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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline, by 
+John Henderson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline
+       with Notices, Notes and Complete Vocabulary
+
+Author: John Henderson
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2008 [EBook #24967]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST ORATION OF CICERO - CATILINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[This e-text includes a few words of accented Greek:
+
+  δῆτα, ἀγαθός
+
+If the words do not display properly, or if the apostrophes and
+quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your
+text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode
+(UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a last
+resort, use the latin-1 version of the file instead.
+
+Boldface text is shown between =marks=. Those sections of the text
+that use the equals sign = do not contain boldface words.
+
+The Oration appears twice in the e-text. The second version,
+immediately before the Errata, is given in “stripped-down” form,
+omitting all [2]note references.]
+
+
+
+
+  Classical Text-Book Series
+
+  FIRST ORATION
+    of
+  CICERO AGAINST CATILINE
+
+    with
+  Notices, Notes And Complete Vocabulary.
+
+    by
+  =JOHN HENDERSON, M.A.=
+
+  TORONTO:
+  The Copp Clark Company, Limited,
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada,
+in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six,
+by THE COPP CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, Toronto, Ontario,
+in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS [added by transcriber]
+
+  Preface
+  Cicero:
+      I. Life of Cicero
+     II. Life of Catiline
+    III. Chronology of the Conspiracy
+     IV. Summary of first oration
+  FIRST CATILINARIAN ORATION
+  Notes
+  Proper Names
+  Vocabulary
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It has been the aim of the Editor to explain what seemed to him
+difficulties in the text. There are many points which might have been
+noted, but which a judicious teacher will supply in the ordinary class
+work.
+
+References are made to the standard grammars of Zumpt, Madvig, Harkness,
+Allen and Greenough.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF CICERO.
+
+
+I.
+
+  [Sidenotes:
+  Birth. --Removes to Rome, 92 B.C. --Early teachers. --Early works.
+  --Assumes the toga virilis 89 B.C. --Serves his first campaign,
+  88 B.C. --Studies philosophy. --Pleads his first cause pro Quinct.
+  --Goes to Athens, Asia, and Rhodes. --Returns home. --Elected
+  quaestor of Sicily. --Indicts Verres, 70 B.C. --Elected aedile,
+  69 B.C. --Praetor, 66 B.C. --His first political speech. --Pro
+  lege Manilia, 65 B.C. --Consul, 63 B.C. --Unpopularity of Cicero.
+  --Causes of Exile. --Deserted by the Triumvirs. --Goes into exile,
+  58 B.C. --Recall, 51 B.C. --Elected Augur, 53 B.C. --Proconsul,
+  52 B.C. --Sides with Pompey. --Pharsalia, 48 B.C. --Pardoned by
+  Caesar. --Gloom. --His Philippic Orations. --Antony, Octavianus,
+  and Lepidus form the second triumvirate. --Killed at Caieta,
+  43 B.C.]
+
+=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, the greatest name in Roman literature, was
+born near Arpinum, a town of Latium, January 3rd, 106 B.C. His father,
+a man of large views and liberal culture, belonged to the _equites_, and
+possessed an hereditary estate in the neighbourhood of the town. To give
+his sons, Marcus and Quintus, that education which could not be obtained
+at a provincial school, he removed to Rome, where the young Ciceros were
+placed under the best teachers of the day. From Aelius they learned
+philosophy; from Archias, the mechanism of verse, though not the
+inspiration of poetry. A translation of the _Phaenomena_ and
+_Prognostics_ of Aratus, and a mythological poem on the fable of
+_Pontius Glaucus_ were the first fruits of Cicero’s genius. On assuming
+the _toga virilis_, B.C. 89, Cicero attached himself to the jurist
+Scaevola, who was then in the zenith of his fame. In the following year
+he served a brief campaign in the Social War under Cn. Pompeius Strabo,
+the father of Pompey the Great. Philosophical studies had, however, more
+attractions for him than arms. Under Philo, the Academic, and Diodotus,
+the Stoic, he laid the foundation of that Eclecticism which is so
+observable in his philosophical works. At the age of 25 he pleaded his
+first cause, and in the following year he defended Sextus Roscius of
+Ameria, who had been accused of parricide by Chrysogonus, one of Sulla’s
+favourites. In this cause he acquired the acquittal of his client, but
+incurred the enmity of the dictator. With the ostensible object of
+regaining his health he went to Athens, where he studied philosophy
+under Antiochus, the Academic, and under Zeno and Phaedrus, both
+Epicureans. From Athens he travelled through Asia Minor and finally
+settled for a short time at Rhodes, attending there the lectures of
+Molo, the rhetorician. Returning home, he at once entered on that
+political career to which his commanding ability destined him, and was
+elected _quaestor_ of Sicily. During his term of office he so endeared
+himself to the inhabitants of the island by his integrity that they
+selected him as their patron at Rome. In their behalf he subsequently
+conducted the prosecution against Verres, who was charged with
+extortion. His success in this cause, and his consequent popularity,
+procured him the office of _curule aedile_. After the usual interval he
+was chosen _praetor_, and, while holding this office, delivered the
+first of his political harangues, in defence of the bill proposed by
+C. Manilius to invest Pompey with supreme command in the Mithradatic
+War. Two years afterwards he gained the _consulship_, the goal of his
+ambition. His consulate is memorable for the bold attempt of Catiline to
+subvert the government--an attempt which was frustrated by the patriotic
+zeal of the consul. Cicero had quickly soared to the pinnacle of fame:
+as quickly did he fall. In crushing the conspiracy of Catiline
+questionable means had been employed. Clodius, his implacable enemy,
+revived a law exiling all who had been guilty of putting to death Roman
+citizens without a formal trial before the people. The Triumvirs, too,
+were disgusted with the vanity of the man who was constantly reminding
+the people that he was the “Saviour of Italy” and the “Father of His
+Country.” Deserted by his friends, and exposed to the hatred of his
+foes, Cicero went to Thessalonica into voluntary exile. The wanton
+destruction of his villas and the insults offered to his wife and
+children soon, however, produced a feeling of sympathy for the exiled
+orator. His return to Rome was attended with all the pomp and
+circumstance of a triumphant general. Henceforth his voice was little
+heard in the Senate. After his return he was appointed to a seat in the
+_College of Augurs_. In obtaining this office he had placed himself
+under obligations to both Pompey and Caesar, and this may account for
+his neutrality in the civil struggles of the time. He was subsequently
+appointed, much against his will, proconsul of Cilicia, where his
+administration was marked by the same integrity as he had displayed in
+Sicily. Cicero arrived in Italy from Cilicia on the 4th of January,
+B.C. 49, just after the breaking out of the civil war between Pompey and
+Caesar. After some hesitation he decided to take the part of Pompey, but
+his support was never cordial: it was a source of weakness rather than
+of strength. When the battle of Pharsalia decided the fate of the Roman
+world, he returned to Brundisium to await the arrival of the victorious
+Caesar, who generously extended a full and frank pardon to the
+vacillating orator. Cicero from this time withdrew from active public
+life and devoted himself to philosophy, except during the period
+immediately preceding his death. The loss of his daughter Tullia, the
+divorce of his wife Terentia, and the unhappy marriage with Publilia
+darkened the gloom which settled on his declining years. His high
+exultation on the assassination of Caesar was of only momentary
+duration, and was succeeded by dark forebodings of Marc Antony’s
+designs. As soon as the plans of the scheming triumvir were evident,
+Cicero attacked Antony’s character with all the powers of invective.
+Again he was the idol of the people and the champion of senatorial
+rights, but his popularity was only the last gasp of the dying liberties
+of Rome. The second triumvirate was formed, and each member of it
+sacrificed his friends to glut the vengeance of his colleagues; and to
+appease the brutal Antony, Cicero was sacrificed by Octavianus. Refusing
+to seek refuge in exile, he determined to die in the land he had saved,
+and was slain at Caieta by the emissaries of the bloodthirsty triumvir.
+
+  [Sidenote:
+  Works.]
+
+The works of Cicero are:--
+
+(1) _Orations_: Of the eighty speeches composed by him we possess,
+either entire or in part, fifty-nine. (See list).
+
+(2) _Philosophical works_.
+
+(3) _Correspondence_: Comprising _thirty-six_ books, _sixteen_ of which
+are addressed to Athens, _three_ to his brother Quintus, _one_ to
+Brutus, and _sixteen_ to his different friends.
+
+(4) _Poems_: Consisting of the heroic poems, _Alcyones_, _Marcus_,
+_Elegy of Tamelastis_, and _Translations_ of Homer and Aratus.
+
+
+II.
+
+LIFE OF CATILINE.
+
+  [Sidenote:
+  Birth. --His crimes. --Offices held. --First Conspiracy.
+  --Catiline’s Proposals. --The Conspiracy divulged. --First Speech
+  against Catiline.]
+
+=L. Sergius Catilina= was a Roman patrician, born about 108 B.C. From
+his father he inherited nothing but a noble name. In the turbulent
+scenes of the Sullan rule, Catiline played a conspicuous part, to which
+his undoubted ability, his undaunted courage, his iron constitution, his
+depraved morals, and excessive cruelty notoriously fitted him. He
+commenced his career by slaying, with his own hand, Q. Caecilius, his
+own brother-in-law, and by torturing to death M. Marius Gratidianus,
+a kinsman of Cicero. Though his youth was spent in open debauchery, and
+reckless extravagance, though he made away with his first wife and his
+son to marry the worthless and profligate Aurelia Orestilla, the guilty
+crimes of Catiline do not seem to have been any barrier to his
+advancement to political honors. He obtained the praetorship B.C. 68,
+and in the following year was propraetor of Africa. He returned to Rome
+B.C. 66 to press his suit for the consulship. The two consuls who had
+the highest votes were P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla, both
+of whom were convicted of bribery, and their election was declared void.
+Their places were filled by L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus.
+Catiline was prevented from being a candidate in consequence of an
+impeachment brought against him for mal-administration of his province
+of Africa by P. Clodius Pulcher, afterwards the implacable enemy of
+Cicero. Autronius and Catiline, exasperated by their disappointment,
+formed a league with Cn. Calpurnius Piso to murder the consuls on the
+first of January, to seize the _fasces_, and to occupy Spain. The plan
+leaked out, and was postponed till the fifth of February. The scheme,
+however, failed in consequence of Catiline giving the signal too soon.
+Resolutions were passed by the Senate condemning the conspiracy, but
+these were quashed by the intercession of a tribune. Some say that both
+Caesar and Crassus were involved in this First Conspiracy of Catiline.
+About this time, Catiline was acquitted of extortion (_res repetundae_),
+but the trial rendered him penniless. About the beginning of June,
+64 B.C., he began to plot more systematically to carry out his plans for
+a general revolution. A meeting was called for all those interested in
+the conspiracy. To this convention, eleven senators, four knights, and
+many of the noted men from the provincial towns assembled to hear the
+bold designs of the conspirator. Catiline proposed that all debts should
+be cancelled (_novae tabulae_), that the wealthy citizens should be
+proscribed, that offices of honor and emolument should be divided among
+his friends, and that the leaders of the conspiracy should raise armies
+in Spain and in Mauretania. Again he was a candidate for the consulship,
+and again he was doomed to disappointment. Cicero and Antonius were
+chosen, the latter, however, by only a few centuries over Catiline. This
+defeat embittered the animosity between the two parties. The conspirator
+raised large sums of money on his own security and on the credit of his
+friends, sent arms to various parts of Italy, levied troops in Etruria,
+and sent Manlius a veteran of Sulla to take command of the newly raised
+forces. The slaves were to be armed, the buildings of the city set on
+fire, the citizens indiscriminately massacred, and a reign of terror and
+bloodshed was to be inaugurated. In the midst of all these schemes,
+Catiline stood again for the consulship (63 B.C.), and was thwarted by
+the wariness and exertions of Cicero, who checkmated his schemes at
+every turn. One of the conspirators was Q. Curius, a man weak and
+vacillating. This man had a mistress, Fulvia, who was the repository of
+all his secrets. Alarmed at the audacious designs of the conspirators,
+she imparted her secrets to some of her acquaintances, and through her
+confidants the matter was betrayed to Cicero. After securing his
+personal safety, and withdrawing Antonius from the side of Catiline, the
+consul deferred the consular elections to lay before the Senate the
+whole conspiracy. At a meeting of the Senate, October 21st, 63, he told
+the Senators the danger that threatened the state. Many of those
+complicated in the conspiracy fled. By virtue of a _decretum ultimum_,
+which formula (_consules videant, ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat_)
+gave the consuls absolute civil and military power, Catiline was in
+danger of losing his life. Catiline, who was again a candidate for the
+consulship for 62 B.C., was rejected. An impeachment of sedition was
+also brought against him by L. Aemilius Paulus. On the 6th November,
+Catiline summoned the conspirators to the house of M. Porcius Laeca, and
+after accusing them of inactivity, he laid before him his plans. Cicero
+was to be removed, and L. Vargunteius, a senator, and C. Cornelius,
+a knight, were despatched to carry out the scheme, but were frustrated.
+Cicero called the Senate on November 8th, and delivered his first speech
+against Catiline, who, though overwhelmed with guilt, had still the
+audacity to appear among the senators.
+
+Altogether four speeches were delivered against Catiline. In the final
+debate as to the sentence, it was decided to put the apprehended
+conspirators to death. This sentence was carried out against some.
+Catiline and most fell, however, in the field at Pistoria (62 B.C.),
+fighting with a valour worthy of a better cause.
+
+
+III.
+
+CHRONOLOGY OF THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE.
+
+Date B.C. {Consuls.}
+
+   |Life of Catiline.
+
+   |   |Life of Cicero.
+
+68 {L. Caecilius Metellus, P. Marcus Rex}
+
+   |Catiline praetor
+
+67 {Calpurnius Piso, M. Acilius Glabrio}
+
+   |Catiline propraetor of Africa
+
+66 {L. Volcatius Tullus, M. Aemilius Lepidus}
+
+   |Catiline canvasses for the consulship: is accused of extortion by
+    P. Clodius. Catiline defeated in suing for consulship: forms a
+    league with Autronius and Piso. First conspiracy.
+
+65 {L. Manlius Torquatus, L. Aurelius Cotta}
+
+   |Catiline determines to slay the new consuls on the kalends of
+    January: plan discovered and deferred to February: Catiline gives
+    signal too soon and his plans frustrated.
+
+64 {L. Julius Caesar, C. Marcus Figulus}
+
+   |On the kalends of June, Catiline convenes his associates for a
+    second conspiracy. Eleven senators, four knights, and many
+    distinguished men assemble. Catiline again defeated for
+    consulship.
+
+63 {M. Tullius Cicero, C. Antonius Hybrida}
+
+   |Catiline accused by Lucullus of murder. Catiline again candidate
+    for consulship and defeated.
+
+   |   |Cicero convenes Senate, Oct. 20; lays plans of conspirators
+        before Senate: elections for consuls, which should take place
+        Oct. 21st, deferred.
+
+   |   |Oct. 21st: Letters brought by Crassus, threatening danger to
+        the State: the Senate convened in the temple of Concord. The
+        Senate passes _decretum ultimum_. On 22nd Oct. L. Licinius
+        Murena and D. Junius Silanus elected consuls.
+
+   |Oct. 23rd: Catiline accused under _Lex Plautia de vi_ by
+    Lucius Paulus.
+
+   |Oct. 27th: Manlius takes up arms in Etruria.
+
+   |Oct. 28th: Day appointed by Catiline for the murder of the
+    leading senators. (Cat. I., 3).
+
+   |Nov. 1: Catiline endeavors to take Praeneste by a night attack.
+
+   |Nov. 6th: Catiline assembles his friends at house of Laeca.
+
+   |Nov. 7th: Vargunteius and Cornelius attempt to assassinate Cicero.
+
+   |Nov. 8th: Catiline leaves Rome.
+
+   |   |Nov. 8: Cicero invokes the Senate in the temple of Juppiter
+        Stator. First Catilinarian oration delivered.
+
+   |   |The _second Catilinarian oration_ delivered from the _rostra_
+        to the people, Nov. 9th.
+
+   |Nov. 20th: A decree passed declaring Catiline and Manlius public
+    enemies.
+
+   |Dec. 2nd: The ambassadors of the Allobroges are seized with
+    documents proving conspiracy.
+
+   |   |Dec. 3rd: The _third Catilinarian oration_ delivered from the
+        rostra to the people. Rewards offered to all who would give
+        information as to the conspiracy.
+
+   |   |Dec. 5th: Fourth Catilinarian oration delivered in the temple
+        of Concord. The Senate decrees that the death penalty should
+        be inflicted on the conspirators. Five conspirators put to
+        death.
+
+62 {D. Junius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena}
+
+   |Jan. 5th: Battle of _Pistoria_: defeat and death of Catiline.
+
+   |   |Many Senators tried under the law _Lex Plautia de vi_ and
+        exiled.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.
+
+
+This speech may be divided into three parts:
+
+I. In the introduction Cicero in impassioned language expresses
+astonishment that Catiline should be so audacious as to come into the
+Senate while plotting the destruction of his country. The orator reminds
+Catiline that men less guilty have been slain in the earlier days of the
+republic, and gives reasons why the penalty of death should be meted out
+to the arch conspirator (I., II.).
+
+II. In the next part, Cicero gives reasons why Catiline should leave
+Rome and go to the camp of Manlius:
+
+(_a_) That his nefarious plot was well known, that his personal
+character was stained with many crimes, that his public life was
+abhorred by all, that his native land, though silent, eloquently pleads
+with Catiline to withdraw (III.-IX.).
+
+(_b_) That Catiline should depart to the troops raised in Etruria,
+whither he had sent Manlius to carry on the war, that the great delight
+of Catiline was to make war on his native land, and to mingle in the
+society of the conspirators.
+
+(_c_) That such withdrawal would be more advantageous to the State than
+the execution of the conspirators, that in the former case his abandoned
+followers would accompany Catiline, and thus the seeds of the rebellion
+would be extirpated.
+
+III. The orator promises the co-operation of all patriotic citizens in
+suppressing the conspiracy after Catiline and his associates had
+withdrawn. Then beseeching Catiline and the other conspirators to remove
+from Rome, the orator invokes the aid of Juppiter Stator to save Rome
+from the nefarious schemes of abandoned men.
+
+
+
+
+M. TULLII CICERONIS
+
+ORATIO IN L. CATILINAM
+
+
+PRIMA.
+
+HABITA IN SENATU.
+
+
+I.--1. [1]Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu
+[2]etiam [3]furor iste tuus [4]eludet? [5]Quem ad finem sese effrenata
+[6]jactabit audacia? [7]Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil
+urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium,
+nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque
+moverunt. Patere tua consilia non sentis? [8]Constrictam omnium horum
+scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid [9]proxima, quid
+superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii
+ceperis, quem [10]nostrum ignorare arbitraris? 2. O tempora, O mores!
+senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit.[1] Vivit? immo
+vero etiam [2]in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, [3]notat
+et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, [4]viri
+fortes, satis facere rei publicae [5]videmur, si istius furorem ac tela
+[6]vitemus. [7]Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem
+oportebat, [8]in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris.
+3. [1]An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus,
+Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus
+interfecit: Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare
+cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam [2]illa nimis antiqua praetereo,
+quod C. [3]Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, [4]novis rebus studentem, manu
+sua occidit. [5]Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, [6]ut
+viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum
+hostem coercerent. Habemus [7]senatus consultum in te, Catilina,
+[8]vehemens et grave: non deest [9]rei publicae consilium neque
+auctoritas hujus ordinis: [10]nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.
+
+II.--4. Decrevit [1]quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid
+res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla [2]intercessit; interfectus
+est [3]propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo
+[4]patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis[5] M. Fulvius
+consularis. [6]Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus
+est permissa res publica: [7]num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum
+plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata
+est? At vero nos [8]vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere [9]aciei horum
+auctoritatis. Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum
+[10]inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina reconditum,[11] quo ex senatus
+consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis,
+[12]et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio,
+patres conscripti, me esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae
+periculis me non [13]dissolutum videri, sed jam me ipse [14]inertiae
+nequitiaeque condemno. 5. [1]Castra sunt in Italia contra populum
+Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit [2]in dies singulos
+hostium numerus, eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium
+intra moenia atque [3]adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie
+perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te [4]jam, Catilina, comprehendi,
+si interfici jussero, [5]credo, erit [6]verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc
+omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum se dicat. Verum
+ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, [7]certa de causa nondum
+adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique [8]interficiere, cum jam nemo tam
+improbus, tam perditus, tam [9]tui similis inveniri poterit, [10]qui id
+non jure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu [1]quisquam erit qui te
+defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut [2]vivis, multis meis et
+firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne [3]commovere te contra rem publicam
+possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc
+[4]fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
+
+III.--[5]Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius [6]exspectes, si
+neque nox tenebris obscurare [7]coeptus nefarios neque [8]privata domus
+[9]parietibus continere [10]voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si
+[11]inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam [12]istam mentem, [13]mihi
+crede! obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. [14]Teneris undique: luce
+sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae jam mecum licet
+[15]recognoscas. 7. [1]Meministine me [2]ante diem duodecimum Kalendas
+Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis [3]certo die, qui dies futurus
+esset ante diem sextum Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, [4]audaciae
+satellitem atque administrum tuae? [5]Num me fefellit, Catilina, non
+modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum id quod multo
+magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, [6]caedem te
+[7]optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas Novembres, tum
+cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam [8]sui conservandi quam
+tuorum consiliorum [9]reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari
+potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere
+te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra
+tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas? 8. [1]Quid? cum
+tu [2]te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno
+impetu esse confideres, [3]sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu meis
+[4]praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? [5]Nihil agis, nihil
+moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam
+planeque sentiam.
+
+
+IV.--Recognosce mecum [6]tandem [7]noctem illam superiorem: [8]jam
+intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei
+publicae. [9]Dico te [10]priore nocte venisse [11]inter falcarios--non
+agam obscure [12]in M. Laecae domum: convenisse eodem [13]complures
+ejusdem [14]amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces?
+[15]convincam, si negas: video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui
+tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immortales! [1]ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem
+publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? [2]Hic, hic sunt in nostro
+numero, [3]patres conscripti, [4]in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo
+gravissimoque consilio, [5]qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus
+urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video et
+de re publica [6]sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos
+nondum voce [7]vulnero. Fuisti [8]igitur apud Laecam illa nocte,
+Catilina; [9]distribuisti partess Italiae; [10]statuisti quo quemque
+proficisci placeret, [11]delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum
+educeres, [12]discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te
+ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti [13]paullulum tibi esse [14]etiam tum
+morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt [15]duo equites Romani, [16]qui te
+ista cura liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo
+[17]lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego omnia,
+[1]vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam majoribus
+praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me [2]salutatum
+[3]mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis ac summis
+viris ad me [4]id temporis venturos praedixeram.
+
+
+V.--11. [1]Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, [2]perge quo coepisti, egredere
+aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te
+imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes
+tuos, [3]si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis,
+[4]dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam
+diutius non potes: [5]non feram, non patiar, non sinam. [6]Magna dis
+immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo
+custodi hujus urbis, gratia, [7]quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem
+tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. [8]Non est
+saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu
+mihi, [9]consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me
+praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis
+consularibus me consulem [10]in campo et [11]competitores tuos
+interficere voluisti, [12]compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum
+praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato: denique,
+[13]quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, [14]quamquam videbam
+[15]perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam.
+12. [1]Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum
+immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam [2]denique totam
+ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. [3]Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et
+quod hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum
+audeo, faciam id, quod est [4]ad severitatem lenius et ad communem
+salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica
+[5]reliqua conjuratorum manus: [6]sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor,
+exieris, [7]exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa
+sentina rei publicae. 13. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id
+[1]imperante me facere, quod jam tua sponte [2]faciebas? Exire ex urbe
+jubet [3]consul hostem. Interrogas me: [4]num in exilium? non jubeo,
+sed, si [5]me consulis, suadeo.
+
+
+VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, [6]quod te jam in hac urbe delectare
+possit? In qua nemo est [7]extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum
+qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. [8]Quae nota domesticae
+turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est? [9]Quod privatarum rerum dedecus
+non haeret in fama? [10]Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus
+unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? [11]Cui tu
+adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad
+audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti? 14. [1]Quid vero?
+[2]Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses,
+nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego
+praetermitto et facile [3]patior sileri, ne in hac civitate [4]tanti
+facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur.
+Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, [5]quas omnes impendere tibi
+proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam
+vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem,
+sed ad summam rem publicam atque [6]ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque
+pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli
+spiritus esse jucundus, [1]cum scias esse horum [2]neminem qui nesciat,
+te [3]pridie Kalendas Januarias [4]Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse
+in [5]comitio cum telo? Manum consulum et principum civitatis
+interficiendorum causa paravisse [6]sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem
+aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac jam
+illa omitto--[7]neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa
+postea:--quotiens tu me [8]designatum, quotiens consulem interficere
+voluisti! quot ego tuas [9]petitiones [10]ita conjectas, ut vitari posse
+non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi!
+nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens
+[1]tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens [2]excidit aliquo
+casu et elapsa est! [3]quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac
+devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore
+defigere.
+
+
+VII.--Nunc vero quae [4]tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar,
+non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, [5]sed ut misericordia,
+quae tibi [6]nulla debetur. Venisti [7]paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex
+hac tanta [8]frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si
+hoc [9]post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, [10]vocis exspectas
+contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus?
+[11]Quid? Quod [12]adventu tuo [13]ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod
+omnes consulares, [14]qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt,
+simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum [15]nudam atque inanem
+reliquerunt, quo [16]tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas? 17. [1]Servi
+[2]mehercule mei si me [3]isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes
+cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi [4]urbem nom
+arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus [5]injuria suspectum tam graviter atque
+[6]offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam [7]infestis oculis
+omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum [8]agnoscas
+odium omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, [9]dubitas, quorum
+[10]mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si
+te parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare
+posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis [11]aliquo concederes: [12]nunc te
+patria [13]quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et
+jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque
+auctoritatem [14]verebere nec judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
+18. [1]Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur:
+[2]‘Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum
+flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium [3]neces, tibi vexatio
+direptioque [4]sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: [5]tu non solum ad
+negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas
+perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt,
+tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te,
+quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium
+iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, [6]non est ferendum.
+Quamobrem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, [7]ne
+opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.’
+
+
+VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne [1]impetrare
+debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? [2]Quid? Quod tu te ipse [3]in
+custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa [4]apud M’. Lepidum
+te habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus
+es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id
+responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse [5]isdem parietibus tuto esse
+tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad
+[6]Q. Metellum praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum,
+[7]virum optimum, M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu [8]videlicet et ad
+custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et [9]ad
+vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere
+atque vinculis abesse debere, [10]qui se ipse jam dignum custodia
+judicarit? 20. [1]Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si [2]emori aequo animo
+non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis
+justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? [3]Refer,
+inquis, ad senatum; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo [4]sibi placere
+decreverit te ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam,
+id quod [5]abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid
+hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu
+in exilium, [6]si hunc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est,
+Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium?
+[7]Patiuntur, tacent. [8]Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum
+voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? 21. At si hoc idem [1]huic adulescenti
+optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo vero M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi
+consuli hoc ipso in templo jure optimo senatus [2]vim et manus
+intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum [3]quiescunt, probant, cum
+patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque hi solum, quorum
+auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam equites Romani
+honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi [4]cives, qui stant
+circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et
+voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus
+ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem
+vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas [5]prosequantur.
+
+IX.--22. [1]Quamquam quid loquor? [2]Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te
+unquam corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites?
+Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales [3]duint! Etsi video, si mea voce
+perterritus ire in exilium [4]animum induxeris, [5]quanta tempestas
+invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum
+tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. [6]Sed est tanti, dum modo ista
+sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu
+[7]ut vitiis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei
+publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te
+aut pudor unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
+revocaverit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si
+mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo [1]conflare vis invidiam, [2]recta perge
+in exilium; [3]vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem
+istius invidiae, si in exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. [4]Sin
+autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna
+sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne
+te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, [5]exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me
+non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.
+24. [1]Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse praemissos,
+[2]qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam
+[3]pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem. A quo etiam [4]aquilam illam
+argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac
+funestam futuram, [5]cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum
+fuit, sciam esse praemissam? [6]Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam
+venerari ad caedem proficisens solebas, a cujus [7]altaribus saepe istam
+impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti.
+
+X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista [1]cupiditas
+effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem,
+sed [2]quandam incredibilem voluptatem. [3]Ad hanc te amentiam natura
+peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu [4]non modo
+[5]otium, sed ne bellum quidem, nisi [6]nefarium concupisti. [7]Nanctus
+es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe
+derelictis [8]conflatam, improborum manum. 26. [1]Hic tu qua laetitia
+perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere,
+cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque
+videbis. [2]Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur
+labores tui, jacere humi, non solum [3]ad obsidendum stuprum, verum
+etiam [4]ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno
+maritorum, verum etiam bonis [5]otiosorum. [6]Habes, ubi ostentes,
+illam tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium,
+[7]quibus te brevi tempore conectum senties. 27. [1]Tantum profeci tum,
+[2]cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut [3]exsul potius tentare quam consul
+vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs te scelerate
+susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
+
+XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae
+querimoniam [4]detester ac deprecer, percipite, [5]quaeso, diligenter
+quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si
+mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si
+omnis res publica sic [6]loquatur; ‘M. Tulli, quid agis? [7]Tune eum,
+quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem
+exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris,
+principem conjurationis, [8]evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum,
+exire patiere, ut abs te non [9]emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem
+videatur? Nonne [10]hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo
+supplicio [11]mactari imperabis? 28. Quid [1]tandem te impedit? Mosne
+majorum? [2]At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos
+cives morte multarunt. [3]An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio
+[4]rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt,
+civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? [5]Praeclaram
+vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, [6]hominem per te cognitum,
+nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes
+honorum gradus extulit, si [7]propter invidiam aut alicujus periculi
+metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae
+metus, [1]num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam
+inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia,
+vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio
+conflagraturum?’
+
+XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui
+hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum
+[2]factu [3]judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari,
+[4]unius usuram horae [5]gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem.
+[6]Etenim si [7]summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum
+et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non
+contaminarunt, sed etiam [8]honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat,
+ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem
+redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui
+semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
+30. [1]Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, [2]qui aut ea quae imminent
+non videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: [3]qui spem Catilinae mollibus
+sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo
+corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi,
+verum etiam imperiti, [4]si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie
+factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana
+castra [5]pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat
+conjurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc
+autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem [6]paulisper
+reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi [7]se ejecerit secumque
+suos eduxerit et eodem [8]ceteros undique collectos naufragos
+adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec [9]tam adulta
+rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium.
+
+XIII.--31. Etenim [1]jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis
+conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto [2]omnium
+scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus
+tempus erupit. Quodsi [3]ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur,
+videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati,
+periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque [4]in
+visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, [5]cum
+aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam [6]biberunt, primo relevari
+videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic
+morbus, [7]qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, [8]vehementius
+vivis reliquis ingravescet. 32. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a
+bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi,
+discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare
+tribunal [1]praetoris urbani, [2]obsidere cum gladiis curiam,
+[3]malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique
+inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque, [4]quid de re publica sentiat.
+Polliceor vobis hoc, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore
+diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis
+virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione
+[5]omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis.
+33. [1]Hisce ominibus, Catilina, [2]cum summa rei publicae salute, cum
+tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere
+parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum,
+[3]tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs [4]auspiciis a Romulo es
+constitutus, quem [5]Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,
+hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac
+moenibus a vita fortunisque civium [6]arcebis, et homines bonorum
+inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac
+nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque
+mactabis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+[Transcriber’s Note:
+
+This text has two traditional divisions, Chapters and Sections, which
+do not always coincide. Sections that straddle two Chapters are shown
+here as “6a” and “6b”:
+
+  CHAPTER I:    Section 1, 2, 3
+  CHAPTER II:   Section 4, 5, 6a
+  CHAPTER III:  Section 6b, 7, 8a
+  CHAPTER IV:   Section 8b, 9, 10
+  CHAPTER V:    Section 11, 12, 13a
+  CHAPTER VI:   Section 13b, 14, 15, 16a
+  CHAPTER VII:  Section 16b, 17, 18
+  CHAPTER VIII: Section 19, 20, 21
+  CHAPTER IX:   Section 22, 23, 24
+  CHAPTER X:    Section 25, 26, 27a
+  CHAPTER XI:   Section 27b, 28, 29a
+  CHAPTER XII:  Section 29b, 30
+  CHAPTER XIII: Section 31, 32, 33]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+§ 1.--
+
+1: _quousque--nostra?_ “How far, then, Catiline, will you trample upon
+our patience?” The abrupt opening of the speech shows the feelings of
+the orator whose indignation was naturally aroused when the conspirator
+dared to appear in the Senate after being declared a public enemy
+(_hostis patriae_). --_tandem_: “pray:” cp. δῆτα. --_abutere_: a future,
+as shown by _eludet, jactabit_. Cicero prefers the more poetic
+termination _-re_ to _-ris_ in the imperf. and fut. indic. and in the
+pres. and impf. subj. pass. In the pres. indic. he rarely uses it.
+Madvig. § 114.6. --_nostra_: Cicero includes the Senators and Consuls.
+
+2: _etiam_: “still,” belongs to _quamdiu_.
+
+3: _furor iste_: note the energy imparted by personifying _furor_ and
+_audacia_. --_iste_ is strictly a pronoun demonstrative of the second
+person: _iste locus_, “the place where you are standing:” _ista verba_:
+“the words you utter.” It often had a contemptuous meaning in Cicero’s
+orations.
+
+4: _eludet_: “will turn us into mockery:” a gladiatorial term of
+avoiding a thrust by the rapid movement of the body: hence, to baffle,
+deceive, and, as here, to mock. --_Nos_ is omitted by some editors.
+
+5: _quem--audacia_: “to what length will your unbridled audacity
+proceed?” --_quem ad finem_ = _quousque_ or _quamdiu_. According to
+Schultz _quousque_ puts the more general question of _time_ and
+_degree_: _quamdiu_, the more special question, of _time_ only: _quem
+ad finem_: of _degree_ only.
+
+6: _jactabit_ = _insolenter se efferet: se jactare_, “to toss the head
+contemptuously,” “to walk with a conceited swing.”
+
+7: _nihilne--moverunt?_ “Have the guards nightly stationed on the
+Palatine nothing daunted you? Nothing, the sentinels of the city;
+nothing, the trepidation of the people; nothing, the thronging together
+of all patriotic (citizens); nothing, this most impregnable place for
+convening the Senate; nothing, the countenances and looks of these?”
+Observe the emphatic position of _nihil_ in the beginning of successive
+clauses (_anaphora_). --_Palatii_: the Palatine hill was adjacent to the
+Forum. It was here that Augustus built a splendid mansion: hence our
+word _palace_ from the residence of the emperor built on the _Palatium_.
+In times of danger the Palatium, one of the most important military
+posts of the city, was occupied by a guard. Originally the word meant
+the “feeding place:” root _pal, pascere_: cp. _Pales, Palilia_. Varro
+derives it from _pal_, “to wander:” cp. _palor_. It may have been the
+“common” for cattle in early days. --_Vigiliae_: under the republic, on
+emergencies, the _triumviri capitales, aediles_ or _tribuni plebis_
+acting as a kind of police appointed night watches to keep order.
+--_timor populi_: cp. Sallust. Cat.: C. 31: _immutata urbis facies erat:
+ex summa laetitia atque lascivia ... repente omnes tristitia invasit_.
+--_bonorum omnium_: with _bonus_: cp. ἀγαθός, often used in the sense of
+“patriotic,” opposed to _malus civis_, κακός: “unpatriotic.” --_locus_:
+the Senate was usually convened on the Kalends, Nones and Ides of each
+month, and the meeting usually held in the Curia Hostilia. Extraordinary
+meetings (_senatus indictus_) as the present one were convened in some
+temple, or other place consecrated by the augurs. The present meeting
+was held in the temple of Juppiter Stator, near the _via sacra_, at the
+foot of the Palatine, which might be said to be _munitissimus_ from the
+special guard there as well as from its position. --_ora vultusque_: the
+former denotes the natural and habitual state, as expressed by the mouth
+and the lower part of the face: while the latter indicates the temporary
+and changing state, as expressed by the motion of the eye and brow.
+
+8: _constrictam--vides_: “do you not see that your conspiracy has
+already come within the privity of all these?” literally, “is held bound
+by.” Orelli distinguishes between _non_ and _nonne_ in direct questions.
+Where _non_ is used, the speaker, sure of his opinion, does not heed the
+answer of the opponent; where _nonne_ is used, the speaker expects and
+wishes that the person questioned will agree with him. --_constrictam
+teneri_: the metaphor is taken from chaining a wild beast to which he
+here compares the conspiracy.
+
+9: _proxima_: this speech was delivered November 8th: so _nox proxima_
+would be the night of 7th: --_nox superior_, the night of the 6th, also
+called _nox prior_, § 8. On this occasion they were at the house of
+M. Porcius Laeca. What they did on the _nox proxima_ we are not
+informed. --_egeris, fueris, convocaveris, ceperis_: subjunctive of
+dependent question: H. 529, I.
+
+10: _nostrûm_: distinguish _nostrum_ used partitively and _nostri_ used
+possessively.
+
+
+§ 2.--
+
+1: _vivit? immo vero_: Cicero often connects a word by putting that word
+in the form of a question with or without _dicam_ and answering it by
+_immo_. According to Madvig, (§ 454) _immo_ corrects a former statement
+as being quite inaccurate, or too weak, though true as far as it goes.
+--_immo vero_: “nay, indeed.”
+
+2: _in senatum venit_: as _vir praetorius_ Catiline had a right to enter
+the Senate.
+
+3: _notat et designat_: a metaphor from the marking of the animals
+appointed for sacrifice. Cicero often uses synonymous words to impress
+the idea more strongly: “he marks and stamps each one of us for
+slaughter:” cp. Leg. Man. 3, 7. _Cives Romanes necandos trucidandosque
+denotavit._
+
+4: _viri fortes_: ironical.
+
+5: _videmur_, scil. _nobis_: “we fancy that we are doing our duty to the
+state.”
+
+6: _si--vitemus_: for the subj. in _protasis_, and indic. in _apodosis_,
+see H. 511.
+
+7: _ad mortem--opportebat_: “to death long ago, O Catiline, ought you to
+have been dragged by the order of the consul?” Note the emphatic
+position of _ad mortem. --duci_: for the present inf: see. H., 537, I.
+--_jussu consulis_: the Senate had entrusted the safety of the State by
+the _decretum ultimum_ (_videant consules, ne quid detrimenti respublica
+capiat_). By the power vested in the consuls in consequence of this
+decree they had the power to put Catiline to death.
+
+8: _in te--machinaris_: “On you should that ruin long since have been
+hurled which you for a long time have been plotting against us all.”
+Join _jampridem_ from the previous clause with _conferri_. The present
+tense in Latin with _jamdiu_ includes past tense: cf. πάλαι λέγω,
+_jamdiu dico_: “I have long ago told you and do so still.”
+--_machinari_; μηχανᾶσθαι, to plan by _artful_ and _secret_ means:
+_moliri_, to plan by _strong_ effort.
+
+
+§ 3.--
+
+1: _An vero_: the original force of _an_ is “or,” and when used
+interrogatively the sentence is elliptical. Here we may supply: “Am I
+right in my conjecture or, in fact, did that illustrious man, P. Scipio,
+chief pontiff, though filling no magistracy, slay Tiberius Gracchus when
+slightly disturbing the settled order of the State.” We may conveniently
+translate here _an vero_ by: “while, in fact.” The argument here is _a
+minore ad majus_. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica consul with D. Junius
+Brutus 138 B.C. Cicero probably adds _pontifex maximus_ to remind his
+hearers of the high dignity and prudence which a man gifted with this
+office would possess. He also uses _privatus_ because in contrast to
+_consules_, the office of _pontifex maximus_ not being a _magistratus_.
+_Tiberium Gracchum_: see Proper Names --_mediocriter labefactantem_:
+Cicero designedly extenuates the guilt of Gracchus to heighten the
+crimes of Catiline. In fact, the orator represents the guilt of Gracchus
+in different lights according to the exigencies of his cause: cp. De
+Leg. Ag., 2, 5, 10: De Off. II., 12, 43. --_Catilinam_: emphatic
+position: “Catiline, desiring to devastate the world with sword and fire
+shall we consuls tolerate?” --_orbis terrae_: there is little difference
+between _orbis terrae_ and _orbis terrarum_. --_caede atque incendiis_:
+also _ferro et igni_.
+
+2: _illa_: “the following instance:” though only the case of Ahala is
+mentioned, the plural is probably used to intimate that other cases
+might be adduced.
+
+3: _C. Servilius Ahala_: see Proper Names.
+
+4: _novis--studentem_: “aiming to overturn the government:” cp.
+νεωτερίζειν.
+
+5: _fuit-fuit_: note the emphatic repetition of the word (_epizeuxis_).
+--_ista virtus_: here _ista_ = _illa_: “that well-known public spirit:”
+We may take _virtus_ = _amor patriae_: “patriotism.”
+
+6: _ut--coercerent_: “that brave men inflicted severer punishment on a
+factious citizen then on the bitterest foe” --_suppliciis_: abl. means.
+
+7: _senatus consultum_: the decree arming the consuls with civil and
+military power. The formula was _videant consules ne quid respublica
+detrimenti capiat_.
