mb&eacute;ry</span>, Member of the Hungarian Academy of Pesth, by
+whom he was sent on this Scientific Mission. With Map and Woodcuts. 8vo,
+Cloth, $4.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">WOOD'S HOMES WITHOUT HANDS. Homes Without Hands: being a Description of
+the Habitations of Animals, classed according to their Principle of
+Construction. By <span class="smcap">J.G. Wood</span>, M.A., F.L.S. With about 140 Illustrations.
+8vo, Cloth, Beveled Edges. $4.50. </p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and
+Moultrie in 1860-'61, by Abner Doubleday
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie
+in 1860-'61, by Abner Doubleday
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860-'61
+
+Author: Abner Doubleday
+
+Release Date: April 1, 2008 [EBook #24972]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Greg Bergquist and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FORT SUMTER.]
+
+
+
+
+  REMINISCENCES
+  OF
+  FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE
+  IN 1860-'61
+
+
+  BY ABNER DOUBLEDAY
+  BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL U.S.A.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS
+  FRANKLIN SQUARE
+  1876
+
+
+
+
+  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by
+  HARPER & BROTHERS,
+  In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Now that the prejudices and bitter partisan feeling of the past are
+subsiding, it seems a fitting time to record the facts and incidents
+connected with the first conflict of the Rebellion. Of the eleven
+officers who took part in the events herein narrated, but four now
+survive. Before the hastening years shall have partially obliterated
+many circumstances from my memory, and while there is still an
+opportunity for conference and friendly criticism, I desire to make,
+from letters, memoranda, and documents in my possession, a statement
+which will embody my own recollections of the turbulent days of 1860 and
+1861.
+
+I am aware that later and more absorbing events have caused the earlier
+struggles of the war to recede in the distance; but those who were in
+active life at that time will not soon forget the thrill of emotion and
+sympathy which followed the movements of Anderson's little band, when it
+became its duty to unfold the flag of the Union against a united South
+in arms.
+
+I know how difficult it is to write contemporaneous history, or even to
+give a bare detail of facts, without wounding the susceptibilities of
+others; but whenever I have felt called upon to give my own opinion, I
+have endeavored to do so in the spirit of Lincoln's immortal
+sentiment--"With malice toward none; with charity for all."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FORT MOULTRIE IN 1860.
+
+
+The Garrison of Fort Moultrie.--Early Indications of
+Secession.--Situation of the Fort.--Edmund Ruffin and Robert Barnwell
+Rhett.--The Secretary of War.--Arms sent to the South.--Colonel
+Gardner.--Captain Foster ordered to Charleston Harbor.--The Officers at
+Fort Moultrie.--Communications with Northern Men by
+Cipher.--Proscription of Antislavery Men in Charleston.--Position of
+Charleston Merchants.--The Secession Leaders only prepared to resist
+Coercion.--The Mob proves Unmanageable.--General Scott's Letter to the
+President, October 29th.--The Situation in November.--No Instructions
+from Washington.--Colonel Gardner's Report to General Wool.      _Page_ 13
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.
+
+Defeat of Captain Seymour's Expedition on the Ashley.--Mayor Macbeth's
+Explanation.--Captain Foster's Work on Fort Moultrie.--Governor Gist
+convenes the South Carolina Legislature.--Creation of a Standing
+Army.--Arrival of Masons from Baltimore.--Situation of Fort Sumter.--A
+Dramatic Incident.--Secretary Floyd's Action.--Horace Greeley's Advocacy
+of the Right of Secession.--The Situation November 18th.                30
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS OF THE SECESSIONISTS.
+
+Arrival of Major Anderson.--Huger's Opposition to a Premature Assault on
+Fort Moultrie.--Anderson's Report to the Secretary of War.--Active
+Preparations by the South Carolinians.--Meeting of Congress.--Attempts
+at Compromise.--Secession Batteries at Mount Pleasant.--Arrival of Major
+Buell with Written Orders.--Vain Efforts to Strengthen Castle
+Pinckney.--Northern Opinion.--Public Meeting in Philadelphia.           41
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE REMOVAL TO FORT SUMTER.
+
+Passage of the Secession Ordinance.--Governor Pickens's
+Proclamation.--Judge Petigru's Visit to Fort Moultrie.--Floyd's
+Treachery.--Yancey's Lectures in the North.--The Removal to Sumter.     55
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE FIRST OVERT ACT.
+
+The New Quarters.--Seizure of Castle Pinckney by Charleston
+Troops.--Raising the Flag at Fort Sumter.--The Sergeant's
+Daughter.--Major Anderson's Position.--The Charleston Troops take Fort
+Moultrie.--A Military Problem.--Condition of Fort Sumter.--Governor
+Pickens's Commission.--A New Outrage.                                   68
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+EFFECT OF ANDERSON'S MOVEMENT.
+
+President Buchanan Aroused.--Excitement in Charleston.--The Situation at
+the Beginning of 1861.--Governor Pickens's War Measures.--"My heart was
+never in this War".                                                     82
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE "STAR OF THE WEST."
+
+Promise of Succor.--Fatal Delay.--A Contumacious Chaplain.--Visit from
+our Ladies.--Governor Pickens's Cabinet.--Appearance of the Star of the
+West.--The Vessel fired upon from Morris Island and Fort
+Moultrie.--Major Anderson's Protest.--Governor Pickens's Reply.         92
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+A RESORT TO DIPLOMACY.
+
+Major Anderson's Proposed Diplomatic Negotiations.--Defensive
+Preparations.--Changes in the Cabinet.--Meade's Defection.--Anecdote of
+Governor Pickens.--Battery at Cummings Point.--Soldiers' Families
+Removed.--A Threatening Letter.--Confederate Visitors to the
+Fort.--Organization of the Confederate Government.                     107
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE CRISIS AT HAND.
+
+South Carolina's Grievances.--Inauguration of President
+Lincoln.--Determination to Re-enforce Sumter.--An Audacious
+Proposal.--The Shannon.--New Rebel Batteries Unmasked.--Formal Notice of
+Bombardment.                                                           123
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE BOMBARDMENT.
+
+The First Shot.--Defective Guns.--John Carmody's Exploit.--Destructive
+Effects of the Bombardment.--Burning of the Officers'
+Quarters.--Terrific Conflagration.                                     143
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE EVACUATION.
+
+Senator Wigfall's Volunteer Mission.--Terms of Evacuation Settled.--The
+Question of Casualties on the Other Side.--Salute to the
+Flag.--Occupation of the Fort by Southern Troops.--Embarkation.--Welcome
+in New York.--Conclusion.                                              161
+
+
+APPENDIX.                                                              179
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF CHARLESTON HARBOR.]
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE IN 1860-'61.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+FORT MOULTRIE IN 1860.
+
+     The Garrison of Fort Moultrie.--Early Indications of
+     Secession.--Situation of the Fort.--Edmund Ruffin and Robert
+     Barnwell Rhett.--The Secretary of War.--Arms sent to the
+     South.--Colonel Gardner.--Captain Foster ordered to Charleston
+     Harbor.--The Officers at Fort Moultrie.--Communications with
+     Northern Men by Cipher.--Proscription of Antislavery Men in
+     Charleston.--Position of Charleston Merchants.--The Secession
+     Leaders only prepared to resist Coercion.--The Mob proves
+     unmanageable.--General Scott's Letter to the President, October
+     29.--The Situation in November.--No Instructions from
+     Washington.--Colonel Gardner's Report to General Wool.
+
+
+The summer of 1860 found me stationed at the head-quarters of the First
+United States Artillery at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina. I was captain
+of Company E, and second in command to Brevet Colonel John L. Gardner,
+who was lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. The regimental band and
+Captain Truman Seymour's company (H) also formed part of the garrison.
+The other forts were unoccupied, except by the ordnance-sergeants in
+charge.
+
+Charleston, at this period, was far from being a pleasant place for a
+loyal man. Almost every public assemblage was tinctured with treasonable
+sentiments, and toasts against the flag were always warmly applauded. As
+early as July there was much talk of secession, accompanied with
+constant drilling, and threats of taking the forts as soon as a
+separation should occur.
+
+To the South Carolinians Fort Moultrie was almost a sacred spot,
+endeared by many precious historical associations; for the ancestors of
+most of the principal families had fought there in the Revolutionary War
+behind their hastily improvised ramparts of palmetto logs, and had
+gained a glorious victory over the British fleet in its first attempt to
+enter the harbor and capture the city.
+
+The modern fort had been built nearly on the site of the ancient one.
+Its walls were but twelve feet high. They were old, weak, and so full of
+cracks that it was quite common to see soldiers climb to the top by
+means of the support these crevices afforded to their hands and feet.
+The constant action of the sea-breeze had drifted one immense heap of
+sand against the shore-front of the work, and another in the immediate
+vicinity. These sand-hills dominated the parapet, and made the fort
+untenable. Indeed, it was originally built by the engineers as a mere
+sea-battery, with just sufficient strength to prevent it from being
+taken by a _coup de main_. As an overpowering force of militia could
+always be summoned for its defense, it was supposed that no foreign army
+would ever attempt to besiege it. The contingency that the people of
+Charleston themselves might attack a fort intended for their own
+protection had never been anticipated.
+
+Our force was pitifully small, even for a time of peace and for mere
+police purposes. It consisted of sixty-one enlisted men and seven
+officers, together with thirteen musicians of the regimental band;
+whereas the work called for a war garrison of three hundred men.
+
+The first indication of actual danger came from Richmond, Virginia, in
+the shape of urgent inquiries as to the strength of our defenses, and
+the number of available troops in the harbor. These questions were put
+by a resident of that city named Edmund Ruffin; an old man, whose later
+years had been devoted to the formation of disunion lodges, and who
+became subsequently noted for firing the first gun at Fort Sumter. His
+love of slavery amounted to fanaticism. When the cause of the Rebellion
+became hopeless, he refused to survive it, and committed suicide.
+
+In the beginning of July, Robert Barnwell Rhett, and other ultra men in
+Charleston, made violent speeches to the mob, urging them to drive every
+United States official out of the State; but as many influential
+Secessionists were enjoying the sweets of Federal patronage under
+Buchanan, we did not anticipate any immediate disturbance. To influence
+his hearers still more, Rhett did not hesitate to state that Hamlin was
+a mulatto, and he asked if they intended to submit to a negro
+vice-president.[1]
+
+It is an interesting question to know how far at this period the
+Secretary of War himself was loyal. Mr. Dawson, the able editor of the
+_Historical Magazine_, is of opinion, after a careful investigation of
+the facts, that Floyd at this time was true to the Union, and that he
+remained so until December 24th, when it was discovered that he had been
+advancing large sums of money from the Treasury to contractors, to pay
+for work which had never been commenced. To make the loss good, nearly a
+million of dollars was taken from the Indian Trust Fund.
+
+Finding he would be dismissed from the Cabinet for his complicity in
+these transactions, and would also be indicted by the Grand Jury of the
+District of Columbia, he made a furious Secession speech, sent in his
+resignation, and suddenly left for the South.[2] Mr. Dawson founds his
+opinion in this case upon the statement of Fitz John Porter, who was a
+major on duty in the War Department at the time, and therefore
+apparently well qualified to judge. Floyd's actions toward us, however,
+were not those of a true man, and I am of opinion that his loyalty was
+merely assumed for the occasion. He sent seventeen thousand muskets to
+South Carolina, when he knew that Charleston was a hot-bed of sedition,
+and that in all probability the arms would be used against the United
+States. Greeley says, in his "American Conflict," that during these
+turbulent times Floyd disarmed the Government by forwarding one hundred
+and fifteen thousand muskets, in all, to the Southern Confederacy.[3] In
+addition to this, he sold large quantities of arms to S.B. Lamar, of
+Savannah, and other Secessionists in the South, on the plea that the
+muskets thus disposed of did not conform to the latest army model. Just
+before his resignation, he continued the same policy by directing that
+one hundred and twenty-four heavy guns should be shipped from Pittsburg,
+Pennsylvania, to Ship Island, Mississippi, where there was no garrison,
+and to Galveston, Texas. Yet this was the official upon whom we were to
+rely for advice and protection. This was the wolf who was to guard the
+fold.
+
+Our commander, Colonel Gardner, had done good service in the War of 1812
+and in Mexico; but now, owing to his advanced age, was ill fitted to
+weather the storm that was about to burst upon us. In politics he was
+quite Southern, frequently asserting that the South had been treated
+outrageously in the question of the Territories, and defrauded of her
+just rights in other respects. He acquiesced, however, in the necessity
+of defending the fort should it be attacked; but as he lived with his
+family outside of the walls, he could not take a very active part
+himself. Indeed, on one occasion, when a Secession meeting was held in
+our immediate vicinity, accompanied with many threats and noisy
+demonstrations, he sent word to me to assume command at once in his
+place.
+
+He now found himself in a peculiar position. The populace were becoming
+excited, and there was every probability that a collision, accidental or
+otherwise, might occur at any moment between the troops and the mob
+outside, if not between the troops and the State militia. The dilemma
+which confronted him was either to make a disgraceful surrender of his
+command, or take the other alternative, and fight South Carolina
+single-handed, without the aid or co-operation of the General
+Government. He thought the difficulty might perhaps be solved by
+removing the garrison to Smithville, North Carolina, having received
+permission to do so, in case the yellow fever, which had proved so
+disastrous the previous year, should break out again. Strange to say,
+some of the most ultra papers in the Southern interest in New York and
+Charleston ridiculed the proposed movement. They probably feared that
+our absence might deprive the conspirators of the prestige of an easy
+victory.
+
+By the middle of August the country people began to be quite violent in
+their language, and made many threats of what they would do in case of
+Lincoln's election.
+
+While the rebellion was thus drifting onward, the North remained
+quiescent, utterly refusing to believe in the existence of any real
+danger. Yet it was publicly known that, although the Southern States had
+refused to commit themselves to Secession, they were pledged not to
+allow South Carolina to be coerced, and this practically amounted to a
+powerful league against the Union, since it was a combination to prevent
+the enforcement of the laws which bound the States together.
+
+As we were liable to be attacked at any moment, we desired to get rid of
+the sand-hills which dominated our walls. To this end we applied to the
+Quartermaster-general (General Joseph E. Johnston) for authority to hire
+citizen laborers; but he declined to accede to the request, on the
+ground that the work did not properly appertain to his department. He
+was a nephew of Floyd, and soon went over to the enemy. With the
+exception of Robert E. Lee, he subsequently became the most noted of all
+the rebel generals.
+
+We were gratified, about the 1st of September, at seeing some signs of
+life in the Secretary of War, which seemed to show that he appreciated
+our dangers and difficulties. He ordered First Lieutenant and Brevet
+Captain John G. Foster, of the engineers, to repair to Fort Moultrie,
+and put that and the other defenses of Charleston harbor in perfect
+order. The reason privately assigned for this was that we were drifting
+into complications with England and France with reference to Mexico. For
+one, I gave the honorable secretary very little credit for this
+proceeding, inasmuch as he had just previous to this forwarded to South
+Carolina the means of arming and equipping seventeen thousand men
+against the United States. I, therefore, came to the conclusion that the
+forts were to be made ready for active service, in order that they might
+be turned over in that condition to the Southern League.
+
+Two young lieutenants of engineers, G.W. Snyder and R.K. Meade, were
+soon after sent to Foster as assistants.
+
+And here it may be well to speak of the officers of our command, as they
+were at that period. The record of their services afterward, during the
+rebellion, would constitute a volume in itself.
+
+Colonel John L. Gardner was wounded in the war with Great Britain in
+1812. He had also been engaged in the war against the Florida Indians,
+and the war with Mexico, receiving two brevets for the battles of Cerro
+Gordo and Contreras.
+
+Seymour, Foster, and myself had also served in Mexico as second
+lieutenants on our first entrance into the army, and Davis as a
+non-commissioned officer of an Indiana regiment.
+
+John G. Foster, severely wounded at Molino del Rey, and brevetted
+captain, was one of the most fearless and reliable men in the service.
+
+Captain Truman Seymour, twice brevetted for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and
+Chernbusco, was an excellent artillery officer, full of invention and
+resource, a lover of poetry, and an adept at music and painting.
+
+First Lieutenant Jefferson C. Davis, brave, generous, and impetuous--the
+boy-sergeant of Buena Vista--won his first commission in the regular
+army by his gallantry in that action.
+
+First Lieutenant Theodore Talbot, when very young, had shared the
+dangers, privations, and sufferings of Fremont's party in their
+explorations to open a pathway across the continent. He was a cultivated
+man, and a representative of the chivalry of Kentucky, equally ready to
+meet his friend at the festive board, or his enemy at ten paces.
+
+Doctor S. Wiley Crawford, our assistant surgeon, entered the service
+after the Mexican war. He was a genial companion, studious, and full of
+varied information. His ambition to win a name as a soldier soon induced
+him to quit the ranks of the medical profession.
+
+Hall, Snyder, and Meade were recent graduates of the Academy, who had
+never seen active service in the field. They were full of zeal,
+intelligence, and energy.
+
+In one respect we were quite fortunate: the habits of the officers were
+good, and there was no dissipation or drunkenness in the garrison. The
+majority of the men, too, were old soldiers, who could be thoroughly
+relied upon under all circumstances.
+
+There was, also, one civilian with us, Mr. Edward Moale, who was clerk
+and brother-in-law to Captain Foster. His services were subsequently
+very valuable in many ways.
+
+Fearing that in the course of events our correspondence might be
+tampered with, I invented a cipher which afterward proved to be very
+useful. It enabled me to communicate, through my brother in New York,
+much valuable information to Mr. Lincoln at Springfield, Preston King,
+Roscoe Conkling, and other leaders of public opinion, in relation to our
+strength and resources.[4]
+
+Situated as we were, we naturally desired to know how far Mr. Buchanan's
+Cabinet was willing to sustain us. William H. Trescott, of South
+Carolina, was Assistant Secretary of State at this time, and frequently
+corresponded with his brother, Doctor Trescott, in Charleston. We,
+therefore, naturally thought the views of the latter might indirectly
+reflect those of the Administration. The doctor was of opinion there
+would be no attempt at coercion in case South Carolina seceded, but that
+all postal and telegraphic communication would cease, and a man-of-war
+be placed outside to collect the revenue. This arrangement would leave
+our little force isolated and deserted, to bear the brunt of whatever
+might occur.
+
+In October the disunionists became more bitter, but they were not
+disposed to be aggressive, as they thought Buchanan could be relied upon
+not to take any decisive action against them.
+
+Colonel Gardner would not at this time mount the guns, or take any
+precautions whatever. He alleged, with reason, that the work was all
+torn to pieces by the engineers; that it was full of debris, and that,
+under the circumstances, he was not responsible for any thing that might
+happen. We had been promised a considerable number of recruits, but they
+were kept back; and we now ascertained that none would be sent until
+late in December, after the crisis was over.
+
+In the latter part of the month I became quite unpopular in Charleston;
+partly on account of my anti-slavery sentiments, but more especially
+because some very offensive articles, written from that city, had
+appeared in the Northern papers, and were attributed to me. It seems
+that at this very time an abolition correspondent of the _New York
+Tribune_ was employed in the office of Rhett's paper, the _Charleston
+Mercury_. This man professed to be the most loud-mouthed secessionist of
+them all. In conversation with me afterward, he claimed to be the author
+of the articles referred to.
+
+In truth, these were days of extraordinary proscription for opinion's
+sake. I heard with profound indignation of the case of a poor seamstress
+from New York, who had been sent to jail in Charleston simply for
+stating that she did not believe in the institution of slavery. On
+appealing to the then mayor of New York, Fernando Wood, he replied that
+he was rejoiced she was in prison, and hoped she would be kept there.
+
+Toward the close of the month, the South Carolina leaders began to fear
+that the other Southern States would not join them, and were engaged in
+discussing the subject of a French protectorate.
+
+The negroes overheard a great deal that was said by their masters, and
+in consequence became excited and troublesome, for the news flew like
+wild-fire among them that "Massa Linkum" was coming to set them all
+free.
+
+The enthusiasm of the moneyed men in Charleston began to cool when they
+reflected upon the enormous expenses involved in keeping up a standing
+army in an agricultural State like South Carolina. At the request of
+some Union men, Captain Seymour made a startling exhibit, showing the
+large amount required to maintain even a moderate force. It had a good
+effect upon the merchants, and, indeed, if the other Southern States had
+not promptly sustained South Carolina, the movement must have soon
+collapsed from its inherent weakness.
+
+Although the secession leaders were preparing to meet coercion, if it
+should come, I will do them the justice to say that they determined to
+commit no overt act against the Union so long as the State formed an
+integral part of it. They soon found, however, that the mob did not
+recognize these fine distinctions. It was easy to raise the storm, but,
+once under full headway, it was difficult to govern it. Independent
+companies and minute-men were everywhere forming, in opposition to their
+wishes; for these organizations, from their very nature, were quite
+unmanageable. The military commanders much preferred the State militia,
+because they could control it by law. A gentleman from the country, who
+had joined the minute-men, came in one day to the Charleston Hotel, with
+a huge cockade on his hat, expecting to be received with great
+applause; but, to his astonishment, he was greeted with laughter and
+ridicule.
+
+On the 29th of October, General Scott wrote his celebrated letter to the
+President, recommending that strong garrisons be placed at once in all
+the Southern forts. Undoubtedly this was good advice; but as our army
+was widely scattered all over the West to protect the frontier
+settlements from the Indians, only five small companies were available
+for the purpose. The suggestion, therefore, had but little practical
+value.
+
+November had arrived. The muttering of the storm was heard all around
+us, and yet not one word of counsel or encouragement came from
+Washington. Colonel Gardner began to feel uneasy at this studied
+silence, and determined to place the responsibility of any disaster that
+might occur where it properly belonged. On the 1st of the month he made
+a full report to his next superior officer, General Wool, at Troy, New
+York, to be forwarded to the Secretary of War, in relation to the
+dangers that threatened us, and our imperfect means of defense. He
+notified them that our provisions would be exhausted by the 20th of the
+month, and that we were very deficient in ammunition and military
+supplies generally. The secretary, in his answer to this communication,
+simply expressed his regret that he had not been informed of all this
+before. This sympathy was no doubt very gratifying; but, being of an
+entirely passive nature, did not benefit us in the least. Colonel
+Gardner, at our solicitation, directed that the guns which had been
+dismounted to enable the engineers to make their repairs be remounted at
+once, and Seymour's company and mine soon placed them in position. It
+was of little use, however, to have our armament in readiness, unless
+the approaches to the fort could be carefully watched. This it was
+impossible to do by the ordinary system of guard duty; but I suggested a
+plan which enabled us to have an ample number of sentinels, without
+exhausting the men. It was done by placing each man on guard for a
+single hour, between tattoo and reveille, allowing him to sleep for the
+remainder of the night.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.
+
+     Defeat of Captain Seymour's Expedition on the Ashley.--Mayor
+     Macbeth's Explanation.--Captain Foster's Work on Fort
+     Moultrie.--Governor Gist convenes the South Carolina
+     Legislature.--Creation of a Standing Army.--Arrival of Masons from
+     Baltimore.--Situation of Fort Sumter.--A Dramatic
+     Incident.--Secretary Floyd's Action.--Horace Greeley's Advocacy of
+     the Right of Secession.--The Situation November 18th.
+
+
+The United States Arsenal in Charleston is situated on the banks of the
+Ashley River. It looked feasible to go there in a boat without
+attracting attention, and procure a full supply of cartridges and other
+articles which were very much needed. Captain Seymour volunteered for
+the service, and was sent over with a small party, early in the
+afternoon. Notwithstanding he took every precaution, some spy belonging
+to a vigilance committee followed him, and reported the facts in the
+city. Seymour at once found himself beset by an excited mob, and wholly
+prevented from accomplishing the object of his mission. Colonel Gardner
+wrote to Mayor Macbeth for an explanation. The latter apologized
+politely for this unexpected occurrence, and, speaking for himself and
+other city officials, stated that so long as they staid in the Union
+they desired to remain faithful to its obligations, and that no further
+obstacles would be thrown in the way of another expedition. Colonel
+Gardner, however, did not send out again, thinking, perhaps, the mob
+might be beyond the control of the mayor.
