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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline, by 
+John Henderson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline
+       with Notices, Notes and Complete Vocabulary
+
+Author: John Henderson
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2008 [EBook #24967]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST ORATION OF CICERO - CATILINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[This e-text includes a few words of accented Greek:
+
+  δῆτα, ἀγαθός
+
+If the words do not display properly, or if the apostrophes and
+quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your
+text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode
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+resort, use the latin-1 version of the file instead.
+
+Boldface text is shown between =marks=. Those sections of the text
+that use the equals sign = do not contain boldface words.
+
+The Oration appears twice in the e-text. The second version,
+immediately before the Errata, is given in “stripped-down” form,
+omitting all [2]note references.]
+
+
+
+
+  Classical Text-Book Series
+
+  FIRST ORATION
+    of
+  CICERO AGAINST CATILINE
+
+    with
+  Notices, Notes And Complete Vocabulary.
+
+    by
+  =JOHN HENDERSON, M.A.=
+
+  TORONTO:
+  The Copp Clark Company, Limited,
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada,
+in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six,
+by THE COPP CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, Toronto, Ontario,
+in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS [added by transcriber]
+
+  Preface
+  Cicero:
+      I. Life of Cicero
+     II. Life of Catiline
+    III. Chronology of the Conspiracy
+     IV. Summary of first oration
+  FIRST CATILINARIAN ORATION
+  Notes
+  Proper Names
+  Vocabulary
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It has been the aim of the Editor to explain what seemed to him
+difficulties in the text. There are many points which might have been
+noted, but which a judicious teacher will supply in the ordinary class
+work.
+
+References are made to the standard grammars of Zumpt, Madvig, Harkness,
+Allen and Greenough.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF CICERO.
+
+
+I.
+
+  [Sidenotes:
+  Birth. --Removes to Rome, 92 B.C. --Early teachers. --Early works.
+  --Assumes the toga virilis 89 B.C. --Serves his first campaign,
+  88 B.C. --Studies philosophy. --Pleads his first cause pro Quinct.
+  --Goes to Athens, Asia, and Rhodes. --Returns home. --Elected
+  quaestor of Sicily. --Indicts Verres, 70 B.C. --Elected aedile,
+  69 B.C. --Praetor, 66 B.C. --His first political speech. --Pro
+  lege Manilia, 65 B.C. --Consul, 63 B.C. --Unpopularity of Cicero.
+  --Causes of Exile. --Deserted by the Triumvirs. --Goes into exile,
+  58 B.C. --Recall, 51 B.C. --Elected Augur, 53 B.C. --Proconsul,
+  52 B.C. --Sides with Pompey. --Pharsalia, 48 B.C. --Pardoned by
+  Caesar. --Gloom. --His Philippic Orations. --Antony, Octavianus,
+  and Lepidus form the second triumvirate. --Killed at Caieta,
+  43 B.C.]
+
+=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, the greatest name in Roman literature, was
+born near Arpinum, a town of Latium, January 3rd, 106 B.C. His father,
+a man of large views and liberal culture, belonged to the _equites_, and
+possessed an hereditary estate in the neighbourhood of the town. To give
+his sons, Marcus and Quintus, that education which could not be obtained
+at a provincial school, he removed to Rome, where the young Ciceros were
+placed under the best teachers of the day. From Aelius they learned
+philosophy; from Archias, the mechanism of verse, though not the
+inspiration of poetry. A translation of the _Phaenomena_ and
+_Prognostics_ of Aratus, and a mythological poem on the fable of
+_Pontius Glaucus_ were the first fruits of Cicero’s genius. On assuming
+the _toga virilis_, B.C. 89, Cicero attached himself to the jurist
+Scaevola, who was then in the zenith of his fame. In the following year
+he served a brief campaign in the Social War under Cn. Pompeius Strabo,
+the father of Pompey the Great. Philosophical studies had, however, more
+attractions for him than arms. Under Philo, the Academic, and Diodotus,
+the Stoic, he laid the foundation of that Eclecticism which is so
+observable in his philosophical works. At the age of 25 he pleaded his
+first cause, and in the following year he defended Sextus Roscius of
+Ameria, who had been accused of parricide by Chrysogonus, one of Sulla’s
+favourites. In this cause he acquired the acquittal of his client, but
+incurred the enmity of the dictator. With the ostensible object of
+regaining his health he went to Athens, where he studied philosophy
+under Antiochus, the Academic, and under Zeno and Phaedrus, both
+Epicureans. From Athens he travelled through Asia Minor and finally
+settled for a short time at Rhodes, attending there the lectures of
+Molo, the rhetorician. Returning home, he at once entered on that
+political career to which his commanding ability destined him, and was
+elected _quaestor_ of Sicily. During his term of office he so endeared
+himself to the inhabitants of the island by his integrity that they
+selected him as their patron at Rome. In their behalf he subsequently
+conducted the prosecution against Verres, who was charged with
+extortion. His success in this cause, and his consequent popularity,
+procured him the office of _curule aedile_. After the usual interval he
+was chosen _praetor_, and, while holding this office, delivered the
+first of his political harangues, in defence of the bill proposed by
+C. Manilius to invest Pompey with supreme command in the Mithradatic
+War. Two years afterwards he gained the _consulship_, the goal of his
+ambition. His consulate is memorable for the bold attempt of Catiline to
+subvert the government--an attempt which was frustrated by the patriotic
+zeal of the consul. Cicero had quickly soared to the pinnacle of fame:
+as quickly did he fall. In crushing the conspiracy of Catiline
+questionable means had been employed. Clodius, his implacable enemy,
+revived a law exiling all who had been guilty of putting to death Roman
+citizens without a formal trial before the people. The Triumvirs, too,
+were disgusted with the vanity of the man who was constantly reminding
+the people that he was the “Saviour of Italy” and the “Father of His
+Country.” Deserted by his friends, and exposed to the hatred of his
+foes, Cicero went to Thessalonica into voluntary exile. The wanton
+destruction of his villas and the insults offered to his wife and
+children soon, however, produced a feeling of sympathy for the exiled
+orator. His return to Rome was attended with all the pomp and
+circumstance of a triumphant general. Henceforth his voice was little
+heard in the Senate. After his return he was appointed to a seat in the
+_College of Augurs_. In obtaining this office he had placed himself
+under obligations to both Pompey and Caesar, and this may account for
+his neutrality in the civil struggles of the time. He was subsequently
+appointed, much against his will, proconsul of Cilicia, where his
+administration was marked by the same integrity as he had displayed in
+Sicily. Cicero arrived in Italy from Cilicia on the 4th of January,
+B.C. 49, just after the breaking out of the civil war between Pompey and
+Caesar. After some hesitation he decided to take the part of Pompey, but
+his support was never cordial: it was a source of weakness rather than
+of strength. When the battle of Pharsalia decided the fate of the Roman
+world, he returned to Brundisium to await the arrival of the victorious
+Caesar, who generously extended a full and frank pardon to the
+vacillating orator. Cicero from this time withdrew from active public
+life and devoted himself to philosophy, except during the period
+immediately preceding his death. The loss of his daughter Tullia, the
+divorce of his wife Terentia, and the unhappy marriage with Publilia
+darkened the gloom which settled on his declining years. His high
+exultation on the assassination of Caesar was of only momentary
+duration, and was succeeded by dark forebodings of Marc Antony’s
+designs. As soon as the plans of the scheming triumvir were evident,
+Cicero attacked Antony’s character with all the powers of invective.
+Again he was the idol of the people and the champion of senatorial
+rights, but his popularity was only the last gasp of the dying liberties
+of Rome. The second triumvirate was formed, and each member of it
+sacrificed his friends to glut the vengeance of his colleagues; and to
+appease the brutal Antony, Cicero was sacrificed by Octavianus. Refusing
+to seek refuge in exile, he determined to die in the land he had saved,
+and was slain at Caieta by the emissaries of the bloodthirsty triumvir.
+
+  [Sidenote:
+  Works.]
+
+The works of Cicero are:--
+
+(1) _Orations_: Of the eighty speeches composed by him we possess,
+either entire or in part, fifty-nine. (See list).
+
+(2) _Philosophical works_.
+
+(3) _Correspondence_: Comprising _thirty-six_ books, _sixteen_ of which
+are addressed to Athens, _three_ to his brother Quintus, _one_ to
+Brutus, and _sixteen_ to his different friends.
+
+(4) _Poems_: Consisting of the heroic poems, _Alcyones_, _Marcus_,
+_Elegy of Tamelastis_, and _Translations_ of Homer and Aratus.
+
+
+II.
+
+LIFE OF CATILINE.
+
+  [Sidenote:
+  Birth. --His crimes. --Offices held. --First Conspiracy.
+  --Catiline’s Proposals. --The Conspiracy divulged. --First Speech
+  against Catiline.]
+
+=L. Sergius Catilina= was a Roman patrician, born about 108 B.C. From
+his father he inherited nothing but a noble name. In the turbulent
+scenes of the Sullan rule, Catiline played a conspicuous part, to which
+his undoubted ability, his undaunted courage, his iron constitution, his
+depraved morals, and excessive cruelty notoriously fitted him. He
+commenced his career by slaying, with his own hand, Q. Caecilius, his
+own brother-in-law, and by torturing to death M. Marius Gratidianus,
+a kinsman of Cicero. Though his youth was spent in open debauchery, and
+reckless extravagance, though he made away with his first wife and his
+son to marry the worthless and profligate Aurelia Orestilla, the guilty
+crimes of Catiline do not seem to have been any barrier to his
+advancement to political honors. He obtained the praetorship B.C. 68,
+and in the following year was propraetor of Africa. He returned to Rome
+B.C. 66 to press his suit for the consulship. The two consuls who had
+the highest votes were P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla, both
+of whom were convicted of bribery, and their election was declared void.
+Their places were filled by L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus.
+Catiline was prevented from being a candidate in consequence of an
+impeachment brought against him for mal-administration of his province
+of Africa by P. Clodius Pulcher, afterwards the implacable enemy of
+Cicero. Autronius and Catiline, exasperated by their disappointment,
+formed a league with Cn. Calpurnius Piso to murder the consuls on the
+first of January, to seize the _fasces_, and to occupy Spain. The plan
+leaked out, and was postponed till the fifth of February. The scheme,
+however, failed in consequence of Catiline giving the signal too soon.
+Resolutions were passed by the Senate condemning the conspiracy, but
+these were quashed by the intercession of a tribune. Some say that both
+Caesar and Crassus were involved in this First Conspiracy of Catiline.
+About this time, Catiline was acquitted of extortion (_res repetundae_),
+but the trial rendered him penniless. About the beginning of June,
+64 B.C., he began to plot more systematically to carry out his plans for
+a general revolution. A meeting was called for all those interested in
+the conspiracy. To this convention, eleven senators, four knights, and
+many of the noted men from the provincial towns assembled to hear the
+bold designs of the conspirator. Catiline proposed that all debts should
+be cancelled (_novae tabulae_), that the wealthy citizens should be
+proscribed, that offices of honor and emolument should be divided among
+his friends, and that the leaders of the conspiracy should raise armies
+in Spain and in Mauretania. Again he was a candidate for the consulship,
+and again he was doomed to disappointment. Cicero and Antonius were
+chosen, the latter, however, by only a few centuries over Catiline. This
+defeat embittered the animosity between the two parties. The conspirator
+raised large sums of money on his own security and on the credit of his
+friends, sent arms to various parts of Italy, levied troops in Etruria,
+and sent Manlius a veteran of Sulla to take command of the newly raised
+forces. The slaves were to be armed, the buildings of the city set on
+fire, the citizens indiscriminately massacred, and a reign of terror and
+bloodshed was to be inaugurated. In the midst of all these schemes,
+Catiline stood again for the consulship (63 B.C.), and was thwarted by
+the wariness and exertions of Cicero, who checkmated his schemes at
+every turn. One of the conspirators was Q. Curius, a man weak and
+vacillating. This man had a mistress, Fulvia, who was the repository of
+all his secrets. Alarmed at the audacious designs of the conspirators,
+she imparted her secrets to some of her acquaintances, and through her
+confidants the matter was betrayed to Cicero. After securing his
+personal safety, and withdrawing Antonius from the side of Catiline, the
+consul deferred the consular elections to lay before the Senate the
+whole conspiracy. At a meeting of the Senate, October 21st, 63, he told
+the Senators the danger that threatened the state. Many of those
+complicated in the conspiracy fled. By virtue of a _decretum ultimum_,
+which formula (_consules videant, ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat_)
+gave the consuls absolute civil and military power, Catiline was in
+danger of losing his life. Catiline, who was again a candidate for the
+consulship for 62 B.C., was rejected. An impeachment of sedition was
+also brought against him by L. Aemilius Paulus. On the 6th November,
+Catiline summoned the conspirators to the house of M. Porcius Laeca, and
+after accusing them of inactivity, he laid before him his plans. Cicero
+was to be removed, and L. Vargunteius, a senator, and C. Cornelius,
+a knight, were despatched to carry out the scheme, but were frustrated.
+Cicero called the Senate on November 8th, and delivered his first speech
+against Catiline, who, though overwhelmed with guilt, had still the
+audacity to appear among the senators.
+
+Altogether four speeches were delivered against Catiline. In the final
+debate as to the sentence, it was decided to put the apprehended
+conspirators to death. This sentence was carried out against some.
+Catiline and most fell, however, in the field at Pistoria (62 B.C.),
+fighting with a valour worthy of a better cause.
+
+
+III.
+
+CHRONOLOGY OF THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE.
+
+Date B.C. {Consuls.}
+
+   |Life of Catiline.
+
+   |   |Life of Cicero.
+
+68 {L. Caecilius Metellus, P. Marcus Rex}
+
+   |Catiline praetor
+
+67 {Calpurnius Piso, M. Acilius Glabrio}
+
+   |Catiline propraetor of Africa
+
+66 {L. Volcatius Tullus, M. Aemilius Lepidus}
+
+   |Catiline canvasses for the consulship: is accused of extortion by
+    P. Clodius. Catiline defeated in suing for consulship: forms a
+    league with Autronius and Piso. First conspiracy.
+
+65 {L. Manlius Torquatus, L. Aurelius Cotta}
+
+   |Catiline determines to slay the new consuls on the kalends of
+    January: plan discovered and deferred to February: Catiline gives
+    signal too soon and his plans frustrated.
+
+64 {L. Julius Caesar, C. Marcus Figulus}
+
+   |On the kalends of June, Catiline convenes his associates for a
+    second conspiracy. Eleven senators, four knights, and many
+    distinguished men assemble. Catiline again defeated for
+    consulship.
+
+63 {M. Tullius Cicero, C. Antonius Hybrida}
+
+   |Catiline accused by Lucullus of murder. Catiline again candidate
+    for consulship and defeated.
+
+   |   |Cicero convenes Senate, Oct. 20; lays plans of conspirators
+        before Senate: elections for consuls, which should take place
+        Oct. 21st, deferred.
+
+   |   |Oct. 21st: Letters brought by Crassus, threatening danger to
+        the State: the Senate convened in the temple of Concord. The
+        Senate passes _decretum ultimum_. On 22nd Oct. L. Licinius
+        Murena and D. Junius Silanus elected consuls.
+
+   |Oct. 23rd: Catiline accused under _Lex Plautia de vi_ by
+    Lucius Paulus.
+
+   |Oct. 27th: Manlius takes up arms in Etruria.
+
+   |Oct. 28th: Day appointed by Catiline for the murder of the
+    leading senators. (Cat. I., 3).
+
+   |Nov. 1: Catiline endeavors to take Praeneste by a night attack.
+
+   |Nov. 6th: Catiline assembles his friends at house of Laeca.
+
+   |Nov. 7th: Vargunteius and Cornelius attempt to assassinate Cicero.
+
+   |Nov. 8th: Catiline leaves Rome.
+
+   |   |Nov. 8: Cicero invokes the Senate in the temple of Juppiter
+        Stator. First Catilinarian oration delivered.
+
+   |   |The _second Catilinarian oration_ delivered from the _rostra_
+        to the people, Nov. 9th.
+
+   |Nov. 20th: A decree passed declaring Catiline and Manlius public
+    enemies.
+
+   |Dec. 2nd: The ambassadors of the Allobroges are seized with
+    documents proving conspiracy.
+
+   |   |Dec. 3rd: The _third Catilinarian oration_ delivered from the
+        rostra to the people. Rewards offered to all who would give
+        information as to the conspiracy.
+
+   |   |Dec. 5th: Fourth Catilinarian oration delivered in the temple
+        of Concord. The Senate decrees that the death penalty should
+        be inflicted on the conspirators. Five conspirators put to
+        death.
+
+62 {D. Junius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena}
+
+   |Jan. 5th: Battle of _Pistoria_: defeat and death of Catiline.
+
+   |   |Many Senators tried under the law _Lex Plautia de vi_ and
+        exiled.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.
+
+
+This speech may be divided into three parts:
+
+I. In the introduction Cicero in impassioned language expresses
+astonishment that Catiline should be so audacious as to come into the
+Senate while plotting the destruction of his country. The orator reminds
+Catiline that men less guilty have been slain in the earlier days of the
+republic, and gives reasons why the penalty of death should be meted out
+to the arch conspirator (I., II.).
+
+II. In the next part, Cicero gives reasons why Catiline should leave
+Rome and go to the camp of Manlius:
+
+(_a_) That his nefarious plot was well known, that his personal
+character was stained with many crimes, that his public life was
+abhorred by all, that his native land, though silent, eloquently pleads
+with Catiline to withdraw (III.-IX.).
+
+(_b_) That Catiline should depart to the troops raised in Etruria,
+whither he had sent Manlius to carry on the war, that the great delight
+of Catiline was to make war on his native land, and to mingle in the
+society of the conspirators.
+
+(_c_) That such withdrawal would be more advantageous to the State than
+the execution of the conspirators, that in the former case his abandoned
+followers would accompany Catiline, and thus the seeds of the rebellion
+would be extirpated.
+
+III. The orator promises the co-operation of all patriotic citizens in
+suppressing the conspiracy after Catiline and his associates had
+withdrawn. Then beseeching Catiline and the other conspirators to remove
+from Rome, the orator invokes the aid of Juppiter Stator to save Rome
+from the nefarious schemes of abandoned men.
+
+
+
+
+M. TULLII CICERONIS
+
+ORATIO IN L. CATILINAM
+
+
+PRIMA.
+
+HABITA IN SENATU.
+
+
+I.--1. [1]Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu
+[2]etiam [3]furor iste tuus [4]eludet? [5]Quem ad finem sese effrenata
+[6]jactabit audacia? [7]Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil
+urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium,
+nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque
+moverunt. Patere tua consilia non sentis? [8]Constrictam omnium horum
+scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid [9]proxima, quid
+superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii
+ceperis, quem [10]nostrum ignorare arbitraris? 2. O tempora, O mores!
+senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit.[1] Vivit? immo
+vero etiam [2]in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, [3]notat
+et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, [4]viri
+fortes, satis facere rei publicae [5]videmur, si istius furorem ac tela
+[6]vitemus. [7]Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem
+oportebat, [8]in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris.
+3. [1]An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus,
+Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus
+interfecit: Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare
+cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam [2]illa nimis antiqua praetereo,
+quod C. [3]Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, [4]novis rebus studentem, manu
+sua occidit. [5]Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, [6]ut
+viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum
+hostem coercerent. Habemus [7]senatus consultum in te, Catilina,
+[8]vehemens et grave: non deest [9]rei publicae consilium neque
+auctoritas hujus ordinis: [10]nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.
+
+II.--4. Decrevit [1]quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid
+res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla [2]intercessit; interfectus
+est [3]propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo
+[4]patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis[5] M. Fulvius
+consularis. [6]Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus
+est permissa res publica: [7]num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum
+plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata
+est? At vero nos [8]vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere [9]aciei horum
+auctoritatis. Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum
+[10]inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina reconditum,[11] quo ex senatus
+consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis,
+[12]et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio,
+patres conscripti, me esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae
+periculis me non [13]dissolutum videri, sed jam me ipse [14]inertiae
+nequitiaeque condemno. 5. [1]Castra sunt in Italia contra populum
+Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit [2]in dies singulos
+hostium numerus, eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium
+intra moenia atque [3]adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie
+perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te [4]jam, Catilina, comprehendi,
+si interfici jussero, [5]credo, erit [6]verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc
+omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum se dicat. Verum
+ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, [7]certa de causa nondum
+adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique [8]interficiere, cum jam nemo tam
+improbus, tam perditus, tam [9]tui similis inveniri poterit, [10]qui id
+non jure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu [1]quisquam erit qui te
+defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut [2]vivis, multis meis et
+firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne [3]commovere te contra rem publicam
+possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc
+[4]fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
+
+III.--[5]Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius [6]exspectes, si
+neque nox tenebris obscurare [7]coeptus nefarios neque [8]privata domus
+[9]parietibus continere [10]voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si
+[11]inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam [12]istam mentem, [13]mihi
+crede! obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. [14]Teneris undique: luce
+sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae jam mecum licet
+[15]recognoscas. 7. [1]Meministine me [2]ante diem duodecimum Kalendas
+Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis [3]certo die, qui dies futurus
+esset ante diem sextum Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, [4]audaciae
+satellitem atque administrum tuae? [5]Num me fefellit, Catilina, non
+modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum id quod multo
+magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, [6]caedem te
+[7]optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas Novembres, tum
+cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam [8]sui conservandi quam
+tuorum consiliorum [9]reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari
+potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere
+te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra
+tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas? 8. [1]Quid? cum
+tu [2]te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno
+impetu esse confideres, [3]sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu meis
+[4]praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? [5]Nihil agis, nihil
+moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam
+planeque sentiam.
+
+
+IV.--Recognosce mecum [6]tandem [7]noctem illam superiorem: [8]jam
+intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei
+publicae. [9]Dico te [10]priore nocte venisse [11]inter falcarios--non
+agam obscure [12]in M. Laecae domum: convenisse eodem [13]complures
+ejusdem [14]amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces?
+[15]convincam, si negas: video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui
+tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immortales! [1]ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem
+publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? [2]Hic, hic sunt in nostro
+numero, [3]patres conscripti, [4]in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo
+gravissimoque consilio, [5]qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus
+urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video et
+de re publica [6]sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos
+nondum voce [7]vulnero. Fuisti [8]igitur apud Laecam illa nocte,
+Catilina; [9]distribuisti partess Italiae; [10]statuisti quo quemque
+proficisci placeret, [11]delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum
+educeres, [12]discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te
+ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti [13]paullulum tibi esse [14]etiam tum
+morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt [15]duo equites Romani, [16]qui te
+ista cura liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo
+[17]lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego omnia,
+[1]vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam majoribus
+praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me [2]salutatum
+[3]mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis ac summis
+viris ad me [4]id temporis venturos praedixeram.
+
+
+V.--11. [1]Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, [2]perge quo coepisti, egredere
+aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te
+imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes
+tuos, [3]si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis,
+[4]dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam
+diutius non potes: [5]non feram, non patiar, non sinam. [6]Magna dis
+immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo
+custodi hujus urbis, gratia, [7]quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem
+tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. [8]Non est
+saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu
+mihi, [9]consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me
+praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis
+consularibus me consulem [10]in campo et [11]competitores tuos
+interficere voluisti, [12]compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum
+praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato: denique,
+[13]quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, [14]quamquam videbam
+[15]perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam.
+12. [1]Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum
+immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam [2]denique totam
+ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. [3]Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et
+quod hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum
+audeo, faciam id, quod est [4]ad severitatem lenius et ad communem
+salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica
+[5]reliqua conjuratorum manus: [6]sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor,
+exieris, [7]exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa
+sentina rei publicae. 13. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id
+[1]imperante me facere, quod jam tua sponte [2]faciebas? Exire ex urbe
+jubet [3]consul hostem. Interrogas me: [4]num in exilium? non jubeo,
+sed, si [5]me consulis, suadeo.
+
+
+VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, [6]quod te jam in hac urbe delectare
+possit? In qua nemo est [7]extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum
+qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. [8]Quae nota domesticae
+turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est? [9]Quod privatarum rerum dedecus
+non haeret in fama? [10]Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus
+unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? [11]Cui tu
+adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad
+audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti? 14. [1]Quid vero?
+[2]Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses,
+nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego
+praetermitto et facile [3]patior sileri, ne in hac civitate [4]tanti
+facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur.
+Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, [5]quas omnes impendere tibi
+proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam
+vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem,
+sed ad summam rem publicam atque [6]ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque
+pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli
+spiritus esse jucundus, [1]cum scias esse horum [2]neminem qui nesciat,
+te [3]pridie Kalendas Januarias [4]Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse
+in [5]comitio cum telo? Manum consulum et principum civitatis
+interficiendorum causa paravisse [6]sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem
+aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac jam
+illa omitto--[7]neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa
+postea:--quotiens tu me [8]designatum, quotiens consulem interficere
+voluisti! quot ego tuas [9]petitiones [10]ita conjectas, ut vitari posse
+non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi!
+nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens
+[1]tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens [2]excidit aliquo
+casu et elapsa est! [3]quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac
+devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore
+defigere.