+
+8: _vehemens et grave_: “full of force and severity.”
+
+9: _rei publicae_: generally taken as a dative after _deest_: others
+take it as a genitive depending on _consilium_, i.e., there is no lack
+of precedents of the state, i.e., the state have many instances of
+wicked citizens being punished. The state, according to Cicero, has
+enough of wisdom (_consilium_) and determining authority (_auctoritas_),
+but the executive power is weak.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+§ 4.--
+
+1: _quondam_: 121 B.C.: see _C. Gracchus_, in Proper Names. In a decree
+of this kind both consuls were named. The other, Q. Fabius, was at that
+time in that part of Gaul known afterwards as Provincia, and his absence
+from Rome may account for the omission of his name from the decree.
+
+2: _intercessit_: i.e., between the passing of the decree and the death
+of Gracchus.
+
+3: _propter--suspiciones_: another case of extenuation to bring out more
+vividly the guilt of Catiline. Distinguish _suspĭcĭo, suspīcĭo_.
+
+4: _patre-majoribus_, scil. _ortus_: abl. of origin. The father of
+C. Sempronius Gracchus was Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, who twice held the
+consulship (177 B.C., and 163 B.C.), the censorship (169 B.C.), twice
+enjoyed a triumph, once over the Celtiberians, 178 B.C., and once over
+the Sardinians, 175 B.C. The mother of the Gracchi was Cornelia,
+daughter of P. Scipio Africanus Major, who defeated Hannibal at Zama
+202 B.C. Thus Gracchus united in himself two of the noblest families in
+Rome.
+
+5: _M. Fulvius_: one of the commissioners appointed to carry out the
+_lex agraria_ of C. Gracchus. He was killed with his eldest son in the
+fray in which Gracchus was slain. The youngest son was killed after the
+conflict.
+
+6: _simili-publica_: some omit the commas after _senatusconsulto_ and
+_consulibus_ and thus make _Mario_, _Valerio_ datives; others retain the
+commas and make these words ablative absolute. The event happened in the
+sixth consulship of Marius, 102 B.C. Lucius Saturninus and C. Servilius
+Glaucia were guilty of killing C. Memmius who was seeking the
+consulship. Both Saturninus and Glaucia were driven into the Capitol and
+put to death.
+
+7: _num--est?_ “Did the punishment of death inflicted by the state cause
+L. Saturninus, the tribune of the people, and C. Servilius, the praetor,
+to wait for a single day?” --_mors ac rei publicae poena_ = _mortis
+poena a re publica inflicta_.
+--_at vero_: “but we assuredly.”
+
+8: _vicesimum diem_: the 18th day since the _senatus consultum_ was
+passed. The decree was passed Oct. 21st and this oration was delivered
+Nov. 8th. The Romans, however, reckoned both days.
+
+9: _aciei_: “the edge:” root _ac_: “sharp.”
+
+10: _inclusum in tabulis_: “shut up among our records” i.e. a useless
+decree unless carried into effect.
+
+11: _quo--convenit_: “and in accordance with this decree, you,
+O Catiline, should be at once put to death:” with _confestim_: cp.
+_festino_.
+
+12: _et vivis_: rhetorical for _et vivis quidem_ or _idque_.
+--_cupio--cupio_: “I desire, on the one hand,--I am anxious, on the
+other.” --The acc. of pronouns gives more prominence to the circumstance
+wished by disconnecting it from the _cupio_.
+
+13: _dissolutus_: “remiss,” “forgetful of duty.” Synonymous with
+_neglegens_.
+
+14: _inertiae nequitiaeque_: “of sloth and irresolution.”
+
+
+§ 5.--
+
+1: _castra--collocata_: “a camp is pitched,” at Faesulae (now
+_Fiesole_), which lies on a spur of the western slope of the Appenines,
+not far from Florence. At this place Manlius had collected a number of
+soldiers who had served under Sulla.
+
+The term _fauces_, literally “jaws,” is often used for a mountain pass:
+cp. Scott: Lady of the Lake: “Led slowly through the pass’s jaws.”
+
+2: _in dies singulos_: “daily,” always joined to some word of
+comparative force and expressing daily increase or diminution:
+_cottidie_, simply daily repetition. --_imperatorem ducemque:
+imperator_, a military leader deriving his authority from the Senate:
+_dux_, simply a leader.
+
+3: _adeo in Senatu_: “in the very Senate,” or as Zumpt (§ 737) takes it,
+“nay more,” “nay even in the Senate.”
+
+4: _jam_: “now at once.” --_jussero_: the fut. pf. often represents the
+speedy accomplishment of a fut. action.
+
+5: _credo_: used ironically: cp. οἴομαι. Here the word may be equivalent
+to _non erit verendum_.
+
+6: _verendum mihi_, etc.: “I shall have to fear (i.e. I am convinced)
+that all patriots will regard your death as occuring too late, rather
+than as too severe and cruel,” or as Wilkins translates: “Certainly it
+is more likely that all patriots will consider this action too late,
+than that anyone should consider it too cruel.” Explain _quisquam_.
+
+7: _certe--adducor_: “for a certain reason, I am not yet led to do:”
+i.e. the fear of punishing Catiline before his guilt was fully
+ascertained lest he might pass for an injured man with his sympathizers.
+Cicero’s object was to cause Catiline and his associates to leave Rome.
+
+8: _interficiere_: i.e. “you will be ordered to be put to death.” Others
+read _interficiam te_.
+
+9: _tui similis_: _similis_ in Cicero generally takes _genitive or
+dative_ of persons: _dative_ of things.
+
+10: _qui_ = _ut is_: “as not to confess that it was justly inflicted.”
+--_id_, i.e. _te interficiam_ from _interficiere_ before.
+
+
+§ 6.--
+
+1: _quisquam_: for use, see H. 457.
+
+2: _multis--oppressus_: “beset by many powerful guards placed by me:”
+note the idiom. Cicero had guards placed not only in the capital, but
+also throughout Italy.
+
+3: _te commovere_: “to make any farther movement:” a metaphor taken from
+the gladiatorial contests.
+
+4: _fecerunt_ = _speculati sunt et custodiverunt_: the verb _facio_ in
+Latin, and ποιέω in Greek, and _do_ in English, are often used as
+substitutes for other verbs.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+5: _Etenim--potest?_ This gives a reason for the clause _sed
+vives--possis_.
+
+6: _exspectes_: H. 503, I.
+
+7: _coeptus nefarios_: “your traitorous attempts:” another reading is
+_coetus_.
+
+8: _privata domus_: the house of M. Porcius Laeca.
+
+9: _parietibus_: abl. means. Distinguish _moenia_ (root _mun_, to
+defend: cp. ἀμύνειν), the walls of a city for defensive purposes:
+_murus_ (= _mun-rus_), any kind of wall: _paries_ (root _par_, to
+separate): the partition walls of a house: _maceria_, a garden wall.
+
+10: _voces conjurationis_ = _voces conjuratorum_: “the voices of the
+conspirators:” Cicero often uses abstract for concrete terms.
+
+11: _inlustrantur_ opposed to _obscurare_ as _erumpunt_ to _domus ...
+continet_.
+
+12: _istam mentem_: “that resolve of thine,” i.e. of remaining in the
+city to murder the people.
+
+13: _mihi crede_ = _me sequere_: “follow my advice:” _mihi crede_ is the
+common order in Cicero: _crede mihi_ in other writers.
+
+14: _teneris undique_: “you are hemmed in (i.e. convicted) on every
+hand.”
+
+15: _quae--recognoscas_: “and these plans you may now review with me:”
+Construe: _quae_ (= _et haec_, scil. _consilia_) _licit_ (_tibi ut_)
+_recognoscas jam mecum_.
+
+
+§ 7.--
+
+1: _meministine_ = _nonne meministi_: the particle _-ne_ added to a verb
+has sometimes in Cicero the force of _nonne_. Cp. Cat. Major, C. 10.
+_videtisne_ = _nonne videtis_. So frequently in Terence, Plautus, and in
+colloquial Latin: H. 396, II. I.
+
+2: _ante-Novembres_: “on the 12th day before the Kalends of November,”
+i.e. on October 21st. This anomolous mode of expression probably arose
+from the transposition of _ante_. Having one written _ante die duodecimo
+Kalendas_, they would easily be led to infer that _ante_ governed _die_
+and so would write _ante diem duodecimum Kalendas_. For the method of
+computation of time among the Romans, see H. 642.
+
+3: _certo die, qui dies_: the repetition of the subst. after the
+relation may be explained on the ground of clearness.
+
+4: _audaciae--tuae_: “the partisan and agent of your audacious schemes.”
+The words _satelles_ and _administer_ are synonymous, the former being
+more poetical and explained by the latter, which is the more common.
+
+5: _num--dies?_ “was I, O Catiline, ignorant not merely of an attempt so
+enormous, so wicked, so surpassing belief, but, a thing which is more to
+be wondered at, of the day?” --_me fallit_: cf. _latet me_, λανθάνει με.
+
+6: _caedem--Novembres_: “that you had fixed the 28th October for the
+slaughter of the nobles.” The construction is _in diem quintum ante
+Kalendas Novembres_. Predetermination of future time is often expressed
+by _in_ with acc.: as _in diem posterum senatum convocavit_, not “he
+summoned the Senate _on_ the next day,” but “_for_ the next day.”
+
+7: _optimatium_: is the only word, not a proper name, in _-at_, that
+makes the gen. pl. in _-ium_. --_Roma_: Give rules for the construction
+of the names of towns.
+
+8: _sui conservandi_: _sui_ like _nostri, vestri_ is not a gen. pl. but
+a gen. sing. of an adj. used collectively and abstractly: “not for
+self-preservation:” Madvig, 297, b. c.: 417.
+
+9: _reprimendorum_: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_: “of
+preventing your plans being carried out.” This is probably a rhetorical
+flourish on the part of Cicero, as no such fact is mentioned by Sallust.
+Among those who fled, according to Plutarch, was M. Crassus.
+--_num--dicebas?_ “Can you deny that on that very day, beset by the
+guards I had placed, by my watchfulness, you could take not one step
+against the state, when on the departure of the others you,
+nevertheless, expressed yourself satisfied with the murder of us who
+remained?” --_discessu ceterorum_: the ablative here supplies the place
+of a participial abl. absol. --_nostra--caede--qui_: the relative is
+made to refer to an antecedent implied in _nostra_: H. 445, 6, --_quum_:
+is often used by Cicero in the impf. indic. when the bare notion of time
+or of continuance is to be expressed. --_remansissemus_: virtual oblique
+narrative: hence the subjunctive.
+
+
+§ 8.--
+
+1: _quid_: “further”: lit. “what shall I say?” scil. _dicam_.
+
+2: _te--occupaturum_: “that you would anticipate us in seizing Praeneste
+in an attack by night on the first of November.” With _occupare_: cp.
+φθάνειν: no other writer mentions this fact. --_ipsis_: _ipse_ denotes
+exactness in temporal expressions: _triginta ipsi dies_, “exactly thirty
+days.”
+
+3: _sensistisne_ = _nonne sensistis_: see note 1, § 7, above.
+
+4: _praesidium_, a guard in a general sense: _custodiae_, watches on the
+wall: _vigiliae_, night watches.
+
+5: _nihil--nihil, nihil_: see note 7, § 1. “There is nothing you do,
+nothing you plan, nothing you think which I do not hear only, but also
+see or clearly perceive.” Some read _non modo_ for _non modo non_, which
+the senses requires.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+6: _tandem_: see note 1, § 1. The orator implies by this particle the
+fulness of his knowledge.
+
+7: _noctem illam superiorem_: “the events on the night preceding the
+last:” i.e., the events on the night of the 6th November, when the
+meeting was held at the house of M. Porcius Laeca. --_illam_ here does
+duty for the definite article in English.
+
+8: _jam--reipublicae_: “You shall presently perceive that I am much more
+actively watchful for the safety of the state than you are for its
+destruction” --_intelliges_: what compounds of _-lego_ have _lexi_ in
+the perfect? --_acrius_?
+
+9: _dico_: this passage is executed with fine skill. At first the orator
+states the fact clearly and briefly. He notes the effect on the
+conspirator and calls for an answer: after no reply is given, Cicero
+goes into details.
+
+10: _priore nocte_: “on the night preceding (the last)”: a change for
+_superiore nocte_. Others say it means _initio noctis_.
+
+11: _inter falcarios_, scil. _opifices_: “through the scythe makers’
+street:” a street in Rome deriving its name from the occupation of its
+inhabitants. Cp. Isocr. Areopag. § 48: ἐν ταῖς αὐλητρίσιν: Livy, 35, 43:
+_inter lignarios_ “in the woodcutters’ street.”
+
+12: _in--domum_: is the preposition necessary?
+
+13: _complures_: Sallust (Cat. 17) gives the names of eleven senators
+who were present on this occasion.
+
+14: _amentiae_: distinguish _amentia_ and _dementia_.
+
+15: _convincam_: “I will prove it.”
+
+
+§ 9.--
+
+1: _ubinam gentium sumus!_ This phrase is very much the same as ours,
+“where in the world are we?” It is often used in rhetorical writings and
+in the comic poets. For the partitive genitive, see H. 397, 4.
+
+2: _hic, hic_: Epizeuxis: note the emphatic repetition.
+
+3: _patres conscripti_: said to be for _patres et conscripti_. The
+senators were called _patres_. In the wars of the early republic many
+were killed. To fill the place of those slain some were summoned
+(_conscripti_.) Hence the original senators--those summoned--were
+addressed as _patres et conscripti_: afterwards the _et_ was omitted.
+
+4: _in--consilio_: “in this most venerable and respectable assembly of
+the whole world.” The term _sanctus_ applied to the senate may refer to
+the building in which it was convened. The usual distinction between
+_consilium_ and _concilium_, that the former means advice, plans, while
+the latter means an assemblage, with regard to those who compose it,
+does not hold good. The roots of these words are different, _consilium_:
+from _con_, _sed_, to sit: cp. _sedes_, _solium_, ἕδος; for the change
+of _d_ to _l_: cp. δάκρυ, lacrima; _olere_, _odere_. --_concilium_:
+_con_, _cal_, to summon: cp. _Kalendae_, _calare_, καλεῖν.
+
+5: _qui--cogitent_: “(are men so nefarious) as to plan the destruction
+of every one of us, and the ruin of this city and further of the whole
+world.” --_qui_ = _tales ut. --adeo_: literally, “up to this point:”
+then, “in fact.”
+
+6: _sententiam rogo_: supply _hos_ from the preceding. _Sententiam rogo_
+is said of the presiding magistrate who, in proposing a _senatus
+consultum_, asked individually the will of the senators.
+
+7: _vulnero_: by mentioning their names publicly.
+
+8: _igitur_: resumes (_analeptic_) the argument referring to the
+question, _num rogare audes?_ Catiline had left this unanswered. Having
+been interrupted by the outbreak of his indignation, the orator now
+returns to the doings of the conspirators at the house of Laeca.
+
+9: _distribuisti_: Sallust (C. 27) informs us that C. Manlius was sent
+to Faesulae, and the adjoining territory of Etruria: Septimius, into the
+Picene territory: C. Julius, into Apulia.
+
+10: _statuisti--placeret_: scil: _locum_: “you appointed the place to
+which it was agreed on that each should set out:” For subjunctive in
+_placeret_, see H. 529, I.
+
+11: _delegisti--educeres_: “you picked out those whom you were to leave
+at Rome, whom you were to take with you.” Sallust (Cat. C. 43) says that
+Statilius and Gabinius were to set fire to the city, and Cethegus was to
+assassinate Cicero, and Lentulus to superintend the general massacre.
+
+12: _discripsisti_: _discribo_ is used where the fundamental notion is
+to map out, plan, arrange, put in order, as _distribuere_, _dividere_,
+_disponere_: _describo_ is to write down, to compose. Sallust (Cat. C.
+43) says that the conspirators were to fire twelve (Plutarch says a
+hundred) parts of the city at one and the same time. For _discripsisti_:
+cf. Cic. Pro Sulla, 8: _Tam Catilina dies exurendi tum caeteris manendi
+conditio, tum discriptio totam per orbem caedis atque incendiorum
+constituta est_.
+
+13: _paullulum--morae_: “that you still had even now a slight cause of
+delay.” _Paullulus_ is a dual diminutive for _paurululus_ = _paullulus_:
+_u_ being omitted before the first _l_ and the _r_ assimilated: cp.
+_sterula_ = _stella_. --_viverem_: subj.: giving the opinion of
+Catiline.
+
+14: _etiam tum_: is used to express the words of Catilina, not those of
+Cicero.
+
+15: _duo equites_: according to Cic. (Pro Sulla, 18, 52) one was
+C. Cornelius: Sallust (Cat. C. 18) mentions the Senator L. Vargunteius
+as the other.
+
+16: _qui--liberarent_: “to free you from the fear you had:” _qui_ =
+_tales ut_.
+
+_illa ipsa nocte_: these knights were to pay their intended visit in the
+morning, where the Roman magistrates and distinguished men held their
+audiences and received their clients.
+
+17: _lectulo_: the diminutive here has scarcely any force. There may be
+a slight reference to its comfort: “my dear bed.”
+
+
+§ 10.--
+
+1: _vixdum--dimisso_: “when your meeting was hardly as yet broken up.”
+
+_Comperi_: Cicero gained his knowledge from Curius and Fulvia (Sall.
+Cat. C. 28). According to Merivale, Cicero used _comperio_ when he was
+wont to indicate his knowledge of facts, though afraid of revealing the
+sources of his information. The word does not always have this force.
+
+2: _salutatum_: supine after a verb of motion. What different ways of
+expressing a purpose in Latin?
+
+3: _mane_: another form is _mani_: cp. _luci_, _heri_, locatives.
+
+4: _id temporis_: for partitive genitive: H. 397, note 5.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+§ 11.--
+
+1: _quae--sint_: “since these facts are so:” often used to sum up a
+chain of facts founded on evidence.
+
+2: _perge quo coepisti_, scil. _pergere_: “proceed as you have begun.”
+Conjugate _pergere_.
+
+_desiderant_: “feel the loss of.” _desiderare_, to feel the loss of an
+object of love or sympathy: hence “to yearn after;” _requirere_: to feel
+the loss of a thing, as an act of the understanding.
+
+3: _si minus_ = _si non_. Construe: _si minus (educis omnes, educ) quam
+plurimos (educere potes)_.
+
+4: _dummodo--intersit_: cp. Plutarch (Cicero 16): “and Cicero arising
+ordered him to leave the city; for while he himself carried on his
+political contest by words and Catiline by arms, there must needs be a
+city wall between them.”
+
+5: _non--sinam_: note the _anaphora_. Cicero uses three synonymous verbs
+to express the thought that he will not endure the conduct of Catiline
+under any circumstances. We may translate: “I cannot, will not, shall
+not endure it.”
+
+6: _magna--urbis_: “much gratitude is due to the immortal gods and
+especially (_atque_) to this Juppiter Stator, the most ancient guardian
+of our city.” Distinguish _gratiam habere_, to feel thankful: _gratias
+agere_, to return thanks in words: _gratiam referre_, to show oneself
+thankful by deeds. Juppiter obtained the name Stator because he is said
+to have stayed the flight of the Romans when they were hard pressed by
+the Sabines. The place where the flight was arrested was marked by a
+temple vowed by Romulus at the foot of the Palatine (Livy I. 12).
+
+7: _quod--effugimus_: “because we have already escaped so often a pest
+so cruel, so dreadful, so dangerous to the state” --_toties_: referring
+to the earlier conspiracy of Catiline which failed.
+
+8: _non--reipublicae_: “it must not again and again depend on one man
+that the existence of the state should be in peril:” or, “the safety of
+the state must not be often exposed to danger by one man.” A similar
+expression is found: Cic. Pro. Rosc. Amer. 51. 148: _summa res publica
+in hujus periculo tentatur_.
+
+9: _consuli designato_: in the days of Cicero the consuls were elected
+on the 22nd October, but did not formally enter upon their office till
+January 1st. Between the time of their election and entering upon
+office they were called _consules designati_. --_proximis comitiis
+consularibus_: referring to Oct. 22nd.
+
+10: _in campo_, scil. _Martio_: the consular elections were held in the
+Campus Martius, a plain between the city and the Tiber.
+
+11: _competitores_: D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena.
+
+12: _compressi--copiis_: on the day of the consular elections, we are
+told by Plutarch, Cicero put on a coat of mail and was attended by the
+chief men of Rome and a great number of youths to the Campus Martius. He
+there threw off his _toga_ and displayed his coat of mail to show the
+danger to which he was exposed. The people were so angry with Catiline
+that they chose Murena and Silanus as consuls.
+
+13: _quotiescumque--obstiti_: “as often as you aimed at my life, by my
+own resources did I oppose you:” _petere_ is a gladiatorial term, “to
+aim a blow at an opponent.”
+
+14: _quamquam videbam_: distinguish _quamquam_, introducing a conceded
+fact and in good authors used with the indicative from _quamvis_
+introducing a purely hypothetical case and used with the subjunctive.
+H., 516, I. and II.
+
+15: _perniciem--conjunctum_: “that my destruction was linked with the
+signal downfall of the state” --_pernicies_: from _per-_ root _nec_: cp.
+_nex_, _noceo_, hence utter destruction --_calamitas_: another form is
+_cadamitas_: from _cado_, to fall: for the interchange of _d_ and _l_:
+cp. _odere_, _olere_: _dingua_, _lingua_.
+
+
+§ 12.--
+
+1: _nunc jam_: emphatically, “now” --_jam nunc_: is “even now” (i.e.,
+before the regular time), or “now at last.”
+
+2: _denique_: “in a word.”
+
+3: _quare--audeo_: “wherefore since I do not yet dare to pursue that
+course which first presents itself and which is in accordance with the
+power (I hold) and the principles of our ancestors” --_imperii_ genitive
+after _proprium_. What cases may _proprius_ govern? _imperii_ refers to
+the extraordinary power which he had by the decree _videant consules ne
+quid detrimenti respublica capiat_. This decree (_decretum ultimum_)
+armed the consuls with civil and military authority. Others say _imperii
+proprium_ means, “in accordance with this government.”
+
+4: _ad--lenius_: “milder as regards severity,” or “in point of
+severity.” _Ad_ = _quoad, quoad attinet ad, si spectes_. He uses _ad
+communem salutem utilius_ to balance _ad severitatem lenius_.
+
+5: _reliqua--manus_: “a remnant of the conspirators.” Ernesti reads
+_aliqua_ for _reliqua_.
+
+6: _sin_: “if, on the other hand.”
+
+7: _exhaurietur--reipublicae_: “there shall be drained off from the city
+a great and destructive refuse of the state composed of your comrades.”
+_Exhaurio_: cp. ἀντλέω properly to drain the bilge water (ἄντλος
+_sentina_) out of the hold of a vessel. --_tuorum comitum_: this
+secondary genitive is one of explanation (_expexegetical_).
+
+
+§ 13.--
+
+1: _imperante me_: abl. absolute.
+
+2: _faciebas_ = _facere volebas_: Madvig, § 337, obs. I.
+
+3: _consul hostem_: note the emphatic juxtaposition of these words.
+
+4: _num--exilium_, scil. _jubes me exire_: “You do not order me to go
+into exile, do you?” Distinguish _exilium_, _deportatio_, and
+_relegatio_: see Antiquities.
+
+5: _me consulis_: distinguish _me consulit_, _mihi consulit_, _in me
+consulit_.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+6: _quod--possit_: H., 503, I.
+
+7: _extra--hominum_: “unconnected with that band of conspirators
+composed of worthless men” --_conjuratio_: used in a concrete sense:
+cp. _advocatio_, _servitium_. For subjunctive: H., 500, I.
+
+8: _quae--est?_ “what stain of domestic infamy has not been branded on
+your life?” Distinguish: _nŏtă, nōtă, nŏtā_. The expression _nota
+domesticae turpitudinis_ differs in meaning from _privatarum rerum
+dedecus_: the former relates to moral or immoral domestic life, the
+latter to all private actions as opposed to those that affect a man’s
+public character. _Nota_ is applied (1) to the brand on cattle; Virg.
+Georg. 3, 158: (2) to the mark placed on a fugitive slave when retaken:
+(3) to the mark placed by the censor (_nota censoria_) on revising the
+list of citizens, opposite the name of the person degraded. According to
+Plutarch, Catiline had slain his own brother and murdered his own son
+that there might be no obstacle to his marrying Aurelia Orestilla.
+
+9: _quod--fama_: “what scandal in private life does not cling to your
+notorious acts?” Some read _infamiae_, a dat, after _haeret_, which is
+sometimes found. Give the different constructions of _haerere_.
+
+10: _quae--afuit_: “what act of impurity ever was strange to your eyes,
+what enormity to your hands, what pollution to your whole body?”
+--_libido_; licentiousness, in a general sense; _facinus_, a bold,
+daring deed, in a bad sense, unless justified by some favourable
+epithet: _flagitium_, a disgraceful, lustful excess.
+
+11: _cui--praetulisti?_ “to what youth, after you had once entangled him
+by the allurements of vice, did you not hand either a dagger to commit
+some daring deed, or a torch to inflame his passion?” --_adulescentulo_:
+the diminutive is used in a depreciatory sense, since many a weak youth
+was misled by Catiline (Sallust Cat., c. 14). --_facem_: the figure
+refers to the nightly revels and debauches of Catiline. Slaves carried
+torches before their masters at night to show the way. The torch of
+Catiline not merely showed the way to crimes, but served to inflame the
+passions of lust.
+
+
+§ 14.--
+
+1: _quid vero?_ scil. _dicam_; “further:” lit. “what, indeed, shall I
+say?”
+
+2: _nuper--cumulasti?_ “When lately by the death of your first wife you
+had rendered your home empty to contract a new marriage, did you not
+aggravate this crime by committing another incredible act of guilt?” It
+is said that Catiline poisoned his first wife and murdered his own son,
+to marry Aurelia Orestilla.
+
+3: _patior_: “I suffer myself:” a kind of middle form: cp. _glorior_,
+_vescor_, _vertor_, _lavor_.
+
+4: _tanti--immanitas_: “so enormous a crime.”
+
+5: _quas--senties_: “which you will find wholly threaten you on the next
+Ides.” On the _ides_ it was usual to pay interest on borrowed money, cp.
+Hor. Ep. 2. The _ides_ (_idus_, from _iduare_, to divide) were on the
+13th of each month, except in March, May, July, October, when they fell
+on the 15th. As this oration was delivered on the 8th, Catiline had only
+five days to prepare against bankruptcy. Decline _idus_? What words are
+fem. of 4th decl.?
+
+6: _ad--pertinent_: “to these I come, which concern not the personal
+disgrace which attaches to your vices, (which concern) not the
+embarassment and scandal of your home, but (which concern) the welfare
+of the state and the life and safety of us all.” --_ignominiam_:
+referring to his personal crimes. --_difficultatem_: his financial
+difficulties.
+
+
+§ 15.--
+
+1: _cum scias_: for subjunctive: H. 522, II. 2.
+
+2: _neminem_: decline this word.
+
+3: _pridie--Januarias_: scil _ante_: “on the day before the Kalends of
+January,” i.e. December 31st, Sallust gives an account of this earlier
+conspiracy. The plan was to murder the consuls in the capitol, then
+Catiline and Autronius were to seize the consular power. Suetonius says
+that both Crassus and Caesar were partners in guilt, and that the scheme
+failed because Crassus did not appear at the proper time. A second time
+(5th February) an attempt was made, but this also failed in consequence
+of Catiline having given the signal too soon before a sufficient number
+of followers had arrived.
+
+4: _Lepido et Tullo consulibus_: M. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Volcatius
+Tullus were consuls 66 B.C. The _consules designati_ were P. Autronius
+Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla: but these were disqualified for bribery
+and L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatius (their accusers)
+obtained the consulship.
+
+5: _comitio_: distinguish _comitium_ and _comitia_. Where was the
+_comitium_? --_manum--paravisse?_ scil. _potestne--scias_: “that you
+collected a gang to slay the consuls and leading men of the state?”
+
+6: _sceleri--obstitisse?_ “that no reflection or fear of yours, but the
+good luck of the state thwarted your wicked and frenzied attempt!” Is
+_aliquis_ commonly used in negative clauses?
+
+7: _neque--postea_: i.e., _nam quae post a te commissa sunt, ea neque
+obscura sunt, neque panca_.
+
+8: _Consulem designatum_: see note 9, § 11.
+
+9: _petitiones_: see note 7, § 11.
+
+10: _ita--effugi_: “aimed in such a way that they seemed impossible to
+be parried have I avoided by a slight side movement, and, as they term
+it, by (a deflection of) the body.” --_petitio_, _declinatio_, _corpus_,
+_effugio_, are terms of the fencing school purposely used by Cicero to
+show that Catiline was no better than a gladiator: cp. Cic. Cat. II. 2.
+--_ut aiunt_: cp. ὡς ϕασί: “as the saying is.”
+
+
+§ 16.--
+
+1: _tibi_: ethical dative: H. 389. --_jam_: “ere now.” --_de manibus_ is
+explanatory (_epexegetical_) to _tibi_.
+
+2: _excidit_, distinguish _excīdit_, _excĭdit_.
+
+3: _quae--defigere_: the position of the relative and the indirect
+interrogation is foreign to our idiom, and must be avoided in
+translation: _quae_ = _et haec_, scil. _sica_: “and I know not by what
+(unhallowed) rites it has been consecrated and devoted to its purpose by
+you that you deem it necessary to plunge it in the body of the consul.”
+Cicero here refers to the fact that a human sacrifice took place at the
+house of Catiline, and that the dagger used on that occasion was
+dedicated to the purpose of slaying the consuls: cp. Sallust, Cat.
+C. 23.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+4: _tua--ista vita_: “that life that you lead.”
+
+5: _sed ut_: construe _sed (tecum loquar) ut misericordia (permotus esse
+videar)_.
+
+6: _nulla_: stronger than _non_: “not at all,” “not a particle.”
+
+7: _paullo ante_: “a moment ago.”
+
+8: _frequentia_: “throng,”: cp. _frequens senatus_: “a crowded senate,”:
+--_necessarii_: cp. ἀναγκαῖοι. --_salutavit_: among the Romans it was
+customary when they saw their friends or eminent men approaching to rise
+up, and salute or courteously address them.
+
+9: _post--memoriam_: “within the memory of men”: cp. Thucy. I. 7: ἀϕ᾽ οὗ
+Ἕλληνες μέμνηνται.
+
+_contigit_: generally means, “it befalls” of fortunate occurences, but
+not always.
+
+10: _vocis--contumeliam ... judicio taciturnitatis_: Chiasmus.
+--_vocis--taciturnitatis_ = _loquentium--tacitorum_: “are you waiting
+for reproofs from those speaking, when you are overpowered by the most
+solemn sentence of those, though they are silent.” The reference is to
+the fact that the Senate had declared Catiline _patriae hostis_, and had
+received him with silence on entering the Senate.
+
+11: _quid?_ scil. _dicam_. We often find _quid? quod_ used by Cicero in
+rapid rhetorical questions: Madvig., 479, d. obs. 1.
+
+12: _adventu tuo_: see note 9, § 7: _abl. time_.
+
+13: _ista subsellia_: “the benches near you.” The seats of the senators
+(_subsellia_) were beneath that of the consul (_sella curulis_), which
+was on a platform.
+
+14: _qui fuerunt_: “who have been often destined for slaughter by you.”
+--_tibi_: dat. for abl. with _abs_ = _abs te_. Distinguish _constituti
+sunt_ and _constituti fuerunt_.
+
+15: _nudam atque inanem_: “completely bare:” Cicero often uses two
+epithets of nearly the same meaning to emphasize the idea to be
+conveyed.
+
+16: _tandem_: see note 1, § 1.
+
+
+§ 17.--
+
+1: _servi--arbitraris_: a fine example of the argument _a fortiori_. The
+Latins call this _amplificatio_ (Quint. 8, 4, 9), the Greeks ἐνθύμημα,
+a rhetorical conclusion, drawn from opposites.
+
+2: _me hercule_: either (1) _me, Hercules juvet_, or (2) _me, Hercules,
+juves_. We also find _me hercules_, _mehercle_, _mercule_, varieties of
+the same oath. For the tendency to drop _s_ final: cp. Peile (Greek and
+Latin Etymology, p. 355).
+
+3: _isto pacto_: “in the way.” --_isto_ here does duty for the article
+or may be = _eodem_.
+
+_omnes_: the fellow-conspirators are no longer regarded as citizens by
+Cicero.
+
+4: _urbem_: scil., _relinquendam_.
+
+5: _injuria_: “without any just cause.”
+
+6: _offensum_ = _invisum_, _odiosum_.
+
+7: _infestis_: another form is _infensis_: “menacing.”
+
+8: _agnoscas_: distinguish _agnosco_, _ignosco_, _cognosco_,
+_recognosco_, in meaning.
+
+9: _dubitas--vitare_: when _dubito_ means “to doubt:” _non dubito_ is
+properly construed with _quin_ and the subjunctive, rarely with the
+infinitive. But when _dubito_ means “to scruple,” “to hesitate,” and the
+sentence following contained the same subject, _non dubito_ is generally
+construed with the infinitive.
+
+10: _mentes sensusque_: “souls and senses.”
+
+11: _aliquo_: “to some place or other.”
+
+12: _nunc_ = νῦν δέ, “but now, as it is,” used to contrast _actual_ and
+_imagined_ condition.
+
+13: _jamdiu--cogitare_: “and for a long time has it come to the
+conclusion that you have been planning nothing but her ruin.” --_nihil =
+de nulla re_. --_parricidio_ = _interitu_, because _patria_ is regarded
+_communis parens_. According to Roman law _parricidium_ included the
+murder of intimate friends as well as of parents.
+
+14: _verebere_: _vereor_, a religious reverence due to a superior:
+_pertimesco_, an excessive dread of impending calamity.
+
+
+§ 18.--
+
+1: _quae--loquitur_: a fine personification. Note the _oxymoron_ in
+_tacita--loquitur_.
+
+2: _nullum_: note the emphatic positions of _nullum--nullum_.
+
+3: _neces_: alluding to the murders which Catiline perpetrated as a
+partisan of Sulla, during the dictatorship of the latter.
+
+4: _sociorum_: in 67 B.C. Catiline was propraetor of Africa. In 65 B.C.
+he was accused by P. Clodius Pulcher, the inveterate enemy of Cicero,
+for cruel oppression of the provincials, but he succeeded in buying off
+the accuser, and the persecution came to nothing.
+
+5: _tu--valuisti_: “you had power enough not only to disregard the
+judicial trials, but also to subvert them and weaken their power.”
+Distinguish _jus_, what the law ordains, or the obligations it imposes,
+from _lex_, a written statute or ordinance. --_quaestiones_: the
+_praetor urbanus_ and _praetor peregrinus_ dispensed justice in private
+and less important cases. In case of any magnitude the people acted as
+jury themselves, or appointed one or more to preside at the trial. Those
+appointed were called _quaesitores_ or _quaestores_. In 150 B.C. _four_
+permanent praetors were appointed to aid the _praetor urbanus_ and
+_praetor peregimus_. One had charge of all cases of extortion; another,
+of bribery; another, of treason; another, of frauds against the public
+treasury. These four classes of trials were called _quaestiones
+perpetuae_.
+
+_superiora_: “former acts of yours.”
+
+6: _nunc--ferendum_: “but now that I should be wholly on your account
+the slave of fear, that in every, even the least rumour, Catiline should
+be dreaded, that no plot seems possible to be entered into, in which
+your villany has no share (these things, I say), are not to be endured.”
+--_totam_: fem: referring to _patriam_.
+
+7: _ne--opprimar_: scil. _discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe_.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+§ 19.--
+
+1: _Impetrare_: “to obtain its request:” i.e. _ut ex urbe exeas_.
+
+2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, § 16.
+
+3: _custodiam_: when a person of rank was suspected of any treasonable
+act, he generally surrendered himself into the hands of some responsible
+person, to be guarded until his guilt or innocence was established. This
+was called _custodia libera._
+
+4: _apud M’_: another reading is _ad M._ The person was Manius (not
+Marcus) Lepidus who held the office of consulship with Volcatius Tullus
+B.C. 68.
+
+_domi meae_: would _domi_ with other adjectives be allowable?
+
+5: _isdem parietibus_: here the idea of _means_ is combined with that of
+place: H. 425, II., 1.1.
+
+_qui--essem = quippe qui--essem_: “inasmuch as I was in great danger.”
+
+_quod--contineremur_: when does _quod_ take the indicative and when the
+subjunctive: H. 516, I., II.?
+
+6: _sodalem_: “your boon companion:” distinguish _socius_ (root _sec_,
+to follow, hence _sequor_), a follower: _consors_, a partner in lot:
+_comes_, a companion on a journey: _sodalis_, a boon companion.
+
+7: _virum optimum_: probably ironical: nothing is known of him, except
+that he was weak and simple.
+
+8: _videlicet_ and _scilicet_: “no doubt”: both introduce an explanation
+with the difference, that the former generally indicates the true, the
+latter, the wrong explanation, though sometimes, as in the present
+passage, the meanings are reversed. Z. 345.
+
+9: _ad vindicandum_: “in bringing you to punishment.”
+
+_a vinculis_: the state prison which was used to detain prisoners, not
+for penal imprisonment in opposition to (_custodia libera_) private
+custody.
+
+10: _qui_ = _quippe qui_: H., 517.
+
+
+§ 20.--
+
+1: _quae cum ita sint_: see note.
+
+2: _emori_: another reading is _morari_, antithetical to _abire_.
+
+3: _refer ad senatum_: “bring up (the matter scil. _rem_) before the
+Senate.” --_referre_ is the technical term to express the laying of the
+subject for debate before the Senate, which was done by the consul or
+presiding magistrate: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement of
+anything: _placere_, is the usual term to express the decision of the
+Senate. The aristocratic party had advised Catiline to go into exile,
+preferring that he should take this course rather than that they should
+have an open conflict with him.
+
+4: _sibi--decreverit_: “shall decree by their vote.” The senators voted
+“yea” or “nay” by saying _placet_ or _non placet_.
+
+5: _abhorret--moribus_: “is inconsistent with my character.” The fact is
+the Senate could not pass a sentence of exile.
+
+6: _si--expectas_: “if it is this word (exile) you are waiting for.”
+
+7: _patiuntur--tacent_: i.e., they suffer me to use this bold language
+to you and still they raise no word on your behalf.
+
+8: _quid--perspicis?_ “why do you wait for the sentence of these in
+words, where will you perceive, though they are silent?”
+
+
+§ 21.--
+
+1: _huic_: “who is present.” P. Sestius Gallus was quaestor to the
+consul Antonius who as _tribunus plebis_ in 57 B.C. was active for
+Cicero’s recall from banishment. Cicero defended him in 56 B.C. in an
+action _de vi_.
+
+2: _vim--intulisset_: “would have laid violent hands on me:” a species
+of hendiadys. Even his dignity as consul, and the sacred shrine of
+Juppiter Stator would not have shielded him.
+
+3: _quiescunt probant_: _patiuntur_, _decernunt_: _tacent_, _clamant_:
+note these examples of _oxymoron_.
+
+4: _cives_, scil. _idem faciunt_ i.e. _silentio probant_. The _equites_
+formed the second or middle order of the Roman State.
+
+5: _prosequantur_: those who went into voluntary exile were often
+accompanied to the gates by their friends. An escort is promised
+Catiline to express the delight in getting rid of him.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+§ 22.--
+
+1: _quamquam_: cp. καίτοι; “and yet,” used here as a corrective
+particle.
+
+2: _te_; scil. _sperandumne sit fore ut_: “is it to be expected that
+anything will break your resolve?” Note the emphatic positions of _te_,
+_tu_, _tu_, _tu_. What feelings do these interrogations express?
+
+3: _duint_ = _dent_: often used in religious formulas. Give the
+construction of _utinam_: H., 483, I.
+
+4: _animum induxeris_: Cicero uses the form _animum inducere_ (except in
+Pro Sulla, 30, 83) and Livy always _in animum in pucere_.
+
+5: _quanta--impendeat_: “what a storm of unpopularity threatens me, if
+not at present, on account of the memory of your crimes being fresh,
+still in the future time.” --_recenti_ = _memoria_: abl. of cause. --_in
+posteritatem_ = _in posterum tempus_. _impendeat_: indirect question.
+
+6: _sed--sejungatur_: “but (the unpopularity you threaten) willingly
+will I undergo (literally, pays me well) provided the loss which you
+forbode is confined to myself and does not involve danger to the State.”
+--_tanti_: genitive of price. The subject of _est_ is _invidiam istam
+mihi impendere_.
+
+7: _ut--ut--ut_: these three clauses are explained by the three
+beginning with _aut, aut, aut_. --_pudor_ = αἰδώς; “a sense of shame,
+or modesty.”
+
+
+§ 23.--
+
+1: _conflare_: a metaphor taken from metals: literally, “to smelt
+together:” hence “to heap upon.”
+
+2: _recta_, scil. _via_: “straightway.”
+
+3: _vix--vix_: note the emphatic positions: “hard will it be for me to
+bear the weight of the unpopularity caused by you, if you go into exile
+by the order of the consul,” --_sermones_: “the censure:” cp. our
+expression “to be the talk of the town.” _feceris_: see note 4, § 6.
+
+4: _sui--mavis_: “but if, however, you prefer to consult my praise and
+glory.” _laus--gloria_ are originally derived from the same root CLU,
+“to hear:” _laus_ = _(c)lau(d)s_: _gloria = clu-oria_.
+
+5: _exsulta--latrocinio_: “triumph in your impious bandit war.” _latro_:
+properly a mercenary soldier who serves for pay (λατρεία): afterwards,
+“a brigand.” _impio_: as being against his native land: cp. _pietas erga
+patriam_, “patriotism.”