+
+Since his arrival, Captain Foster had been hard at work on the fort. He
+had hired laborers from the vicinity of Charleston, and had sent to
+Baltimore for a large number of masons who had formerly worked for him.
+In spite of his efforts, we were still in a very weak condition, and
+unable to defend ourselves. It is true the sand had been removed from
+the sea-face of the work; but as that front had no flanking defenses,
+the angles in the wall were torn down to enable the engineers to
+construct double caponieres there. This left great gaps, through which
+an assaulting party could penetrate at any moment. Perhaps in one sense
+it added to our security, for there was no glory to be acquired in
+capturing a fort which was wide open and defenseless. Crowds of excited
+countrymen, wearing secession cockades, constantly came to visit the
+work; and on the 3d of November they formed in procession and marched
+around it, but did not offer any violence.
+
+It may not be improper to state that I was the only officer of the
+command who favored Lincoln's election. As regards my companions,
+however, there was no difference of opinion in regard to sustaining the
+new President should he be legally elected, and they were all both
+willing and anxious to defend the fort confided to their honor.
+
+In view of the probable success of the Republican candidate for the
+presidency, Governor Gist called the South Carolina Legislature
+together, to meet on Monday, the 5th of November. In his message he
+recommended the immediate formation of a standing army of ten thousand
+men; and that all persons between the ages of eighteen and forty-five be
+armed for immediate service. In consequence of this recommendation, by
+the 9th of November the whole State was swarming with minute-men.
+
+The spark came at last which was to set fire to the magazine. The
+startling news of Lincoln's election reached Charleston on the 7th of
+November. As this event was sure to lead to secession, the Disunionists
+were wild with delight. In their exuberance of spirits, they ran
+through the streets shouting "Hurra for Lincoln!" The United States
+District Court, which was in session, at once broke up, and its judge,
+Magrath, sent in his resignation. In the evening of the same day, Edmund
+Ruffin, who has already been referred to, made a fiery secession speech
+to an immense audience at the capitol of the State. The Legislature,
+inflamed by public sentiment, called a convention, to meet on the 17th
+of the month, to decide the question of secession. Governor Joseph E.
+Brown, of Georgia, also called a convention there for the same purpose;
+and the excitement in each State constantly reacted on the other.
+
+In the early part of November, one hundred and fifty masons arrived from
+Baltimore to work on the forts in the harbor. They were undoubtedly good
+workmen, but it is much to be regretted that they were not also good
+Unionists. Captain Foster at this time did not believe that any serious
+complications would arise from the attitude South Carolina had assumed,
+and did not, therefore, think it necessary to pay any attention to the
+politics of his laborers. Had he selected zealous Union men, their
+arrival would have been a most opportune re-enforcement for the
+garrison. Unfortunately, most of them sympathized with the South, and
+their coming was rather a source of weakness than of strength, so far as
+actual fighting was concerned. They rendered us, however, great and
+timely assistance by their labor.
+
+The first thing that attracted the eye of the stranger, upon approaching
+Charleston from the sea, was Fort Sumter. It was built on an artificial
+island made of large blocks of stone. The walls were of dark brick, and
+designed for three tiers of guns. The whole structure, as it rose
+abruptly out of the water, had a gloomy, prison-like appearance. It was
+situated on the edge of the channel, in the narrowest part of the
+harbor, between Fort Moultrie and Cummings Point, distant about a mile
+from the former place, and twelve hundred yards from the latter. The
+year before, it had been used by us as a temporary place of confinement
+and security for some negroes that had been brought over from Africa in
+a slaver captured by one of our naval vessels. The inevitable conflict
+was very near breaking out at that time; for there was an eager desire
+on the part of all the people around us to seize these negroes, and
+distribute them among the plantations; and if the Government had not
+acted promptly in sending them back to Africa, I think an attempt would
+have been made to take them from us by force, on the ground that some
+of them had violated a State law by landing at Moultrieville.
+
+As Fort Sumter has considerable historic renown, it may not be
+uninteresting to relate another incident connected with it, although it
+is not germane to my narrative. In 1859, after the negroes were taken
+away, the fort remained in charge of an ordnance-sergeant, who lived
+there alone with his wife and two little children. Supplies were sent to
+him regularly, but in case of emergency he could only communicate with
+the shore by means of a small boat. One wild stormy day, when the wind
+was blowing a gale, he was suddenly struck down with yellow fever. His
+wife saw that if he did not have immediate medical assistance he would
+die. She herself could not go, as he required constant attention, and
+the children were too young to be of any service. A day passed on, and
+it became evident that he was growing worse. In a frantic state of mind,
+she rushed up to the top of the fort, waved a sheet backward and
+forward, and raised and lowered the garrison flag repeatedly, in hopes
+of attracting the attention of some passing vessel; but although several
+went by, no one seemed to notice the signals, or, if they did, they
+would not stop, on account of the tempest, which still continued. She
+then took the desperate resolution of putting her two little children in
+the small boat, and trusting to the flood-tide to drift them somewhere
+in the vicinity of Charleston. She placed a letter in the hand of one of
+them, to be given to the first person they met, imploring that a
+physician might be sent to her at once. It was a terrible experiment,
+for the children might easily have been swept out to sea by the ebb-tide
+before they could make a landing. They succeeded, however, in reaching
+the shore near Mount Pleasant. A doctor finally arrived, but too late to
+be of any service.
+
+Foster wanted forty muskets to arm some of his workmen, as a guard for
+the powder in Fort Sumter, and for valuable public property in Castle
+Pinckney. This was approved at Washington; but the moment he obtained
+the guns from the arsenal, the Secretary of War hastily telegraphed him,
+in the middle of the night, to send them back again immediately. And yet
+at this same period two thousand additional United States muskets were
+forwarded by Floyd's order to South Carolina; and the _Charleston
+Courier_ stated that five thousand more were on their way. This did not
+look, much as if the Administration intended to sustain us. While the
+honorable secretary was thus supplying our enemies with arms, and
+leaving the United States Arsenal in Charleston, full of military
+stores, without a guard, he was very solicitous to ascertain whether our
+garrison duties were accurately performed, and sent an assistant
+inspector-general, Major Fitz John Porter, to make a thorough
+examination. As the secretary intended neither to re-enforce nor
+withdraw us, and as he made no effort at any time to remedy defects in
+our armament, this inspection seemed to us to be a mere pretense. It
+resulted, however, in relieving Colonel Gardner from his command, on
+Porter's recommendation, Major Robert Anderson being ordered to take his
+place.
+
+Mr. Greeley was at this time the head of the Republican party, and one
+of the great leaders of Northern opinion. His immense services in
+rousing the public mind to the evils of slavery can not be
+overestimated, but some of his views were too hastily formed and
+promulgated. In this crisis of our history he injured the cause he
+afterward so eloquently advocated by publishing an opinion, on the 9th
+of November, that the South had a perfect right to secede whenever a
+majority thought proper to do so; and, in another communication, he
+stated that the Union could not be pinned together with bayonets.
+General Scott was also at one time in favor of letting the "wayward
+sisters depart in peace;" and I have heard on good authority that at
+least one member of the Cabinet and one leading general, appalled by the
+magnitude of the conflict, were willing to consent to a separation,
+provided the Border States would go with the North. Greeley's article
+went farther than this, for it seemed to favor a simple severance of the
+North and the South. This was not only a virtual abandonment of the
+rights of Northern men who had invested their capital in the Southern
+States, but it amounted to giving up all the sea-coast and magnificent
+harbors south of New Jersey, including Chesapeake Bay. It was expressing
+a willingness to surrender the mouth of the Mississippi, the commerce of
+the great North-west, and the Capitol at Washington, to the control of a
+foreign nation, hostile to us from the very nature of its institutions.
+In fact, it was a proposition to commit national suicide. The new
+Northern republic would have been three thousand miles long, and only
+one hundred miles wide, in the vicinity of Wheeling. A country of such a
+peculiar shape could not, as every military man knows, have been
+successfully defended, and must inevitably have soon broken up into
+small confederacies. We objected, with reason, to the formation of a
+European monarchy in far-off Mexico, but the proposed separation would
+have created a powerful slave empire, with its northern border within
+eighteen miles of Philadelphia. Once firmly established there and along
+the Ohio, the Southern army could have burned Cincinnati from the
+opposite shore, and have penetrated to Lake Erie by a single successful
+battle and march, permanently severing the East from the West.
+
+These unexpected views of Mr. Greeley strengthened the hands of the
+Disunionists. They were everywhere quoted as evidence that no attempt
+would be made to interfere with or coerce the South. The fearful and
+wavering were thus induced to join the clamorous majority.
+
+I think, too, that the publication of these sentiments did much to
+influence the after-conduct of Major Anderson. He was not a Republican
+himself, and he may very well have thought, if the Republican leaders
+did not deny the right of secession, there was little use in his
+sacrificing his small command in a feeble attempt to make South Carolina
+remain in the Union.
+
+The sky darkened after this, for Georgia voted a million of dollars to
+raise troops, and it became evident that the other Southern States would
+follow in the same direction.
+
+By the 18th of November we considered ourselves reasonably secure
+against a _coup-de-main_. Our guns were up, and loaded with canister,
+and we had a fair supply of hand-grenades ready for use. With a view to
+intimidate those who were planning an attack, I occasionally fired
+toward the sea an eight-inch howitzer, loaded with double canister. The
+spattering of so many balls in the water looked very destructive, and
+startled and amazed the gaping crowds around. I also amused myself by
+making some small mines, which would throw a shell a few feet out of the
+ground whenever any person accidentally trod upon a concealed plank: of
+course the shell did not have a bursting charge in it. These experiments
+had a cooling effect upon the ardor of the militia, who did not fancy
+storming the fort over a line of torpedoes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS OF THE SECESSIONISTS.
+
+     Arrival of Major Anderson.--Huger's Opposition to a premature
+     Assault on Fort Moultrie.--Anderson's Report to the Secretary of
+     War.--Active Preparations by the South Carolinians.--Meeting of
+     Congress.--Attempts at Compromise.--Secession Batteries at Mount
+     Pleasant.--Arrival of Major Buell with written Orders.--Vain
+     Efforts to Strengthen Castle Pinckney.--Northern Opinion.--Public
+     Meeting in Philadelphia.
+
+
+It was now openly proclaimed in Charleston that declarations in favor of
+the Union would no longer be tolerated; that the time for deliberation
+had passed, and the time for action had come.
+
+On the 21st our new commander arrived and assumed command. He felt as if
+he had a hereditary right to be there, for his father had distinguished
+himself in the Revolutionary War in defense of old Fort Moultrie against
+the British, and had been confined a long time as a prisoner in
+Charleston. We had long known Anderson as a gentleman; courteous,
+honest, intelligent, and thoroughly versed in his profession. He had
+been twice brevetted for gallantry--once for services against the
+Seminole Indians in Florida, and once for the battle of Molino del Rey
+in Mexico, where he was badly wounded. In politics he was a strong
+pro-slavery man. Nevertheless, he was opposed to secession and Southern
+extremists. He soon found himself in troubled waters, for the
+approaching battle of Fort Moultrie was talked of everywhere throughout
+the State, and the mob in Charleston could hardly be restrained from
+making an immediate assault. They were kept back once through the
+exertions of Colonel Benjamin Huger, of the Ordnance Department of the
+United States Army. As he belonged to one of the most distinguished
+families in Charleston, he had great influence there. It was said at the
+time that he threatened if we were attacked, or rather mobbed, in this
+way, he would join us, and fight by the side of his friend Anderson.[5]
+Colonel Memminger, afterward the Confederate Secretary of the Treasury,
+also exerted himself to prevent any irregular and unauthorized
+violence.
+
+An additional force of workmen having arrived from Baltimore, Captain
+Foster retained one hundred and twenty to continue the work on Fort
+Moultrie, leaving his assistant, Lieutenant Snyder, one hundred and nine
+men to finish Fort Sumter.
+
+On the 1st of December, Major Anderson made a full report to Secretary
+Floyd in relation to our condition and resources. It was accompanied
+with requisitions, in due form, for supplies and military material.
+Colonel Gardner, before he left, had already applied for rations for the
+entire command for six months.
+
+Previous to Lincoln's election, Governor Gist had stated that in that
+event the State would undoubtedly secede, and demand the forts, and that
+any hesitation or delay in giving them up would lead to an immediate
+assault. Active preparations were now in progress to carry out this
+threat. In the first week of December we learned that cannon had been
+secretly sent to the northern extremity of the island, to guard the
+channel and oppose the passage of any vessels bringing us
+re-enforcements by that entrance. We learned, too, that lines of
+countervallation had been quietly marked out at night, with a view to
+attack the fort by regular approaches in case the first assault failed.
+Also, that two thousand of the best riflemen in the State were engaged
+to occupy an adjacent sand-hill and the roofs of the adjoining houses,
+all of which overlooked the parapet, the intention being to shoot us
+down the moment we attempted to man our guns. Yet the Administration
+made no arrangements to withdraw us, and no effort to re-enforce us,
+because to do the former would excite great indignation in the North,
+and the latter might be treated as coercion by the South. So we were
+left to our own scanty resources, with every probability that the affair
+would end in a massacre. Under these circumstances the appropriating of
+$150,000 to repair Fort Moultrie and $80,000 to finish Fort Sumter by
+the mere order of the Secretary of War, without the authority of
+Congress, was simply an expenditure of public money for the benefit of
+the Secessionists, and I have no doubt it was so intended. Forts
+constructed in an enemy's country, and left unguarded, are built for the
+enemy.
+
+Congress met on the 3d of December, but took no action in relation to
+our peculiar position. As usual, their whole idea was to settle the
+matter by some new compromise. The old experiment was to be tried over
+again: St. Michael and the Dragon were to lie down in peace, and become
+boon companions once more.
+
+The office-holders in the South, who saw in Lincoln's election an end to
+their pay and emoluments, were Secessionists to a man, and did their
+best to keep up the excitement. They tried to make the poor whites
+believe that through the re-opening of the African slave-trade negroes
+would be for sale, in a short time, at thirty dollars a head; and that
+every laboring man would soon become a rich slave-owner and
+cotton-planter. To the timid, they said there would be no coercion. To
+the ambitious, they spoke of military glory, and the formation of a vast
+slave empire, to include Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies.
+The merchants were assured that Charleston would be a free port,
+rivaling New York in its trade and opulence.
+
+They painted the future in glowing colors, but the present looked dreary
+enough. All business was at an end. The expenses of the State had become
+enormous, and financial ruin was rapidly approaching. The heavy
+property-owners began to fear they might have to bear the brunt of all
+these military preparations in the way of forced loans.[6] For a time a
+strong reaction set in against the Rhett faction, but intimidation and
+threats prevented any open retrograde movement.
+
+Among those who were reported to be most clamorous to have an immediate
+attack made upon us, was a certain captain of the United States
+Dragoons, named Lucius B. Northrup; afterward made Paymaster-general of
+South Carolina, and subsequently, through the personal friendship of
+Jeff. Davis, promoted to be Commissary-general of the rebel army. He had
+resided for several years in Charleston on sick-leave, on full pay.
+Before urging an assault he should have had the grace to resign his
+commission, for his oath of office bound him to be a friend to his
+comrades in the army, and not an enemy. I am tempted, in this
+connection, to show how differently the rebel general Magruder acted,
+under similar circumstances, when he was a captain and brevet colonel in
+our service. He said to his officers, the evening before he rode over
+the Long Bridge, at Washington, to join the Confederates, "If the
+rebels come to-night, we'll give them hell; but to-morrow I shall send
+in my resignation, and become a rebel myself."
+
+Amidst all this turmoil, our little band of regulars kept their spirits
+up, and determined to fight it out to the last against any force that
+might be brought against them. The brick-layers, however, at work in
+Fort Sumter were considerably frightened. They held a meeting, and
+resolved to defend themselves, if attacked by the Charleston roughs, but
+not to resist any organized force.
+
+On the 11th of December we had the good fortune to get our provisions
+from town without exciting observation. They had been lying there
+several days. It was afterward stated in the papers that the captain of
+the schooner was threatened severely for having brought them. On the
+same day the enemy began to build batteries at Mount Pleasant, and at
+the upper end of Sullivan's Island, guns having already been sent there.
+We also heard that ladders had been provided for parties to escalade our
+walls. Indeed, the proposed attack was no longer a secret. Gentlemen
+from the city said to us, "We appreciate your position. It is a point of
+honor with you to hold the fort, but a political necessity obliges us
+to take it."
+
+My wife, becoming indignant at these preparations, and the utter apathy
+of the Government in regard to our affairs, wrote a stirring letter to
+my brother, in New York, stating some of the facts I have mentioned. By
+some means it found its way into the columns of the _Evening Post_, and
+did much to call attention to the subject, and awaken the Northern
+people to a true sense of the situation. She was quite distressed to
+find her hasty expressions in print, and freely commented on both by
+friends and enemies. I may say, in passing, that the distinguished
+editor of that paper, William Cullen Bryant, proved to be one of the
+best friends we had at the North. George W. Curtis, who aided us freely
+with his pen and influence, was another. They exerted themselves to
+benefit us in every way, and were among the first to invoke the
+patriotism of the nation to extricate us from our difficulties, and save
+the union of the States. When we returned to New York, they and their
+friends gave us a cordial and heartfelt welcome.
+
+To resume the thread of my narrative. The fort by this time had been
+considerably strengthened. The crevices were filled up, and the walls
+were made sixteen feet high, by digging down to the foundations and
+throwing up the surplus earth as a glacis. Each of the officers had a
+certain portion given him to defend. I caused a sloping picket fence,
+technically called _a fraise_, to be projected over the parapet on my
+side of the work, as an obstacle against an escalading party. I
+understood that this puzzled the military men and newspapers in
+Charleston exceedingly. They could not imagine what object I could have
+in view. One of the editors said, in reference to it, "Make ready your
+sharpened stakes, but you will not intimidate freemen."
+
+There was one good reason why our opponents did not desire to commence
+immediate hostilities. The delay was manifestly to their advantage, for
+the engineers were putting Fort Sumter in good condition at the expense
+of the United States. They (the rebels) intended to occupy it as soon as
+the work approached completion. In the mean time, to prevent our
+anticipating them, they kept two steamers on guard, to patrol the
+harbor, and keep us from crossing. These boats contained one hundred and
+twenty soldiers, and were under the command of Ex-lieutenant James
+Hamilton, who had recently resigned from the United States Navy.
+
+The threatening movements against Fort Moultrie required incessant
+vigilance on our part, and we were frequently worn out with watching and
+fatigue. On one of these occasions Mrs. Seymour and Mrs. Doubleday
+volunteered to take the places of Captain Seymour and myself, and they
+took turns in walking the parapet, two hours at a time, in readiness to
+notify the guard in case the minute-men became more than usually
+demonstrative.
+
+In December the secretary sent another officer of the
+Inspector-general's Department, Major Don Carlos Buell, to examine and
+report upon our condition. Buell bore written orders, which were
+presented on the 11th, directing Major Anderson not to provoke
+hostilities, but in case of immediate danger to defend himself to the
+last extremity, and take any steps that he might think necessary for
+that purpose. There would appear to be some mystery connected with this
+subject, for Anderson afterward stated to Seymour, as a reason for not
+firing when the rebels attempted to sink the _Star of the West_, that
+his instructions tied his hands, and obliged him to remain quiescent.
+Now, as there are no orders of this character on record in the War
+Department, they must have been of a verbal and confidential nature. In
+my opinion, Floyd was fully capable of supplementing written orders to
+resist, by verbal orders to surrender without resistance. If he did so,
+I can conceive of nothing more treacherous, for his object must have
+been to make Anderson the scape-goat of whatever might occur. Buell,
+however, is not the man to be the bearer of any treacherous
+communication. Still, he did not appear to sympathize much with us, for
+he expressed his disapproval of our defensive preparations; referring
+particularly to some loop-holes near the guard-house, which he said
+would have a tendency to irritate the people. I thought the remark a
+strange one, under the circumstances, as "the people" were preparing to
+attack us. I had no doubt, at the time, in spite of the warlike message
+he had brought, that Buell's expressions reflected the wishes of his
+superiors. I have ascertained recently that Floyd did have one or more
+confidential agents in Charleston, who were secretly intermeddling in
+this matter, without the sanction of the President or the open authority
+of the War Office. It appears from the records that another assistant
+adjutant-general, Captain Withers, who joined the rebels at the outbreak
+of the rebellion, and became a rebel general, was also sent by Floyd to
+confer with Anderson. It is not at all improbable, therefore, that some
+one of the messengers who actually joined the enemy may have been the
+bearer of a treasonable communication. It appears from Anderson's own
+statement that his hands were tied, and no one that knew him would ever
+doubt his veracity. Yet, if he really desired to retain possession of
+Charleston harbor for the Government, and Floyd's orders stood in his
+way, why did he not, after the latter fled to the South, make a plain
+statement to the new secretary, Judge Holt, whose patriotism was
+undoubted, and ask for fresh instructions? It looks to me very much as
+if he accepted the orders without question because he preferred the
+policy of non-resistance.
+
+I shall have occasion to refer to this subject again in the course of my
+narrative.
+
+We had frequently regretted the absence of a garrison in Castle
+Pinckney, as that post, being within a mile of Charleston, could easily
+control the city by means of its mortars and heavy guns. We were too
+short-handed ourselves to spare a single soldier. The brave
+ordnance-sergeant, Skillen, who was in charge there, begged hard that we
+would send him a few artillerists. He could not bear the thought of
+surrendering the work to the enemies of the Government without a
+struggle, and would have made a determined resistance if he could have
+found any one to stand by him. We talked the matter over, and Captain
+Foster thought he could re-enforce Skillen by selecting a few reliable
+men from his masons to assist in defending the place. He accordingly
+sent a body of picked workmen there, under his assistant, Lieutenant
+R.K. Meade, with orders to make certain repairs. The moment, however,
+Meade attempted to teach these men the drill at the heavy guns, they
+drew back in great alarm, and it was soon seen that no dependence could
+be placed upon them. So Castle Pinckney was left to its fate.
+
+As the General Government seemed quietly to have deserted us, we watched
+the public sentiment at the North with much interest. There was but
+little to encourage us there. The Northern cities, however, were
+beginning to appreciate the gravity of the crisis. At the call of the
+Mayor of Philadelphia, a great public meeting was held in Independence
+Square. For one, I was thoroughly dispirited and disgusted at the
+resolutions that were passed. They were evidently prompted by the
+almighty dollar, and the fear of losing the Southern trade. They urged
+that the North should be more than ever subservient to the South, more
+active in catching fugitive slaves, and more careful not to speak
+against the institution of slavery. As a pendant to these resolutions,
+an official attempt was made, a few days afterward, to prevent the
+eloquent Republican orator, George W. Curtis, from advocating the
+Northern side of the question.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE REMOVAL TO FORT SUMTER.
+
+     Passage of the Secession Ordinance.--Governor Pickens's
+     Proclamation.--Judge Petigru's Visit to Fort Moultrie.--Floyd's
+     Treachery.--Yancey's Lectures in the North.--The Removal to Fort
+     Sumter.
+
+
+On the 17th a bill was passed to arm the militia of North Carolina.
+
+On the same day the Charleston Convention met, and chose General D.F.
+Jamison as their president, and on the 20th of the month the secession
+ordinance was duly passed, and South Carolina voted out of the Union
+amidst screams of enthusiasm. Immediately afterward there was great
+competition for the possession of the immortal pen with which the
+instrument was signed. At the close of the war, I heard it was for sale
+at a very low figure.
+
+The new Governor, Francis W. Pickens, signed the ordinance very gladly,
+and issued his proclamation on the 24th declaring South Carolina to be a
+free and independent nation. He had served as a member of Congress from
+1835 to 1843, and as Minister to Russia in 1858, but he was not
+considered a man of decided ability. He was very impetuous in his
+disposition, and, according to a statement made by him in one of his
+Congressional speeches, which attracted much attention at the time, he
+was "born insensible to fear."