+
+
+VII.--Nunc vero quae [4]tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar,
+non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, [5]sed ut misericordia,
+quae tibi [6]nulla debetur. Venisti [7]paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex
+hac tanta [8]frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si
+hoc [9]post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, [10]vocis exspectas
+contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus?
+[11]Quid? Quod [12]adventu tuo [13]ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod
+omnes consulares, [14]qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt,
+simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum [15]nudam atque inanem
+reliquerunt, quo [16]tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas? 17. [1]Servi
+[2]mehercule mei si me [3]isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes
+cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi [4]urbem nom
+arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus [5]injuria suspectum tam graviter atque
+[6]offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam [7]infestis oculis
+omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum [8]agnoscas
+odium omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, [9]dubitas, quorum
+[10]mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si
+te parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare
+posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis [11]aliquo concederes: [12]nunc te
+patria [13]quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et
+jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque
+auctoritatem [14]verebere nec judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
+18. [1]Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur:
+[2]‘Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum
+flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium [3]neces, tibi vexatio
+direptioque [4]sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: [5]tu non solum ad
+negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas
+perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt,
+tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te,
+quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium
+iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, [6]non est ferendum.
+Quamobrem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, [7]ne
+opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.’
+
+
+VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne [1]impetrare
+debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? [2]Quid? Quod tu te ipse [3]in
+custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa [4]apud M’. Lepidum
+te habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus
+es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id
+responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse [5]isdem parietibus tuto esse
+tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad
+[6]Q. Metellum praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum,
+[7]virum optimum, M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu [8]videlicet et ad
+custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et [9]ad
+vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere
+atque vinculis abesse debere, [10]qui se ipse jam dignum custodia
+judicarit? 20. [1]Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si [2]emori aequo animo
+non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis
+justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? [3]Refer,
+inquis, ad senatum; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo [4]sibi placere
+decreverit te ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam,
+id quod [5]abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid
+hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu
+in exilium, [6]si hunc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est,
+Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium?
+[7]Patiuntur, tacent. [8]Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum
+voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? 21. At si hoc idem [1]huic adulescenti
+optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo vero M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi
+consuli hoc ipso in templo jure optimo senatus [2]vim et manus
+intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum [3]quiescunt, probant, cum
+patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque hi solum, quorum
+auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam equites Romani
+honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi [4]cives, qui stant
+circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et
+voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus
+ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem
+vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas [5]prosequantur.
+
+IX.--22. [1]Quamquam quid loquor? [2]Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te
+unquam corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites?
+Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales [3]duint! Etsi video, si mea voce
+perterritus ire in exilium [4]animum induxeris, [5]quanta tempestas
+invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum
+tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. [6]Sed est tanti, dum modo ista
+sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu
+[7]ut vitiis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei
+publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te
+aut pudor unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
+revocaverit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si
+mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo [1]conflare vis invidiam, [2]recta perge
+in exilium; [3]vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem
+istius invidiae, si in exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. [4]Sin
+autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna
+sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne
+te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, [5]exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me
+non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.
+24. [1]Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse praemissos,
+[2]qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam
+[3]pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem. A quo etiam [4]aquilam illam
+argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac
+funestam futuram, [5]cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum
+fuit, sciam esse praemissam? [6]Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam
+venerari ad caedem proficisens solebas, a cujus [7]altaribus saepe istam
+impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti.
+
+X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista [1]cupiditas
+effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem,
+sed [2]quandam incredibilem voluptatem. [3]Ad hanc te amentiam natura
+peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu [4]non modo
+[5]otium, sed ne bellum quidem, nisi [6]nefarium concupisti. [7]Nanctus
+es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe
+derelictis [8]conflatam, improborum manum. 26. [1]Hic tu qua laetitia
+perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere,
+cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque
+videbis. [2]Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur
+labores tui, jacere humi, non solum [3]ad obsidendum stuprum, verum
+etiam [4]ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno
+maritorum, verum etiam bonis [5]otiosorum. [6]Habes, ubi ostentes,
+illam tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium,
+[7]quibus te brevi tempore conectum senties. 27. [1]Tantum profeci tum,
+[2]cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut [3]exsul potius tentare quam consul
+vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs te scelerate
+susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
+
+XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae
+querimoniam [4]detester ac deprecer, percipite, [5]quaeso, diligenter
+quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si
+mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si
+omnis res publica sic [6]loquatur; ‘M. Tulli, quid agis? [7]Tune eum,
+quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem
+exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris,
+principem conjurationis, [8]evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum,
+exire patiere, ut abs te non [9]emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem
+videatur? Nonne [10]hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo
+supplicio [11]mactari imperabis? 28. Quid [1]tandem te impedit? Mosne
+majorum? [2]At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos
+cives morte multarunt. [3]An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio
+[4]rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt,
+civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? [5]Praeclaram
+vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, [6]hominem per te cognitum,
+nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes
+honorum gradus extulit, si [7]propter invidiam aut alicujus periculi
+metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae
+metus, [1]num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam
+inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia,
+vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio
+conflagraturum?’
+
+XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui
+hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum
+[2]factu [3]judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari,
+[4]unius usuram horae [5]gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem.
+[6]Etenim si [7]summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum
+et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non
+contaminarunt, sed etiam [8]honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat,
+ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem
+redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui
+semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
+30. [1]Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, [2]qui aut ea quae imminent
+non videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: [3]qui spem Catilinae mollibus
+sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo
+corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi,
+verum etiam imperiti, [4]si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie
+factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana
+castra [5]pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat
+conjurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc
+autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem [6]paulisper
+reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi [7]se ejecerit secumque
+suos eduxerit et eodem [8]ceteros undique collectos naufragos
+adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec [9]tam adulta
+rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium.
+
+XIII.--31. Etenim [1]jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis
+conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto [2]omnium
+scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus
+tempus erupit. Quodsi [3]ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur,
+videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati,
+periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque [4]in
+visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, [5]cum
+aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam [6]biberunt, primo relevari
+videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic
+morbus, [7]qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, [8]vehementius
+vivis reliquis ingravescet. 32. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a
+bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi,
+discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare
+tribunal [1]praetoris urbani, [2]obsidere cum gladiis curiam,
+[3]malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique
+inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque, [4]quid de re publica sentiat.
+Polliceor vobis hoc, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore
+diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis
+virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione
+[5]omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis.
+33. [1]Hisce ominibus, Catilina, [2]cum summa rei publicae salute, cum
+tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere
+parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum,
+[3]tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs [4]auspiciis a Romulo es
+constitutus, quem [5]Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,
+hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac
+moenibus a vita fortunisque civium [6]arcebis, et homines bonorum
+inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac
+nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque
+mactabis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+[Transcriber’s Note:
+
+This text has two traditional divisions, Chapters and Sections, which
+do not always coincide. Sections that straddle two Chapters are shown
+here as “6a” and “6b”:
+
+  CHAPTER I:    Section 1, 2, 3
+  CHAPTER II:   Section 4, 5, 6a
+  CHAPTER III:  Section 6b, 7, 8a
+  CHAPTER IV:   Section 8b, 9, 10
+  CHAPTER V:    Section 11, 12, 13a
+  CHAPTER VI:   Section 13b, 14, 15, 16a
+  CHAPTER VII:  Section 16b, 17, 18
+  CHAPTER VIII: Section 19, 20, 21
+  CHAPTER IX:   Section 22, 23, 24
+  CHAPTER X:    Section 25, 26, 27a
+  CHAPTER XI:   Section 27b, 28, 29a
+  CHAPTER XII:  Section 29b, 30
+  CHAPTER XIII: Section 31, 32, 33]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+§ 1.--
+
+1: _quousque--nostra?_ “How far, then, Catiline, will you trample upon
+our patience?” The abrupt opening of the speech shows the feelings of
+the orator whose indignation was naturally aroused when the conspirator
+dared to appear in the Senate after being declared a public enemy
+(_hostis patriae_). --_tandem_: “pray:” cp. δῆτα. --_abutere_: a future,
+as shown by _eludet, jactabit_. Cicero prefers the more poetic
+termination _-re_ to _-ris_ in the imperf. and fut. indic. and in the
+pres. and impf. subj. pass. In the pres. indic. he rarely uses it.
+Madvig. § 114.6. --_nostra_: Cicero includes the Senators and Consuls.
+
+2: _etiam_: “still,” belongs to _quamdiu_.
+
+3: _furor iste_: note the energy imparted by personifying _furor_ and
+_audacia_. --_iste_ is strictly a pronoun demonstrative of the second
+person: _iste locus_, “the place where you are standing:” _ista verba_:
+“the words you utter.” It often had a contemptuous meaning in Cicero’s
+orations.
+
+4: _eludet_: “will turn us into mockery:” a gladiatorial term of
+avoiding a thrust by the rapid movement of the body: hence, to baffle,
+deceive, and, as here, to mock. --_Nos_ is omitted by some editors.
+
+5: _quem--audacia_: “to what length will your unbridled audacity
+proceed?” --_quem ad finem_ = _quousque_ or _quamdiu_. According to
+Schultz _quousque_ puts the more general question of _time_ and
+_degree_: _quamdiu_, the more special question, of _time_ only: _quem
+ad finem_: of _degree_ only.
+
+6: _jactabit_ = _insolenter se efferet: se jactare_, “to toss the head
+contemptuously,” “to walk with a conceited swing.”
+
+7: _nihilne--moverunt?_ “Have the guards nightly stationed on the
+Palatine nothing daunted you? Nothing, the sentinels of the city;
+nothing, the trepidation of the people; nothing, the thronging together
+of all patriotic (citizens); nothing, this most impregnable place for
+convening the Senate; nothing, the countenances and looks of these?”
+Observe the emphatic position of _nihil_ in the beginning of successive
+clauses (_anaphora_). --_Palatii_: the Palatine hill was adjacent to the
+Forum. It was here that Augustus built a splendid mansion: hence our
+word _palace_ from the residence of the emperor built on the _Palatium_.
+In times of danger the Palatium, one of the most important military
+posts of the city, was occupied by a guard. Originally the word meant
+the “feeding place:” root _pal, pascere_: cp. _Pales, Palilia_. Varro
+derives it from _pal_, “to wander:” cp. _palor_. It may have been the
+“common” for cattle in early days. --_Vigiliae_: under the republic, on
+emergencies, the _triumviri capitales, aediles_ or _tribuni plebis_
+acting as a kind of police appointed night watches to keep order.
+--_timor populi_: cp. Sallust. Cat.: C. 31: _immutata urbis facies erat:
+ex summa laetitia atque lascivia ... repente omnes tristitia invasit_.
+--_bonorum omnium_: with _bonus_: cp. ἀγαθός, often used in the sense of
+“patriotic,” opposed to _malus civis_, κακός: “unpatriotic.” --_locus_:
+the Senate was usually convened on the Kalends, Nones and Ides of each
+month, and the meeting usually held in the Curia Hostilia. Extraordinary
+meetings (_senatus indictus_) as the present one were convened in some
+temple, or other place consecrated by the augurs. The present meeting
+was held in the temple of Juppiter Stator, near the _via sacra_, at the
+foot of the Palatine, which might be said to be _munitissimus_ from the
+special guard there as well as from its position. --_ora vultusque_: the
+former denotes the natural and habitual state, as expressed by the mouth
+and the lower part of the face: while the latter indicates the temporary
+and changing state, as expressed by the motion of the eye and brow.
+
+8: _constrictam--vides_: “do you not see that your conspiracy has
+already come within the privity of all these?” literally, “is held bound
+by.” Orelli distinguishes between _non_ and _nonne_ in direct questions.
+Where _non_ is used, the speaker, sure of his opinion, does not heed the
+answer of the opponent; where _nonne_ is used, the speaker expects and
+wishes that the person questioned will agree with him. --_constrictam
+teneri_: the metaphor is taken from chaining a wild beast to which he
+here compares the conspiracy.
+
+9: _proxima_: this speech was delivered November 8th: so _nox proxima_
+would be the night of 7th: --_nox superior_, the night of the 6th, also
+called _nox prior_, § 8. On this occasion they were at the house of
+M. Porcius Laeca. What they did on the _nox proxima_ we are not
+informed. --_egeris, fueris, convocaveris, ceperis_: subjunctive of
+dependent question: H. 529, I.
+
+10: _nostrûm_: distinguish _nostrum_ used partitively and _nostri_ used
+possessively.
+
+
+§ 2.--
+
+1: _vivit? immo vero_: Cicero often connects a word by putting that word
+in the form of a question with or without _dicam_ and answering it by
+_immo_. According to Madvig, (§ 454) _immo_ corrects a former statement
+as being quite inaccurate, or too weak, though true as far as it goes.
+--_immo vero_: “nay, indeed.”
+
+2: _in senatum venit_: as _vir praetorius_ Catiline had a right to enter
+the Senate.
+
+3: _notat et designat_: a metaphor from the marking of the animals
+appointed for sacrifice. Cicero often uses synonymous words to impress
+the idea more strongly: “he marks and stamps each one of us for
+slaughter:” cp. Leg. Man. 3, 7. _Cives Romanes necandos trucidandosque
+denotavit._
+
+4: _viri fortes_: ironical.
+
+5: _videmur_, scil. _nobis_: “we fancy that we are doing our duty to the
+state.”
+
+6: _si--vitemus_: for the subj. in _protasis_, and indic. in _apodosis_,
+see H. 511.
+
+7: _ad mortem--opportebat_: “to death long ago, O Catiline, ought you to
+have been dragged by the order of the consul?” Note the emphatic
+position of _ad mortem. --duci_: for the present inf: see. H., 537, I.
+--_jussu consulis_: the Senate had entrusted the safety of the State by
+the _decretum ultimum_ (_videant consules, ne quid detrimenti respublica
+capiat_). By the power vested in the consuls in consequence of this
+decree they had the power to put Catiline to death.
+
+8: _in te--machinaris_: “On you should that ruin long since have been
+hurled which you for a long time have been plotting against us all.”
+Join _jampridem_ from the previous clause with _conferri_. The present
+tense in Latin with _jamdiu_ includes past tense: cf. πάλαι λέγω,
+_jamdiu dico_: “I have long ago told you and do so still.”
+--_machinari_; μηχανᾶσθαι, to plan by _artful_ and _secret_ means:
+_moliri_, to plan by _strong_ effort.
+
+
+§ 3.--
+
+1: _An vero_: the original force of _an_ is “or,” and when used
+interrogatively the sentence is elliptical. Here we may supply: “Am I
+right in my conjecture or, in fact, did that illustrious man, P. Scipio,
+chief pontiff, though filling no magistracy, slay Tiberius Gracchus when
+slightly disturbing the settled order of the State.” We may conveniently
+translate here _an vero_ by: “while, in fact.” The argument here is _a
+minore ad majus_. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica consul with D. Junius
+Brutus 138 B.C. Cicero probably adds _pontifex maximus_ to remind his
+hearers of the high dignity and prudence which a man gifted with this
+office would possess. He also uses _privatus_ because in contrast to
+_consules_, the office of _pontifex maximus_ not being a _magistratus_.
+_Tiberium Gracchum_: see Proper Names --_mediocriter labefactantem_:
+Cicero designedly extenuates the guilt of Gracchus to heighten the
+crimes of Catiline. In fact, the orator represents the guilt of Gracchus
+in different lights according to the exigencies of his cause: cp. De
+Leg. Ag., 2, 5, 10: De Off. II., 12, 43. --_Catilinam_: emphatic
+position: “Catiline, desiring to devastate the world with sword and fire
+shall we consuls tolerate?” --_orbis terrae_: there is little difference
+between _orbis terrae_ and _orbis terrarum_. --_caede atque incendiis_:
+also _ferro et igni_.
+
+2: _illa_: “the following instance:” though only the case of Ahala is
+mentioned, the plural is probably used to intimate that other cases
+might be adduced.
+
+3: _C. Servilius Ahala_: see Proper Names.
+
+4: _novis--studentem_: “aiming to overturn the government:” cp.
+νεωτερίζειν.
+
+5: _fuit-fuit_: note the emphatic repetition of the word (_epizeuxis_).
+--_ista virtus_: here _ista_ = _illa_: “that well-known public spirit:”
+We may take _virtus_ = _amor patriae_: “patriotism.”
+
+6: _ut--coercerent_: “that brave men inflicted severer punishment on a
+factious citizen then on the bitterest foe” --_suppliciis_: abl. means.
+
+7: _senatus consultum_: the decree arming the consuls with civil and
+military power. The formula was _videant consules ne quid respublica
+detrimenti capiat_.
+
+8: _vehemens et grave_: “full of force and severity.”
+
+9: _rei publicae_: generally taken as a dative after _deest_: others
+take it as a genitive depending on _consilium_, i.e., there is no lack
+of precedents of the state, i.e., the state have many instances of
+wicked citizens being punished. The state, according to Cicero, has
+enough of wisdom (_consilium_) and determining authority (_auctoritas_),
+but the executive power is weak.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+§ 4.--
+
+1: _quondam_: 121 B.C.: see _C. Gracchus_, in Proper Names. In a decree
+of this kind both consuls were named. The other, Q. Fabius, was at that
+time in that part of Gaul known afterwards as Provincia, and his absence
+from Rome may account for the omission of his name from the decree.
+
+2: _intercessit_: i.e., between the passing of the decree and the death
+of Gracchus.
+
+3: _propter--suspiciones_: another case of extenuation to bring out more
+vividly the guilt of Catiline. Distinguish _suspĭcĭo, suspīcĭo_.
+
+4: _patre-majoribus_, scil. _ortus_: abl. of origin. The father of
+C. Sempronius Gracchus was Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, who twice held the
+consulship (177 B.C., and 163 B.C.), the censorship (169 B.C.), twice
+enjoyed a triumph, once over the Celtiberians, 178 B.C., and once over
+the Sardinians, 175 B.C. The mother of the Gracchi was Cornelia,
+daughter of P. Scipio Africanus Major, who defeated Hannibal at Zama
+202 B.C. Thus Gracchus united in himself two of the noblest families in
+Rome.
+
+5: _M. Fulvius_: one of the commissioners appointed to carry out the
+_lex agraria_ of C. Gracchus. He was killed with his eldest son in the
+fray in which Gracchus was slain. The youngest son was killed after the
+conflict.
+
+6: _simili-publica_: some omit the commas after _senatusconsulto_ and
+_consulibus_ and thus make _Mario_, _Valerio_ datives; others retain the
+commas and make these words ablative absolute. The event happened in the
+sixth consulship of Marius, 102 B.C. Lucius Saturninus and C. Servilius
+Glaucia were guilty of killing C. Memmius who was seeking the
+consulship. Both Saturninus and Glaucia were driven into the Capitol and
+put to death.
+
+7: _num--est?_ “Did the punishment of death inflicted by the state cause
+L. Saturninus, the tribune of the people, and C. Servilius, the praetor,
+to wait for a single day?” --_mors ac rei publicae poena_ = _mortis
+poena a re publica inflicta_.
+--_at vero_: “but we assuredly.”
+
+8: _vicesimum diem_: the 18th day since the _senatus consultum_ was
+passed. The decree was passed Oct. 21st and this oration was delivered
+Nov. 8th. The Romans, however, reckoned both days.
+
+9: _aciei_: “the edge:” root _ac_: “sharp.”
+
+10: _inclusum in tabulis_: “shut up among our records” i.e. a useless
+decree unless carried into effect.
+
+11: _quo--convenit_: “and in accordance with this decree, you,
+O Catiline, should be at once put to death:” with _confestim_: cp.
+_festino_.
+
+12: _et vivis_: rhetorical for _et vivis quidem_ or _idque_.
+--_cupio--cupio_: “I desire, on the one hand,--I am anxious, on the
+other.” --The acc. of pronouns gives more prominence to the circumstance
+wished by disconnecting it from the _cupio_.
+
+13: _dissolutus_: “remiss,” “forgetful of duty.” Synonymous with
+_neglegens_.
+
+14: _inertiae nequitiaeque_: “of sloth and irresolution.”
+
+
+§ 5.--
+
+1: _castra--collocata_: “a camp is pitched,” at Faesulae (now
+_Fiesole_), which lies on a spur of the western slope of the Appenines,
+not far from Florence. At this place Manlius had collected a number of
+soldiers who had served under Sulla.
+
+The term _fauces_, literally “jaws,” is often used for a mountain pass:
+cp. Scott: Lady of the Lake: “Led slowly through the pass’s jaws.”
+
+2: _in dies singulos_: “daily,” always joined to some word of
+comparative force and expressing daily increase or diminution:
+_cottidie_, simply daily repetition. --_imperatorem ducemque:
+imperator_, a military leader deriving his authority from the Senate:
+_dux_, simply a leader.
+
+3: _adeo in Senatu_: “in the very Senate,” or as Zumpt (§ 737) takes it,
+“nay more,” “nay even in the Senate.”
+
+4: _jam_: “now at once.” --_jussero_: the fut. pf. often represents the
+speedy accomplishment of a fut. action.
+
+5: _credo_: used ironically: cp. οἴομαι. Here the word may be equivalent
+to _non erit verendum_.
+
+6: _verendum mihi_, etc.: “I shall have to fear (i.e. I am convinced)
+that all patriots will regard your death as occuring too late, rather
+than as too severe and cruel,” or as Wilkins translates: “Certainly it
+is more likely that all patriots will consider this action too late,
+than that anyone should consider it too cruel.” Explain _quisquam_.
+
+7: _certe--adducor_: “for a certain reason, I am not yet led to do:”
+i.e. the fear of punishing Catiline before his guilt was fully
+ascertained lest he might pass for an injured man with his sympathizers.
+Cicero’s object was to cause Catiline and his associates to leave Rome.
+
+8: _interficiere_: i.e. “you will be ordered to be put to death.” Others
+read _interficiam te_.
+
+9: _tui similis_: _similis_ in Cicero generally takes _genitive or
+dative_ of persons: _dative_ of things.
+
+10: _qui_ = _ut is_: “as not to confess that it was justly inflicted.”
+--_id_, i.e. _te interficiam_ from _interficiere_ before.
+
+
+§ 6.--
+
+1: _quisquam_: for use, see H. 457.
+
+2: _multis--oppressus_: “beset by many powerful guards placed by me:”
+note the idiom. Cicero had guards placed not only in the capital, but
+also throughout Italy.
+
+3: _te commovere_: “to make any farther movement:” a metaphor taken from
+the gladiatorial contests.
+
+4: _fecerunt_ = _speculati sunt et custodiverunt_: the verb _facio_ in
+Latin, and ποιέω in Greek, and _do_ in English, are often used as
+substitutes for other verbs.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+5: _Etenim--potest?_ This gives a reason for the clause _sed
+vives--possis_.
+
+6: _exspectes_: H. 503, I.
+
+7: _coeptus nefarios_: “your traitorous attempts:” another reading is
+_coetus_.
+
+8: _privata domus_: the house of M. Porcius Laeca.
+
+9: _parietibus_: abl. means. Distinguish _moenia_ (root _mun_, to
+defend: cp. ἀμύνειν), the walls of a city for defensive purposes:
+_murus_ (= _mun-rus_), any kind of wall: _paries_ (root _par_, to
+separate): the partition walls of a house: _maceria_, a garden wall.
+
+10: _voces conjurationis_ = _voces conjuratorum_: “the voices of the
+conspirators:” Cicero often uses abstract for concrete terms.
+
+11: _inlustrantur_ opposed to _obscurare_ as _erumpunt_ to _domus ...
+continet_.
+
+12: _istam mentem_: “that resolve of thine,” i.e. of remaining in the
+city to murder the people.
+
+13: _mihi crede_ = _me sequere_: “follow my advice:” _mihi crede_ is the
+common order in Cicero: _crede mihi_ in other writers.
+
+14: _teneris undique_: “you are hemmed in (i.e. convicted) on every
+hand.”
+
+15: _quae--recognoscas_: “and these plans you may now review with me:”
+Construe: _quae_ (= _et haec_, scil. _consilia_) _licit_ (_tibi ut_)
+_recognoscas jam mecum_.
+
+
+§ 7.--
+
+1: _meministine_ = _nonne meministi_: the particle _-ne_ added to a verb
+has sometimes in Cicero the force of _nonne_. Cp. Cat. Major, C. 10.
+_videtisne_ = _nonne videtis_. So frequently in Terence, Plautus, and in
+colloquial Latin: H. 396, II. I.
+
+2: _ante-Novembres_: “on the 12th day before the Kalends of November,”
+i.e. on October 21st. This anomolous mode of expression probably arose
+from the transposition of _ante_. Having one written _ante die duodecimo
+Kalendas_, they would easily be led to infer that _ante_ governed _die_
+and so would write _ante diem duodecimum Kalendas_. For the method of
+computation of time among the Romans, see H. 642.
+
+3: _certo die, qui dies_: the repetition of the subst. after the
+relation may be explained on the ground of clearness.
+
+4: _audaciae--tuae_: “the partisan and agent of your audacious schemes.”