+
+
+§ 24.--
+
+1: _quamquam_: see note 1, § 22. _invitem_: rhetorical question: H. 529.
+
+2: _qui--armati?_ “to wait for you arms near Forum Amelium.” _ad_
+before the name of towns denotes (1) direction; (2) proximity, as in
+this passage. Towns were called _Fora_, by the Romans, where the praetor
+held his circuits for administering justice and where markets were
+established. The town mentioned here was in Etruria between the Armenta
+(_Fiora_) and Marta, not from the sea. It is now called _Monte Alto_. It
+derived its name from one Aurelius, who built the _Via Aurelia_ from
+Rome to Pisa.
+
+_praestolarentur_: the word _praestolari_, is “to wait for” said of a
+subordinate who performs some services for a superior.
+
+3: _pactam--diem_: from what verb is _pactam_? --_dies_, in the sense of
+a “fixed day” is usually feminine.
+
+4: _aquilam_: the same that Marius carried in his Cimbric war. Catiline
+fell beside it at Pistoria (Gall. Cat. C. 59). A silver eagle with
+extended wings, and on the top of a spear was the ensign of the whole
+legion. The _signa_ were the standards of the _manipuli_ and the
+_vexillum_ is the standard of the cavalry.
+
+5: _cui--fuit_: “for which the secret place where you concocted your
+crimes was prepared in your house.” The eagle was usually kept in a part
+of the _praetorium_ which was consecrated (_sacrarium_).
+
+6: _tu--solebas_: scil. _credendumne sil fore_: “is it to be believed
+that you could any longer be without this, to which you when setting out
+to slaughter were wont to pay your vows?”
+
+7: _altaribus_: only plural in classical Latin.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+§ 25.--
+
+1: _haec res_: i.e. _hoc bellum contra patriam, haec civium caedes_.
+
+2: _quandam--voluptatem_: “a kind of delight, (really) inconceivable.”
+
+3: _ad--servavit_: “it was for this mad career that nature gave you
+being, inclination trained you, fate reserved you:” distinguish
+_amentia_, and _dementia_.
+
+4: _non modo_, for the omission of _non_ after _non modo_, see Madvig.,
+§ 461, C. When the sentence is negative, _non modo = non modo non_, the
+second _non_ being omitted, if both sentences have the same verb, and if
+the verb is contained in the second sentence, for the negative is thus
+considered to belong conjointly to both sentences. Z. 724., b.
+
+5: _otium_: “peace,” opposed to _bellum_.
+
+6: _nefarium_: “unhallowed,” as involving _impietas contra patriam_.
+
+7: _nanctus es_: “you have got together.” --The orator is _atque (ex)
+derelictis ab non modo omni fortuna, verum etiam (a) spe_.
+
+8: _conflatam_: a metaphor taken from metals, “smelted together,” hence
+“collected.”
+
+
+§ 26.--
+
+1: _hic_: i.e. _inter ejusmodi hominum gregem_. --_qua--perfruere_:
+“what gratification will you experience.” Notice the climax in this
+sentence.
+
+2: _ad--tui_: “it was for the earnest prosecution of this life that
+these feats of endurance, which are made so much of, were practised.”
+--_meditari_: is used passively: as _abominatus, amplexus, confessus,
+detestatus, dimensus, exsecratus, moderatus, suetus_. M. 153. With
+_meditari_: cp. μελετᾶν.
+
+3: _ad--stuprum_: “to watch for an opportunity to commit an act of
+debauchery.” = _ad tempus stupro opportunum observandum_. The infinitive
+clauses _jacere, vigilare_, are in opposition with _labores_.
+
+4: _ad--obeundum_: “to execute some daring deed.”
+
+5: _otiosorum_: “the peaceable citizens.” Another reading is
+_occisorum_.
+
+6: _habes--omnium_: “you have (now) an opportunity of showing the
+renowned endurance you have for withstanding hunger, cold, (and) a need
+of all things:” cp. Sallust, Cat. C., 5: _corpus potiens inediae,
+vigiliae, algoris, supra quam unquam credibile est_.
+
+7: _quibus_: to be referred to _famis, frigoris, inopiae_, not to
+_omnium rerum_.
+
+
+§ 27.--
+
+1: _tantum confeci_: “this much, I gained.”
+
+2: _quum--reppuli_: at the last election, Cicero adopted these measures
+especially aimed at Catiline: a bill to increase the penalty against
+bribery (_ambitus_); by disarranging the plans of Catiline in putting
+off the elections, and appearing in the Campus Martius in armour.
+
+3: _exul--consul: latrocinium--bellum_: note the _paronomasia_.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+4: _detester ac deprecer_: both these words mean “to seek to remove
+anything from one, such as blame, &c., by calling the gods to witness
+(_testari deos_) and by imploring (_precari_) their aid.” Note the
+middle force of these deponents.
+
+5: _quaeso_: conjugate this verb.
+
+6: _loquatur_: see § 18.
+
+7: _tune_: join with _exire patiere_.
+
+8: _evoratorum servorum_: Catiline, however, refused the help of slaves
+(Sallust, Cat. C., 56), though Lentulus urged him to use these.
+
+9: _emissus--immissus_: paronomasia.
+
+10: _hunc--duci_: what is the usual construction of _imperari_? H.
+498, I. The infinitive with _imperare_ is always passive.
+
+11: _mactari_: the official word of sacrifice, “to slay a victim.” It is
+connected with old verb _magere_: probably “to strike:” cp. μάχη, hence
+“to kill.”
+
+
+§ 28.--
+
+1: _tandem_: cp. note 1, § 1. Cicero shews that neither precedent, nor
+laws, nor the judgment of future generations deter Catiline.
+
+2: _At_: introduces the objection of an opponent: “Yes, but.” Cicero
+refers here to the case of P. Scipio Nasica who headed the nobility
+against Tib. Gracchus.
+
+3: _an leges?_ Principally the _leges Valeriae_, and _leges Porciae_.
+The former were proposed by (1) P. Valerius Poplicola 509 B.C. which
+enacted that no Roman magistrate should put to death or flog a Roman
+citizen if he had appealed to the people: (2) in 449 B.C. L. Valerius
+Potitus enacted that no magistracy should be held with an exemption from
+appeal: (3) in 300 B.C. M. Valerius Corvus brought in a bill sanctioning
+the other laws on the subject of appeal. The _leges Porciae_ were
+proposed by three of the _Porcii_, and exempted from stripes the persons
+of Roman citizens, and imposed heavy fines on any one who should scourge
+or kill a Roman citizen.
+
+4: _rogatae sunt_: “have been passed.” The people at the _comitia_ were
+_asked_ to pass a law by the presiding magistrate in the words
+“_velitis, jubeatis, Quirites_.” Hence _rogare legem_, “to pass a bill.”
+When the people voted _two_ ballots were usually given them, one marked
+with the letters U R (i.e. _uti rogas_ or “yea”), and the other with A
+(i.e. _antiquo, antiqua probo_, “I annul”).
+
+5: _praeclaram gratiam_: “a fine return:” strongly ironical.
+
+6: _hominem--cognitum_: i.e. _hominem novum_: the Romans applied the
+term (_novus homo_) to the first of a family who had raised himself to a
+consul office, _tam mature_: the _lex annalis_ enacted that no one could
+obtain the _quaetorship_ till he was 31; the _aedileship_ till 37; the
+_praetorship_ till 41; and the _consulship_ till 43. Cicero means that
+he obtained these offices as soon as he was eligible to hold them.
+
+7: _propter invidiam_: “because of too disquieting fear of
+unpopularity.”
+
+
+§ 29.--
+
+1: _num--pertimescenda?_ “Is the ill-will arising from a strict and a
+firm discharge of duty to be feared rather than that arising from
+indolence and indifference.”
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+2: _factu_: give rules for the use of the supines: H. 547.
+
+3: _judicarem_: this tense in the _protasis_ with the plupf. in the
+_apodosis_, denotes that the action is going on simultaneously.
+
+4: _unius--horae_: “the enjoyment of a single hour.” _Usura_: properly
+“interest” paid for the _use_ of capital.
+
+5: _gladiatori isti_: contemptuously.
+
+6: _etenim_: “and (well may I make this assertion), for:” cp. καὶ γάρ.
+
+7: _summi viri_: referred to the _magistratus; clarissimi cives_, to the
+_viri privati_.
+
+8: _honestarunt_=_decoraverunt_: “graced.”
+
+
+§ 30.--
+
+1: _quamquam_ = καίτοι, corrective: “and yet.”
+
+2: _qui--dissimulent_: “of such a character that they either are blind
+to those evils which threaten us, or profess blindness in regard to the
+things they see.” _Qui_ = _tales ut_: H. 501: this explains this
+subjunctive.
+
+3: _qui--aluerunt_ = _hi--aluerunt_: not to be connected with _nonnulli
+sunt_, as this would require _aluerint_.
+
+4: _si--animadvertissem_: “if I had punished him,”: with such a meaning
+understand _supplicio_: the preposition _in_ is necessary when the
+meaning is “to punish with an authoritative and steady hand.” _regie_:
+“in a tyrannical manner.”
+
+5: _pervenerit_: fut. perf.
+
+6: _paulisper--posse_: “may for a season be repressed, but cannot for
+ever be suppressed”; _reprimo_: to hold in check merely for a short
+time; _comprimo_: to completely check.
+
+7: _se ejecerit_ scil. _ex urbe_.
+
+8: _ceteros naufragos_: “the rest of his shipwrecked band of followers”:
+i.e., shipwrecked in character and fortune by reason of their excesses.
+
+9: _tam adulta pestis_: “this fully developed plague-poison”: _adulta_:
+from root _ul, ol, al_, “high.”
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+§ 31.--
+
+1: _jamdiu_: for the space of three years from the consulate of Lepidus
+and Tullus, 66 B.C.; _nescio quo pacto_: “in some way or other”:
+literally, “I know not on what terms”: cp. οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον,
+_nescio quo modo_.
+
+2: _omnium--erupit_: a pregnant construction as if he had meant: “all
+these crimes have been a-ripening up to, and the continued career of
+frenzy and boldness have burst forth in, the time of my consulship.” The
+metaphor is probably borrowed from an ulcer, bursting when ripe.
+
+3: _ex tanto latrocinio_ = _ex tot latronum numero_, _latrocinium_ =
+_latrones_, cp. _servitium_ = _servi_: _conjuratio_ =
+_conjurati--residebit_: the metaphor is taken from a subtle poison in
+the system. The state is looked upon by the orator as the body, the
+conspiracy as the fever, and the execution of Catiline as the draught of
+cool water which momentarily refreshes.
+
+4: _visceribus_: _viscera_ were the upper vitals, including the heart,
+lungs, liver, &c: _intestina_, were the liver vitals. Observe the force
+of _atque_ and the repetition of the preposition.
+
+5: _cum--jactantur_: there is no hendiadys here, but merely an
+accumulation of synonymous terms. Observe the middle force of
+_jactantur_: “toss themselves about.”
+
+6: _biberint_: Madvig reads _biberunt_.
+
+7: _qui est_: “which exists.” --_relevatus_: “mitigated.”
+
+8: _vehementius--ingravescet_: “shall become more chronic if the others
+are allowed to live”: _vivis reliquis_: abl. abs.
+
+
+§ 32.--
+
+1: _praetoris urbani_: L. Valerius Flaccus was _Praetor Urbanus_ at this
+time, and the partisans of Catiline thronged around his _tribunal_ to
+intimidate him when delivering judgment in cases of debt.
+
+2: _obsīdĕre--curiam_: “to beset the senate house in arms.” Romulus
+divided the people into three tribes (_tribus_) and each tribe was
+divided into ten wards (_curiae_). Each _curia_ had a temple for the
+performance of its religious rites and for holding political meetings:
+the root is _cur_: “to be powerful;” cp. Quirites, hence, “the powerful
+men”: κύριος, κοίρανος-- _cum gladiis_ = _armati_.
+
+3: _malleolos_: properly _malleolus_, is “a hammer,” the tranverse head
+of which was formed for holding pitch and tow. These latter were set on
+fire and thrown slowly that they might not be extinguished, to ignite
+houses and other buildings. Translate “fire-darts.”
+
+4: _quid--sentiat_: “what his sentiments are respecting the state:” dep.
+quest. --_polliceor--fore_: what verbs are construed with the future
+infinitive?
+
+5: _patefacta--oppressa_: note the balancing of these words, and the
+_asyndeton_.
+
+
+§ 33.--
+
+1: _hisce ominibus_: “with these prophetic words”: a kind of abl.
+absolute.
+
+2: _cum--exitio_: “with the best interests of the republic (fully
+established), and with your own calamity and ruin (fully assured) and
+with the destruction of these”: _cum_ here denotes an accompanying
+circumstance as a result or consequence of an action: z, 472.
+
+3: _tu_: addressing the statue of Juppiter in the temple of Juppiter
+Stator.
+
+4: _auspiciis_: not only temples but also statues were consecrated, by
+taking auspices.
+
+5: _statorem_: “the flight staying”: see note 6, § 11. A kind of
+rhetorical exaggeration, as the temple was only viewed by Romulus and
+built much later; Livy x. 37.
+
+6: _arcebis_: with a softened imperative force: so also _mactabis_.
+
+
+
+
+PROPER NAMES.
+
+
+A
+
+=Ahāla, -ae=: m.: _Caius Servilius Ahala_ was master of the horse to the
+dictator Cincinnatus, 439 B.C. Spurius Maelius, one of the _Equites_,
+bought corn at a low rate and distributed it gratuitiously to the poor.
+By this he gained the favour of the plebeians, but incurred the enmity
+of the patricians. When he was summoned by the dictator to appear on the
+charge of aiming at royal power, he refused, and Ahala, with an armed
+band, rushed into the crowd where he was standing, and slew him. Cicero
+often praises the deed of Ahala, but it is doubtful whether it can be
+defended.
+
+E
+
+=Etrūrĭa, -ae=: f.: a large district of Italy, lying west and north of
+the Tiber. This part of Italy was generally favorable to Catiline. In it
+were _Faesulae_, and _Pistoria_, where Catiline fell, 62 B.C.
+
+F
+
+=Faesulae, ārum=: f.: now _Fiesole_, near Florentia (_Florence_), in
+Etruria. Here Catiline raised the standard of rebellion.
+
+=Fŏrum Aurēlĭum, Fŏri Aurēlĭi=: n.: a town of Etruria, on the Aurelian
+way; now _Monte Alto_.
+
+=Flaccus, -i=: m.: _M. Fulvius Flaccus_ was charged with the execution
+of the Agrarian law of the Gracchi, and aided Tib. Gracchus to gain for
+all the Italians the rights of Roman citizenship. He was cited along
+with the consul Opimius to render an account of his conduct with regard
+to the revolutionary measures then proposed. This he refused to obey,
+and was slain along with his eldest son.
+
+=Fulvius, -i=: m.: see preceding.
+
+G
+
+=Gracchus, -i=: m.: _Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus_ and _Caius Sempronius
+Gracchus_ were sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and of Cornelia,
+Daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. The object of both brothers was to
+have the public lands divided and given to the poor, by allowing no one
+to hold more than 500 _jugera_ of land. The state was to compensate the
+wealthy for all the loss. Both brothers fell in the sedition that arose
+out of their revolutionary schemes: Tiberius in 132 B.C., and Caius in
+122 B.C.
+
+I
+
+=Itălĭa, -ae=: f.: Italy, a country of Southern Europe.
+
+J
+
+=Jānŭārĭus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to _January_.
+
+=Juppĭter, Jŏvis=: m.: Juppiter, the supreme god of Roman mythology.
+
+L
+
+=Laeca, -ae=: m.: _M. Porcius Laeca_, an accomplice of Catiline, who
+convened at his house the leading members of the conspiracy.
+
+=Lĕpĭdus, -i=: m.: _M’. Lepidus_, consul with L. Volcatius Tullus
+67 B.C.
+
+=Lĕpĭdus, -i=: m.: _M. Lepidus_, consul with Catulus 79 B.C.
+
+M
+
+=Maelĭus, -i=: m.: _Spurius Maelius_, a Roman _Eques_, who attempted to
+gain regal power at Rome by securing the favour of the plebeians 449
+B.C. This he tried to do by supplying corn at a low rate. He was
+summoned to appear before Cincinnatus, the dictator, but refused, and
+was slain by Ahala.
+
+=Manlĭānus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to Manlius.
+
+=Manlĭus, -i=: m.: _Caius Manlius_, an accomplice of Catiline, and sent
+to Etruria to collect troops. He commanded the right wing of Catiline’s
+army at Pistoria, and “foremost fighting fell.”
+
+=Marcellus, -i=: m.: _Marcus Marcellus_, an accomplice and intimate
+friend of Catiline.
+
+=Mĕtellus, -i=: m.: _Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer_, praetor in 63 B.C. He
+was despatched by Cicero into the Gallic and Picene districts to raise a
+force against Catiline. He was consul 61 B.C., and poisoned by his wife
+Clodia 59 B.C.
+
+N
+
+=Nŏvembris, -e=: adj.: belonging to November.
+
+O
+
+=Opīmĭus, -i=: m.: _Lucius Opimius_ was consul in 122 B.C. He opposed
+the designs of C. Gracchus.
+
+P
+
+=Pălātĭum, -i=: n.: the Palatine hill was the largest of the seven hills
+on which Rome was built. Romulus laid here the foundation of the city,
+and here in the imperial period were the residences of the Roman
+emperors.
+
+=Praeneste, -is=: n.: now _Palestrina_, an ancient city of Latium, 23
+miles S.E. of Rome. Its citadel was remarkable for the strength of its
+position.
+
+R
+
+=Rōma, -ae=: f.: Rome, a celebrated town on the Tiber.
+
+=Rōmānus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to Rome: _Roman_.
+
+=Rōmŭlus, -i=: m.; the founder of Rome and king of the city from
+753-715 B.C.
+
+S
+
+=Sāturnīnus, -i=: m.: _L. Saturninus_, a tribune of the people and a
+violent partisan of Marius, who abetted him in his numerous misdeeds. He
+is said to have caused the death of C. Memmius 102 B.C. At length, after
+many cruel acts, the people became aroused against him, and he was slain
+in the forum.
+
+=Scīpĭo, -ōnis=: m.: _P. Cornelius Scipio Nasīca_ was consul 138 B.C.
+His character was held in the highest estimation by his countrymen. He
+opposed the measures of Gracchi. After the death of Tiberius Gracchus,
+unpopularity overtook Scipio, and he was sent to Asia, where he died of
+chagrin.
+
+=Servilius, -i=: m.: _C. Servilius Glaucia_, a seditious and profligate
+individual, put to death 121 B.C.
+
+=Stator=: “the flight staying:” an epithet of Juppiter.
+
+T
+
+=Tullĭus, -i=: m.: _M. Tullius Cicero_. See Introduction.
+
+=Tullus, -i=: m.: See _M’. Lepidus_.
+
+V
+
+=Vălērĭus, -i=: m.: _L. Valerius_ a partner of Marius in the consulship,
+121 B.C.
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+  a. _or_
+    act. ....... active.
+  abl. ......... ablative.
+  acc. ......... accusative.
+  adj. ......... adjective.
+  adv. ......... adverb.
+  cp. .......... compare.
+  com. gen. .... common gender.
+  comp. ........ comparative degree.
+  conj. ........ conjunction.
+  dat. ......... dative.
+  def. ......... defective.
+  dem. ......... demonstrative.
+  dep. ......... deponent.
+  dim. ......... diminutive.
+  f. ........... feminine.
+  fr. .......... from.
+  fut. ......... future.
+  freq. ........ frequentative.
+  gen. ......... genitive.
+  Gr. .......... Greek.
+  imperat. ..... imperative.
+  impers. ...... impersonal.
+  inc. ......... inceptive.
+  inch. ........ inchoative.
+  ind. ......... indicative.
+  indecl ....... indeclinable.
+  indef. ....... indefinite.
+  inf. ......... infinitive.
+  intens. ...... intensive.
+  interj. ...... interjection.
+  interrog. .... interrogative.
+  m. ........... masculine.
+  n. ........... neuter.
+  nom. ......... nominative.
+  num. ......... numeral.
+  part. ........ participle.
+  pa. .......... participal adjective.
+  pass. ........ passive.
+  perf. ........ perfect.
+  pl. .......... plural.
+  pluperf. ..... pluperfect.
+  pos. ......... positive degree.
+  poss. ........ possessive.
+  prep. ........ preposition.
+  pres. ........ present.
+  pret. ........ preteritive.
+  pron. ........ pronoun.
+  rel. ......... relative.
+  semi-dep. .... semi-deponent.
+  sing. ........ singular.
+  subj. ........ subjunctive.
+  sup. ......... superlative degree.
+  voc. ......... vocative.
+  = ............ equal to.
+
+_N.B._--Where the etymology is not given, the word is of very uncertain
+or unknown origin.
+
+
+
+
+VOCABULARY.
+
+[Transcriber’s Note:
+
+Most verbs are given in a non-standard order, with the present active
+infinitive placed _after_ the other principal parts. Exceptions are
+mainly irregular verbs such as _eo_, _ferre_, _fio_, _volo_ and their
+compounds.]
+
+
+A
+
+ā, ab, abs, prep. with abl. (a, only before consonants; ab, before
+vowels and consonants). _From, away from; by_ [akin to Gr. ἀπ-ό].
+
+ab-eo, īre, īi, ĭtum, v. n. [ab, “away;” ĕo, “to go”] _To go away,
+depart._
+
+ab-horreo, horrui, no sup., horrēre, n. and a. [ab, “from;” horreo, “to
+dread”] _To be averse_ or _disinclined to; to be free from._
+
+ab-sum, esse, fui, n. irreg. _To be away from; to be absent._
+
+ab-ūtor, ūsus sum, uti, dep. n. [ab, “away from,” hence “wrongly;” utor,
+“I use”] _To misuse, abuse._
+
+ac, conj. (used before consonants). _And._
+
+ācer, ācris, ācre, adj. [AC, “to sharpen”] _Sharp, severe._
+
+āc-erb-us, a, um, adj. (ac-er) _Unripe, sour; violent._
+
+āc-ĭes, iēi, f. (ac-er) _An edge, point._
+
+ācr-ĭter, adv. (ācer) _Strongly, sharply, keenly._
+
+ad, prep. with acc.
+  Locally: (a) _To, towards_. --(b) _Before_ a place.
+  --_Up to_ a certain time.
+  --With Gerunds or Gerundives: _For, for the purposes of._
+
+ad-dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. [ad, “to;” duco, “I lead”] _To lead
+to; induce, lead._
+
+ad-eo, adv. _So far; so long; so much._
+
+ad-fero, ferre, attuli, allātum, irr. a. (ad; fero) _To bring to,
+bring._
+
+adflic-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a., intens. (for adflig-to, fr. adflig-o).
+_To greatly trouble, harass, annoy._
+
+ad-grego: see aggrego.
+
+ad-hibeo, hibui, hibitum, hĭbēre, a. (ad; habeo) _To apply to, to use,
+employ._
+
+ad-huc, adv. _Thus far, up to this time._
+
+ad-minister, tri, m. [ad, “to;” ministro, “to serve”] _A servant,
+assistant._
+
+ad-mīror, mīratus sum; mīrari [ad, “to;” miror, “to wonder at”] dep. _To
+wonder at, admire._
+
+ad-sĕquor, secūtus (quūtus), sequi, dep. a. _To follow, pursue._
+
+ad-servo, servāvi, servātum, servāre [ad, “to;” servo, “to keep”] _To
+preserve, protect._
+
+ad-sĭdĕo, sēdi, sessum, sĭdēre [ad, “near;” sedeo, “to sit”] n. (ad;
+sedeo) _To sit by_ or _near._
+
+ădŭlesc-ens, entis, m. and f. [ad, “to;” ŏlesco, “to grow;” the root
+assumes the form of AL, OL, UL, in Latin as _altus, sub-oles, adultus_]
+_A young man_ (from the 15th or 17th until past the 30th year).
+
+ădŭlescent-ulus, i, m., dim. (adulescens) _A young man; stripling._
+
+ădul-tus, a, um, part. (adol-esco) _Grown up, adult, full-grown._
+
+adven-tus, ūs, m. [ad, “to;” venio, “to come”] _A coming, arrival._
+
+aeger, gra, grum, adj. _Weak, sick._
+
+aequus, a, um, adj. [root IK, “to make even:” cp. aequor] _Plain,
+smooth, even;_ aequo animo, _with great composure._
+
+aes-tus, ūs, m. [for aed-tus: root AED, “to burn:” cp. aestas; αἴθω]
+_Heat._
+
+aet-ernus, a, um, adj. [for ae (vi) ternus: root AIV, a lengthened form
+of I, “to go;” cp. αἰών] _Eternal, everlasting._
+
+ag-grĕgo, grĕgāvi, grĕgātum, gregare, v. a. [ad; grex, _to lead to a
+flock_] _To assemble, collect together._
+
+a-gnosco, gnōvi, gnĭtum, gnoscĕre, a. (for ad-gnosco, gnosco = nosco)
+_To recognize, to discern._
+
+ăgo, ĕgi, actum, ăgĕre [AG, “to set in motion”] a. _To drive; to do,
+perform, effect; to treat; plead._
+
+aio, def. [root AGH, “to say”] _To speak; to say “yes;” to affirm._
+
+ălĭ-ēnus, a, um, adj. (ali-us, belonging to the) _Belonging to another,
+foreign; unfriendly._
+
+ălĭqu-ando, adv. (aliquis, _of time, past, future, and present. At some
+time or other; at length._
+
+ălĭ-qui, qua, quod, indef. pron. adj, (ali-us; qui) _Some, any._
+
+ălĭquid, adv. (adverbial neut. acc. of aliquis) _In some degree,
+somewhat._
+
+ălĭ-quis, aliquid [fem. sing, and fem. and neut. plur. not used; alius;
+quis, root AL, “another:” cp. alter, ἄλλος: Eng. else], indef. pron.
+subst. _Some one, any one; something._
+
+ălĭquo, adv. (adverbial abl. of aliquis) _Some whither, to some place._
+
+ălĭ-quot, indef. num. adj., indecl. (alius; quot) _Some, several._
+
+ălĭus, a, ud, adj, (gen. sing. alĭus, dat. alii) _Another, other_; alius
+... alius, _one ... another._
+
+ălo, ălŭi, ălĭtum, or altum, alĕre, a. _To nourish; to foster._
+
+altārĭa, ium, n. (alt-um, things pertaining to the; hence) _An altar._
+
+āmentĭa, ae, f. [a, prio, mens, “mind”] _Madness._
+
+am-īcus, i, m. (amo) _A friend._
+
+ampl-ĭus, comp. adv. _More; longer._
+
+am-plus, a, um, adj. [am = ambi, “around;” root PLE, “to fill;” hence
+_plebs, pleo, plenus_] _Abundant, full; illustrious, noble._
+
+an, conj. _Or, whether._
+
+ănĭm-adverto, verti, versum, advertĕre, a. (animus; adverto) _To attend
+to; to consider, perceive_;
+  animadvertere in aliquem, _to inflict punishment on one._
+
+ănĭmus, i, m. [root AU, “to breathe”] _The mind; disposition, thought._
+
+annus, i, m. [perhaps for amnus; root AM, “to go round”] _A year._
+
+ante, prep. with acc. _Before, in front of;_ as adverb, _before,
+previously._
+
+ant-īquus, a, um, adj. [ant-e, “before”] _Ancient, old._
+
+ăperte, adv. (apertus) _Openly._
+
+ăpud, prep. with acc. (obs. apo, _to seize_) _Near, at, by, with._
+
+ăqua, ae, f. _Water._
+
+ăquĭla, ae, f. [AC, “sharp,” or “swift”] _The eagle; the standard of the
+legion._
+
+arbĭtr-or, ātus sum, ari, v. dep. a. [ar = ad, “to;” bito, “to go:”
+hence one who approaches a cause to enquire into it] _To judge, think._
+
+arcĕo, arcŭi, no sup., arcēre [root ARC, “to protect:” cp. arcus,
+ἀρκεῖν] a. _To shut up; to keep_ or _hold off._
+
+ardĕo, arsi, arsum, ardēre, n. _To burn, blaze._
+
+argent-ĕus, a, um, adj. (argentum, pertaining to) _Of silver._
+
+arma, ōrum, n. pl. [root AR, “to fit:” hence all things fitted on]
+_Arms, weapons._
+
+armā-tus, i, m. _An armed man, a soldier._
+
+arm-o, āvi, ātum, āre. _To furnish with arms; to arm._
+
+aspec-tus, tūs, m. (aspic-io) _A seeing, sight._
+
+at [old form _ast_: cp. ἀτ-άρ], conj. _But, yet_ (to introduce a reason
+for a supposed objection), _but certainly, but consider._
+
+atque or āc (the latter only before consonants), conj. _And also, and
+especially._
+
+ātrox, ōcis, [a, intens.: trux, “cruel”] adj. _Horrid, terrible,
+frightful._
+
+at-tendo (3), tendi, tentum, a. (ad; tendo) _To apply the mind to; to
+consider._
+
+auctor, ōris, m. (augeo) _An author, contriver._
+
+auctōrĭtas, ātis, f. (auctor) _Authority._
+
+audā-cĭa, ae, f. (audax, the quality of the) _Audacity, insolence._
+
+audĕo, ausus sum, audēre, semidep. _To dare._
+
+audĭo, audĭvi, audītum, audīre [AV, “to hear”] a. _To hear._
+
+aur-is, is, f. (audio, _the hearing thing_) _The ear._
+
+auspĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (auspex, _a bird inspector, diviner_, one who marks
+the flight and cries of birds, and then gives predictions] _Augury from
+birds, auspices._
+
+aut, conj. _Or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or._
+
+autem, conj. _But, moreover._
+
+avus [AV, “to hear,” hence “to obey,” cp. obedio], i, m. _A
+grandfather._
+
+
+B
+
+bacch-or (1), dep. n. (Bacch-us) _To revel._
+
+b-ellum (old form du-ellum), i, n. (duo, _a contest between two
+parties_) _War, warfare._
+
+bĭbo, bibi, no sup., bĭbĕre [root PO, “to drink;” cp. poto, πίνω], a.
+_To drink._
+
+bŏnum, i, n. _A good thing_; in pl., _goods._
+
+bŏnus, a, um, adj. (comp. melior, sup. optimus) _Good, well-disposed._
+
+brĕvis, e, adj. [root FRAG, “to break”] _Little, small, short._
+
+
+C
+
+caedes, is, f. [root CAD, “to fall:” cp. cado] _Slaughter._
+
+caelum, i, n. [for cavillum; fr. cavus, “hollow”] _Heaven._
+
+calamitas, ātis, f. [for cadamitas; root CAD, “to fall”] _Loss,
+calamity, disaster._
+
+campus, i, m. [root SCAP, “to dig:” cp. κῆπος] _A plain, field._
+
+căpĭo, cēpi, captum, căpĕre [root CAP, “to hold”] a. _To take_;
+consilium capere, _to form a plan_.
+
+carcer, ĕris, m. [root ARC, “to enclose:” cp. ark] _A prison._
+
+cărĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, ēre, n. _To be without._
+
+cārus, a, um, adj. [for camrus: cam, “to love:” amare = (c)amare] _Dear,
+precious._
+
+castrum, i, n. [for scadtrum: SCAD, “to cover:” Eng. shed] _A castle,
+fort_; in pl., castra, ōrum, n. _a camp_.
+
+cā-sus, sūs, um. (for cad-sus, fr. cad-o, “to fall”) _Accident, chance._
+
+causa, ae, f. _A cause, reason._
+
+cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go; to yield._
+
+certē, adv. (certus) _Certainly._
+
+cer-tus, a, um, adj. (cer-no) _Decided, fixed, definite._
+
+cēterus, a, um, (the nom. sing, masc. not in use), adj. _The other, the
+rest, the remainder._
+
+circum-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre (circum; claudo). _To shut in,
+enclose._
+
+circum-sto, steti, no sup., stāre, n. or a. _To stand around._
+
+cīvis, is, com. gen. [root CI, “to lie,” or “dwell:” hence “a dweller”]
+_A citizen._
+
+cīv-itas, ātis, f. (id., the condition or state of the; gen. pl., ium
+and um) _Citizenship; a state._
+
+clāmo, clāmāvi, clāmātum, clāmăre [root CAL, “to shout”] n. and a. _To
+call, shout aloud._
+
+clārus, a, um, adj. [root KAL. “to call”] _Clear, renowned._
+
+clē-mens, mentis, adj. (clino, _to bend_; mens, _having the heart bent_)
+_Mild, kind._
+
+coepi, coepisse, a. or n. def. (contracted fr. co-apio, fr. con; apo,
+_to seize_) _To begin._
+
+co-erceo, ui, itum, ercere, a. (con; arceo, _to shut up_) _To surround,
+restrain, check._
+
+coe-tus, tūs, m. [con, “together:” eo, “to go”] _A coming together; an
+assemblage, company._
+
+cō-gito, gitāvi, gĭtātum, gĭtăre [co = con, “together:” agito, “to set
+in motion”] _To weigh thoroughly in the mind; to think over; reflect
+upon; plan._
+
+co-gnosco, gnōvi, gnitum, gnoscĕre, a. [co (= cum), in augmentative
+sense; gnosco = nosco, “to become acquainted with”] _To know._
+
+col-ligo, lēgi, lectum, lĭgĕre [col (= cum), in an augmentative sense;
+lego, “to gather”] _To gather or collect together._
+
+col-loco, a. (con; loco) _To lay, place._
+
+cŏlōn-ĭa, ae, f. [root COL, “to till;” cp. colo] _A colony, settlement._
+
+cŏm-e-s, ĭtis, com. gen. (con; eo, _one who goes with another_) _A
+companion._
+
+cŏm-ĭ-tĭum, ii, n. (con; i, root of eo, _a coming together_) _The
+Comitium_, i.e. the place where the Romans assembled to vote; in pl.,
+_the comitia_, i.e. _the assembly itself_, hence _election_.
+
+commendā-tĭo, tĭōnis, f. (commend[a]-o) _A recommendation, praise._
+
+com-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (con; mitto, _to cause to go
+together_) _To commit._
+
+com-mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. (con; moveo) _To move, rouse._
+
+com-mūnis, e, adj. [com = cum; munis, “serving”] _Common, general._
+
+com-păro, părāvi, părātum, părārĭ, v. a. [com = cum; paro, “to prepare”]
+_To make ready._
+
+com-pĕrio, pĕri, pertum, perīre, a. (cum; root per, akin to perior, _to
+go through_) _To discover._
+
+compĕt-ītor, ōris, m. [com = cum; peto, “to seek;” hence to seek office]
+_A rival, competitor._
+
+com-plūres, a, and ia, adj. (con; plus) _Several together, very many._
+
+com-prĕhendo, prĕhendi, prĕhensum, prehendere [com = cum; intensive:
+prehendo, “to seize”] _To lay hold of, arrest._
+
+com-prĭmo, pressi, pressum, primĕre, a. (con; premo) _To press together;
+to hinder, check._
+
+cōnā-tus, tūs, m. _An attempt._
+
+con-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. or a. _To depart, withdraw._
+
+concĭ-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (conci-eo, _to urge_) _To rouse
+up, excite._
+
+con-cŭpi-sco, cŭpīvi or cŭpii, cŭp-ītum, cŭpiscĕre, a. inch, (con;
+cupi-o) _To be very desirous of; to long for._
+
+concur-sus, sūs, m. [for concurr-sus, fr. concurr-o, the action of) _A
+running, flocking together; a concourse._
+
+con-demno, demnāvi, demnātum, demnāre, v. a. [con = cum, intensive;
+damnum, “loss”] a. (con; damno) _To condemn._
+
+con-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. [con = cum, intensive; fero, “to bring”
+or “bear”] _To bring; to carry; to direct; to arrange._
+
+confes-tim, adv. _Immediately._
+
+con-ficio, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a, (con; facio) _To prepare, complete;
+to exhaust._
+
+con-fīdo, fīsus sum, fīdĕre, n. or a. semi-dep. _To trust; to believe
+certainly._
+
+con-firmo, firmāvi, firmātum, firmāre. _To strengthen; to assure._
+
+con-flāgro, flāgrāvi, flāgrātum, flāgrāre [con = cum, in an
+augmentative; FLAG, “to burn;” cp. flamma (= flag-ma)] _To be on fire,
+to burn up._
+
+con-flo, flāre, flāvi, flātum. _To blow together, kindle; to excite._
+
+con-grĕgo, grĕgāvi, grĕgātum, grĕgāre, a. (con; grex) _To flock
+together, assemble, unite._
+
+con-jĭcĭo, jēci, jectum, jĭcĕre, a. (con; jacio) _To hurl, send, cast._
+
+con-jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To join together, unite,
+associate._
+
+conjūrā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (conjūr[a]-o, the action of) _An agreement;
+conspiracy, plot._
+
+conjūrā-tus, m. (id.) _A conspirator._
+
+conl: see coll.
+
+cōnor, ātus sum, āri, dep. _To undertake, attempt._
+
+conscĭentia, ae, f. (consciens, _conscious_) _Consciousness, knowledge_
+
+con-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To write together_ (in a
+list); _to enroll._
+
+
+con-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrĭbĕre, a. _To write together_ (in a
+list); _to enroll._
+
+conscrip-tus, a, um, part. (for scrib-tus, fr. conscrib-o) As noun, m.
+(sc. pater) _a senator_; patres conscripti, _the old senators together
+with those who were afterwards admitted_ (enrolled) _into its ranks_;
+originally, patres et conscripti, _senators_.
+
+consen-sĭo, ōnis, f. (con-sentio) _Unanimity, agreement._
+
+consensus, ūs, m. [id.] _Unanimity, agreement._
+
+con-servo, servāvi, servātum, servāre, a. _To preserve._
+
+consĭliŭm, ii, n. _Deliberation, counsel; plan, purpose; council._
+
+con-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcĕre, a. (con; specio, _to look_) _To
+observe, behold._
+
+con-stĭtŭo, stĭtŭi, stĭtūtum, stĭtŭere, a. (con; statuo) _To place; to
+erect; to arrange, settle, agree upon; to appoint._
+
+con-stringo, strinxi, strictum, stringĕre, a. _To draw, bind together;
+to hold, hold fast._
+
+consul, ŭlis, m. _A consul_, one of the two chief magistrates of the
+Roman state, chosen yearly after the expulsion of the kings.
+
+consŭl-āris, e, adj. (consul) _Of_ or _pertaining to a consul;
+consular_; as noun, m., _ex-consul; one of the rank of consul._
+
+consŭl-ātus, ūs, m. (consul) _The consulship._
+
+consŭl-o, ŭi, tum, ĕre, n. or a. _To consider, consult_; consulere
+alicui, _to take counsel for some one_; consulere aliquem, _to ask the
+advice of some one_.
+
+consul-tum, i, n. (con-sulo) _A decree, decision._
+
+con-tā-mĭno, a. (for con-tag-mino; fr. con; tag, root of tango) _To
+defile, contaminate._
+
+conten-tus, a, um, part. (contineo) _Contented, satisfied._
+
+con-tĭnĕo, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, a. (con; tene) _To hold together; to
+keep in, restrain, confine._
+
+con-tingo, tĭgi, tactum, tingĕre, a. (con; tango) _To touch, take hold
+of; to happen._
+
+contrā, adv. and prep. with acc. _Against, contrary to._
+
+contumēl-ĭa, ae, f. (obsolete contumēl-us, _swelling greatly_) _Abuse,
+insult, disgrace; reproach._
+
+con-vĕnĭo, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, n. or a. _To assemble_; used
+impersonally, _it is suitable, proper_.
+
+con-vinco, vīci, victum, vincĕre, a. _To convict._
+
+con-vŏco, vŏcāvi, vŏcātum, vŏcāre, a. [con, “together;” voco, “to call”]
+_To convoke, assemble._
+
+cō-p-ĭa, ae, f. (contracted fr. co-op-ia, fr. con; ops) _Abundance;
+wealth, riches; forces, troops_ (generally in plural with the latter two
+meanings).