+
+Soon after the State seceded, that stern old patriot, Judge J.L.
+Petigru, of South Carolina, came over, with one of his friends, to pay
+us a final visit, to express the deep sorrow and sympathy he felt for us
+in our trying position. As he knew that arrangements were being made to
+drive us out, he bade us farewell with much feeling. The tears rolled
+down his cheeks as he deplored the folly and the madness of the times.
+He had been previously asked in the city if he did not intend to join
+the secession movement. He replied, "_I should think not! South Carolina
+is too small for a republic, and too large for a lunatic-asylum._" At a
+later period of the war, it is said he was called upon to give up the
+property of his Northern clients for confiscation, under a law which
+made it treason to refuse. He positively declined to comply with the
+demand, and said, with much spirit, "_Whenever the time comes for me to
+choose between death and dishonor, I shall have no difficulty in saying
+which of the two I shall elect._" It is much to be regretted that he did
+not live to witness the final triumph of the cause which was so dear to
+him.
+
+Four of Buchanan's Cabinet--Floyd, Cobb, Toucey, and Thompson--were now
+open and avowed Disunionists. On the 23d, a defalcation of eight hundred
+and thirty-three thousand dollars was discovered in the Department of
+the Interior, while the Secretary, Jacob Thompson, was absent from his
+post, and acting as a disunion agent, to represent the State of
+Mississippi. This dallying with treason in the Cabinet was one of the
+most discouraging signs of the times.
+
+A circumstance now occurred which to my mind was proof positive that
+Floyd intended to betray us and the Government he represented. I have no
+doubt it hastened our departure from Fort Moultrie. He directed Captain
+Foster to have the guns mounted in Fort Sumter immediately. It was plain
+enough, from demonstrations already made, that the moment this was done
+the rebels would seize the fort, and turn its powerful armament upon us.
+There was no one there to resist them. It seems to me that Floyd's
+speech to the Secessionists of Richmond, made shortly after his flight
+from Washington, was a pretty plain acknowledgment that he had violated
+his oath of office as Secretary of War, in order that he might advance
+the interests of the Confederacy. He said on that occasion, "I undertook
+so to dispose of the power in my hands that when the terrific hour came,
+you, and all of you, and each of you, should say, 'This man has done his
+duty.'"
+
+Anderson had been urged by several of us to remove his command to Fort
+Sumter, but he had invariably replied that he was specially assigned to
+Fort Moultrie, and had no right to vacate it without orders. Our
+affairs, however, were becoming critical, and I thought it my duty to
+speak to him again on the subject. He still apparently adhered to his
+decision. Nevertheless, he had fully determined to make the change, and
+was now merely awaiting a favorable opportunity. To deceive the enemy,
+he still kept at work with unabated zeal on the defenses of Fort
+Moultrie. This exactly suited the purposes of the rebel leaders, for
+they knew we could make no effectual defense there, and our preparations
+would only increase the prestige of their victory. We were not
+authorized to commence hostilities by burning the adjacent houses, and
+yet, if they were not leveled, clouds of riflemen could occupy them, and
+prevent our men from serving the guns. Under any circumstances, it was
+plain that we must soon succumb from over-exertion and loss of sleep
+incident to repelling incessant attacks from a host of enemies. The fact
+that through the provident care of the Secretary of War the guns of Fort
+Sumter would also be turned upon us, enfilading two sides of Fort
+Moultrie, and taking another side in reverse, was quite decisive as to
+the impossibility of our making a lengthened defense.
+
+Up to this time we had hoped, almost against hope, that, even if the
+Government were base enough to desert us, the loyal spirit of the
+patriotic North would manifest itself in our favor, inasmuch as our
+little force represented the supremacy of the Constitution and the laws;
+but all seemed doubt, apathy, and confusion there. Yancey was delivering
+lectures in the Northern States, as a representative of the
+Disunionists, not only without molestation, but with frequent and
+vociferous applause from the Democratic masses, who could not be made to
+believe there was any real danger.
+
+In making his arrangements to cross over, Anderson acted with consummate
+prudence and ability. He only communicated his design to the
+staff-officers, whose co-operation was indispensable, and he waited
+until the moment of execution before he informed the others of his
+intention. No one, of course, would deliberately betray a secret of this
+kind, but it sometimes happens, under such circumstances, that officers
+give indications of what is about to take place by sending for their
+washing, packing their trunks, and making changes in their messing
+arrangements.
+
+Without knowing positively that any movement had been projected, two
+circumstances excited my suspicions. Once, while I was walking with the
+major on the parapet, he turned to me abruptly, and asked me what would
+be the best course to take to render the gun-carriages unserviceable. I
+told him there were several methods, but my plan would be to heap
+pitch-pine knots around them, and burn them up. The question was too
+suggestive to escape my attention.
+
+On the day previous to our departure, I requested him to allow me to
+purchase a large quantity of wire, to make an entanglement in front of
+the part of the work I was assigned to defend. He said, with a quizzical
+look, "Certainly; you shall have a mile of wire, if you require it."
+When I proposed to send for it immediately, he smiled, and objected in
+such a peculiar way that I at once saw that he was no longer interested
+in our efforts to strengthen Fort Moultrie.
+
+As a preliminary to the proposed movement, he directed the post
+quartermaster, Lieutenant Hall, to charter three schooners and some
+barges, for the ostensible purpose of transporting the soldiers'
+families to old Fort Johnson, on the opposite side of the harbor, where
+there were some dilapidated public buildings belonging to the United
+States. The danger of the approaching conflict was a good pretext for
+the removal of the non-combatants. All this seemed natural enough to the
+enemy, and no one offered any opposition. In reality, these vessels were
+loaded with supplies for all the troops, with reference to a prolonged
+residence in Fort Sumter. Hall was directed to land every thing there as
+soon as a signal-gun was fired. In the mean time he sailed for Fort
+Johnson, and lay off and on, waiting for the signal.
+
+Anderson had broken up his own mess, and on the last evening of our stay
+(December 26th) I left my room to ask him in to take tea with us. The
+sun was just setting as I ascended the steps leading to the parapet and
+approached him. He was in the midst of a group of officers, each of whom
+seemed silent and distrait. As I passed our assistant-surgeon, I
+remarked, "It is a fine evening, Crawford." He replied in a hesitating
+and embarrassed manner, showing that his thoughts were elsewhere. I saw
+plainly that something unusual had occurred. Anderson approached me as I
+advanced, and said quietly, "I have determined to evacuate this post
+immediately, for the purpose of occupying Fort Sumter; I can only allow
+you twenty minutes to form your company and be in readiness to start." I
+was surprised at this announcement, and realized the gravity of the
+situation at a glance. We were watched by spies and
+vigilance-committees, who would undoubtedly open fire upon us as soon as
+they saw the object of the movement. I was naturally concerned, too, for
+the safety of my wife, who was the only lady in the fort at that time,
+and who would necessarily be exposed to considerable danger.
+Fortunately, I had little or no property to lose, as, in anticipation of
+a crisis, I had previously sent every thing of value to New York. Some
+of the other officers did not fare so well. The doctor, not expecting so
+sudden a _denouement_, had necessarily left his medical stores unpacked.
+Foster, who had taken a house outside for his family, was wholly
+unprepared, and lost heavily.
+
+I made good use of the twenty minutes allowed me. I first went to the
+barracks, formed my company, inspected it, and saw that each man was
+properly armed and equipped. This left me ten minutes to spare. I dashed
+over to my quarters; told my wife to get ready to leave immediately, and
+as the fighting would probably commence in a few minutes, I advised her
+to take refuge with some family outside, and get behind the sand-hills
+as soon as possible, to avoid the shot. She hastily threw her
+wearing-apparel into her trunks, and I called two men to put her baggage
+outside the main gate. I then accompanied her there, and we took a sad
+and hasty leave of each other, for neither knew when or where we would
+meet again. As soon as this was accomplished, I strapped on my revolver,
+tied a blanket across my shoulders, and reported to Major Anderson that
+my men were in readiness to move.
+
+In the mean time Lieutenant Jefferson C. Davis, of my company, who had
+been detailed to command the rear guard, aimed the guns, which were
+already loaded, to bear upon the passage to Fort Sumter, and Captain
+Foster and Assistant-surgeon Crawford, with two sergeants and three
+privates, remained with him, and took post at five columbiads, in
+readiness to carry out Major Anderson's design, which was to sink the
+guard-boats, should they attempt to fire into us or run us down while
+_en route_. Certainly the major showed no lack of determination or
+energy on this occasion.
+
+If we were successful in crossing, Davis was to follow with the
+remainder of the men. Foster and Mr. Moale agreed to remain behind until
+morning. They also volunteered to place themselves at the guns, and
+cover the retreat of the rear guard under Davis, in case an attempt was
+made to intercept them.
+
+The chaplain, the Rev. Matthias Harris, being a non-combatant, and
+having his family in the village, was not notified. Neither was Surgeon
+Simons, of the army, who was living in a house adjoining the fort, and
+directly in line with our guns. When he saw the movement in progress, he
+hastened out with his family, to shelter them behind the sand-hills as
+soon as possible.
+
+Every thing being in readiness, we passed out of the main gates, and
+silently made our way for about a quarter of a mile to a spot where the
+boats were hidden behind an irregular pile of rocks, which originally
+formed part of the sea-wall. There was not a single human being in sight
+as we marched to the rendezvous, and we had the extraordinary good luck
+to be wholly unobserved. We found several boats awaiting us, under
+charge of two engineer officers, Lieutenants Snyder and Meade. They and
+their crews were crouched down behind the rocks, to escape observation.
+In a low tone they pointed out to me the boats intended for my company,
+and then pushed out rapidly to return to the fort. Noticing that one of
+the guard-boats was approaching, they made a wide circuit to avoid it. I
+hoped there would be time for my party to cross before the steamer could
+overhaul us; but as among my men there were a number of unskillful
+oarsmen, we made but slow progress, and it soon became evident that we
+would be overtaken in mid-channel. It was after sunset, and the twilight
+had deepened, so that there was a fair chance for us to escape. While
+the steamer was yet afar off, I took off my cap, and threw open my coat
+to conceal the buttons. I also made the men take off their coats, and
+use them to cover up their muskets, which were lying alongside the
+rowlocks. I hoped in this way that we might pass for a party of laborers
+returning to the fort. The paddle-wheels stopped within about a hundred
+yards of us; but, to our great relief, after a slight scrutiny, the
+steamer kept on its way. In the mean time our men redoubled their
+efforts, and we soon arrived at our destination. As we ascended the
+steps of the wharf, crowds of workmen rushed out to meet us, most of
+them wearing secession emblems. One or two Union men among them cheered
+lustily, but the majority called out angrily, "What are these soldiers
+doing here?" I at once formed my men, charged bayonets, drove the
+tumultuous mass inside the fort, and seized the guard-room, which
+commanded the main entrance. I then placed sentinels to prevent the
+crowd from encroaching on us. As soon as we had disembarked, the boats
+were sent back for Seymour's company. The major landed soon after in one
+of the engineer boats, which had coasted along to avoid the steamer.
+Seymour's men arrived in safety, followed soon after by the remaining
+detachments, which had been left behind as a rear-guard. The latter,
+however, ran a good deal of risk, for in the dark it passed almost under
+the bow of the guard-boat _Nina_. The whole movement was successful
+beyond our most sanguine expectations, and we were highly elated. The
+signal-gun was fired, and Hall at once sailed over, and landed the
+soldiers' families and supplies. As soon as the schooners were unloaded,
+the disloyal workmen were placed on board and shipped off to the
+main-land. Only a few of the best and most reliable were retained.
+
+Upon leaving me, my wife took refuge temporarily in the residence of Dan
+Sinclair, the sutler of the post, a most excellent man, and one to whom
+we were indebted for many kindnesses. Finding that the people of
+Moultrieville were not yet aware of the change that had taken place, and
+that every thing was tranquil, she ventured back to the fort, and
+finished the removal of all our effects. After this, in company with the
+chaplain's family, she walked up and down the beach the greater part of
+the night, looking anxiously toward Fort Sumter to see if there were any
+indications of trouble or disturbance there. In the morning she took up
+her residence at the chaplain's house. As for the other ladies, both
+Mrs. Simons and Mrs. Foster fled to the city at the first intimation of
+danger, and Mrs. Seymour was already there.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE FIRST OVERT ACT.
+
+     The New Quarters.--Seizure of Castle Pinckney by Charleston
+     Troops.--Raising the Flag at Fort Sumter.--The Sergeant's
+     Daughter.--Major Anderson's Position.--The Charleston Troops take
+     Fort Moultrie.--A Military Problem.--Condition of Fort
+     Sumter.--Governor Pickens's Commission.--A New Outrage.
+
+
+On the very day that these events occurred, the South Carolina
+commissioners, R.W. Barnwell, J.H. Adams, and James L. Orr, arrived in
+Washington to treat for the surrender of the forts and other public
+property. It proved to be a very inauspicious time for such a
+negotiation.
+
+Our garrison were up betimes on the morning of the 27th, to inspect
+their new quarters. The soldiers thronged the parapet in such numbers as
+to attract the attention of the troops on board the _Nina_. That vessel
+steamed up to the city in great haste, and communicated the startling
+intelligence that Fort Sumter, in some inexplicable manner, had been
+fully re-enforced.[7] The chagrin of the authorities was intense.
+Messengers were at once dispatched to all parts of the city, to ring the
+door-bells and arouse the people.
+
+While this was going on in town, Anderson, who was very punctilious in
+regard to settling all debts due by the United States to citizens,
+determined to send a detachment, under Lieutenant Davis, back to Fort
+Moultrie as a guard to Captain Foster, to enable him to pay off the
+claims of the workmen he had left behind. Doctor Crawford went over
+also, to look after some of his medical property. As the guard-boats had
+been withdrawn, they reached the fort without difficulty, and found it
+deserted. The people of the little village, to all appearance, were
+still ignorant of our change of station. Soon after their arrival, the
+party, in accordance with instructions from Major Anderson, set fire to
+the gun-carriages bearing on Fort Sumter, and destroyed all the
+ammunition and military material that could not be brought away. The
+guns had been spiked the night before, and the flag-staff was cut down,
+either at that time or in the morning.
+
+As I have stated, the major took great pains to see that all bills,
+even those of a private nature, due in Charleston we're fully paid by
+the officers and men of his command; but many leading merchants in the
+city were not so scrupulous. They gladly took advantage of the war to
+repudiate the claims of their Northern creditors. I was also informed by
+one of the pay-masters that a number of officers of the army who
+resigned to join the rebellion first deliberately drew their month's pay
+in advance, and then left the pay-master, as a penalty for his kindness,
+to make good the deficiency from his private funds, in order to settle
+his accounts.
+
+Foster and Davis, finding Fort Moultrie still deserted, made good use of
+the occasion by loading up with supplies and ammunition one of the
+schooners which had been previously chartered to carry over the women
+and children, and which were now lying empty at the wharf.
+
+On their way back from this expedition our officers saw the Charleston
+troops going over to take possession of Castle Pinckney. The calm and
+dignified South Carolina Legislature had not authorized this outrageous
+proceeding. Even if we assume that the State had the right to secede, it
+does not follow that the public property within her limits properly
+belonged to her. It appertained to the nation at large, inasmuch as all
+the other States had contributed toward it, and therefore it was a
+proper subject of negotiation. To seize it at once, without a
+declaration of war, and while the subject was still pending, was a
+violation of all right and precedent. The hot-headed governor, however,
+irritated at our change of station, took the responsibility of
+commencing hostilities against the Union, without the co-operation of
+the Legislature, and this, too, at a time when the State was almost
+destitute of war material and funds. I doubt if there were more than
+half a dozen heavy guns on hand, and there were certainly not a dozen
+rounds of cannon-powder for each.
+
+Major Anderson, who was a very religious man, thought it best to give
+some solemnity to our occupation of Fort Sumter by formally raising the
+flag, at noon, with prayer and military ceremonies. The band played "The
+Star-spangled Banner," the troops presented arms, and our chaplain, the
+Rev. Matthias Harris, offered up a fervent supplication, invoking the
+blessing of Heaven upon our small command and the cause we represented.
+Three cheers were then given for the flag, and the troops were
+dismissed.
+
+The seizure of Castle Pinckney, on the afternoon of the 27th, was the
+first overt act of the Secessionists against the sovereignty of the
+United States. As already stated, it was ordered by Governor Pickens, on
+his own responsibility, without the concurrence of the Legislature.[8]
+The latter, indeed, positively declined to sanction the measure. At 2
+P.M. the Washington Light Infantry and Meagher Guards, both companies of
+Colonel J.J. Petigru's rifle regiment, embarked, under command of that
+officer, on board the _Nina_, and steamed down to the little island upon
+which the Castle is situated. When they arrived in front of the main
+gates they found them closed; whereupon they applied scaling-ladders,
+and with eager, flushed faces made their way to the top of the wall. The
+excitement was needless, for there was no one there to resist them, the
+only fighting-men present being Lieutenant R.K. Meade, of the engineers,
+and Ordnance-sergeant Skillen, who resided there with his family, and
+who was in charge of the work. Meade, himself a Virginian, had a sharp
+colloquy with Petigru, and expressed himself in severe terms in relation
+to this treasonable assault.
+
+After taking possession, one of the rebel officers found the sergeant's
+daughter, pretty Kate Skillen, aged fifteen, weeping bitterly at the
+foot of the ramparts. He assured her no harm should befall her. She
+replied, "I am not crying because I am afraid!" "What is the matter,
+then?" said he. "I am crying because you have put that miserable rag up
+there," she said, pointing to the Palmetto flag which had just been
+raised to the top of the staff.
+
+Foster's few reliable workmen proved to be a bad investment. It is said
+that most of them, when they found the enemy were actually coming, hid
+in closets, sheds, and under the beds, and some cried bitterly.
+
+While this was going on, Major Anderson and myself stood side by side on
+the parapet, watching the scene through our spy-glasses. From his
+expressions of indignation, I was in hopes he would take prompt measures
+to close the harbor against any further encroachments of the State
+troops, made with a view to occupy Fort Moultrie or Fort Johnson. It
+would have required but a short time to mount a few pieces; and when
+these were once in position, it would have been easy to cut off all
+direct communication by water between the different posts. In short, he
+could take entire possession of the harbor. He did threaten to put out
+the lights in the light-houses with his artillery, and close the port in
+that way; but his anger soon passed away, and he took no aggressive
+measures of any kind.
+
+In my opinion, if he could have been satisfied that no other States
+would join South Carolina in her mad attempt, he would have done every
+thing that lay in his power to punish her; for he looked upon her as a
+spoiled child that needed correction. Having married a lady from
+Georgia, he had almost identified himself with that State. He did own a
+plantation and negroes there, but had recently sold them. The purchaser
+afterward refused to pay for them, on the ground that Anderson had
+destroyed their value by virtually warring against slavery. At this
+period the feeling in many parts of the South was strong against South
+Carolina. This was particularly the case among the young men of Georgia,
+who looked upon the leaders of secession in the Palmetto State as very
+presuming, because these leaders thought and acted as if they were the
+only representatives of Southern sentiment, and as if the leadership
+belonged to them as a matter of right. They seemed to consider that the
+mere fact of being born in South Carolina (or Carolina, as they called
+it, contemptuously ignoring North Carolina) constituted in itself a
+patent of nobility; and their implied scorn of other States caused the
+antagonistic feeling which I have mentioned. This was shared by
+Anderson, until he found that Georgia also would certainly secede. He
+then seemed to lose all interest in the Union, and merely desired to
+become a spectator of the contest, and not an actor. His efforts
+thenceforth were simply confined to making his fort secure against an
+assault. Hardly any amount of provocation could induce him to become the
+assailant.
+
+On the day we left Fort Moultrie, Captain Humphreys, of the engineers,
+arrived there from Washington, with orders for Captain Foster from the
+Secretary of War. I have never learned the purport of these dispatches.
+
+On the 27th, the day after we evacuated the place, Lieutenant-colonel
+Wilmot G. De Saussure arrived at Fort Moultrie, at 9 P.M., with his
+battalion of Charleston artillery and thirty riflemen; in all, one
+hundred and seventy men. (The companies composing the battalion were
+the Marion Artillery, the La Fayette Artillery, the German Artillery,
+and the Washington Artillery.) I was informed by a spectator that the
+new-comers were exceedingly cautious in making an entrance. They were
+looking out for mines in all directions, and had brought ladders with
+them, on the supposition that there might be torpedoes in front of the
+main gates. It was a clear, beautiful evening, and the moon was at the
+full. They were greatly enraged to find the flag-staff cut down, for
+they had hoped to run up their own flag on the very spot where ours had
+formerly waved. They found, too, the gun-carriages burned, and the guns,
+which had gradually settled down as the carriages gave way, resting with
+their breeches on the platforms, and the muzzles leaning against the
+walls. Out of the mouth of each hung a small white string. As many of
+the guns had been kept loaded for a considerable length of time, these
+strings had been tied by me to the cartridges, in order that the latter
+might be pulled out and sunned occasionally, as a precaution against
+dampness. De Saussure's men imagined that these strings were arranged
+with a view to blow up the guns the moment any one attempted to
+interfere with them, and each soldier, as he passed, avoided the
+supposed danger.
+
+The South Carolina officers, at this period, spent much of their time
+in discussing military problems. One of these, which was afterward
+referred to us for solution, occasioned us much amusement. All
+cannon-balls used in the army, and exposed to the weather, are coated
+with a varnish of coal-tar, to protect them from rust. Many of those we
+left behind were in piles near the guns, and when the carriages were
+burned, the tar melted, ran down in streams, and coagulated in lumps. It
+was immediately reported that before leaving we had taken great pains to
+tar the balls, to render them useless. The problem which puzzled the
+military _savans_ of Charleston was, to determine in what way
+cannon-balls were ruined by tar. Some months afterward, when we
+evacuated Fort Sumter, one of the officers who had been much interested
+in this subject took Seymour aside, and asked him confidentially if he
+had any objection to tell him why we tarred our balls, assuring him most
+earnestly that they could scrape it all off.
+
+Upon occupying Fort Sumter, we found it was in a very unfinished
+condition, and that it would require an immense amount of labor to
+render it safe against an assault. It had no flanking defenses
+whatever. Three or four hundred men, with short ladders, could easily
+have taken it; for no guns were mounted, except a few on the gorge, and
+all the embrasures were open, there being no efficient means of closing
+them. On the gorge side, where the wharf was located, there were two
+sally-ports and numerous windows to be guarded. In the second story the
+embrasures were nothing but large unfinished openings, slightly boarded
+up. Three or four blows of an axe would have made a broad entrance for
+an escalading party. The form of the fort was a pentagon. Retaining a
+small force as a reserve in the centre of the work, we could only
+furnish eight men to defend each side and guard all the numerous
+openings.
+
+Fortunately no assault was made. It was thought the fort was almost
+impregnable, and that there would be no difficulty in inducing Buchanan
+to order us back to Fort Moultrie. This occasioned a delay, and gave us
+time to strengthen our position. We were hard at work, mounting guns,
+preparing shells to be used as hand-grenades, stopping up surplus
+embrasures, and removing the debris which encumbered the passages from
+one part of the work to another. Quarters were selected for the
+officers, soldiers, and camp-women; and the household furniture which
+belonged to each, and which had been thrown pell-mell on the
+parade-ground, was all separated and deposited in the different rooms. I
+chose an apartment near the mess hall, and made it so comfortable that
+Anderson and Seymour came there temporarily to live with me. Our mess
+was also organized, and placed in charge of Mr. Edward Moale.