+The words _satelles_ and _administer_ are synonymous, the former being
+more poetical and explained by the latter, which is the more common.
+
+5: _num--dies?_ “was I, O Catiline, ignorant not merely of an attempt so
+enormous, so wicked, so surpassing belief, but, a thing which is more to
+be wondered at, of the day?” --_me fallit_: cf. _latet me_, λανθάνει με.
+
+6: _caedem--Novembres_: “that you had fixed the 28th October for the
+slaughter of the nobles.” The construction is _in diem quintum ante
+Kalendas Novembres_. Predetermination of future time is often expressed
+by _in_ with acc.: as _in diem posterum senatum convocavit_, not “he
+summoned the Senate _on_ the next day,” but “_for_ the next day.”
+
+7: _optimatium_: is the only word, not a proper name, in _-at_, that
+makes the gen. pl. in _-ium_. --_Roma_: Give rules for the construction
+of the names of towns.
+
+8: _sui conservandi_: _sui_ like _nostri, vestri_ is not a gen. pl. but
+a gen. sing. of an adj. used collectively and abstractly: “not for
+self-preservation:” Madvig, 297, b. c.: 417.
+
+9: _reprimendorum_: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_: “of
+preventing your plans being carried out.” This is probably a rhetorical
+flourish on the part of Cicero, as no such fact is mentioned by Sallust.
+Among those who fled, according to Plutarch, was M. Crassus.
+--_num--dicebas?_ “Can you deny that on that very day, beset by the
+guards I had placed, by my watchfulness, you could take not one step
+against the state, when on the departure of the others you,
+nevertheless, expressed yourself satisfied with the murder of us who
+remained?” --_discessu ceterorum_: the ablative here supplies the place
+of a participial abl. absol. --_nostra--caede--qui_: the relative is
+made to refer to an antecedent implied in _nostra_: H. 445, 6, --_quum_:
+is often used by Cicero in the impf. indic. when the bare notion of time
+or of continuance is to be expressed. --_remansissemus_: virtual oblique
+narrative: hence the subjunctive.
+
+
+§ 8.--
+
+1: _quid_: “further”: lit. “what shall I say?” scil. _dicam_.
+
+2: _te--occupaturum_: “that you would anticipate us in seizing Praeneste
+in an attack by night on the first of November.” With _occupare_: cp.
+φθάνειν: no other writer mentions this fact. --_ipsis_: _ipse_ denotes
+exactness in temporal expressions: _triginta ipsi dies_, “exactly thirty
+days.”
+
+3: _sensistisne_ = _nonne sensistis_: see note 1, § 7, above.
+
+4: _praesidium_, a guard in a general sense: _custodiae_, watches on the
+wall: _vigiliae_, night watches.
+
+5: _nihil--nihil, nihil_: see note 7, § 1. “There is nothing you do,
+nothing you plan, nothing you think which I do not hear only, but also
+see or clearly perceive.” Some read _non modo_ for _non modo non_, which
+the senses requires.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+6: _tandem_: see note 1, § 1. The orator implies by this particle the
+fulness of his knowledge.
+
+7: _noctem illam superiorem_: “the events on the night preceding the
+last:” i.e., the events on the night of the 6th November, when the
+meeting was held at the house of M. Porcius Laeca. --_illam_ here does
+duty for the definite article in English.
+
+8: _jam--reipublicae_: “You shall presently perceive that I am much more
+actively watchful for the safety of the state than you are for its
+destruction” --_intelliges_: what compounds of _-lego_ have _lexi_ in
+the perfect? --_acrius_?
+
+9: _dico_: this passage is executed with fine skill. At first the orator
+states the fact clearly and briefly. He notes the effect on the
+conspirator and calls for an answer: after no reply is given, Cicero
+goes into details.
+
+10: _priore nocte_: “on the night preceding (the last)”: a change for
+_superiore nocte_. Others say it means _initio noctis_.
+
+11: _inter falcarios_, scil. _opifices_: “through the scythe makers’
+street:” a street in Rome deriving its name from the occupation of its
+inhabitants. Cp. Isocr. Areopag. § 48: ἐν ταῖς αὐλητρίσιν: Livy, 35, 43:
+_inter lignarios_ “in the woodcutters’ street.”
+
+12: _in--domum_: is the preposition necessary?
+
+13: _complures_: Sallust (Cat. 17) gives the names of eleven senators
+who were present on this occasion.
+
+14: _amentiae_: distinguish _amentia_ and _dementia_.
+
+15: _convincam_: “I will prove it.”
+
+
+§ 9.--
+
+1: _ubinam gentium sumus!_ This phrase is very much the same as ours,
+“where in the world are we?” It is often used in rhetorical writings and
+in the comic poets. For the partitive genitive, see H. 397, 4.
+
+2: _hic, hic_: Epizeuxis: note the emphatic repetition.
+
+3: _patres conscripti_: said to be for _patres et conscripti_. The
+senators were called _patres_. In the wars of the early republic many
+were killed. To fill the place of those slain some were summoned
+(_conscripti_.) Hence the original senators--those summoned--were
+addressed as _patres et conscripti_: afterwards the _et_ was omitted.
+
+4: _in--consilio_: “in this most venerable and respectable assembly of
+the whole world.” The term _sanctus_ applied to the senate may refer to
+the building in which it was convened. The usual distinction between
+_consilium_ and _concilium_, that the former means advice, plans, while
+the latter means an assemblage, with regard to those who compose it,
+does not hold good. The roots of these words are different, _consilium_:
+from _con_, _sed_, to sit: cp. _sedes_, _solium_, ἕδος; for the change
+of _d_ to _l_: cp. δάκρυ, lacrima; _olere_, _odere_. --_concilium_:
+_con_, _cal_, to summon: cp. _Kalendae_, _calare_, καλεῖν.
+
+5: _qui--cogitent_: “(are men so nefarious) as to plan the destruction
+of every one of us, and the ruin of this city and further of the whole
+world.” --_qui_ = _tales ut. --adeo_: literally, “up to this point:”
+then, “in fact.”
+
+6: _sententiam rogo_: supply _hos_ from the preceding. _Sententiam rogo_
+is said of the presiding magistrate who, in proposing a _senatus
+consultum_, asked individually the will of the senators.
+
+7: _vulnero_: by mentioning their names publicly.
+
+8: _igitur_: resumes (_analeptic_) the argument referring to the
+question, _num rogare audes?_ Catiline had left this unanswered. Having
+been interrupted by the outbreak of his indignation, the orator now
+returns to the doings of the conspirators at the house of Laeca.
+
+9: _distribuisti_: Sallust (C. 27) informs us that C. Manlius was sent
+to Faesulae, and the adjoining territory of Etruria: Septimius, into the
+Picene territory: C. Julius, into Apulia.
+
+10: _statuisti--placeret_: scil: _locum_: “you appointed the place to
+which it was agreed on that each should set out:” For subjunctive in
+_placeret_, see H. 529, I.
+
+11: _delegisti--educeres_: “you picked out those whom you were to leave
+at Rome, whom you were to take with you.” Sallust (Cat. C. 43) says that
+Statilius and Gabinius were to set fire to the city, and Cethegus was to
+assassinate Cicero, and Lentulus to superintend the general massacre.
+
+12: _discripsisti_: _discribo_ is used where the fundamental notion is
+to map out, plan, arrange, put in order, as _distribuere_, _dividere_,
+_disponere_: _describo_ is to write down, to compose. Sallust (Cat. C.
+43) says that the conspirators were to fire twelve (Plutarch says a
+hundred) parts of the city at one and the same time. For _discripsisti_:
+cf. Cic. Pro Sulla, 8: _Tam Catilina dies exurendi tum caeteris manendi
+conditio, tum discriptio totam per orbem caedis atque incendiorum
+constituta est_.
+
+13: _paullulum--morae_: “that you still had even now a slight cause of
+delay.” _Paullulus_ is a dual diminutive for _paurululus_ = _paullulus_:
+_u_ being omitted before the first _l_ and the _r_ assimilated: cp.
+_sterula_ = _stella_. --_viverem_: subj.: giving the opinion of
+Catiline.
+
+14: _etiam tum_: is used to express the words of Catilina, not those of
+Cicero.
+
+15: _duo equites_: according to Cic. (Pro Sulla, 18, 52) one was
+C. Cornelius: Sallust (Cat. C. 18) mentions the Senator L. Vargunteius
+as the other.
+
+16: _qui--liberarent_: “to free you from the fear you had:” _qui_ =
+_tales ut_.
+
+_illa ipsa nocte_: these knights were to pay their intended visit in the
+morning, where the Roman magistrates and distinguished men held their
+audiences and received their clients.
+
+17: _lectulo_: the diminutive here has scarcely any force. There may be
+a slight reference to its comfort: “my dear bed.”
+
+
+§ 10.--
+
+1: _vixdum--dimisso_: “when your meeting was hardly as yet broken up.”
+
+_Comperi_: Cicero gained his knowledge from Curius and Fulvia (Sall.
+Cat. C. 28). According to Merivale, Cicero used _comperio_ when he was
+wont to indicate his knowledge of facts, though afraid of revealing the
+sources of his information. The word does not always have this force.
+
+2: _salutatum_: supine after a verb of motion. What different ways of
+expressing a purpose in Latin?
+
+3: _mane_: another form is _mani_: cp. _luci_, _heri_, locatives.
+
+4: _id temporis_: for partitive genitive: H. 397, note 5.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+§ 11.--
+
+1: _quae--sint_: “since these facts are so:” often used to sum up a
+chain of facts founded on evidence.
+
+2: _perge quo coepisti_, scil. _pergere_: “proceed as you have begun.”
+Conjugate _pergere_.
+
+_desiderant_: “feel the loss of.” _desiderare_, to feel the loss of an
+object of love or sympathy: hence “to yearn after;” _requirere_: to feel
+the loss of a thing, as an act of the understanding.
+
+3: _si minus_ = _si non_. Construe: _si minus (educis omnes, educ) quam
+plurimos (educere potes)_.
+
+4: _dummodo--intersit_: cp. Plutarch (Cicero 16): “and Cicero arising
+ordered him to leave the city; for while he himself carried on his
+political contest by words and Catiline by arms, there must needs be a
+city wall between them.”
+
+5: _non--sinam_: note the _anaphora_. Cicero uses three synonymous verbs
+to express the thought that he will not endure the conduct of Catiline
+under any circumstances. We may translate: “I cannot, will not, shall
+not endure it.”
+
+6: _magna--urbis_: “much gratitude is due to the immortal gods and
+especially (_atque_) to this Juppiter Stator, the most ancient guardian
+of our city.” Distinguish _gratiam habere_, to feel thankful: _gratias
+agere_, to return thanks in words: _gratiam referre_, to show oneself
+thankful by deeds. Juppiter obtained the name Stator because he is said
+to have stayed the flight of the Romans when they were hard pressed by
+the Sabines. The place where the flight was arrested was marked by a
+temple vowed by Romulus at the foot of the Palatine (Livy I. 12).
+
+7: _quod--effugimus_: “because we have already escaped so often a pest
+so cruel, so dreadful, so dangerous to the state” --_toties_: referring
+to the earlier conspiracy of Catiline which failed.
+
+8: _non--reipublicae_: “it must not again and again depend on one man
+that the existence of the state should be in peril:” or, “the safety of
+the state must not be often exposed to danger by one man.” A similar
+expression is found: Cic. Pro. Rosc. Amer. 51. 148: _summa res publica
+in hujus periculo tentatur_.
+
+9: _consuli designato_: in the days of Cicero the consuls were elected
+on the 22nd October, but did not formally enter upon their office till
+January 1st. Between the time of their election and entering upon
+office they were called _consules designati_. --_proximis comitiis
+consularibus_: referring to Oct. 22nd.
+
+10: _in campo_, scil. _Martio_: the consular elections were held in the
+Campus Martius, a plain between the city and the Tiber.
+
+11: _competitores_: D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena.
+
+12: _compressi--copiis_: on the day of the consular elections, we are
+told by Plutarch, Cicero put on a coat of mail and was attended by the
+chief men of Rome and a great number of youths to the Campus Martius. He
+there threw off his _toga_ and displayed his coat of mail to show the
+danger to which he was exposed. The people were so angry with Catiline
+that they chose Murena and Silanus as consuls.
+
+13: _quotiescumque--obstiti_: “as often as you aimed at my life, by my
+own resources did I oppose you:” _petere_ is a gladiatorial term, “to
+aim a blow at an opponent.”
+
+14: _quamquam videbam_: distinguish _quamquam_, introducing a conceded
+fact and in good authors used with the indicative from _quamvis_
+introducing a purely hypothetical case and used with the subjunctive.
+H., 516, I. and II.
+
+15: _perniciem--conjunctum_: “that my destruction was linked with the
+signal downfall of the state” --_pernicies_: from _per-_ root _nec_: cp.
+_nex_, _noceo_, hence utter destruction --_calamitas_: another form is
+_cadamitas_: from _cado_, to fall: for the interchange of _d_ and _l_:
+cp. _odere_, _olere_: _dingua_, _lingua_.
+
+
+§ 12.--
+
+1: _nunc jam_: emphatically, “now” --_jam nunc_: is “even now” (i.e.,
+before the regular time), or “now at last.”
+
+2: _denique_: “in a word.”
+
+3: _quare--audeo_: “wherefore since I do not yet dare to pursue that
+course which first presents itself and which is in accordance with the
+power (I hold) and the principles of our ancestors” --_imperii_ genitive
+after _proprium_. What cases may _proprius_ govern? _imperii_ refers to
+the extraordinary power which he had by the decree _videant consules ne
+quid detrimenti respublica capiat_. This decree (_decretum ultimum_)
+armed the consuls with civil and military authority. Others say _imperii
+proprium_ means, “in accordance with this government.”
+
+4: _ad--lenius_: “milder as regards severity,” or “in point of
+severity.” _Ad_ = _quoad, quoad attinet ad, si spectes_. He uses _ad
+communem salutem utilius_ to balance _ad severitatem lenius_.
+
+5: _reliqua--manus_: “a remnant of the conspirators.” Ernesti reads
+_aliqua_ for _reliqua_.
+
+6: _sin_: “if, on the other hand.”
+
+7: _exhaurietur--reipublicae_: “there shall be drained off from the city
+a great and destructive refuse of the state composed of your comrades.”
+_Exhaurio_: cp. ἀντλέω properly to drain the bilge water (ἄντλος
+_sentina_) out of the hold of a vessel. --_tuorum comitum_: this
+secondary genitive is one of explanation (_expexegetical_).
+
+
+§ 13.--
+
+1: _imperante me_: abl. absolute.
+
+2: _faciebas_ = _facere volebas_: Madvig, § 337, obs. I.
+
+3: _consul hostem_: note the emphatic juxtaposition of these words.
+
+4: _num--exilium_, scil. _jubes me exire_: “You do not order me to go
+into exile, do you?” Distinguish _exilium_, _deportatio_, and
+_relegatio_: see Antiquities.
+
+5: _me consulis_: distinguish _me consulit_, _mihi consulit_, _in me
+consulit_.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+6: _quod--possit_: H., 503, I.
+
+7: _extra--hominum_: “unconnected with that band of conspirators
+composed of worthless men” --_conjuratio_: used in a concrete sense:
+cp. _advocatio_, _servitium_. For subjunctive: H., 500, I.
+
+8: _quae--est?_ “what stain of domestic infamy has not been branded on
+your life?” Distinguish: _nŏtă, nōtă, nŏtā_. The expression _nota
+domesticae turpitudinis_ differs in meaning from _privatarum rerum
+dedecus_: the former relates to moral or immoral domestic life, the
+latter to all private actions as opposed to those that affect a man’s
+public character. _Nota_ is applied (1) to the brand on cattle; Virg.
+Georg. 3, 158: (2) to the mark placed on a fugitive slave when retaken:
+(3) to the mark placed by the censor (_nota censoria_) on revising the
+list of citizens, opposite the name of the person degraded. According to
+Plutarch, Catiline had slain his own brother and murdered his own son
+that there might be no obstacle to his marrying Aurelia Orestilla.
+
+9: _quod--fama_: “what scandal in private life does not cling to your
+notorious acts?” Some read _infamiae_, a dat, after _haeret_, which is
+sometimes found. Give the different constructions of _haerere_.
+
+10: _quae--afuit_: “what act of impurity ever was strange to your eyes,
+what enormity to your hands, what pollution to your whole body?”
+--_libido_; licentiousness, in a general sense; _facinus_, a bold,
+daring deed, in a bad sense, unless justified by some favourable
+epithet: _flagitium_, a disgraceful, lustful excess.
+
+11: _cui--praetulisti?_ “to what youth, after you had once entangled him
+by the allurements of vice, did you not hand either a dagger to commit
+some daring deed, or a torch to inflame his passion?” --_adulescentulo_:
+the diminutive is used in a depreciatory sense, since many a weak youth
+was misled by Catiline (Sallust Cat., c. 14). --_facem_: the figure
+refers to the nightly revels and debauches of Catiline. Slaves carried
+torches before their masters at night to show the way. The torch of
+Catiline not merely showed the way to crimes, but served to inflame the
+passions of lust.
+
+
+§ 14.--
+
+1: _quid vero?_ scil. _dicam_; “further:” lit. “what, indeed, shall I
+say?”
+
+2: _nuper--cumulasti?_ “When lately by the death of your first wife you
+had rendered your home empty to contract a new marriage, did you not
+aggravate this crime by committing another incredible act of guilt?” It
+is said that Catiline poisoned his first wife and murdered his own son,
+to marry Aurelia Orestilla.
+
+3: _patior_: “I suffer myself:” a kind of middle form: cp. _glorior_,
+_vescor_, _vertor_, _lavor_.
+
+4: _tanti--immanitas_: “so enormous a crime.”
+
+5: _quas--senties_: “which you will find wholly threaten you on the next
+Ides.” On the _ides_ it was usual to pay interest on borrowed money, cp.
+Hor. Ep. 2. The _ides_ (_idus_, from _iduare_, to divide) were on the
+13th of each month, except in March, May, July, October, when they fell
+on the 15th. As this oration was delivered on the 8th, Catiline had only
+five days to prepare against bankruptcy. Decline _idus_? What words are
+fem. of 4th decl.?
+
+6: _ad--pertinent_: “to these I come, which concern not the personal
+disgrace which attaches to your vices, (which concern) not the
+embarassment and scandal of your home, but (which concern) the welfare
+of the state and the life and safety of us all.” --_ignominiam_:
+referring to his personal crimes. --_difficultatem_: his financial
+difficulties.
+
+
+§ 15.--
+
+1: _cum scias_: for subjunctive: H. 522, II. 2.
+
+2: _neminem_: decline this word.
+
+3: _pridie--Januarias_: scil _ante_: “on the day before the Kalends of
+January,” i.e. December 31st, Sallust gives an account of this earlier
+conspiracy. The plan was to murder the consuls in the capitol, then
+Catiline and Autronius were to seize the consular power. Suetonius says
+that both Crassus and Caesar were partners in guilt, and that the scheme
+failed because Crassus did not appear at the proper time. A second time
+(5th February) an attempt was made, but this also failed in consequence
+of Catiline having given the signal too soon before a sufficient number
+of followers had arrived.
+
+4: _Lepido et Tullo consulibus_: M. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Volcatius
+Tullus were consuls 66 B.C. The _consules designati_ were P. Autronius
+Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla: but these were disqualified for bribery
+and L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatius (their accusers)
+obtained the consulship.
+
+5: _comitio_: distinguish _comitium_ and _comitia_. Where was the
+_comitium_? --_manum--paravisse?_ scil. _potestne--scias_: “that you
+collected a gang to slay the consuls and leading men of the state?”
+
+6: _sceleri--obstitisse?_ “that no reflection or fear of yours, but the
+good luck of the state thwarted your wicked and frenzied attempt!” Is
+_aliquis_ commonly used in negative clauses?
+
+7: _neque--postea_: i.e., _nam quae post a te commissa sunt, ea neque
+obscura sunt, neque panca_.
+
+8: _Consulem designatum_: see note 9, § 11.
+
+9: _petitiones_: see note 7, § 11.
+
+10: _ita--effugi_: “aimed in such a way that they seemed impossible to
+be parried have I avoided by a slight side movement, and, as they term
+it, by (a deflection of) the body.” --_petitio_, _declinatio_, _corpus_,
+_effugio_, are terms of the fencing school purposely used by Cicero to
+show that Catiline was no better than a gladiator: cp. Cic. Cat. II. 2.
+--_ut aiunt_: cp. ὡς ϕασί: “as the saying is.”
+
+
+§ 16.--
+
+1: _tibi_: ethical dative: H. 389. --_jam_: “ere now.” --_de manibus_ is
+explanatory (_epexegetical_) to _tibi_.
+
+2: _excidit_, distinguish _excīdit_, _excĭdit_.
+
+3: _quae--defigere_: the position of the relative and the indirect
+interrogation is foreign to our idiom, and must be avoided in
+translation: _quae_ = _et haec_, scil. _sica_: “and I know not by what
+(unhallowed) rites it has been consecrated and devoted to its purpose by
+you that you deem it necessary to plunge it in the body of the consul.”
+Cicero here refers to the fact that a human sacrifice took place at the
+house of Catiline, and that the dagger used on that occasion was
+dedicated to the purpose of slaying the consuls: cp. Sallust, Cat.
+C. 23.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+4: _tua--ista vita_: “that life that you lead.”
+
+5: _sed ut_: construe _sed (tecum loquar) ut misericordia (permotus esse
+videar)_.
+
+6: _nulla_: stronger than _non_: “not at all,” “not a particle.”
+
+7: _paullo ante_: “a moment ago.”
+
+8: _frequentia_: “throng,”: cp. _frequens senatus_: “a crowded senate,”:
+--_necessarii_: cp. ἀναγκαῖοι. --_salutavit_: among the Romans it was
+customary when they saw their friends or eminent men approaching to rise
+up, and salute or courteously address them.
+
+9: _post--memoriam_: “within the memory of men”: cp. Thucy. I. 7: ἀϕ᾽ οὗ
+Ἕλληνες μέμνηνται.
+
+_contigit_: generally means, “it befalls” of fortunate occurences, but
+not always.
+
+10: _vocis--contumeliam ... judicio taciturnitatis_: Chiasmus.
+--_vocis--taciturnitatis_ = _loquentium--tacitorum_: “are you waiting
+for reproofs from those speaking, when you are overpowered by the most
+solemn sentence of those, though they are silent.” The reference is to
+the fact that the Senate had declared Catiline _patriae hostis_, and had
+received him with silence on entering the Senate.
+
+11: _quid?_ scil. _dicam_. We often find _quid? quod_ used by Cicero in
+rapid rhetorical questions: Madvig., 479, d. obs. 1.
+
+12: _adventu tuo_: see note 9, § 7: _abl. time_.
+
+13: _ista subsellia_: “the benches near you.” The seats of the senators
+(_subsellia_) were beneath that of the consul (_sella curulis_), which
+was on a platform.
+
+14: _qui fuerunt_: “who have been often destined for slaughter by you.”
+--_tibi_: dat. for abl. with _abs_ = _abs te_. Distinguish _constituti
+sunt_ and _constituti fuerunt_.
+
+15: _nudam atque inanem_: “completely bare:” Cicero often uses two
+epithets of nearly the same meaning to emphasize the idea to be
+conveyed.
+
+16: _tandem_: see note 1, § 1.
+
+
+§ 17.--
+
+1: _servi--arbitraris_: a fine example of the argument _a fortiori_. The
+Latins call this _amplificatio_ (Quint. 8, 4, 9), the Greeks ἐνθύμημα,
+a rhetorical conclusion, drawn from opposites.
+
+2: _me hercule_: either (1) _me, Hercules juvet_, or (2) _me, Hercules,
+juves_. We also find _me hercules_, _mehercle_, _mercule_, varieties of
+the same oath. For the tendency to drop _s_ final: cp. Peile (Greek and
+Latin Etymology, p. 355).
+
+3: _isto pacto_: “in the way.” --_isto_ here does duty for the article
+or may be = _eodem_.
+
+_omnes_: the fellow-conspirators are no longer regarded as citizens by
+Cicero.
+
+4: _urbem_: scil., _relinquendam_.
+
+5: _injuria_: “without any just cause.”
+
+6: _offensum_ = _invisum_, _odiosum_.
+
+7: _infestis_: another form is _infensis_: “menacing.”
+
+8: _agnoscas_: distinguish _agnosco_, _ignosco_, _cognosco_,
+_recognosco_, in meaning.
+
+9: _dubitas--vitare_: when _dubito_ means “to doubt:” _non dubito_ is
+properly construed with _quin_ and the subjunctive, rarely with the
+infinitive. But when _dubito_ means “to scruple,” “to hesitate,” and the
+sentence following contained the same subject, _non dubito_ is generally
+construed with the infinitive.
+
+10: _mentes sensusque_: “souls and senses.”
+
+11: _aliquo_: “to some place or other.”
+
+12: _nunc_ = νῦν δέ, “but now, as it is,” used to contrast _actual_ and
+_imagined_ condition.