+
+corpus, ŏris, n. _A body, corpse._
+
+cor-rĭgo, rexi, rectum, rīgĕre, a. (con; rego) _To make straight; to
+improve, correct._
+
+cor-rōbŏro, a. (con; rōbŏro, _to strengthen_) _To strengthen; to
+corroborate, support._
+
+corrupt-ēla, ae, f. (corru[m]po) _That which corrupts; a corruption,
+seduction: seductive arts._
+
+cot-ī-dīē, adv. (quot; (i); die, abl. of dies) _Daily._
+
+crēdo, dĭdi, dĭtum, crēdĕre n. or a. _To trust in, believe; to think,
+suppose._
+
+cresco, crēvi, crētum, crescĕre, n. [root CRE, “to make grow;” cp. creo]
+_To grow, increase._
+
+crūdēlĭ-ter, adv. (crudēlis, _cruel_) _Cruelly._
+
+cum, prep, with abl. _With._
+
+cum. _When, since, though._
+
+cŭmŭl-o, a. (cumul-us) _To accumulate; to complete; to increase._
+
+cunctus, a, um, adj. (contracted from conjunctus) _The whole, all._
+
+cupīd-ĭtas, ātis, f. (cupidus) _Desire; passion; eagerness; avarice._
+
+cŭp-ĭdus, a, um, adj. (cup-io) _Longing, desirous._
+
+cŭpĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, cŭpĕre, a. and n. _To long for, desire._
+
+cur, adv. _Why?_
+
+cur-a, ae, f. (for caer-a, fr. caero, old form of quaero) _Trouble,
+care._
+
+cūrĭa, ae, f. [root CUR, “to be strong;” cp. κύριος, κυρεῖν]
+_Senate-house._
+
+custōdĭ-a, ae, f. (custod-io) _Watch, guard, custody._
+
+custōd-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (cus-tos) _To watch, guard._
+
+custos, ōdis, com. gen. _A guard, protector._
+
+
+D
+
+de, prep, with abl. _From; concerning, on account of._
+
+dē-bĕo, bŭi, bĭtum, bēre, a. (de; habeo) _To have from; to owe; to be in
+duty bound to, ought, must._
+
+dē-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To decide, decree._
+
+dēclīnā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (declin[a]-o) _A turning aside; a departure; an
+avoiding, shunning._
+
+dĕ-dĕcus, ŏris, n. _Disgrace, dishonor._
+
+dē-fendo, fendi, fensum, fendĕre, a. _To ward off; to defend, guard._
+
+dē-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a. or n. (de: facio) _To leave; to
+desert, revolt._
+
+dē-fīgo, fixi, fixum, fīgĕre, a. _To fix down; to drive; to plunge._
+
+de-inde, adv. _After this, next, then._
+
+dēlec-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (dēlic-io, _to allure_) _To
+delight, please._
+
+dēlĕo, ēvi, ētum, ēre, a. _To destroy, annihilate._
+
+dē-lĭgo, lēgi, lectum, lĭgĕre, a. (de; lego) _To choose out, select._
+
+dē-migro, migrāvi, migrātum, migrāre, n. _To migrate from; to emigrate;
+to depart._
+
+dēnĭque, adv. _At length, finally; in a word, briefly._
+
+dē-pōno, pŏsŭi, pŏsĭtum, pōnĕre, a. _To lay down; to lay aside._
+
+dē-prĕcor, prĕcātus sum, prĕcāre, dep. (de; precor, _to pray_) _To avert
+by prayer; to avert._
+
+dē-rĕlinquo, līqui, lictum, rĕlinquĕre, a. _To abandon, desert._
+
+dē-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To mark off, to divide._
+
+dē-sīdĕro, sīdĕrāvi, sīdĕrātum, sīdĕrāre, v. a. _To long for, desire; to
+miss; to regret, require._
+
+dē-signo, signāvi, signātum, signāre, v. a. (de; signo, _to mark_) _To
+mark out, designate; to elect._
+
+dē-sĭno, sīvi or sĭi, sĭtum, sĭnĕre, a. and n. _To leave off, cease.._
+
+dē-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, n. _To desist._
+
+dē-sum, esse, fŭi. n. _To be away, to fail, be wanting._
+
+dē-testor, testātus sum, testāri, dep. (de; testor, _to be a witness_)
+_To curse; to deprecate._
+
+dētrī-mentum, i, n. (for deter-[i]mentum fr. deter-o, _that which rubs
+off_) _Loss, damage._
+
+deus, i, m. _A god._
+
+dē-vŏvĕo, vōvi, vōtum, vŏvĕre, a. _To vow, devote._
+
+dexter, tĕra, tĕrum, and tra, trum, adj. _Right, on the right_; dextra,
+ae, f., _the right hand_.
+
+dīco, dixi, dictum, dīcĕre, a. [DIC, “to point out”] _To say, assert._
+
+dĭes, ēi, m. (in sing. sometimes f.) _A day_; in dies, _from day to day,
+daily_ (with an idea of increase).
+
+diffĭcul-tas, ātis, f. (for difficil-tas, fr. difficil-is, the state or
+condition of) _Difficulty, perplexity._
+
+dignus, a, um, adj. [root DIC, “to point out”] _Worthy._
+
+dīlĭg-ens, entis, part, (dilig-o) _Careful, diligent._
+
+dīlĭgen-ter, adv. (diligens) _Attentively, diligently, earnestly._
+
+dīligent-ĭa, ae, f. (diligens, the quality of the) _Diligence._
+
+dī-mitto, mīsi, missum, mĭttĕre, a. _To dismiss._
+
+dīrep-tĭo, ōnis, f. (for dirap-tio. fr. dirap, true root of dirip-io)
+A _plundering, pillaging._
+
+dis-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To depart._
+
+dis-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To separate, divide._
+
+disces-sus, sus, m. (for disced-sus, fr. disced-o, the action of) _A
+departure._
+
+discĭpl-īna, ae, f. (for discipul-ina, fr. discipul-us, a thing
+pertaining to the) _Instruction; science, skill; custom, method,
+discipline._
+
+dissĭmŭl-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (dissimil-is) _To pretend a thing is not
+what it is; to dissemble._
+
+dissŏlū-tus, a, um, part. (for dissolv-tus, fr. dissolv-o) _Lax, remiss,
+negligent._
+
+dis-trĭbŭo, tribui, tribūtum, trĭbŭĕre, a. _To distribute._
+
+dĭ-u, adv. (di-es) _A long time, long._
+
+do, dăre, dĕdi, dătum, a. _To give, give up._
+
+dŏl-or, ōris, m. (dol-eo) _Pain, sorrow._
+
+dŏmes-tĭcus, a, um, adj. (dom-s) _Domestic, private._
+
+dŏmus. ūs and i (domi, loc.), f. _A house, abode_; domi, _at home_.
+
+dŭb-ĭto, ĭtāvi, ĭtātum, ĭtāre, n. intens. (primitive form du-bo, fr.
+du-o, _to vibrate to and fro_) _To doubt, hesitate._
+
+dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To lead, conduct._
+
+dum, conj. _While, as long as, until, if._
+
+dŭo, ae, o, card. num. adj. _Two._
+
+dŭodĕcĭm-us, a, um, ord. num. adj. (duodecim) _The twelfth._
+
+dux, dŭcis, com. gen. (dūco) _A leader, commander, general._
+
+
+E
+
+ē, prep, with abl.; see ex.
+
+ec-quis, quod (ec = e; quis), inter. subst. pron. _Whether any? any one?
+any thing?_
+
+ēd-ūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To lead forth._
+
+ef-fĕro, ferre, extŭli, ēlātum, a. irr. (ex; fero) _To bring forth; to
+lift up, exalt._
+
+effrēnā-tus, a, um, part, (effren[a]-o, _to unbridle_) _Unbridled._
+
+ef-fŭgĭo, fūgi, no sup., fŭgĕre, (ex; fugio), n. or a. _To flee away;
+escape, avoid._
+
+ĕgo, pers. pron. I.
+
+ē-grĕdĭor, gressus sum, grĕdi, dep. (ex; gradior) _To go out._
+
+ē-jĭcĭo, jēci, jectum, jĭcĕre, a. (e; jacio) _To drive out; to expel,
+banish._
+
+ē-lābor, lapsus sum, lābi, dep. _To slip_ or _glide away._
+
+ē-lūdo, lūsi, lūsum, lūdĕre, a. _To delude, deceive, cheat._
+
+ē-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To send forth._
+
+ē-mŏrĭor, mortuus sum, mŏri, dep. _To die quite; to perish._
+
+ĕnim, conj. _For_; etenim, _for, you see_.
+
+ĕo, īre, ĭvi or ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To go._
+
+ĕōdem, dat. of idem, used adverbially. _To the same place._
+
+ĕqu-e-s, ĭtis, m. (for equ-i-[t]-s, fr. equ-us) _A horseman; a horse
+soldier_; in pl., _cavalry_; equites, the order of _knights_.
+
+ē-rĭpiŏ, rĭpŭi, reptum, rĭpĕre, a. (e; rapio) _To snatch; to remove,
+take away._
+
+ē-rumpo, rūpi, ruptum, rumpĕre, n. _To break out, sally forth._
+
+et, conj. _And_; et ... et, _both ... and, not only ... but also_.
+
+ĕtĕnim: see enim.
+
+ĕtĭam, conj. _And also, besides; and even, yet, indeed._
+
+ē-verto, verti, versum, vertĕre, a. _To overthrow; to subvert, destroy._
+
+ēvŏcā-tor, ōris, m. (evoc[a]o) _The one who calls forth_ (to arms);
+_summoner_.
+
+ēx or ē (e only before consonants). _Out of, from; immediately after; on
+account of._
+
+exaudĭo, audīvi, audītum, audīre, a. _To hear distinctly._
+
+ex-cĭdo, cidi, no sup., cĭdĕre, n. (ex-cado) _To fall out_ or _down_;_
+to slip out_.
+
+ex-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre, a. (ex; claudo) _To exclude._
+
+ex-ĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To go forth, depart._
+
+ex-ercĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, ercēre, a. (ex; arceo) _To drive on, exercise._
+
+ex-haurĭo, hausi, haustum, haurīre, a. _To draw out; take away; to
+drain._
+
+ex-īstimo, istĭmāvi, istĭmātum, istĭmāre. _To judge, consider._
+
+exĭ-tĭum, ii, n. (exi, true root of exeo) _Destruction, ruin._
+
+exslĭ-ĭum, ii, n. (for exsul-ium, fr. exsul, the condition of an)
+_Banishment, exile._
+
+ex-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, sistĕre, n. _To step forth; to appear; to be,
+exist._
+
+ex-specto, spectāvi, spectātum, spectāre, a. _To await, expect._
+
+ex-stinguo, stinxi, stinctum, stingĕre, a. (ex; stinguo, _to
+extinguish_) _To put out; extinguish, destroy._
+
+ex-sul, ŭlis, com. gen. (ex; solum; _one who is banished from his native
+soil_) _An exile._
+
+ex-sulto, tāvi, tātum, tāre, n. intens. (for ex-salto, fr. exsal, true
+root of exsil-io) _To leap; exult, rejoice._
+
+ex-torqueo, torsi, tortum, torquēre, a. _To wrench out, wrest away_.
+
+extrā, adv. and prep. with acc. _Outside of, beyond._
+
+
+F
+
+făcĭl-e, adv. (facil-is) _Easily, readily._
+
+făc-ĭnus, ŏris, n. (fac-io, _the thing done_) _A deed; a bad deed._
+
+făc-ĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a.; pass., fīo, fieri, factus sum. _To
+make, do, perform; to cause._
+
+falc-ārĭus, ĭi, m. (falx) _A scythe-maker._
+
+fallo, fĕfelli, falsum, fallĕre, a. _To deceive; to escape the notice._
+
+fal-sus, a, um, part. (for fall-sus, fr. fall-o) _Deceptive; false,
+untrue._
+
+fāma, ae, f. _Report, rumour; fame, reputation; infamy, ill-fame._
+
+fāmes, is, f. _Hunger, famine._
+
+fă-tĕor, fassus sum, fătēri, dep. a. (f[a]-or) _To confess._
+
+fauces, ĭum, f. pl. _The throat; a narrow way, defile,_
+
+fax, făcis, f. _A torch._
+
+fēbris, is, f. [ferveo, “to burn”] _Fever._
+
+fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irreg. [roots are FER and TUL. The second
+root has the form TOL, TLA, TAL. The supine _latum_ = _tlatum_ is from
+this latter root] _To bear, carry; to get, receive; to suffer, endure;
+to say, report, relate._
+
+ferrum, i, n. _Iron, an iron weapon, a sword._
+
+fīnis, is [for fidnis; root FID, root of findo, “to divide”] m. and f.
+_A limit, end._
+
+fīo (pass, of facio), fieri, factus sum. _To be done; to become._
+
+firm-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (firmus) _To make firm; to strengthen._
+
+firmus, a, um, adj. _Strong._
+
+flāgĭt-ĭūm, ii, n. (flagit-o) _A shameful or disgraceful act; shame_
+
+foed-us, ĕris, n. (for fidus, fr. fido; _a trusting_) _A league,
+treaty._
+
+fŏre = futurus esse.
+
+fort-as-se, adv. (for forte; an; sit) _Perhaps._
+
+fortis, e, adj. _Courageous, brave._
+
+fort-ĭtūdo, ĭnis, f. (fortis) _Firmness, courage, resolution._
+
+fort-ūna, ae, f. (fors, that which belongs to) _Chance, fortune_; in
+pl., _property_.
+
+fŏrum, i, n. [akin to root PER, POR, “to go through;” cp. πόρος] _The
+marketplace; Forum_, which was a long open space between the Capitoline
+and Palatine Hills, surrounded by porticoes and the shops of bankers; _a
+market town, mart_.
+
+frango, frēgi, fractum, frangĕre, a. [root FRAG, “to break”] _To break;
+to subdue._
+
+frĕquent-ĭa, ae, f. [root FARC, “to cram”] _An assembly, multitude,
+concourse._
+
+frīgus, ŏris, n. _Cold._
+
+frons, frontis, f. _The forehead, brow._
+
+fŭg-a, ae, f. (fug-io) _Flight._
+
+fūnes-tus, a, um, adj. (for funer-tus; fr. funus, _death_) _Causing
+death; fatal, destructive._
+
+fŭrĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (furi-ae) _Full of madness; raging, furious._
+
+fŭr-or, ōris, m. (fur-o) _A raging, madness._
+
+
+G
+
+gaudĭum, ĭi, n. (gaudeo) _Gladness, delight, pleasure._
+
+gĕl-ĭdus, a, um, adj. (gel-o, _to freeze_) _Icy cold._
+
+gen-s, tis, f. (gen-o = gigno, _to beget; that which is begotten_) _A
+clan; a tribe, nation._
+
+glădĭ-ātor, ōris, m. (gladi-us, one using a) _A swordsman; a gladiator._
+
+glădiŭs, ĭi, m. _A sword._
+
+glōr-ĭa, ae, f. (akin to clarus) _Glory._
+
+grād-us, ūs, m. (grad-ior, _to walk_) _A step; a degree._
+
+grāt-ĭa, ae, f. (grat-us, the quality of the) _Regard, love; gratitude;
+thanks._
+
+grăvis, e, adj. _Heavy; severe; grave, impressive; venerable._
+
+grăv-ĭter, adv. _Violently, severely._
+
+
+H
+
+hăbĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, hăbēre, a. _To have, hold; to do, perform, make; to
+give._
+
+hăb-ĭto, ĭtāvi, ĭtātum, ĭtāre, intens., a. and n. (hab-eo) _To inhabit;
+live; to stay._
+
+haereo, haesi, haesum, haerēre, n. _To stick, adhere._
+
+hebe-sco, no perf., no sup., scĕre, n. inch. (hebe-o, _to be blunt_) _To
+be dull._
+
+hīc, haec, hoc, pron. demonstr. _This._
+
+hic-ce, intensive form of hic.
+
+hīc, adv. _Here._
+
+hŏmo, ĭnis, com. gen. _A human being; man or woman; person._
+
+hŏnest-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To adorn; to honor._
+
+hones-tus, a, um, adj. (for honor-tus, fr. honor) _Regarded with honor;
+honored, noble._
+
+hŏnor (os), ōris. m. _Honor; official dignity, office._
+
+hōra, ae, f. _An hour._
+
+horr-ĭbĭlis, e, adj. (horr-eo, _to be trembled at_) _Terrible, fearful,
+horrible._
+
+hortor, ātus sum, āre, dep. _To strongly urge, exhort._
+
+hostis, is, com. gen. _An enemy._
+
+hŭmus, i, f. _The ground_; humi (loc.), _on the ground_.
+
+
+I
+
+īdem, eadem, idem, pron. (root i, suffix dem) _The same._
+
+īdūs, uum, f. pi. _The Ides._
+
+ĭgĭtur, conj. _Then; therefore, accordingly; well then._
+
+i-gnōmin-ia. ae, f. (for in-gno-min-ia; fr. in, gnomen = nomen, _a
+depriving of one’s good name_) _Disgrace, ignominy._
+
+i-gnō-ro, a. (for in-gno-ro; fr. in, _not_; GNO, root of gnosco = nosco)
+_Not to know, to be ignorant of._
+
+ille, a, ud, pron. demonstr. _That; he, she, it._
+
+illĕc-ĕbra, ae, f. (for illac-ebra, fr. illac, true root of illic-o, _to
+allure_) _An enticement, allurement._
+
+illust-ro, a. [in, LUC, “to shine:” cp. lux] _To light up, illumine; to
+make clear._
+
+immān-ĭtas, ātis, f. (immanis, _huge_) _Hugeness, enormity._
+
+im-minĕo, no perf., no sup. mĭnēre, n. (in, mineo, _to hang over_) _To
+border upon, be near, impend._
+
+im-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (in; mitto) _To send into; to let
+loose._
+
+immo, adv. (etym. dub.) _On the under side, on the reverse; on the
+contrary; no indeed, by no means; yes indeed._
+
+im-mortālis, e, adj. (in; mortalis, _mortal_) _Immortal._
+
+impĕd-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (in; pes, _to get the feet in something_)
+_To hinder, prevent._
+
+im-pendĕo, no perf., no sup., pendēre, n. (in; pendeo, _to hang_) _To
+hang over; to impend, threaten._
+
+impĕrā-tor, ōris, in. (imper-[a]-o) _A general; chief._
+
+im-pĕrītus, a, um, adj. (in; perītus, _skilled_) _Inexperienced,
+ignorant._
+
+impĕr-ĭum, i, n. (imper-o) _Authority, power, empire, government._
+
+im-pĕro, pĕrāvĭ, pĕrātum, pĕrāre. a. (in; patro, _to bring, to pass_)
+_To accomplish; obtain._
+
+impĕtus, ūs, m. (impeto, _to attack_) _An attack._
+
+im-pĭus, a, um, adj. (in; pius, _pious_) _Not pious, irreverent,
+unpatriotic._
+
+im-portū-nus, a, um, adj. (for _in-portu-nus_, fr. in; portus)
+_Unsuitable; savage; dangerous._
+
+im-prŏbus, a, um, adj. (in; probus) _Wicked, base._
+
+im-pūnītus, a, um, adj. (in; punitus, _punished_) _Not punished;
+unpunished._
+
+in, prep, with acc. and abl. _In, into, against_; of time, _up to, for,
+into, through_; with ablative, _in, upon, on_.
+
+ĭnānis, e, adj. _Empty, void._
+
+incend-ĭum, ii, n. (incend-o) _A burning, conflagration, fire._
+
+in-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre, a. _To shut up; to include._
+
+in-crēdĭbilis, e, adj. _Incredible, extraordinary._
+
+increpo, (āvi) ui, (ātum) ĭtum, āre, n. and a. _To make a noise._
+
+in-dūco, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. _To introduce; to lead into,
+persuade._
+
+in-ĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. or a. _To go into, enter; begin._
+
+inert-ĭa, ae, f. (inners, the quality of the) _Want of skill;
+inactivity._
+
+in-fĕro, ferre, intūi, illātum, a. irr. _To produce, make; to bring,
+put_, or _place upon_.
+
+infestus, a, um, adj. _Hostile, dangerous._
+
+infiti-or, dep. (infiti-ae, _denial_) _To deny._
+
+in-flammo, flammāvi, flammātum, flammāre, a. _To set on fire._
+
+in-grăvesco, no perf., no sup., grăvescĕre, n. _To grow heavy; to grow
+worse._
+
+ĭn-ĭmīcus, a, um, adj. (in; amicus) _Unfriendly_; as noun, m., _a
+private enemy_.
+
+ĭnĭtĭ-o, a. (initi-um) _To begin, to initiate, consecrate._
+
+injūrĭ-a, ae, f. (injuri-us, _injurious_) _Injury, wrong_; injuriâ, as
+adv., _unjustly_.
+
+inl: see ill.
+
+ĭnŏp-ĭa, ae, f. (inops) _Need._
+
+inquam, def. verb. _To say._
+
+inr: see irr.
+
+inscrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre, a. _To write upon; to inscribe;
+to impress upon._
+
+insĭd-ĭae, ārum, f. pl. (insid-eo, _to sit in_) _An ambush, ambuscade;
+plot treachery._
+
+insĭdĭ-or, atus sum, ari, dep. (insidiae) _To wait for, expect; to plot
+against._
+
+intel-lego, lexi, lectum, lĕgĕre, a. (inter: lego, _to choose between_)
+_To perceive, understand._
+
+in-tendo, tendi, tentum, tendĕre, and tensum, a. _To stretch out; to
+strive; to aim at._
+
+inter, prep, with acc. _Between, among._
+
+inter-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go_ or _come between; to
+intervene_.
+
+inter-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a. (inter; facio) _To destroy; to
+kill._
+
+intĕrĭ-tus, ūs, m. (intereo) _Destruction; death._
+
+inter-rŏgo, rŏgāvi, rŏgātum, rŏgāre, a. _To ask, inquire._
+
+inter-sum, esse, fui, n. irr. _To be between; to differ_; interest,
+impers., _it interests_.
+
+intes-tīnus, a, um, adj. (for intus-tinus, fr. intus) _Internal;
+intestine, civil._
+
+intrā, prep, with acc. _Within, in._
+
+in-ūro, ussi, ustum, ūrĕre, a. _To burn into; to brand._
+
+in-vĕnio, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, a. _To come upon, find._
+
+invĭd-ĭā, ae, f. (invid-us, _an envier_) _Envy, jealousy, unpopularity._
+
+invīto, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To ask, invite, summon._
+
+i-pse, a, um, pron. demonstr. (for i-pse; fr. is and suffix pse)
+_Himself, herself, itself; he, she, it; very._
+
+ir-rētĭ-o, vi, ītum, īre, a. (for in-ret-io, fr. in; ret-e, _a net_) _To
+ensnare, captivate._
+
+is, ea, id. pron. demonstr. _This, that; he, she, it; such._
+
+is-te, ta, tud, pron. demonstr. (is; suffix te) _This of yours; this,
+that; that fellow, that thing_ (used with contempt).
+
+ĭta, adv. _In this way; so, thus._
+
+
+J
+
+jăcĕo, ui, jacĭtum, ēre, n. _To lie; to lie down._
+
+jac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. freq. (jac-io) _To throw; to toss about;
+to boast, vaunt._
+
+jam, adv. _Now, already_; jamdūdum, _a long time since, long ago_ (with
+a present tense, giving the force of the perfect brought down to the
+present time); jam-prīdem, adv. _long time ago, for a long time_.
+
+jŭbĕo, jussi, jussum, jŭbēre, a. _To command, order, bid._
+
+jū-cundus, a, um, adj. (for juv-cundus, fr. juv-o) _Pleasant, agreeable,
+pleasing._
+
+jūdĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (judic-o) _A judging; a judgment; a sentence._
+
+jū-dico, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (jus; dĭco) _To judge; to think._
+
+jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To join, unite._
+
+jū-s, jūris, n. (akin to root ju, _to join_) _Law, right, justice_;
+jure, _justly_.
+
+jus-sū, m. (only in abl. sing.; jubeo) _By command._
+
+jus-tus, a, um, adj. (for jur-tus, fr. jus) _Just, right._
+
+
+L
+
+lābefac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (labefacio) _To cause to
+totter; to injure, ruin; to imperil._
+
+lăbor, ōris, m. _Labor, toil._
+
+laet-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (laet-us) _Joy, gladness._
+
+lātro, (a short or long), ōnis, m. _A robber, highwayman._
+
+latrōcīn-ĭum, ii, n. (latro) _Highway robbery, plundering._
+
+laus, laudis, f. _Praise, fame, honor._
+
+lectŭ-lus, i, m. dim. (for lecto-lus, fr. lecto, stem of lectus) _A
+little couch, bed._
+
+lēnis, e, adj. _Soft, gentle, mild._
+
+lex, lēgis, f. (= leg-s, fr. lēg-o; _that which is read_) _A law._
+
+līber, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. _Free, unrestrained._
+
+lībĕr-i, ōrum, m. pl. (liber) _Children._
+
+lībĕr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (id.) _To make free; to free._
+
+lib-īdo, ĭnis, f. (lib-et) _Desire; passion, lust._
+
+lĭcet, ŭit, itum est, ēre, imp. _It is permitted; one may_ or _can_.
+
+lŏcus, i, m. _A place_ (in pl., loci or loca).
+
+long-e, adv. (long-us) _Far off; greatly, much; by far._
+
+lŏquor, lŏcūtus sum, lŏqui, dep. _To speak, say._
+
+lux, lūcis, f. (= luc-s, fr. luc-eo, _to shine_) _Light; the light of
+day, daylight._
+
+
+M
+
+māchĭn-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (machin-a, _a device_) _To contrive,
+devise; to plot._
+
+mac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for mag-to, fr. obsolete mag-o,
+of same root as found in mag-nus) _To venerate, honor; to kill, slay; to
+immolate; to destroy._
+
+mă-gis, adv. _More._
+
+mag-nus, a, um, adj. (comp. major, sup. maximus; root mag) _Great_;
+majores, _ancestors_.
+
+māj-or, us, adj. comp. (magnus)
+
+mallĕŏ-lus, i, m. dim. (malleus, _a hammer_) _A small hammer; a kind of
+fire-dart._
+
+mā-lo, malle, mālŭi, a. irr. (contracted fr. mag-volo, fr. root mag;
+volo, _to have a great desire for_) _To prefer._
+
+măl-um, i, n. (malus) _An evil._
+
+man-do, dāvi, dātum, dāre, a. (man-us; do, _to put into one’s hand_) _To
+order; to commend, consign, intrust; to lay up_; se fugae mandare, _to
+take to flight_.
+
+mănus, ūs, f. _A hand; band of troops._
+
+mārīt-us, a, um, adj. (marit-a, mas) _Matrimonial, conjugal_; as noun,
+m. (sc. vir), _a husband_.
+
+mātūr-ē, adv. (matur-us) _Seasonably, at the proper time; soon._
+
+mātūr-ĭtas, ātis, f. (matur-us) _Ripeness, maturity, perfection._
+
+maxĭm-ē, adv. (maxim-us) _In the highest degree, especially._
+
+mĕdĭocr-ĭter, adv. (mediocris) _Moderately._
+
+mĕdĭtor, ātus sum, āri, dep. _To think, consider, meditate upon; to
+practise._
+
+mehercŭle, mehercle, mehercules, adv. _By Hercules._
+
+mĕmĭni, isse, a. and n., dep. _To remember, recollect._
+
+mĕmŏria, ae, f. (memor, _mindful_) _Memory._
+
+mens, mentis, f. _The mind; thought, purpose._
+
+mĕtŭ-o, ŭi, ūtum, a. and n. (metu-s) _To fear._
+
+mĕtus, ūs, m. _Fear._
+
+mĕ-us, a, um, pron. pers. (me) _My, mine._
+
+mĭn-us, adv. (min-or) _Less, not._
+
+mĭsĕrĭcord-ĭā, ae, f. (miseri-cors, _pitiful_) _Pity, compassion._
+
+mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To let go, send._
+
+mŏdo, adv. _Only_; non modo ... sed etiam, _not only; ... but also_.
+
+mŏdus, i, m. _A measure; limit; manner; kind._
+
+moenĭa, ium, n. pl. _Defensive walls; ramparts; city walls._
+
+mōles, is, f. _A huge mass; greatness, might._
+
+mōl-ĭor, ītus sum, īri, dep., n. and a. (mol-es) _To endeavor, strive;
+to undertake; to plot; to prepare._
+
+mol-lis, e, adj. (for mov-lis, fr. mov-eo, _that may_ or _can be moved_)
+_Weak, feeble; gentle; mild._
+
+mŏra, ae, f. _A delay._
+
+morbus, i, m. _A sickness, disease._
+
+mor-s, tis, f. (mor-ior) _Death._
+
+mor-tŭus, a, um, part. (mor-ior) _Dead._
+
+mos, mōris, m. [for meors; from meo, are, “to go”] _Usage, custom,
+practice._
+
+mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. _To move; to affect._
+
+mult-ō, adv. (mult-us) _Much, greatly._
+
+mult-o (mulcto), āvi, ātum, āre (mult-a, _a fine_) _To fine; to punish._
+
+multus, a, um, adj. _Much_; in pl., _many_.
+
+mūn-ĭo, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (moenia) _To fortify._
+
+mūnī-tus, a, um, part. (muni-o) _Fortified, secure._
+
+mūrus, i, m. [for mun-rus; root MUN, “to defend”] _A wall._
+
+mū-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for mov-to, fr. mov-eo) _To move;
+to alter, change._
+
+
+N
+
+nam, conj. _For._
+
+nanciscor, nanctus and nactus sum, nancisci, dep. _To get; to find._
+
+nascor, nātus sum, nasci, dep. _To be born; to spring forth; to grow._
+
+nā-tūra, ae, f. (na-scor; _a being born_) _Birth; nature._
+
+nau-frăgus, a, um, adj. (nav-frag-us; navis; frag, root of frango) _That
+suffers shipwreck; wrecked._
+
+nē, adv. and conj. _No, not_; ne ... quidem, _not even; that not, lest_.
+
+-nĕ, interrog. and enclitic particle, in direct questions with the ind.
+asking merely for information; in indirect questions with the subj.
+_Whether._
+
+nec, conj.: see neque.
+
+nĕcess-ārĭus, a, um, adj. (ne-cess-e) _Unavoidable, necessary_; as noun,
+m., _a relative, friend_.
+
+nĕ-ces-se, neut. adj. (found only in nom. and acc. sing., for ne-ced-se,
+fr. ne; ed-o, _not yielding_) _Unavoidable, necessary._
+
+nĕfār-ĭus, a. um, adj. (for nefas-ius, fr. nefas) _Impious, nefarious._
+
+nēg-lĕg-o, lexi, lectum, lĕgĕre, a. (nec; lego, _not to gather_) _To
+neglect, disregard._
+
+nĕgo, nĕgāvi, nĕgātum, nĕgāre, n. and a. _To say “no;” to deny._
+
+nē-mo, ĭnis, m. and f. (ne; homo) _No person, no one, nobody._
+
+nĕ-que or nec, adv. _Not_; conj., _and not_; neque ... neque, nec ...
+nec, _neither ... nor_.
+
+nēqu-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (nequ-am) _Badness; inactivity, negligence._
+
+ne-scĭo, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. _Not to know, to be ignorant of._
+
+nex, nĕcis, f. (= nec-s, fr. nec-o) _Death; murder, slaughter._
+
+nĭhil, n. indecl. (nihilum, by apocope) _Nothing; not at all._
+
+nĭmis, adv. _Too much; too._
+
+nĭmĭ-um, adv. (nimi-us) _Too much; too._
+
+nĭ-si, conj. _If not, unless._
+
+noct-urnus, a, um, adj. (nox) _Belonging to the night, nocturnal._
+
+nōmĭn-o (1), a. (nomen) _To name._
+
+nōn, adv. _Not, no._
+
+non-dum, adv. _Not yet._
+
+non-ne, inter. adv. (expects answer “yes”) _Not?_
+
+non-nullus, a, um, adj. (not one) _Some, several._
+
+noster, tra, trum, poss. pron. (nos) _Our, our own, ours_; in plur., as
+noun, m., _our men_.
+
+nŏta, ae, f. (nosco) _A mark, sign; a brand._
+
+nŏt-o, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. (not-a) _To mark, designate._
+
+nŏvus, a, um, adj. _New._
+
+nox, noctis, f. _Night._
+
+nūdus, a, um, adj. _Naked, bare._
+
+n-ullus, a, um, adj. (ne; ullus) _None, no._
+
+num, inter. particle, used in direct questions expecting the answer
+“no;” in indirect questions, _Whether_.
+
+nŭmĕrus, i, m. _A number._
+
+nunc, adv. _Now, at present._
+
+n-unquam (numquam), adv. (ne; unquam) _Never._
+
+nūper, adv. (for nov-per, fr. nov-us) _Newly, lately._
+
+nupt-ĭae, ārum, f. pl. (nupt-a, _a married woman_) _Marriage, nuptials._
+
+
+O
+
+O, interj. _O! Oh!_
+
+ob, prep, with acc. _On account of._
+
+ŏbĕo, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. _To engage in, execute._
+
+oblĭviscor, oblītus sum, oblivisci, dep. _To forget._
+
+obscūr-ē, adv. (obscur-us) _Indistinctly, secretly._
+
+obscūr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (obscurus) _To obscure._
+
+ōbscūrus, a, um, adj. _Dark; unknown._
+
+ob-sĭdĕo, sēdi, sessum, sĭdēre, a. (ob; sedeo, _to sit_) _To sit down
+at_ or _before; to invest; to watch for_.
+
+ob-sīdo, no perf., no sup., sĭdēre, a. _To sit down over_ or _against;
+to invest, besiege_.
+
+ob-sisto, stĭti, stĭtum, sistĕre, n. _To oppose, resist._
+
+ob-sto, stĭti, stātum, stāre, n. _To oppose._
+
+ob-tempĕro, āvi, ātum, āre, n. _To comply with, obey._
+
+oc-cīdo, cīdi, cīsum, cīdĕre, a. (ob; caedo, _to strike against_) _To
+strike down; to kill._
+
+oc-cŭp-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (for ob-cap-o, fr. ob; capio) _To take,
+seize; to occupy._
+
+ŏcŭlus, i, m. _An eye._
+
+ōdi, odisse, a., defective. _To hate._
+
+ŏd-ĭum, ii, n. (odi) _Hatred._
+
+of-fendo, fendi, fensum, fendĕre, a. _To hit; to offend._
+
+of-fensus, a, um, adj. _Odious_
+
+ōmen, ĭnis, n. _An omen._
+
+o-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (ob; mitto) _To let go; to pass over,
+omit._
+
+omnis, e, adj. _Every, all._
+
+ŏpīn-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (opin-us, _thinking_) _To think, suppose,
+imagine._
+
+ŏport-et, ŭit, ēre, impers. _It is necessary._
+
+op-prĭmo, pressi, pressum, prĭmĕre, a. (ob; premo) _To overwhelm,
+subdue, overpower; to cover._
+
+optĭm-as, ātis, adj. (optim-us) _Aristocratic_; as noun (sc. homo), _an
+aristocrat_.
+
+opt-ĭmus, a, um, adj. (super. of bonus) _Best, very good._
+
+orbis, is, m. _A circle; the world, the universe._
+
+ord-o, ĭnis, m. (ord-ior, _to begin_) _Order; class, degree._
+
+ōs, ōris, n. _The mouth; the face, countenance._
+
+osten-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for ostend-to, fr. ostend-o)
+_To show; to display._
+
+ōtĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (oti-um, full of) _At leisure; quiet; calm,
+tranquil._
+
+ōtĭum, ii, n. _Leisure._
+
+
+P
+
+pa-ciscor, pactus sum, pacisci, dep., n. and a. _To contract; to agree,
+bargain._
+
+pac-tum, i, n. (pac-iscor) _An agreement, compact; manner, way._
+
+pango, pang-ĕre, panxi, pactum. _To agree._
+
+par-ens, entis, m. and f. (par-io) _A parent._
+
+părĭes, ietis, m. _A wall._
+
+părĭo, pĕpĕri, părĭtum, părĕre and partum, a. _To bring forth; to
+obtain._
+
+păr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To make, get ready, prepare._
+
+parrĭ-cīda, ae, m. (for patr-i-caed-a, fr. pater; [i]; caedo) _The
+murderer of one’s father; parricide._
+
+parricīd-ĭum, ii, n. (parricid-a) _Parricide, murder, treason._
+
+pars, partis, f. _A part, portion._
+
+part-ĭ-cep-s, cĭpis, adj. (for part-i-cap-s, fr. pars; [i]; cap-io)
+_Sharing, partaking_; as noun, _a sharer, partaker_.
+
+parvus, a, um, adj. _Small, little, slight._
+
+pat-e-făcĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a. (pateo; facio) _To disclose,
+expose, bring to light._
+
+pătĕo, ŭi, no sup., pătēre, n. _To stand_ or _lie open; to be clear,
+plain_.
+
+păter, tris, m. _A father._
+
+pătĭent-ĭa, ae, f. (patior) _Patience._
+
+pătr-ĭus, a, um (a long or short), adj. (pater) _Paternal, fatherly_; as
+noun, f. (sc. terra), _native land, country_.
+
+paucus, a, um, adj. _Small, little_; as noun, pl. m., _few, a few_.
+
+paul-isper, adv. (paul-us, _little_) _For a little while._
+
+paul-ō adv. (id., _little_) _By a little, a little._
+
+paul-um, adv. (paul-us) _By a little, a little._
+
+paul-us, a, um, adj. _A little, small._
+
+pĕnĭ-tus, adv. (root pen) _From within; deeply._
+
+per, prep, with acc. _Through; by, by means of; on account of._
+
+per-cĭpĭ-o, cēpi, ceptum, cĭpĕre, a. (per; capio) _To take possession
+of, seize; to comprehend, perceive, learn._
+
+perd-ĭtus, a, um, part. (perd-o) _Ruined, desperate, abandoned._
+
+per-do, dĭdi, dĭtum, dĕre, a. _To destroy, ruin._
+
+per-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To bear, endure._
+
+per-fringo, frēgi, fractum, fringĕre, a. (per; frango) _To break
+through; to violate, infringe._
+
+per-frŭor, fructus sum, frŭi, dep. _To enjoy fully._
+
+per-go, perrexi, perrectum, pergĕre, a. and n. (for per-rego, _to make
+quite straight_) _To proceed, go on._
+
+pĕrīcl-ītor, ītātus sum, tari, dep., a. and n. (perīcl-um) _To try; to
+endanger, risk; to venture, hazard._
+
+pĕrī-cŭlum (clum), i, n. (peri-or [obsolete], _to go through_) _A trial;
+hazard, danger, peril._
+
+per-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittere, a. _To send through; to give up,
+intrust, surrender._
+
+per-mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. _To move thoroughly; to excite,
+arouse._
+
+pernĭc-ĭes, ĭēi, f. (pernec-o, _to kill utterly_) _Destruction._
+
+pernĭcĭ-ōsus, a, um, adj. (per-nici-es, full of) _Very destructive,
+ruinous, pernicious._
+
+perpĕtŭus, a, um, adj. _Continuous; constant, perpetual._
+
+per-saepe. _Very often, very frequently._
+
+per-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcĕre, a. (per; specio, _to look_) _To
+look through; to perceive, note._
+
+per-terrĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, terrēre, a. _To terrify thoroughly._
+
+per-tĭme-sco, tĭmŭi, no sup., tĭmescĕre, a. and n. inch. (pertimeo) _To
+fear or dread greatly._
+
+per-tĭn-ĕō, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, n. (per; teneo) _To stretch; to
+concern; to pertain to._
+
+per-vĕnĭo, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, n. _To arrive at, reach._
+
+pestis, is, f. _Ruin, plague._
+
+pĕt-ītĭo, ōnis, f. (pet-o) _An attack, thrust._
+
+pĕto, pĕtīvi, pĕtītum, pĕtĕre, a. _To seek; to attack, thrust at._
+
+plăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, plăcēre, n. _To please_; placet, impers., _it seems
+good; it is resolved upon; it is determined_.
+
+plāco, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To quiet, calm, reconcile._
+
+plān-ē, adv. (plan-us) _Simply, clearly._
+
+plēbes, ei, f. or plebs, plēbis, f. _The common people, the plebeians._
+
+plū-rĭmus, a, um, sup. adj. (multus) _Very much_; in pl., _the largest_
+or _smaller number_; with quam, _as many as possible_.
+
+poena, ae, f. _Punishment._
+
+pol-lĭcĕor, licitus sum, lĭcērĭ, dep. (pot, root of pot-is, _powerful_,
+and liceor, _to bid_) _To promise._
+
+pontĭfex, fĭcis, m. _The high priest, pontiff._
+
+pŏpŭlus, i, m. _A people, nation, multitude._
+
+porta, ae, f. _A gate; passage._
+
+pos-sum, posse, pŏtŭi, no sup., n. irr. (for pot-sum, fr. pot, root of
+pot-is, _able_, and sum) _To be able._
+
+post, adv. and prep. with acc. _Behind; after; next to, since._
+
+post-ĕā, adv. _After this; afterwards._
+
+postĕr-ĭtas, ātis, f. (poster-us) _Futurity; posterity._
+
+postŭlo, a. _To ask, demand, request._
+
+pŏtĭus, adv. (adv. neut. of potior, comp. of potis) _Rather, more._
+
+prae-clārus, a, um, adj. _Splendid, excellent; distinguished._
+
+prae-dĭco, dĭcāvi, dĭcātum, dĭ-cāre, a. _To publish, state, declare._
+
+prae-dīco, dixi, dictum, dīcĕre, a. _To say beforehand; to predict._
+
+prae-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To bear before; to display, to
+exhibit._
+
+prae-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To send forward._
+
+prae-s-ens, entis, adj. (prae; sum) _Present._
+
+praesent-ĭa, ae, f. (praesens) _Presence._
+
+praesĭd-ĭum, ii, n. (praesid-eo) _A guarding, defence, aid; a garrison,
+guard._
+
+prae-stōlor (1), dep. n. and a. _To wait for._
+
+praetĕr-ĕo, īre, ii, ĭtum, n. and a. irr. _To pass over, omit._
+
+praeter-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. _To pass over, omit._
+
+prae-tor, ōris, m. (for praei-tor, fr. praeeo) _A leader; a praetor_, an
+officer next to consul in rank.
+
+prī-dem, adv. (for prae-dem, fr. prae; suffix dem) _A long time ago,
+long since._
+
+prī-diē, adv. (for prae-die, fr. prae; dies) _On the day before._
+
+prī-mō, adv. (primus) _At first._
+
+pri-mus, a, um, sup. adj. (for prae-mus, fr. prae, with superlative
+suffix mus) _The first, first._
+
+prin-cep-s, cĭpis, adj. (for prim-caps, fr. prim-us; cap-io) _First_; as
+noun, m. and f., _chief, leader_.
+
+prĭ-or, us, gen. ōris, comp. adj. (for prae-or, fr. prae; comparative
+suffix or) _Former._
+
+prīvā-tus, a, um, part. (prīv-[a]-o, _to deprive_) _Private_; as noun,
+m., _a private citizen_.