+
+In the afternoon, Governor Pickens sent Colonel J.J. Petigru and Major
+Elison Capers, both field-officers of the rifle regiment, in full
+uniform, to interview Major Anderson. Their looks were full of wrath,
+and they bowed stiffly and indignantly in answer to our smiling
+salutations. I was present at the conversation that ensued, but did not
+take notes. They told the major that perhaps he was not aware that an
+agreement had been entered into with President Buchanan not to
+re-enforce the forts in the harbor. They desired to call his attention
+to the fact that his recent movement was in direct violation of the
+contract referred to. They were, therefore, directed by the governor to
+request him, peremptorily but courteously, to immediately return to Fort
+Moultrie. Anderson replied, in substance, that he knew nothing of any
+such agreement; that as commander of the defenses of Charleston he had
+an inherent right to occupy any fort in the harbor. He stated that he,
+too, was a Southern man; that he believed the whole difficulty was
+brought on by the faithlessness of the North--here the aids made a stiff
+bow--but as regards returning to Fort Moultrie, he could not, and he
+would not, do it. The commissioners were then courteously dismissed.
+
+I have always felt that this was a most insolent demand. If the governor
+considered himself aggrieved by our change of station, his redress lay
+in an appeal to Washington. This attempt to assume command of us, and
+order us out of a United States fort, was an assumption of authority
+that merited a more spirited reply.
+
+Before his messengers left, I took occasion, in conversation with a
+person who came over in the boat with them, to refer to the great
+strength of the work, and I also spoke of the shells which we had
+prepared to throw down on the heads of an attacking party. I knew the
+conversation would be repeated, and hoped it might have some effect in
+deterring an immediate assault.
+
+A new outrage now took place in full view of our garrison. The United
+States revenue-cutter, which lay anchored in the stream, was turned
+over by its commander, Captain N.L. Coste, to the authorities of South
+Carolina. The previous seizures, made without a declaration of war, had
+been justified on the ground that the forts and public buildings were
+fixtures within the limits of the State. To retain this vessel was
+simply an act of piracy.
+
+When it became apparent that South Carolina did not control the
+Administration in Washington, and that Anderson would not be ordered
+back, it is possible a boat attack might have been organized against us;
+but a storm came up about this time, and the wind was so violent that no
+small boat could venture out with safety. This occasioned still further
+delay, which enabled us to do much toward placing the fort in a better
+condition for defense.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+EFFECT OF ANDERSON'S MOVEMENT.
+
+     President Buchanan Aroused.--Excitement in Charleston.--The
+     Situation at the Beginning of 1861.--Governor Pickens's War
+     Measures.--"My heart was never in this War."
+
+
+Anderson's movement and the sudden uprising of the North put an end to
+the mission of the South Carolina commissioners. Governor Pickens seized
+Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie on the 27th, and the custom-house and
+other United States property on the 28th. Before leaving, the
+commissioners made a formal call upon the President. The latter expected
+some apology or explanation in relation to the high-handed outrages
+which had been perpetrated. Had they temporized, or even used
+conciliatory language on this occasion, it is possible the South might
+still have preserved the ascendancy it had always held in the councils
+of the President. Fortunately, they assumed an air of injured innocence,
+and required Mr. Buchanan to humble himself before them for the past,
+and give guarantees for the future by immediately ordering Fort Sumter
+to be vacated; that is, by surrendering to the State all public property
+in Charleston harbor which had not been already stolen. For once, the
+President, whose personal integrity was called in question, was
+thoroughly roused, and made the only answer which suited the
+circumstances. He ordered a man-of-war to proceed to Charleston
+immediately, drive the State garrisons out of the forts, and take
+possession of the city. He might, indeed, have arrested the
+commissioners for high treason; but his Unionism was of a very mild
+type, and far from being aggressive.
+
+One of the commissioners, Mr. Adams, hastened to telegraph to the
+authorities of Charleston, on the 28th, to prepare for war immediately,
+as there were no longer any hopes of a peaceful settlement.
+
+This dispatch caused a great uproar and excitement in Charleston. The
+banks at once suspended specie payments. All was terror and confusion,
+for it was expected that a fleet would bombard the city and land troops,
+and there were no adequate means of opposing its entrance. Castle
+Pinckney, indeed, might offer some resistance, but as it had been a
+dependency of Fort Sumter, and unoccupied, little, if any, ammunition
+was kept there. The governor rushed frantically down to Fort Moultrie to
+hasten the preparations for defense. Non-combatants were urged to leave
+Moultrieville at once. The laborers formerly employed by Captain Foster
+were again hired by the State engineers, and were kept at work
+thereafter, night and day, in piling up sand-bags to shield the troops
+from the fire of Fort Sumter. The batteries at the north-eastern
+extremity of Sullivan's Island, which were made up of a few old
+field-pieces brought from the Citadel Academy in the city, were hastily
+put in order to protect the entrance by that channel. As for Fort
+Moultrie, before we left we had rendered its armament useless. At this
+time the guns were still spiked, and the workshops in the city were
+going night and day to replace the gun-carriages that had been burned.
+In place of these, some of the guns and carriages were sent over from
+Castle Pinckney.
+
+No attempt had been made to fortify the Morris Island channel, and
+vessels could enter there without the slightest difficulty. It took
+several days to transfer the guns and make the preparations I have
+mentioned. It follows, therefore, that if the Administration had acted
+promptly, Charleston could have been taken at once, and full reparation
+exacted for all the wrongs perpetrated against the United States. Why
+this was not done will be explained hereafter.
+
+Foster had not been able to settle with all his workmen, and the rebels
+frequently sent them over under a flag of truce to demand their back pay
+and act as spies. I was enabled through this channel to keep up a
+correspondence with my wife, who was still in Moultrieville. I learned
+all that was going on there, and took occasion to inform her that we had
+no means of lighting up our quarters--a serious inconvenience in those
+long winter nights. She purchased a gross of matches and a box of
+candles, and had them put on board one of the boats referred to, in full
+view of a rebel sentinel, who was supervising the embarkation. She then
+requested one of the crew, an old soldier named M'Narhamy, who formerly
+belonged to my company, to deliver them to me, which he agreed to do.
+The sentinel stared, but the self-possessed manner in which she acted
+made him think it must be all right, and he did not interfere. The box
+arrived safely, and added very much to our comfort and convenience.
+
+When the governor found that the spell of Southern supremacy was broken,
+and that there was no probability that we would be ordered back to Fort
+Moultrie, he was in a very angry mood. He stopped our mail for a time,
+and cut off all communication with us. We were, of course, prevented
+from purchasing fresh provisions, and reduced to pork, beans, and
+hard-tack. Anderson was quite indignant at this proceeding, and again
+talked of shutting up the port by putting out the lights in the
+light-houses.
+
+While the leaders in the city complained bitterly to the public of
+Anderson for his perfidy in occupying Fort Sumter, they did not
+hesitate, among themselves, to express their admiration for his
+acuteness in evading the dangers and difficulties which surrounded him,
+and for the skillful manner in which he had accomplished it.
+
+Our life now proved to be one of great hardship. Captain Seymour and
+myself were the only officers for duty as officers of the day,
+Lieutenant Davis and Lieutenant Hall serving under us as officers of the
+guard. The situation required constant vigilance. Lieutenant Talbot,
+being a great sufferer from lung-disease, was unable to do this kind of
+duty. We were, therefore, very busy during the day superintending
+measures for defense, and were obliged to be on the alert, and wide
+awake every other night, so that we were completely exhausted in a
+short time. Assistant-surgeon Crawford, having no sick in hospital,
+generously offered to do duty as officer of the day, and his offer was
+gladly accepted. The two young engineer officers, Snyder and Meade, were
+also willing to serve as line officers; but Captain Foster thought it
+was contrary to precedent, and they were not detailed.
+
+As the Engineer department is regarded in this country as the highest
+branch of the military service, and as its officers are really very able
+men, I can not conceive what induced them to build Fort Sumter without
+any flanking defenses whatever, and without fire-proof quarters for the
+officers. The first defect I endeavored to remedy by projecting
+iron-plated, bullet-proof galleries over the angles of the parapet. I
+left small trap-doors in the bottom of these, for the purpose of
+throwing down shells on the heads of any party below attempting to force
+an entrance through the embrasures. The other defect--the presence of so
+much combustible matter in the quarters--it was impossible to remedy,
+and it ultimately cost the loss of the fort. The excuse that it never
+could have been anticipated that the fort would be attacked from the
+land side is hardly a valid one, for a foreign fleet might possibly
+have effected a landing on Morris Island; or they might have set fire to
+the quarters from the decks of the vessels by means of incendiary
+shells.
+
+As may well be supposed, there was a great deal of excitement in New
+York in relation to us; and, in view of the small number of men
+available for service in the regular army, three of the principal
+citizens, James A. Hamilton, Moses H. Grinnell, and I.E. Williams,
+offered, at their own expense, about the last of December, to send us
+four hundred picked artillerists from the citizen soldiery of the city;
+but General Scott refused to entertain the proposition.
+
+On the 1st of January, 1861, we took an account of our resources, and
+found we had but one month's supply of fuel for cooking purposes, but
+few candles, and no soap. There was, however, a small light-house inside
+the fort, and we found a little oil stored there.
+
+It seemed to me that the time had now come when forbearance ceased to be
+a virtue. Even our opponents were willing to acknowledge that we
+represented a legitimate government, and that both duty and propriety
+called upon us to resist the numerous war measures which the governor of
+South Carolina had inaugurated. He had taken forcible possession of two
+United States forts, of the money in the custom-house, of the
+custom-house itself, and of other national property in Charleston. He
+had closed the harbor, by destroying the costly prismatic lenses in the
+light-houses, and by withdrawing the warning light-ship from Rattlesnake
+Shoal. He had cut off all communication between us and the city, and had
+seized the United States mails. His steamboats, laden with war material
+to be used in erecting batteries against us, were allowed to pass and
+repass Fort Sumter, not only without opposition, but without even a
+protest. Worse than all, he had commenced imprisoning the crews of
+merchant vessels for contumacy in refusing to acknowledge his authority
+as the head of an independent nation. In vain did these vessels reverse
+their flags in a mute appeal to us to use our guns in their defense.
+Anderson would do nothing--not even send a communication to the governor
+on the subject, although the latter, without authority from the State
+Legislature, was thus wielding all the powers of a military dictator.
+The enemy were greatly emboldened at our weakness or timidity, and with
+good reason, for they saw us stand by with folded arms, and allow
+steamboat loads of ammunition and war material to pass us, on their way
+to Morris Island, to be used in the erection and arming of batteries to
+prevent any United States vessels from coming to our assistance.
+
+Major Anderson was neither timid nor irresolute, and he was fully aware
+of his duties and responsibilities. Unfortunately, he desired not only
+to save the Union, but to save slavery with it. Without this, he
+considered the contest as hopeless. In this spirit he submitted to every
+thing, and delayed all action in the expectation that Congress would
+make some new and more binding compromise which would restore peace to
+the country. He could not read the signs of the times, and see that the
+conscience of the nation and the progress of civilization had already
+doomed slavery to destruction. If he had taken this view of the
+situation, he would have made more strenuous efforts to hold on to the
+harbor of Charleston, and the one hundred and twenty millions of
+dollars, more or less, spent to regain it might still have formed part
+of the national treasury.
+
+The applause which, both in the North and South, greeted his masterly
+movement of the 26th of December, made him feel more like an arbiter
+between two contending nations than a simple soldier engaged in
+carrying out the instructions of his superiors. To show the spirit in
+which he acted, it is only necessary to quote from his letter to
+Governor Pickens while the rebellion was still pending. He wrote: "My
+dear Governor, my heart was never in this war." This sentiment was
+repeated by him in letters to other parties, and, strange to say, was
+actually sent in the form of an official communication to the
+adjutant-general of the army.
+
+The difficulties he experienced in his unavailing attempts to defer
+hostilities seriously impaired his health and spirits, and ultimately
+brought on the disease which kept him almost entirely out of service
+during the remainder of the war, and in all probability hastened his
+death.
+
+However much I differed from him in regard to his pro-slavery
+sentiments, I take pleasure in stating that, aside from his political
+career, the graces of his private life were such as to win the esteem
+and regard of all who knew him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE "STAR OF THE WEST."
+
+     Promise of Succor;--Fatal Delay.--A Contumacious Chaplain.--Visit
+     from our Ladies.--Governor Pickens's Cabinet.--Appearance of the
+     _Star of the West_.--The Vessel fired upon from Morris Island and
+     Fort Moultrie.--Major Anderson's Protest.--Governor Pickens's
+     Reply.
+
+
+About the close of the year a great fear fell upon Charleston, for they
+had received positive information that a United States naval vessel was
+on its way to the city. The President had indeed acted promptly. On the
+31st of December, he ordered the _Brooklyn_, man-of-war, under Captain
+Farragut, to take three hundred veteran soldiers on board from Fortress
+Monroe, as a re-enforcement for us, and then proceed to Charleston
+harbor to drive out the State troops, and resume possession of the
+public property. General Scott, the commander-in-chief, assented to the
+arrangement at the time; but, unfortunately, he was afterward seized
+with doubts as to whether the withdrawing of so many men from Fortress
+Monroe might not endanger its safety; and that being a far more
+important work than Fort Sumter, he did not like to run any risk in
+relation to it. He therefore induced Mr. Buchanan to change the order,
+and substitute for the _Brooklyn_ a merchant vessel, loaded with
+supplies and two hundred and fifty recruits.[9] This was a fatal error,
+for the steamer chosen, the _Star of the West_, was, from its nature,
+wholly unfitted to contend with shore batteries. The general, who at
+this time was quite pacifically inclined, may have thought that if this
+vessel could slip in, and land its cargo unawares, he would have secured
+the harbor of Charleston without increasing the war fever in the South.
+Be this as it may, there is no doubt that his policy was too peaceful in
+the early days of the war. When a company of the most distinguished men
+in Washington was formed, under Cassius M. Clay, to prevent the capture
+of the President, and the destruction of the public buildings, he gave
+positive orders to Senator Nye, who was on duty at the Navy-yard, not to
+fire upon the enemy in case they came there to take possession.
+
+The original plan to succor us was excellent: the substitute was an
+utter failure. A change of this kind always occasions more or less
+delay, and in the present instance nearly a week elapsed before the
+vessel left New York. The enemy took immediate advantage of the time
+thus gained, to put up a work to control the main channel which passes
+by Morris Island, and which had previously been wholly unobstructed.
+They received the telegraphic notice on the 31st of December that a
+man-of-war would be sent, and the very next day the cadets of the
+Citadel Academy were hard at work at the new battery. It was located so
+that it would command the channel, and at the same time be beyond the
+reach of our guns. The day was cold and rainy, and the wind blew
+fiercely. We wondered how long those boys would keep up their enthusiasm
+amidst the hardships and trials of the real war which was now fast
+approaching.
+
+Our chaplain, who had been present at the raising of the flag, and had
+then returned to his family in Moultrieville, desired to make us another
+visit. For this purpose, he called upon the rebel commander at Fort
+Moultrie, and asked if there would be any obstacle thrown in the way of
+his crossing over to see us. The answer was, "Oh no, parson; I think I
+will give you a pass." The chaplain replied, "I did not ask you for a
+pass, sir! I am a United States officer, and I shall visit a United
+States fort whenever I think proper, without asking your permission. I
+simply desire to know whether you intend to prevent my going by force."
+He was not allowed to cross; and as he soon gave new proofs of contumacy
+by persisting in praying for the President of the United States, when
+asked to hold services in the chapel, before the rebel soldiers, he was
+soon banished, and his property confiscated.
+
+The ladies we had left behind naturally felt a strong-desire to be with
+us once more. My wife did not wish to ask permission of the rebel
+authorities, and I saw little chance of her coming in any other way.
+Nevertheless, to my surprise, she made her appearance at the wharf at
+Fort Sumter on the afternoon of the 3d of January. It seems she found a
+boat-load of laborers about to make the passage, for the purpose of
+obtaining their back pay from Captain Foster. She took a seat in the
+stern of the boat, and told them to take her with them. The sentinel who
+was there to examine the passes did not interfere or ask her any
+questions, so she came over without difficulty. Mrs. Foster and her
+sister, Mrs. Smith, were already with us, having obtained a permit from
+the governor. Mrs. Seymour had made an unsuccessful application to the
+commander of Fort Moultrie, and had been somewhat rudely refused. Two
+clever little boys, sons of our generous-hearted sutler, Dan Sinclair,
+volunteered to row her across. After dark, they pulled a boat out from
+under a house up the beach; and as there was no guard there, Mrs.
+Seymour came over without difficulty.
+
+The ladies were desirous of remaining an indefinite length of time; but
+we had no means of making them comfortable, and Major Anderson thought
+their presence would merely add to our embarrassment. In accordance with
+his wishes, they left that night and the next day. The cold was intense,
+and as all the wood was retained for cooking purposes, I was obliged to
+split up a mahogany table for fuel, to keep my wife from suffering
+during her brief visit. She and Mrs. Seymour went back with the Sinclair
+boys at midnight. They succeeded in making a landing, and in reaching
+the chaplain's house without being observed.
+
+In the mean time, an amusing scene had occurred there. A very chivalrous
+gentleman, Ex-Governor Means, of South Carolina, had learned in some
+way that Mrs. Seymour had been rudely refused permission to visit her
+husband in Fort Sumter. He thought this action of the commandant of Fort
+Moultrie harsh and unnecessary, and was kind enough to take the trouble
+to call at the chaplain's house to assure Mrs. Seymour that he would
+procure her a pass from higher authority. The chaplain hardly knew how
+to act. He did not like to tell the ex-governor that Mrs. Seymour had
+already gone, for fear it might get the Sinclair boys into trouble. He
+therefore pretended that Mrs. Seymour was confined to her room with a
+sick-headache. The ex-governor sent in repeated messages to beg that she
+would see him, if it was only for a moment, but the answers made up by
+Mrs. Harris were invariably in the negative. The chaplain afterward
+laughed heartily at the equivocal position he had been forced to assume.
+
+Now that we were alone once more, we went to work with a will. The
+Baltimore laborers were of inestimable value. They did an immense amount
+of labor in the way of mounting guns, and moving weighty materials from
+one part of the work to another; but they showed no inclination to take
+part in the fighting, should any occur.
+
+On the 3d, the South Carolina commissioners finally shook off the dust
+from their feet, and left Washington, having utterly failed to
+accomplish the object of their mission.
+
+On the same day, the governor, through Mr. Gourdin's[10] influence,
+permitted us to receive our mails once more. By this date we had mounted
+all the guns we were able to man on the lower tier, and had bricked up
+the surplus windows, sally-ports, and embrasures, as we had no one to
+guard them. The enemy, in the mean time, had erected a battery at Fort
+Johnson, and marked out another directly opposite to us in
+Moultrieville.
+
+On the 6th, the mayor of New York, Fernando Wood, promulgated a message
+to the effect that the Union was breaking up, and recommending that the
+city of New York secede from the State. At this time the seeming
+indifference of the politicians to our fate made us feel like orphan
+children of the Republic, deserted by both the State and Federal
+administrations.
+
+On the same day, Governor Pickens graciously allowed Mrs. Anderson to
+visit her husband, but coupled the permission with the ungenerous
+stipulation that the interview must take place in presence of witnesses.
+He disliked very much to disoblige her, as she belonged to one of the
+most distinguished families of Georgia, and had many influential
+relatives among the Secessionists. Mr. Gourdin too, who was a warm
+personal friend of her husband, exerted himself in her behalf. While she
+herself displayed great patriotism, several of her brothers in the final
+attack on Fort Sumter were on the opposite side, fighting against her
+husband. Under the circumstances, her visit to us was a brief one. She
+brought a valuable addition to the fort in the shape of Peter Hart, a
+gallant and trustworthy man, who had been Anderson's orderly sergeant in
+Mexico. She felt much easier in her mind, now that the major had Hart to
+look after him. He was only permitted to join us on condition that his
+duties were to be those of a civilian, and not of a soldier.
+
+On the 8th, the governor, who, like Louis XIV., might very readily have
+said, "_L'etat, c'est moi!_" concluded to form a cabinet to assist him
+in his onerous duties. He accordingly appointed J.G. Magrath Secretary
+of State; D.F. Jamison, Secretary of War; C.G. Memminger, Secretary of
+the Treasury; A.C. Garlington, Secretary of the Interior; and W.H.
+Harlee, Postmaster-general.
+
+On the same day, our ladies, who had assembled at the Mills House, in
+Charleston, left for the North in a body, on account of the state of
+public feeling in the city.[11]
+
+Their presence with us threw a momentary brightness over the scene, but
+after their departure every thing looked more gloomy and disheartening
+than before. The fort itself was a deep, dark, damp, gloomy-looking
+place, inclosed in high walls, where the sunlight rarely penetrated. If
+we ascended to the parapet, we saw nothing but uncouth State flags,
+representing palmettos, pelicans, and other strange devices. No echo
+seemed to come back from the loyal North to encourage us. Our glasses in
+vain swept the horizon; the one flag we longed to see was not there. It
+did come at last, in a timid, apologetic way, and not as a
+representative of the war power of the Government.
+
+We had seen a statement in a Northern paper that a steamer named the
+_Star of the West_, which belonged to Marshall O. Roberts, was to be
+sent to us, under command of Captain John M`Gowan, with a re-enforcement
+of several hundred men and supplies of food and ammunition; but we could
+not credit the rumor. To publish all the details of an expedition of
+this kind, which ought to be kept a profound secret, was virtually
+telling South Carolina to prepare her guns to sink the vessel. It was
+hard to believe the Government would send to us a mercantile steamer--a
+mere transport, utterly unfitted to contend with shore batteries--when
+it could dispatch a man-of-war furnished with all the means and
+appliances to repel force by force. As the insurgents at this period had
+but few field-guns, and a very scanty supply of cannon-powder, the
+_Brooklyn_ alone, in my opinion, could have gone straight to the wharf
+in Charleston, and have put an end to the insurrection then and there;
+for we all know what its distinguished captain, Farragut, was able to
+accomplish when left to his own resources.
+
+It seems, however, the news was literally true. The expedition was
+fitted out by Lieutenant Washington A. Bartlett, an ex-officer of our
+navy.[12]
+
+Although I had little faith in the announcement, I scanned with
+increased interest every vessel that approached the harbor.
+
+Soon after daylight, on the morning of the 9th, I was on the parapet
+with my spy-glass; for I fancied, from a signal I had observed the
+previous evening on a pilot-boat, that something must be coming. As I
+looked seaward, I saw a large steamer pass the bar and enter the Morris
+Island channel. It had the ordinary United States flag up; and as it
+evidently did not belong to the navy, I came to the conclusion it must
+be the _Star of the West_. I do not remember that any other officers
+were on the lookout at this time. Anderson himself was still in bed.
+When the vessel came opposite the new battery, which had just been built
+by the cadets, I saw a shot fired to bring her to. Soon after this an
+immense United States garrison-flag was run up at the fore. Without
+waiting to ascertain the result of the firing, I dashed down the back
+stairs to Anderson's room, to notify him of the occurrence. He told me
+to have the long roll beaten, and to post the men at the guns on the
+parapet. I ran out, called the drummers, and had the alarm sounded. It
+took but a few minutes for men and officers to form at the guns in
+readiness for action. The battery was still firing, but the transport
+had passed by, and was rapidly getting out of range. At the same time it
+was approaching within gun-shot of Fort Moultrie. The latter immediately
+opened fire from one or two guns. Anderson would not allow us to return
+this fire; and the captain of the vessel, wholly discouraged by our
+failure to respond, turned about, and made his way back to New York. Two
+shots had struck the steamer, but no essential injury was done. I think
+the people in Fort Moultrie, who expected to be driven out to take
+refuge behind the sand-hills, were especially astonished at our
+inaction. It is very true that the Morris Island battery was beyond the
+reach of our guns. Still, we did not know this positively at the time;
+and our firing in that direction, even if ineffectual, would have
+encouraged the steamer to keep on its course. We had one or two guns
+bearing on Fort Moultrie; and as that was within easy range, we could
+have kept down the fire there long enough to enable the steamer to come
+in. It was plainly our duty to do all that we could. For any thing we
+knew to the contrary, she might have been in a sinking condition. Had
+she gone down before our eyes, without an effort on our part to aid her,
+Anderson would have incurred a fearful responsibility by his inaction.