+
+13: _jamdiu--cogitare_: “and for a long time has it come to the
+conclusion that you have been planning nothing but her ruin.” --_nihil =
+de nulla re_. --_parricidio_ = _interitu_, because _patria_ is regarded
+_communis parens_. According to Roman law _parricidium_ included the
+murder of intimate friends as well as of parents.
+
+14: _verebere_: _vereor_, a religious reverence due to a superior:
+_pertimesco_, an excessive dread of impending calamity.
+
+
+§ 18.--
+
+1: _quae--loquitur_: a fine personification. Note the _oxymoron_ in
+_tacita--loquitur_.
+
+2: _nullum_: note the emphatic positions of _nullum--nullum_.
+
+3: _neces_: alluding to the murders which Catiline perpetrated as a
+partisan of Sulla, during the dictatorship of the latter.
+
+4: _sociorum_: in 67 B.C. Catiline was propraetor of Africa. In 65 B.C.
+he was accused by P. Clodius Pulcher, the inveterate enemy of Cicero,
+for cruel oppression of the provincials, but he succeeded in buying off
+the accuser, and the persecution came to nothing.
+
+5: _tu--valuisti_: “you had power enough not only to disregard the
+judicial trials, but also to subvert them and weaken their power.”
+Distinguish _jus_, what the law ordains, or the obligations it imposes,
+from _lex_, a written statute or ordinance. --_quaestiones_: the
+_praetor urbanus_ and _praetor peregrinus_ dispensed justice in private
+and less important cases. In case of any magnitude the people acted as
+jury themselves, or appointed one or more to preside at the trial. Those
+appointed were called _quaesitores_ or _quaestores_. In 150 B.C. _four_
+permanent praetors were appointed to aid the _praetor urbanus_ and
+_praetor peregimus_. One had charge of all cases of extortion; another,
+of bribery; another, of treason; another, of frauds against the public
+treasury. These four classes of trials were called _quaestiones
+perpetuae_.
+
+_superiora_: “former acts of yours.”
+
+6: _nunc--ferendum_: “but now that I should be wholly on your account
+the slave of fear, that in every, even the least rumour, Catiline should
+be dreaded, that no plot seems possible to be entered into, in which
+your villany has no share (these things, I say), are not to be endured.”
+--_totam_: fem: referring to _patriam_.
+
+7: _ne--opprimar_: scil. _discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe_.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+§ 19.--
+
+1: _Impetrare_: “to obtain its request:” i.e. _ut ex urbe exeas_.
+
+2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, § 16.
+
+3: _custodiam_: when a person of rank was suspected of any treasonable
+act, he generally surrendered himself into the hands of some responsible
+person, to be guarded until his guilt or innocence was established. This
+was called _custodia libera._
+
+4: _apud M’_: another reading is _ad M._ The person was Manius (not
+Marcus) Lepidus who held the office of consulship with Volcatius Tullus
+B.C. 68.
+
+_domi meae_: would _domi_ with other adjectives be allowable?
+
+5: _isdem parietibus_: here the idea of _means_ is combined with that of
+place: H. 425, II., 1.1.
+
+_qui--essem = quippe qui--essem_: “inasmuch as I was in great danger.”
+
+_quod--contineremur_: when does _quod_ take the indicative and when the
+subjunctive: H. 516, I., II.?
+
+6: _sodalem_: “your boon companion:” distinguish _socius_ (root _sec_,
+to follow, hence _sequor_), a follower: _consors_, a partner in lot:
+_comes_, a companion on a journey: _sodalis_, a boon companion.
+
+7: _virum optimum_: probably ironical: nothing is known of him, except
+that he was weak and simple.
+
+8: _videlicet_ and _scilicet_: “no doubt”: both introduce an explanation
+with the difference, that the former generally indicates the true, the
+latter, the wrong explanation, though sometimes, as in the present
+passage, the meanings are reversed. Z. 345.
+
+9: _ad vindicandum_: “in bringing you to punishment.”
+
+_a vinculis_: the state prison which was used to detain prisoners, not
+for penal imprisonment in opposition to (_custodia libera_) private
+custody.
+
+10: _qui_ = _quippe qui_: H., 517.
+
+
+§ 20.--
+
+1: _quae cum ita sint_: see note.
+
+2: _emori_: another reading is _morari_, antithetical to _abire_.
+
+3: _refer ad senatum_: “bring up (the matter scil. _rem_) before the
+Senate.” --_referre_ is the technical term to express the laying of the
+subject for debate before the Senate, which was done by the consul or
+presiding magistrate: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement of
+anything: _placere_, is the usual term to express the decision of the
+Senate. The aristocratic party had advised Catiline to go into exile,
+preferring that he should take this course rather than that they should
+have an open conflict with him.
+
+4: _sibi--decreverit_: “shall decree by their vote.” The senators voted
+“yea” or “nay” by saying _placet_ or _non placet_.
+
+5: _abhorret--moribus_: “is inconsistent with my character.” The fact is
+the Senate could not pass a sentence of exile.
+
+6: _si--expectas_: “if it is this word (exile) you are waiting for.”
+
+7: _patiuntur--tacent_: i.e., they suffer me to use this bold language
+to you and still they raise no word on your behalf.
+
+8: _quid--perspicis?_ “why do you wait for the sentence of these in
+words, where will you perceive, though they are silent?”
+
+
+§ 21.--
+
+1: _huic_: “who is present.” P. Sestius Gallus was quaestor to the
+consul Antonius who as _tribunus plebis_ in 57 B.C. was active for
+Cicero’s recall from banishment. Cicero defended him in 56 B.C. in an
+action _de vi_.
+
+2: _vim--intulisset_: “would have laid violent hands on me:” a species
+of hendiadys. Even his dignity as consul, and the sacred shrine of
+Juppiter Stator would not have shielded him.
+
+3: _quiescunt probant_: _patiuntur_, _decernunt_: _tacent_, _clamant_:
+note these examples of _oxymoron_.
+
+4: _cives_, scil. _idem faciunt_ i.e. _silentio probant_. The _equites_
+formed the second or middle order of the Roman State.
+
+5: _prosequantur_: those who went into voluntary exile were often
+accompanied to the gates by their friends. An escort is promised
+Catiline to express the delight in getting rid of him.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+§ 22.--
+
+1: _quamquam_: cp. καίτοι; “and yet,” used here as a corrective
+particle.
+
+2: _te_; scil. _sperandumne sit fore ut_: “is it to be expected that
+anything will break your resolve?” Note the emphatic positions of _te_,
+_tu_, _tu_, _tu_. What feelings do these interrogations express?
+
+3: _duint_ = _dent_: often used in religious formulas. Give the
+construction of _utinam_: H., 483, I.
+
+4: _animum induxeris_: Cicero uses the form _animum inducere_ (except in
+Pro Sulla, 30, 83) and Livy always _in animum in pucere_.
+
+5: _quanta--impendeat_: “what a storm of unpopularity threatens me, if
+not at present, on account of the memory of your crimes being fresh,
+still in the future time.” --_recenti_ = _memoria_: abl. of cause. --_in
+posteritatem_ = _in posterum tempus_. _impendeat_: indirect question.
+
+6: _sed--sejungatur_: “but (the unpopularity you threaten) willingly
+will I undergo (literally, pays me well) provided the loss which you
+forbode is confined to myself and does not involve danger to the State.”
+--_tanti_: genitive of price. The subject of _est_ is _invidiam istam
+mihi impendere_.
+
+7: _ut--ut--ut_: these three clauses are explained by the three
+beginning with _aut, aut, aut_. --_pudor_ = αἰδώς; “a sense of shame,
+or modesty.”
+
+
+§ 23.--
+
+1: _conflare_: a metaphor taken from metals: literally, “to smelt
+together:” hence “to heap upon.”
+
+2: _recta_, scil. _via_: “straightway.”
+
+3: _vix--vix_: note the emphatic positions: “hard will it be for me to
+bear the weight of the unpopularity caused by you, if you go into exile
+by the order of the consul,” --_sermones_: “the censure:” cp. our
+expression “to be the talk of the town.” _feceris_: see note 4, § 6.
+
+4: _sui--mavis_: “but if, however, you prefer to consult my praise and
+glory.” _laus--gloria_ are originally derived from the same root CLU,
+“to hear:” _laus_ = _(c)lau(d)s_: _gloria = clu-oria_.
+
+5: _exsulta--latrocinio_: “triumph in your impious bandit war.” _latro_:
+properly a mercenary soldier who serves for pay (λατρεία): afterwards,
+“a brigand.” _impio_: as being against his native land: cp. _pietas erga
+patriam_, “patriotism.”
+
+
+§ 24.--
+
+1: _quamquam_: see note 1, § 22. _invitem_: rhetorical question: H. 529.
+
+2: _qui--armati?_ “to wait for you arms near Forum Amelium.” _ad_
+before the name of towns denotes (1) direction; (2) proximity, as in
+this passage. Towns were called _Fora_, by the Romans, where the praetor
+held his circuits for administering justice and where markets were
+established. The town mentioned here was in Etruria between the Armenta
+(_Fiora_) and Marta, not from the sea. It is now called _Monte Alto_. It
+derived its name from one Aurelius, who built the _Via Aurelia_ from
+Rome to Pisa.
+
+_praestolarentur_: the word _praestolari_, is “to wait for” said of a
+subordinate who performs some services for a superior.
+
+3: _pactam--diem_: from what verb is _pactam_? --_dies_, in the sense of
+a “fixed day” is usually feminine.
+
+4: _aquilam_: the same that Marius carried in his Cimbric war. Catiline
+fell beside it at Pistoria (Gall. Cat. C. 59). A silver eagle with
+extended wings, and on the top of a spear was the ensign of the whole
+legion. The _signa_ were the standards of the _manipuli_ and the
+_vexillum_ is the standard of the cavalry.
+
+5: _cui--fuit_: “for which the secret place where you concocted your
+crimes was prepared in your house.” The eagle was usually kept in a part
+of the _praetorium_ which was consecrated (_sacrarium_).
+
+6: _tu--solebas_: scil. _credendumne sil fore_: “is it to be believed
+that you could any longer be without this, to which you when setting out
+to slaughter were wont to pay your vows?”
+
+7: _altaribus_: only plural in classical Latin.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+§ 25.--
+
+1: _haec res_: i.e. _hoc bellum contra patriam, haec civium caedes_.
+
+2: _quandam--voluptatem_: “a kind of delight, (really) inconceivable.”
+
+3: _ad--servavit_: “it was for this mad career that nature gave you
+being, inclination trained you, fate reserved you:” distinguish
+_amentia_, and _dementia_.
+
+4: _non modo_, for the omission of _non_ after _non modo_, see Madvig.,
+§ 461, C. When the sentence is negative, _non modo = non modo non_, the
+second _non_ being omitted, if both sentences have the same verb, and if
+the verb is contained in the second sentence, for the negative is thus
+considered to belong conjointly to both sentences. Z. 724., b.
+
+5: _otium_: “peace,” opposed to _bellum_.
+
+6: _nefarium_: “unhallowed,” as involving _impietas contra patriam_.
+
+7: _nanctus es_: “you have got together.” --The orator is _atque (ex)
+derelictis ab non modo omni fortuna, verum etiam (a) spe_.
+
+8: _conflatam_: a metaphor taken from metals, “smelted together,” hence
+“collected.”
+
+
+§ 26.--
+
+1: _hic_: i.e. _inter ejusmodi hominum gregem_. --_qua--perfruere_:
+“what gratification will you experience.” Notice the climax in this
+sentence.
+
+2: _ad--tui_: “it was for the earnest prosecution of this life that
+these feats of endurance, which are made so much of, were practised.”
+--_meditari_: is used passively: as _abominatus, amplexus, confessus,
+detestatus, dimensus, exsecratus, moderatus, suetus_. M. 153. With
+_meditari_: cp. μελετᾶν.
+
+3: _ad--stuprum_: “to watch for an opportunity to commit an act of
+debauchery.” = _ad tempus stupro opportunum observandum_. The infinitive
+clauses _jacere, vigilare_, are in opposition with _labores_.
+
+4: _ad--obeundum_: “to execute some daring deed.”
+
+5: _otiosorum_: “the peaceable citizens.” Another reading is
+_occisorum_.
+
+6: _habes--omnium_: “you have (now) an opportunity of showing the
+renowned endurance you have for withstanding hunger, cold, (and) a need
+of all things:” cp. Sallust, Cat. C., 5: _corpus potiens inediae,
+vigiliae, algoris, supra quam unquam credibile est_.
+
+7: _quibus_: to be referred to _famis, frigoris, inopiae_, not to
+_omnium rerum_.
+
+
+§ 27.--
+
+1: _tantum confeci_: “this much, I gained.”
+
+2: _quum--reppuli_: at the last election, Cicero adopted these measures
+especially aimed at Catiline: a bill to increase the penalty against
+bribery (_ambitus_); by disarranging the plans of Catiline in putting
+off the elections, and appearing in the Campus Martius in armour.
+
+3: _exul--consul: latrocinium--bellum_: note the _paronomasia_.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+4: _detester ac deprecer_: both these words mean “to seek to remove
+anything from one, such as blame, &c., by calling the gods to witness
+(_testari deos_) and by imploring (_precari_) their aid.” Note the
+middle force of these deponents.
+
+5: _quaeso_: conjugate this verb.
+
+6: _loquatur_: see § 18.
+
+7: _tune_: join with _exire patiere_.
+
+8: _evoratorum servorum_: Catiline, however, refused the help of slaves
+(Sallust, Cat. C., 56), though Lentulus urged him to use these.
+
+9: _emissus--immissus_: paronomasia.
+
+10: _hunc--duci_: what is the usual construction of _imperari_? H.
+498, I. The infinitive with _imperare_ is always passive.
+
+11: _mactari_: the official word of sacrifice, “to slay a victim.” It is
+connected with old verb _magere_: probably “to strike:” cp. μάχη, hence
+“to kill.”
+
+
+§ 28.--
+
+1: _tandem_: cp. note 1, § 1. Cicero shews that neither precedent, nor
+laws, nor the judgment of future generations deter Catiline.
+
+2: _At_: introduces the objection of an opponent: “Yes, but.” Cicero
+refers here to the case of P. Scipio Nasica who headed the nobility
+against Tib. Gracchus.
+
+3: _an leges?_ Principally the _leges Valeriae_, and _leges Porciae_.
+The former were proposed by (1) P. Valerius Poplicola 509 B.C. which
+enacted that no Roman magistrate should put to death or flog a Roman
+citizen if he had appealed to the people: (2) in 449 B.C. L. Valerius
+Potitus enacted that no magistracy should be held with an exemption from
+appeal: (3) in 300 B.C. M. Valerius Corvus brought in a bill sanctioning
+the other laws on the subject of appeal. The _leges Porciae_ were
+proposed by three of the _Porcii_, and exempted from stripes the persons
+of Roman citizens, and imposed heavy fines on any one who should scourge
+or kill a Roman citizen.
+
+4: _rogatae sunt_: “have been passed.” The people at the _comitia_ were
+_asked_ to pass a law by the presiding magistrate in the words
+“_velitis, jubeatis, Quirites_.” Hence _rogare legem_, “to pass a bill.”
+When the people voted _two_ ballots were usually given them, one marked
+with the letters U R (i.e. _uti rogas_ or “yea”), and the other with A
+(i.e. _antiquo, antiqua probo_, “I annul”).
+
+5: _praeclaram gratiam_: “a fine return:” strongly ironical.
+
+6: _hominem--cognitum_: i.e. _hominem novum_: the Romans applied the
+term (_novus homo_) to the first of a family who had raised himself to a
+consul office, _tam mature_: the _lex annalis_ enacted that no one could
+obtain the _quaetorship_ till he was 31; the _aedileship_ till 37; the
+_praetorship_ till 41; and the _consulship_ till 43. Cicero means that
+he obtained these offices as soon as he was eligible to hold them.
+
+7: _propter invidiam_: “because of too disquieting fear of
+unpopularity.”
+
+
+§ 29.--
+
+1: _num--pertimescenda?_ “Is the ill-will arising from a strict and a
+firm discharge of duty to be feared rather than that arising from
+indolence and indifference.”
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+2: _factu_: give rules for the use of the supines: H. 547.
+
+3: _judicarem_: this tense in the _protasis_ with the plupf. in the
+_apodosis_, denotes that the action is going on simultaneously.
+
+4: _unius--horae_: “the enjoyment of a single hour.” _Usura_: properly
+“interest” paid for the _use_ of capital.
+
+5: _gladiatori isti_: contemptuously.
+
+6: _etenim_: “and (well may I make this assertion), for:” cp. καὶ γάρ.
+
+7: _summi viri_: referred to the _magistratus; clarissimi cives_, to the
+_viri privati_.
+
+8: _honestarunt_=_decoraverunt_: “graced.”
+
+
+§ 30.--
+
+1: _quamquam_ = καίτοι, corrective: “and yet.”
+
+2: _qui--dissimulent_: “of such a character that they either are blind
+to those evils which threaten us, or profess blindness in regard to the
+things they see.” _Qui_ = _tales ut_: H. 501: this explains this
+subjunctive.
+
+3: _qui--aluerunt_ = _hi--aluerunt_: not to be connected with _nonnulli
+sunt_, as this would require _aluerint_.
+
+4: _si--animadvertissem_: “if I had punished him,”: with such a meaning
+understand _supplicio_: the preposition _in_ is necessary when the
+meaning is “to punish with an authoritative and steady hand.” _regie_:
+“in a tyrannical manner.”
+
+5: _pervenerit_: fut. perf.
+
+6: _paulisper--posse_: “may for a season be repressed, but cannot for
+ever be suppressed”; _reprimo_: to hold in check merely for a short
+time; _comprimo_: to completely check.
+
+7: _se ejecerit_ scil. _ex urbe_.
+
+8: _ceteros naufragos_: “the rest of his shipwrecked band of followers”:
+i.e., shipwrecked in character and fortune by reason of their excesses.
+
+9: _tam adulta pestis_: “this fully developed plague-poison”: _adulta_:
+from root _ul, ol, al_, “high.”
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+§ 31.--
+
+1: _jamdiu_: for the space of three years from the consulate of Lepidus
+and Tullus, 66 B.C.; _nescio quo pacto_: “in some way or other”:
+literally, “I know not on what terms”: cp. οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον,
+_nescio quo modo_.
+
+2: _omnium--erupit_: a pregnant construction as if he had meant: “all
+these crimes have been a-ripening up to, and the continued career of
+frenzy and boldness have burst forth in, the time of my consulship.” The
+metaphor is probably borrowed from an ulcer, bursting when ripe.
+
+3: _ex tanto latrocinio_ = _ex tot latronum numero_, _latrocinium_ =
+_latrones_, cp. _servitium_ = _servi_: _conjuratio_ =
+_conjurati--residebit_: the metaphor is taken from a subtle poison in
+the system. The state is looked upon by the orator as the body, the
+conspiracy as the fever, and the execution of Catiline as the draught of
+cool water which momentarily refreshes.
+
+4: _visceribus_: _viscera_ were the upper vitals, including the heart,
+lungs, liver, &c: _intestina_, were the liver vitals. Observe the force
+of _atque_ and the repetition of the preposition.
+
+5: _cum--jactantur_: there is no hendiadys here, but merely an
+accumulation of synonymous terms. Observe the middle force of
+_jactantur_: “toss themselves about.”
+
+6: _biberint_: Madvig reads _biberunt_.
+
+7: _qui est_: “which exists.” --_relevatus_: “mitigated.”
+
+8: _vehementius--ingravescet_: “shall become more chronic if the others
+are allowed to live”: _vivis reliquis_: abl. abs.
+
+
+§ 32.--
+
+1: _praetoris urbani_: L. Valerius Flaccus was _Praetor Urbanus_ at this
+time, and the partisans of Catiline thronged around his _tribunal_ to
+intimidate him when delivering judgment in cases of debt.
+
+2: _obsīdĕre--curiam_: “to beset the senate house in arms.” Romulus
+divided the people into three tribes (_tribus_) and each tribe was
+divided into ten wards (_curiae_). Each _curia_ had a temple for the
+performance of its religious rites and for holding political meetings:
+the root is _cur_: “to be powerful;” cp. Quirites, hence, “the powerful
+men”: κύριος, κοίρανος-- _cum gladiis_ = _armati_.
+
+3: _malleolos_: properly _malleolus_, is “a hammer,” the tranverse head
+of which was formed for holding pitch and tow. These latter were set on
+fire and thrown slowly that they might not be extinguished, to ignite
+houses and other buildings. Translate “fire-darts.”
+
+4: _quid--sentiat_: “what his sentiments are respecting the state:” dep.
+quest. --_polliceor--fore_: what verbs are construed with the future
+infinitive?
+
+5: _patefacta--oppressa_: note the balancing of these words, and the
+_asyndeton_.
+
+
+§ 33.--
+
+1: _hisce ominibus_: “with these prophetic words”: a kind of abl.
+absolute.
+
+2: _cum--exitio_: “with the best interests of the republic (fully
+established), and with your own calamity and ruin (fully assured) and
+with the destruction of these”: _cum_ here denotes an accompanying
+circumstance as a result or consequence of an action: z, 472.
+
+3: _tu_: addressing the statue of Juppiter in the temple of Juppiter
+Stator.
+
+4: _auspiciis_: not only temples but also statues were consecrated, by
+taking auspices.
+
+5: _statorem_: “the flight staying”: see note 6, § 11. A kind of
+rhetorical exaggeration, as the temple was only viewed by Romulus and
+built much later; Livy x. 37.
+
+6: _arcebis_: with a softened imperative force: so also _mactabis_.
+
+
+
+
+PROPER NAMES.
+
+
+A
+
+=Ahāla, -ae=: m.: _Caius Servilius Ahala_ was master of the horse to the
+dictator Cincinnatus, 439 B.C. Spurius Maelius, one of the _Equites_,
+bought corn at a low rate and distributed it gratuitiously to the poor.
+By this he gained the favour of the plebeians, but incurred the enmity
+of the patricians. When he was summoned by the dictator to appear on the
+charge of aiming at royal power, he refused, and Ahala, with an armed
+band, rushed into the crowd where he was standing, and slew him. Cicero
+often praises the deed of Ahala, but it is doubtful whether it can be
+defended.
+
+E
+
+=Etrūrĭa, -ae=: f.: a large district of Italy, lying west and north of
+the Tiber. This part of Italy was generally favorable to Catiline. In it
+were _Faesulae_, and _Pistoria_, where Catiline fell, 62 B.C.
+
+F
+
+=Faesulae, ārum=: f.: now _Fiesole_, near Florentia (_Florence_), in
+Etruria. Here Catiline raised the standard of rebellion.
+
+=Fŏrum Aurēlĭum, Fŏri Aurēlĭi=: n.: a town of Etruria, on the Aurelian
+way; now _Monte Alto_.
+
+=Flaccus, -i=: m.: _M. Fulvius Flaccus_ was charged with the execution
+of the Agrarian law of the Gracchi, and aided Tib. Gracchus to gain for
+all the Italians the rights of Roman citizenship. He was cited along
+with the consul Opimius to render an account of his conduct with regard
+to the revolutionary measures then proposed. This he refused to obey,
+and was slain along with his eldest son.
+
+=Fulvius, -i=: m.: see preceding.
+
+G
+
+=Gracchus, -i=: m.: _Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus_ and _Caius Sempronius
+Gracchus_ were sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and of Cornelia,
+Daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. The object of both brothers was to
+have the public lands divided and given to the poor, by allowing no one
+to hold more than 500 _jugera_ of land. The state was to compensate the
+wealthy for all the loss. Both brothers fell in the sedition that arose
+out of their revolutionary schemes: Tiberius in 132 B.C., and Caius in
+122 B.C.
+
+I
+
+=Itălĭa, -ae=: f.: Italy, a country of Southern Europe.
+
+J
+
+=Jānŭārĭus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to _January_.
+
+=Juppĭter, Jŏvis=: m.: Juppiter, the supreme god of Roman mythology.
+
+L
+
+=Laeca, -ae=: m.: _M. Porcius Laeca_, an accomplice of Catiline, who
+convened at his house the leading members of the conspiracy.
+
+=Lĕpĭdus, -i=: m.: _M’. Lepidus_, consul with L. Volcatius Tullus
+67 B.C.
+
+=Lĕpĭdus, -i=: m.: _M. Lepidus_, consul with Catulus 79 B.C.
+
+M
+
+=Maelĭus, -i=: m.: _Spurius Maelius_, a Roman _Eques_, who attempted to
+gain regal power at Rome by securing the favour of the plebeians 449
+B.C. This he tried to do by supplying corn at a low rate. He was
+summoned to appear before Cincinnatus, the dictator, but refused, and
+was slain by Ahala.
+
+=Manlĭānus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to Manlius.
+
+=Manlĭus, -i=: m.: _Caius Manlius_, an accomplice of Catiline, and sent
+to Etruria to collect troops. He commanded the right wing of Catiline’s
+army at Pistoria, and “foremost fighting fell.”
+
+=Marcellus, -i=: m.: _Marcus Marcellus_, an accomplice and intimate
+friend of Catiline.
+
+=Mĕtellus, -i=: m.: _Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer_, praetor in 63 B.C. He
+was despatched by Cicero into the Gallic and Picene districts to raise a
+force against Catiline. He was consul 61 B.C., and poisoned by his wife
+Clodia 59 B.C.