+
+prob-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To try; to approve._
+
+perfec-tĭo, ōnis, f. (for profac-tio, fr. profic-iscor) _A setting out,
+departure._
+
+prō-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, n. and a. (pro; facio) _To accomplish,
+effect._
+
+pro-fĭc-iscor, fectus sum, fĭcisci, dep. n. inch, (for pro-fac-iscor,
+fr. pro; fac-io) _To set out._
+
+prō-fŭgĭo, fūgi, fŭgitum, fŭgĕre, a. and n. _To flee._
+
+prŏpe, adv. and prep, with acc. _Nearly, almost._
+
+prŏprĭus, a, um, adj. _One’s one; proper, peculiar, suited to._
+
+prop-ter, prep. with acc. (prop-e) _Near; on account of._
+
+pro-sĕquor, sĕcūtus sum, sĕqui, dep. _To follow, accompany._
+
+proxĭmus, a, um, adj. (proc-simus, for prop-simus, fr. prop-e, and sup.
+ending simus) _The nearest, next; the last._
+
+publĭc-ē, adv. (public-us) _In behalf of the state, in the name of the
+state._
+
+publ-ĭcus, a, um, adj. (populus) _public, common_.
+
+pŭd-or, ōrĭs, m. (pudet) _Shame, modesty._
+
+pur-go, a. (pūr-us) _To clean, cleanse; purify._
+
+pŭt-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (put-us, _cleansed_) _To make clean; to
+reckon, think._
+
+
+Q
+
+quaero (quaeso), quaesīvi, ii, quaesītum, quaerĕre, a. _To seek; demand,
+ask._
+
+quaeso: see quaero.
+
+quaēs-tio, ōnis, f. (quaes-o) _A seeking; a judicial investigation._
+
+quam, adv. (adverbial acc. of quis) _In what manner, how; as much, as;
+than_; with superlatives, _as_ (much as) _possible_, e.g. quam primum,
+_as soon as possible_.
+
+quam-dĭu, adv. _How long, as long as._
+
+quam-ob-rem, rel. adv. _On which account, wherefore._
+
+quam-quam, conj. _Although._
+
+quantus, a, um, adj. _How great, how much._
+
+quā-rē, adv. (quis; res) _From what cause? wherefore?_
+
+-que, enclitic conj. _And_; que ... que, _both ... and_.
+
+quĕr-ĭmōnĭa, ae, f. (queror) _A complaint._
+
+quĕror, questus sum, quĕri, dep. a. and n. _To complain of, lament,
+bewail._
+
+quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. _Who, which, what, that._
+
+quī-dam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. _Some, some one, a certain one._
+
+quĭdem, adv. _Indeed, at least_; ne ... quidem, _not even_.
+
+quĭe-sco, quĭēvi, quĭētum, quĭescĕre, n. inch, (for quiet-sco, fr.
+quies) _To keep quiet._
+
+quin-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (quinqu-tus, fr. quinque) _The fifth._
+
+quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron. (quis, quae, quod, used adjectively)
+_Who? which? what?_ quid, _how? why? wherefore?_ preceded by ne, si,
+nisi, num, becomes an indefinite pron., _any, some_.
+
+quis-quam, quae-quam, quic-quam (quod-quam), indef. pron. _Any, any
+one._
+
+quis-que, quae-que, quod-que (and as noun, quic-que; quid-que), indef.
+pron. _Each, every_.
+
+quis-quis, quod-quod or quic-quid or quid-quid, indef. pron. _Whatever,
+whatsoever_; as noun, _whoever, whosoever_.
+
+quō, adv. (qui) _Where; whither._
+
+quod, conj. (acc. neut. fr. qui) _That, in that, because_; quod si, _but
+if_.
+
+quon-dam, adv. (for quom-dam, fr. quom, old form of quem) _Once,
+formerly._
+
+quŏn-ĭam, conj. (for quom-iam, fr. quom = cum and jam) _Since._
+
+quŏque, conj. _Also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes).
+
+quot, num. adj. indecl. _How many, as many._
+
+quŏtīd-ĭe, cotidie. _Daily._
+
+quot-ĭes, iens, adv. (xuot) _How often._
+
+quŏtĭes-cumque, adv. _How often soever; as often as._
+
+quo-usque, adv. (for quom; usque, fr. quom, old form of quem; usque)
+_Until what time; how long._
+
+
+R
+
+răpĭo, ŭi, raptum, răpĕre, a. _To match_ or _draw away_.
+
+ră-tĭo, ōnis, f. (reor) _A calculation; judgment, reason; course,
+manner._
+
+rĕcens, ntis, adj. _Fresh, recent._
+
+rĕ-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, rĕcĭpĕre, a. (re; capio) _To take back; to
+accept, receive._
+
+rĕ-cognosco, cognōvi, cognitum, cognoscĕre, a. _To know again,
+recognize; to examine, review._
+
+rĕ-condo, condĭdi, condĭtum, condĕre, a. _To put back again; to sheath_
+(of a sword); _to lay up; bury_.
+
+rec-tus, a, um, part, (for reg-tus, fr. reg-o) _Right; straight._
+
+red-und-o, āvi, ātum, āre, n. _To overflow; to abound._
+
+re-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr. _To carry, bring_, or _give back;
+to return, pay back_.
+
+rēgĭ-ē, adv. (regi-us) _Royally, tyrannically._
+
+rĕ-lĕvo, lĕvāvi, lĕvātum, lĕvāre, a. _To make light; to relieve._
+
+rĕ-linquo, līqui, lictum, linquĕre, a. (re; linquo, _to leave_) _To
+leave behind, leave._
+
+rĕlĭqu-us, a, um, adj. (reli[n]qu-o) _Remaining; the remainder of,
+rest._
+
+rĕmănĕo, mansi, no sup., mănēre, n. _To remain behind._
+
+rĕ-mŏror, mŏrātus sum, mŏrāri, dep., n. and a. _To stay, delay, to
+detain._
+
+re-pello, pŭli, pulsum, a. _To reject, repel._
+
+rĕ-pĕrio, rĕpĕri, rĕpertum, pĕrīre, a. (re; par-o) _To find._
+
+re-primo, pressi, pressum, a. (re; premo) _To check, restrain._
+
+rĕpŭdĭ-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (repudi-um, _a casting off_) _To cast off;
+to reject._
+
+rēs, rĕi, f. _A thing, matter_; res publica, _the commonwealth, the
+state_.
+
+rĕ-sĭdĕo, sēdi, no sup., sĭdēre, n. (re; sedeo) _To remain; to remain
+behind._
+
+rē-spondĕo, spondi, sponsum, spondēre, a. (re; spondeo, _to promise_)
+_To answer, reply._
+
+respon-sum, i, n. (for respond-sum, fr. respond-eo) _An answer, reply._
+
+rēs-publĭcā, rĕi-publĭcae, f.; see res.
+
+rĕ-vŏco, a. _To call back, to recall._
+
+rŏgo, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To ask_; rogare legem, _to propose a law_.
+
+rŭ-īna, ae, f. (ru-o) _A falling; ruin._
+
+
+S
+
+sacr-ārĭum, ii (a long or short), n, (sacr-um) _A place for keeping holy
+things; a shrine._
+
+sacrum, i (a long or short), n. (sacer) _A sacred thing; a religious
+rite, ceremony._
+
+saep-e, adv. (saep-is, _frequent_) _Often, frequently._
+
+săg-ax, ācĭs, adj. (sagio, _to perceive quickly_) _Sagacious,
+keen-scented._
+
+sălū-s, ūtis, f. (for salvit-s; fr. salv-eo, _to be well_) _Health;
+safety, prosperity._
+
+sălūt-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (salus) _To greet, salute._
+
+sanc-tus, a, um, adj. (sancio) _Sacred, holy, venerable._
+
+sanguis, inis, m. _Blood._
+
+sătelles, ĭtis, com. gen. _An attendant; an accomplice, partner._
+
+sătĭs (sat), adv. _Enough._
+
+sătis-făcĭo, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a. _To give satisfaction; satisfy,
+content._
+
+scĕlĕrāt-ē, adv. (scelerat-us) _Impiously, wickedly._
+
+scĕlĕrā-tus, a, um, part. (sceler[a]-o, _to pollute_) _Polluted, bad_;
+as noun, m., _a wretch_.
+
+scĕlus, ĕris, n. _An evil deed; a crime, guilt._
+
+scio, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. _To know, perceive._
+
+sē-cēdo, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. _To go apart; to go away._
+
+sē-cerno, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a. _To put apart, separate._
+
+sed, conj. _But, yet, but also_; non solum ... sed etiam, _not only_ ...
+_but also_.
+
+sēd-ĭ-tĭo, ōnis, f. (sed = sine; i, root of eo, _a going apart_)
+_Sedition, strife._
+
+sē-jungo, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a. _To disjoin; to separate._
+
+sē-men, ĭnis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa, true root of sero) _the sown
+thing. Seed_.
+
+semper, adv. _Ever, always._
+
+sĕn-ātus, ūs, m. (senex) _The council of the elders, the senate._
+
+sĕnātūs-consultum, i, n. _A decree of the senate._
+
+sen-sus, ŭs, m. (for sent-sus, fr. sent-io) _Perception, feeling._
+
+sentent-ĭa, ae, f. (for sentient-ia, fr. sentiens, _thinking_) _An
+opinion, sentiment; sentence, vote._
+
+sentīna, ae, f. _Bilge-water; the lowest of the people, rabble; mob._
+
+sentĭo, sensi, sensum, sentire, a. _To feel, see; to perceive._
+
+sequor, sĕcutus sum, sĕqui, dep. _To follow, to comply with, conform
+to._
+
+sermo, ōnis, m. _A speaking; talk, conversation._
+
+sēr-ō, adv. (ser-us) _Late, too late._
+
+serv-ĭo, ivi, itum, ire, n. (serv-us) _To be a slave; to serve,_
+
+servo, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To save, preserve, protect._
+
+sērvus, i, m. _A slave._
+
+sēsē, reduplicated form of acc. or abl. of sui.
+
+sĕvēr-itas, ātis, f. (severus) _Strictness, severity._
+
+sex-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (sex) _The sixth._
+
+si, conj. _If, whether._
+
+sīc, adv. _In this manner, so thus._
+
+sīca, ae, f. _A dagger, poniard._
+
+sīc-ut or sīc-uti, adv. _So as, just as._
+
+sĭlent-ĭum, ii, n. (silens, _silent_) _Silence._
+
+sĭlĕo, ui, no sup., n. _To be noiseless, still_, or _silent_.
+
+sĭmĭlĭs, e, adj. (with gen. and dat.) _Like, similar._
+
+sĭmul, adv. _Together, at once_; simul-ac _or_ atque, _as soon as_.
+
+sī-n, conj. (si; ne) _But if._
+
+sine, prep. with abl. _Without._
+
+sing-ŭli, ae, a, num. distrib. adj. _One to each, separate, single,
+each, every._
+
+sĭno, sīvi, sĭtum, sĭnăre, a. _To let, suffer, allow._
+
+sŏcĭ-etas, ātis, f. (soci-us) _Fellowship, association, society;
+a league, an alliance._
+
+socius, ii, m. _A partner, companion; ally, confederate._
+
+sŏdālis, is, com. gen. _A boon companion._
+
+sŏlĕo, sŏlĭtus sum, n. semi-dep. _To be wont, be accustomed._
+
+sōl-ĭtūdo, īnĭs, f. (sol-us) _Loneliness, aolitude; a desert,
+wilderness._
+
+sōl-um, adv. (sōl-us) _Alone, only._
+
+somnus, i, m. _Sleep, slumber._
+
+spĕcŭl-or, dep. a. and n. (specula, _a watch-tower_) _To watch, observe,
+explore._
+
+spe-s, spĕi, f., gen., dat., and abl. pl. not found in good writers (for
+sper-s, fr. spēr-o) _Hope._
+
+spīr-ĭtus, ūs, m. (spir-o) _A breathing; a breath._
+
+spon-te, abl., and spontis, gen. of the noun spons, f. (for spond-te,
+fr. spond-eo, _to pledge_) _Of one’s own accord, willingly._
+
+stā-tor, ōris, m. _A supporter, stayer._
+
+stătŭ-o, ui, ūtum, ĕre, a. (status) _To put, place; to decide,
+determine._
+
+stā-tus, ūs, m. (sto) _Condition, situation, state._
+
+stirps, stirpis, f. _A stock, stem; source, origin._
+
+sto, stĕti, stātum, stāre, n. _To stand._
+
+stŭdĕo, ŭi, no sup., ēre, n. and a. _To be eager; to pursue, be devoted
+to._
+
+stŭd-ĭum, ii, n. (stud-eo) _Assiduity, zeal._
+
+stultus, a, um, adj. _Foolish, simple._
+
+stuprum, i (u long or short), n. _Debauchery, lewdness._
+
+suādeo, suāsi, suāsum, suādēre, n. and a. _To advise, recommend._
+
+sub-sell-ĭum, ii, n. (sub; sell-a) _A bench, judge’s seat._
+
+sŭi, sibi, se or sese, pron. reflex. _Of himself, herself, itself_, or
+_themselves_.
+
+sum, esse, fŭi, no sup., n. irr. _To be, exist._
+
+summus, a, um, sup. adj. (superus) _The highest, greatest, very great;
+the most important; the top of, the summit of._
+
+sŭpĕr-ĭor, ĭus, comp. adj. (super) _Higher; earlier, former._
+
+supplĭc-ĭum, ii, n. (supplic-o) _A humble petition; punishment._
+
+sus-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, cĭpĕre, a. _To undertake._
+
+suspec-tus, a, um, part. (suspic-io, through true root suspec)
+_Mistrusted, suspected._
+
+su-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, spĭcere, a. and n. (sub; specio, _to look_)
+_To look at from under; to mistrust, suspect._
+
+suspīc-ĭo, ōnis, f. (suspic-or) _Mistrust, suspicion._
+
+suspĭc-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (suspic-io) _To suspect._
+
+suspitio: see suspicio.
+
+sus-tĭneo, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, a. _To support, sustain._
+
+sŭ-us, a, um, poss. pron. (su-i) _Of_ or _belonging to himself, herself,
+itself_, or _themselves; his own, her own, its own, their own_.
+
+
+T
+
+tăbŭla, ae, f. _A board; a writing-tablet._
+
+tăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, tăcēre, n. _To be silent._
+
+tăciturn-ĭtas, ātis, f. (taciturnus, _quiet_) _Silence._
+
+tăc-ĭtus, a, um, adj. (taceo) _Silent._
+
+tae-ter, tra, trum, adj. (for taed-ter, fr. taed-et) _Foul, shameful,
+disgraceful._
+
+tam, adv. _So, so far, so very, so much._
+
+tămen, adv. _Nevertheless, however, still._
+
+tăm-etsi, conj. (contracted fr. tamen-etsi) _Although, though._
+
+tan-dem, adv. (tam) _At length_; in questions, _pray_.
+
+tam-quam, adv. (tam; quam) _As much as; just as, like as, as if, as it
+were._
+
+tantus, a, um, adj. _So great, so large, so many._
+
+tec-tum, i, n. (for teg-tum, fr. teg-o) _A roof, house._
+
+tēlum, i, n. _A spear; weapon._
+
+tempes-tas, ātis, f. (for tempor-tas, fr. tempus) _A space of time;
+a time; weather_ (both good and bad), hence _a storm, tempest_.
+
+templum, i, n. _A temple, shrine._
+
+temp-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (also written ten-to, fr. teneo)
+_To handle; to try; to try the strength of; to attack._
+
+tempus, ŏris, n. _A portion of time; a time; a critical moment,
+circumstances._
+
+tĕnĕbrae, ārum, f. pl. _Darkness._
+
+tĕnĕo, tĕnŭi, tentum, a., tĕnēre. _To hold, keep, have, guard._
+
+terra, ae, f. _The earth, land_; orbis terrarum, _the world; country_.
+
+tĭmĕo, ūi, no sup., tĭmēre, a. and n. _To fear._
+
+tĭm-or, ōris, m. _Fear._
+
+tollo, sustŭli, sublătum, tollĕre, a. _To lift up; to destroy, take
+away._
+
+tot, num. adj. indecl. _So many._
+
+tŏt-ĭes, (iens) num. adv. (tot) _So often, so many times._
+
+tōtus, a, um, adj. _All, all the; the whole_; in adverbial force,
+_altogether, wholly_.
+
+trans-fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. _To bear ucross; to transport,
+transfer._
+
+tribūn-al, ālis, n. (tribunus) _A judgment-seat, tribunal._
+
+trib-ūnus, i, m. (trib-us) _A tribune._
+
+tru-cīdo, a. (for truc-caedo, fr. trux [_savage_]; caedo) _To
+slaughter._
+
+tū, tui, pers. pron. _Thou, you_ (sing.)
+
+tum, adv. _Then, at that time._
+
+tŭmultus, ūs, m. _Disturbance, tumult._
+
+turp-ĭtūdo, inis, f. (turpis) _Baseness, infamy._
+
+tū-tus, a, um, (tu-eor) _Safe, secure._
+
+tŭ-us, a, um, poss. pron. (tu) _Thy, thine, your, yours._
+
+
+U
+
+ŭbi, adv. (akin to qui) _Where; when_; ubinam, _where, pray?_
+
+ul-lus, a, um, adj. dim. (for un-lus, fr. unus) _Any, any one._
+
+umquam: see unquam.
+
+ūnā, adv. (adverbial abl. of unus) _At the same time, in company,
+together._
+
+
+V
+
+vir-tus, ūtis, f. (vir) _Manliness, manhood; courage; worth, merit._
+
+vis, vis, f. _Strength, force._
+
+viscus, ĕris, n. (mostly in pl.) _The inwards; the viscera._
+
+vĭ-ta, ae, f. (for viv-ta, fr. viv-o) _Life._
+
+vĭtĭum, ii, n. _Fault, blemish, error, crime, vice._
+
+vīto, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To shun, avoid._
+
+vīvo, vixi, victum, vīvĕre, n. _To live._
+
+vīv-us, a, um, adj. (vīv-o) _Alive._
+
+vix, adv. _With difficulty, hardly, scarcely_; vixdum, _scarcely_.
+
+vŏco, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To call; summon._
+
+volnĕr-o, āvi, ātus sum, āre, a. (volnus) _To wound._
+
+volo, velle, volŭi, no sup., a. irr. _To will, wish, desire._
+
+voltus: see vultus.
+
+volun-tas, ātis, f. (for volent-tas, fr. volens) _Will, wish, desire,
+inclination._
+
+volup-tas, ātis, f. (volup, _agreeable_) _Enjoyment, pleasure, delight._
+
+vox, vōcis, f. (for voc-s, fr. voc-o, _that which calls out_) _A voice;
+a word_; in pl., _language, sayings, words_.
+
+vul-tus, ūs, m. (for vol-tus, fr. vol-o) _The countenance; looks,
+aspect._
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+
+TEXT ALONE
+
+I.--1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu
+etiam furor iste tuus eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit
+audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae,
+nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic
+munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt.
+Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri
+conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
+ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum
+ignorare arbitraris?
+
+2. O tempora, O mores! senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen
+vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consilii
+particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos
+autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furorem
+ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem
+oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris.
+
+3. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum,
+mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit:
+Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos
+consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius
+Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit
+ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acerbioribus
+suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent.
+Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave: non deest
+rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis: nos, nos, dico
+aperte, consules desumus.
+
+II.--4. Decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid
+res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est
+propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre,
+avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili
+senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res
+publica: num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et
+C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero
+nos vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere aciei horum auctoritatis.
+Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis
+tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim
+interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad
+deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me
+esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum
+videri, sed jam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno.
+
+5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus
+collocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem
+castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu
+videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si
+te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, erit
+verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam
+crudelius factum se dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse
+oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique
+interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis
+inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fateatur.
+
+6. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita,
+ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te
+contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non
+sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
+
+III.--Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si neque
+nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus
+continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si inlustrantur, si erumpunt
+omnia? Muta jam istam mentem, mihi crede! obliviscere caedis atque
+incendiorum. Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia
+omnia; quae jam mecum licet recognoscas.
+
+7. Meministine me ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres dicere in
+senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem sextum
+Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum
+tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque
+incredibilis, verum id quod multo magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem
+in senatu, caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas
+Novembres, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui
+conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num
+infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum
+commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum
+nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas?
+
+8. Quid? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum
+nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu
+meis praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil
+moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam
+planeque sentiam.
+
+
+IV.--Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: jam intelliges
+multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae.
+Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios--non agam obscure in
+M. Laecae domum: convenisse eodem complures ejusdem amentiae scelerisque
+socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas: video enim
+esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt.
+
+9. O di immortales! ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem publicam habemus? in
+qua urbe vivimus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in
+hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro
+omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio
+cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos
+ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud
+Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partess Italiae; statuisti quo
+quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos
+tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te
+ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiam tum morae,
+quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura
+liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo
+interfecturos esse pollicerentur.
+
+10. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum
+meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad
+me salutatum mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis
+ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos praedixeram.
+
+
+V.--11. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere
+aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te
+imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes
+tuos, si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum
+modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non
+potes: non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda
+est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis,
+gratia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei
+publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine
+summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato,
+Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata
+diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in
+campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos
+nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato:
+denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam
+videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse
+conjunctam.
+
+12. Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum
+immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad
+exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod
+hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo,
+faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem
+utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica reliqua
+conjuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris,
+exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei
+publicae.
+
+13. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me facere, quod jam tua
+sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe jubet consul hostem. Interrogas me: num
+in exilium? non jubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo.
+
+
+VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delectare possit?
+In qua nemo est extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum qui te non
+metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non
+inusta vitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama?
+Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam tuis, quod
+flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem
+corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad
+libidinem facem praetulisti?
+
+14. Quid vero? Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum
+vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus
+cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac
+civitate tanti facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata
+esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes
+impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad
+privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam
+difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad
+omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent.
+
+15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse
+jucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas
+Januarias Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? Manum
+consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse sceleri
+ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi
+Romani obstitisse? Ac jam illa omitto--neque enim sunt aut obscura aut
+non multa commissa postea:--quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem
+interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita conjectas, ut vitari
+posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore
+effugi! nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis.
+
+16. Quotiens tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens excidit
+aliquo casu et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac
+devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore
+defigere.
+
+
+VII.--Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar, non
+ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi
+nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta
+frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post
+hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis
+gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid? Quod adventu tuo ista
+subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad
+caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam
+subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi
+ferendum putas?
+
+17. Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes
+cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi urbem nom
+arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque
+offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis oculis omnium
+conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium
+omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque
+vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent
+atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab
+eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria quae communis est parens
+omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de
+parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere nec
+judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
+
+18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur:
+‘Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium
+sine te: tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque
+sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: tu non solum ad negligendas leges et
+quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti.
+Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc
+vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit
+Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a
+tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quamobrem discede atque hunc
+mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem
+aliquando timere desinam.’
+
+
+VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare
+debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid? Quod tu te ipse in
+custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa apud M’. Lepidum te
+habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es,
+atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum
+tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui
+magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum
+praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum,
+M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum
+diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum
+fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque
+vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit?
+
+20. Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in
+aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis debitisque
+ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? Refer, inquis, ad senatum; id enim
+postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire in exilium,
+obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis
+moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere
+ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu in exilium, si hunc vocem
+exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid
+animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas
+auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis?
+
+21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo
+vero M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo jure
+optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum
+quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque
+hi solum, quorum auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed
+etiam equites Romani honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique
+fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam
+videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti.
+Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile
+adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem usque
+ad portas prosequantur.
+
+IX.--22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te unquam
+corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam tibi
+istam mentem di immortales duint! Etsi video, si mea voce perterritus
+ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si
+minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in
+posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata
+calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis
+commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae
+cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor
+unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
+revocaverit.
+
+23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico,
+ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exilium; vix
+feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in
+exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et
+gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad
+Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae
+bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed
+invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.
+
+24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse praemissos, qui
+tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam pactam et
+constitutam cum Manlio diem. A quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam
+tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui
+domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse
+praemissam? Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem
+proficisens solebas, a cujus altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad
+necem civium transtulisti.
+
+X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista cupiditas
+effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem,
+sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit,
+voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo otium, sed ne
+bellum quidem, nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab
+omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum
+manum.
+
+26. Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in
+voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum
+bonum quemquam neque videbis. Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt
+qui feruntur labores tui, jacere humi, non solum ad obsidendum stuprum,
+verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno
+maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes, illam tuam
+praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium, quibus te
+brevi tempore conectum senties.
+
+27. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius
+tentare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs
+te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
+
+XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae
+querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae
+dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum
+patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si omnis
+res publica sic loquatur; ‘M. Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quem esse
+hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari
+imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem
+conjurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere,
+ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem videatur? Nonne hunc
+in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari
+imperabis?
+
+28. Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in
+hac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. An leges, quae de
+civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a
+re publica defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis
+times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per
+te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium
+per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiam aut alicujus
+periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis.
+
+29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac
+fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum
+bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non
+existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?’
+
+XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui
+hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu
+judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram
+horae gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi viri et
+clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum
+complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam
+honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium
+interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi
+maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute
+partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
+
+30. Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non
+videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: qui spem Catilinae mollibus
+sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo
+corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi,
+verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie
+factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana
+castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem
+esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno
+interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in
+perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et
+eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur
+atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum
+etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium.
+
+XIII.--31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis
+conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum
+ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus
+erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur
+fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum
+autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus
+rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febrique
+jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde
+multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui est in re
+publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis ingravescet.
+
+32. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum
+congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi, discernantur a
+nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal
+praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad
+inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius
+cujusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres
+conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis
+auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus
+bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta,
+inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis.
+
+33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua
+peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere
+parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum,
+tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es
+constitutus, quem Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,
+hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac
+moenibus a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos,
+hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria
+societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+
+ERRATA (noted by transcriber):
+
+General:
+
+_The shift from “Antony” (“Life of Cicero” section) to “Antonius”
+(remainder of the book) is unchanged. Date format has been regularized
+to “(year) B.C.”; in the original, about a quarter of the dates were
+in the reversed form “B.C. (year)”. A few cases of “scil,” with comma have been silently changed to “scil.” Four occurrences of “æ”--three
+of them on the same page--have been regularized to “ae”._
+
+_In the Notes and Vocabulary sections, minor punctuation errors were silently corrected._
+
+Life of Cicero:
+
+  Chrysogonus, one of Sulla’s favourites  [Sylla’s]
+  Molo, the rhetorician  [rhetorican]
+  Marc Antony’s designs  [Anthony’s, and see above]
+  Sidenote: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus  [Sepidus]
+  The works of Cicero are:--  [Circero]
+
+Oratio
+
+_A number of typographical errors in the main text were corrected by
+hand, generally to agree with the form used in the Notes._
+
+  I. 3. C. [3]Servilius Ahala
+    [_“Serviliusi”, with “i” crossed out by hand_]
+  viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis  [supplicus]
+  II. 4. Vivis, [12]et vivis non ad
+    [_“Visis” corrected by hand to “Vivis”_]
+  II. 5. eorum autem castrorum  [castorum]
+  III. 6. obscurare ... continere
+    [_“-ari”, “-eri” corrected by hand to “-are”, “-ere”_]
+  III. 7. contentum esse dicebas
+    [_“se” corrected by hand to esse_]
+  IV. 9. sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat
+    [_“et” added by hand_]
+  partes Italiae  [partesJ taliae]
+  [10]statuisti quo
+    [_“loco” added by hand before “quo”: see “scil.” ff. in Notes_]
+  V. 11. ... periclitanda rei ... Catilina,
+    [_printed at consecutive line-ends as
+    “... periclitanda re” and “... Catilinai”_]
+  V. 12. magna et perniciosa sentina
+    [_omitted word “sentina” supplied from Notes and other editions_]
+  rei publicae  [_printed as one word_]
+  VII. 16. Sic enim  [enam]
+  VII. 17. Etsi me meis civibus  [Esti]
+  VII. 18. esse in metu propter unum te  [matu]
+  IX. 22. a rei publicae periculis sejungatur  [pablicae]
+  concita perditos cives,  [_, missing_]
+  X.--25.  [_text has “23” (without period) for “25.”_]
+  X. 26. in tanto numero tuorum  [turorum]
+  X. 27. vexare rem publicam posses  [publiciam]
+  XI. 27. principem conjurationis  [principem, conjurationis]
+  XI. 29. incendio conflagraturum?’  [_close quote missing_]
+  XII. 30. verum etiam strips
+    [_“strips” corrected by hand to “stirps”_]
+  XIII. 33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina,
+    [_“omnibus” changed by hand to “ominibus” to agree with Notes:
+    both readings are possible_]
+
+Footnote Tags
+
+  I. 2. [6]  [7]
+  I. 3. [10]  [_There is no note corresponding to this tag_]
+  II. 5 [4]  [_missing_]
+  III. 8 [4]  [_missing_]
+  V. 11. [8], [9]  [_numbers reversed_]
+  VIII. 21. [5]prosequantur.  [6]
+  IX. 22. [2]Te ut ulla res frangat?  [_missing_]
+  X. 26. [5]  [_missing; following two tags numbered 5 and 6_]
+  XI. 28. supplicio [4]rogatae sunt?  [_missing_]
+
+Notes
+
+[Long dashes were changed to hyphens in contexts such as “_-re_ to
+_-ris_” and “compounds of _-lego_”.]
+
+  I. 1. 1. quo usque--nostra?  [quosque]
+  I. 1. 6. “to toss the head contemptuously,”  [ontemptuously]
+  I. 1. 10. used partitively  [uses]
+  II. 4. 4:  [5]
+  II. 5. 1:  [_text has extraneous header “§ 7.--”_]
+  II. 5. 4:  [_printed as part of note 3_]
+  II. 5. 6: or as Wilkins translates  [Wilkin’s]
+  II. 5. 8: ... “you will be ordered to be put to death.”
+    [_first “be” added by transcriber_]
+  II. 6. 4: ... and ποιέω in Greek  [ποιεώ]
+  III. 6. 9: ... (root _mun_, to defend: cp. ἀμύνειν)
+    [_close parenthesis missing_]
+  III. 7. 9: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_:
+    [_impediendorum_:” with superfluous close quote]
+  ---- _num--dicebas?_ [_printed ? for !_]
+  IV. 6. 7:  [_Note number missing_]
+  IV. 9. 6: _Sententiam rogo_ is said  [vogo]
+  V. 12. 7: (ἄντλος _sentina_)  [ἀντλος]
+  VI. 14. 4: _tanti--immanitas_  [_printed as part of note 3_]
+  VI. 16. 1: --_de manibus_ is explanatory  [mauibus]
+  VII. 18. 4: the persecution came to nothing  [came so]
+  VII. 18. 5: _praetor peregrinus_
+    [_printed as “_praetor_ peregrinus” (wrong word, not italicized)_]
+  VIII. 19. 2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, § 16.  [16, § 11]
+  VIII. 20. 5: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement  [deferee]
+  IX. 24. 2: 2: _qui--armati?_ “to wait for you arms
+    [_Text given as printed: missing words after “you”?_]
+  X. 26. 3: 3: _ad--stuprum_:  [struprum]
+  XI. 27. 4: by imploring (_precari_) their aid.”
+    [_close quote missing_]
+  XI. 28. 3: _an leges?_  [au]
+  XII. 30. 2: this explains this subjunctive.  [suhjunctive]
+  XII. 30. 6: but cannot for ever be suppressed
+    [_printed “can-/for ever” at line break_]
+  XIII. 31. 1: _jamdiu_:  [jamdia]
+  ---- οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον  [οντινα]
+  XIII. 33. 2: “with the best interests  [_open quote missing_]
+  ---- z, 472  [_error for Z = Zumpt?_]
+  XIII. 33. 6: _arcebis_:  [_Note number missing_]
+
+Vocabulary
+
+The word “invisible” means that there is an appropriately sized
+empty space in the text.
+
+  ădŭlescent-ulus ... A young man;  [youn]
+  ălĭqu-ando, adv. (aliquis ...  [_No closing parenthesis_]
+  compĕt-ītor, ōris, m. [com = cum;  [[com = bum]
+  con-cŭpi-sco  [can-]
+  conjūrā-tĭo, ōnis, f. (conjūr[a]-o,
+    [_“co jūr[a]-o” with invisible n_]
+  custōdĭ-a, ae, f. (custod-io)  [eustod-io]
+  dē-bĕo ... in duty bound  [dutg]
+  moenĭa, ium ... Defensive wall  [Defeusive]
+  nēqu-ĭtĭa, ae, f. (nequ-am)  [_Open parenthesis missing_]
+  pătr-ĭus, a, um ... as noun, f. (sc. terra)
+    [_“te ra” with invisible r_]
+  pĕnĭ-tus ... From within;  [withiu]
+  prae-dīco .. To say beforehand  [sag]
+  quis, quae, quid ... preceded by ne, si, nisi,  [nisl]
+  rĕ-linquo, līqui, lictum, linquĕre,  [liuquĕre]
+  rĕlĭqu-us, a, um, adj. (rel[n]qu-o)
+    [_Text shown as printed: error for “reli[n]qu-o”?_]
+  sē-men, ĭnis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa, true root of sero)
+    [_; for close parenthesis_]
+  sum, esse ... To be  [Te be]
+  tăcĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, tăcēre, n. _To be silent._
+    [_Infinite displaced to previous entry:
+    “tăciturn-ĭtas, ātis, tăcēre,”_]
+  temp-to ... (also written ten-to, fr. teneo)  [ten-td]
+  tĭmĕo, ūi, no sup., tĭmēre,  [tĭnēre]
+  trans-fĕro ... To bear across  [ucross]
+  volnĕr-o, āvi, ātus sum,  [volnĕr-o, āvi, ātissu,]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against
+Catiline, by John Henderson
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline, by 
+John Henderson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline
+       with Notices, Notes and Complete Vocabulary
+
+Author: John Henderson
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2008 [EBook #24967]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST ORATION OF CICERO - CATILINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the
+"real" (unicode/utf-8) version of the file. Greek words have been
+transliterated and shown between +marks+. Macrons ("long vowel" marks)
+are shown as circumflex accents, which do not occur elsewhere. Breves
+("short vowel" marks, used only in the Vocabulary and a few Notes) have
+been "unpacked" and shown as [)e]:
+
+  s[)e]n�t�s
+
+Boldface text is shown between =marks=. Those sections of the text
+that use the equals sign = do not contain boldface words. In this
+Latin-1 file, boldface markup has also been omitted from the Names
+section.
+
+The Oration appears twice in the e-text. The second version,
+immediately before the Errata, is given in "stripped-down" form,
+omitting all [2]note references.]
+
+
+
+
+  Classical Text-Book Series
+
+  FIRST ORATION
+    of
+  CICERO AGAINST CATILINE
+
+    with
+  Notices, Notes And Complete Vocabulary.
+
+    by
+  =JOHN HENDERSON, M.A.=
+
+  TORONTO:
+  The Copp Clark Company, Limited,
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada,
+in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six,
+by THE COPP CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, Toronto, Ontario,
+in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS [added by transcriber]
+
+  Preface
+  Cicero:
+      I. Life of Cicero
+     II. Life of Catiline
+    III. Chronology of the Conspiracy
+     IV. Summary of first oration
+  FIRST CATILINARIAN ORATION
+  Notes
+  Proper Names
+  Vocabulary
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It has been the aim of the Editor to explain what seemed to him
+difficulties in the text. There are many points which might have been
+noted, but which a judicious teacher will supply in the ordinary class
+work.
+
+References are made to the standard grammars of Zumpt, Madvig, Harkness,
+Allen and Greenough.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF CICERO.
+
+
+I.
+
+  [Sidenotes:
+  Birth. --Removes to Rome, 92�B.C. --Early teachers. --Early works.
+  --Assumes the toga virilis 89�B.C. --Serves his first campaign,
+  88�B.C. --Studies philosophy. --Pleads his first cause pro Quinct.
+  --Goes to Athens, Asia, and Rhodes. --Returns home. --Elected
+  quaestor of Sicily. --Indicts Verres, 70�B.C. --Elected aedile,
+  69�B.C. --Praetor, 66�B.C. --His first political speech. --Pro
+  lege Manilia, 65�B.C. --Consul, 63�B.C. --Unpopularity of Cicero.
+  --Causes of Exile. --Deserted by the Triumvirs. --Goes into exile,
+  58�B.C. --Recall, 51�B.C. --Elected Augur, 53�B.C. --Proconsul,
+  52�B.C. --Sides with Pompey. --Pharsalia, 48�B.C. --Pardoned by
+  Caesar. --Gloom. --His Philippic Orations. --Antony, Octavianus,
+  and Lepidus form the second triumvirate. --Killed at Caieta,
+  43�B.C.]
+
+=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, the greatest name in Roman literature, was
+born near Arpinum, a�town of Latium, January 3rd, 106�B.C. His father,
+a�man of large views and liberal culture, belonged to the _equites_, and
+possessed an hereditary estate in the neighbourhood of the town. To give
+his sons, Marcus and Quintus, that education which could not be obtained
+at a provincial school, he removed to Rome, where the young Ciceros were
+placed under the best teachers of the day. From Aelius they learned
+philosophy; from Archias, the mechanism of verse, though not the
+inspiration of poetry. A�translation of the _Phaenomena_ and
+_Prognostics_ of Aratus, and a mythological poem on the fable of
+_Pontius Glaucus_ were the first fruits of Cicero's genius. On assuming
+the _toga virilis_, B.C.�89, Cicero attached himself to the jurist
+Scaevola, who was then in the zenith of his fame. In the following year
+he served a brief campaign in the Social War under Cn.�Pompeius Strabo,
+the father of Pompey the Great. Philosophical studies had, however, more
+attractions for him than arms. Under Philo, the Academic, and Diodotus,
+the Stoic, he laid the foundation of that Eclecticism which is so
+observable in his philosophical works. At the age of 25 he pleaded his
+first cause, and in the following year he defended Sextus Roscius of
+Ameria, who had been accused of parricide by Chrysogonus, one of Sulla's
+favourites. In this cause he acquired the acquittal of his client, but
+incurred the enmity of the dictator. With the ostensible object of
+regaining his health he went to Athens, where he studied philosophy
+under Antiochus, the Academic, and under Zeno and Phaedrus, both
+Epicureans. From Athens he travelled through Asia Minor and finally
+settled for a short time at Rhodes, attending there the lectures of
+Molo, the rhetorician. Returning home, he at once entered on that
+political career to which his commanding ability destined him, and was
+elected _quaestor_ of Sicily. During his term of office he so endeared
+himself to the inhabitants of the island by his integrity that they
+selected him as their patron at Rome. In their behalf he subsequently
+conducted the prosecution against Verres, who was charged with
+extortion. His success in this cause, and his consequent popularity,
+procured him the office of _curule aedile_. After the usual interval he
+was chosen _praetor_, and, while holding this office, delivered the
+first of his political harangues, in defence of the bill proposed by
+C.�Manilius to invest Pompey with supreme command in the Mithradatic
+War. Two years afterwards he gained the _consulship_, the goal of his
+ambition. His consulate is memorable for the bold attempt of Catiline to
+subvert the government--an attempt which was frustrated by the patriotic
+zeal of the consul. Cicero had quickly soared to the pinnacle of fame:
+as quickly did he fall. In crushing the conspiracy of Catiline
+questionable means had been employed. Clodius, his implacable enemy,
+revived a law exiling all who had been guilty of putting to death Roman
+citizens without a formal trial before the people. The Triumvirs, too,
+were disgusted with the vanity of the man who was constantly reminding
+the people that he was the "Saviour of Italy" and the "Father of His
+Country." Deserted by his friends, and exposed to the hatred of his
+foes, Cicero went to Thessalonica into voluntary exile. The wanton
+destruction of his villas and the insults offered to his wife and
+children soon, however, produced a feeling of sympathy for the exiled
+orator. His return to Rome was attended with all the pomp and
+circumstance of a triumphant general. Henceforth his voice was little
+heard in the Senate. After his return he was appointed to a seat in the
+_College of Augurs_. In obtaining this office he had placed himself
+under obligations to both Pompey and Caesar, and this may account for
+his neutrality in the civil struggles of the time. He was subsequently
+appointed, much against his will, proconsul of Cilicia, where his
+administration was marked by the same integrity as he had displayed in
+Sicily. Cicero arrived in Italy from Cilicia on the 4th of January,
+B.C.�49, just after the breaking out of the civil war between Pompey and
+Caesar. After some hesitation he decided to take the part of Pompey, but
+his support was never cordial: it was a source of weakness rather than
+of strength. When the battle of Pharsalia decided the fate of the Roman
+world, he returned to Brundisium to await the arrival of the victorious
+Caesar, who generously extended a full and frank pardon to the
+vacillating orator. Cicero from this time withdrew from active public
+life and devoted himself to philosophy, except during the period
+immediately preceding his death. The loss of his daughter Tullia, the
+divorce of his wife Terentia, and the unhappy marriage with Publilia
+darkened the gloom which settled on his declining years. His high
+exultation on the assassination of Caesar was of only momentary
+duration, and was succeeded by dark forebodings of Marc Antony's
+designs. As soon as the plans of the scheming triumvir were evident,
+Cicero attacked Antony's character with all the powers of invective.