+
+Mr. Dawson, in his account of these incidents in the _Historical
+Magazine_, has it that a council of war was held by us to determine
+whether we would fire or not, and that we decided not to fire. He founds
+this upon verbal statements made by Foster and Davis. I know Foster was
+under this impression; but upon my recalling the circumstances to his
+recollection a short time before his death, he admitted his mistake. My
+memory is very clear and distinct on this point, and I am sustained in
+regard to it by both Seymour and Crawford. Davis I have not seen for
+some time, but I have no doubt he will confirm what I have said when his
+memory is refreshed.
+
+Indeed there was no time for deliberation while the troops were at the
+guns, for the vessel was moving very rapidly, and the whole affair was
+over in a few minutes. The council was held after the steamer had gone,
+to determine what action ought to be taken in consequence of the
+attack. It was too late then for resistance, and all we could do was to
+send Lieutenant Hall to the governor with a flag of truce, to demand an
+explanation. In this communication, Anderson expressly stated that if he
+did not receive a satisfactory reply, he would not, hereafter, allow any
+vessel from Charleston to pass within reach of his guns. As might be
+expected, the governor replied that he took the responsibility of the
+firing, and would do it again under like circumstances. Anderson then
+reconvened the council to lay this answer before them. Through his
+influence it was concluded to send Lieutenant Talbot to Washington with
+a full statement of the occurrence, and await his return with specific
+instructions from the War Department. To carry out even this programme,
+the major was obliged to obtain the governor's permission for Lieutenant
+Talbot to pass through Charleston. It was urged by Anderson that the
+delay would enable us to finish our preparations for defense; but it was
+evident that time was far more valuable to the enemy than it was to us,
+for it enabled them to complete and arm their batteries, and close the
+harbor against our men-of-war, thus virtually imprisoning us in our
+island home.
+
+When Talbot left, we resumed our labors as usual. No attempt was made
+to carry out the threat of stopping all passing vessels.
+
+By the 14th of January our heavy guns were up; but by that time, too,
+the greater part of Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney were shielded from
+our direct fire by huge piles of sand-bags.[13]
+
+We now began to get out of fuel, but we still had a resource in some
+wooden sheds inside the fort, which had been used as a temporary shelter
+for cement and building materials. Our position was greatly alleviated
+in one respect. Owing, it is said, to the influence of Mr. Gourdin,
+already referred to as a leading Secessionist, and an old friend of
+Major Anderson, we were allowed to receive our mails once more. After
+the _Star of the West_ affair, they probably thought we were very
+harmless people, and deserved some reward for our forbearance.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+A RESORT TO DIPLOMACY.
+
+     Major Anderson's Proposed Diplomatic Negotiations.--Defensive
+     Preparations.--Changes in the Cabinet.--Meade's
+     Defection.--Anecdote of Governor Pickens.--Battery at Cummings
+     Point.--Soldiers' Families removed.--A Threatening
+     Letter.--Confederate Visitors to the Fort.--Organization of the
+     Confederate Government.
+
+
+And now the Charleston statesmen concocted a plan to take away from us
+all hope of succor, so that we might be induced to surrender. To this
+end they determined to fill up the entrance of the harbor by depositing
+stone there. Whether they really intended to do this, or made a pretense
+of doing it, I never knew; but they certainly did obtain some old hulks
+from Savannah, and sunk them in the channel. Either these hulks were
+deposited in the wrong places, or else the tide drifted them into deep
+water, for it is certain they never formed any impediment to navigation
+afterward. Perhaps it was a mere _coup de theatre_, to intimidate us,
+and prevent re-enforcements from attempting to come in; at all events,
+it was a preliminary to a grand effort to negotiate us out of Fort
+Sumter. For this purpose two representative men came over from the city
+on the 11th, in the little steamer _Antelope_, under a white flag. The
+party consisted of the late United States district judge, A.G. Magrath,
+now Secretary of State for South Carolina, and General D.F. Jamison,
+their new Secretary of War. The judge, who was the champion orator of
+the State, made a long and eloquent speech, the purport of which was
+that South Carolina was determined to have Fort Sumter at all hazards;
+that they would pull it down with their finger-nails, if they could not
+get it in any other way; that the other Southern States were becoming
+excited on the subject; that President Buchanan was in his dotage; that
+the government in Washington was breaking up; that all was confusion,
+despair, and disorder there; and that it was full time for us to look
+out for our own safety, for if we refused to give up the fort nothing
+could prevent the Southern troops from exterminating us. He ended this
+tragical statement by saying, "May God Almighty enable you to come to a
+just decision!"
+
+Anderson seemed deeply affected at the prospect of hostilities. He asked
+them why they did not first attempt diplomacy, instead of war. He said
+if they would send a commissioner to lay their claims before the
+authorities at Washington, he would send another to represent the
+condition of the fort; and the Government could then form its own
+judgment, and come to some decision. Judge Magrath replied that he would
+report the proposition to Governor Pickens for his action. He and his
+companion then took a solemn leave of us, and returned to Charleston.
+
+Upon reporting the facts to the governor, it was at once decided to
+accept Anderson's proposition. They gained an immense advantage in so
+doing; for the agreement tied the hands of the United States for an
+indefinite period of time, and prevented the arrival of any war vessels
+until South Carolina was fully prepared to receive them. The delay gave
+the State time to complete and man its batteries, and to obtain an
+unlimited number of guns and quantities of shot and shell from the
+cannon foundry at Richmond, Virginia, known as the Tredegar Iron Works.
+Thus, while our supplies would be running out, theirs would be coming
+in. Every day's delay would weaken us and strengthen them. I was
+strongly opposed to this fatal measure, which ultimately cost us the
+loss of Fort Sumter; but as it had simply emanated from Anderson
+himself, by virtue of his powers as commanding officer, and had not been
+submitted to a council of war, there was no opportunity for protest. He
+was at this time at the height of his popularity, and every thing he did
+was sure to be sustained at Washington.
+
+In this embassy, Colonel Isaac W. Hayne, an eminent lawyer of
+Charleston, was chosen as the commissioner from South Carolina, and
+Lieutenant Norman J. Hall was sent as a representative of Fort Sumter.
+
+After this event every thing went on, for a while, as usual.
+
+By the 15th of January we had secured the main gates against an assault,
+by building a wall of stone and mortar behind them, leaving merely what
+is called a man-hole, for the entrance of one person at a time. Even
+this was covered by a twenty-four-pounder howitzer, loaded with
+canister.
+
+By the 11th the money appropriated by the South Carolina Legislature for
+war purposes amounted to $1,450,000, and was soon after increased to
+$1,800,000. There was not a dollar in the treasury, and nothing but the
+bank of the State to draw upon.
+
+On the same day the financial condition of the United States was much
+improved by the appointment of John A. Dix as Secretary of the Treasury.
+This gave great confidence to the moneyed men of New York, who
+immediately rallied to the support of the Government.
+
+To all appearance, about six hundred negroes were now at work, night and
+day, in perfecting the defenses of Fort Moultrie. The enemy continued
+their hostile preparations with the utmost energy and zeal, in spite of
+the tacit truce which was supposed to exist, and which prevented the
+President from sending men-of-war to aid or to re-enforce us. I think
+Anderson might well have remonstrated against the landing of additional
+heavy guns and mortars on Sullivan's Island, and the erection or new
+batteries, to be used against us. He should at once have reported this
+increased activity to Washington, in order that the agreement might be
+terminated, or at least limited to a certain number of days.
+
+On the 17th, Judge Holt was nominated as Secretary of War, and was soon
+after confirmed by the Senate. We were very glad to have an energetic
+and patriotic man at the head of this department.
+
+On the 18th, Lieutenant Meade left us for his home in Richmond,
+Virginia, in consequence of a dispatch which stated that his mother was
+at the point of death. I never knew whether this telegram was founded on
+fact, or was a strategic move to force poor Meade into the ranks of the
+Confederacy, by detaching him temporarily from us, and taking him where
+tremendous political and social influences could be brought to bear upon
+him. He had previously been overwhelmed with letters on the subject. He
+was already much troubled in mind; and some months after the bombardment
+of Fort Sumter the pressure of family ties induced him (very
+reluctantly, as I heard) to join the Disunionists. It was stated that he
+never was a happy man afterward, and that before a year had passed death
+put an end to his sorrow and regret. He was the son of R.K. Meade, our
+minister to Brazil.
+
+The troops opposite to us were now regularly receiving supplies and
+re-enforcements, and drilling daily, while all the necessaries of life
+were constantly diminishing with us. We were already out of sugar, soap,
+and candles.
+
+On the 19th, Lieutenant Talbot returned from his visit to Washington,
+where, it will be remembered, he had been sent to explain the _Star of
+the West_ affair, and ask for specific instructions, which would
+relieve Anderson from the responsibility, and throw it upon the
+Administration. The orders he brought back were to the effect that they
+had the utmost confidence in Major Anderson, and that they left every
+thing to his judgment. This was throwing the responsibility all back
+upon him. It was very complimentary, but far from satisfactory.
+
+Talbot stated that he had great difficulty in making a safe transit
+through Charleston; for while the leaders seemed to be more pacific than
+ever, the populace had become more violent. It was even thought
+necessary to send an officer with him to secure his personal safety. He
+brought me the pleasant information that the mob were howling for my
+head, as that of the only Republican, or, as they called it, "Black
+Republican," in the fort.
+
+Many unfavorable comments having been made, even in the Southern States,
+more particularly in Kentucky, in relation to Governor Pickens's
+treatment of us, he relaxed his severity, and on the 21st sent us over
+some fresh beef and vegetables; as if we would consent to be fed by the
+charity of South Carolina. Anderson showed a good deal of proper spirit
+on this occasion. He declined to receive the provisions, but notified
+the governor that, if we were not interfered with, we would purchase
+our own supplies in Charleston market. The governor consented to this;
+but nothing came of it. There seemed to be a combination among the
+market-men not to sell us any food. Indeed, this action of the governor
+made him very unpopular with the Rhett faction. Rhett rushed over to
+inform him that the people demanded that Fort Sumter should be taken
+without any further procrastination or delay. The governor made a very
+shrewd reply. He said, "Certainly, Mr. Rhett; I have no objection! I
+will furnish you with some men, and you can storm the work yourself."
+Rhett drew back and replied, "But, sir, I am not a military man!" "Nor I
+either," said the governor, "and therefore I take the advice of those
+that are!" After this, there was no further talk of an immediate
+assault. The action of the governor in this case almost gained him the
+reputation of a wit among the officers of his command.
+
+Lieutenant Hall being absent on diplomatic duty, and Dr. Crawford being
+temporarily, and Lieutenant Talbot permanently, on the sick-list, the
+rest of us were utterly worn out with the labor that devolved upon us.
+Guard duty was especially severe, as increased vigilance became
+necessary, in consequence of certain threatening preparations made by
+the enemy. The leaders in Charleston soon saw that the joint mission of
+Hall and Hayne could not possibly result in any thing decisive; but as
+every day added to their strength and resources, they did not choose to
+recall their commissioner. They left him to continue his arguments in
+relation to the "right of eminent domain," while they prepared for war.
+In the hope that some day they might take us by surprise, they had the
+guard-boats, which still patrolled the harbor, painted black, and all
+the lights and fires carefully screened from view. They probably
+intended to choose a dark night to drop down noiselessly with the tide,
+and take advantage of a sleepy sentinel, or some other favorable
+circumstance, to land a party on the rocks at the base of the wall, and
+seize the main entrance, or make their way in through one of the
+embrasures.
+
+On the 24th, New York City, speaking through its mayor, Fernando Wood,
+seemed to offer the right hand of fellowship to the Secessionists.
+Certain arms which had been purchased by Georgia, to be used against the
+General Government, were detained in New York, and Ex-Senator Toombs
+telegraphed to Wood for an explanation. The latter characterized the
+detention as an outrage for which he was not responsible, and for which
+he would inflict summary punishment, if he had the power.
+
+Lieutenant Meade returned faithfully on the 25th, but brought no news of
+importance.
+
+On the 26th, Anderson applied for the code of naval signals, so that if
+a fleet at any time should cross the bar, he might communicate with it
+at a distance.
+
+Up to the 30th we had not been able to procure any thing to eat from the
+city; but through the influence of Mr. Gourdin, who seemed to have a
+special mission to smooth over all difficulties, a new arrangement was
+made, by which our provisions were ostensibly purchased for Fort
+Johnson, and were forwarded to us from there.
+
+The nearest land to us was called Cummings Point. It was nearly opposite
+the gorge, which was the weakest side of Fort Sumter, the wall there
+being thinner than in any other part. The enemy now began to build the
+most formidable of all their batteries on the point referred to. It was
+constructed of strong timber, plated with railroad iron, and partially
+covered with sand. When finished, it was regarded as almost impregnable.
+Steamers from the city passed within a stone's-throw of us daily,
+loaded with the materials used in its construction, without opposition
+and without remonstrance.
+
+As it seemed settled that we were to wait until Hayne was through with
+his law-points, and as our food, in the mean time, was rapidly giving
+out, Anderson, on the 21st, directed me to make arrangements with the
+authorities of Charleston to enable us to send off the soldiers'
+families to Fort Hamilton. This was done; and the women and children
+were shipped off to Charleston on the 30th, and transferred to the
+steamer _Marion_, which left for New York on the 3d of February. As they
+passed the fort outward-bound, the men gave them repeated cheers as a
+farewell, and displayed much feeling; for they thought it very probable
+they might not meet them again for a long period, if ever.[14]
+
+On the arrival of these families at Fort Hamilton, New York, they found
+themselves in straitened circumstances, because, owing to our isolation,
+the men had not been paid off for a long time, and therefore had no
+money to give their wives. Plymouth Church, however, interested itself
+in their behalf, and soon made them comparatively comfortable.
+
+Had our Government been really disposed, at this period, to act with
+ordinary energy, it might have opened a communication with us, and
+cleared the Morris Island channel without much difficulty. There were
+only about three hundred Charleston militia guarding the batteries on
+that island; and it would have been easy for a small force of mariners
+and soldiers to land there in the night, take the batteries in reverse,
+and drive the troops out, or capture them. This once accomplished,
+re-enforcements and supplies could have been sent us to any amount.
+Buchanan's administration, however, was drawing to a close; and his only
+desire seemed to be to get through his term of office without a
+collision, leaving the difficulties and perplexities of his position as
+a legacy to his successor.
+
+On the 30th, I received an insulting letter from Charleston, informing
+me that, if I were ever caught in the city, an arrangement had been made
+to tar and feather me as an Abolitionist.
+
+February had now arrived. The 4th of the month was made memorable by the
+meeting of the Peace Congress at Washington, and by a convention to
+represent the Southern States at Montgomery, Alabama.
+
+On the 6th, the new Secretary of War, Judge Holt, wrote to South
+Carolina that the President did not intend to inaugurate any aggressive
+measures; and if the State government attacked Fort Sumter, they would
+incur a fearful responsibility.
+
+On the 8th, some photographic artists were allowed to come over and take
+our portraits in a group. I think it proved a profitable speculation,
+for the sale was quite large. One of the party proved afterward to be a
+lieutenant of a Charleston company. It seems he came as a spy, and, no
+doubt, thought he had done a very clever thing; but inasmuch as Mr.
+Gourdin and other Secessionists, including several military and naval
+officers, were permitted to roam through the fort at will, there was
+very little use in taking precautions against spies. Indeed, on one
+occasion, another Major Anderson, a namesake of our commander, came down
+to Charleston with a freight-train loaded with shot, shell, heavy guns,
+and mortars for South Carolina, to be used in the batteries against us.
+He was the owner of the celebrated Tredegar Iron Works, of Richmond,
+Virginia, already referred to, and had been enriched by the patronage of
+the United States. I thought it decidedly cool in him, under the
+circumstances, to come over to call on our Major Anderson. He made no
+attempt at concealment, but stated without reserve the object of his
+trip to the South. To my surprise, instead of being summarily expelled,
+he met with a most cordial reception, was invited to stay to dinner, and
+when he left he was dismissed with a "Good-bye! God bless you! You
+haven't such a thing as a late newspaper about you, have you?"
+
+On the 9th of February, the enemy's batteries were completed, manned and
+ready for action. On the same day the Confederate Government was duly
+organized by the election of Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as
+President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, as Vice-president. The
+Cabinet consisted of Robert Toombs, of Georgia, Secretary of State; L.
+Pope Walker, of Alabama, Secretary of War; and Charles G. Memminger, of
+South Carolina, Secretary of the Treasury. Afterward, Judah P. Benjamin,
+of Louisiana, was appointed Attorney-general; Stephen M. Mallory, of
+Florida, Secretary of the Navy; and John H. Reagan, of Texas,
+Postmaster-general. Peter Gustave T. Beauregard, of Louisiana, was made
+Brigadier-general to command the provisional army.
+
+By this time we had finished most of our preparations, and were busily
+engaged in constructing a mine at the extremity of the wharf, for the
+benefit of any hostile party that might land there.
+
+Lieutenant Hall returned on the 10th. He had had a very pleasant time in
+Washington, and had been petted a good deal by the loyal people of the
+North, but his mission proved of no real benefit to the United States,
+and we had missed him a great deal, for we had been very short-handed.
+
+He brought nothing definite from the Administration. All the latter
+desired was to have a peaceable death-bed, leaving its burdens for Mr.
+Lincoln's shoulders.
+
+As Hall passed through Charleston, one of the young men there told him
+there was quite a revulsion of feeling with regard to attacking Fort
+Sumter. Hall inquired the reason. The reply was, that a schooner which
+had just come in had been in great danger from one of our infernal
+machines, which had exploded and whitened the water for three hundred
+yards around. It seems that Seymour, who is very ingenious, had fastened
+a cannon cartridge in the centre of a barrel of paving-stones, so
+arranged that when the barrel was rolled off the parapet, the powder
+would explode about five feet from the base of the wall. I was trying
+the experiment one day as the schooner passed, and the explosion did
+look very destructive, as the paving-stones dashed up the water for a
+distance of fifty feet from the fort.
+
+On the 14th, we had two more mines ready for any storming party that
+might desire to land.
+
+About this time Captain Edward M'Cready, of Charleston, who had formerly
+been very intimate with the officers of the garrison, wrote a letter
+urging them to throw off their allegiance to the United States, and
+enter into the Confederate service. No one took the trouble to answer
+it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE CRISIS AT HAND.
+
+     South Carolina's Grievances.--Inauguration of President
+     Lincoln.--Determination to Re-enforce Sumter.--An Audacious
+     Proposal.--The _Shannon_.--New Rebel Batteries Unmasked.--Formal
+     Notice of Bombardment.
+
+
+We saw advertisements now in the Northern papers showing that dramas
+founded on our occupation of Fort Sumter, and confinement there, were
+being acted both in Boston and New York. It was quite amusing to see our
+names in the play-bills, and to find that persons were acting our parts
+and spouting mock heroics on the stage.
+
+On the 15th, several Southern senators at Washington wrote to Governor
+Pickens, recommending that we be allowed fresh provisions, fuel, and
+other necessaries, at the same time expressing their sympathy with South
+Carolina. After this the governor became more polite and considerate,
+and allowed our officers to send to purchase oil and groceries in
+Charleston. Rhett's paper, _The Mercury_, of course, bitterly opposed
+this concession. We now learned that the whole question of Fort Sumter
+had been turned over to the new Southern Confederacy for solution.
+
+At this period grievous complaints were made by the merchants of the
+city of the utter stagnation of trade. All the business had fled to
+Savannah. Foreign vessels would not attempt to enter a harbor where
+civil war was raging, especially as it was reported that obstructions
+had been sunk in the channel. The Charleston people said they now fully
+understood and appreciated the kindness of the people of Savannah in
+furnishing them with old hulks to destroy the harbor of Charleston.
+
+When the organization of the new government was complete, the original
+Secessionists of the Palmetto State were exceedingly angry to find
+themselves ignored. The President, Vice-president, and all the prominent
+members of the Cabinet, with the single exception of the Secretary of
+the Treasury, were from other States. Henceforward, instead of
+pretentious leadership, the position of South Carolina was to be that of
+humble obedience to the new _regime_. Nor was this their only grievance.
+Free trade was not proclaimed; and no ordinance was passed to re-open
+the African slave-trade, inasmuch as it would destroy the domestic
+slave-trade and the profits of slave-breeding in Virginia. It was soon
+seen that the associated States differed widely on a great many vital
+points. One of these related to Indian incursions into Texas. The Border
+States, owing to the withdrawal of the United States forces, desired
+large appropriations in money, for the purpose of organizing troops to
+guard the settlements from Indian incursions. The people of South
+Carolina, whose burdens were already very great, and who were
+advertising in vain for a loan, were very unwilling to be taxed for the
+benefit of Texas and Arkansas. In their anger at these untoward events,
+the proposition was freely discussed whether it would not be the best
+course to secede from the Confederacy altogether, and place themselves
+under a British protectorate. The only difficulty in the way seemed to
+be the unwillingness of Great Britain to act as step-father to such a
+spoiled child as South Carolina.
+
+Virginia had not yet seceded. She still professed neutrality, but
+allowed a brisk trade in cannon and ammunition to be carried on with the
+South, knowing they were to be used against the General Government.
+
+Anderson now expressed himself as openly opposed to coercion. He was in
+favor of surrendering all the forts to the States in which they were
+located. This course would simply be an acknowledgment that the
+sovereignty did not vest in the United States, and would have led to
+nothing but disorder and disunion. He said if his native State,
+Kentucky, seceded, he should throw up his commission and go to Europe.
+The fact is, as I have stated, he was a strong pro-slavery man, and felt
+bitterly toward the North for not carrying out the Fugitive Slave Law.
+He contended that slavery was right in principle, and expressly
+sanctioned by the Bible. One day, while we were conversing on the
+subject, I called his attention to the fact that slavery in ancient
+times was not founded on color; and if white slavery was right, I saw no
+reason why some one might not make a slave of him, and read texts of
+Scripture to him to keep him quiet. He was unable to answer this
+argument.[15]
+
+On the 1st of March, he informed the General Government that he had no
+doubt we would soon be attacked. The communication, however, led to no
+comment and no immediate action.
+
+From certain circumstances, I saw that South Carolina not only intended
+to build iron-clad batteries, but was thinking of iron-clad ships, to
+sink our wooden navy, and at some future time capture our Northern
+harbors.
+
+I was so much impressed with the importance of this subject that I felt
+it my duty to call attention to it, in letters to Mr. Curtis, of
+Missouri, and other members of Congress; but no one at the North seemed
+to give the matter a second thought, or imagine there was any danger to
+be apprehended in the future. It was not so with our enemies. They were
+fully alive to the aggressive power it would give them, and they
+commenced to experiment by building an iron-clad floating battery, which
+was to be plated deep enough to resist our heaviest metal. When
+finished, it was to be anchored off the gorge of Fort Sumter, so that it
+could beat down our main gates, and make wide breaches in the walls for
+an assaulting party to enter. This battery was completed on the 3d of
+March; but the State militia had a great prejudice against it, and could
+not be induced to man it. They christened it "The Slaughter Pen," and
+felt certain it would go to the bottom the moment we opened fire upon
+it. Out of deference to public opinion, it was tied up to the wharf in
+Moultrieville, and took part from that position in the final bombardment
+of Fort Sumter.
+
+The eventful 4th of March had now arrived, and with it a new President,
+representing the patriotism and vigor of the great North-west. We looked
+for an immediate change of policy; but it was some weeks before any
+definite action was taken with regard to us. This is not to be wondered
+at, when we consider that a large proportion of the employes of the
+previous Administration were disloyal and treacherous, while the new
+appointments could not be made hastily, on account of the tremendous
+pressure for office, and the difficulty of canvassing the claims of so
+many rival and influential candidates. If Mr. Lincoln wrote a private
+dispatch, it was sure to be betrayed to the enemy. The defection in the
+civil service, in the army, and navy, was so great that, if he gave an
+order, he was always in doubt whether it would be faithfully carried
+out. General Cooper, who was Adjutant-general of the army, and the
+mouth-piece of the Secretary of War and of the Commander-in-chief, was
+himself a rebel at heart, and soon resigned to join the Confederacy.