+
+N
+
+=Nŏvembris, -e=: adj.: belonging to November.
+
+O
+
+=Opīmĭus, -i=: m.: _Lucius Opimius_ was consul in 122 B.C. He opposed
+the designs of C. Gracchus.
+
+P
+
+=Pălātĭum, -i=: n.: the Palatine hill was the largest of the seven hills
+on which Rome was built. Romulus laid here the foundation of the city,
+and here in the imperial period were the residences of the Roman
+emperors.
+
+=Praeneste, -is=: n.: now _Palestrina_, an ancient city of Latium, 23
+miles S.E. of Rome. Its citadel was remarkable for the strength of its
+position.
+
+R
+
+=Rōma, -ae=: f.: Rome, a celebrated town on the Tiber.
+
+=Rōmānus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to Rome: _Roman_.
+
+=Rōmŭlus, -i=: m.; the founder of Rome and king of the city from
+753-715 B.C.
+
+S
+
+=Sāturnīnus, -i=: m.: _L. Saturninus_, a tribune of the people and a
+violent partisan of Marius, who abetted him in his numerous misdeeds. He
+is said to have caused the death of C. Memmius 102 B.C. At length, after
+many cruel acts, the people became aroused against him, and he was slain
+in the forum.
+
+=Scīpĭo, -ōnis=: m.: _P. Cornelius Scipio Nasīca_ was consul 138 B.C.
+His character was held in the highest estimation by his countrymen. He
+opposed the measures of Gracchi. After the death of Tiberius Gracchus,
+unpopularity overtook Scipio, and he was sent to Asia, where he died of
+chagrin.
+
+=Servilius, -i=: m.: _C. Servilius Glaucia_, a seditious and profligate
+individual, put to death 121 B.C.
+
+=Stator=: “the flight staying:” an epithet of Juppiter.
+
+T
+
+=Tullĭus, -i=: m.: _M. Tullius Cicero_. See Introduction.
+
+=Tullus, -i=: m.: See _M’. Lepidus_.
+
+V
+
+=Vălērĭus, -i=: m.: _L. Valerius_ a partner of Marius in the consulship,
+121 B.C.
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+  a. _or_
+    act. ....... active.
+  abl. ......... ablative.
+  acc. ......... accusative.
+  adj. ......... adjective.
+  adv. ......... adverb.
+  cp. .......... compare.
+  com. gen. .... common gender.
+  comp. ........ comparative degree.
+  conj. ........ conjunction.
+  dat. ......... dative.
+  def. ......... defective.
+  dem. ......... demonstrative.
+  dep. ......... deponent.
+  dim. ......... diminutive.
+  f. ........... feminine.
+  fr. .......... from.
+  fut. ......... future.
+  freq. ........ frequentative.
+  gen. ......... genitive.
+  Gr. .......... Greek.
+  imperat. ..... imperative.
+  impers. ...... impersonal.
+  inc. ......... inceptive.
+  inch. ........ inchoative.
+  ind. ......... indicative.
+  indecl ....... indeclinable.
+  indef. ....... indefinite.
+  inf. ......... infinitive.
+  intens. ...... intensive.
+  interj. ...... interjection.
+  interrog. .... interrogative.
+  m. ........... masculine.
+  n. ........... neuter.
+  nom. ......... nominative.
+  num. ......... numeral.
+  part. ........ participle.
+  pa. .......... participal adjective.
+  pass. ........ passive.
+  perf. ........ perfect.
+  pl. .......... plural.
+  pluperf. ..... pluperfect.
+  pos. ......... positive degree.
+  poss. ........ possessive.
+  prep. ........ preposition.
+  pres. ........ present.
+  pret. ........ preteritive.
+  pron. ........ pronoun.
+  rel. ......... relative.
+  semi-dep. .... semi-deponent.
+  sing. ........ singular.
+  subj. ........ subjunctive.
+  sup. ......... superlative degree.
+  voc. ......... vocative.
+  = ............ equal to.
+
+_N.B._--Where the etymology is not given, the word is of very uncertain
+or unknown origin.
+
+
+
+
+VOCABULARY.
+
+[Transcriber’s Note:
+
+Most verbs are given in a non-standard order, with the present active
+infinitive placed _after_ the other principal parts. Exceptions are
+mainly irregular verbs such as _eo_, _ferre_, _fio_, _volo_ and their
+compounds.]
+
+
+A
+
+ā, ab, abs, prep. with abl. (a, only before consonants; ab, before
+vowels and consonants). _From, away from; by_ [akin to Gr. ἀπ-ό].
+
+ab-eo, īre, īi, ĭtum, v. n. [ab, “away;” ĕo, “to go”] _To go away,
+depart._
+
+ab-horreo, horrui, no sup., horrēre, n. and a. [ab, “from;” horreo, “to
+dread”] _To be averse_ or _disinclined to; to be free from._
+
+ab-sum, esse, fui, n. irreg. _To be away from; to be absent._
+
+ab-ūtor, ūsus sum, uti, dep. n. [ab, “away from,” hence “wrongly;” utor,
+“I use”] _To misuse, abuse._
+
+ac, conj. (used before consonants). _And._
+
+ācer, ācris, ācre, adj. [AC, “to sharpen”] _Sharp, severe._
+
+āc-erb-us, a, um, adj. (ac-er) _Unripe, sour; violent._
+
+āc-ĭes, iēi, f. (ac-er) _An edge, point._
+
+ācr-ĭter, adv. (ācer) _Strongly, sharply, keenly._
+
+ad, prep. with acc.
+  Locally: (a) _To, towards_. --(b) _Before_ a place.
+  --_Up to_ a certain time.
+  --With Gerunds or Gerundives: _For, for the purposes of._
+
+ad-dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. [ad, “to;” duco, “I lead”] _To lead
+to; induce, lead._
+
+ad-eo, adv. _So far; so long; so much._
+
+ad-fero, ferre, attuli, allātum, irr. a. (ad; fero) _To bring to,
+bring._
+
+adflic-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a., intens. (for adflig-to, fr. adflig-o).
+_To greatly trouble, harass, annoy._
+
+ad-grego: see aggrego.
+
+ad-hibeo, hibui, hibitum, hĭbēre, a. (ad; habeo) _To apply to, to use,
+employ._
+
+ad-huc, adv. _Thus far, up to this time._
+
+ad-minister, tri, m. [ad, “to;” ministro, “to serve”] _A servant,
+assistant._
+
+ad-mīror, mīratus sum; mīrari [ad, “to;” miror, “to wonder at”] dep. _To
+wonder at, admire._
+
+ad-sĕquor, secūtus (quūtus), sequi, dep. a. _To follow, pursue._
+
+ad-servo, servāvi, servātum, servāre [ad, “to;” servo, “to keep”] _To
+preserve, protect._
+
+ad-sĭdĕo, sēdi, sessum, sĭdēre [ad, “near;” sedeo, “to sit”] n. (ad;
+sedeo) _To sit by_ or _near._
+
+ădŭlesc-ens, entis, m. and f. [ad, “to;” ŏlesco, “to grow;” the root
+assumes the form of AL, OL, UL, in Latin as _altus, sub-oles, adultus_]
+_A young man_ (from the 15th or 17th until past the 30th year).
+
+ădŭlescent-ulus, i, m., dim. (adulescens) _A young man; stripling._
+
+ădul-tus, a, um, part. (adol-esco) _Grown up, adult, full-grown._
+
+adven-tus, ūs, m. [ad, “to;” venio, “to come”] _A coming, arrival._
+
+aeger, gra, grum, adj. _Weak, sick._
+
+aequus, a, um, adj. [root IK, “to make even:” cp. aequor] _Plain,
+smooth, even;_ aequo animo, _with great composure._
+
+aes-tus, ūs, m. [for aed-tus: root AED, “to burn:” cp. aestas; αἴθω]
+_Heat._
+
+aet-ernus, a, um, adj. [for ae (vi) ternus: root AIV, a lengthened form
+of I, “to go;” cp. αἰών] _Eternal, everlasting._
+
+ag-grĕgo, grĕgāvi, grĕgātum, gregare, v. a. [ad; grex, _to lead to a
+flock_] _To assemble, collect together._
+
+a-gnosco, gnōvi, gnĭtum, gnoscĕre, a. (for ad-gnosco, gnosco = nosco)
+_To recognize, to discern._
+
+ăgo, ĕgi, actum, ăgĕre [AG, “to set in motion”] a. _To drive; to do,
+perform, effect; to treat; plead._
+
+aio, def. [root AGH, “to say”] _To speak; to say “yes;” to affirm._
+
+ălĭ-ēnus, a, um, adj. (ali-us, belonging to the) _Belonging to another,
+foreign; unfriendly._
+
+ălĭqu-ando, adv. (aliquis, _of time, past, future, and present. At some
+time or other; at length._
+
+ălĭ-qui, qua, quod, indef. pron. adj, (ali-us; qui) _Some, any._
+
+ălĭquid, adv. (adverbial neut. acc. of aliquis) _In some degree,
+somewhat._
+
+ălĭ-quis, aliquid [fem. sing, and fem. and neut. plur. not used; alius;
+quis, root AL, “another:” cp. alter, ἄλλος: Eng. else], indef. pron.
+subst. _Some one, any one; something._
+
+ălĭquo, adv. (adverbial abl. of aliquis) _Some whither, to some place._
+
+ălĭ-quot, indef. num. adj., indecl. (alius; quot) _Some, several._
+
+ălĭus, a, ud, adj, (gen. sing. alĭus, dat. alii) _Another, other_; alius
+... alius, _one ... another._
+
+ălo, ălŭi, ălĭtum, or altum, alĕre, a. _To nourish; to foster._
+
+altārĭa, ium, n. (alt-um, things pertaining to the; hence) _An altar._
+
+āmentĭa, ae, f. [a, prio, mens, “mind”] _Madness._
+
+am-īcus, i, m. (amo) _A friend._
+
+ampl-ĭus, comp. adv. _More; longer._
+
+am-plus, a, um, adj. [am = ambi, “around;” root PLE, “to fill;” hence
+_plebs, pleo, plenus_] _Abundant, full; illustrious, noble._
+
+an, conj. _Or, whether._
+
+ănĭm-adverto, verti, versum, advertĕre, a. (animus; adverto) _To attend
+to; to consider, perceive_;
+  animadvertere in aliquem, _to inflict punishment on one._
+
+ănĭmus, i, m. [root AU, “to breathe”] _The mind; disposition, thought._
+
+annus, i, m. [perhaps for amnus; root AM, “to go round”] _A year._
+
+ante, prep. with acc. _Before, in front of;_ as adverb, _before,
+previously._
+
+ant-īquus, a, um, adj. [ant-e, “before”] _Ancient, old._
+
+ăperte, adv. (apertus) _Openly._
+
+ăpud, prep. with acc. (obs. apo, _to seize_) _Near, at, by, with._
+
+ăqua, ae, f. _Water._
+
+ăquĭla, ae, f. [AC, “sharp,” or “swift”] _The eagle; the standard of the
+legion._
+
+arbĭtr-or, ātus sum, ari, v. dep. a. [ar = ad, “to;” bito, “to go:”
+hence one who approaches a cause to enquire into it] _To judge, think._
+
+arcĕo, arcŭi, no sup., arcēre [root ARC, “to protect:” cp. arcus,
+ἀρκεῖν] a. _To shut up; to keep_ or _hold off._
+
+ardĕo, arsi, arsum, ardēre, n. _To burn, blaze._
+
+argent-ĕus, a, um, adj. (argentum, pertaining to) _Of silver._
+
+arma, ōrum, n. pl. [root AR, “to fit:” hence all things fitted on]
+_Arms, weapons._
+
+armā-tus, i, m. _An armed man, a soldier._
+
+arm-o, āvi, ātum, āre. _To furnish with arms; to arm._
+
+aspec-tus, tūs, m. (aspic-io) _A seeing, sight._
+
+at [old form _ast_: cp. ἀτ-άρ], conj. _But, yet_ (to introduce a reason
+for a supposed objection), _but certainly, but consider._
+
+atque or āc (the latter only before consonants), conj. _And also, and
+especially._
+
+ātrox, ōcis, [a, intens.: trux, “cruel”] adj. _Horrid, terrible,
+frightful._
+
+at-tendo (3), tendi, tentum, a. (ad; tendo) _To apply the mind to; to
+consider._
+
+auctor, ōris, m. (augeo) _An author, contriver._
+
+auctōrĭtas, ātis, f. (auctor) _Authority._
+
+audā-cĭa, ae, f. (audax, the quality of the) _Audacity, insolence._
+
+audĕo, ausus sum, audēre, semidep. _To dare._
+
+audĭo, audĭvi, audītum, audīre [AV, “to hear”] a. _To hear._
+
+aur-is, is, f. (audio, _the hearing thing_) _The ear._
+
+auspĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (auspex, _a bird inspector, diviner_, one who marks
+the flight and cries of birds, and then gives predictions] _Augury from
+birds, auspices._
+
+aut, conj. _Or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or._
+
+autem, conj. _But, moreover._
+
+avus [AV, “to hear,” hence “to obey,” cp. obedio], i, m. _A
+grandfather._
+
+
+B
+
+bacch-or (1), dep. n. (Bacch-us) _To revel._
+
+b-ellum (old form du-ellum), i, n. (duo, _a contest between two
+parties_) _War, warfare._
+
+bĭbo, bibi, no sup., bĭbĕre [root PO, “to drink;” cp. poto, πίνω], a.
+_To drink._
+
+bŏnum, i, n. _A good thing_; in pl., _goods._
+
+bŏnus, a, um, adj. (comp. melior, sup. optimus) _Good, well-disposed._
+
+brĕvis, e, adj. [root FRAG, “to break”] _Little, small, short._
+
+
+C
+
+caedes, is, f. [root CAD, “to fall:” cp. cado] _Slaughter._
+
+caelum, i, n. [for cavillum; fr. cavus, “hollow”] _Heaven._
+
+calamitas, ātis, f. [for cadamitas; root CAD, “to fall”] _Loss,
+calamity, disaster._
+
+campus, i, m. [root SCAP, “to dig:” cp. κῆπος] _A plain, field._
+
+căpĭo, cēpi, captum, căpĕre [root CAP, “to hold”] a. _To take_;
+consilium capere, _to form a plan_.
+
+carcer, ĕris, m. [root ARC, “to enclose:” cp. ark] _A prison._
+
+cărĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, ēre, n. _To be without._
+
+cārus, a, um, adj. [for camrus: cam, “to love:” amare = (c)amare] _Dear,
+precious._
+
+castrum, i, n. [for scadtrum: SCAD, “to cover:” Eng. shed] _A castle,
+fort_; in pl., castra, ōrum, n. _a camp_.
+
+cā-sus, sūs, um. (for cad-sus, fr. cad-o, “to fall”) _Accident, chance._
+
+causa, ae, f. _A cause, reason._
+
+cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go; to yield._
+
+certē, adv. (certus) _Certainly._
+
+cer-tus, a, um, adj. (cer-no) _Decided, fixed, definite._
+
+cēterus, a, um, (the nom. sing, masc. not in use), adj. _The other, the
+rest, the remainder._
+
+circum-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre (circum; claudo). _To shut in,
+enclose._
+
+circum-sto, steti, no sup., stāre, n. or a. _To stand around._
+
+cīvis, is, com. gen. [root CI, “to lie,” or “dwell:” hence “a dweller”]
+_A citizen._
+
+cīv-itas, ātis, f. (id., the condition or state of the; gen. pl., ium
+and um) _Citizenship; a state._
+
+clāmo, clāmāvi, clāmātum, clāmăre [root CAL, “to shout”] n. and a. _To
+call, shout aloud._
+
+clārus, a, um, adj. [root KAL. “to call”] _Clear, renowned._
+
+clē-mens, mentis, adj. (clino, _to bend_; mens, _having the heart bent_)
+_Mild, kind._
+
+coepi, coepisse, a. or n. def. (contracted fr. co-apio, fr. con; apo,
+_to seize_) _To begin._
+
+co-erceo, ui, itum, ercere, a. (con; arceo, _to shut up_) _To surround,
+restrain, check._
+
+coe-tus, tūs, m. [con, “together:” eo, “to go”] _A coming together; an
+assemblage, company._
+
+cō-gito, gitāvi, gĭtātum, gĭtăre [co = con, “together:” agito, “to set
+in motion”] _To weigh thoroughly in the mind; to think over; reflect
+upon; plan._
+
+co-gnosco, gnōvi, gnitum, gnoscĕre, a. [co (= cum), in augmentative
+sense; gnosco = nosco, “to become acquainted with”] _To know._
+
+col-ligo, lēgi, lectum, lĭgĕre [col (= cum), in an augmentative sense;
+lego, “to gather”] _To gather or collect together._
+
+col-loco, a. (con; loco) _To lay, place._
+
+cŏlōn-ĭa, ae, f. [root COL, “to till;” cp. colo] _A colony, settlement._
+
+cŏm-e-s, ĭtis, com. gen. (con; eo, _one who goes with another_) _A
+companion._
+
+cŏm-ĭ-tĭum, ii, n. (con; i, root of eo, _a coming together_) _The
+Comitium_, i.e. the place where the Romans assembled to vote; in pl.,
+_the comitia_, i.e. _the assembly itself_, hence _election_.
+
+commendā-tĭo, tĭōnis, f. (commend[a]-o) _A recommendation, praise._
+
+com-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (con; mitto, _to cause to go
+together_) _To commit._
+
+com-mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. (con; moveo) _To move, rouse._
+
+com-mūnis, e, adj. [com = cum; munis, “serving”] _Common, general._
+
+com-păro, părāvi, părātum, părārĭ, v. a. [com = cum; paro, “to prepare”]
+_To make ready._
+
+com-pĕrio, pĕri, pertum, perīre, a. (cum; root per, akin to perior, _to
+go through_) _To discover._
+
+compĕt-ītor, ōris, m. [com = cum; peto, “to seek;” hence to seek office]
+_A rival, competitor._
+
+com-plūres, a, and ia, adj. (con; plus) _Several together, very many._
+
+com-prĕhendo, prĕhendi, prĕhensum, prehendere [com = cum; intensive:
+prehendo, “to seize”] _To lay hold of, arrest._
+
+com-prĭmo, pressi, pressum, primĕre, a. (con; premo) _To press together;
+to hinder, check._
+
+cōnā-tus, tūs, m. _An attempt._
+
+con-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. or a. _To depart, withdraw._
+
+concĭ-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (conci-eo, _to urge_) _To rouse
+up, excite._
+
+con-cŭpi-sco, cŭpīvi or cŭpii, cŭp-ītum, cŭpiscĕre, a. inch, (con;
+cupi-o) _To be very desirous of; to long for._
+
+concur-sus, sūs, m. [for concurr-sus, fr. concurr-o, the action of) _A
+running, flocking together; a concourse._
+
+con-demno, demnāvi, demnātum, demnāre, v. a. [con = cum, intensive;
+damnum, “loss”] a. (con; damno) _To condemn._
+
+con-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. [con = cum, intensive; fero, “to bring”
+or “bear”] _To bring; to carry; to direct; to arrange._
+
+confes-tim, adv. _Immediately._
+
+con-ficio, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a, (con; facio) _To prepare, complete;
+to exhaust._
+
+con-fīdo, fīsus sum, fīdĕre, n. or a. semi-dep. _To trust; to believe
+certainly._
+
+con-firmo, firmāvi, firmātum, firmāre. _To strengthen; to assure._
+
+con-flāgro, flāgrāvi, flāgrātum, flāgrāre [con = cum, in an
+augmentative; FLAG, “to burn;” cp. flamma (= flag-ma)] _To be on fire,
+to burn up._
+
+con-flo, flāre, flāvi, flātum. _To blow together, kindle; to excite._
+
+con-grĕgo, grĕgāvi, grĕgātum, grĕgāre, a. (con; grex) _To flock
+together, assemble, unite._
+
+con-jĭcĭo, jēci, jectum, jĭcĕre, a. (con; jacio) _To hurl, send, cast._
+
+con-jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To join together, unite,
+associate._
+
+conjūrā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (conjūr[a]-o, the action of) _An agreement;
+conspiracy, plot._
+
+conjūrā-tus, m. (id.) _A conspirator._
+
+conl: see coll.
+
+cōnor, ātus sum, āri, dep. _To undertake, attempt._
+
+conscĭentia, ae, f. (consciens, _conscious_) _Consciousness, knowledge_
+
+con-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To write together_ (in a
+list); _to enroll._
+
+
+con-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrĭbĕre, a. _To write together_ (in a
+list); _to enroll._
+
+conscrip-tus, a, um, part. (for scrib-tus, fr. conscrib-o) As noun, m.
+(sc. pater) _a senator_; patres conscripti, _the old senators together
+with those who were afterwards admitted_ (enrolled) _into its ranks_;
+originally, patres et conscripti, _senators_.
+
+consen-sĭo, ōnis, f. (con-sentio) _Unanimity, agreement._
+
+consensus, ūs, m. [id.] _Unanimity, agreement._
+
+con-servo, servāvi, servātum, servāre, a. _To preserve._
+
+consĭliŭm, ii, n. _Deliberation, counsel; plan, purpose; council._
+
+con-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcĕre, a. (con; specio, _to look_) _To
+observe, behold._
+
+con-stĭtŭo, stĭtŭi, stĭtūtum, stĭtŭere, a. (con; statuo) _To place; to
+erect; to arrange, settle, agree upon; to appoint._
+
+con-stringo, strinxi, strictum, stringĕre, a. _To draw, bind together;
+to hold, hold fast._
+
+consul, ŭlis, m. _A consul_, one of the two chief magistrates of the
+Roman state, chosen yearly after the expulsion of the kings.
+
+consŭl-āris, e, adj. (consul) _Of_ or _pertaining to a consul;
+consular_; as noun, m., _ex-consul; one of the rank of consul._
+
+consŭl-ātus, ūs, m. (consul) _The consulship._
+
+consŭl-o, ŭi, tum, ĕre, n. or a. _To consider, consult_; consulere
+alicui, _to take counsel for some one_; consulere aliquem, _to ask the
+advice of some one_.
+
+consul-tum, i, n. (con-sulo) _A decree, decision._
+
+con-tā-mĭno, a. (for con-tag-mino; fr. con; tag, root of tango) _To
+defile, contaminate._
+
+conten-tus, a, um, part. (contineo) _Contented, satisfied._
+
+con-tĭnĕo, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, a. (con; tene) _To hold together; to
+keep in, restrain, confine._
+
+con-tingo, tĭgi, tactum, tingĕre, a. (con; tango) _To touch, take hold
+of; to happen._
+
+contrā, adv. and prep. with acc. _Against, contrary to._
+
+contumēl-ĭa, ae, f. (obsolete contumēl-us, _swelling greatly_) _Abuse,
+insult, disgrace; reproach._
+
+con-vĕnĭo, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, n. or a. _To assemble_; used
+impersonally, _it is suitable, proper_.
+
+con-vinco, vīci, victum, vincĕre, a. _To convict._
+
+con-vŏco, vŏcāvi, vŏcātum, vŏcāre, a. [con, “together;” voco, “to call”]
+_To convoke, assemble._
+
+cō-p-ĭa, ae, f. (contracted fr. co-op-ia, fr. con; ops) _Abundance;
+wealth, riches; forces, troops_ (generally in plural with the latter two
+meanings).