+Again he was the idol of the people and the champion of senatorial
+rights, but his popularity was only the last gasp of the dying liberties
+of Rome. The second triumvirate was formed, and each member of it
+sacrificed his friends to glut the vengeance of his colleagues; and to
+appease the brutal Antony, Cicero was sacrificed by Octavianus. Refusing
+to seek refuge in exile, he determined to die in the land he had saved,
+and was slain at Caieta by the emissaries of the bloodthirsty triumvir.
+
+  [Sidenote:
+  Works.]
+
+The works of Cicero are:--
+
+(1) _Orations_: Of the eighty speeches composed by him we possess,
+either entire or in part, fifty-nine. (See list).
+
+(2) _Philosophical works_.
+
+(3) _Correspondence_: Comprising _thirty-six_ books, _sixteen_ of which
+are addressed to Athens, _three_ to his brother Quintus, _one_ to
+Brutus, and _sixteen_ to his different friends.
+
+(4) _Poems_: Consisting of the heroic poems, _Alcyones_, _Marcus_,
+_Elegy of Tamelastis_, and _Translations_ of Homer and Aratus.
+
+
+II.
+
+LIFE OF CATILINE.
+
+  [Sidenote:
+  Birth. --His crimes. --Offices held. --First Conspiracy.
+  --Catiline's Proposals. --The Conspiracy divulged. --First Speech
+  against Catiline.]
+
+=L. Sergius Catilina= was a Roman patrician, born about 108�B.C. From
+his father he inherited nothing but a noble name. In the turbulent
+scenes of the Sullan rule, Catiline played a conspicuous part, to which
+his undoubted ability, his undaunted courage, his iron constitution, his
+depraved morals, and excessive cruelty notoriously fitted him. He
+commenced his career by slaying, with his own hand, Q.�Caecilius, his
+own brother-in-law, and by torturing to death M.�Marius Gratidianus,
+a�kinsman of Cicero. Though his youth was spent in open debauchery, and
+reckless extravagance, though he made away with his first wife and his
+son to marry the worthless and profligate Aurelia Orestilla, the guilty
+crimes of Catiline do not seem to have been any barrier to his
+advancement to political honors. He obtained the praetorship B.C.�68,
+and in the following year was propraetor of Africa. He returned to Rome
+B.C.�66 to press his suit for the consulship. The two consuls who had
+the highest votes were P.�Autronius Paetus and P.�Cornelius Sulla, both
+of whom were convicted of bribery, and their election was declared void.
+Their places were filled by L.�Aurelius Cotta and L.�Manlius Torquatus.
+Catiline was prevented from being a candidate in consequence of an
+impeachment brought against him for mal-administration of his province
+of Africa by P.�Clodius Pulcher, afterwards the implacable enemy of
+Cicero. Autronius and Catiline, exasperated by their disappointment,
+formed a league with Cn.�Calpurnius Piso to murder the consuls on the
+first of January, to seize the _fasces_, and to occupy Spain. The plan
+leaked out, and was postponed till the fifth of February. The scheme,
+however, failed in consequence of Catiline giving the signal too soon.
+Resolutions were passed by the Senate condemning the conspiracy, but
+these were quashed by the intercession of a tribune. Some say that both
+Caesar and Crassus were involved in this First Conspiracy of Catiline.
+About this time, Catiline was acquitted of extortion (_res repetundae_),
+but the trial rendered him penniless. About the beginning of June,
+64�B.C., he began to plot more systematically to carry out his plans for
+a general revolution. A�meeting was called for all those interested in
+the conspiracy. To this convention, eleven senators, four knights, and
+many of the noted men from the provincial towns assembled to hear the
+bold designs of the conspirator. Catiline proposed that all debts should
+be cancelled (_novae tabulae_), that the wealthy citizens should be
+proscribed, that offices of honor and emolument should be divided among
+his friends, and that the leaders of the conspiracy should raise armies
+in Spain and in Mauretania. Again he was a candidate for the consulship,
+and again he was doomed to disappointment. Cicero and Antonius were
+chosen, the latter, however, by only a few centuries over Catiline. This
+defeat embittered the animosity between the two parties. The conspirator
+raised large sums of money on his own security and on the credit of his
+friends, sent arms to various parts of Italy, levied troops in Etruria,
+and sent Manlius a veteran of Sulla to take command of the newly raised
+forces. The slaves were to be armed, the buildings of the city set on
+fire, the citizens indiscriminately massacred, and a reign of terror and
+bloodshed was to be inaugurated. In the midst of all these schemes,
+Catiline stood again for the consulship (63�B.C.), and was thwarted by
+the wariness and exertions of Cicero, who checkmated his schemes at
+every turn. One of the conspirators was Q.�Curius, a�man weak and
+vacillating. This man had a mistress, Fulvia, who was the repository of
+all his secrets. Alarmed at the audacious designs of the conspirators,
+she imparted her secrets to some of her acquaintances, and through her
+confidants the matter was betrayed to Cicero. After securing his
+personal safety, and withdrawing Antonius from the side of Catiline, the
+consul deferred the consular elections to lay before the Senate the
+whole conspiracy. At a meeting of the Senate, October 21st, 63, he told
+the Senators the danger that threatened the state. Many of those
+complicated in the conspiracy fled. By virtue of a _decretum ultimum_,
+which formula (_consules videant, ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat_)
+gave the consuls absolute civil and military power, Catiline was in
+danger of losing his life. Catiline, who was again a candidate for the
+consulship for 62�B.C., was rejected. An impeachment of sedition was
+also brought against him by L.�Aemilius Paulus. On the 6th November,
+Catiline summoned the conspirators to the house of M.�Porcius Laeca, and
+after accusing them of inactivity, he laid before him his plans. Cicero
+was to be removed, and L.�Vargunteius, a�senator, and C.�Cornelius,
+a�knight, were despatched to carry out the scheme, but were frustrated.
+Cicero called the Senate on November 8th, and delivered his first speech
+against Catiline, who, though overwhelmed with guilt, had still the
+audacity to appear among the senators.
+
+Altogether four speeches were delivered against Catiline. In the final
+debate as to the sentence, it was decided to put the apprehended
+conspirators to death. This sentence was carried out against some.
+Catiline and most fell, however, in the field at Pistoria (62�B.C.),
+fighting with a valour worthy of a better cause.
+
+
+III.
+
+CHRONOLOGY OF THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE.
+
+Date B.C. {Consuls.}
+
+   |Life of Catiline.
+
+   |   |Life of Cicero.
+
+68 {L.�Caecilius Metellus, P.�Marcus Rex}
+
+   |Catiline praetor
+
+67 {Calpurnius Piso, M.�Acilius Glabrio}
+
+   |Catiline propraetor of Africa
+
+66 {L.�Volcatius Tullus, M.�Aemilius Lepidus}
+
+   |Catiline canvasses for the consulship: is accused of extortion by
+    P.�Clodius. Catiline defeated in suing for consulship: forms a
+    league with Autronius and Piso. First conspiracy.
+
+65 {L.�Manlius Torquatus, L.�Aurelius Cotta}
+
+   |Catiline determines to slay the new consuls on the kalends of
+    January: plan discovered and deferred to February: Catiline gives
+    signal too soon and his plans frustrated.
+
+64 {L.�Julius Caesar, C.�Marcus Figulus}
+
+   |On the kalends of June, Catiline convenes his associates for a
+    second conspiracy. Eleven senators, four knights, and many
+    distinguished men assemble. Catiline again defeated for
+    consulship.
+
+63 {M.�Tullius Cicero, C.�Antonius Hybrida}
+
+   |Catiline accused by Lucullus of murder. Catiline again candidate
+    for consulship and defeated.
+
+   |   |Cicero convenes Senate, Oct. 20; lays plans of conspirators
+        before Senate: elections for consuls, which should take place
+        Oct. 21st, deferred.
+
+   |   |Oct. 21st: Letters brought by Crassus, threatening danger to
+        the State: the Senate convened in the temple of Concord. The
+        Senate passes _decretum ultimum_. On 22nd Oct. L.�Licinius
+        Murena and D.�Junius Silanus elected consuls.
+
+   |Oct. 23rd: Catiline accused under _Lex Plautia de vi_ by
+    Lucius Paulus.
+
+   |Oct. 27th: Manlius takes up arms in Etruria.
+
+   |Oct. 28th: Day appointed by Catiline for the murder of the
+    leading senators. (Cat. I.,�3).
+
+   |Nov. 1: Catiline endeavors to take Praeneste by a night attack.
+
+   |Nov. 6th: Catiline assembles his friends at house of Laeca.
+
+   |Nov. 7th: Vargunteius and Cornelius attempt to assassinate Cicero.
+
+   |Nov. 8th: Catiline leaves Rome.
+
+   |   |Nov. 8: Cicero invokes the Senate in the temple of Juppiter
+        Stator. First Catilinarian oration delivered.
+
+   |   |The _second Catilinarian oration_ delivered from the _rostra_
+        to the people, Nov. 9th.
+
+   |Nov. 20th: A�decree passed declaring Catiline and Manlius public
+    enemies.
+
+   |Dec. 2nd: The ambassadors of the Allobroges are seized with
+    documents proving conspiracy.
+
+   |   |Dec. 3rd: The _third Catilinarian oration_ delivered from the
+        rostra to the people. Rewards offered to all who would give
+        information as to the conspiracy.
+
+   |   |Dec. 5th: Fourth Catilinarian oration delivered in the temple
+        of Concord. The Senate decrees that the death penalty should
+        be inflicted on the conspirators. Five conspirators put to
+        death.
+
+62 {D.�Junius Silanus, L.�Licinius Murena}
+
+   |Jan. 5th: Battle of _Pistoria_: defeat and death of Catiline.
+
+   |   |Many Senators tried under the law _Lex Plautia de vi_ and
+        exiled.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.
+
+
+This speech may be divided into three parts:
+
+I. In the introduction Cicero in impassioned language expresses
+astonishment that Catiline should be so audacious as to come into the
+Senate while plotting the destruction of his country. The orator reminds
+Catiline that men less guilty have been slain in the earlier days of the
+republic, and gives reasons why the penalty of death should be meted out
+to the arch conspirator (I., II.).
+
+II. In the next part, Cicero gives reasons why Catiline should leave
+Rome and go to the camp of Manlius:
+
+(_a_) That his nefarious plot was well known, that his personal
+character was stained with many crimes, that his public life was
+abhorred by all, that his native land, though silent, eloquently pleads
+with Catiline to withdraw (III.-IX.).
+
+(_b_) That Catiline should depart to the troops raised in Etruria,
+whither he had sent Manlius to carry on the war, that the great delight
+of Catiline was to make war on his native land, and to mingle in the
+society of the conspirators.
+
+(_c_) That such withdrawal would be more advantageous to the State than
+the execution of the conspirators, that in the former case his abandoned
+followers would accompany Catiline, and thus the seeds of the rebellion
+would be extirpated.
+
+III. The orator promises the co-operation of all patriotic citizens in
+suppressing the conspiracy after Catiline and his associates had
+withdrawn. Then beseeching Catiline and the other conspirators to remove
+from Rome, the orator invokes the aid of Juppiter Stator to save Rome
+from the nefarious schemes of abandoned men.
+
+
+
+
+M. TULLII CICERONIS
+
+ORATIO IN L. CATILINAM
+
+
+PRIMA.
+
+HABITA IN SENATU.
+
+
+I.--1. [1]Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu
+[2]etiam [3]furor iste tuus [4]eludet? [5]Quem ad finem sese effrenata
+[6]jactabit audacia? [7]Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil
+urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium,
+nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque
+moverunt. Patere tua consilia non sentis? [8]Constrictam omnium horum
+scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid [9]proxima, quid
+superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii
+ceperis, quem [10]nostrum ignorare arbitraris? 2.�O�tempora, O�mores!
+senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit.[1] Vivit? immo
+vero etiam [2]in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, [3]notat
+et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, [4]viri
+fortes, satis facere rei publicae [5]videmur, si istius furorem ac tela
+[6]vitemus. [7]Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem
+oportebat, [8]in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris.
+3.�[1]An vero vir amplissimus, P.�Scipio, pontifex maximus,
+Ti.�Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus
+interfecit: Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare
+cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam [2]illa nimis antiqua praetereo,
+quod C.�[3]Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, [4]novis rebus studentem, manu
+sua occidit. [5]Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, [6]ut
+viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum
+hostem coercerent. Habemus [7]senatus consultum in te, Catilina,
+[8]vehemens et grave: non deest [9]rei publicae consilium neque
+auctoritas hujus ordinis: [10]nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.
+
+II.--4. Decrevit [1]quondam senatus ut L.�Opimius consul videret ne quid
+res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla [2]intercessit; interfectus
+est [3]propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C.�Gracchus, clarissimo
+[4]patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis[5] M.�Fulvius
+consularis. [6]Simili senatus consulto C.�Mario et L.�Valerio consulibus
+est permissa res publica: [7]num unum diem postea L.�Saturninum tribunum
+plebis et C.�Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata
+est? At vero nos [8]vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere [9]aciei horum
+auctoritatis. Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum
+[10]inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina reconditum,[11] quo ex senatus
+consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis,
+[12]et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio,
+patres conscripti, me esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae
+periculis me non [13]dissolutum videri, sed jam me ipse [14]inertiae
+nequitiaeque condemno. 5.�[1]Castra sunt in Italia contra populum
+Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit [2]in dies singulos
+hostium numerus, eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium
+intra moenia atque [3]adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie
+perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te [4]jam, Catilina, comprehendi,
+si interfici jussero, [5]credo, erit [6]verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc
+omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum se dicat. Verum
+ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, [7]certa de causa nondum
+adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique [8]interficiere, cum jam nemo tam
+improbus, tam perditus, tam [9]tui similis inveniri poterit, [10]qui id
+non jure factum esse fateatur. 6.�Quam diu [1]quisquam erit qui te
+defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut [2]vivis, multis meis et
+firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne [3]commovere te contra rem publicam
+possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc
+[4]fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
+
+III.--[5]Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius [6]exspectes, si
+neque nox tenebris obscurare [7]coeptus nefarios neque [8]privata domus
+[9]parietibus continere [10]voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si
+[11]inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam [12]istam mentem, [13]mihi
+crede! obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. [14]Teneris undique: luce
+sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae jam mecum licet
+[15]recognoscas. 7.�[1]Meministine me [2]ante diem duodecimum Kalendas
+Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis [3]certo die, qui dies futurus
+esset ante diem sextum Kalendas Novembres, C.�Manlium, [4]audaciae
+satellitem atque administrum tuae? [5]Num me fefellit, Catilina, non
+modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum id quod multo
+magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, [6]caedem te
+[7]optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas Novembres, tum
+cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam [8]sui conservandi quam
+tuorum consiliorum [9]reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari
+potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere
+te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra
+tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas? 8.�[1]Quid? cum
+tu [2]te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno
+impetu esse confideres, [3]sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu meis
+[4]praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? [5]Nihil agis, nihil
+moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam
+planeque sentiam.
+
+
+IV.--Recognosce mecum [6]tandem [7]noctem illam superiorem: [8]jam
+intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei
+publicae. [9]Dico te [10]priore nocte venisse [11]inter falcarios--non
+agam obscure [12]in M.�Laecae domum: convenisse eodem [13]complures
+ejusdem [14]amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces?
+[15]convincam, si negas: video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui
+tecum una fuerunt. 9.�O di immortales! [1]ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem
+publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? [2]Hic, hic sunt in nostro
+numero, [3]patres conscripti, [4]in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo
+gravissimoque consilio, [5]qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus
+urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video et
+de re publica [6]sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos
+nondum voce [7]vulnero. Fuisti [8]igitur apud Laecam illa nocte,
+Catilina; [9]distribuisti partess Italiae; [10]statuisti quo quemque
+proficisci placeret, [11]delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum
+educeres, [12]discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te
+ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti [13]paullulum tibi esse [14]etiam tum
+morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt [15]duo equites Romani, [16]qui te
+ista cura liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo
+[17]lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10.�Haec ego omnia,
+[1]vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam majoribus
+praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me [2]salutatum
+[3]mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis ac summis
+viris ad me [4]id temporis venturos praedixeram.
+
+
+V.--11. [1]Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, [2]perge quo coepisti, egredere
+aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te
+imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes
+tuos, [3]si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis,
+[4]dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam
+diutius non potes: [5]non feram, non patiar, non sinam. [6]Magna dis
+immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo
+custodi hujus urbis, gratia, [7]quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem
+tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. [8]Non est
+saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu
+mihi, [9]consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me
+praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis
+consularibus me consulem [10]in campo et [11]competitores tuos
+interficere voluisti, [12]compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum
+praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato: denique,
+[13]quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, [14]quamquam videbam
+[15]perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam.
+12.�[1]Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum
+immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam [2]denique totam
+ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. [3]Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et
+quod hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum
+audeo, faciam id, quod est [4]ad severitatem lenius et ad communem
+salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica
+[5]reliqua conjuratorum manus: [6]sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor,
+exieris, [7]exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa
+sentina rei publicae. 13.�Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id
+[1]imperante me facere, quod jam tua sponte [2]faciebas? Exire ex urbe
+jubet [3]consul hostem. Interrogas me: [4]num in exilium? non jubeo,
+sed, si [5]me consulis, suadeo.
+
+
+VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, [6]quod te jam in hac urbe delectare
+possit? In qua nemo est [7]extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum
+qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. [8]Quae nota domesticae
+turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est? [9]Quod privatarum rerum dedecus
+non haeret in fama? [10]Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus
+unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? [11]Cui tu
+adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad
+audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti? 14.�[1]Quid vero?
+[2]Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses,
+nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego
+praetermitto et facile [3]patior sileri, ne in hac civitate [4]tanti
+facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur.
+Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, [5]quas omnes impendere tibi
+proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam
+vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem,
+sed ad summam rem publicam atque [6]ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque
+pertinent. 15.�Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli
+spiritus esse jucundus, [1]cum scias esse horum [2]neminem qui nesciat,
+te [3]pridie Kalendas Januarias [4]Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse
+in [5]comitio cum telo? Manum consulum et principum civitatis
+interficiendorum causa paravisse [6]sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem
+aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac jam
+illa omitto--[7]neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa
+postea:--quotiens tu me [8]designatum, quotiens consulem interficere
+voluisti! quot ego tuas [9]petitiones [10]ita conjectas, ut vitari posse
+non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi!
+nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 16.�Quotiens
+[1]tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens [2]excidit aliquo
+casu et elapsa est! [3]quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac
+devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore
+defigere.
+
+
+VII.--Nunc vero quae [4]tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar,
+non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, [5]sed ut misericordia,
+quae tibi [6]nulla debetur. Venisti [7]paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex
+hac tanta [8]frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si
+hoc [9]post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, [10]vocis exspectas
+contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus?
+[11]Quid? Quod [12]adventu tuo [13]ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod
+omnes consulares, [14]qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt,
+simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum [15]nudam atque inanem
+reliquerunt, quo [16]tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas? 17.�[1]Servi
+[2]mehercule mei si me [3]isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes
+cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi [4]urbem nom
+arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus [5]injuria suspectum tam graviter atque
+[6]offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam [7]infestis oculis
+omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum [8]agnoscas
+odium omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, [9]dubitas, quorum
+[10]mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si
+te parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare
+posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis [11]aliquo concederes: [12]nunc te
+patria [13]quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et
+jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque
+auctoritatem [14]verebere nec judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
+18.�[1]Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur:
+[2]'Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum
+flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium [3]neces, tibi vexatio
+direptioque [4]sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: [5]tu non solum ad
+negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas
+perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt,
+tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te,
+quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium
+iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, [6]non est ferendum.
+Quamobrem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, [7]ne
+opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.'
+
+
+VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne [1]impetrare
+debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? [2]Quid? Quod tu te ipse [3]in
+custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa [4]apud M'. Lepidum
+te habitare velle dixisti? A�quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus
+es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id
+responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse [5]isdem parietibus tuto esse
+tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad
+[6]Q.�Metellum praetorem venisti: a�quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum,
+[7]virum optimum, M.�Metellum demigrasti, quem tu [8]videlicet et ad
+custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et [9]ad
+vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere
+atque vinculis abesse debere, [10]qui se ipse jam dignum custodia
+judicarit? 20.�[1]Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si [2]emori aequo animo
+non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis
+justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? [3]Refer,
+inquis, ad senatum; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo [4]sibi placere
+decreverit te ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam,
+id quod [5]abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid
+hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu
+in exilium, [6]si hunc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est,
+Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium?
+[7]Patiuntur, tacent. [8]Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum
+voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? 21.�At si hoc idem [1]huic adulescenti
+optimo, P.�Sestio, si fortissimo vero M.�Marcello dixissem, jam mihi
+consuli hoc ipso in templo jure optimo senatus [2]vim et manus
+intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum [3]quiescunt, probant, cum
+patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque hi solum, quorum
+auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam equites Romani
+honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi [4]cives, qui stant
+circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et
+voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus
+ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem
+vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas [5]prosequantur.
+
+IX.--22. [1]Quamquam quid loquor? [2]Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te
+unquam corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites?
+Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales [3]duint! Etsi video, si mea voce
+perterritus ire in exilium [4]animum induxeris, [5]quanta tempestas
+invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum
+tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. [6]Sed est tanti, dum modo ista
+sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu
+[7]ut vitiis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei
+publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te
+aut pudor unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
+revocaverit. 23.�Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si
+mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo [1]conflare vis invidiam, [2]recta perge
+in exilium; [3]vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem
+istius invidiae, si in exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. [4]Sin
+autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna
+sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne
+te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, [5]exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me
+non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.
+24.�[1]Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a�quo jam sciam esse praemissos,
+[2]qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam
+[3]pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem. A�quo etiam [4]aquilam illam
+argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac
+funestam futuram, [5]cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum
+fuit, sciam esse praemissam? [6]Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam
+venerari ad caedem proficisens solebas, a�cujus [7]altaribus saepe istam
+impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti.
+
+X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista [1]cupiditas
+effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem,
+sed [2]quandam incredibilem voluptatem. [3]Ad hanc te amentiam natura
+peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu [4]non modo
+[5]otium, sed ne bellum quidem, nisi [6]nefarium concupisti. [7]Nanctus
+es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe
+derelictis [8]conflatam, improborum manum. 26.�[1]Hic tu qua laetitia
+perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere,
+cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque
+videbis. [2]Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur
+labores tui, jacere humi, non solum [3]ad obsidendum stuprum, verum
+etiam [4]ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno
+maritorum, verum etiam bonis [5]otiosorum. [6]Habes, ubi ostentes,
+illam tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium,
+[7]quibus te brevi tempore conectum senties. 27.�[1]Tantum profeci tum,
+[2]cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut [3]exsul potius tentare quam consul
+vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs te scelerate
+susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
+
+XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae
+querimoniam [4]detester ac deprecer, percipite, [5]quaeso, diligenter
+quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si
+mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si
+omnis res publica sic [6]loquatur; 'M.�Tulli, quid agis? [7]Tune eum,
+quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem
+exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris,
+principem conjurationis, [8]evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum,
+exire patiere, ut abs te non [9]emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem
+videatur? Nonne [10]hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo
+supplicio [11]mactari imperabis? 28.�Quid [1]tandem te impedit? Mosne
+majorum? [2]At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos
+cives morte multarunt. [3]An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio
+[4]rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt,
+civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? [5]Praeclaram
+vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, [6]hominem per te cognitum,
+nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes
+honorum gradus extulit, si [7]propter invidiam aut alicujus periculi
+metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. 29.�Sed si quis est invidiae
+metus, [1]num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam
+inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia,
+vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio
+conflagraturum?'
+
+XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui
+hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum
+[2]factu [3]judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari,
+[4]unius usuram horae [5]gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem.
+[6]Etenim si [7]summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum
+et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non
+contaminarunt, sed etiam [8]honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat,
+ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem
+redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui
+semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
+30.�[1]Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, [2]qui aut ea quae imminent
+non videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: [3]qui spem Catilinae mollibus
+sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo
+corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi,
+verum etiam imperiti, [4]si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie
+factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana
+castra [5]pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat
+conjurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc
+autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem [6]paulisper
+reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi [7]se ejecerit secumque
+suos eduxerit et eodem [8]ceteros undique collectos naufragos
+adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec [9]tam adulta
+rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium.
+
+XIII.--31. Etenim [1]jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis
+conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto [2]omnium
+scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus
+tempus erupit. Quodsi [3]ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur,
+videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati,
+periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque [4]in
+visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, [5]cum
+aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam [6]biberunt, primo relevari
+videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic
+morbus, [7]qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, [8]vehementius
+vivis reliquis ingravescet. 32.�Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a
+bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi,
+discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare
+tribunal [1]praetoris urbani, [2]obsidere cum gladiis curiam,
+[3]malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique
+inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque, [4]quid de re publica sentiat.
+Polliceor vobis hoc, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore
+diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis
+virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione
+[5]omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis.
+33.�[1]Hisce ominibus, Catilina, [2]cum summa rei publicae salute, cum
+tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere
+parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum,
+[3]tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs [4]auspiciis a Romulo es
+constitutus, quem [5]Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,
+hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a�tectis urbis ac
+moenibus a vita fortunisque civium [6]arcebis, et homines bonorum
+inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac
+nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque
+mactabis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+
+This text has two traditional divisions, Chapters and Sections, which
+do not always coincide. Sections that straddle two Chapters are shown
+here as "6a" and "6b":
+
+  CHAPTER I:    Section 1, 2, 3
+  CHAPTER II:   Section 4, 5, 6a
+  CHAPTER III:  Section 6b, 7, 8a
+  CHAPTER IV:   Section 8b, 9, 10
+  CHAPTER V:    Section 11, 12, 13a
+  CHAPTER VI:   Section 13b, 14, 15, 16a
+  CHAPTER VII:  Section 16b, 17, 18
+  CHAPTER VIII: Section 19, 20, 21
+  CHAPTER IX:   Section 22, 23, 24
+  CHAPTER X:    Section 25, 26, 27a
+  CHAPTER XI:   Section 27b, 28, 29a
+  CHAPTER XII:  Section 29b, 30
+  CHAPTER XIII: Section 31, 32, 33]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+� 1.--
+
+1: _quousque--nostra?_ "How far, then, Catiline, will you trample upon
+our patience?" The abrupt opening of the speech shows the feelings of
+the orator whose indignation was naturally aroused when the conspirator
+dared to appear in the Senate after being declared a public enemy
+(_hostis patriae_). --_tandem_: "pray:" cp. +d�ta+. --_abutere_:
+a�future, as shown by _eludet, jactabit_. Cicero prefers the more poetic
+termination _-re_ to _-ris_ in the imperf. and fut. indic. and in the
+pres. and impf. subj. pass. In the pres. indic. he rarely uses it.
+Madvig. ��114.6. --_nostra_: Cicero includes the Senators and Consuls.
+
+2: _etiam_: "still," belongs to _quamdiu_.
+
+3: _furor iste_: note the energy imparted by personifying _furor_ and
+_audacia_. --_iste_ is strictly a pronoun demonstrative of the second
+person: _iste locus_, "the place where you are standing:" _ista verba_:
+"the words you utter." It often had a contemptuous meaning in Cicero's
+orations.
+
+4: _eludet_: "will turn us into mockery:" a�gladiatorial term of
+avoiding a thrust by the rapid movement of the body: hence, to baffle,
+deceive, and, as here, to mock. --_Nos_ is omitted by some editors.
+
+5: _quem--audacia_: "to what length will your unbridled audacity
+proceed?" --_quem ad finem_ = _quousque_ or _quamdiu_. According to
+Schultz _quousque_ puts the more general question of _time_ and
+_degree_: _quamdiu_, the more special question, of _time_ only: _quem
+ad finem_: of _degree_ only.
+
+6: _jactabit_ = _insolenter se efferet: se jactare_, "to toss the head
+contemptuously," "to walk with a conceited swing."
+
+7: _nihilne--moverunt?_ "Have the guards nightly stationed on the
+Palatine nothing daunted you? Nothing, the sentinels of the city;
+nothing, the trepidation of the people; nothing, the thronging together
+of all patriotic (citizens); nothing, this most impregnable place for
+convening the Senate; nothing, the countenances and looks of these?"
+Observe the emphatic position of _nihil_ in the beginning of successive
+clauses (_anaphora_). --_Palatii_: the Palatine hill was adjacent to the
+Forum. It was here that Augustus built a splendid mansion: hence our
+word _palace_ from the residence of the emperor built on the _Palatium_.
+In times of danger the Palatium, one of the most important military
+posts of the city, was occupied by a guard. Originally the word meant
+the "feeding place:" root _pal, pascere_: cp. _Pales, Palilia_. Varro
+derives it from _pal_, "to wander:" cp. _palor_. It may have been the
+"common" for cattle in early days. --_Vigiliae_: under the republic, on
+emergencies, the _triumviri capitales, aediles_ or _tribuni plebis_
+acting as a kind of police appointed night watches to keep order.
+--_timor populi_: cp. Sallust. Cat.: C. 31: _immutata urbis facies erat:
+ex summa laetitia atque lascivia ... repente omnes tristitia invasit_.
+--_bonorum omnium_: with _bonus_: cp. +agathos+, often used in the sense
+of "patriotic," opposed to _malus civis_, +kakos+: "unpatriotic."
+--_locus_: the Senate was usually convened on the Kalends, Nones and
+Ides of each month, and the meeting usually held in the Curia Hostilia.
+Extraordinary meetings (_senatus indictus_) as the present one were
+convened in some temple, or other place consecrated by the augurs. The
+present meeting was held in the temple of Juppiter Stator, near the
+_via sacra_, at the foot of the Palatine, which might be said to be
+_munitissimus_ from the special guard there as well as from its
+position. --_ora vultusque_: the former denotes the natural and habitual
+state, as expressed by the mouth and the lower part of the face: while
+the latter indicates the temporary and changing state, as expressed by
+the motion of the eye and brow.
+
+8: _constrictam--vides_: "do you not see that your conspiracy has
+already come within the privity of all these?" literally, "is held bound
+by." Orelli distinguishes between _non_ and _nonne_ in direct questions.
+Where _non_ is used, the speaker, sure of his opinion, does not heed the
+answer of the opponent; where _nonne_ is used, the speaker expects and
+wishes that the person questioned will agree with him. --_constrictam
+teneri_: the metaphor is taken from chaining a wild beast to which he
+here compares the conspiracy.
+
+9: _proxima_: this speech was delivered November 8th: so _nox proxima_
+would be the night of 7th: --_nox superior_, the night of the 6th, also
+called _nox prior_, ��8. On this occasion they were at the house of
+M.�Porcius Laeca. What they did on the _nox proxima_ we are not
+informed. --_egeris, fueris, convocaveris, ceperis_: subjunctive of
+dependent question: H. 529,�I.
+
+10: _nostr�m_: distinguish _nostrum_ used partitively and _nostri_ used
+possessively.
+
+
+� 2.--
+
+1: _vivit? immo vero_: Cicero often connects a word by putting that word
+in the form of a question with or without _dicam_ and answering it by
+_immo_. According to Madvig, (��454) _immo_ corrects a former statement
+as being quite inaccurate, or too weak, though true as far as it goes.
+--_immo vero_: "nay, indeed."
+
+2: _in senatum venit_: as _vir praetorius_ Catiline had a right to enter
+the Senate.
+
+3: _notat et designat_: a metaphor from the marking of the animals
+appointed for sacrifice. Cicero often uses synonymous words to impress
+the idea more strongly: "he marks and stamps each one of us for
+slaughter:" cp. Leg. Man. 3,�7. _Cives Romanes necandos trucidandosque
+denotavit._
+
+4: _viri fortes_: ironical.
+
+5: _videmur_, scil. _nobis_: "we fancy that we are doing our duty to the
+state."
+
+6: _si--vitemus_: for the subj. in _protasis_, and indic. in _apodosis_,
+see H. 511.
+
+7: _ad mortem--opportebat_: "to death long ago, O�Catiline, ought you to
+have been dragged by the order of the consul?" Note the emphatic
+position of _ad mortem. --duci_: for the present inf: see. H., 537, I.
+--_jussu consulis_: the Senate had entrusted the safety of the State by
+the _decretum ultimum_ (_videant consules, ne quid detrimenti respublica
+capiat_). By the power vested in the consuls in consequence of this
+decree they had the power to put Catiline to death.
+
+8: _in te--machinaris_: "On you should that ruin long since have been
+hurled which you for a long time have been plotting against us all."
+Join _jampridem_ from the previous clause with _conferri_. The present
+tense in Latin with _jamdiu_ includes past tense: cf. +palai leg�+,
+_jamdiu dico_: "I�have long ago told you and do so still."
+--_machinari_; +m�chanasthai+, to plan by _artful_ and _secret_ means:
+_moliri_, to plan by _strong_ effort.
+
+
+� 3.--
+
+1: _An vero_: the original force of _an_ is "or," and when used
+interrogatively the sentence is elliptical. Here we may supply: "Am I
+right in my conjecture or, in fact, did that illustrious man, P.�Scipio,
+chief pontiff, though filling no magistracy, slay Tiberius Gracchus when
+slightly disturbing the settled order of the State." We may conveniently
+translate here _an vero_ by: "while, in fact." The argument here is _a
+minore ad majus_. P.�Cornelius Scipio Nasica consul with D.�Junius
+Brutus 138�B.C. Cicero probably adds _pontifex maximus_ to remind his
+hearers of the high dignity and prudence which a man gifted with this
+office would possess. He also uses _privatus_ because in contrast to
+_consules_, the office of _pontifex maximus_ not being a _magistratus_.
+_Tiberium Gracchum_: see Proper Names --_mediocriter labefactantem_:
+Cicero designedly extenuates the guilt of Gracchus to heighten the
+crimes of Catiline. In fact, the orator represents the guilt of Gracchus
+in different lights according to the exigencies of his cause: cp. De
+Leg. Ag., 2, 5, 10: De Off. II., 12, 43. --_Catilinam_: emphatic
+position: "Catiline, desiring to devastate the world with sword and fire
+shall we consuls tolerate?" --_orbis terrae_: there is little difference
+between _orbis terrae_ and _orbis terrarum_. --_caede atque incendiis_:
+also _ferro et igni_.
+
+2: _illa_: "the following instance:" though only the case of Ahala is
+mentioned, the plural is probably used to intimate that other cases
+might be adduced.
+
+3: _C. Servilius Ahala_: see Proper Names.
+
+4: _novis--studentem_: "aiming to overturn the government:" cp.
++ne�terizein+.
+
+5: _fuit-fuit_: note the emphatic repetition of the word (_epizeuxis_).
+--_ista virtus_: here _ista_ = _illa_: "that well-known public spirit:"
+We may take _virtus_ = _amor patriae_: "patriotism."
+
+6: _ut--coercerent_: "that brave men inflicted severer punishment on a
+factious citizen then on the bitterest foe" --_suppliciis_: abl. means.
+
+7: _senatus consultum_: the decree arming the consuls with civil and
+military power. The formula was _videant consules ne quid respublica
+detrimenti capiat_.
+
+8: _vehemens et grave_: "full of force and severity."
+
+9: _rei publicae_: generally taken as a dative after _deest_: others
+take it as a genitive depending on _consilium_, i.e., there is no lack
+of precedents of the state, i.e., the state have many instances of
+wicked citizens being punished. The state, according to Cicero, has
+enough of wisdom (_consilium_) and determining authority (_auctoritas_),
+but the executive power is weak.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+� 4.--
+
+1: _quondam_: 121�B.C.: see _C. Gracchus_, in Proper Names. In a decree
+of this kind both consuls were named. The other, Q.�Fabius, was at that
+time in that part of Gaul known afterwards as Provincia, and his absence
+from Rome may account for the omission of his name from the decree.
+
+2: _intercessit_: i.e., between the passing of the decree and the death
+of Gracchus.
+
+3: _propter--suspiciones_: another case of extenuation to bring out
+more vividly the guilt of Catiline. Distinguish _susp[)i]c[)i]o,
+susp�c[)i]o_.
+
+4: _patre-majoribus_, scil. _ortus_: abl. of origin. The father of
+C.�Sempronius Gracchus was Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, who twice held the
+consulship (177�B.C., and 163�B.C.), the censorship (169�B.C.), twice
+enjoyed a triumph, once over the Celtiberians, 178�B.C., and once over
+the Sardinians, 175�B.C. The mother of the Gracchi was Cornelia,
+daughter of P.�Scipio Africanus Major, who defeated Hannibal at Zama
+202�B.C. Thus Gracchus united in himself two of the noblest families in
+Rome.
+
+5: _M. Fulvius_: one of the commissioners appointed to carry out the
+_lex agraria_ of C.�Gracchus. He was killed with his eldest son in the
+fray in which Gracchus was slain. The youngest son was killed after the
+conflict.
+
+6: _simili-publica_: some omit the commas after _senatusconsulto_ and
+_consulibus_ and thus make _Mario_, _Valerio_ datives; others retain the
+commas and make these words ablative absolute. The event happened in the
+sixth consulship of Marius, 102�B.C. Lucius Saturninus and C.�Servilius
+Glaucia were guilty of killing C.�Memmius who was seeking the
+consulship. Both Saturninus and Glaucia were driven into the Capitol and
+put to death.
+
+7: _num--est?_ "Did the punishment of death inflicted by the state cause
+L.�Saturninus, the tribune of the people, and C.�Servilius, the praetor,
+to wait for a single day?" --_mors ac rei publicae poena_ = _mortis
+poena a re publica inflicta_.
+--_at vero_: "but we assuredly."
+
+8: _vicesimum diem_: the 18th day since the _senatus consultum_ was
+passed. The decree was passed Oct. 21st and this oration was delivered
+Nov. 8th. The Romans, however, reckoned both days.
+
+9: _aciei_: "the edge:" root _ac_: "sharp."
+
+10: _inclusum in tabulis_: "shut up among our records" i.e. a�useless
+decree unless carried into effect.
+
+11: _quo--convenit_: "and in accordance with this decree, you,
+O�Catiline, should be at once put to death:" with _confestim_: cp.
+_festino_.
+
+12: _et vivis_: rhetorical for _et vivis quidem_ or _idque_.
+--_cupio--cupio_: "I�desire, on the one hand,--I am anxious, on the
+other." --The acc. of pronouns gives more prominence to the circumstance
+wished by disconnecting it from the _cupio_.
+
+13: _dissolutus_: "remiss," "forgetful of duty." Synonymous with
+_neglegens_.
+
+14: _inertiae nequitiaeque_: "of sloth and irresolution."
+
+
+��5.--
+
+1: _castra--collocata_: "a camp is pitched," at Faesulae (now
+_Fiesole_), which lies on a spur of the western slope of the Appenines,
+not far from Florence. At this place Manlius had collected a number of
+soldiers who had served under Sulla.
+
+The term _fauces_, literally "jaws," is often used for a mountain pass:
+cp. Scott: Lady of the Lake: "Led slowly through the pass's jaws."
+
+2: _in dies singulos_: "daily," always joined to some word of
+comparative force and expressing daily increase or diminution:
+_cottidie_, simply daily repetition. --_imperatorem ducemque:
+imperator_, a�military leader deriving his authority from the Senate:
+_dux_, simply a leader.
+
+3: _adeo in Senatu_: "in the very Senate," or as Zumpt (��737) takes it,
+"nay more," "nay even in the Senate."
+
+4: _jam_: "now at once." --_jussero_: the fut. pf. often represents the
+speedy accomplishment of a fut. action.
+
+5: _credo_: used ironically: cp. +oiomai+. Here the word may be
+equivalent to _non erit verendum_.
+
+6: _verendum mihi_, etc.: "I shall have to fear (i.e. I�am convinced)
+that all patriots will regard your death as occuring too late, rather
+than as too severe and cruel," or as Wilkins translates: "Certainly it
+is more likely that all patriots will consider this action too late,
+than that anyone should consider it too cruel." Explain _quisquam_.
+
+7: _certe--adducor_: "for a certain reason, I�am not yet led to do:"
+i.e. the fear of punishing Catiline before his guilt was fully
+ascertained lest he might pass for an injured man with his sympathizers.
+Cicero's object was to cause Catiline and his associates to leave Rome.
+
+8: _interficiere_: i.e. "you will be ordered to be put to death." Others
+read _interficiam te_.
+
+9: _tui similis_: _similis_ in Cicero generally takes _genitive or
+dative_ of persons: _dative_ of things.
+
+10: _qui_ = _ut is_: "as not to confess that it was justly inflicted."
+--_id_, i.e. _te interficiam_ from _interficiere_ before.
+
+
+� 6.--
+
+1: _quisquam_: for use, see H. 457.
+
+2: _multis--oppressus_: "beset by many powerful guards placed by me:"
+note the idiom. Cicero had guards placed not only in the capital, but
+also throughout Italy.
+
+3: _te commovere_: "to make any farther movement:" a�metaphor taken from
+the gladiatorial contests.
+
+4: _fecerunt_ = _speculati sunt et custodiverunt_: the verb _facio_ in
+Latin, and +poie�+ in Greek, and _do_ in English, are often used as
+substitutes for other verbs.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+5: _Etenim--potest?_ This gives a reason for the clause _sed
+vives--possis_.
+
+6: _exspectes_: H. 503, I.
+
+7: _coeptus nefarios_: "your traitorous attempts:" another reading is
+_coetus_.
+
+8: _privata domus_: the house of M. Porcius Laeca.
+
+9: _parietibus_: abl. means. Distinguish _moenia_ (root _mun_, to
+defend: cp. +amunein+), the walls of a city for defensive purposes:
+_murus_ (=�_mun-rus_), any kind of wall: _paries_ (root _par_, to
+separate): the partition walls of a house: _maceria_, a�garden wall.