+
+Enough, however, was already known of the policy of the Administration
+to cause great uneasiness in Charleston. The feeling there was very
+gloomy at the prospect of real war; for almost every one had persuaded
+himself that the new President would not attempt coercion, but would
+simply submit to the dismemberment of the country, and make the best
+terms he could. They now knew they would be obliged to face the storm
+they had raised, and they already foresaw great sufferings and
+sacrifices in the future.
+
+On the 5th, Anderson wrote to Washington that he needed no
+re-enforcement. The fact is, he did not want it, because its arrival
+would be sure to bring on a collision, and that was the one thing he
+wished to avoid.
+
+Mr. Lincoln soon after appointed Simon Cameron as the new Secretary of
+War.
+
+On the 7th, an accidental shot, fired from the battery opposite, struck
+near our wharf. The enemy sent a boat over at once to make an
+explanation.
+
+Our men were dissatisfied that the affair ended in nothing. They were
+becoming thoroughly angry and disgusted at their long confinement, and
+at the supervision South Carolina exercised over them. One and all
+desired to fight it out as soon as possible.
+
+After consultation with Major Anderson, it was deemed impossible at
+Washington to succor us without sending a force of at least twenty
+thousand men to storm the batteries on Morris Island. There was a time
+when these works could have been easily captured; but now, with the
+North full of spies, any attempt to take them by force would have called
+out all the available strength of South Carolina, assisted by volunteers
+from other States. On the 10th, it was everywhere published that the
+Administration intended to withdraw us; but no admission of the kind
+could be obtained from Mr. Lincoln.[16]
+
+Learning that we had nothing but pork and hard biscuit to eat, Mr.
+Haight, a wealthy gentleman of New York, sent us several boxes of
+delicacies. The governor, under the impression we were soon to be
+withdrawn, allowed them to come over. They were fully appreciated.
+
+The great tobacconist, John Anderson, of New York, also sent a large
+supply of the best quality of tobacco, having learned that the men felt
+the loss of their smoking more than any thing else.
+
+By this time the South Carolina treasury was in a state of collapse. A
+loan for six hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars was freely
+advertised, but no one desired to invest. The city trade, however, began
+to be quite brisk again, from the immense influx of sympathizing
+strangers that poured into the city to see the preparations for war.
+Goods, too, began to come in from all quarters, and there was a gleam of
+prosperity.
+
+On the 20th, G.W. Lay, one of General Scott's aids, who had resigned on
+the 2d of the month, came down to offer his services to Governor
+Pickens. He must have had in his possession much valuable military and
+diplomatic information, to which his late confidential position had
+given him access.
+
+On the 21st, another messenger, Captain G.V. Fox, United States Navy,
+came over to see us. Captain Hartstein, who was an ex-officer of our
+navy, and an old friend of Fox's, was sent with him, to be within
+ear-shot, and see that he did no harm to the Confederacy. Fox had an
+excellent plan of his own in reference to us, and came to reconnoitre,
+and ascertain whether it was practicable to carry it out; for the
+President had now fully determined not to withdraw us, or surrender Fort
+Sumter without an effort to hold and re-enforce it. Indeed, there came
+up an indignant roar from the great North-west, and many parts of the
+North, that could not be disregarded with impunity. To have done so
+would almost have created a revolution.
+
+I was struck by one modest question which Hartstein put to me on this
+occasion. He asked if I thought Anderson would object to his anchoring
+the iron-plated floating-battery within a hundred yards of our main
+gates. Upon my expressing my surprise at such an audacious proposal, he
+replied, "Anderson has allowed these batteries to be built around him,
+and has permitted so many things to be done, that I don't see why he
+should not go a step farther and allow this."
+
+On the 22d, we learned that Beauregard had assumed command of the forces
+opposite to us. As he had just left our army, where he had been highly
+trusted and honored, it is said he displayed a good deal of feeling at
+finding himself opposed to the flag under which he had served so long.
+He expressed much sympathy for his old friend, Anderson, who, he stated,
+was merely fulfilling his duty as a soldier in fighting for his own
+Government, and asserted that he would not attack us, even if we
+withdrew all our sentinels, but would force us to surrender by cutting
+off our supplies.
+
+On the 23d, we had but two days' regular fuel left, but we had contrived
+to secure and utilize a number of floating logs as they passed the fort,
+and these increased the amount on hand to some extent.
+
+Anderson now had no doubt that we would be withdrawn, and the papers all
+gave out the same idea. Under these circumstances, as we were out of
+fuel, and had a large number of surplus gun-carriages on hand which we
+could not possibly use, and which would inevitably fall into the hands
+of the enemy when we left, I suggested that it would be good policy to
+use them for fire-wood, especially as many of them were decayed and
+worthless. He would not, however, consent to this. Perhaps he thought
+fuel at six hundred dollars a cord was rather dear. The result was that
+they were finally all turned over to the Confederacy, with the other
+public property on hand.
+
+On the 25th, Colonel Ward C. Lamon, the former law-partner of Mr.
+Lincoln, came over to visit us under charge of Colonel Duryea, of
+Charleston. It was given out that he was sent as an agent of the General
+Government to see Governor Pickens in relation to post-office matters;
+but in reality he came to confer with Anderson, and ascertain the amount
+of provisions on hand. He took with him the important information that
+our food would be out by the middle of April.
+
+On the 28th, Beauregard sent a message of some kind to Anderson. I do
+not know its purport. The latter stated to us that he expected decisive
+orders from Washington on the 29th, but none came.
+
+The 1st of April arrived, and as the heavy work of mounting guns, etc.,
+was completed, our commander thought it would be a good idea to send off
+the hired laborers, and he intrusted Captain Foster to ask permission of
+the rebel authorities to allow them to land. The request was granted,
+and all left with the exception of a few, who desired to remain with us
+and share our fortunes. Among them was Mr. William O. Lyman, the
+principal overseer of the masons, a brave and reliable man.
+
+On the 3d of April, another affair occurred similar to that of the _Star
+of the West_. The schooner _R.H. Shannon_, of Boston, under Captain
+Mounts, _en route_ for Savannah with a cargo of ice, sailed into the
+harbor of Charleston on account of a fog. As the captain did not read
+the papers, he did not know that any thing unusual was going on. A
+battery on Morris Island fired a shot across the bow of his vessel to
+bring her to. Very much astonished at this proceeding, he ran up the
+Stars and Stripes to show that he was all right. This was regarded as a
+direct defiance, and a heavy cannonade was at once opened on the vessel.
+Very much puzzled to account for this hostility, he lowered his flag,
+and the firing ceased. A boat's crew now put off from the shore to
+ascertain his character and purpose in entering the harbor. While this
+was going on, we were formed at our guns, in readiness to fire, but were
+not allowed to do so, although there was every probability that the
+vessel would be sunk before our eyes. It is true we could not have
+reached the particular battery that was doing the mischief; but the
+other works of the enemy were all under our guns, and, not expecting
+immediate action, were in a measure unprepared. Anderson, however,
+contented himself with sending Seymour and Snyder over in a boat with a
+white flag to ask for an explanation, with the usual result: Lieutenant
+Talbot and Lieutenant Snyder were then sent over to have an interview
+with the governor in relation to this matter. This being far from
+satisfactory, Lieutenant Snyder returned to Fort Sumter, and Lieutenant
+Talbot kept on his way to Washington with dispatches.
+
+Although this affair attracted very little attention or comment at the
+North, I was convinced, from the major's depression of spirits, that it
+acted a great deal upon his mind. He evidently feared it might be
+considered as a betrayal of his trust, and he was very sensitive to
+every thing that affected his honor.
+
+I have already stated the reasons for his inaction. In amplifying his
+instructions not to provoke a collision into instructions not to fight
+at all, I have no doubt he thought he was rendering a real service to
+the country. He knew the first shot fired by us would light the flames
+of a civil war that would convulse the world, and tried to put off the
+evil day as long as possible. Yet a better analysis of the situation
+might have taught him that the contest had already commenced, and could
+no longer be avoided. The leaders of the South at this period would
+hardly have been satisfied with the most abject submission of the
+anti-slavery party to all their behests. In fact, every concession made
+to their wishes seemed to them to be dictated by the weakness of the
+Government, and its fears of internal dissensions and civil war in all
+the great cities of the North. They needed blood and the prestige of a
+victory to rouse the enthusiasm of their followers, and cement the
+rising Confederacy. They wanted a new and powerful slave empire,
+extending to the Isthmus of Panama, and for this a direct issue must be
+made with the free States. In vain did a member of Congress, who
+afterward became a distinguished Union general, offer in Richmond to
+raise an army of twenty thousand men in the North to fight the
+abolitionists, if the South would consent to remain in the Union. Even
+this was not deemed sufficient or satisfactory. Slavery had so long
+dominated every thing with a rod of iron, that its votaries deemed it
+was born to universal dominion. All the pathways to political power, all
+the avenues of promotion in the army and navy, lay in that direction.
+General Scott was accustomed to say that "with Virginia officers and
+Yankee troops he could conquer the world," and this implied that
+slave-holders, in his opinion, were the only men fitted to command.
+
+Washington was too full of spies for the rebel leaders to remain in
+ignorance of Lincoln's intention to re-enforce us. On the 6th of April,
+Beauregard restricted our marketing to two days in the week. On the 7th,
+it was wholly cut off, and we noticed gangs of negroes hard at work
+strengthening the defenses on Morris Island. Every thing betokened that
+the conflict would soon take place. Anderson was greatly troubled at the
+failure of all his plans to keep the place. The rebels knew, and perhaps
+he knew, that on the 6th and 7th of April a number of naval vessels had
+left New York and Norfolk under sealed orders. Their destination could
+hardly be doubted. Lieutenant Talbot reached Washington on the 6th, but
+was immediately sent back with a message from the President to Governor
+Pickens, notifying the latter that the Government intended to provision
+Fort Sumter at all hazards. This formal notice was given by the
+President, probably because he considered himself bound to do so before
+putting an end to the semi-pacific code which had governed Anderson's
+intercourse with the forces around him ever since the departure of Hall
+and Hayne for Washington.
+
+Talbot delivered his message on the 8th. Beauregard immediately
+telegraphed the information to the rebel Secretary of War, at
+Montgomery, Alabama, and received orders on the 10th to open fire at
+once upon Fort Sumter.
+
+I think it was on the 9th that the official letter came, notifying
+Anderson that a naval expedition had been sent to our relief, and that
+he must co-operate with it to the best of his ability. He communicated
+this information to us on the 10th, but desired it should be kept
+secret. The preparations we were obliged to make told the men plainly
+enough, however, that the fighting was about to commence. The news acted
+like magic upon them. They had previously been drooping and dejected;
+but they now sprung to their work with the greatest alacrity, laughing,
+singing, whistling, and full of glee. They were overjoyed to learn that
+their long imprisonment in the fort would soon be at an end. They had
+felt themselves humiliated by the open supervision which South Carolina
+exercised over us, and our tame submission to it. It was very galling to
+them to see the revenue-cutter, which had been stolen from the United
+States, anchored within a stone's cast of our walls, to watch our
+movements and overhaul every thing coming to or going from the fort,
+including our mail-boat.
+
+On the 10th, Beauregard announced his personal staff to consist of
+Colonels Wigfall, Chestnut, Means, M'Gowan, Manning, and Boyleston.
+
+On the same day, a house directly opposite to us in Moultrieville, at
+the nearest point, was suddenly removed, disclosing a formidable masked
+battery, which effectually enfiladed two rows of our upper tier of guns
+in barbette, and took a third tier in reverse. It was a sad surprise to
+us, for we had our heaviest metal there. I set to work immediately to
+construct sand-bag traverses; but it was difficult to make much
+progress, as we had no bags, and were obliged to tear up sheets for the
+purpose, and have the pieces sewed together. This labor, however, was
+entirely thrown away, for Anderson ordered us to abandon all the guns on
+the parapet. This, of course, was much less dangerous for the men, but
+it deprived us of the most powerful and effective part of our armament.
+
+About 3 P.M. of the same day, a boat came over with Colonel James
+Chestnut, Ex-United States Senator, and Captain Stephen D. Lee, both
+aids of Beauregard. They bore a demand for the surrender of the fort.
+Anderson politely declined to accede to this request, but stated in
+conversation he would soon be starved out. This gratuitous information
+ought never to have been given to the enemy, in view of the fact that a
+naval expedition was on its way to us. It was at once supposed that
+Anderson desired to surrender without fighting; and about 11 P.M.
+another boat came over, containing Colonel Chestnut, Colonel Pryor, and
+Captain Lee, to inquire upon what day he would be willing to evacuate
+the work in case he was not attacked. The answer was, on the 15th at
+noon, provided he did not receive fresh instructions, or was not
+relieved before that time. As we had pork enough on hand to last for two
+weeks longer, there was no necessity for fixing so early a day. It left
+too little margin for naval operations, as, in all probability, the
+vessels, in case of any accident or detention, would arrive too late to
+be of service. This proved to be the case.
+
+The enemy's batteries on Sullivan's Island were so placed as to fire
+directly into the officers' quarters at Fort Sumter; and as our rooms
+would necessarily become untenable, we vacated them, and chose points
+that were more secure. I moved my bed into a magazine which was directly
+opposite to Cummings Point, and which was nearly empty. As I was
+sensible that the next three days would call for great physical exertion
+and constant wakefulness, I endeavored to get all the sleep I could on
+the night of the 11th. About 4 A.M. on the 12th, I was awakened by some
+one groping about my room in the dark and calling out my name. It proved
+to be Anderson, who came to announce to me that he had just received a
+dispatch from Beauregard, dated 3.20 A.M., to the effect that he should
+open fire upon us in an hour. Finding it was determined not to return
+the fire until after breakfast, I remained in bed. As we had no lights,
+we could in fact do nothing before that time, except to wander around in
+the darkness, and fire without an accurate view of the enemy's works.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE BOMBARDMENT.
+
+     The First Shot.--Defective Guns.--John Carmody's
+     Exploit.--Destructive Effects of the Bombardment.--Burning of the
+     Officers' Quarters.--Terrific Conflagration.
+
+
+As soon as the outline of our fort could be distinguished, the enemy
+carried out their programme. It had been arranged, as a special
+compliment to the venerable Edmund Ruffin, who might almost be called
+the father of secession, that he should fire the first shot against us,
+from the Stevens battery on Cummings Point, and I think in all the
+histories it is stated that he did so; but it is attested by Dr.
+Crawford and others who were on the parapet at the time, that the first
+shot really came from the mortar battery at Fort Johnson.[17] Almost
+immediately afterward a ball from Cummings Point lodged in the magazine
+wall, and by the sound seemed to bury itself in the masonry about a
+foot from my head, in very unpleasant proximity to my right ear. This is
+the one that probably came with Mr. Ruffin's compliments. In a moment
+the firing burst forth in one continuous roar, and large patches of both
+the exterior and interior masonry began to crumble and fall in all
+directions. The place where I was had been used for the manufacture of
+cartridges, and there was still a good deal of powder there, some packed
+and some loose. A shell soon struck near the ventilator, and a puff of
+dense smoke entered the room, giving me a strong impression that there
+would be an immediate explosion. Fortunately, no sparks had penetrated
+inside.
+
+Nineteen batteries were now hammering at us, and the balls and shells
+from the ten-inch columbiads, accompanied by shells from the
+thirteen-inch mortars which constantly bombarded us, made us feel as if
+the war had commenced in earnest.
+
+When it was broad daylight, I went down to breakfast. I found the
+officers already assembled at one of the long tables in the mess-hall.
+Our party were calm, and even somewhat merry. We had retained one
+colored man to wait on us. He was a spruce-looking mulatto from
+Charleston, very active and efficient on ordinary occasions, but now
+completely demoralized by the thunder of the guns and crashing of the
+shot around us. He leaned back against the wall, almost white with fear,
+his eyes closed, and his whole expression one of perfect despair.[18]
+Our meal was not very sumptuous. It consisted of pork and water, but Dr.
+Crawford triumphantly brought forth a little farina, which he had found
+in a corner of the hospital.
+
+When this frugal repast was over, my company was told off in three
+details for firing purposes, to be relieved afterward by Seymour's
+company. As I was the ranking officer, I took the first detachment, and
+marched them to the casemates, which looked out upon the powerful
+iron-clad battery of Cummings Point.
+
+In aiming the first gun fired against the rebellion I had no feeling of
+self-reproach, for I fully believed that the contest was inevitable, and
+was not of our seeking. The United States was called upon not only to
+defend its sovereignty, but its right to exist as a nation. The only
+alternative was to submit to a powerful oligarchy who were determined to
+make freedom forever subordinate to slavery. To me it was simply a
+contest, politically speaking, as to whether virtue or vice should rule.
+
+My first shot bounded off from the sloping roof of the battery opposite
+without producing any apparent effect. It seemed useless to attempt to
+silence the guns there; for our metal was not heavy enough to batter the
+work down, and every ball glanced harmlessly off, except one, which
+appeared to enter an embrasure and twist the iron shutter, so as to stop
+the firing of that particular gun.
+
+I observed that a group of the enemy had ventured out from their
+intrenchments to watch the effect of their fire, but I sent them flying
+back to their shelter by the aid of a forty-two-pounder ball, which
+appeared to strike right in among them.
+
+Assistant-surgeon Crawford, having no sick in hospital, volunteered to
+take command of one of the detachments. He and Lieutenant Davis were
+detailed at the same time with me; and I soon heard their guns on the
+opposite side of the fort, echoing my own. They attacked Fort Moultrie
+with great vigor.
+
+Our firing now became regular, and was answered from the rebel guns
+which encircled us on the four sides of the pentagon upon which the fort
+was built. The other side faced the open sea. Showers of balls from
+ten-inch columbiads and forty-two-pounders, and shells from
+thirteen-inch mortars poured into the fort in one incessant stream,
+causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions. When the
+immense mortar shells, after sailing high in the air, came down in a
+vertical direction, and buried themselves in the parade-ground, their
+explosion shook the fort like an earthquake.[19]
+
+Our own guns were very defective, as they had no breech-sights. In place
+of these, Seymour and myself were obliged to devise notched sticks,
+which answered the purpose, but were necessarily very imperfect.
+
+Our fort had been built with reference to the penetration of shot when
+the old system of smooth-bore guns prevailed. The balls from a new
+Blakely gun on Cummings Point, however, had force enough to go entirely
+through the wall which sheltered us, and some of the fragments of brick
+which were knocked out wounded several of my detachment. None were
+seriously hurt except Sergeant Thomas Kirnan, of my company. His
+contusions were severe, but did not keep him out of the fight.
+
+After three hours' firing, my men became exhausted, and Captain Seymour
+came, with a fresh detachment, to relieve us. He has a great deal of
+humor in his composition, and said, jocosely, "Doubleday, what in the
+world is the matter here, and what is all this uproar about?"
+
+I replied, "There is a trifling difference of opinion between us and our
+neighbors opposite, and we are trying to settle it."
+
+"Very well," he said; "do you wish me to take a hand?"
+
+I said, "Yes, I would like to have you go in."
+
+"All right," he said. "What is your elevation, and range?"
+
+I replied, "Five degrees, and twelve hundred yards."
+
+"Well," he said, "here goes!" And he went to work with a will.
+
+Part of the fleet was visible outside the bar about half-past ten A.M.
+It exchanged salutes with us, but did not attempt to enter the harbor,
+or take part in the battle. In fact, it would have had considerable
+difficulty in finding the channel, as the marks and buoys had all been
+taken up. It was composed originally of the frigates _Pawnee_, under
+Commodore Rowan; the _Pocahontas_, under Captain Gillis; the _Powhatan_,
+under Captain Mercer; the steam transport _Baltic_, under Captain
+Fletcher; and, I believe, the steam-tugs _Yankee_, _Uncle Ben_, and
+another, which was not permitted to leave New York. The soldiers on
+board consisted of two hundred and fifty recruits from Governor's
+Island, under command of First Lieutenants E.M.K. Hudson, of the Fourth,
+and Robert O. Tyler, of the Third Artillery, and Second Lieutenant A.I.
+Thomas, of the First Infantry.
+
+This expedition was designed by Captain Fox, in consultation with G.W.
+Blunt, William H. Aspinwall, Russel Sturges, and others. After the
+event much obloquy was thrown upon the navy because it did not come in
+and engage the numerous batteries and forts, and open for itself a way
+to Charleston; but this course would probably have resulted in the
+sinking of every vessel.
+
+As far back as December I had written to New York that it was very
+difficult for a gun on shore to hit a small boat dancing on the waves in
+the daytime, and at night it is almost impossible. I suggested,
+therefore, that we might be re-enforced and provisioned by means of a
+number of small boats, supplied from several naval vessels as a base of
+operations. The same idea had occurred to Captain Fox; and on the
+present occasion he had brought thirty launches to be used for this
+purpose. They were to be manned by three hundred sailors, and in case
+they were assailed, the fleet was to protect them as far as possible by
+its guns. Unfortunately, the different vessels did not reach the
+rendezvous together. The _Pawnee_ and _Pocahontas_ arrived on the 12th,
+but lost a great deal of time in waiting for the _Powhatan_, which
+contained the launches and other arrangements, without which a boat
+expedition could not be organized. The _Powhatan_ never appeared,
+having been unexpectedly detached, by order of the President, at the
+solicitation of Secretary Seward, and without consultation with the Navy
+Department. I think the _Baltic_ was detained by running upon
+Rattlesnake Shoal. The steam-tug _Uncle Ben_ was driven into Wilmington
+by a storm, and the _Yankee_ did not make its appearance until the 15th.
+The expedition was thus an utter failure. Nevertheless, a passing
+schooner was purchased and loaded up with provisions and soldiers, and
+an attempt would have been made to run in on the night of the 13th, but
+by that time it was too late. The fort had surrendered.
+
+Having explained this matter, we will now resume the narrative of our
+operations. For the next three hours a vigorous fire was kept up on both
+sides. A great many shots were aimed at our flag-staff, but nearly all
+of them passed above the fort and struck in the water beyond. I think we
+succeeded in silencing several guns in Fort Moultrie, and one or more in
+the Stevens battery.
+
+When Seymour's three hours were up, I relieved him, and continued the
+firing. As our balls bounded off the sloping iron rails like peas upon a
+trencher, utterly failing to make any impression, and as the shot from
+the Blakely gun came clear through our walls, Anderson directed that the
+men should cease firing at that particular place. I regretted very much
+that the upper tier of guns had been abandoned, as they were all loaded
+and pointed, and were of very heavy calibre. A wild Irish soldier,
+however, named John Carmody, slipped up on the parapet, and, without
+orders, fired the pieces there, one after another, on his own account.
+One of the ten-inch balls so aimed made quite an impression on the
+Cummings Point battery; and if the fire could have been kept up, it
+might possibly have knocked the iron-work to pieces.
+
+After my detachment had abandoned the casemate opposite the Blakely gun,
+to my great astonishment the battery I had left recommenced firing. I
+could not imagine who could have taken our places. It seems that a group
+of the Baltimore workmen had been watching our motions, and had thus
+learned the duties of a cannoneer. In spite of their previous
+determination not to take part in the fight, they could not resist the
+fun of trying their hand at one of the guns. It was already accurately
+pointed, and the ball struck the mark in the centre. The men attributed
+it to their own skill, and when I entered they were fairly in
+convulsions of laughter. One of them, in answer to my question, gasped
+out, "I hit it square in the middle." After this first attempt, each of
+them was desirous of trying his skill at aiming. The result was, that we
+soon had them organized into a firing-party.
+
+Finding one of my chests had been left in the officers' quarters, and
+that it would probably be knocked to pieces by the shells, I asked the
+mulatto, who still sat back against the wall, apparently asleep, to bear
+a hand and help me bring it out. He opened his eyes, shook his head
+dolefully, and said, "De major, he say, I muss not expose myself."