+
+corpus, ŏris, n. _A body, corpse._
+
+cor-rĭgo, rexi, rectum, rīgĕre, a. (con; rego) _To make straight; to
+improve, correct._
+
+cor-rōbŏro, a. (con; rōbŏro, _to strengthen_) _To strengthen; to
+corroborate, support._
+
+corrupt-ēla, ae, f. (corru[m]po) _That which corrupts; a corruption,
+seduction: seductive arts._
+
+cot-ī-dīē, adv. (quot; (i); die, abl. of dies) _Daily._
+
+crēdo, dĭdi, dĭtum, crēdĕre n. or a. _To trust in, believe; to think,
+suppose._
+
+cresco, crēvi, crētum, crescĕre, n. [root CRE, “to make grow;” cp. creo]
+_To grow, increase._
+
+crūdēlĭ-ter, adv. (crudēlis, _cruel_) _Cruelly._
+
+cum, prep, with abl. _With._
+
+cum. _When, since, though._
+
+cŭmŭl-o, a. (cumul-us) _To accumulate; to complete; to increase._
+
+cunctus, a, um, adj. (contracted from conjunctus) _The whole, all._
+
+cupīd-ĭtas, ātis, f. (cupidus) _Desire; passion; eagerness; avarice._
+
+cŭp-ĭdus, a, um, adj. (cup-io) _Longing, desirous._
+
+cŭpĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, cŭpĕre, a. and n. _To long for, desire._
+
+cur, adv. _Why?_
+
+cur-a, ae, f. (for caer-a, fr. caero, old form of quaero) _Trouble,
+care._
+
+cūrĭa, ae, f. [root CUR, “to be strong;” cp. κύριος, κυρεῖν]
+_Senate-house._
+
+custōdĭ-a, ae, f. (custod-io) _Watch, guard, custody._
+
+custōd-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (cus-tos) _To watch, guard._
+
+custos, ōdis, com. gen. _A guard, protector._
+
+
+D
+
+de, prep, with abl. _From; concerning, on account of._
+
+dē-bĕo, bŭi, bĭtum, bēre, a. (de; habeo) _To have from; to owe; to be in
+duty bound to, ought, must._
+
+dē-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To decide, decree._
+
+dēclīnā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (declin[a]-o) _A turning aside; a departure; an
+avoiding, shunning._
+
+dĕ-dĕcus, ŏris, n. _Disgrace, dishonor._
+
+dē-fendo, fendi, fensum, fendĕre, a. _To ward off; to defend, guard._
+
+dē-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a. or n. (de: facio) _To leave; to
+desert, revolt._
+
+dē-fīgo, fixi, fixum, fīgĕre, a. _To fix down; to drive; to plunge._
+
+de-inde, adv. _After this, next, then._
+
+dēlec-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (dēlic-io, _to allure_) _To
+delight, please._
+
+dēlĕo, ēvi, ētum, ēre, a. _To destroy, annihilate._
+
+dē-lĭgo, lēgi, lectum, lĭgĕre, a. (de; lego) _To choose out, select._
+
+dē-migro, migrāvi, migrātum, migrāre, n. _To migrate from; to emigrate;
+to depart._
+
+dēnĭque, adv. _At length, finally; in a word, briefly._
+
+dē-pōno, pŏsŭi, pŏsĭtum, pōnĕre, a. _To lay down; to lay aside._
+
+dē-prĕcor, prĕcātus sum, prĕcāre, dep. (de; precor, _to pray_) _To avert
+by prayer; to avert._
+
+dē-rĕlinquo, līqui, lictum, rĕlinquĕre, a. _To abandon, desert._
+
+dē-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To mark off, to divide._
+
+dē-sīdĕro, sīdĕrāvi, sīdĕrātum, sīdĕrāre, v. a. _To long for, desire; to
+miss; to regret, require._
+
+dē-signo, signāvi, signātum, signāre, v. a. (de; signo, _to mark_) _To
+mark out, designate; to elect._
+
+dē-sĭno, sīvi or sĭi, sĭtum, sĭnĕre, a. and n. _To leave off, cease.._
+
+dē-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, n. _To desist._
+
+dē-sum, esse, fŭi. n. _To be away, to fail, be wanting._
+
+dē-testor, testātus sum, testāri, dep. (de; testor, _to be a witness_)
+_To curse; to deprecate._
+
+dētrī-mentum, i, n. (for deter-[i]mentum fr. deter-o, _that which rubs
+off_) _Loss, damage._
+
+deus, i, m. _A god._
+
+dē-vŏvĕo, vōvi, vōtum, vŏvĕre, a. _To vow, devote._
+
+dexter, tĕra, tĕrum, and tra, trum, adj. _Right, on the right_; dextra,
+ae, f., _the right hand_.
+
+dīco, dixi, dictum, dīcĕre, a. [DIC, “to point out”] _To say, assert._
+
+dĭes, ēi, m. (in sing. sometimes f.) _A day_; in dies, _from day to day,
+daily_ (with an idea of increase).
+
+diffĭcul-tas, ātis, f. (for difficil-tas, fr. difficil-is, the state or
+condition of) _Difficulty, perplexity._
+
+dignus, a, um, adj. [root DIC, “to point out”] _Worthy._
+
+dīlĭg-ens, entis, part, (dilig-o) _Careful, diligent._
+
+dīlĭgen-ter, adv. (diligens) _Attentively, diligently, earnestly._
+
+dīligent-ĭa, ae, f. (diligens, the quality of the) _Diligence._
+
+dī-mitto, mīsi, missum, mĭttĕre, a. _To dismiss._
+
+dīrep-tĭo, ōnis, f. (for dirap-tio. fr. dirap, true root of dirip-io)
+A _plundering, pillaging._
+
+dis-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To depart._
+
+dis-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To separate, divide._
+
+disces-sus, sus, m. (for disced-sus, fr. disced-o, the action of) _A
+departure._
+
+discĭpl-īna, ae, f. (for discipul-ina, fr. discipul-us, a thing
+pertaining to the) _Instruction; science, skill; custom, method,
+discipline._
+
+dissĭmŭl-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (dissimil-is) _To pretend a thing is not
+what it is; to dissemble._
+
+dissŏlū-tus, a, um, part. (for dissolv-tus, fr. dissolv-o) _Lax, remiss,
+negligent._
+
+dis-trĭbŭo, tribui, tribūtum, trĭbŭĕre, a. _To distribute._
+
+dĭ-u, adv. (di-es) _A long time, long._
+
+do, dăre, dĕdi, dătum, a. _To give, give up._
+
+dŏl-or, ōris, m. (dol-eo) _Pain, sorrow._
+
+dŏmes-tĭcus, a, um, adj. (dom-s) _Domestic, private._
+
+dŏmus. ūs and i (domi, loc.), f. _A house, abode_; domi, _at home_.
+
+dŭb-ĭto, ĭtāvi, ĭtātum, ĭtāre, n. intens. (primitive form du-bo, fr.
+du-o, _to vibrate to and fro_) _To doubt, hesitate._
+
+dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To lead, conduct._
+
+dum, conj. _While, as long as, until, if._
+
+dŭo, ae, o, card. num. adj. _Two._
+
+dŭodĕcĭm-us, a, um, ord. num. adj. (duodecim) _The twelfth._
+
+dux, dŭcis, com. gen. (dūco) _A leader, commander, general._
+
+
+E
+
+ē, prep, with abl.; see ex.
+
+ec-quis, quod (ec = e; quis), inter. subst. pron. _Whether any? any one?
+any thing?_
+
+ēd-ūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To lead forth._
+
+ef-fĕro, ferre, extŭli, ēlātum, a. irr. (ex; fero) _To bring forth; to
+lift up, exalt._
+
+effrēnā-tus, a, um, part, (effren[a]-o, _to unbridle_) _Unbridled._
+
+ef-fŭgĭo, fūgi, no sup., fŭgĕre, (ex; fugio), n. or a. _To flee away;
+escape, avoid._
+
+ĕgo, pers. pron. I.
+
+ē-grĕdĭor, gressus sum, grĕdi, dep. (ex; gradior) _To go out._
+
+ē-jĭcĭo, jēci, jectum, jĭcĕre, a. (e; jacio) _To drive out; to expel,
+banish._
+
+ē-lābor, lapsus sum, lābi, dep. _To slip_ or _glide away._
+
+ē-lūdo, lūsi, lūsum, lūdĕre, a. _To delude, deceive, cheat._
+
+ē-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To send forth._
+
+ē-mŏrĭor, mortuus sum, mŏri, dep. _To die quite; to perish._
+
+ĕnim, conj. _For_; etenim, _for, you see_.
+
+ĕo, īre, ĭvi or ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To go._
+
+ĕōdem, dat. of idem, used adverbially. _To the same place._
+
+ĕqu-e-s, ĭtis, m. (for equ-i-[t]-s, fr. equ-us) _A horseman; a horse
+soldier_; in pl., _cavalry_; equites, the order of _knights_.
+
+ē-rĭpiŏ, rĭpŭi, reptum, rĭpĕre, a. (e; rapio) _To snatch; to remove,
+take away._
+
+ē-rumpo, rūpi, ruptum, rumpĕre, n. _To break out, sally forth._
+
+et, conj. _And_; et ... et, _both ... and, not only ... but also_.
+
+ĕtĕnim: see enim.
+
+ĕtĭam, conj. _And also, besides; and even, yet, indeed._
+
+ē-verto, verti, versum, vertĕre, a. _To overthrow; to subvert, destroy._
+
+ēvŏcā-tor, ōris, m. (evoc[a]o) _The one who calls forth_ (to arms);
+_summoner_.
+
+ēx or ē (e only before consonants). _Out of, from; immediately after; on
+account of._
+
+exaudĭo, audīvi, audītum, audīre, a. _To hear distinctly._
+
+ex-cĭdo, cidi, no sup., cĭdĕre, n. (ex-cado) _To fall out_ or _down_;_
+to slip out_.
+
+ex-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre, a. (ex; claudo) _To exclude._
+
+ex-ĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To go forth, depart._
+
+ex-ercĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, ercēre, a. (ex; arceo) _To drive on, exercise._
+
+ex-haurĭo, hausi, haustum, haurīre, a. _To draw out; take away; to
+drain._
+
+ex-īstimo, istĭmāvi, istĭmātum, istĭmāre. _To judge, consider._
+
+exĭ-tĭum, ii, n. (exi, true root of exeo) _Destruction, ruin._
+
+exslĭ-ĭum, ii, n. (for exsul-ium, fr. exsul, the condition of an)
+_Banishment, exile._
+
+ex-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, sistĕre, n. _To step forth; to appear; to be,
+exist._
+
+ex-specto, spectāvi, spectātum, spectāre, a. _To await, expect._
+
+ex-stinguo, stinxi, stinctum, stingĕre, a. (ex; stinguo, _to
+extinguish_) _To put out; extinguish, destroy._
+
+ex-sul, ŭlis, com. gen. (ex; solum; _one who is banished from his native
+soil_) _An exile._
+
+ex-sulto, tāvi, tātum, tāre, n. intens. (for ex-salto, fr. exsal, true
+root of exsil-io) _To leap; exult, rejoice._
+
+ex-torqueo, torsi, tortum, torquēre, a. _To wrench out, wrest away_.
+
+extrā, adv. and prep. with acc. _Outside of, beyond._
+
+
+F
+
+făcĭl-e, adv. (facil-is) _Easily, readily._
+
+făc-ĭnus, ŏris, n. (fac-io, _the thing done_) _A deed; a bad deed._
+
+făc-ĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a.; pass., fīo, fieri, factus sum. _To
+make, do, perform; to cause._
+
+falc-ārĭus, ĭi, m. (falx) _A scythe-maker._
+
+fallo, fĕfelli, falsum, fallĕre, a. _To deceive; to escape the notice._
+
+fal-sus, a, um, part. (for fall-sus, fr. fall-o) _Deceptive; false,
+untrue._
+
+fāma, ae, f. _Report, rumour; fame, reputation; infamy, ill-fame._
+
+fāmes, is, f. _Hunger, famine._
+
+fă-tĕor, fassus sum, fătēri, dep. a. (f[a]-or) _To confess._
+
+fauces, ĭum, f. pl. _The throat; a narrow way, defile,_
+
+fax, făcis, f. _A torch._
+
+fēbris, is, f. [ferveo, “to burn”] _Fever._
+
+fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irreg. [roots are FER and TUL. The second
+root has the form TOL, TLA, TAL. The supine _latum_ = _tlatum_ is from
+this latter root] _To bear, carry; to get, receive; to suffer, endure;
+to say, report, relate._
+
+ferrum, i, n. _Iron, an iron weapon, a sword._
+
+fīnis, is [for fidnis; root FID, root of findo, “to divide”] m. and f.
+_A limit, end._
+
+fīo (pass, of facio), fieri, factus sum. _To be done; to become._
+
+firm-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (firmus) _To make firm; to strengthen._
+
+firmus, a, um, adj. _Strong._
+
+flāgĭt-ĭūm, ii, n. (flagit-o) _A shameful or disgraceful act; shame_
+
+foed-us, ĕris, n. (for fidus, fr. fido; _a trusting_) _A league,
+treaty._
+
+fŏre = futurus esse.
+
+fort-as-se, adv. (for forte; an; sit) _Perhaps._
+
+fortis, e, adj. _Courageous, brave._
+
+fort-ĭtūdo, ĭnis, f. (fortis) _Firmness, courage, resolution._
+
+fort-ūna, ae, f. (fors, that which belongs to) _Chance, fortune_; in
+pl., _property_.
+
+fŏrum, i, n. [akin to root PER, POR, “to go through;” cp. πόρος] _The
+marketplace; Forum_, which was a long open space between the Capitoline
+and Palatine Hills, surrounded by porticoes and the shops of bankers; _a
+market town, mart_.
+
+frango, frēgi, fractum, frangĕre, a. [root FRAG, “to break”] _To break;
+to subdue._
+
+frĕquent-ĭa, ae, f. [root FARC, “to cram”] _An assembly, multitude,
+concourse._
+
+frīgus, ŏris, n. _Cold._
+
+frons, frontis, f. _The forehead, brow._
+
+fŭg-a, ae, f. (fug-io) _Flight._
+
+fūnes-tus, a, um, adj. (for funer-tus; fr. funus, _death_) _Causing
+death; fatal, destructive._
+
+fŭrĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (furi-ae) _Full of madness; raging, furious._
+
+fŭr-or, ōris, m. (fur-o) _A raging, madness._
+
+
+G
+
+gaudĭum, ĭi, n. (gaudeo) _Gladness, delight, pleasure._
+
+gĕl-ĭdus, a, um, adj. (gel-o, _to freeze_) _Icy cold._
+
+gen-s, tis, f. (gen-o = gigno, _to beget; that which is begotten_) _A
+clan; a tribe, nation._
+
+glădĭ-ātor, ōris, m. (gladi-us, one using a) _A swordsman; a gladiator._
+
+glădiŭs, ĭi, m. _A sword._
+
+glōr-ĭa, ae, f. (akin to clarus) _Glory._
+
+grād-us, ūs, m. (grad-ior, _to walk_) _A step; a degree._
+
+grāt-ĭa, ae, f. (grat-us, the quality of the) _Regard, love; gratitude;
+thanks._
+
+grăvis, e, adj. _Heavy; severe; grave, impressive; venerable._
+
+grăv-ĭter, adv. _Violently, severely._
+
+
+H
+
+hăbĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, hăbēre, a. _To have, hold; to do, perform, make; to
+give._
+
+hăb-ĭto, ĭtāvi, ĭtātum, ĭtāre, intens., a. and n. (hab-eo) _To inhabit;
+live; to stay._
+
+haereo, haesi, haesum, haerēre, n. _To stick, adhere._
+
+hebe-sco, no perf., no sup., scĕre, n. inch. (hebe-o, _to be blunt_) _To
+be dull._
+
+hīc, haec, hoc, pron. demonstr. _This._
+
+hic-ce, intensive form of hic.
+
+hīc, adv. _Here._
+
+hŏmo, ĭnis, com. gen. _A human being; man or woman; person._
+
+hŏnest-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To adorn; to honor._
+
+hones-tus, a, um, adj. (for honor-tus, fr. honor) _Regarded with honor;
+honored, noble._
+
+hŏnor (os), ōris. m. _Honor; official dignity, office._
+
+hōra, ae, f. _An hour._
+
+horr-ĭbĭlis, e, adj. (horr-eo, _to be trembled at_) _Terrible, fearful,
+horrible._
+
+hortor, ātus sum, āre, dep. _To strongly urge, exhort._
+
+hostis, is, com. gen. _An enemy._
+
+hŭmus, i, f. _The ground_; humi (loc.), _on the ground_.
+
+
+I
+
+īdem, eadem, idem, pron. (root i, suffix dem) _The same._
+
+īdūs, uum, f. pi. _The Ides._
+
+ĭgĭtur, conj. _Then; therefore, accordingly; well then._
+
+i-gnōmin-ia. ae, f. (for in-gno-min-ia; fr. in, gnomen = nomen, _a
+depriving of one’s good name_) _Disgrace, ignominy._
+
+i-gnō-ro, a. (for in-gno-ro; fr. in, _not_; GNO, root of gnosco = nosco)
+_Not to know, to be ignorant of._
+
+ille, a, ud, pron. demonstr. _That; he, she, it._
+
+illĕc-ĕbra, ae, f. (for illac-ebra, fr. illac, true root of illic-o, _to
+allure_) _An enticement, allurement._
+
+illust-ro, a. [in, LUC, “to shine:” cp. lux] _To light up, illumine; to
+make clear._
+
+immān-ĭtas, ātis, f. (immanis, _huge_) _Hugeness, enormity._
+
+im-minĕo, no perf., no sup. mĭnēre, n. (in, mineo, _to hang over_) _To
+border upon, be near, impend._
+
+im-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (in; mitto) _To send into; to let
+loose._
+
+immo, adv. (etym. dub.) _On the under side, on the reverse; on the
+contrary; no indeed, by no means; yes indeed._
+
+im-mortālis, e, adj. (in; mortalis, _mortal_) _Immortal._
+
+impĕd-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (in; pes, _to get the feet in something_)
+_To hinder, prevent._
+
+im-pendĕo, no perf., no sup., pendēre, n. (in; pendeo, _to hang_) _To
+hang over; to impend, threaten._
+
+impĕrā-tor, ōris, in. (imper-[a]-o) _A general; chief._
+
+im-pĕrītus, a, um, adj. (in; perītus, _skilled_) _Inexperienced,
+ignorant._
+
+impĕr-ĭum, i, n. (imper-o) _Authority, power, empire, government._
+
+im-pĕro, pĕrāvĭ, pĕrātum, pĕrāre. a. (in; patro, _to bring, to pass_)
+_To accomplish; obtain._
+
+impĕtus, ūs, m. (impeto, _to attack_) _An attack._
+
+im-pĭus, a, um, adj. (in; pius, _pious_) _Not pious, irreverent,
+unpatriotic._
+
+im-portū-nus, a, um, adj. (for _in-portu-nus_, fr. in; portus)
+_Unsuitable; savage; dangerous._
+
+im-prŏbus, a, um, adj. (in; probus) _Wicked, base._
+
+im-pūnītus, a, um, adj. (in; punitus, _punished_) _Not punished;
+unpunished._
+
+in, prep, with acc. and abl. _In, into, against_; of time, _up to, for,
+into, through_; with ablative, _in, upon, on_.
+
+ĭnānis, e, adj. _Empty, void._
+
+incend-ĭum, ii, n. (incend-o) _A burning, conflagration, fire._
+
+in-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre, a. _To shut up; to include._
+
+in-crēdĭbilis, e, adj. _Incredible, extraordinary._
+
+increpo, (āvi) ui, (ātum) ĭtum, āre, n. and a. _To make a noise._
+
+in-dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To introduce; to lead into,
+persuade._
+
+in-ĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. or a. _To go into, enter; begin._
+
+inert-ĭa, ae, f. (inners, the quality of the) _Want of skill;
+inactivity._
+
+in-fĕro, ferre, intūi, illātum, a. irr. _To produce, make; to bring,
+put_, or _place upon_.
+
+infestus, a, um, adj. _Hostile, dangerous._
+
+infiti-or, dep. (infiti-ae, _denial_) _To deny._
+
+in-flammo, flammāvi, flammātum, flammāre, a. _To set on fire._
+
+in-grăvesco, no perf., no sup., grăvescĕre, n. _To grow heavy; to grow
+worse._
+
+ĭn-ĭmīcus, a, um, adj. (in; amicus) _Unfriendly_; as noun, m., _a
+private enemy_.
+
+ĭnĭtĭ-o, a. (initi-um) _To begin, to initiate, consecrate._
+
+injūrĭ-a, ae, f. (injuri-us, _injurious_) _Injury, wrong_; injuriâ, as
+adv., _unjustly_.
+
+inl: see ill.
+
+ĭnŏp-ĭa, ae, f. (inops) _Need._
+
+inquam, def. verb. _To say._
+
+inr: see irr.
+
+inscrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To write upon; to inscribe;
+to impress upon._
+
+insĭd-ĭae, ārum, f. pl. (insid-eo, _to sit in_) _An ambush, ambuscade;
+plot treachery._
+
+insĭdĭ-or, atus sum, ari, dep. (insidiae) _To wait for, expect; to plot
+against._
+
+intel-lego, lexi, lectum, lĕgĕre, a. (inter: lego, _to choose between_)
+_To perceive, understand._
+
+in-tendo, tendi, tentum, tendĕre, and tensum, a. _To stretch out; to
+strive; to aim at._
+
+inter, prep, with acc. _Between, among._
+
+inter-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go_ or _come between; to
+intervene_.
+
+inter-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a. (inter; facio) _To destroy; to
+kill._
+
+intĕrĭ-tus, ūs, m. (intereo) _Destruction; death._
+
+inter-rŏgo, rŏgāvi, rŏgātum, rŏgāre, a. _To ask, inquire._
+
+inter-sum, esse, fui, n. irr. _To be between; to differ_; interest,
+impers., _it interests_.
+
+intes-tīnus, a, um, adj. (for intus-tinus, fr. intus) _Internal;
+intestine, civil._
+
+intrā, prep, with acc. _Within, in._
+
+in-ūro, ussi, ustum, ūrĕre, a. _To burn into; to brand._
+
+in-vĕnio, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, a. _To come upon, find._
+
+invĭd-ĭā, ae, f. (invid-us, _an envier_) _Envy, jealousy, unpopularity._
+
+invīto, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To ask, invite, summon._
+
+i-pse, a, um, pron. demonstr. (for i-pse; fr. is and suffix pse)
+_Himself, herself, itself; he, she, it; very._
+
+ir-rētĭ-o, vi, ītum, īre, a. (for in-ret-io, fr. in; ret-e, _a net_) _To
+ensnare, captivate._
+
+is, ea, id. pron. demonstr. _This, that; he, she, it; such._
+
+is-te, ta, tud, pron. demonstr. (is; suffix te) _This of yours; this,
+that; that fellow, that thing_ (used with contempt).
+
+ĭta, adv. _In this way; so, thus._
+
+
+J
+
+jăcĕo, ui, jacĭtum, ēre, n. _To lie; to lie down._
+
+jac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. freq. (jac-io) _To throw; to toss about;
+to boast, vaunt._
+
+jam, adv. _Now, already_; jamdūdum, _a long time since, long ago_ (with
+a present tense, giving the force of the perfect brought down to the
+present time); jam-prīdem, adv. _long time ago, for a long time_.
+
+jŭbĕo, jussi, jussum, jŭbēre, a. _To command, order, bid._
+
+jū-cundus, a, um, adj. (for juv-cundus, fr. juv-o) _Pleasant, agreeable,
+pleasing._
+
+jūdĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (judic-o) _A judging; a judgment; a sentence._
+
+jū-dico, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (jus; dĭco) _To judge; to think._
+
+jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To join, unite._
+
+jū-s, jūris, n. (akin to root ju, _to join_) _Law, right, justice_;
+jure, _justly_.
+
+jus-sū, m. (only in abl. sing.; jubeo) _By command._
+
+jus-tus, a, um, adj. (for jur-tus, fr. jus) _Just, right._
+
+
+L
+
+lābefac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (labefacio) _To cause to
+totter; to injure, ruin; to imperil._
+
+lăbor, ōris, m. _Labor, toil._
+
+laet-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (laet-us) _Joy, gladness._
+
+lātro, (a short or long), ōnis, m. _A robber, highwayman._
+
+latrōcīn-ĭum, ii, n. (latro) _Highway robbery, plundering._
+
+laus, laudis, f. _Praise, fame, honor._
+
+lectŭ-lus, i, m. dim. (for lecto-lus, fr. lecto, stem of lectus) _A
+little couch, bed._
+
+lēnis, e, adj. _Soft, gentle, mild._
+
+lex, lēgis, f. (= leg-s, fr. lēg-o; _that which is read_) _A law._
+
+līber, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. _Free, unrestrained._
+
+lībĕr-i, ōrum, m. pl. (liber) _Children._
+
+lībĕr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (id.) _To make free; to free._
+
+lib-īdo, ĭnis, f. (lib-et) _Desire; passion, lust._
+
+lĭcet, ŭit, itum est, ēre, imp. _It is permitted; one may_ or _can_.
+
+lŏcus, i, m. _A place_ (in pl., loci or loca).
+
+long-e, adv. (long-us) _Far off; greatly, much; by far._
+
+lŏquor, lŏcūtus sum, lŏqui, dep. _To speak, say._
+
+lux, lūcis, f. (= luc-s, fr. luc-eo, _to shine_) _Light; the light of
+day, daylight._
+
+
+M
+
+māchĭn-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (machin-a, _a device_) _To contrive,
+devise; to plot._
+
+mac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for mag-to, fr. obsolete mag-o,
+of same root as found in mag-nus) _To venerate, honor; to kill, slay; to
+immolate; to destroy._
+
+mă-gis, adv. _More._
+
+mag-nus, a, um, adj. (comp. major, sup. maximus; root mag) _Great_;
+majores, _ancestors_.
+
+māj-or, us, adj. comp. (magnus)
+
+mallĕŏ-lus, i, m. dim. (malleus, _a hammer_) _A small hammer; a kind of
+fire-dart._
+
+mā-lo, malle, mālŭi, a. irr. (contracted fr. mag-volo, fr. root mag;
+volo, _to have a great desire for_) _To prefer._
+
+măl-um, i, n. (malus) _An evil._
+
+man-do, dāvi, dātum, dāre, a. (man-us; do, _to put into one’s hand_) _To
+order; to commend, consign, intrust; to lay up_; se fugae mandare, _to
+take to flight_.
+
+mănus, ūs, f. _A hand; band of troops._
+
+mārīt-us, a, um, adj. (marit-a, mas) _Matrimonial, conjugal_; as noun,
+m. (sc. vir), _a husband_.