+
+10: _voces conjurationis_ = _voces conjuratorum_: "the voices of the
+conspirators:" Cicero often uses abstract for concrete terms.
+
+11: _inlustrantur_ opposed to _obscurare_ as _erumpunt_ to _domus ...
+continet_.
+
+12: _istam mentem_: "that resolve of thine," i.e. of remaining in the
+city to murder the people.
+
+13: _mihi crede_ = _me sequere_: "follow my advice:" _mihi crede_ is the
+common order in Cicero: _crede mihi_ in other writers.
+
+14: _teneris undique_: "you are hemmed in (i.e. convicted) on every
+hand."
+
+15: _quae--recognoscas_: "and these plans you may now review with me:"
+Construe: _quae_ (=�_et haec_, scil. _consilia_) _licit_ (_tibi ut_)
+_recognoscas jam mecum_.
+
+
+� 7.--
+
+1: _meministine_ = _nonne meministi_: the particle _-ne_ added to a verb
+has sometimes in Cicero the force of _nonne_. Cp. Cat. Major, C. 10.
+_videtisne_ = _nonne videtis_. So frequently in Terence, Plautus, and in
+colloquial Latin: H. 396, II. I.
+
+2: _ante-Novembres_: "on the 12th day before the Kalends of November,"
+i.e. on October 21st. This anomolous mode of expression probably arose
+from the transposition of _ante_. Having one written _ante die duodecimo
+Kalendas_, they would easily be led to infer that _ante_ governed _die_
+and so would write _ante diem duodecimum Kalendas_. For the method of
+computation of time among the Romans, see H. 642.
+
+3: _certo die, qui dies_: the repetition of the subst. after the
+relation may be explained on the ground of clearness.
+
+4: _audaciae--tuae_: "the partisan and agent of your audacious schemes."
+The words _satelles_ and _administer_ are synonymous, the former being
+more poetical and explained by the latter, which is the more common.
+
+5: _num--dies?_ "was I, O Catiline, ignorant not merely of an attempt so
+enormous, so wicked, so surpassing belief, but, a�thing which is more to
+be wondered at, of the day?" --_me fallit_: cf. _latet me_, +lanthanei
+me+.
+
+6: _caedem--Novembres_: "that you had fixed the 28th October for the
+slaughter of the nobles." The construction is _in diem quintum ante
+Kalendas Novembres_. Predetermination of future time is often expressed
+by _in_ with acc.: as _in diem posterum senatum convocavit_, not "he
+summoned the Senate _on_ the next day," but "_for_ the next day."
+
+7: _optimatium_: is the only word, not a proper name, in _-at_, that
+makes the gen. pl. in _-ium_. --_Roma_: Give rules for the construction
+of the names of towns.
+
+8: _sui conservandi_: _sui_ like _nostri, vestri_ is not a gen. pl. but
+a gen. sing. of an adj. used collectively and abstractly: "not for
+self-preservation:" Madvig, 297, b.�c.: 417.
+
+9: _reprimendorum_: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_: "of
+preventing your plans being carried out." This is probably a rhetorical
+flourish on the part of Cicero, as no such fact is mentioned by Sallust.
+Among those who fled, according to Plutarch, was M.�Crassus.
+--_num--dicebas?_ "Can you deny that on that very day, beset by the
+guards I had placed, by my watchfulness, you could take not one step
+against the state, when on the departure of the others you,
+nevertheless, expressed yourself satisfied with the murder of us who
+remained?" --_discessu ceterorum_: the ablative here supplies the place
+of a participial abl. absol. --_nostra--caede--qui_: the relative is
+made to refer to an antecedent implied in _nostra_: H. 445, 6, --_quum_:
+is often used by Cicero in the impf. indic. when the bare notion of time
+or of continuance is to be expressed. --_remansissemus_: virtual oblique
+narrative: hence the subjunctive.
+
+
+� 8.--
+
+1: _quid_: "further": lit. "what shall I say?" scil. _dicam_.
+
+2: _te--occupaturum_: "that you would anticipate us in seizing Praeneste
+in an attack by night on the first of November." With _occupare_: cp.
++phthanein+: no other writer mentions this fact. --_ipsis_: _ipse_
+denotes exactness in temporal expressions: _triginta ipsi dies_,
+"exactly thirty days."
+
+3: _sensistisne_ = _nonne sensistis_: see note 1, ��7, above.
+
+4: _praesidium_, a guard in a general sense: _custodiae_, watches on the
+wall: _vigiliae_, night watches.
+
+5: _nihil--nihil, nihil_: see note 7, ��1. "There is nothing you do,
+nothing you plan, nothing you think which I do not hear only, but also
+see or clearly perceive." Some read _non modo_ for _non modo non_, which
+the senses requires.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+6: _tandem_: see note 1, � 1. The orator implies by this particle the
+fulness of his knowledge.
+
+7: _noctem illam superiorem_: "the events on the night preceding the
+last:" i.e., the events on the night of the 6th November, when the
+meeting was held at the house of M.�Porcius Laeca. --_illam_ here does
+duty for the definite article in English.
+
+8: _jam--reipublicae_: "You shall presently perceive that I am much more
+actively watchful for the safety of the state than you are for its
+destruction" --_intelliges_: what compounds of _-lego_ have _lexi_ in
+the perfect? --_acrius_?
+
+9: _dico_: this passage is executed with fine skill. At first the orator
+states the fact clearly and briefly. He notes the effect on the
+conspirator and calls for an answer: after no reply is given, Cicero
+goes into details.
+
+10: _priore nocte_: "on the night preceding (the last)": a�change for
+_superiore nocte_. Others say it means _initio noctis_.
+
+11: _inter falcarios_, scil. _opifices_: "through the scythe makers'
+street:" a�street in Rome deriving its name from the occupation of its
+inhabitants. Cp. Isocr. Areopag. ��48: +en tais aul�trisin+: Livy, 35,
+43: _inter lignarios_ "in the woodcutters' street."
+
+12: _in--domum_: is the preposition necessary?
+
+13: _complures_: Sallust (Cat. 17) gives the names of eleven senators
+who were present on this occasion.
+
+14: _amentiae_: distinguish _amentia_ and _dementia_.
+
+15: _convincam_: "I�will prove it."
+
+
+� 9.--
+
+1: _ubinam gentium sumus!_ This phrase is very much the same as ours,
+"where in the world are we?" It is often used in rhetorical writings and
+in the comic poets. For the partitive genitive, see H. 397,�4.
+
+2: _hic, hic_: Epizeuxis: note the emphatic repetition.
+
+3: _patres conscripti_: said to be for _patres et conscripti_. The
+senators were called _patres_. In the wars of the early republic many
+were killed. To fill the place of those slain some were summoned
+(_conscripti_.) Hence the original senators--those summoned--were
+addressed as _patres et conscripti_: afterwards the _et_ was omitted.
+
+4: _in--consilio_: "in this most venerable and respectable assembly of
+the whole world." The term _sanctus_ applied to the senate may refer to
+the building in which it was convened. The usual distinction between
+_consilium_ and _concilium_, that the former means advice, plans, while
+the latter means an assemblage, with regard to those who compose it,
+does not hold good. The roots of these words are different, _consilium_:
+from _con_, _sed_, to sit: cp. _sedes_, _solium_, +hedos+; for the
+change of _d_ to _l_: cp. +dakru+, lacrima; _olere_, _odere_.
+--_concilium_: _con_, _cal_, to summon: cp. _Kalendae_, _calare_,
++kalein+.
+
+5: _qui--cogitent_: "(are men so nefarious) as to plan the destruction
+of every one of us, and the ruin of this city and further of the whole
+world." --_qui_ = _tales ut. --adeo_: literally, "up to this point:"
+then, "in fact."
+
+6: _sententiam rogo_: supply _hos_ from the preceding. _Sententiam rogo_
+is said of the presiding magistrate who, in proposing a _senatus
+consultum_, asked individually the will of the senators.
+
+7: _vulnero_: by mentioning their names publicly.
+
+8: _igitur_: resumes (_analeptic_) the argument referring to the
+question, _num rogare audes?_ Catiline had left this unanswered. Having
+been interrupted by the outbreak of his indignation, the orator now
+returns to the doings of the conspirators at the house of Laeca.
+
+9: _distribuisti_: Sallust (C. 27) informs us that C.�Manlius was sent
+to Faesulae, and the adjoining territory of Etruria: Septimius, into the
+Picene territory: C.�Julius, into Apulia.
+
+10: _statuisti--placeret_: scil: _locum_: "you appointed the place to
+which it was agreed on that each should set out:" For subjunctive in
+_placeret_, see H. 529,�I.
+
+11: _delegisti--educeres_: "you picked out those whom you were to leave
+at Rome, whom you were to take with you." Sallust (Cat. C. 43) says that
+Statilius and Gabinius were to set fire to the city, and Cethegus was to
+assassinate Cicero, and Lentulus to superintend the general massacre.
+
+12: _discripsisti_: _discribo_ is used where the fundamental notion is
+to map out, plan, arrange, put in order, as _distribuere_, _dividere_,
+_disponere_: _describo_ is to write down, to compose. Sallust (Cat. C.
+43) says that the conspirators were to fire twelve (Plutarch says a
+hundred) parts of the city at one and the same time. For _discripsisti_:
+cf. Cic. Pro Sulla,�8: _Tam Catilina dies exurendi tum caeteris manendi
+conditio, tum discriptio totam per orbem caedis atque incendiorum
+constituta est_.
+
+13: _paullulum--morae_: "that you still had even now a slight cause of
+delay." _Paullulus_ is a dual diminutive for _paurululus_ = _paullulus_:
+_u_ being omitted before the first _l_ and the _r_ assimilated: cp.
+_sterula_ = _stella_. --_viverem_: subj.: giving the opinion of
+Catiline.
+
+14: _etiam tum_: is used to express the words of Catilina, not those of
+Cicero.
+
+15: _duo equites_: according to Cic. (Pro Sulla, 18, 52) one was
+C.�Cornelius: Sallust (Cat. C. 18) mentions the Senator L.�Vargunteius
+as the other.
+
+16: _qui--liberarent_: "to free you from the fear you had:" _qui_ =
+_tales ut_.
+
+_illa ipsa nocte_: these knights were to pay their intended visit in the
+morning, where the Roman magistrates and distinguished men held their
+audiences and received their clients.
+
+17: _lectulo_: the diminutive here has scarcely any force. There may be
+a slight reference to its comfort: "my dear bed."
+
+
+� 10.--
+
+1: _vixdum--dimisso_: "when your meeting was hardly as yet broken�up."
+
+_Comperi_: Cicero gained his knowledge from Curius and Fulvia (Sall.
+Cat. C. 28). According to Merivale, Cicero used _comperio_ when he was
+wont to indicate his knowledge of facts, though afraid of revealing the
+sources of his information. The word does not always have this force.
+
+2: _salutatum_: supine after a verb of motion. What different ways of
+expressing a purpose in Latin?
+
+3: _mane_: another form is _mani_: cp. _luci_, _heri_, locatives.
+
+4: _id temporis_: for partitive genitive: H. 397, note�5.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+� 11.--
+
+1: _quae--sint_: "since these facts are so:" often used to sum up a
+chain of facts founded on evidence.
+
+2: _perge quo coepisti_, scil. _pergere_: "proceed as you have begun."
+Conjugate _pergere_.
+
+_desiderant_: "feel the loss of." _desiderare_, to feel the loss of an
+object of love or sympathy: hence "to yearn after;" _requirere_: to feel
+the loss of a thing, as an act of the understanding.
+
+3: _si minus_ = _si non_. Construe: _si minus (educis omnes, educ) quam
+plurimos (educere potes)_.
+
+4: _dummodo--intersit_: cp. Plutarch (Cicero 16): "and Cicero arising
+ordered him to leave the city; for while he himself carried on his
+political contest by words and Catiline by arms, there must needs be a
+city wall between them."
+
+5: _non--sinam_: note the _anaphora_. Cicero uses three synonymous verbs
+to express the thought that he will not endure the conduct of Catiline
+under any circumstances. We may translate: "I�cannot, will not, shall
+not endure�it."
+
+6: _magna--urbis_: "much gratitude is due to the immortal gods and
+especially (_atque_) to this Juppiter Stator, the most ancient guardian
+of our city." Distinguish _gratiam habere_, to feel thankful: _gratias
+agere_, to return thanks in words: _gratiam referre_, to show oneself
+thankful by deeds. Juppiter obtained the name Stator because he is said
+to have stayed the flight of the Romans when they were hard pressed by
+the Sabines. The place where the flight was arrested was marked by a
+temple vowed by Romulus at the foot of the Palatine (Livy I. 12).
+
+7: _quod--effugimus_: "because we have already escaped so often a pest
+so cruel, so dreadful, so dangerous to the state" --_toties_: referring
+to the earlier conspiracy of Catiline which failed.
+
+8: _non--reipublicae_: "it must not again and again depend on one man
+that the existence of the state should be in peril:" or, "the safety of
+the state must not be often exposed to danger by one man." A�similar
+expression is found: Cic. Pro. Rosc. Amer. 51. 148: _summa res publica
+in hujus periculo tentatur_.
+
+9: _consuli designato_: in the days of Cicero the consuls were elected
+on the 22nd October, but did not formally enter upon their office till
+January 1st. Between the time of their election and entering upon
+office they were called _consules designati_. --_proximis comitiis
+consularibus_: referring to Oct. 22nd.
+
+10: _in campo_, scil. _Martio_: the consular elections were held in the
+Campus Martius, a�plain between the city and the Tiber.
+
+11: _competitores_: D. Junius Silanus and L.�Licinius Murena.
+
+12: _compressi--copiis_: on the day of the consular elections, we are
+told by Plutarch, Cicero put on a coat of mail and was attended by the
+chief men of Rome and a great number of youths to the Campus Martius. He
+there threw off his _toga_ and displayed his coat of mail to show the
+danger to which he was exposed. The people were so angry with Catiline
+that they chose Murena and Silanus as consuls.
+
+13: _quotiescumque--obstiti_: "as often as you aimed at my life, by my
+own resources did I oppose you:" _petere_ is a gladiatorial term, "to
+aim a blow at an opponent."
+
+14: _quamquam videbam_: distinguish _quamquam_, introducing a conceded
+fact and in good authors used with the indicative from _quamvis_
+introducing a purely hypothetical case and used with the subjunctive.
+H., 516, I. and�II.
+
+15: _perniciem--conjunctum_: "that my destruction was linked with the
+signal downfall of the state" --_pernicies_: from _per-_ root _nec_: cp.
+_nex_, _noceo_, hence utter destruction --_calamitas_: another form is
+_cadamitas_: from _cado_, to fall: for the interchange of _d_ and _l_:
+cp. _odere_, _olere_: _dingua_, _lingua_.
+
+
+� 12.--
+
+1: _nunc jam_: emphatically, "now" --_jam nunc_: is "even now" (i.e.,
+before the regular time), or "now at last."
+
+2: _denique_: "in a word."
+
+3: _quare--audeo_: "wherefore since I do not yet dare to pursue that
+course which first presents itself and which is in accordance with the
+power (I�hold) and the principles of our ancestors" --_imperii_ genitive
+after _proprium_. What cases may _proprius_ govern? _imperii_ refers to
+the extraordinary power which he had by the decree _videant consules ne
+quid detrimenti respublica capiat_. This decree (_decretum ultimum_)
+armed the consuls with civil and military authority. Others say _imperii
+proprium_ means, "in accordance with this government."
+
+4: _ad--lenius_: "milder as regards severity," or "in point of
+severity." _Ad_ = _quoad, quoad attinet ad, si spectes_. He uses _ad
+communem salutem utilius_ to balance _ad severitatem lenius_.
+
+5: _reliqua--manus_: "a remnant of the conspirators." Ernesti reads
+_aliqua_ for _reliqua_.
+
+6: _sin_: "if, on the other hand."
+
+7: _exhaurietur--reipublicae_: "there shall be drained off from the city
+a great and destructive refuse of the state composed of your comrades."
+_Exhaurio_: cp. +antle�+ properly to drain the bilge water (+antlos+
+_sentina_) out of the hold of a vessel. --_tuorum comitum_: this
+secondary genitive is one of explanation (_expexegetical_).
+
+
+� 13.--
+
+1: _imperante me_: abl. absolute.
+
+2: _faciebas_ = _facere volebas_: Madvig, ��337, obs.�I.
+
+3: _consul hostem_: note the emphatic juxtaposition of these words.
+
+4: _num--exilium_, scil. _jubes me exire_: "You do not order me to go
+into exile, do you?" Distinguish _exilium_, _deportatio_, and
+_relegatio_: see Antiquities.
+
+5: _me consulis_: distinguish _me consulit_, _mihi consulit_, _in me
+consulit_.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+6: _quod--possit_: H., 503, I.
+
+7: _extra--hominum_: "unconnected with that band of conspirators
+composed of worthless men" --_conjuratio_: used in a concrete sense:
+cp. _advocatio_, _servitium_. For subjunctive: H., 500,�I.
+
+8: _quae--est?_ "what stain of domestic infamy has not been branded on
+your life?" Distinguish: _n[)o]t[)a], n�t[)a], n[)o]t�_. The expression
+_nota domesticae turpitudinis_ differs in meaning from _privatarum rerum
+dedecus_: the former relates to moral or immoral domestic life, the
+latter to all private actions as opposed to those that affect a man's
+public character. _Nota_ is applied (1) to the brand on cattle; Virg.
+Georg. 3, 158: (2) to the mark placed on a fugitive slave when retaken:
+(3) to the mark placed by the censor (_nota censoria_) on revising the
+list of citizens, opposite the name of the person degraded. According to
+Plutarch, Catiline had slain his own brother and murdered his own son
+that there might be no obstacle to his marrying Aurelia Orestilla.
+
+9: _quod--fama_: "what scandal in private life does not cling to your
+notorious acts?" Some read _infamiae_, a�dat, after _haeret_, which is
+sometimes found. Give the different constructions of _haerere_.
+
+10: _quae--afuit_: "what act of impurity ever was strange to your eyes,
+what enormity to your hands, what pollution to your whole body?"
+--_libido_; licentiousness, in a general sense; _facinus_, a�bold,
+daring deed, in a bad sense, unless justified by some favourable
+epithet: _flagitium_, a�disgraceful, lustful excess.
+
+11: _cui--praetulisti?_ "to what youth, after you had once entangled him
+by the allurements of vice, did you not hand either a dagger to commit
+some daring deed, or a torch to inflame his passion?" --_adulescentulo_:
+the diminutive is used in a depreciatory sense, since many a weak youth
+was misled by Catiline (Sallust Cat., c. 14). --_facem_: the figure
+refers to the nightly revels and debauches of Catiline. Slaves carried
+torches before their masters at night to show the way. The torch of
+Catiline not merely showed the way to crimes, but served to inflame the
+passions of lust.
+
+
+� 14.--
+
+1: _quid vero?_ scil. _dicam_; "further:" lit. "what, indeed, shall I
+say?"
+
+2: _nuper--cumulasti?_ "When lately by the death of your first wife you
+had rendered your home empty to contract a new marriage, did you not
+aggravate this crime by committing another incredible act of guilt?" It
+is said that Catiline poisoned his first wife and murdered his own son,
+to marry Aurelia Orestilla.
+
+3: _patior_: "I�suffer myself:" a kind of middle form: cp. _glorior_,
+_vescor_, _vertor_, _lavor_.
+
+4: _tanti--immanitas_: "so enormous a crime."
+
+5: _quas--senties_: "which you will find wholly threaten you on the next
+Ides." On the _ides_ it was usual to pay interest on borrowed money, cp.
+Hor. Ep.�2. The _ides_ (_idus_, from _iduare_, to divide) were on the
+13th of each month, except in March, May, July, October, when they fell
+on the 15th. As this oration was delivered on the 8th, Catiline had only
+five days to prepare against bankruptcy. Decline _idus_? What words are
+fem. of 4th decl.?
+
+6: _ad--pertinent_: "to these I come, which concern not the personal
+disgrace which attaches to your vices, (which concern) not the
+embarassment and scandal of your home, but (which concern) the welfare
+of the state and the life and safety of us all." --_ignominiam_:
+referring to his personal crimes. --_difficultatem_: his financial
+difficulties.
+
+
+� 15.--
+
+1: _cum scias_: for subjunctive: H. 522, II.�2.
+
+2: _neminem_: decline this word.
+
+3: _pridie--Januarias_: scil _ante_: "on the day before the Kalends of
+January," i.e. December 31st, Sallust gives an account of this earlier
+conspiracy. The plan was to murder the consuls in the capitol, then
+Catiline and Autronius were to seize the consular power. Suetonius says
+that both Crassus and Caesar were partners in guilt, and that the scheme
+failed because Crassus did not appear at the proper time. A�second time
+(5th February) an attempt was made, but this also failed in consequence
+of Catiline having given the signal too soon before a sufficient number
+of followers had arrived.
+
+4: _Lepido et Tullo consulibus_: M. Aemilius Lepidus and L.�Volcatius
+Tullus were consuls 66�B.C. The _consules designati_ were P.�Autronius
+Paetus and P.�Cornelius Sulla: but these were disqualified for bribery
+and L.�Aurelius Cotta and L.�Manlius Torquatius (their accusers)
+obtained the consulship.
+
+5: _comitio_: distinguish _comitium_ and _comitia_. Where was the
+_comitium_? --_manum--paravisse?_ scil. _potestne--scias_: "that you
+collected a gang to slay the consuls and leading men of the state?"
+
+6: _sceleri--obstitisse?_ "that no reflection or fear of yours, but the
+good luck of the state thwarted your wicked and frenzied attempt!" Is
+_aliquis_ commonly used in negative clauses?
+
+7: _neque--postea_: i.e., _nam quae post a te commissa sunt, ea neque
+obscura sunt, neque panca_.
+
+8: _Consulem designatum_: see note 9, ��11.
+
+9: _petitiones_: see note 7, � 11.
+
+10: _ita--effugi_: "aimed in such a way that they seemed impossible to
+be parried have I avoided by a slight side movement, and, as they term
+it, by (a�deflection of) the body." --_petitio_, _declinatio_, _corpus_,
+_effugio_, are terms of the fencing school purposely used by Cicero to
+show that Catiline was no better than a gladiator: cp. Cic. Cat. II. 2.
+--_ut aiunt_: cp. +h�s phasi+: "as the saying�is."
+
+
+� 16.--
+
+1: _tibi_: ethical dative: H. 389. --_jam_: "ere now." --_de manibus_ is
+explanatory (_epexegetical_) to _tibi_.
+
+2: _excidit_, distinguish _exc�dit_, _exc[)i]dit_.
+
+3: _quae--defigere_: the position of the relative and the indirect
+interrogation is foreign to our idiom, and must be avoided in
+translation: _quae_ = _et haec_, scil. _sica_: "and I know not by what
+(unhallowed) rites it has been consecrated and devoted to its purpose by
+you that you deem it necessary to plunge it in the body of the consul."
+Cicero here refers to the fact that a human sacrifice took place at the
+house of Catiline, and that the dagger used on that occasion was
+dedicated to the purpose of slaying the consuls: cp. Sallust, Cat.
+C.�23.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+4: _tua--ista vita_: "that life that you lead."
+
+5: _sed ut_: construe _sed (tecum loquar) ut misericordia (permotus esse
+videar)_.
+
+6: _nulla_: stronger than _non_: "not at all," "not a particle."
+
+7: _paullo ante_: "a moment ago."
+
+8: _frequentia_: "throng,": cp. _frequens senatus_: "a�crowded senate,":
+--_necessarii_: cp. +anankaioi+. --_salutavit_: among the Romans it was
+customary when they saw their friends or eminent men approaching to rise
+up, and salute or courteously address them.
+
+9: _post--memoriam_: "within the memory of men": cp. Thucy. I. 7: +aph'
+hou Hell�nes memn�ntai+.
+
+_contigit_: generally means, "it befalls" of fortunate occurences, but
+not always.
+
+10: _vocis--contumeliam ... judicio taciturnitatis_: Chiasmus.
+--_vocis--taciturnitatis_ = _loquentium--tacitorum_: "are you waiting
+for reproofs from those speaking, when you are overpowered by the most
+solemn sentence of those, though they are silent." The reference is to
+the fact that the Senate had declared Catiline _patriae hostis_, and had
+received him with silence on entering the Senate.
+
+11: _quid?_ scil. _dicam_. We often find _quid? quod_ used by Cicero in
+rapid rhetorical questions: Madvig., 479, d. obs.�1.
+
+12: _adventu tuo_: see note 9, � 7: _abl. time_.
+
+13: _ista subsellia_: "the benches near you." The seats of the senators
+(_subsellia_) were beneath that of the consul (_sella curulis_), which
+was on a platform.
+
+14: _qui fuerunt_: "who have been often destined for slaughter by you."
+--_tibi_: dat. for abl. with _abs_ = _abs te_. Distinguish _constituti
+sunt_ and _constituti fuerunt_.
+
+15: _nudam atque inanem_: "completely bare:" Cicero often uses two
+epithets of nearly the same meaning to emphasize the idea to be
+conveyed.
+
+16: _tandem_: see note 1, � 1.
+
+
+� 17.--
+
+1: _servi--arbitraris_: a fine example of the argument _a fortiori_.
+The Latins call this _amplificatio_ (Quint. 8, 4,�9), the Greeks
++enthum�ma+, a�rhetorical conclusion, drawn from opposites.
+
+2: _me hercule_: either (1) _me, Hercules juvet_, or (2) _me, Hercules,
+juves_. We also find _me hercules_, _mehercle_, _mercule_, varieties of
+the same oath. For the tendency to drop _s_ final: cp. Peile (Greek and
+Latin Etymology, p. 355).
+
+3: _isto pacto_: "in the way." --_isto_ here does duty for the article
+or may be = _eodem_.
+
+_omnes_: the fellow-conspirators are no longer regarded as citizens by
+Cicero.
+
+4: _urbem_: scil., _relinquendam_.
+
+5: _injuria_: "without any just cause."
+
+6: _offensum_ = _invisum_, _odiosum_.
+
+7: _infestis_: another form is _infensis_: "menacing."
+
+8: _agnoscas_: distinguish _agnosco_, _ignosco_, _cognosco_,
+_recognosco_, in meaning.
+
+9: _dubitas--vitare_: when _dubito_ means "to doubt:" _non dubito_ is
+properly construed with _quin_ and the subjunctive, rarely with the
+infinitive. But when _dubito_ means "to scruple," "to hesitate," and the
+sentence following contained the same subject, _non dubito_ is generally
+construed with the infinitive.
+
+10: _mentes sensusque_: "souls and senses."
+
+11: _aliquo_: "to some place or other."
+
+12: _nunc_ = +nun de+, "but now, as it is," used to contrast _actual_
+and _imagined_ condition.
+
+13: _jamdiu--cogitare_: "and for a long time has it come to the
+conclusion that you have been planning nothing but her ruin." --_nihil =
+de nulla re_. --_parricidio_ = _interitu_, because _patria_ is regarded
+_communis parens_. According to Roman law _parricidium_ included the
+murder of intimate friends as well as of parents.
+
+14: _verebere_: _vereor_, a religious reverence due to a superior:
+_pertimesco_, an excessive dread of impending calamity.
+
+
+� 18.--
+
+1: _quae--loquitur_: a fine personification. Note the _oxymoron_ in
+_tacita--loquitur_.
+
+2: _nullum_: note the emphatic positions of _nullum--nullum_.
+
+3: _neces_: alluding to the murders which Catiline perpetrated as a
+partisan of Sulla, during the dictatorship of the latter.
+
+4: _sociorum_: in 67 B.C. Catiline was propraetor of Africa. In 65�B.C.
+he was accused by P.�Clodius Pulcher, the inveterate enemy of Cicero,
+for cruel oppression of the provincials, but he succeeded in buying off
+the accuser, and the persecution came to nothing.
+
+5: _tu--valuisti_: "you had power enough not only to disregard the
+judicial trials, but also to subvert them and weaken their power."
+Distinguish _jus_, what the law ordains, or the obligations it imposes,
+from _lex_, a�written statute or ordinance. --_quaestiones_: the
+_praetor urbanus_ and _praetor peregrinus_ dispensed justice in private
+and less important cases. In case of any magnitude the people acted as
+jury themselves, or appointed one or more to preside at the trial. Those
+appointed were called _quaesitores_ or _quaestores_. In 150�B.C. _four_
+permanent praetors were appointed to aid the _praetor urbanus_ and
+_praetor peregimus_. One had charge of all cases of extortion; another,
+of bribery; another, of treason; another, of frauds against the public
+treasury. These four classes of trials were called _quaestiones
+perpetuae_.
+
+_superiora_: "former acts of yours."
+
+6: _nunc--ferendum_: "but now that I should be wholly on your account
+the slave of fear, that in every, even the least rumour, Catiline should
+be dreaded, that no plot seems possible to be entered into, in which
+your villany has no share (these things, I�say), are not to be endured."
+--_totam_: fem: referring to _patriam_.
+
+7: _ne--opprimar_: scil. _discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe_.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+� 19.--
+
+1: _Impetrare_: "to obtain its request:" i.e. _ut ex urbe exeas_.
+
+2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, � 16.
+
+3: _custodiam_: when a person of rank was suspected of any treasonable
+act, he generally surrendered himself into the hands of some responsible
+person, to be guarded until his guilt or innocence was established. This
+was called _custodia libera._
+
+4: _apud M'_: another reading is _ad M._ The person was Manius (not
+Marcus) Lepidus who held the office of consulship with Volcatius Tullus
+B.C.�68.
+
+_domi meae_: would _domi_ with other adjectives be allowable?
+
+5: _isdem parietibus_: here the idea of _means_ is combined with that of
+place: H. 425, II., 1.1.
+
+_qui--essem = quippe qui--essem_: "inasmuch as I was in great danger."
+
+_quod--contineremur_: when does _quod_ take the indicative and when the
+subjunctive: H. 516, I., II.?
+
+6: _sodalem_: "your boon companion:" distinguish _socius_ (root _sec_,
+to follow, hence _sequor_), a�follower: _consors_, a�partner in lot:
+_comes_, a�companion on a journey: _sodalis_, a�boon companion.
+
+7: _virum optimum_: probably ironical: nothing is known of him, except
+that he was weak and simple.
+
+8: _videlicet_ and _scilicet_: "no doubt": both introduce an explanation
+with the difference, that the former generally indicates the true, the
+latter, the wrong explanation, though sometimes, as in the present
+passage, the meanings are reversed. Z. 345.
+
+9: _ad vindicandum_: "in bringing you to punishment."
+
+_a vinculis_: the state prison which was used to detain prisoners, not
+for penal imprisonment in opposition to (_custodia libera_) private
+custody.
+
+10: _qui_ = _quippe qui_: H., 517.
+
+
+� 20.--
+
+1: _quae cum ita sint_: see note.
+
+2: _emori_: another reading is _morari_, antithetical to _abire_.
+
+3: _refer ad senatum_: "bring up (the matter scil. _rem_) before the
+Senate." --_referre_ is the technical term to express the laying of the
+subject for debate before the Senate, which was done by the consul or
+presiding magistrate: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement of
+anything: _placere_, is the usual term to express the decision of the
+Senate. The aristocratic party had advised Catiline to go into exile,
+preferring that he should take this course rather than that they should
+have an open conflict with him.
+
+4: _sibi--decreverit_: "shall decree by their vote." The senators voted
+"yea" or "nay" by saying _placet_ or _non placet_.
+
+5: _abhorret--moribus_: "is inconsistent with my character." The fact is
+the Senate could not pass a sentence of exile.
+
+6: _si--expectas_: "if it is this word (exile) you are waiting for."
+
+7: _patiuntur--tacent_: i.e., they suffer me to use this bold language
+to you and still they raise no word on your behalf.
+
+8: _quid--perspicis?_ "why do you wait for the sentence of these in
+words, where will you perceive, though they are silent?"
+
+
+� 21.--
+
+1: _huic_: "who is present." P. Sestius Gallus was quaestor to the
+consul Antonius who as _tribunus plebis_ in 57 B.C. was active for
+Cicero's recall from banishment. Cicero defended him in 56�B.C. in an
+action _de vi_.
+
+2: _vim--intulisset_: "would have laid violent hands on me:" a�species
+of hendiadys. Even his dignity as consul, and the sacred shrine of
+Juppiter Stator would not have shielded him.
+
+3: _quiescunt probant_: _patiuntur_, _decernunt_: _tacent_, _clamant_:
+note these examples of _oxymoron_.
+
+4: _cives_, scil. _idem faciunt_ i.e. _silentio probant_. The _equites_
+formed the second or middle order of the Roman State.
+
+5: _prosequantur_: those who went into voluntary exile were often
+accompanied to the gates by their friends. An escort is promised
+Catiline to express the delight in getting rid of him.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+� 22.--
+
+1: _quamquam_: cp. +kaitoi+; "and yet," used here as a corrective
+particle.
+
+2: _te_; scil. _sperandumne sit fore ut_: "is it to be expected that
+anything will break your resolve?" Note the emphatic positions of _te_,
+_tu_, _tu_, _tu_. What feelings do these interrogations express?
+
+3: _duint_ = _dent_: often used in religious formulas. Give the
+construction of _utinam_: H., 483,�I.
+
+4: _animum induxeris_: Cicero uses the form _animum inducere_ (except in
+Pro Sulla, 30, 83) and Livy always _in animum in pucere_.
+
+5: _quanta--impendeat_: "what a storm of unpopularity threatens me, if
+not at present, on account of the memory of your crimes being fresh,
+still in the future time." --_recenti_ = _memoria_: abl. of cause. --_in
+posteritatem_ = _in posterum tempus_. _impendeat_: indirect question.
+
+6: _sed--sejungatur_: "but (the unpopularity you threaten) willingly
+will I undergo (literally, pays me well) provided the loss which you
+forbode is confined to myself and does not involve danger to the State."
+--_tanti_: genitive of price. The subject of _est_ is _invidiam istam
+mihi impendere_.
+
+7: _ut--ut--ut_: these three clauses are explained by the three
+beginning with _aut, aut, aut_. --_pudor_ = +aid�s+; "a�sense of shame,
+or modesty."
+
+
+� 23.--
+
+1: _conflare_: a metaphor taken from metals: literally, "to smelt
+together:" hence "to heap upon."
+
+2: _recta_, scil. _via_: "straightway."
+
+3: _vix--vix_: note the emphatic positions: "hard will it be for me to
+bear the weight of the unpopularity caused by you, if you go into exile
+by the order of the consul," --_sermones_: "the censure:" cp. our
+expression "to be the talk of the town." _feceris_: see note 4, ��6.
+
+4: _sui--mavis_: "but if, however, you prefer to consult my praise and
+glory." _laus--gloria_ are originally derived from the same root CLU,
+"to hear:" _laus_ = _(c)lau(d)s_: _gloria = clu-oria_.
+
+5: _exsulta--latrocinio_: "triumph in your impious bandit war." _latro_:
+properly a mercenary soldier who serves for pay (+latreia+): afterwards,
+"a�brigand." _impio_: as being against his native land: cp. _pietas erga
+patriam_, "patriotism."
+
+
+� 24.--
+
+1: _quamquam_: see note 1, � 22. _invitem_: rhetorical question: H. 529.
+
+2: _qui--armati?_ "to wait for you arms near Forum Amelium." _ad_
+before the name of towns denotes (1) direction; (2) proximity, as in
+this passage. Towns were called _Fora_, by the Romans, where the praetor
+held his circuits for administering justice and where markets were
+established. The town mentioned here was in Etruria between the Armenta
+(_Fiora_) and Marta, not from the sea. It is now called _Monte Alto_. It
+derived its name from one Aurelius, who built the _Via Aurelia_ from
+Rome to Pisa.
+
+_praestolarentur_: the word _praestolari_, is "to wait for" said of a
+subordinate who performs some services for a superior.
+
+3: _pactam--diem_: from what verb is _pactam_? --_dies_, in the sense of
+a "fixed day" is usually feminine.
+
+4: _aquilam_: the same that Marius carried in his Cimbric war. Catiline
+fell beside it at Pistoria (Gall. Cat. C. 59). A�silver eagle with
+extended wings, and on the top of a spear was the ensign of the whole
+legion. The _signa_ were the standards of the _manipuli_ and the
+_vexillum_ is the standard of the cavalry.
+
+5: _cui--fuit_: "for which the secret place where you concocted your
+crimes was prepared in your house." The eagle was usually kept in a part
+of the _praetorium_ which was consecrated (_sacrarium_).
+
+6: _tu--solebas_: scil. _credendumne sil fore_: "is it to be believed
+that you could any longer be without this, to which you when setting out
+to slaughter were wont to pay your vows?"
+
+7: _altaribus_: only plural in classical Latin.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+� 25.--
+
+1: _haec res_: i.e. _hoc bellum contra patriam, haec civium caedes_.
+
+2: _quandam--voluptatem_: "a kind of delight, (really) inconceivable."
+
+3: _ad--servavit_: "it was for this mad career that nature gave you
+being, inclination trained you, fate reserved you:" distinguish
+_amentia_, and _dementia_.
+
+4: _non modo_, for the omission of _non_ after _non modo_, see Madvig.,
+��461,�C. When the sentence is negative, _non modo = non modo non_, the
+second _non_ being omitted, if both sentences have the same verb, and if
+the verb is contained in the second sentence, for the negative is thus
+considered to belong conjointly to both sentences. Z. 724.,�b.
+
+5: _otium_: "peace," opposed to _bellum_.
+
+6: _nefarium_: "unhallowed," as involving _impietas contra patriam_.
+
+7: _nanctus es_: "you have got together." --The orator is _atque (ex)
+derelictis ab non modo omni fortuna, verum etiam (a) spe_.
+
+8: _conflatam_: a metaphor taken from metals, "smelted together," hence
+"collected."
+
+
+� 26.--
+
+1: _hic_: i.e. _inter ejusmodi hominum gregem_. --_qua--perfruere_:
+"what gratification will you experience." Notice the climax in this
+sentence.
+
+2: _ad--tui_: "it was for the earnest prosecution of this life that
+these feats of endurance, which are made so much of, were practised."
+--_meditari_: is used passively: as _abominatus, amplexus, confessus,
+detestatus, dimensus, exsecratus, moderatus, suetus_. M. 153. With
+_meditari_: cp. +meletan+.
+
+3: _ad--stuprum_: "to watch for an opportunity to commit an act of
+debauchery." = _ad tempus stupro opportunum observandum_. The infinitive
+clauses _jacere, vigilare_, are in opposition with _labores_.
+
+4: _ad--obeundum_: "to execute some daring deed."
+
+5: _otiosorum_: "the peaceable citizens." Another reading is
+_occisorum_.
+
+6: _habes--omnium_: "you have (now) an opportunity of showing the
+renowned endurance you have for withstanding hunger, cold, (and) a�need
+of all things:" cp. Sallust, Cat. C., 5: _corpus potiens inediae,
+vigiliae, algoris, supra quam unquam credibile est_.
+
+7: _quibus_: to be referred to _famis, frigoris, inopiae_, not to
+_omnium rerum_.
+
+
+� 27.--
+
+1: _tantum confeci_: "this much, I gained."
+
+2: _quum--reppuli_: at the last election, Cicero adopted these measures
+especially aimed at Catiline: a�bill to increase the penalty against
+bribery (_ambitus_); by disarranging the plans of Catiline in putting
+off the elections, and appearing in the Campus Martius in armour.
+
+3: _exul--consul: latrocinium--bellum_: note the _paronomasia_.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+4: _detester ac deprecer_: both these words mean "to seek to remove
+anything from one, such as blame, &c., by calling the gods to witness
+(_testari deos_) and by imploring (_precari_) their aid." Note the
+middle force of these deponents.
+
+5: _quaeso_: conjugate this verb.
+
+6: _loquatur_: see � 18.
+
+7: _tune_: join with _exire patiere_.
+
+8: _evoratorum servorum_: Catiline, however, refused the help of slaves
+(Sallust, Cat. C., 56), though Lentulus urged him to use these.
+
+9: _emissus--immissus_: paronomasia.
+
+10: _hunc--duci_: what is the usual construction of _imperari_? H.
+498,�I. The infinitive with _imperare_ is always passive.
+
+11: _mactari_: the official word of sacrifice, "to slay a victim." It
+is connected with old verb _magere_: probably "to strike:" cp. +mach�+,
+hence "to kill."
+
+
+� 28.--
+
+1: _tandem_: cp. note 1, � 1. Cicero shews that neither precedent, nor
+laws, nor the judgment of future generations deter Catiline.
+
+2: _At_: introduces the objection of an opponent: "Yes, but." Cicero
+refers here to the case of P.�Scipio Nasica who headed the nobility
+against Tib. Gracchus.
+
+3: _an leges?_ Principally the _leges Valeriae_, and _leges Porciae_.
+The former were proposed by (1) P.�Valerius Poplicola 509 B.C. which
+enacted that no Roman magistrate should put to death or flog a Roman
+citizen if he had appealed to the people: (2) in 449�B.C. L.�Valerius
+Potitus enacted that no magistracy should be held with an exemption from
+appeal: (3) in 300�B.C. M.�Valerius Corvus brought in a bill sanctioning
+the other laws on the subject of appeal. The _leges Porciae_ were
+proposed by three of the _Porcii_, and exempted from stripes the persons
+of Roman citizens, and imposed heavy fines on any one who should scourge
+or kill a Roman citizen.
+
+4: _rogatae sunt_: "have been passed." The people at the _comitia_ were
+_asked_ to pass a law by the presiding magistrate in the words
+"_velitis, jubeatis, Quirites_." Hence _rogare legem_, "to pass a bill."