+
+If I mistake not, Roswell S. Ripley, formerly a brevet major in our
+army, fired the second or third shot to bring down the flag under which
+he had served for so many years. Ripley was born in Ohio, appointed from
+New York, and educated at the Military Academy. He had, therefore, even
+on the Southern theory of State rights, no necessary affiliation with
+the South. In fact, they always despised a man who joined them to fight
+against his own State. In one instance, Jeff Davis himself had to use
+all his influence to induce the Southern troops to obey one of these
+Northern generals. Ripley had previously been engaged as an agent for
+Sharpe's Arms Company in Europe; and, having been unsuccessful there,
+came to Charleston, with the hope of repairing his shattered fortunes by
+selling guns to South Carolina. Through the influence of Colonel Huger,
+of our Ordnance Department, who was in the city at the time, Ripley
+failed in this, and, being entirely out of employment, accepted a
+commission from the Confederacy to fight against his old comrades. Being
+a man of talent, and a skillful artillerist, he did us a great deal of
+harm. Like all Northern converts, he thought it necessary to be
+overzealous in his new position, to do away with the suspicions excited
+by his birth and education. I was told at the time that for this purpose
+he took pains to denounce me as an Abolitionist, and to recommend that I
+be hanged by the populace as soon as caught.
+
+The firing continued all day, without any special incident of
+importance, and without our making much impression on the enemy's works.
+They had a great advantage over us, as their fire was concentrated on
+the fort, which was in the centre of the circle, while ours was diffused
+over the circumference. Their missiles were exceedingly destructive to
+the upper exposed portion of the work, but no essential injury was done
+to the lower casemates which sheltered us.
+
+Some of these shells, however, set the officers' quarters on fire three
+times; but the flames were promptly extinguished once or twice through
+the exertions of Peter Hart, whose activity and gallantry were very
+conspicuous.
+
+The night was an anxious one for us, for we thought it probable that the
+launches, filled with armed men from the fleet, might take advantage of
+the darkness to come in with provisions and supplies. Then, too, it was
+possible that the enemy might attempt a night attack. We were on the
+alert, therefore, with men stationed at all the embrasures; but nothing
+unusual occurred. The batteries fired upon us at stated intervals all
+night long. We did not return the fire, having no ammunition to waste.
+
+On the morning of the 13th, we took our breakfast--or, rather, our pork
+and water--at the usual hour, and marched the men to the guns when the
+meal was over.
+
+From 4 to 6.30 A.M. the enemy's fire was very spirited. From 7 to 8 A.M.
+a rain-storm came on, and there was a lull in the cannonading. About 8
+A.M. the officers' quarters were ignited by one of Ripley's incendiary
+shells, or by shot heated in the furnaces at Fort Moultrie. The fire was
+put out; but at 10 A.M. a mortar shell passed through the roof, and
+lodged in the flooring of the second story, where it burst, and started
+the flames afresh. This, too, was extinguished; but the hot shot soon
+followed each other so rapidly that it was impossible for us to contend
+with them any longer. It became evident that the entire block, being
+built with wooden partitions, floors, and roofing, must be consumed, and
+that the magazine, containing three hundred barrels of powder, would be
+endangered; for, even after closing the metallic door, sparks might
+penetrate through the ventilator. The floor was covered with loose
+powder, where a detail of men had been at work manufacturing
+cartridge-bags out of old shirts, woolen blankets, etc.
+
+While the officers exerted themselves with axes to tear down and cut
+away all the wood-work in the vicinity, the soldiers were rolling
+barrels of powder out to more sheltered spots, and were covering them
+with wet blankets. The labor was accelerated by the shells which were
+bursting around us; for Ripley had redoubled his activity at the first
+signs of a conflagration. We only succeeded in getting out some
+ninety-six barrels of powder, and then we were obliged to close the
+massive copper door, and await the result. A shot soon after passed
+through the intervening shield, struck the door, and bent the lock in
+such a way that it could not be opened again. We were thus cut off from
+our supply of ammunition, but still had some piled up in the vicinity of
+the guns. Anderson officially reported only four barrels and three
+cartridges as on hand when we left.
+
+By 11 A.M. the conflagration was terrible and disastrous. One-fifth of
+the fort was on fire, and the wind drove the smoke in dense masses into
+the angle where we had all taken refuge. It seemed impossible to escape
+suffocation. Some lay down close to the ground, with handkerchiefs over
+their mouths, and others posted themselves near the embrasures, where
+the smoke was somewhat lessened by the draught of air. Every one
+suffered severely. I crawled out of one of these openings, and sat on
+the outer edge; but Ripley made it lively for me there with his
+case-shot, which spattered all around. Had not a slight change of wind
+taken place, the result might have been fatal to most of us.
+
+Our firing having ceased, and the enemy being very jubilant, I thought
+it would be as well to show them that we were not all dead yet, and
+ordered the gunners to fire a few rounds more. I heard afterward that
+the enemy loudly cheered Anderson for his persistency under such adverse
+circumstances.
+
+The scene at this time was really terrific. The roaring and crackling of
+the flames, the dense masses of whirling smoke, the bursting of the
+enemy's shells, and our own which were exploding in the burning rooms,
+the crashing of the shot, and the sound of masonry falling in every
+direction, made the fort a pandemonium. When at last nothing was left of
+the building but the blackened walls and smoldering embers, it became
+painfully evident that an immense amount of damage had been done. There
+was a tower at each angle of the fort. One of these, containing great
+quantities of shells, upon which we had relied, was almost completely
+shattered by successive explosions. The massive wooden gates, studded
+with iron nails, were burned, and the wall built behind them was now a
+mere heap of debris, so that the main entrance was wide open for an
+assaulting party. The sally-ports were in a similar condition, and the
+numerous windows on the gorge side, which had been planked up, had now
+become all open entrances.
+
+About 12.48 P.M. the end of the flag-staff was shot down, and the flag
+fell.[20] It had been previously hanging by one halliard, the other
+having been cut by a piece of shell. The exultation of the enemy,
+however, was short-lived. Peter Hart found a spar in the fort, which
+answered very well as a temporary flag-staff. He nailed the flag to
+this, and raised it triumphantly by nailing and tying the pole firmly to
+a pile of gun-carriages on the parapet. This was gallantly done, without
+undue haste, under Seymour's supervision, although the enemy
+concentrated all their fire upon the spot to prevent Hart from carrying
+out his intention. From the beginning, the rebel gunners had been very
+ambitious to shoot the flag down, and had wasted an immense number of
+shots in the attempt.
+
+While the battle was going on, a correspondent of the _New York
+Tribune_, who was in Charleston, wrote that the populace were calling
+for my head. Fortunately, I was not there to gratify them. My relations
+with the gentlemen of Charleston had always been friendly. The enmity of
+the mob was simply political, and was founded on the belief that I was
+the only "Black Republican," as they termed it, in the fort.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE EVACUATION.
+
+     Senator Wigfall's Volunteer Mission.--Terms of Evacuation
+     Settled.--The Question of Casualties on the Other Side.--Salute to
+     the Flag.--Occupation of the Fort by Southern
+     Troops.--Embarkation.--Welcome in New York.--Conclusion.
+
+
+There was a large, first-class wooden hotel, near the shore, on
+Sullivan's Island, called the Moultrie House. It was only kept open
+during the summer, and was a favorite resort, for planters and others,
+to enjoy the fresh sea-breeze, and the beautiful drive up the beach at
+low tide. Since the rebel occupation of Fort Moultrie, this hotel had
+been used as a depot and barracks for the troops in the vicinity. Just
+before the attack was made upon us, the Palmetto flag, which had waved
+over the building, was taken down; but I noticed with a spy-glass that
+there was still quite a number of people, apparently troops, remaining
+in the house. I saw no reason why the mere lowering of the flag should
+prevent us from firing at them. I therefore aimed two forty-two pounder
+balls at the upper story. The crashing of the shot, which went through
+the whole length of the building among the clapboards and interior
+partitions, must have been something fearful to those who were within.
+They came rushing out in furious haste, and tumbled over each other
+until they reached the bottom of the front steps, in one writhing,
+tumultuous mass.
+
+When we left Fort Sumter, a South Carolina officer, who seemed to feel
+aggrieved in relation to this matter, asked me why we fired at that
+building. Not caring to enter into a discussion at that time, I evaded
+it by telling him the true reason was, that the landlord had given me a
+wretched room there one night, and this being the only opportunity that
+had occurred to get even with him, I was unable to resist it. He laughed
+heartily, and said, "I understand it all now. You were perfectly right,
+sir, and I justify the act."
+
+About 2 P.M., Senator Wigfall, in company with W. Gourdin Young, of
+Charleston, unexpectedly made his appearance at one of the embrasures,
+having crossed over from Morris Island in a small boat, rowed by
+negroes. He had seen the flag come down, and supposed that we had
+surrendered in consequence of the burning of the quarters. This visit
+was sanctioned by the commander of Morris Island, Brigadier-general
+James W. Simons. An artillery-man, serving his gun, was very much
+astonished to see a man's face at the entrance, and asked him what he
+was doing there. Wigfall replied that he wished to see Major Anderson.
+The man, however, refused to allow him to enter until he had surrendered
+himself as a prisoner, and given up his sword. This done, another
+artillery-man was sent to bring an officer. Lieutenant Davis came almost
+immediately, but it took some time to find Anderson, who was out
+examining the condition of the main gates. I was not present during this
+scene, or at the interview that ensued, as I was engaged in trying to
+save some shells in the upper story from the effects of the fire.
+Wigfall, in Beauregard's name, offered Anderson his own terms, which
+were, the evacuation of the fort, with permission to salute our flag,
+and to march out with the honors of war, with our arms and private
+baggage, leaving all other war material behind. As soon as this matter
+was arranged, Wigfall returned to Cummings Point.
+
+In the mean time, Beauregard having noticed the white flag, sent a boat
+containing Colonel James Chestnut, and Captain Lee, Colonel Roger A.
+Pryor, and Colonel William Porcher Miles, to ascertain the meaning of
+the signal. A second boat soon followed, containing Major D.K. Jones,
+who was Beauregard's adjutant-general, Ex-Governor J.L. Manning, and
+Colonel Charles Alston.
+
+Miles and Pryor were exceedingly astonished when they heard that Wigfall
+had been carrying on negotiations in Beauregard's name, and stated that,
+to their certain knowledge, he had had no communication with Beauregard.
+They spoke of the matter with great delicacy, for Wigfall was a parlous
+man, and quick to settle disputed points with the pistol. Anderson
+replied with spirit that, under the circumstances, he would run up his
+flag again, and resume the firing. They begged him, however, not to take
+action until they had had an opportunity to lay the whole subject before
+General Beauregard; and Anderson agreed to wait a reasonable time for
+that purpose. The boat then returned to the city. In due time another
+boat arrived, containing Colonels Chestnut and Chisholm, and Captain
+Stephen D. Lee, all aids of Beauregard. They came to notify Major
+Anderson that the latter was willing to treat with him on the basis
+proposed. Colonel Charles Alston soon came over with Major Jones (who
+was chief-of-staff to Beauregard, and adjutant-general of the
+Provisional Army), to settle the details of the evacuation. There was
+some difficulty about permitting us to salute our flag; but that, too,
+was finally conceded. In case we held out for another day, the rebels
+had made arrangements to storm the fort that night.
+
+During all these operations, our officers and men behaved with great
+gallantry. Hall, Snyder, and Meade had never been under fire before, but
+they proved themselves to be true sons of their Alma Mater at West
+Point.
+
+The first contest of the war was over, and had ended as a substantial
+victory for the Secessionists. They had commenced the campaign naked and
+defenseless; but the General Government had allowed them time to levy an
+army against us, and we had permitted ourselves to be surrounded with a
+ring of fire, from which there was no escape. Nor had we employed to the
+fullest extent all our available means of defense. No attempt had ever
+been made to use the upper tier of guns, which contained our heaviest
+metal, and which, from its height, overlooked the enemy's works, and
+was, therefore, the most efficient part of our armament. Although the
+fire of our columbiads, under ordinary circumstances, could not quite
+reach the city, we had arranged one of them to point upward at the
+maximum angle. As the carriage would not admit of this, the gun was
+taken off, and made to rest on a bed of masonry. Seymour and myself
+thought, by loading it with eccentric shells, we could increase the
+range of the guns so that the balls would reach that part of Charleston
+which was nearest to us; but we were not allowed to use the gun at all.
+It seemed to me there was a manifest desire to do as little damage as
+possible.
+
+About eighteen hundred shot had been fired into Fort Sumter, and the
+upper story was pretty well knocked to pieces. To walk around the
+parapet, we had constantly to climb over heaps of debris. With all this
+expenditure of ammunition, we had but one man dangerously wounded. This
+was John Schweirer, foreman of the Baltimore brick-layers. He was struck
+by a piece of shell while standing near the open parade-ground. So long
+as our men fought in the lower casemates, which were shell-proof, the
+vertical fire could not reach them; and by drilling them to step one
+side of the embrasure whenever they saw the flash of a gun opposite,
+they escaped the danger of being struck by any ball which might enter
+the opening; so that, on the whole, they ran very little risk. Had they
+used the guns on the parapet, the number of casualties would have been
+greatly increased, but our missiles would have been much more effective.
+
+When William Porcher Miles was about to enter the boat to return to
+Charleston, he told our commander that none of the secession soldiers
+were injured by our fire. Anderson raised his hands and ejaculated,
+"Thank God for that!" As the object of our fighting was to do as much
+damage as possible, I could see no propriety in thanking Heaven for the
+small amount of injury we had inflicted. I have since had reason to
+suspect, from several circumstances, that the contest was not as
+bloodless as it was represented to be at the time. The coxswain of the
+boat that brought Miles over heard him make the remark that no one was
+hurt on the rebel side. The man stared at him for a moment in
+undisguised amazement, and then stepped aside behind an angle of the
+work, where he could indulge in a hearty fit of laughter. His whole
+action was that of one who thought his chief had been indulging in
+romance. Of course Miles believed the assertion, or he would not have
+made it.
+
+The fact is, Fort Moultrie was all slivered and knocked to pieces; and
+as I heard so much in reference to the narrow escapes of officers and
+soldiers there, I concluded that, if no one was hurt, a miracle must
+have taken place. The rebel who carried dispatches between Fort Moultrie
+and Mount Pleasant in a small boat was in a position to know, and he
+told Peter Hart, some years after the war, that a schooner, to his
+certain knowledge, came from Charleston during the battle, and took off
+a number of killed from Fort Moultrie, who were taken to Potter's Field,
+on Cooper River, and buried there on Saturday, at 4.30 A.M. I had
+previously seen the same story published as coming from Charleston. A
+similar statement was made, on his arrival in New York, by the mate of
+the schooner _D.B. Pitts_, and it purported to be founded on his own
+observation.
+
+When we left Fort Sumter for New York, a man of my company, named
+Fielding, was seriously injured by an explosion, and left behind in the
+hospital at Charleston. He was frequently visited there by an old
+comrade, named Galloway, who was one of our discharged soldiers.
+Galloway laughed at the idea that no one had been injured, and told
+Fielding that he himself had served in Fort Moultrie during the
+bombardment, and had seen with his own eyes a number of killed and
+wounded there. If Galloway's story is true, Ripley may have concealed
+his losses, as he did not wish to have us appear more successful than he
+had been. I believe there were a great many Irish laborers enlisted in
+Fort Moultrie, and their loss would hardly have excited a remark in
+aristocratic Charleston. It is said, too, that a list of killed and
+wounded was posted up on a bulletin-board in the city, and afterward
+torn down, for fear that it might discourage the troops. On the other
+hand, the assertion of men holding high official position on the other
+side, that no one was killed or injured, would seem to leave little room
+for doubt.
+
+When Beauregard received notice that Anderson was willing to ratify the
+terms agreed upon, he sent over another boat, containing Colonel Miles,
+Colonel Pryor, Ex-Governor Manning, Major Jones, and Captain Hartstein,
+to arrange the details of the evacuation.
+
+Almost a fatal accident occurred to Roger A. Pryor shortly after his
+arrival in the fort. He was sitting in the hospital at a table, with a
+black bottle and a tumbler near his right hand. The place was quite
+dark, having been built up all around with boxes of sand, to render it
+shell-proof. Being thirsty, and not noticing what he did, he
+mechanically picked up the bottle, poured some of the liquid into the
+glass, and drank it down. It proved to be iodide of potassium, which is
+quite a poisonous compound. When I saw him, he was very pale, and
+leaning on the shoulder of Dr. Crawford, who was taking him out on the
+grass to apply the stomach-pump. He was soon out of danger. Some of us
+questioned the doctor's right to interpose in a case of this kind. It
+was argued that if any rebel leader chose to come over to Fort Sumter
+and poison himself, the Medical Department had no business to interfere
+with such a laudable intention. The doctor, however, claimed, with some
+show of reason, that he himself was held responsible to the United
+States for the medicine in the hospital, and therefore he could not
+permit Pryor to carry any of it away.
+
+All of the preliminaries having been duly adjusted, it was decided that
+the evacuation should take place the next morning. Our arrangements were
+few and simple, but the rebels made extensive preparations for the
+event, in order to give it the greatest _eclat_, and gain from it as
+much prestige as possible. The population of the surrounding country
+poured into Charleston in vast multitudes, to witness the humiliation
+of the United States flag. We slept soundly that night for the first
+time, after all the fatigue and excitement of the two preceding days.
+
+The next morning, Sunday, the 14th, we were up early, packing our
+baggage in readiness to go on board the transport. The time having
+arrived, I made preparations, by order of Major Anderson, to fire a
+national salute to the flag. It was a dangerous thing to attempt, as
+sparks of fire were floating around everywhere, and there was no safe
+place to deposit the ammunition. In that portion of the line commanded
+by Lieutenant Hall, a pile of cartridges lay under the muzzle of one of
+the guns. Some fire had probably lodged inside the piece, which the
+sponging did not extinguish, for, in loading it, it went off
+prematurely, and blew off the right arm of the gunner, Daniel Hough, who
+was an excellent soldier. His death was almost instantaneous. He was the
+first man who lost his life on our side in the war for the Union. The
+damage did not end here, for some of the fire from the muzzle dropped on
+the pile of cartridges below, and exploded them all. Several men in the
+vicinity were blown into the air, and seriously injured. Their names
+were George Fielding, John Irwin, George Pinchard, and Edwin Galway,
+and, I think, James Hayes. The first-named being very badly hurt, was
+left behind, to be cared for by the rebels. He was sent over to
+Charleston, where he was well treated, finally cured, and forwarded to
+us without being exchanged.
+
+The salute being over, the Confederate troops marched in to occupy the
+fort. The Palmetto Guard, Captain Cuthbert's company, detailed by
+Colonel De Saussure, and Captain Hollinquist's Company B, of the
+regulars, detailed by Colonel Ripley, constituted the new garrison under
+Ripley.[21] Anderson directed me to form the men on the parade-ground,
+assume command, and march them on board the transport. I told him I
+should prefer to leave the fort with the flag flying, and the drums
+beating Yankee Doodle, and he authorized me to do so. As soon as our
+tattered flag came down, and the silken banner made by the ladies of
+Charleston was run up, tremendous shouts of applause were heard from
+the vast multitude of spectators; and all the vessels and steamers,
+with one accord, made for the fort. Corporal Bringhurst came running to
+tell me that many of the approaching crowd were shouting my name, and
+making threatening demonstrations. The disorder, however, was
+immediately quelled by the appearance of Hartstein, an ex-officer of our
+navy, who threw out sentinels in all directions, and prevented the mob
+from landing.
+
+The bay was alive with floating craft of every description, filled with
+people from all parts of the South, in their holiday attire. As I
+marched out at the head of our little band of regulars, it must have
+presented a strange contrast to the numerous forces that had assailed
+us; some sixty men against six thousand. As we went on board the
+_Isabel_, with the drums beating the national air, all eyes were fixed
+upon us amidst the deepest silence. It was an hour of triumph for the
+originators of secession in South Carolina, and no doubt it seemed to
+them the culmination of all their hopes; but could they have seen into
+the future with the eye of prophecy, their joy might have been turned
+into mourning. Who among them could have conceived that the Charleston
+they deemed so invincible, which they boasted would never be polluted
+by the footsteps of a Yankee invader until every son of the soil had
+shed the last drop of his blood in her defense--who could have imagined
+that this proud metropolis, after much privation and long-suffering from
+fire and bombardment, would finally surrender, without bloodshed, to a
+negro regiment, under a Massachusetts flag--the two most abhorred
+elements of the strife to the proud people of South Carolina? Who could
+have imagined that the race they had so despised was destined to govern
+them in the future, in the dense ignorance which the South itself had
+created, by prohibiting the education of the blacks?
+
+My story is nearly done. We soon reached the _Baltic_, and were received
+with great sympathy and feeling by the army and navy officers present.
+Among the latter was Captain Fox, who afterward became the Assistant
+Secretary of the Navy.
+
+It is worthy of remark that, after we had left the harbor, Bishop Lynch,
+of Charleston, threw the Catholic influence in favor of the
+Secessionists by celebrating the Southern victory by a grand _Te Deum_.
+
+We arrived in New York on the 19th, and were received with unbounded
+enthusiasm. All the passing steamers saluted us with their
+steam-whistles and bells, and cheer after cheer went up from the
+ferry-boats and vessels in the harbor. We did not attempt to land, but
+came to anchor in the stream, between Governor's Island and the Battery.
+Several distinguished citizens at once came on board, and Major Anderson
+was immediately carried off to dine with Mr. Lloyd Aspinwall. As
+somebody had to remain with the troops and attend to their wants, I
+accompanied them to Fort Hamilton, where we soon found ourselves in
+comfortable quarters. Nearly all of the officers obtained a furlough
+immediately; but I remained in command of the fort during the temporary
+absence of Major Anderson, who was soon after permanently detached from
+us.
+
+Our captivity had deeply touched the hearts of the people, and every day
+the number of visitors almost amounted to an ovation. The principal city
+papers, the _Tribune_, _Times_, _Herald_, and _Evening Post_, gave us a
+hearty welcome. For a long time the enthusiasm in New York remained
+undiminished. It was impossible for us to venture into the main streets
+without being ridden on the shoulders of men, and torn to pieces by
+hand-shaking. Shortly after our arrival, Henry Ward Beecher came down to
+the fort to meet us, and made a ringing speech, full of fire and
+patriotism. It seemed as if every one of note called to express his
+devotion to the cause of the Union, and his sympathy with us, who had
+been its humble representatives amidst the perils of the first conflict
+of the war.
+
+As I have stated, of the officers who were engaged in the operations
+herein narrated, but four now survive.
+
+George W. Snyder was the first to leave us. He was present in the battle
+of Bull Run, attained the brevet of captain, and died in Washington,
+District of Columbia, on the 17th of November, 1861.
+
+Theodore Talbot became assistant-adjutant-general, with the rank of
+major, and died on the 22d of April, 1862, also in Washington.
+
+Richard K. Meade was induced, by the pressure of social and family ties,
+to resign his commission in our army. He became a rebel officer, and
+died at Petersburg, Virginia, in July, 1862.
+
+Norman J. Hall became colonel of the Seventh Michigan Volunteers, and
+received three brevets in the regular army, the last being for gallant
+and distinguished services at Gettysburg. He died on the 26th of May,
+1867, at Brooklyn, New York.
+
+John L. Gardner received the brevet of brigadier-general, and was
+retired at the commencement of the war. He died at Wilmington, Delaware,
+on the 19th of February, 1869.
+
+Robert Anderson was made a brigadier-general, and afterward a brevet
+major-general, for his services at Fort Sumter. He served about six
+months as Commander of the Department of Kentucky and of the Cumberland,
+and was then obliged to leave the field in consequence of ill health. He
+was retired from active service on the 27th of October, 1863, and died
+at Nice, in France, on the 26th day of October, 1871.
+
+Lastly, John G. Foster, after a brilliant career as commander of a
+department and army corps, died at Nashua, New Hampshire, September 2d,
+1874.
+
+Each of us who survive became major-general during the rebellion, and
+each now holds the same grade by brevet in the regular army.
+
+Mr. Edward Moale, the citizen who remained with us, did excellent
+service in the war. At present he is a brevet lieutenant-colonel in the
+regular army.