+
+mātūr-ē, adv. (matur-us) _Seasonably, at the proper time; soon._
+
+mātūr-ĭtas, ātis, f. (matur-us) _Ripeness, maturity, perfection._
+
+maxĭm-ē, adv. (maxim-us) _In the highest degree, especially._
+
+mĕdĭocr-ĭter, adv. (mediocris) _Moderately._
+
+mĕdĭtor, ātus sum, āri, dep. _To think, consider, meditate upon; to
+practise._
+
+mehercŭle, mehercle, mehercules, adv. _By Hercules._
+
+mĕmĭni, isse, a. and n., dep. _To remember, recollect._
+
+mĕmŏria, ae, f. (memor, _mindful_) _Memory._
+
+mens, mentis, f. _The mind; thought, purpose._
+
+mĕtŭ-o, ŭi, ūtum, a. and n. (metu-s) _To fear._
+
+mĕtus, ūs, m. _Fear._
+
+mĕ-us, a, um, pron. pers. (me) _My, mine._
+
+mĭn-us, adv. (min-or) _Less, not._
+
+mĭsĕrĭcord-ĭā, ae, f. (miseri-cors, _pitiful_) _Pity, compassion._
+
+mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To let go, send._
+
+mŏdo, adv. _Only_; non modo ... sed etiam, _not only; ... but also_.
+
+mŏdus, i, m. _A measure; limit; manner; kind._
+
+moenĭa, ium, n. pl. _Defensive walls; ramparts; city walls._
+
+mōles, is, f. _A huge mass; greatness, might._
+
+mōl-ĭor, ītus sum, īri, dep., n. and a. (mol-es) _To endeavor, strive;
+to undertake; to plot; to prepare._
+
+mol-lis, e, adj. (for mov-lis, fr. mov-eo, _that may_ or _can be moved_)
+_Weak, feeble; gentle; mild._
+
+mŏra, ae, f. _A delay._
+
+morbus, i, m. _A sickness, disease._
+
+mor-s, tis, f. (mor-ior) _Death._
+
+mor-tŭus, a, um, part. (mor-ior) _Dead._
+
+mos, mōris, m. [for meors; from meo, are, “to go”] _Usage, custom,
+practice._
+
+mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. _To move; to affect._
+
+mult-ō, adv. (mult-us) _Much, greatly._
+
+mult-o (mulcto), āvi, ātum, āre (mult-a, _a fine_) _To fine; to punish._
+
+multus, a, um, adj. _Much_; in pl., _many_.
+
+mūn-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (moenia) _To fortify._
+
+mūnī-tus, a, um, part. (muni-o) _Fortified, secure._
+
+mūrus, i, m. [for mun-rus; root MUN, “to defend”] _A wall._
+
+mū-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for mov-to, fr. mov-eo) _To move;
+to alter, change._
+
+
+N
+
+nam, conj. _For._
+
+nanciscor, nanctus and nactus sum, nancisci, dep. _To get; to find._
+
+nascor, nātus sum, nasci, dep. _To be born; to spring forth; to grow._
+
+nā-tūra, ae, f. (na-scor; _a being born_) _Birth; nature._
+
+nau-frăgus, a, um, adj. (nav-frag-us; navis; frag, root of frango) _That
+suffers shipwreck; wrecked._
+
+nē, adv. and conj. _No, not_; ne ... quidem, _not even; that not, lest_.
+
+-nĕ, interrog. and enclitic particle, in direct questions with the ind.
+asking merely for information; in indirect questions with the subj.
+_Whether._
+
+nec, conj.: see neque.
+
+nĕcess-ārĭus, a, um, adj. (ne-cess-e) _Unavoidable, necessary_; as noun,
+m., _a relative, friend_.
+
+nĕ-ces-se, neut. adj. (found only in nom. and acc. sing., for ne-ced-se,
+fr. ne; ed-o, _not yielding_) _Unavoidable, necessary._
+
+nĕfār-ĭus, a. um, adj. (for nefas-ius, fr. nefas) _Impious, nefarious._
+
+nēg-lĕg-o, lexi, lectum, lĕgĕre, a. (nec; lego, _not to gather_) _To
+neglect, disregard._
+
+nĕgo, nĕgāvi, nĕgātum, nĕgāre, n. and a. _To say “no;” to deny._
+
+nē-mo, ĭnis, m. and f. (ne; homo) _No person, no one, nobody._
+
+nĕ-que or nec, adv. _Not_; conj., _and not_; neque ... neque, nec ...
+nec, _neither ... nor_.
+
+nēqu-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (nequ-am) _Badness; inactivity, negligence._
+
+ne-scĭo, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. _Not to know, to be ignorant of._
+
+nex, nĕcis, f. (= nec-s, fr. nec-o) _Death; murder, slaughter._
+
+nĭhil, n. indecl. (nihilum, by apocope) _Nothing; not at all._
+
+nĭmis, adv. _Too much; too._
+
+nĭmĭ-um, adv. (nimi-us) _Too much; too._
+
+nĭ-si, conj. _If not, unless._
+
+noct-urnus, a, um, adj. (nox) _Belonging to the night, nocturnal._
+
+nōmĭn-o (1), a. (nomen) _To name._
+
+nōn, adv. _Not, no._
+
+non-dum, adv. _Not yet._
+
+non-ne, inter. adv. (expects answer “yes”) _Not?_
+
+non-nullus, a, um, adj. (not one) _Some, several._
+
+noster, tra, trum, poss. pron. (nos) _Our, our own, ours_; in plur., as
+noun, m., _our men_.
+
+nŏta, ae, f. (nosco) _A mark, sign; a brand._
+
+nŏt-o, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. (not-a) _To mark, designate._
+
+nŏvus, a, um, adj. _New._
+
+nox, noctis, f. _Night._
+
+nūdus, a, um, adj. _Naked, bare._
+
+n-ullus, a, um, adj. (ne; ullus) _None, no._
+
+num, inter. particle, used in direct questions expecting the answer
+“no;” in indirect questions, _Whether_.
+
+nŭmĕrus, i, m. _A number._
+
+nunc, adv. _Now, at present._
+
+n-unquam (numquam), adv. (ne; unquam) _Never._
+
+nūper, adv. (for nov-per, fr. nov-us) _Newly, lately._
+
+nupt-ĭae, ārum, f. pl. (nupt-a, _a married woman_) _Marriage, nuptials._
+
+
+O
+
+O, interj. _O! Oh!_
+
+ob, prep, with acc. _On account of._
+
+ŏbĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To engage in, execute._
+
+oblĭviscor, oblītus sum, oblivisci, dep. _To forget._
+
+obscūr-ē, adv. (obscur-us) _Indistinctly, secretly._
+
+obscūr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (obscurus) _To obscure._
+
+ōbscūrus, a, um, adj. _Dark; unknown._
+
+ob-sĭdĕo, sēdi, sessum, sĭdēre, a. (ob; sedeo, _to sit_) _To sit down
+at_ or _before; to invest; to watch for_.
+
+ob-sīdo, no perf., no sup., sĭdēre, a. _To sit down over_ or _against;
+to invest, besiege_.
+
+ob-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, sistĕre, n. _To oppose, resist._
+
+ob-sto, stĭti, stātum, stāre, n. _To oppose._
+
+ob-tempĕro, āvi, ātum, āre, n. _To comply with, obey._
+
+oc-cīdo, cīdi, cīsum, cīdĕre, a. (ob; caedo, _to strike against_) _To
+strike down; to kill._
+
+oc-cŭp-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (for ob-cap-o, fr. ob; capio) _To take,
+seize; to occupy._
+
+ŏcŭlus, i, m. _An eye._
+
+ōdi, odisse, a., defective. _To hate._
+
+ŏd-ĭum, ii, n. (odi) _Hatred._
+
+of-fendo, fendi, fensum, fendĕre, a. _To hit; to offend._
+
+of-fensus, a, um, adj. _Odious_
+
+ōmen, ĭnis, n. _An omen._
+
+o-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (ob; mitto) _To let go; to pass over,
+omit._
+
+omnis, e, adj. _Every, all._
+
+ŏpīn-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (opin-us, _thinking_) _To think, suppose,
+imagine._
+
+ŏport-et, ŭit, ēre, impers. _It is necessary._
+
+op-prĭmo, pressi, pressum, prĭmĕre, a. (ob; premo) _To overwhelm,
+subdue, overpower; to cover._
+
+optĭm-as, ātis, adj. (optim-us) _Aristocratic_; as noun (sc. homo), _an
+aristocrat_.
+
+opt-ĭmus, a, um, adj. (super. of bonus) _Best, very good._
+
+orbis, is, m. _A circle; the world, the universe._
+
+ord-o, ĭnis, m. (ord-ior, _to begin_) _Order; class, degree._
+
+ōs, ōris, n. _The mouth; the face, countenance._
+
+osten-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for ostend-to, fr. ostend-o)
+_To show; to display._
+
+ōtĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (oti-um, full of) _At leisure; quiet; calm,
+tranquil._
+
+ōtĭum, ii, n. _Leisure._
+
+
+P
+
+pa-ciscor, pactus sum, pacisci, dep., n. and a. _To contract; to agree,
+bargain._
+
+pac-tum, i, n. (pac-iscor) _An agreement, compact; manner, way._
+
+pango, pang-ĕre, panxi, pactum. _To agree._
+
+par-ens, entis, m. and f. (par-io) _A parent._
+
+părĭes, ietis, m. _A wall._
+
+părĭo, pĕpĕri, părĭtum, părĕre and partum, a. _To bring forth; to
+obtain._
+
+păr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To make, get ready, prepare._
+
+parrĭ-cīda, ae, m. (for patr-i-caed-a, fr. pater; [i]; caedo) _The
+murderer of one’s father; parricide._
+
+parricīd-ĭum, ii, n. (parricid-a) _Parricide, murder, treason._
+
+pars, partis, f. _A part, portion._
+
+part-ĭ-cep-s, cĭpis, adj. (for part-i-cap-s, fr. pars; [i]; cap-io)
+_Sharing, partaking_; as noun, _a sharer, partaker_.
+
+parvus, a, um, adj. _Small, little, slight._
+
+pat-e-făcĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a. (pateo; facio) _To disclose,
+expose, bring to light._
+
+pătĕo, ŭi, no sup., pătēre, n. _To stand_ or _lie open; to be clear,
+plain_.
+
+păter, tris, m. _A father._
+
+pătĭent-ĭa, ae, f. (patior) _Patience._
+
+pătr-ĭus, a, um (a long or short), adj. (pater) _Paternal, fatherly_; as
+noun, f. (sc. terra), _native land, country_.
+
+paucus, a, um, adj. _Small, little_; as noun, pl. m., _few, a few_.
+
+paul-isper, adv. (paul-us, _little_) _For a little while._
+
+paul-ō adv. (id., _little_) _By a little, a little._
+
+paul-um, adv. (paul-us) _By a little, a little._
+
+paul-us, a, um, adj. _A little, small._
+
+pĕnĭ-tus, adv. (root pen) _From within; deeply._
+
+per, prep, with acc. _Through; by, by means of; on account of._
+
+per-cĭpĭ-o, cēpi, ceptum, cĭpĕre, a. (per; capio) _To take possession
+of, seize; to comprehend, perceive, learn._
+
+perd-ĭtus, a, um, part. (perd-o) _Ruined, desperate, abandoned._
+
+per-do, dĭdi, dĭtum, dĕre, a. _To destroy, ruin._
+
+per-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To bear, endure._
+
+per-fringo, frēgi, fractum, fringĕre, a. (per; frango) _To break
+through; to violate, infringe._
+
+per-frŭor, fructus sum, frŭi, dep. _To enjoy fully._
+
+per-go, perrexi, perrectum, pergĕre, a. and n. (for per-rego, _to make
+quite straight_) _To proceed, go on._
+
+pĕrīcl-ītor, ītātus sum, tari, dep., a. and n. (perīcl-um) _To try; to
+endanger, risk; to venture, hazard._
+
+pĕrī-cŭlum (clum), i, n. (peri-or [obsolete], _to go through_) _A trial;
+hazard, danger, peril._
+
+per-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittere, a. _To send through; to give up,
+intrust, surrender._
+
+per-mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. _To move thoroughly; to excite,
+arouse._
+
+pernĭc-ĭes, ĭēi, f. (pernec-o, _to kill utterly_) _Destruction._
+
+pernĭcĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (per-nici-es, full of) _Very destructive,
+ruinous, pernicious._
+
+perpĕtŭus, a, um, adj. _Continuous; constant, perpetual._
+
+per-saepe. _Very often, very frequently._
+
+per-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcĕre, a. (per; specio, _to look_) _To
+look through; to perceive, note._
+
+per-terrĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, terrēre, a. _To terrify thoroughly._
+
+per-tĭme-sco, tĭmŭi, no sup., tĭmescĕre, a. and n. inch. (pertimeo) _To
+fear or dread greatly._
+
+per-tĭn-ĕō, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, n. (per; teneo) _To stretch; to
+concern; to pertain to._
+
+per-vĕnĭo, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, n. _To arrive at, reach._
+
+pestis, is, f. _Ruin, plague._
+
+pĕt-ītĭo, ōnis, f. (pet-o) _An attack, thrust._
+
+pĕto, pĕtīvi, pĕtītum, pĕtĕre, a. _To seek; to attack, thrust at._
+
+plăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, plăcēre, n. _To please_; placet, impers., _it seems
+good; it is resolved upon; it is determined_.
+
+plāco, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To quiet, calm, reconcile._
+
+plān-ē, adv. (plan-us) _Simply, clearly._
+
+plēbes, ei, f. or plebs, plēbis, f. _The common people, the plebeians._
+
+plū-rĭmus, a, um, sup. adj. (multus) _Very much_; in pl., _the largest_
+or _smaller number_; with quam, _as many as possible_.
+
+poena, ae, f. _Punishment._
+
+pol-lĭcĕor, licitus sum, lĭcērĭ, dep. (pot, root of pot-is, _powerful_,
+and liceor, _to bid_) _To promise._
+
+pontĭfex, fĭcis, m. _The high priest, pontiff._
+
+pŏpŭlus, i, m. _A people, nation, multitude._
+
+porta, ae, f. _A gate; passage._
+
+pos-sum, posse, pŏtŭi, no sup., n. irr. (for pot-sum, fr. pot, root of
+pot-is, _able_, and sum) _To be able._
+
+post, adv. and prep. with acc. _Behind; after; next to, since._
+
+post-ĕā, adv. _After this; afterwards._
+
+postĕr-ĭtas, ātis, f. (poster-us) _Futurity; posterity._
+
+postŭlo, a. _To ask, demand, request._
+
+pŏtĭus, adv. (adv. neut. of potior, comp. of potis) _Rather, more._
+
+prae-clārus, a, um, adj. _Splendid, excellent; distinguished._
+
+prae-dĭco, dĭcāvi, dĭcātum, dĭ-cāre, a. _To publish, state, declare._
+
+prae-dīco, dixi, dictum, dīcĕre, a. _To say beforehand; to predict._
+
+prae-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To bear before; to display, to
+exhibit._
+
+prae-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To send forward._
+
+prae-s-ens, entis, adj. (prae; sum) _Present._
+
+praesent-ĭa, ae, f. (praesens) _Presence._
+
+praesĭd-ĭum, ii, n. (praesid-eo) _A guarding, defence, aid; a garrison,
+guard._
+
+prae-stōlor (1), dep. n. and a. _To wait for._
+
+praetĕr-ĕo, īre, ii, ĭtum, n. and a. irr. _To pass over, omit._
+
+praeter-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To pass over, omit._
+
+prae-tor, ōris, m. (for praei-tor, fr. praeeo) _A leader; a praetor_, an
+officer next to consul in rank.
+
+prī-dem, adv. (for prae-dem, fr. prae; suffix dem) _A long time ago,
+long since._
+
+prī-diē, adv. (for prae-die, fr. prae; dies) _On the day before._
+
+prī-mō, adv. (primus) _At first._
+
+pri-mus, a, um, sup. adj. (for prae-mus, fr. prae, with superlative
+suffix mus) _The first, first._
+
+prin-cep-s, cĭpis, adj. (for prim-caps, fr. prim-us; cap-io) _First_; as
+noun, m. and f., _chief, leader_.
+
+prĭ-or, us, gen. ōris, comp. adj. (for prae-or, fr. prae; comparative
+suffix or) _Former._
+
+prīvā-tus, a, um, part. (prīv-[a]-o, _to deprive_) _Private_; as noun,
+m., _a private citizen_.
+
+prob-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To try; to approve._
+
+perfec-tĭo, ōnis, f. (for profac-tio, fr. profic-iscor) _A setting out,
+departure._
+
+prō-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, n. and a. (pro; facio) _To accomplish,
+effect._
+
+pro-fĭc-iscor, fectus sum, fĭcisci, dep. n. inch, (for pro-fac-iscor,
+fr. pro; fac-io) _To set out._
+
+prō-fŭgĭo, fūgi, fŭgitum, fŭgĕre, a. and n. _To flee._
+
+prŏpe, adv. and prep, with acc. _Nearly, almost._
+
+prŏprĭus, a, um, adj. _One’s one; proper, peculiar, suited to._
+
+prop-ter, prep. with acc. (prop-e) _Near; on account of._
+
+pro-sĕquor, sĕcūtus sum, sĕqui, dep. _To follow, accompany._
+
+proxĭmus, a, um, adj. (proc-simus, for prop-simus, fr. prop-e, and sup.
+ending simus) _The nearest, next; the last._
+
+publĭc-ē, adv. (public-us) _In behalf of the state, in the name of the
+state._
+
+publ-ĭcus, a, um, adj. (populus) _public, common_.
+
+pŭd-or, ōrĭs, m. (pudet) _Shame, modesty._
+
+pur-go, a. (pūr-us) _To clean, cleanse; purify._
+
+pŭt-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (put-us, _cleansed_) _To make clean; to
+reckon, think._
+
+
+Q
+
+quaero (quaeso), quaesīvi, ii, quaesītum, quaerĕre, a. _To seek; demand,
+ask._
+
+quaeso: see quaero.
+
+quaēs-tio, ōnis, f. (quaes-o) _A seeking; a judicial investigation._
+
+quam, adv. (adverbial acc. of quis) _In what manner, how; as much, as;
+than_; with superlatives, _as_ (much as) _possible_, e.g. quam primum,
+_as soon as possible_.
+
+quam-dĭu, adv. _How long, as long as._
+
+quam-ob-rem, rel. adv. _On which account, wherefore._
+
+quam-quam, conj. _Although._
+
+quantus, a, um, adj. _How great, how much._
+
+quā-rē, adv. (quis; res) _From what cause? wherefore?_
+
+-que, enclitic conj. _And_; que ... que, _both ... and_.
+
+quĕr-ĭmōnĭa, ae, f. (queror) _A complaint._
+
+quĕror, questus sum, quĕri, dep. a. and n. _To complain of, lament,
+bewail._
+
+quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. _Who, which, what, that._
+
+quī-dam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. _Some, some one, a certain one._
+
+quĭdem, adv. _Indeed, at least_; ne ... quidem, _not even_.
+
+quĭe-sco, quĭēvi, quĭētum, quĭescĕre, n. inch, (for quiet-sco, fr.
+quies) _To keep quiet._
+
+quin-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (quinqu-tus, fr. quinque) _The fifth._
+
+quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron. (quis, quae, quod, used adjectively)
+_Who? which? what?_ quid, _how? why? wherefore?_ preceded by ne, si,
+nisi, num, becomes an indefinite pron., _any, some_.
+
+quis-quam, quae-quam, quic-quam (quod-quam), indef. pron. _Any, any
+one._
+
+quis-que, quae-que, quod-que (and as noun, quic-que; quid-que), indef.
+pron. _Each, every_.
+
+quis-quis, quod-quod or quic-quid or quid-quid, indef. pron. _Whatever,
+whatsoever_; as noun, _whoever, whosoever_.
+
+quō, adv. (qui) _Where; whither._
+
+quod, conj. (acc. neut. fr. qui) _That, in that, because_; quod si, _but
+if_.
+
+quon-dam, adv. (for quom-dam, fr. quom, old form of quem) _Once,
+formerly._
+
+quŏn-ĭam, conj. (for quom-iam, fr. quom = cum and jam) _Since._
+
+quŏque, conj. _Also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes).
+
+quot, num. adj. indecl. _How many, as many._
+
+quŏtīd-ĭe, cotidie. _Daily._
+
+quot-ĭes, iens, adv. (xuot) _How often._
+
+quŏtĭes-cumque, adv. _How often soever; as often as._
+
+quo-usque, adv. (for quom; usque, fr. quom, old form of quem; usque)
+_Until what time; how long._
+
+
+R
+
+răpĭo, ŭi, raptum, răpĕre, a. _To match_ or _draw away_.
+
+ră-tĭo, ōnis, f. (reor) _A calculation; judgment, reason; course,
+manner._
+
+rĕcens, ntis, adj. _Fresh, recent._
+
+rĕ-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, rĕcĭpĕre, a. (re; capio) _To take back; to
+accept, receive._
+
+rĕ-cognosco, cognōvi, cognitum, cognoscĕre, a. _To know again,
+recognize; to examine, review._
+
+rĕ-condo, condĭdi, condĭtum, condĕre, a. _To put back again; to sheath_
+(of a sword); _to lay up; bury_.
+
+rec-tus, a, um, part, (for reg-tus, fr. reg-o) _Right; straight._
+
+red-und-o, āvi, ātum, āre, n. _To overflow; to abound._
+
+re-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To carry, bring_, or _give back;
+to return, pay back_.
+
+rēgĭ-ē, adv. (regi-us) _Royally, tyrannically._
+
+rĕ-lĕvo, lĕvāvi, lĕvātum, lĕvāre, a. _To make light; to relieve._
+
+rĕ-linquo, līqui, lictum, linquĕre, a. (re; linquo, _to leave_) _To
+leave behind, leave._
+
+rĕlĭqu-us, a, um, adj. (reli[n]qu-o) _Remaining; the remainder of,
+rest._
+
+rĕmănĕo, mansi, no sup., mănēre, n. _To remain behind._
+
+rĕ-mŏror, mŏrātus sum, mŏrāri, dep., n. and a. _To stay, delay, to
+detain._
+
+re-pello, pŭli, pulsum, a. _To reject, repel._
+
+rĕ-pĕrio, rĕpĕri, rĕpertum, pĕrīre, a. (re; par-o) _To find._
+
+re-primo, pressi, pressum, a. (re; premo) _To check, restrain._
+
+rĕpŭdĭ-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (repudi-um, _a casting off_) _To cast off;
+to reject._
+
+rēs, rĕi, f. _A thing, matter_; res publica, _the commonwealth, the
+state_.
+
+rĕ-sĭdĕo, sēdi, no sup., sĭdēre, n. (re; sedeo) _To remain; to remain
+behind._
+
+rē-spondĕo, spondi, sponsum, spondēre, a. (re; spondeo, _to promise_)
+_To answer, reply._
+
+respon-sum, i, n. (for respond-sum, fr. respond-eo) _An answer, reply._
+
+rēs-publĭcā, rĕi-publĭcae, f.; see res.
+
+rĕ-vŏco, a. _To call back, to recall._
+
+rŏgo, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To ask_; rogare legem, _to propose a law_.
+
+rŭ-īna, ae, f. (ru-o) _A falling; ruin._
+
+
+S
+
+sacr-ārĭum, ii (a long or short), n, (sacr-um) _A place for keeping holy
+things; a shrine._
+
+sacrum, i (a long or short), n. (sacer) _A sacred thing; a religious
+rite, ceremony._
+
+saep-e, adv. (saep-is, _frequent_) _Often, frequently._
+
+săg-ax, ācĭs, adj. (sagio, _to perceive quickly_) _Sagacious,
+keen-scented._
+
+sălū-s, ūtis, f. (for salvit-s; fr. salv-eo, _to be well_) _Health;
+safety, prosperity._
+
+sălūt-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (salus) _To greet, salute._
+
+sanc-tus, a, um, adj. (sancio) _Sacred, holy, venerable._
+
+sanguis, inis, m. _Blood._
+
+sătelles, ĭtis, com. gen. _An attendant; an accomplice, partner._
+
+sătĭs (sat), adv. _Enough._
+
+sătis-făcĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a. _To give satisfaction; satisfy,
+content._
+
+scĕlĕrāt-ē, adv. (scelerat-us) _Impiously, wickedly._
+
+scĕlĕrā-tus, a, um, part. (sceler[a]-o, _to pollute_) _Polluted, bad_;
+as noun, m., _a wretch_.
+
+scĕlus, ĕris, n. _An evil deed; a crime, guilt._
+
+scio, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. _To know, perceive._
+
+sē-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go apart; to go away._
+
+sē-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To put apart, separate._
+
+sed, conj. _But, yet, but also_; non solum ... sed etiam, _not only_ ...
+_but also_.
+
+sēd-ĭ-tĭo, ōnis, f. (sed = sine; i, root of eo, _a going apart_)
+_Sedition, strife._
+
+sē-jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To disjoin; to separate._
+
+sē-men, ĭnis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa, true root of sero) _the sown
+thing. Seed_.
+
+semper, adv. _Ever, always._
+
+sĕn-ātus, ūs, m. (senex) _The council of the elders, the senate._
+
+sĕnātūs-consultum, i, n. _A decree of the senate._
+
+sen-sus, ŭs, m. (for sent-sus, fr. sent-io) _Perception, feeling._
+
+sentent-ĭa, ae, f. (for sentient-ia, fr. sentiens, _thinking_) _An
+opinion, sentiment; sentence, vote._
+
+sentīna, ae, f. _Bilge-water; the lowest of the people, rabble; mob._
+
+sentĭo, sensi, sensum, sentire, a. _To feel, see; to perceive._
+
+sequor, sĕcutus sum, sĕqui, dep. _To follow, to comply with, conform
+to._
+
+sermo, ōnis, m. _A speaking; talk, conversation._
+
+sēr-ō, adv. (ser-us) _Late, too late._
+
+serv-ĭo, ivi, itum, ire, n. (serv-us) _To be a slave; to serve,_
+
+servo, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To save, preserve, protect._
+
+sērvus, i, m. _A slave._
+
+sēsē, reduplicated form of acc. or abl. of sui.
+
+sĕvēr-itas, ātis, f. (severus) _Strictness, severity._
+
+sex-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (sex) _The sixth._
+
+si, conj. _If, whether._
+
+sīc, adv. _In this manner, so thus._
+
+sīca, ae, f. _A dagger, poniard._
+
+sīc-ut or sīc-uti, adv. _So as, just as._
+
+sĭlent-ĭum, ii, n. (silens, _silent_) _Silence._
+
+sĭlĕo, ui, no sup., n. _To be noiseless, still_, or _silent_.
+
+sĭmĭlĭs, e, adj. (with gen. and dat.) _Like, similar._
+
+sĭmul, adv. _Together, at once_; simul-ac _or_ atque, _as soon as_.
+
+sī-n, conj. (si; ne) _But if._
+
+sine, prep. with abl. _Without._
+
+sing-ŭli, ae, a, num. distrib. adj. _One to each, separate, single,
+each, every._
+
+sĭno, sīvi, sĭtum, sĭnăre, a. _To let, suffer, allow._
+
+sŏcĭ-etas, ātis, f. (soci-us) _Fellowship, association, society;
+a league, an alliance._
+
+socius, ii, m. _A partner, companion; ally, confederate._
+
+sŏdālis, is, com. gen. _A boon companion._
+
+sŏlĕo, sŏlĭtus sum, n. semi-dep. _To be wont, be accustomed._
+
+sōl-ĭtūdo, īnĭs, f. (sol-us) _Loneliness, aolitude; a desert,
+wilderness._
+
+sōl-um, adv. (sōl-us) _Alone, only._
+
+somnus, i, m. _Sleep, slumber._
+
+spĕcŭl-or, dep. a. and n. (specula, _a watch-tower_) _To watch, observe,
+explore._
+
+spe-s, spĕi, f., gen., dat., and abl. pl. not found in good writers (for
+sper-s, fr. spēr-o) _Hope._
+
+spīr-ĭtus, ūs, m. (spir-o) _A breathing; a breath._
+
+spon-te, abl., and spontis, gen. of the noun spons, f. (for spond-te,
+fr. spond-eo, _to pledge_) _Of one’s own accord, willingly._
+
+stā-tor, ōris, m. _A supporter, stayer._
+
+stătŭ-o, ui, ūtum, ĕre, a. (status) _To put, place; to decide,
+determine._
+
+stā-tus, ūs, m. (sto) _Condition, situation, state._
+
+stirps, stirpis, f. _A stock, stem; source, origin._
+
+sto, stĕti, stātum, stāre, n. _To stand._
+
+stŭdĕo, ŭi, no sup., ēre, n. and a. _To be eager; to pursue, be devoted
+to._
+
+stŭd-ĭum, ii, n. (stud-eo) _Assiduity, zeal._
+
+stultus, a, um, adj. _Foolish, simple._
+
+stuprum, i (u long or short), n. _Debauchery, lewdness._
+
+suādeo, suāsi, suāsum, suādēre, n. and a. _To advise, recommend._
+
+sub-sell-ĭum, ii, n. (sub; sell-a) _A bench, judge’s seat._
+
+sŭi, sibi, se or sese, pron. reflex. _Of himself, herself, itself_, or
+_themselves_.
+
+sum, esse, fŭi, no sup., n. irr. _To be, exist._
+
+summus, a, um, sup. adj. (superus) _The highest, greatest, very great;
+the most important; the top of, the summit of._
+
+sŭpĕr-ĭor, ĭus, comp. adj. (super) _Higher; earlier, former._
+
+supplĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (supplic-o) _A humble petition; punishment._
+
+sus-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, cĭpĕre, a. _To undertake._
+
+suspec-tus, a, um, part. (suspic-io, through true root suspec)
+_Mistrusted, suspected._
+
+su-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcere, a. and n. (sub; specio, _to look_)
+_To look at from under; to mistrust, suspect._
+
+suspīc-ĭo, ōnis, f. (suspic-or) _Mistrust, suspicion._
+
+suspĭc-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (suspic-io) _To suspect._
+
+suspitio: see suspicio.
+
+sus-tĭneo, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, a. _To support, sustain._
+
+sŭ-us, a, um, poss. pron. (su-i) _Of_ or _belonging to himself, herself,
+itself_, or _themselves; his own, her own, its own, their own_.
+
+
+T
+
+tăbŭla, ae, f. _A board; a writing-tablet._
+
+tăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, tăcēre, n. _To be silent._
+
+tăciturn-ĭtas, ātis, f. (taciturnus, _quiet_) _Silence._
+
+tăc-ĭtus, a, um, adj. (taceo) _Silent._
+
+tae-ter, tra, trum, adj. (for taed-ter, fr. taed-et) _Foul, shameful,
+disgraceful._
+
+tam, adv. _So, so far, so very, so much._
+
+tămen, adv. _Nevertheless, however, still._
+
+tăm-etsi, conj. (contracted fr. tamen-etsi) _Although, though._
+
+tan-dem, adv. (tam) _At length_; in questions, _pray_.
+
+tam-quam, adv. (tam; quam) _As much as; just as, like as, as if, as it
+were._
+
+tantus, a, um, adj. _So great, so large, so many._
+
+tec-tum, i, n. (for teg-tum, fr. teg-o) _A roof, house._
+
+tēlum, i, n. _A spear; weapon._
+
+tempes-tas, ātis, f. (for tempor-tas, fr. tempus) _A space of time;
+a time; weather_ (both good and bad), hence _a storm, tempest_.
+
+templum, i, n. _A temple, shrine._
+
+temp-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (also written ten-to, fr. teneo)
+_To handle; to try; to try the strength of; to attack._
+
+tempus, ŏris, n. _A portion of time; a time; a critical moment,
+circumstances._
+
+tĕnĕbrae, ārum, f. pl. _Darkness._
+
+tĕnĕo, tĕnŭi, tentum, a., tĕnēre. _To hold, keep, have, guard._
+
+terra, ae, f. _The earth, land_; orbis terrarum, _the world; country_.
+
+tĭmĕo, ūi, no sup., tĭmēre, a. and n. _To fear._
+
+tĭm-or, ōris, m. _Fear._
+
+tollo, sustŭli, sublătum, tollĕre, a. _To lift up; to destroy, take
+away._
+
+tot, num. adj. indecl. _So many._
+
+tŏt-ĭes, (iens) num. adv. (tot) _So often, so many times._
+
+tōtus, a, um, adj. _All, all the; the whole_; in adverbial force,
+_altogether, wholly_.
+
+trans-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. _To bear ucross; to transport,
+transfer._
+
+tribūn-al, ālis, n. (tribunus) _A judgment-seat, tribunal._
+
+trib-ūnus, i, m. (trib-us) _A tribune._
+
+tru-cīdo, a. (for truc-caedo, fr. trux [_savage_]; caedo) _To
+slaughter._
+
+tū, tui, pers. pron. _Thou, you_ (sing.)
+
+tum, adv. _Then, at that time._
+
+tŭmultus, ūs, m. _Disturbance, tumult._
+
+turp-ĭtūdo, inis, f. (turpis) _Baseness, infamy._
+
+tū-tus, a, um, (tu-eor) _Safe, secure._
+
+tŭ-us, a, um, poss. pron. (tu) _Thy, thine, your, yours._
+
+
+U
+
+ŭbi, adv. (akin to qui) _Where; when_; ubinam, _where, pray?_
+
+ul-lus, a, um, adj. dim. (for un-lus, fr. unus) _Any, any one._
+
+umquam: see unquam.
+
+ūnā, adv. (adverbial abl. of unus) _At the same time, in company,
+together._
+
+
+V
+
+vir-tus, ūtis, f. (vir) _Manliness, manhood; courage; worth, merit._
+
+vis, vis, f. _Strength, force._
+
+viscus, ĕris, n. (mostly in pl.) _The inwards; the viscera._
+
+vĭ-ta, ae, f. (for viv-ta, fr. viv-o) _Life._
+
+vĭtĭum, ii, n. _Fault, blemish, error, crime, vice._
+
+vīto, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To shun, avoid._
+
+vīvo, vixi, victum, vīvĕre, n. _To live._
+
+vīv-us, a, um, adj. (vīv-o) _Alive._
+
+vix, adv. _With difficulty, hardly, scarcely_; vixdum, _scarcely_.
+
+vŏco, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To call; summon._
+
+volnĕr-o, āvi, ātus sum, āre, a. (volnus) _To wound._
+
+volo, velle, volŭi, no sup., a. irr. _To will, wish, desire._
+
+voltus: see vultus.
+
+volun-tas, ātis, f. (for volent-tas, fr. volens) _Will, wish, desire,
+inclination._
+
+volup-tas, ātis, f. (volup, _agreeable_) _Enjoyment, pleasure, delight._
+
+vox, vōcis, f. (for voc-s, fr. voc-o, _that which calls out_) _A voice;
+a word_; in pl., _language, sayings, words_.
+
+vul-tus, ūs, m. (for vol-tus, fr. vol-o) _The countenance; looks,
+aspect._
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+
+TEXT ALONE
+
+I.--1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu
+etiam furor iste tuus eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit
+audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae,
+nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic
+munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt.
+Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri
+conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
+ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum
+ignorare arbitraris?
+
+2. O tempora, O mores! senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen
+vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consilii
+particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos
+autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furorem
+ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem
+oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris.
+
+3. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum,
+mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit:
+Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos
+consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius
+Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit
+ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acerbioribus
+suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent.
+Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave: non deest
+rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis: nos, nos, dico
+aperte, consules desumus.
+
+II.--4. Decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid
+res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est
+propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre,
+avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili
+senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res
+publica: num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et
+C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero
+nos vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere aciei horum auctoritatis.
+Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis
+tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim
+interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad
+deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me
+esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum
+videri, sed jam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno.
+
+5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus
+collocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem
+castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu
+videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si
+te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, erit
+verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam
+crudelius factum se dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse
+oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique
+interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis
+inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fateatur.
+
+6. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita,
+ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te
+contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non
+sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
+
+III.--Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si neque
+nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus
+continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si inlustrantur, si erumpunt
+omnia? Muta jam istam mentem, mihi crede! obliviscere caedis atque
+incendiorum. Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia
+omnia; quae jam mecum licet recognoscas.
+
+7. Meministine me ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres dicere in
+senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem sextum
+Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum
+tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque
+incredibilis, verum id quod multo magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem
+in senatu, caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas
+Novembres, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui
+conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num
+infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum
+commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum
+nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas?
+
+8. Quid? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum
+nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu
+meis praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil
+moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam
+planeque sentiam.
+
+
+IV.--Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: jam intelliges
+multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae.
+Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios--non agam obscure in
+M. Laecae domum: convenisse eodem complures ejusdem amentiae scelerisque
+socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas: video enim
+esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt.
+
+9. O di immortales! ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem publicam habemus? in
+qua urbe vivimus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in
+hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro
+omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio
+cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos
+ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud
+Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partess Italiae; statuisti quo
+quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos
+tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te
+ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiam tum morae,
+quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura
+liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo
+interfecturos esse pollicerentur.
+
+10. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum
+meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad
+me salutatum mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis
+ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos praedixeram.
+
+
+V.--11. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere
+aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te
+imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes
+tuos, si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum
+modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non
+potes: non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda
+est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis,
+gratia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei
+publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine
+summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato,
+Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata
+diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in
+campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos
+nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato:
+denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam
+videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse
+conjunctam.
+
+12. Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum
+immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad
+exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod
+hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo,
+faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem
+utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica reliqua
+conjuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris,
+exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei
+publicae.
+
+13. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me facere, quod jam tua
+sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe jubet consul hostem. Interrogas me: num
+in exilium? non jubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo.
+
+
+VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delectare possit?
+In qua nemo est extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum qui te non
+metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non
+inusta vitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama?
+Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam tuis, quod
+flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem
+corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad
+libidinem facem praetulisti?
+
+14. Quid vero? Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum
+vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus
+cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac
+civitate tanti facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata
+esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes
+impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad
+privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam
+difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad
+omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent.
+
+15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse
+jucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas
+Januarias Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? Manum
+consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse sceleri
+ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi
+Romani obstitisse? Ac jam illa omitto--neque enim sunt aut obscura aut
+non multa commissa postea:--quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem
+interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita conjectas, ut vitari
+posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore
+effugi! nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis.
+
+16. Quotiens tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens excidit
+aliquo casu et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac
+devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore
+defigere.
+
+
+VII.--Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar, non
+ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi
+nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta
+frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post
+hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis
+gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid? Quod adventu tuo ista
+subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad
+caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam
+subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi
+ferendum putas?
+
+17. Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes
+cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi urbem nom
+arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque
+offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis oculis omnium
+conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium
+omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque
+vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent
+atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab
+eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria quae communis est parens
+omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de
+parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere nec
+judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
+
+18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur:
+‘Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium
+sine te: tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque
+sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: tu non solum ad negligendas leges et
+quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti.
+Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc
+vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit
+Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a
+tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quamobrem discede atque hunc
+mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem
+aliquando timere desinam.’
+
+
+VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare
+debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid? Quod tu te ipse in
+custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa apud M’. Lepidum te
+habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es,
+atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum
+tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui
+magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum
+praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum,
+M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum
+diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum
+fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque
+vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit?
+
+20. Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in
+aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis debitisque
+ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? Refer, inquis, ad senatum; id enim
+postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire in exilium,
+obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis
+moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere
+ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu in exilium, si hunc vocem
+exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid
+animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas
+auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis?
+
+21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo
+vero M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo jure
+optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum
+quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque
+hi solum, quorum auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed
+etiam equites Romani honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique
+fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam
+videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti.
+Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile
+adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem usque
+ad portas prosequantur.
+
+IX.--22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te unquam
+corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam tibi
+istam mentem di immortales duint! Etsi video, si mea voce perterritus
+ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si
+minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in
+posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata
+calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis
+commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae
+cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor
+unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
+revocaverit.
+
+23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico,
+ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exilium; vix
+feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in
+exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et
+gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad
+Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae
+bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed
+invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.
+
+24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse praemissos, qui
+tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam pactam et
+constitutam cum Manlio diem. A quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam
+tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui
+domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse
+praemissam? Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem
+proficisens solebas, a cujus altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad
+necem civium transtulisti.
+
+X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista cupiditas
+effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem,
+sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit,
+voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo otium, sed ne
+bellum quidem, nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab
+omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum
+manum.
+
+26. Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in
+voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum
+bonum quemquam neque videbis. Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt
+qui feruntur labores tui, jacere humi, non solum ad obsidendum stuprum,
+verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno
+maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes, illam tuam
+praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium, quibus te
+brevi tempore conectum senties.
+
+27. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius
+tentare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs
+te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
+
+XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae
+querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae
+dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum
+patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si omnis
+res publica sic loquatur; ‘M. Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quem esse
+hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari
+imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem
+conjurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere,
+ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem videatur? Nonne hunc
+in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari
+imperabis?
+
+28. Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in
+hac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. An leges, quae de
+civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a
+re publica defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis
+times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per
+te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium
+per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiam aut alicujus
+periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis.
+
+29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac
+fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum
+bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non
+existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?’
+
+XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui
+hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu
+judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram
+horae gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi viri et
+clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum
+complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam
+honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium
+interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi
+maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute
+partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
+
+30. Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non
+videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: qui spem Catilinae mollibus
+sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo
+corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi,
+verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie
+factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana
+castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem
+esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno
+interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in
+perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et
+eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur
+atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum
+etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium.
+
+XIII.--31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis
+conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum
+ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus
+erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur
+fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum
+autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus
+rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febrique
+jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde
+multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui est in re
+publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis ingravescet.
+
+32. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum
+congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi, discernantur a
+nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal
+praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad
+inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius
+cujusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres
+conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis
+auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus
+bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta,
+inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis.
+
+33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua
+peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere
+parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum,
+tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es
+constitutus, quem Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,
+hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac
+moenibus a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos,
+hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria
+societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+
+ERRATA (noted by transcriber):
+
+General:
+
+_The shift from “Antony” (“Life of Cicero” section) to “Antonius”
+(remainder of the book) is unchanged. Date format has been regularized
+to “(year) B.C.”; in the original, about a quarter of the dates were
+in the reversed form “B.C. (year)”. A few cases of “scil,” with comma have been silently changed to “scil.” Four occurrences of “æ”--three
+of them on the same page--have been regularized to “ae”._
+
+_In the Notes and Vocabulary sections, minor punctuation errors were silently corrected._
+
+Life of Cicero:
+
+  Chrysogonus, one of Sulla’s favourites  [Sylla’s]
+  Molo, the rhetorician  [rhetorican]
+  Marc Antony’s designs  [Anthony’s, and see above]
+  Sidenote: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus  [Sepidus]
+  The works of Cicero are:--  [Circero]
+
+Oratio
+
+_A number of typographical errors in the main text were corrected by
+hand, generally to agree with the form used in the Notes._
+
+  I. 3. C. [3]Servilius Ahala
+    [_“Serviliusi”, with “i” crossed out by hand_]
+  viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis  [supplicus]
+  II. 4. Vivis, [12]et vivis non ad
+    [_“Visis” corrected by hand to “Vivis”_]
+  II. 5. eorum autem castrorum  [castorum]
+  III. 6. obscurare ... continere
+    [_“-ari”, “-eri” corrected by hand to “-are”, “-ere”_]
+  III. 7. contentum esse dicebas
+    [_“se” corrected by hand to esse_]
+  IV. 9. sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat
+    [_“et” added by hand_]
+  partes Italiae  [partesJ taliae]
+  [10]statuisti quo
+    [_“loco” added by hand before “quo”: see “scil.” ff. in Notes_]
+  V. 11. ... periclitanda rei ... Catilina,
+    [_printed at consecutive line-ends as
+    “... periclitanda re” and “... Catilinai”_]
+  V. 12. magna et perniciosa sentina
+    [_omitted word “sentina” supplied from Notes and other editions_]
+  rei publicae  [_printed as one word_]
+  VII. 16. Sic enim  [enam]
+  VII. 17. Etsi me meis civibus  [Esti]
+  VII. 18. esse in metu propter unum te  [matu]
+  IX. 22. a rei publicae periculis sejungatur  [pablicae]
+  concita perditos cives,  [_, missing_]
+  X.--25.  [_text has “23” (without period) for “25.”_]
+  X. 26. in tanto numero tuorum  [turorum]
+  X. 27. vexare rem publicam posses  [publiciam]
+  XI. 27. principem conjurationis  [principem, conjurationis]
+  XI. 29. incendio conflagraturum?’  [_close quote missing_]
+  XII. 30. verum etiam strips
+    [_“strips” corrected by hand to “stirps”_]
+  XIII. 33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina,
+    [_“omnibus” changed by hand to “ominibus” to agree with Notes:
+    both readings are possible_]
+
+Footnote Tags
+
+  I. 2. [6]  [7]
+  I. 3. [10]  [_There is no note corresponding to this tag_]
+  II. 5 [4]  [_missing_]
+  III. 8 [4]  [_missing_]
+  V. 11. [8], [9]  [_numbers reversed_]
+  VIII. 21. [5]prosequantur.  [6]
+  IX. 22. [2]Te ut ulla res frangat?  [_missing_]
+  X. 26. [5]  [_missing; following two tags numbered 5 and 6_]
+  XI. 28. supplicio [4]rogatae sunt?  [_missing_]
+
+Notes
+
+[Long dashes were changed to hyphens in contexts such as “_-re_ to
+_-ris_” and “compounds of _-lego_”.]
+
+  I. 1. 1. quo usque--nostra?  [quosque]
+  I. 1. 6. “to toss the head contemptuously,”  [ontemptuously]
+  I. 1. 10. used partitively  [uses]
+  II. 4. 4:  [5]
+  II. 5. 1:  [_text has extraneous header “§ 7.--”_]
+  II. 5. 4:  [_printed as part of note 3_]
+  II. 5. 6: or as Wilkins translates  [Wilkin’s]
+  II. 5. 8: ... “you will be ordered to be put to death.”
+    [_first “be” added by transcriber_]
+  II. 6. 4: ... and ποιέω in Greek  [ποιεώ]
+  III. 6. 9: ... (root _mun_, to defend: cp. ἀμύνειν)
+    [_close parenthesis missing_]
+  III. 7. 9: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_:
+    [_impediendorum_:” with superfluous close quote]
+  ---- _num--dicebas?_ [_printed ? for !_]
+  IV. 6. 7:  [_Note number missing_]
+  IV. 9. 6: _Sententiam rogo_ is said  [vogo]
+  V. 12. 7: (ἄντλος _sentina_)  [ἀντλος]
+  VI. 14. 4: _tanti--immanitas_  [_printed as part of note 3_]
+  VI. 16. 1: --_de manibus_ is explanatory  [mauibus]
+  VII. 18. 4: the persecution came to nothing  [came so]
+  VII. 18. 5: _praetor peregrinus_
+    [_printed as “_praetor_ peregrinus” (wrong word, not italicized)_]
+  VIII. 19. 2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, § 16.  [16, § 11]
+  VIII. 20. 5: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement  [deferee]
+  IX. 24. 2: 2: _qui--armati?_ “to wait for you arms
+    [_Text given as printed: missing words after “you”?_]
+  X. 26. 3: 3: _ad--stuprum_:  [struprum]
+  XI. 27. 4: by imploring (_precari_) their aid.”
+    [_close quote missing_]
+  XI. 28. 3: _an leges?_  [au]
+  XII. 30. 2: this explains this subjunctive.  [suhjunctive]
+  XII. 30. 6: but cannot for ever be suppressed
+    [_printed “can-/for ever” at line break_]
+  XIII. 31. 1: _jamdiu_:  [jamdia]
+  ---- οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον  [οντινα]
+  XIII. 33. 2: “with the best interests  [_open quote missing_]
+  ---- z, 472  [_error for Z = Zumpt?_]
+  XIII. 33. 6: _arcebis_:  [_Note number missing_]
+
+Vocabulary
+
+The word “invisible” means that there is an appropriately sized
+empty space in the text.
+
+  ădŭlescent-ulus ... A young man;  [youn]
+  ălĭqu-ando, adv. (aliquis ...  [_No closing parenthesis_]
+  compĕt-ītor, ōris, m. [com = cum;  [[com = bum]
+  con-cŭpi-sco  [can-]
+  conjūrā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (conjūr[a]-o,
+    [_“co jūr[a]-o” with invisible n_]
+  custōdĭ-a, ae, f. (custod-io)  [eustod-io]
+  dē-bĕo ... in duty bound  [dutg]
+  moenĭa, ium ... Defensive wall  [Defeusive]
+  nēqu-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (nequ-am)  [_Open parenthesis missing_]
+  pătr-ĭus, a, um ... as noun, f. (sc. terra)
+    [_“te ra” with invisible r_]
+  pĕnĭ-tus ... From within;  [withiu]
+  prae-dīco .. To say beforehand  [sag]
+  quis, quae, quid ... preceded by ne, si, nisi,  [nisl]
+  rĕ-linquo, līqui, lictum, linquĕre,  [liuquĕre]
+  rĕlĭqu-us, a, um, adj. (rel[n]qu-o)
+    [_Text shown as printed: error for “reli[n]qu-o”?_]
+  sē-men, ĭnis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa, true root of sero)
+    [_; for close parenthesis_]
+  sum, esse ... To be  [Te be]
+  tăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, tăcēre, n. _To be silent._
+    [_Infinite displaced to previous entry:
+    “tăciturn-ĭtas, ātis, tăcēre,”_]
+  temp-to ... (also written ten-to, fr. teneo)  [ten-td]
+  tĭmĕo, ūi, no sup., tĭmēre,  [tĭnēre]
+  trans-fĕro ... To bear across  [ucross]
+  volnĕr-o, āvi, ātus sum,  [volnĕr-o, āvi, ātissu,]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against
+Catiline, by John Henderson
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