+
+This statement of events was completed at New York, April 14th, 1875, on
+the fourteenth anniversary of the evacuation of Fort Sumter.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+_List of Officers and Enlisted Men present at the Bombardment of Fort
+Sumter, April 12th and 13th, 1861._
+
+
+COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
+
+  Major ROBERT ANDERSON, First United States Artillery.
+  Captain ABNER DOUBLEDAY, First United States Artillery.
+  Captain TRUMAN SEYMOUR, First United States Artillery.
+  First Lieutenant JEFFERSON C. DAVIS, First United States Artillery.
+  Second Lieutenant NORMAN J. HALL, First United States Artillery.
+  Captain J.G. FOSTER, United States Engineers.
+  Lieutenant G.W. SNYDER, United States Engineers.
+  Lieutenant R.K. MEADE, United States Engineers.
+  Assistant Surgeon S.W. CRAWFORD, United States Army.
+
+
+ENLISTED MEN.
+
+Ordnance-sergeant James Kearney, United States Army.
+Quartermaster-sergeant William H. Hammer, First United States Artillery.
+
+_Regimental Band, First Artillery._
+
+  Sergeant James E. Galway.
+  Corporal Andrew Smith.
+  Private Andrew Murphy.
+  Private Fedeschi Onoratti.
+  Private Peter Rice.
+  Private Henry Schmidt.
+  Private John Urquhart.
+  Private Andrew Wickstrom.
+
+
+_Company E, First Artillery._
+
+  First Sergeant Eugene Scheibner.
+  Sergeant Thomas Kirnan.
+  Sergeant William A. Harn.
+  Sergeant James Chester.
+  Corporal Owen M'Guire.
+  Corporal Francis J. Oakes.
+  Corporal Charles Bringhurst.
+  Corporal Henry Ellerbrook.
+  Musician Charles Hall.
+  Private Philip Anderman.
+  Private John Emil Noack.
+  Private Cornelius Baker.
+  Private Thomas Carroll.
+  Private Patrick Clancy.
+  Private John Davis.
+  Private James Digdam.
+  Private George Fielding.
+  Private Edward Gallway.
+  Private James Gibbons.
+  Private James Hays.
+  Private Daniel Hough.
+  Private John Irwin.
+  Private James M'Donald.
+  Private Samuel Miller.
+  Private John Newport.
+  Private George Pinchard.
+  Private Frank Rivers.
+  Private Lewis Schroeder.
+  Private Carl A. Sellman.
+  Private John Thompson.
+  Private Charles H. Tozer.
+  Private William Witzman.
+
+
+_Company H, First Artillery._
+
+  First Sergeant John Renehan.
+  Sergeant James M'Mahon.
+  Sergeant John Carmody.
+  Sergeant John Otto.
+  Corporal Christopher Costolan.
+  Musician Robert Foster.
+  Artificer Henry Strandt.
+  Private Edward Brady.
+  Private Barney Cain.
+  Private John Doran.
+  Private Dennis Johnson.
+  Private John Kehoe.
+  Private John Klein.
+  Private John Lanagan.
+  Private Frederick Lintner.
+  Private John Magill.
+  Private John Laroche.
+  Private Frederick Meier.
+  Private James Moore.
+  Private William Morter.
+  Private Patrick Neilan.
+  Private John Nixon.
+  Private Michael O'Donald.
+  Private Robert Roe.
+  Private William Walker.
+  Private Joseph Wall.
+  Private Edmond Walsh.
+  Private Henry R. Walter.
+  Private Herman Will.
+  Private Thomas Wishnowski.
+  Private Casper Wutterpel.
+
+
+_List of Mechanics and Employes present in Fort Sumter during the
+Bombardment, April 12th and 13th, 1861._
+
+EMPLOYES OF THE ENGINEER DEPARTMENT.
+
+  George Coons, _mason_.
+  John Schweirer,_mason_.
+  John Buckley, _smith_.
+  John Lindsay, _carpenter_.
+  John Saxton, _rigger_.
+  James Tweedle, _smith_.
+  Wm. O. Lyman, _overseer_.
+
+
+LABORERS.
+
+  Michael Berne.
+  John Burns.
+  John Branley.
+  Peter Caine.
+  Patrick Conner.
+  Michael Cummins.
+  William Dorsey.
+  Edward Davis.
+  Patrick Donahoe.
+  Peter Donley.
+  William Eagen.
+  Andrew Felton.
+  Michael Goff.
+  James Howlett.
+  Patrick Heeney.
+  Andrew Lindsey.
+  Dennis Magrath.
+  John M'Carty.
+  James M'Mahon.
+  Michael Meechins.
+  Thomas Murphy.
+  Thomas Myers.
+  William Powers.
+  Edward Quinn.
+  Patrick Quinn.
+  Martin Rafferty.
+  John Riley.
+  Michael Ryan.
+  Jeremiah Ryan.
+  James Ryan.
+  James Shea.
+
+
+COOKS.
+
+  Samuel Abraze.
+  Patrick Walsh.
+
+
+The following is taken from a South Carolina official document, but it
+seems somewhat defective in detail:
+
+_List of Confederate Batteries constructed with a View to the Reduction
+of Fort Sumter._
+
+
+ON MORRIS ISLAND.
+
+     Brigadier-general JAMES W. SIMONS, commanding; Colonel WILMOT G. DE
+     SAUSSURE, commanding Artillery Battalion. Lieutenant J. R. MACBETH,
+     Captain J. JONES, and Lieutenant F.L. CHILDS, acting as aids to
+     Colonel De Saussure.
+
+
+STEVENS BATTERY. (Fired 1200 shots.)
+
+_Three Eight-inch columbiads._
+
+     Garrisoned by the Palmetto Guard, CAPTAIN GEORGE B. CUTHBERT
+     commanding; Lieutenant G.L. BUIST. The ammunition was served out by
+     Mr. PHILIPS and Mr. CAMPBELL. One gun was disabled on Friday.
+
+
+CUMMINGS POINT BATTERY.
+
+_Two forty-two-pounders, three ten-inch mortars, one Blakely gun._
+
+     Garrisoned by a detachment of the Palmetto Guard, and by cadets
+     from the Citadel Academy in Charleston. Captain J.P. THOMAS, of the
+     Citadel Academy, commanding Blakely gun; Lieutenant C. R. HOLMES,
+     of the Citadel Academy, commanding mortars; Lieutenant W.W.
+     ARMSTRONG, of the Citadel Academy, at the mortars; Second
+     Lieutenant THOMAS SUMTER, of the Palmetto Guard, in charge of the
+     forty-two-pounders.
+
+
+CHANNEL BATTERY. (Did not fire.)
+
+     Captain CALHOUN, commanding; First Lieutenant A.M. WAGNER;
+     Lieutenant---- SITGREAVES; Second Lieutenant M.C. PRESTON.
+
+
+ON JAMES ISLAND.
+
+Major N.G. EVANS, A.A.G., commanding.
+
+BATTERY OF TWENTY-FOUR-POUNDERS.
+
+Captain GEORGE S. JAMES, commanding.
+
+MORTAR BATTERY.
+
+     First Lieutenant W.H. GIBBES, of the Artillery; Lieutenant H.S.
+     FARLEY; Lieutenant J.E. M'PHERSON, Washington; Lieutenant T.B.
+     HAYNE; Doctor LIBBY.
+
+
+UPPER BATTERY. (Fired 2425 shots.)
+
+_Two ten-inch mortars._
+
+
+LOWER BATTERY.
+
+_Two ten-inch mortars._
+
+Captain S.C. THAYER, of the S.C. Navy, commanding.
+
+
+ON SULLIVAN'S ISLAND.
+
+     Brigadier-general JOHN DUNOVANT, commanding. Lieutenant-colonel
+     ROSWELL S. RIPLEY, commanding the Artillery; Captain J. B. BURNS,
+     of General DUNOVANT'S staff; Surgeons P.J. ROBINSON, R.F. MITCHELL,
+     and ARTHUR LYNCH; Assistant-surgeons D.W. TAYLOR, Doctor F.F.
+     MILES, Doctor F.L. PARKER.
+
+
+THE IRON-CLAD FLOATING BATTERY. (At the Cove. Fired 1900 shots.)
+
+_Two forty-two-pounders. Two thirty-two-pounders._
+
+     Garrisoned by Company D, of the Artillery. Captain JAMES HAMILTON;
+     First Lieutenant J.A. YATES, Second Lieutenant F.H. HARLESTON.
+
+
+THE DAHLGREN BATTERY. (Near the Floating Battery.)
+
+_One nine-inch Dahlgren gun._
+
+     Garrisoned by Company D, of the Artillery. Captain S.R. HAMILTON;
+     Mr. JOHN WELLS.
+
+
+THE ENFILADE BATTERY. (Fired 1825 shots.)
+
+     Garrisoned by Company K, of the Artillery, Captain JAMES H.
+     HALLONQUIST, Company B, of the Artillery, commanding; First
+     Lieutenant J. VALENTINE, B.S. BURNETT.
+
+MORTAR BATTERY, NO. 1. (Between Fort Moultrie and the Cove.)
+
+     Captain JAMES H. HALLONQUIST, Company B, of the Artillery,
+     commanding. Lieutenant O. BLANDING, Lieutenant FLEMING.
+
+
+FORT MOULTRIE. (Fired 1825 shots.)
+
+_Three eight-inch columbiads, two thirty-two-pounders, four
+twenty-four-pounders._
+
+     Garrisoned by the Artillery Battalion under Lieutenant-colonel
+     RIPLEY. Captain W.R. CALHOUN, Company A, of the Artillery,
+     executive officer.
+
+
+SUMTER BATTERY. (Facing south-south-west.)
+
+     Lieutenant ALFRED RHETT, Company B, Artillery, commanding; Second
+     Lieutenant JOHN MITCHELL, Jun.; Mr. F.D. BLAKE, Volunteer Engineer.
+
+
+OBLIQUE BATTERY. (On the west.)
+
+_Two twenty-four-pounders._
+
+Lieutenant C.W. PARKER, Company D, of the Artillery.
+
+
+MORTAR BATTERY, No. 2. (East of Fort Moultrie.)
+
+_Two ten-inch mortars._
+
+     Captain WILLIAM BUTLER, of the Infantry; Lieutenant J.A. HUGENIN.
+     E. MOWRY, Mr. BLOCKER, Mr. BILLINGS, and Mr. RICE assisted. This
+     battery was joined to the Maffit Channel Battery.
+
+
+THE TRAPIER BATTERY. (Fired 1300 shots.)
+
+_Three ten-inch mortars._
+
+     Garrisoned by the Marion Artillery, J. GADSDEN KING, commanding.
+     Lieutenant W.D.H. KIRKWOOD, J.P. STROHECKER, A.M. HUGER, E.L.
+     PARKER. The Marion Artillery was afterward relieved by the Sumter
+     Guard, under Captain JOHN RUSSELL.
+
+
+AT MOUNT PLEASANT.
+
+BATTERY. (Fired 2925 shots.)
+
+_Two ten-inch mortars._
+
+     Captain ROBERT MARTIN of the Infantry, commanding; Lieutenant G.N.
+     REYNOLDS, Company B, of the Artillery; Lieutenant D.S. CALHOUN, of
+     the Infantry.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Hamlin's father named four of his sons, Europe, Asia, Africa, and
+America. The fact that one of them was called Africa gave rise to the
+statement that he was an African.
+
+[2] He afterward returned, gave bail, and appeared before the court,
+because he was aware that a rule existed that parties who had given
+evidence before a Congressional committee in reference to any
+defalcation could not be tried for having taken part in it.
+
+[3] It is true there is a law authorizing the distribution of _surplus_
+United States arms to the States, but there were no surplus muskets on
+hand; and even if there had been, it was a very injudicious time to
+distribute them among the insurgent States. A little delay would have
+been both patriotic and judicious.
+
+[4] My brother and myself each owned copies of the same dictionary.
+Instead of using a word in my correspondence, I simply referred to its
+place in the book, by giving the number of the page, number of the
+column, and number of the word from the top of the page.
+
+[5] He left the United States service soon after the attack on Fort
+Sumter, and joined the Confederates. He did so reluctantly, for he had
+gained great renown in our army for his gallantry in Mexico, and he knew
+he would soon have been promoted to the position of Chief of our
+Ordnance Department had he remained with us.
+
+[6] About a month afterward the Honorable William Aiken, who was a Union
+man, and who had formerly been governor of the State, and a member of
+Congress, was compelled to pay forty thousand dollars as his share of
+the war taxes.
+
+[7] Dawson's _Historical Magazine_.
+
+[8] See Dawson's story of Fort Sumter, in the _Historical Magazine for
+January, 1872_.
+
+[9] The facts in this statement are taken from Dawson's _Historical
+Magazine for January, 1872_.
+
+[10] One of the original leaders of secession, and a life-long friend
+and correspondent of Major Anderson.
+
+[11] My wife applied for board in Charleston, but was told she must
+first obtain the sanction of Mr. Rhett, the editor of the _Mercury_. She
+was afterward informed by the boarding-house keeper that, as the house
+depended on the patronage of the Southern people for support, she (the
+landlady) could not undertake to harbor the wives of Federal officers.
+
+[12] The army officers on board were First Lieutenant Charles R. Woods,
+Ninth Infantry, commanding; First Lieutenant William A. Webb, Fifth
+Infantry; Second Lieutenant Charles W. Thomas, First Infantry; and
+Assistant-surgeon P.G.S. Ten Broeck.
+
+[13] Castle Pinckney at this time was commanded by Colonel J. Johnston
+Petigru; Sullivan's Island, by Adjutant and Inspector-general Dunovant;
+Fort Johnson, by Captain James Johnson, of the Charleston Rifles. The
+United States Arsenal, by Colonel John Cunningham, of the Seventeenth
+South Carolina militia; its former commander, Captain Humphreys, the
+United States military store-keeper, having been ejected on the 30th of
+December.
+
+[14] Among these children was a little waif, called Dick Kowley,
+afterward known as "Sumter Dick." He had been abandoned by his mother,
+and thus thrown out on the world. For a time he was sent, after his
+arrival in New York, to the house of Dr. Stewart, who was a family
+connection of mine. After supper he reminded the ladies that he had not
+heard tattoo yet, and wished to know at what hour they beat the
+reveille. He evidently thought every well-regulated family kept a
+drummer and fifer on hand, to sound the calls. He was very unhappy until
+he had procured a small stick and a miniature flag. Every morning at
+sunrise he hoisted the flag, and carefully lowered it and put it away at
+sunset. He is now a cabinet-maker at Marion, Ohio, and recently gained a
+prize for his excellent workmanship.
+
+[15] It is due to the major to state that, in a speech made before the
+Board of Brokers in New York, on the 13th of May, he asserted that if
+the question lay between the preservation of the Union or the
+preservation of slavery, slavery must be sacrificed.
+
+[16] About this time, my wife, who was in Washington, was very much
+surprised at receiving a call from the President. He came quietly to
+request her to show him my letters from Fort Sumter, so that he might
+form a better opinion as to the condition of affairs there, more
+particularly in regard to our resources.
+
+[17] I have since learned that the shell from Fort Johnson was not a
+hostile shot, but was simply intended as a signal for the firing to
+commence.
+
+[18] In this he was an exception to most negroes. Those I have seen in
+the colored regiments in Texas have shown themselves to be among the
+best and most reliable men in the service for operations against the
+Indians. It was a line of negroes that charged over the torpedoes at
+Mobile.
+
+[19] The troops and defenses on Morris Island were commanded by
+Brigadier-general James W. Simons. The artillery was under the command
+of Colonel Wilmot G. De Saussure, of the South Carolina Artillery
+Battalion.
+
+Sullivan's Island was commanded by Brigadier-general John Dunovant,
+formerly an officer of the United States Army. His second in command was
+Lieutenant-colonel Roswell S. Ripley, of the South Carolina Artillery
+Battalion, formerly of our army.
+
+Major N.G. Evans, assistant adjutant-general, commanded on James Island.
+
+The battery at Mount Pleasant was under the command of Captain Robert
+Martin, of the South Carolina Infantry.
+
+[20] It is claimed that this shot was fired by Lieutenant W.C. Preston,
+of South Carolina.
+
+[21] Edmund Ruffin entered the fort as a volunteer ensign of the
+Palmetto Guard; Captain Samuel Ferguson received the keys of Fort
+Sumter, and raised the Confederate flag over the ramparts;
+Lieutenant-colonel F.J. Moses raised the State flag. Moses has since
+figured as the Republican governor of South Carolina.
+
+
+
+
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+Second Edition, Revised. 196 pp.
+
+II. ON THE AUTHORIZED VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT in Connection with
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+III. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NEW
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+pp.
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+NORDHOFF'S CALIFORNIA. California: For Health, Pleasure, and Residence.
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+MOTLEY'S DUTCH REPUBLIC. The Rise of the Dutch Republic. By JOHN LOTHROP
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+MOTLEY'S UNITED NETHERLANDS. History of the United Netherlands: from the
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+MACGREGOR'S ROB ROY ON THE JORDAN. The Rob Roy on the Jordan, Nile, Red
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+Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel, 1854-1862.
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+
+HENRY WARD BEECHER'S SERMONS. Sermons by HENRY WARD BEECHER, Plymouth
+Church, Brooklyn. Selected from Published and Unpublished Discourses,
+and Revised by their Author. With Steel Portrait. Complete in 2 vols.,
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+to the Hebrides. By JAMES BOSWELL, Esq. A New Edition, with numerous
+Additions and Notes. By JOHN WILSON CROKER, LL.D., F.R.S. Portrait of
+Boswell. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
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+DRAPER'S CIVIL WAR. History of the American Civil War. By JOHN W.
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+DRAPER'S INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE. A History of the
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+DU CHAILLU'S AFRICA. Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa,
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+DAVIS'S CARTHAGE. Carthage and her Remains: being an Account of the
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+Majesty's Government. By Dr. DAVIS, F.R.G.S. Profusely Illustrated with
+Maps, Woodcuts, Chromo-Lithographs, &c. 8vo, Cloth. $4.00.
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+EDGEWORTH'S (Miss) NOVELS. With Engravings. 10 vols., 12mo, Cloth,
+$15.00.
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+With Maps and 100 Illustrations. The Illustrations are from the Original
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+Jewett, and Granville Perkins, after Sketches by Captain Hall. 8vo,
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+HALLAM'S LITERATURE. Introduction to the Literature of Europe during the
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+HALLAM'S MIDDLE AGES. State of Europe during the Middle Ages. By HENRY
+HALLAM. 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
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+Settlement of the Country to the Adoption of the Federal Constitution.
+SECOND SERIES: From the Adoption of the Federal Constitution to the End
+of the Sixteenth Congress. 6 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $18.00.
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+HUME'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. History of England, from the Invasion of
+Julius Caesar to the Abdication of James II., 1688. By DAVID HUME. A new
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+is Prefixed a short Account of his Life, written by Himself. With a
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+
+JAY'S WORKS. Complete Works of Rev. William Jay: comprising his Sermons,
+Family Discourses, Morning and Evening Exercises for every Day in the
+Year, Family Prayers, &c. Author's enlarged Edition, revised. 3 vols.,
+8vo, Cloth, $6.00.
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+JEFFERSON'S DOMESTIC LIFE. The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson:
+compiled from Family Letters and Reminiscences, by his
+Great-Granddaughter, SARAH N. RANDOLPH. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo,
+Illuminated Cloth, Beveled Edges, $2.50.
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+JOHNSON'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. With an
+Essay on his Life and Genius, by ARTHUR MURPHY, Esq. Portrait of
+Johnson. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
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+KINGLAKE'S CRIMEAN WAR. The Invasion of the Crimea, and an Account of
+its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan. By ALEXANDER WILLIAM
+KINGLAKE. With Maps and Plans. Two Vols. ready. 12mo, Cloth, $2.00 per
+vol.
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+KINGSLEY'S WEST INDIES. At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies. By
+CHARLES KINGSLEY. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.
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+Portrait drawn from Bible History and the Book of Psalms. By FREDERICK
+WILLIAM KRUMMACHER, D.D., Author of "Elijah the Tishbite," &c.
+Translated under the express Sanction of the Author by the Rev. M.G.
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+LAMB'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Charles Lamb. Comprising his
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+Portrait. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.00.
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+LIVINGSTONE'S SOUTH AFRICA. Missionary Travels and Researches in South
+Africa; including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior
+of Africa, and a Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loando on the
+West Coast; thence across the Continent, down the River Zambesi, to the
+Eastern Ocean. By DAVID LIVINGSTONE, LL.D., D.C.L. With Portrait, Maps
+by Arrowsmith, and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $4.50.
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+LIVINGSTONES' ZAMBESI. Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its
+Tributaries, and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa.
+1858-1864. By DAVID and CHARLES LIVINGSTONE. With Map and Illustrations.
+8vo, Cloth, $5.00.
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+M'CLINTOCK & STRONG'S CYCLOPAEDIA. Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological,
+and Ecclesiastical Literature. Prepared by the Rev. JOHN M'CLINTOCK,
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+vol., Cloth, $5.00; Sheep, $6.00; Half Morocco, $8.00.
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+MARCY'S ARMY LIFE ON THE BORDER. Thirty Years of Army Life on the
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+Winter; Descriptions of the Habits of Different Animals found in the
+West, and the Methods of Hunting them; with Incidents in the Life of
+Different Frontier Men, &c., &c. By Brevet Brigadier-General R.B. MARCY,
+U.S.A., Author of "The Prairie Traveller." With numerous Illustrations.
+8vo, Cloth, Beveled Edges, $3.00.
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+MACAULAY'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. The History of England from the Accession
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+MOSHEIM'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, Ancient and Modern; in which the Rise,
+Progress, and Variation of Church Power are considered in their
+Connection with the State of Learning and Philosophy, and the Political
+History of Europe during that Period. Translated, with Notes, &c., by A.
+MACLAINE, D.D. A new Edition, continued to 1826, by C. COOTE, LL.D. 2
+vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
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+THE DESERT OF THE EXODUS. Journeys on Foot in the Wilderness of the
+Forty Years' Wanderings; undertaken in connection with the Ordnance
+Survey of Sinai and the Palestine Exploration Fund. By E. H. PALMER,
+M.A., Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic, and Fellow of St. John's
+College, Cambridge. With Maps and numerous Illustrations from
+Photographs and Drawings taken on the spot by the Sinai Survey
+Expedition and C.F. Tyrwhitt Drake. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3.00.
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+OLIPHANT'S CHINA AND JAPAN. Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to
+China and Japan, in the Years 1857, '58, '59. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT,
+Private Secretary to Lord Elgin. Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3.50.
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+OLIPHANT'S (MRS.) LIFE OF EDWARD IRVING. The Life of Edward Irving,
+Minister of the National Scotch Church, London. Illustrated by his
+Journals and Correspondence. By Mrs. OLIPHANT. Portrait. 8vo, Cloth,
+$3.50.
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+RAWLINSON'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY. A Manual of Ancient History, from
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+History of Chaldaea, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Lydia, Phoenicia,
+Syria, Judaea, Egypt, Carthage, Persia, Greece, Macedonia, Parthia, and
+Rome. By GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History in
+the University of Oxford. 12mo, Cloth, $2.50.
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+RECLUS'S THE EARTH. The Earth: A Descriptive History of the Phenomena
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+RECLUS'S OCEAN. The Ocean, Atmosphere, and Life. Being the Second Series
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+Revised by ISAAC REED. Engravings. 6 vols, Royal 12mo, Cloth, $9.00.
+2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
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+SPEKE'S AFRICA. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. By
+Captain JOHN HANNING SPEKE, Captain H.M. Indian Army, Fellow and Gold
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+Portraits and numerous Illustrations, chiefly from Drawings by Captain
+GRANT. 8vo, Cloth, uniform with Livingstone, Barth, Burton, &c., $4.00.
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+Illustrations drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and the
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+VAMBERY'S CENTRAL ASIA. Travels in Central Asia. Being the Account of a
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+the Caspian, to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand, performed in the Year
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