+When the people voted _two_ ballots were usually given them, one marked
+with the letters U R (i.e. _uti rogas_ or "yea"), and the other with A
+(i.e. _antiquo, antiqua probo_, "I�annul").
+
+5: _praeclaram gratiam_: "a fine return:" strongly ironical.
+
+6: _hominem--cognitum_: i.e. _hominem novum_: the Romans applied the
+term (_novus homo_) to the first of a family who had raised himself to a
+consul office, _tam mature_: the _lex annalis_ enacted that no one could
+obtain the _quaetorship_ till he was 31; the _aedileship_ till 37; the
+_praetorship_ till 41; and the _consulship_ till 43. Cicero means that
+he obtained these offices as soon as he was eligible to hold them.
+
+7: _propter invidiam_: "because of too disquieting fear of
+unpopularity."
+
+
+� 29.--
+
+1: _num--pertimescenda?_ "Is the ill-will arising from a strict and a
+firm discharge of duty to be feared rather than that arising from
+indolence and indifference."
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+2: _factu_: give rules for the use of the supines: H. 547.
+
+3: _judicarem_: this tense in the _protasis_ with the plupf. in the
+_apodosis_, denotes that the action is going on simultaneously.
+
+4: _unius--horae_: "the enjoyment of a single hour." _Usura_: properly
+"interest" paid for the _use_ of capital.
+
+5: _gladiatori isti_: contemptuously.
+
+6: _etenim_: "and (well may I make this assertion), for:" cp. +kai gar+.
+
+7: _summi viri_: referred to the _magistratus; clarissimi cives_, to the
+_viri privati_.
+
+8: _honestarunt_=_decoraverunt_: "graced."
+
+
+� 30.--
+
+1: _quamquam_ = +kaitoi+, corrective: "and yet."
+
+2: _qui--dissimulent_: "of such a character that they either are blind
+to those evils which threaten us, or profess blindness in regard to the
+things they see." _Qui_ = _tales ut_: H. 501: this explains this
+subjunctive.
+
+3: _qui--aluerunt_ = _hi--aluerunt_: not to be connected with _nonnulli
+sunt_, as this would require _aluerint_.
+
+4: _si--animadvertissem_: "if I had punished him,": with such a meaning
+understand _supplicio_: the preposition _in_ is necessary when the
+meaning is "to punish with an authoritative and steady hand." _regie_:
+"in a tyrannical manner."
+
+5: _pervenerit_: fut. perf.
+
+6: _paulisper--posse_: "may for a season be repressed, but cannot for
+ever be suppressed"; _reprimo_: to hold in check merely for a short
+time; _comprimo_: to completely check.
+
+7: _se ejecerit_ scil. _ex urbe_.
+
+8: _ceteros naufragos_: "the rest of his shipwrecked band of followers":
+i.e., shipwrecked in character and fortune by reason of their excesses.
+
+9: _tam adulta pestis_: "this fully developed plague-poison": _adulta_:
+from root _ul, ol, al_, "high."
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+� 31.--
+
+1: _jamdiu_: for the space of three years from the consulate of Lepidus
+and Tullus, 66�B.C.; _nescio quo pacto_: "in some way or other":
+literally, "I�know not on what terms": cp. +ouk oida hontina tropon+,
+_nescio quo modo_.
+
+2: _omnium--erupit_: a�pregnant construction as if he had meant: "all
+these crimes have been a-ripening up to, and the continued career of
+frenzy and boldness have burst forth in, the time of my consulship." The
+metaphor is probably borrowed from an ulcer, bursting when ripe.
+
+3: _ex tanto latrocinio_ = _ex tot latronum numero_, _latrocinium_ =
+_latrones_, cp. _servitium_ = _servi_: _conjuratio_ =
+_conjurati--residebit_: the metaphor is taken from a subtle poison in
+the system. The state is looked upon by the orator as the body, the
+conspiracy as the fever, and the execution of Catiline as the draught of
+cool water which momentarily refreshes.
+
+4: _visceribus_: _viscera_ were the upper vitals, including the heart,
+lungs, liver, &c: _intestina_, were the liver vitals. Observe the force
+of _atque_ and the repetition of the preposition.
+
+5: _cum--jactantur_: there is no hendiadys here, but merely an
+accumulation of synonymous terms. Observe the middle force of
+_jactantur_: "toss themselves about."
+
+6: _biberint_: Madvig reads _biberunt_.
+
+7: _qui est_: "which exists." --_relevatus_: "mitigated."
+
+8: _vehementius--ingravescet_: "shall become more chronic if the others
+are allowed to live": _vivis reliquis_: abl. abs.
+
+
+� 32.--
+
+1: _praetoris urbani_: L. Valerius Flaccus was _Praetor Urbanus_ at this
+time, and the partisans of Catiline thronged around his _tribunal_ to
+intimidate him when delivering judgment in cases of debt.
+
+2: _obs�d[)e]re--curiam_: "to beset the senate house in arms." Romulus
+divided the people into three tribes (_tribus_) and each tribe was
+divided into ten wards (_curiae_). Each _curia_ had a temple for the
+performance of its religious rites and for holding political meetings:
+the root is _cur_: "to be powerful;" cp. Quirites, hence, "the powerful
+men": +kurios, koiranos+-- _cum gladiis_ = _armati_.
+
+3: _malleolos_: properly _malleolus_, is "a hammer," the tranverse head
+of which was formed for holding pitch and tow. These latter were set on
+fire and thrown slowly that they might not be extinguished, to ignite
+houses and other buildings. Translate "fire-darts."
+
+4: _quid--sentiat_: "what his sentiments are respecting the state:" dep.
+quest. --_polliceor--fore_: what verbs are construed with the future
+infinitive?
+
+5: _patefacta--oppressa_: note the balancing of these words, and the
+_asyndeton_.
+
+
+��33.--
+
+1: _hisce ominibus_: "with these prophetic words": a�kind of abl.
+absolute.
+
+2: _cum--exitio_: "with the best interests of the republic (fully
+established), and with your own calamity and ruin (fully assured) and
+with the destruction of these": _cum_ here denotes an accompanying
+circumstance as a result or consequence of an action: z, 472.
+
+3: _tu_: addressing the statue of Juppiter in the temple of Juppiter
+Stator.
+
+4: _auspiciis_: not only temples but also statues were consecrated, by
+taking auspices.
+
+5: _statorem_: "the flight staying": see note 6, ��11. A�kind of
+rhetorical exaggeration, as the temple was only viewed by Romulus and
+built much later; Livy x.�37.
+
+6: _arcebis_: with a softened imperative force: so also _mactabis_.
+
+
+
+
+PROPER NAMES.
+
+
+A
+
+Ah�la, -ae: m.: _Caius Servilius Ahala_ was master of the horse to the
+dictator Cincinnatus, 439�B.C.�Spurius Maelius, one of the _Equites_,
+bought corn at a low rate and distributed it gratuitiously to the poor.
+By this he gained the favour of the plebeians, but incurred the enmity
+of the patricians. When he was summoned by the dictator to appear on the
+charge of aiming at royal power, he refused, and Ahala, with an armed
+band, rushed into the crowd where he was standing, and slew him. Cicero
+often praises the deed of Ahala, but it is doubtful whether it can be
+defended.
+
+E
+
+Etr�r[)i]a, -ae: f.: a large district of Italy, lying west and north of
+the Tiber. This part of Italy was generally favorable to Catiline. In it
+were _Faesulae_, and _Pistoria_, where Catiline fell, 62�B.C.
+
+F
+
+Faesulae, �rum: f.: now _Fiesole_, near Florentia (_Florence_), in
+Etruria. Here Catiline raised the standard of rebellion.
+
+F[)o]rum Aur�l[)i]um, F[)o]ri Aur�l[)i]i: n.: a�town of Etruria, on
+the Aurelian way; now _Monte Alto_.
+
+Flaccus, -i: m.: _M. Fulvius Flaccus_ was charged with the execution
+of the Agrarian law of the Gracchi, and aided Tib. Gracchus to gain for
+all the Italians the rights of Roman citizenship. He was cited along
+with the consul Opimius to render an account of his conduct with regard
+to the revolutionary measures then proposed. This he refused to obey,
+and was slain along with his eldest son.
+
+Fulvius, -i: m.: see preceding.
+
+G
+
+Gracchus, -i: m.: _Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus_ and _Caius Sempronius
+Gracchus_ were sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and of Cornelia,
+Daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. The object of both brothers was to
+have the public lands divided and given to the poor, by allowing no one
+to hold more than 500 _jugera_ of land. The state was to compensate the
+wealthy for all the loss. Both brothers fell in the sedition that arose
+out of their revolutionary schemes: Tiberius in 132�B.C., and Caius in
+122�B.C.
+
+I
+
+It[)a]l[)i]a, -ae: f.: Italy, a country of Southern Europe.
+
+J
+
+J�n[)u]�r[)i]us, -a, -um: adj.: of or belonging to _January_.
+
+Jupp[)i]ter, J[)o]vis: m.: Juppiter, the supreme god of Roman
+mythology.
+
+L
+
+Laeca, -ae: m.: _M. Porcius Laeca_, an accomplice of Catiline, who
+convened at his house the leading members of the conspiracy.
+
+L[)e]p[)i]dus, -i: m.: _M'. Lepidus_, consul with L.�Volcatius Tullus
+67�B.C.
+
+L[)e]p[)i]dus, -i: m.: _M. Lepidus_, consul with Catulus 79�B.C.
+
+M
+
+Mael[)i]us, -i: m.: _Spurius Maelius_, a�Roman _Eques_, who attempted
+to gain regal power at Rome by securing the favour of the plebeians 449
+B.C. This he tried to do by supplying corn at a low rate. He was
+summoned to appear before Cincinnatus, the dictator, but refused, and
+was slain by Ahala.
+
+Manl[)i]�nus, -a, -um: adj.: of or belonging to Manlius.
+
+Manl[)i]us, -i: m.: _Caius Manlius_, an accomplice of Catiline, and
+sent to Etruria to collect troops. He commanded the right wing of
+Catiline's army at Pistoria, and "foremost fighting fell."
+
+Marcellus, -i: m.: _Marcus Marcellus_, an accomplice and intimate
+friend of Catiline.
+
+M[)e]tellus, -i: m.: _Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer_, praetor in 63�B.C.
+He was despatched by Cicero into the Gallic and Picene districts to
+raise a force against Catiline. He was consul 61�B.C., and poisoned by
+his wife Clodia 59�B.C.
+
+N
+
+N[)o]vembris, -e: adj.: belonging to November.
+
+O
+
+Op�m[)i]us, -i: m.: _Lucius Opimius_ was consul in 122�B.C. He opposed
+the designs of C.�Gracchus.
+
+P
+
+P[)a]l�t[)i]um, -i: n.: the Palatine hill was the largest of the seven
+hills on which Rome was built. Romulus laid here the foundation of the
+city, and here in the imperial period were the residences of the Roman
+emperors.
+
+Praeneste, -is: n.: now _Palestrina_, an ancient city of Latium, 23
+miles S.E. of Rome. Its citadel was remarkable for the strength of its
+position.
+
+R
+
+R�ma, -ae: f.: Rome, a celebrated town on the Tiber.
+
+R�m�nus, -a, -um: adj.: of or belonging to Rome: _Roman_.
+
+R�m[)u]lus, -i: m.; the founder of Rome and king of the city from
+753-715�B.C.
+
+S
+
+S�turn�nus, -i: m.: _L. Saturninus_, a�tribune of the people and a
+violent partisan of Marius, who abetted him in his numerous misdeeds. He
+is said to have caused the death of C.�Memmius 102�B.C. At length, after
+many cruel acts, the people became aroused against him, and he was slain
+in the forum.
+
+Sc�p[)i]o, -�nis: m.: _P. Cornelius Scipio Nas�ca_ was consul 138�B.C.
+His character was held in the highest estimation by his countrymen. He
+opposed the measures of Gracchi. After the death of Tiberius Gracchus,
+unpopularity overtook Scipio, and he was sent to Asia, where he died of
+chagrin.
+
+Servilius, -i: m.: _C. Servilius Glaucia_, a�seditious and profligate
+individual, put to death 121�B.C.
+
+Stator: "the flight staying:" an epithet of Juppiter.
+
+T
+
+Tull[)i]us, -i: m.: _M. Tullius Cicero_. See Introduction.
+
+Tullus, -i: m.: See _M'. Lepidus_.
+
+V
+
+V[)a]l�r[)i]us, -i: m.: _L. Valerius_ a partner of Marius in the
+consulship, 121�B.C.
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+  a. _or_
+    act. ....... active.
+  abl. ......... ablative.
+  acc. ......... accusative.
+  adj. ......... adjective.
+  adv. ......... adverb.
+  cp. .......... compare.
+  com. gen. .... common gender.
+  comp. ........ comparative degree.
+  conj. ........ conjunction.
+  dat. ......... dative.
+  def. ......... defective.
+  dem. ......... demonstrative.
+  dep. ......... deponent.
+  dim. ......... diminutive.
+  f. ........... feminine.
+  fr. .......... from.
+  fut. ......... future.
+  freq. ........ frequentative.
+  gen. ......... genitive.
+  Gr. .......... Greek.
+  imperat. ..... imperative.
+  impers. ...... impersonal.
+  inc. ......... inceptive.
+  inch. ........ inchoative.
+  ind. ......... indicative.
+  indecl ....... indeclinable.
+  indef. ....... indefinite.
+  inf. ......... infinitive.
+  intens. ...... intensive.
+  interj. ...... interjection.
+  interrog. .... interrogative.
+  m. ........... masculine.
+  n. ........... neuter.
+  nom. ......... nominative.
+  num. ......... numeral.
+  part. ........ participle.
+  pa. .......... participal adjective.
+  pass. ........ passive.
+  perf. ........ perfect.
+  pl. .......... plural.
+  pluperf. ..... pluperfect.
+  pos. ......... positive degree.
+  poss. ........ possessive.
+  prep. ........ preposition.
+  pres. ........ present.
+  pret. ........ preteritive.
+  pron. ........ pronoun.
+  rel. ......... relative.
+  semi-dep. .... semi-deponent.
+  sing. ........ singular.
+  subj. ........ subjunctive.
+  sup. ......... superlative degree.
+  voc. ......... vocative.
+  = ............ equal to.
+
+_N.B._--Where the etymology is not given, the word is of very uncertain
+or unknown origin.
+
+
+
+
+VOCABULARY.
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+
+Most verbs are given in a non-standard order, with the present active
+infinitive placed _after_ the other principal parts. Exceptions are
+mainly irregular verbs such as _eo_, _ferre_, _fio_, _volo_ and their
+compounds.]
+
+
+A
+
+�, ab, abs, prep. with abl. (a, only before consonants; ab, before
+vowels and consonants). _From, away from; by_ [akin to Gr. +ap-o+].
+
+ab-eo, �re, �i, [)i]tum, v. n. [ab, "away;" [)e]o, "to go"] _To go away,
+depart._
+
+ab-horreo, horrui, no sup., horr�re, n. and a. [ab, "from;" horreo, "to
+dread"] _To be averse_ or _disinclined to; to be free from._
+
+ab-sum, esse, fui, n. irreg. _To be away from; to be absent._
+
+ab-�tor, �sus sum, uti, dep. n. [ab, "away from," hence "wrongly;" utor,
+"I�use"] _To misuse, abuse._
+
+ac, conj. (used before consonants). _And._
+
+�cer, �cris, �cre, adj. [AC, "to sharpen"] _Sharp, severe._
+
+�c-erb-us, a, um, adj. (ac-er) _Unripe, sour; violent._
+
+�c-[)i]es, i�i, f. (ac-er) _An edge, point._
+
+�cr-[)i]ter, adv. (�cer) _Strongly, sharply, keenly._
+
+ad, prep. with acc.
+  Locally: (a) _To, towards_. --(b) _Before_ a place.
+  --_Up to_ a certain time.
+  --With Gerunds or Gerundives: _For, for the purposes of._
+
+ad-d�co, duxi, ductum, d�c[)e]re, a. [ad, "to;" duco, "I�lead"] _To lead
+to; induce, lead._
+
+ad-eo, adv. _So far; so long; so much._
+
+ad-fero, ferre, attuli, all�tum, irr. a. (ad; fero) _To bring to,
+bring._
+
+adflic-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a., intens. (for adflig-to, fr. adflig-o).
+_To greatly trouble, harass, annoy._
+
+ad-grego: see aggrego.
+
+ad-hibeo, hibui, hibitum, h[)i]b�re, a. (ad; habeo) _To apply to, to
+use, employ._
+
+ad-huc, adv. _Thus far, up to this time._
+
+ad-minister, tri, m. [ad, "to;" ministro, "to serve"] _A servant,
+assistant._
+
+ad-m�ror, m�ratus sum; m�rari [ad, "to;" miror, "to wonder at"] dep. _To
+wonder at, admire._
+
+ad-s[)e]quor, sec�tus (qu�tus), sequi, dep. a. _To follow, pursue._
+
+ad-servo, serv�vi, serv�tum, serv�re [ad, "to;" servo, "to keep"] _To
+preserve, protect._
+
+ad-s[)i]d[)e]o, s�di, sessum, s[)i]d�re [ad, "near;" sedeo, "to sit"] n.
+(ad; sedeo) _To sit by_ or _near._
+
+[)a]d[)u]lesc-ens, entis, m. and f. [ad, "to;" [)o]lesco, "to grow;" the
+root assumes the form of AL, OL, UL, in Latin as _altus, sub-oles,
+adultus_] _A young man_ (from the 15th or 17th until past the 30th
+year).
+
+[)a]d[)u]lescent-ulus, i, m., dim. (adulescens) _A young man;
+stripling._
+
+[)a]dul-tus, a, um, part. (adol-esco) _Grown up, adult, full-grown._
+
+adven-tus, �s, m. [ad, "to;" venio, "to come"] _A coming, arrival._
+
+aeger, gra, grum, adj. _Weak, sick._
+
+aequus, a, um, adj. [root IK, "to make even:" cp. aequor] _Plain,
+smooth, even;_ aequo animo, _with great composure._
+
+aes-tus, �s, m. [for aed-tus: root AED, "to burn:" cp. aestas; +aith�+]
+_Heat._
+
+aet-ernus, a, um, adj. [for ae (vi) ternus: root AIV, a�lengthened form
+of I, "to go;" cp. +ai�n+] _Eternal, everlasting._
+
+ag-gr[)e]go, gr[)e]g�vi, gr[)e]g�tum, gregare, v. a. [ad; grex, _to lead
+to a flock_] _To assemble, collect together._
+
+a-gnosco, gn�vi, gn[)i]tum, gnosc[)e]re, a. (for ad-gnosco, gnosco =
+nosco) _To recognize, to discern._
+
+[)a]go, [)e]gi, actum, [)a]g[)e]re [AG, "to set in motion"] a. _To
+drive; to do, perform, effect; to treat; plead._
+
+aio, def. [root AGH, "to say"] _To speak; to say "yes;" to affirm._
+
+[)a]l[)i]-�nus, a, um, adj. (ali-us, belonging to the) _Belonging to
+another, foreign; unfriendly._
+
+[)a]l[)i]qu-ando, adv. (aliquis, _of time, past, future, and present. At
+some time or other; at length._
+
+[)a]l[)i]-qui, qua, quod, indef. pron. adj, (ali-us; qui) _Some, any._
+
+[)a]l[)i]quid, adv. (adverbial neut. acc. of aliquis) _In some degree,
+somewhat._
+
+[)a]l[)i]-quis, aliquid [fem. sing, and fem. and neut. plur. not used;
+alius; quis, root AL, "another:" cp. alter, +allos+: Eng. else], indef.
+pron. subst. _Some one, any one; something._
+
+[)a]l[)i]quo, adv. (adverbial abl. of aliquis) _Some whither, to some
+place._
+
+[)a]l[)i]-quot, indef. num. adj., indecl. (alius; quot) _Some, several._
+
+[)a]l[)i]us, a, ud, adj, (gen. sing. al[)i]us, dat. alii) _Another,
+other_; alius ... alius, _one ... another._
+
+[)a]lo, [)a]l[)u]i, [)a]l[)i]tum, or altum, al[)e]re, a. _To nourish; to
+foster._
+
+alt�r[)i]a, ium, n. (alt-um, things pertaining to the; hence) _An
+altar._
+
+�ment[)i]a, ae, f. [a, prio, mens, "mind"] _Madness._
+
+am-�cus, i, m. (amo) _A friend._
+
+ampl-[)i]us, comp. adv. _More; longer._
+
+am-plus, a, um, adj. [am = ambi, "around;" root PLE, "to fill;" hence
+_plebs, pleo, plenus_] _Abundant, full; illustrious, noble._
+
+an, conj. _Or, whether._
+
+[)a]n[)i]m-adverto, verti, versum, advert[)e]re, a. (animus; adverto)
+_To attend to; to consider, perceive_;
+  animadvertere in aliquem, _to inflict punishment on one._
+
+[)a]n[)i]mus, i, m. [root AU, "to breathe"] _The mind; disposition,
+thought._
+
+annus, i, m. [perhaps for amnus; root AM, "to go round"] _A year._
+
+ante, prep. with acc. _Before, in front of;_ as adverb, _before,
+previously._
+
+ant-�quus, a, um, adj. [ant-e, "before"] _Ancient, old._
+
+[)a]perte, adv. (apertus) _Openly._
+
+[)a]pud, prep. with acc. (obs. apo, _to seize_) _Near, at, by, with._
+
+[)a]qua, ae, f. _Water._
+
+[)a]qu[)i]la, ae, f. [AC, "sharp," or "swift"] _The eagle; the standard
+of the legion._
+
+arb[)i]tr-or, �tus sum, ari, v. dep. a. [ar = ad, "to;" bito, "to go:"
+hence one who approaches a cause to enquire into it] _To judge, think._
+
+arc[)e]o, arc[)u]i, no sup., arc�re [root ARC, "to protect:" cp. arcus,
++arkein+] a. _To shut up; to keep_ or _hold off._
+
+ard[)e]o, arsi, arsum, ard�re, n. _To burn, blaze._
+
+argent-[)e]us, a, um, adj. (argentum, pertaining to) _Of silver._
+
+arma, �rum, n. pl. [root AR, "to fit:" hence all things fitted on]
+_Arms, weapons._
+
+arm�-tus, i, m. _An armed man, a soldier._
+
+arm-o, �vi, �tum, �re. _To furnish with arms; to arm._
+
+aspec-tus, t�s, m. (aspic-io) _A seeing, sight._
+
+at [old form _ast_: cp. +at-ar+], conj. _But, yet_ (to introduce a
+reason for a supposed objection), _but certainly, but consider._
+
+atque or �c (the latter only before consonants), conj. _And also, and
+especially._
+
+�trox, �cis, [a, intens.: trux, "cruel"] adj. _Horrid, terrible,
+frightful._
+
+at-tendo (3), tendi, tentum, a. (ad; tendo) _To apply the mind to; to
+consider._
+
+auctor, �ris, m. (augeo) _An author, contriver._
+
+auct�r[)i]tas, �tis, f. (auctor) _Authority._
+
+aud�-c[)i]a, ae, f. (audax, the quality of the) _Audacity, insolence._
+
+aud[)e]o, ausus sum, aud�re, semidep. _To dare._
+
+aud[)i]o, aud[)i]vi, aud�tum, aud�re [AV, "to hear"] a. _To hear._
+
+aur-is, is, f. (audio, _the hearing thing_) _The ear._
+
+ausp[)i]c-[)i]um, ii, n. (auspex, _a bird inspector, diviner_, one who
+marks the flight and cries of birds, and then gives predictions] _Augury
+from birds, auspices._
+
+aut, conj. _Or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or._
+
+autem, conj. _But, moreover._
+
+avus [AV, "to hear," hence "to obey," cp. obedio], i, m. _A
+grandfather._
+
+
+B
+
+bacch-or (1), dep. n. (Bacch-us) _To revel._
+
+b-ellum (old form du-ellum), i, n. (duo, _a contest between two
+parties_) _War, warfare._
+
+b[)i]bo, bibi, no sup., b[)i]b[)e]re [root PO, "to drink;" cp. poto,
++pin�+], a. _To drink._
+
+b[)o]num, i, n. _A good thing_; in pl., _goods._
+
+b[)o]nus, a, um, adj. (comp. melior, sup. optimus) _Good,
+well-disposed._
+
+br[)e]vis, e, adj. [root FRAG, "to break"] _Little, small, short._
+
+
+C
+
+caedes, is, f. [root CAD, "to fall:" cp. cado] _Slaughter._
+
+caelum, i, n. [for cavillum; fr. cavus, "hollow"] _Heaven._
+
+calamitas, �tis, f. [for cadamitas; root CAD, "to fall"] _Loss,
+calamity, disaster._
+
+campus, i, m. [root SCAP, "to dig:" cp. +k�pos+] _A plain, field._
+
+c[)a]p[)i]o, c�pi, captum, c[)a]p[)e]re [root CAP, "to hold"] a. _To
+take_; consilium capere, _to form a plan_.
+
+carcer, [)e]ris, m. [root ARC, "to enclose:" cp. ark] _A prison._
+
+c[)a]r[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, �re, n. _To be without._
+
+c�rus, a, um, adj. [for camrus: cam, "to love:" amare = (c)amare] _Dear,
+precious._
+
+castrum, i, n. [for scadtrum: SCAD, "to cover:" Eng. shed] _A�castle,
+fort_; in pl., castra, �rum, n. _a camp_.
+
+c�-sus, s�s, um. (for cad-sus, fr. cad-o, "to fall") _Accident, chance._
+
+causa, ae, f. _A cause, reason._
+
+c�do, cessi, cessum, c�d[)e]re, n. _To go; to yield._
+
+cert�, adv. (certus) _Certainly._
+
+cer-tus, a, um, adj. (cer-no) _Decided, fixed, definite._
+
+c�terus, a, um, (the nom. sing, masc. not in use), adj. _The other, the
+rest, the remainder._
+
+circum-cl�do, cl�si, cl�sum, cl�d[)e]re (circum; claudo). _To shut in,
+enclose._
+
+circum-sto, steti, no sup., st�re, n. or a. _To stand around._
+
+c�vis, is, com. gen. [root CI, "to lie," or "dwell:" hence "a dweller"]
+_A citizen._
+
+c�v-itas, �tis, f. (id., the condition or state of the; gen. pl., ium
+and um) _Citizenship; a�state._
+
+cl�mo, cl�m�vi, cl�m�tum, cl�m[)a]re [root CAL, "to shout"] n. and a.
+_To call, shout aloud._
+
+cl�rus, a, um, adj. [root KAL. "to call"] _Clear, renowned._
+
+cl�-mens, mentis, adj. (clino, _to bend_; mens, _having the heart bent_)
+_Mild, kind._
+
+coepi, coepisse, a. or n. def. (contracted fr. co-apio, fr. con; apo,
+_to seize_) _To begin._
+
+co-erceo, ui, itum, ercere, a. (con; arceo, _to shut up_) _To surround,
+restrain, check._
+
+coe-tus, t�s, m. [con, "together:" eo, "to go"] _A coming together; an
+assemblage, company._
+
+c�-gito, git�vi, g[)i]t�tum, g[)i]t[)a]re [co = con, "together:" agito,
+"to set in motion"] _To weigh thoroughly in the mind; to think over;
+reflect upon; plan._
+
+co-gnosco, gn�vi, gnitum, gnosc[)e]re, a. [co (=�cum), in augmentative
+sense; gnosco = nosco, "to become acquainted with"] _To know._
+
+col-ligo, l�gi, lectum, l[)i]g[)e]re [col (=�cum), in an augmentative
+sense; lego, "to gather"] _To gather or collect together._
+
+col-loco, a. (con; loco) _To lay, place._
+
+c[)o]l�n-[)i]a, ae, f. [root COL, "to till;" cp. colo] _A colony,
+settlement._
+
+c[)o]m-e-s, [)i]tis, com. gen. (con; eo, _one who goes with another_) _A
+companion._
+
+c[)o]m-[)i]-t[)i]um, ii, n. (con; i, root of eo, _a coming together_)
+_The Comitium_, i.e. the place where the Romans assembled to vote; in
+pl., _the comitia_, i.e. _the assembly itself_, hence _election_.
+
+commend�-t[)i]o, t[)i]�nis, f. (commend[a]-o) _A recommendation,
+praise._
+
+com-mitto, m�si, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. (con; mitto, _to cause to go
+together_) _To commit._
+
+com-m[)o]v[)e]o, m�vi, m�tum, m[)o]v�re, a. (con; moveo) _To move,
+rouse._
+
+com-m�nis, e, adj. [com = cum; munis, "serving"] _Common, general._
+
+com-p[)a]ro, p[)a]r�vi, p[)a]r�tum, p[)a]r�r[)i], v. a. [com = cum;
+paro, "to prepare"] _To make ready._
+
+com-p[)e]rio, p[)e]ri, pertum, per�re, a. (cum; root per, akin to
+perior, _to go through_) _To discover._
+
+comp[)e]t-�tor, �ris, m. [com = cum; peto, "to seek;" hence to seek
+office] _A rival, competitor._
+
+com-pl�res, a, and ia, adj. (con; plus) _Several together, very many._
+
+com-pr[)e]hendo, pr[)e]hendi, pr[)e]hensum, prehendere [com = cum;
+intensive: prehendo, "to seize"] _To lay hold of, arrest._
+
+com-pr[)i]mo, pressi, pressum, prim[)e]re, a. (con; premo) _To press
+together; to hinder, check._
+
+c�n�-tus, t�s, m. _An attempt._
+
+con-c�do, cessi, cessum, c�d[)e]re, n. or a. _To depart, withdraw._
+
+conc[)i]-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. intens. (conci-eo, _to urge_) _To
+rouse up, excite._
+
+con-c[)u]pi-sco, c[)u]p�vi or c[)u]pii, c[)u]p-�tum, c[)u]pisc[)e]re, a.
+inch, (con; cupi-o) _To be very desirous of; to long for._
+
+concur-sus, s�s, m. [for concurr-sus, fr. concurr-o, the action of) _A
+running, flocking together; a�concourse._
+
+con-demno, demn�vi, demn�tum, demn�re, v. a. [con = cum, intensive;
+damnum, "loss"] a. (con; damno) _To condemn._
+
+con-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, l�tum, a. [con = cum, intensive; fero, "to
+bring" or "bear"] _To bring; to carry; to direct; to arrange._
+
+confes-tim, adv. _Immediately._
+
+con-ficio, f�ci, fectum, f[)i]c[)e]re, a, (con; facio) _To prepare,
+complete; to exhaust._
+
+con-f�do, f�sus sum, f�d[)e]re, n. or a. semi-dep. _To trust; to believe
+certainly._
+
+con-firmo, firm�vi, firm�tum, firm�re. _To strengthen; to assure._
+
+con-fl�gro, fl�gr�vi, fl�gr�tum, fl�gr�re [con = cum, in an
+augmentative; FLAG, "to burn;" cp. flamma (= flag-ma)] _To be on fire,
+to burn up._
+
+con-flo, fl�re, fl�vi, fl�tum. _To blow together, kindle; to excite._
+
+con-gr[)e]go, gr[)e]g�vi, gr[)e]g�tum, gr[)e]g�re, a. (con; grex) _To
+flock together, assemble, unite._
+
+con-j[)i]c[)i]o, j�ci, jectum, j[)i]c[)e]re, a. (con; jacio) _To hurl,
+send, cast._
+
+con-jungo, junxi, junctum, jung[)e]re, a. _To join together, unite,
+associate._
+
+conj�r�-t[)i]o, �nis, f. (conj�r[a]-o, the action of) _An agreement;
+conspiracy, plot._
+
+conj�r�-tus, m. (id.) _A conspirator._
+
+conl: see coll.
+
+c�nor, �tus sum, �ri, dep. _To undertake, attempt._
+
+consc[)i]entia, ae, f. (consciens, _conscious_) _Consciousness,
+knowledge_
+
+con-scr�bo, scripsi, scriptum, scr�b[)e]re, a. _To write together_ (in a
+list); _to enroll._
+
+
+con-scr�bo, scripsi, scriptum, scr[)i]b[)e]re, a. _To write together_
+(in a list); _to enroll._
+
+conscrip-tus, a, um, part. (for scrib-tus, fr. conscrib-o) As noun, m.
+(sc. pater) _a senator_; patres conscripti, _the old senators together
+with those who were afterwards admitted_ (enrolled) _into its ranks_;
+originally, patres et conscripti, _senators_.
+
+consen-s[)i]o, �nis, f. (con-sentio) _Unanimity, agreement._
+
+consensus, �s, m. [id.] _Unanimity, agreement._
+
+con-servo, serv�vi, serv�tum, serv�re, a. _To preserve._
+
+cons[)i]li[)u]m, ii, n. _Deliberation, counsel; plan, purpose; council._
+
+con-sp[)i]c[)i]o, spexi, spectum, sp[)i]c[)e]re, a. (con; specio, _to
+look_) _To observe, behold._
+
+con-st[)i]t[)u]o, st[)i]t[)u]i, st[)i]t�tum, st[)i]t[)u]ere, a. (con;
+statuo) _To place; to erect; to arrange, settle, agree upon; to
+appoint._
+
+con-stringo, strinxi, strictum, string[)e]re, a. _To draw, bind
+together; to hold, hold fast._
+
+consul, [)u]lis, m. _A consul_, one of the two chief magistrates of the
+Roman state, chosen yearly after the expulsion of the kings.
+
+cons[)u]l-�ris, e, adj. (consul) _Of_ or _pertaining to a consul;
+consular_; as noun, m., _ex-consul; one of the rank of consul._
+
+cons[)u]l-�tus, �s, m. (consul) _The consulship._
+
+cons[)u]l-o, [)u]i, tum, [)e]re, n. or a. _To consider, consult_;
+consulere alicui, _to take counsel for some one_; consulere aliquem, _to
+ask the advice of some one_.
+
+consul-tum, i, n. (con-sulo) _A decree, decision._
+
+con-t�-m[)i]no, a. (for con-tag-mino; fr. con; tag, root of tango) _To
+defile, contaminate._
+
+conten-tus, a, um, part. (contineo) _Contented, satisfied._
+
+con-t[)i]n[)e]o, t[)i]n[)u]i, tentum, t[)i]n�re, a. (con; tene) _To hold
+together; to keep in, restrain, confine._
+
+con-tingo, t[)i]gi, tactum, ting[)e]re, a. (con; tango) _To touch, take
+hold of; to happen._
+
+contr�, adv. and prep. with acc. _Against, contrary to._
+
+contum�l-[)i]a, ae, f. (obsolete contum�l-us, _swelling greatly_)
+_Abuse, insult, disgrace; reproach._
+
+con-v[)e]n[)i]o, v�ni, ventum, v[)e]n�re, n. or a. _To assemble_; used
+impersonally, _it is suitable, proper_.
+
+con-vinco, v�ci, victum, vinc[)e]re, a. _To convict._
+
+con-v[)o]co, v[)o]c�vi, v[)o]c�tum, v[)o]c�re, a. [con, "together;"
+voco, "to call"] _To convoke, assemble._
+
+c�-p-[)i]a, ae, f. (contracted fr. co-op-ia, fr. con; ops) _Abundance;
+wealth, riches; forces, troops_ (generally in plural with the latter two
+meanings).
+
+corpus, [)o]ris, n. _A body, corpse._
+
+cor-r[)i]go, rexi, rectum, r�g[)e]re, a. (con; rego) _To make straight;
+to improve, correct._
+
+cor-r�b[)o]ro, a. (con; r�b[)o]ro, _to strengthen_) _To strengthen; to
+corroborate, support._
+
+corrupt-�la, ae, f. (corru[m]po) _That which corrupts; a�corruption,
+seduction: seductive arts._
+
+cot-�-d��, adv. (quot; (i); die, abl. of dies) _Daily._
+
+cr�do, d[)i]di, d[)i]tum, cr�d[)e]re n. or a. _To trust in, believe; to
+think, suppose._
+
+cresco, cr�vi, cr�tum, cresc[)e]re, n. [root CRE, "to make grow;" cp.
+creo] _To grow, increase._
+
+cr�d�l[)i]-ter, adv. (crud�lis, _cruel_) _Cruelly._
+
+cum, prep, with abl. _With._
+
+cum. _When, since, though._
+
+c[)u]m[)u]l-o, a. (cumul-us) _To accumulate; to complete; to increase._
+
+cunctus, a, um, adj. (contracted from conjunctus) _The whole, all._
+
+cup�d-[)i]tas, �tis, f. (cupidus) _Desire; passion; eagerness; avarice._
+
+c[)u]p-[)i]dus, a, um, adj. (cup-io) _Longing, desirous._
+
+c[)u]p[)i]o, �vi or ii, �tum, c[)u]p[)e]re, a. and n. _To long for,
+desire._
+
+cur, adv. _Why?_
+
+cur-a, ae, f. (for caer-a, fr. caero, old form of quaero) _Trouble,
+care._
+
+c�r[)i]a, ae, f. [root CUR, "to be strong;" cp. +kurios, kurein+]
+_Senate-house._
+
+cust�d[)i]-a, ae, f. (custod-io) _Watch, guard, custody._
+
+cust�d-[)i]o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (cus-tos) _To watch, guard._
+
+custos, �dis, com. gen. _A guard, protector._
+
+
+D
+
+de, prep, with abl. _From; concerning, on account of._
+
+d�-b[)e]o, b[)u]i, b[)i]tum, b�re, a. (de; habeo) _To have from; to owe;
+to be in duty bound to, ought, must._
+
+d�-cerno, cr�vi, cr�tum, cern[)e]re, a. _To decide, decree._
+
+d�cl�n�-t[)i]o, �nis, f. (declin[a]-o) _A turning aside; a�departure; an
+avoiding, shunning._
+
+d[)e]-d[)e]cus, [)o]ris, n. _Disgrace, dishonor._
+
+d�-fendo, fendi, fensum, fend[)e]re, a. _To ward off; to defend, guard._
+
+d�-f[)i]c[)i]o, f�ci, fectum, f[)i]c[)e]re, a. or n. (de: facio) _To
+leave; to desert, revolt._
+
+d�-f�go, fixi, fixum, f�g[)e]re, a. _To fix down; to drive; to plunge._
+
+de-inde, adv. _After this, next, then._
+
+d�lec-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. intens. (d�lic-io, _to allure_) _To
+delight, please._
+
+d�l[)e]o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To destroy, annihilate._
+
+d�-l[)i]go, l�gi, lectum, l[)i]g[)e]re, a. (de; lego) _To choose out,
+select._
+
+d�-migro, migr�vi, migr�tum, migr�re, n. _To migrate from; to emigrate;
+to depart._
+
+d�n[)i]que, adv. _At length, finally; in a word, briefly._
+
+d�-p�no, p[)o]s[)u]i, p[)o]s[)i]tum, p�n[)e]re, a. _To lay down; to lay
+aside._
+
+d�-pr[)e]cor, pr[)e]c�tus sum, pr[)e]c�re, dep. (de; precor, _to pray_)
+_To avert by prayer; to avert._
+
+d�-r[)e]linquo, l�qui, lictum, r[)e]linqu[)e]re, a. _To abandon,
+desert._
+
+d�-scr�bo, scripsi, scriptum, scr�b[)e]re, a. _To mark off, to divide._
+
+d�-s�d[)e]ro, s�d[)e]r�vi, s�d[)e]r�tum, s�d[)e]r�re, v. a. _To long
+for, desire; to miss; to regret, require._
+
+d�-signo, sign�vi, sign�tum, sign�re, v. a. (de; signo, _to mark_) _To
+mark out, designate; to elect._
+
+d�-s[)i]no, s�vi or s[)i]i, s[)i]tum, s[)i]n[)e]re, a. and n. _To leave
+off, cease.._
+
+d�-sisto, st[)i]ti, st[)i]tum, n. _To desist._
+
+d�-sum, esse, f[)u]i. n. _To be away, to fail, be wanting._
+
+d�-testor, test�tus sum, test�ri, dep. (de; testor, _to be a witness_)
+_To curse; to deprecate._
+
+d�tr�-mentum, i, n. (for deter-[i]mentum fr. deter-o, _that which rubs
+off_) _Loss, damage._
+
+deus, i, m. _A god._
+
+d�-v[)o]v[)e]o, v�vi, v�tum, v[)o]v[)e]re, a. _To vow, devote._
+
+dexter, t[)e]ra, t[)e]rum, and tra, trum, adj. _Right, on the right_;
+dextra, ae, f., _the right hand_.
+
+d�co, dixi, dictum, d�c[)e]re, a. [DIC, "to point out"] _To say,
+assert._
+
+d[)i]es, �i, m. (in sing. sometimes f.) _A day_; in dies, _from day to
+day, daily_ (with an idea of increase).
+
+diff[)i]cul-tas, �tis, f. (for difficil-tas, fr. difficil-is, the state
+or condition of) _Difficulty, perplexity._
+
+dignus, a, um, adj. [root DIC, "to point out"] _Worthy._
+
+d�l[)i]g-ens, entis, part, (dilig-o) _Careful, diligent._
+
+d�l[)i]gen-ter, adv. (diligens) _Attentively, diligently, earnestly._
+
+d�ligent-[)i]a, ae, f. (diligens, the quality of the) _Diligence._
+
+d�-mitto, m�si, missum, m[)i]tt[)e]re, a. _To dismiss._
+
+d�rep-t[)i]o, �nis, f. (for dirap-tio. fr. dirap, true root of dirip-io)
+A�_plundering, pillaging._
+
+dis-c�do, cessi, cessum, c�d[)e]re, n. _To depart._
+
+dis-cerno, cr�vi, cr�tum, cern[)e]re, a. _To separate, divide._
+
+disces-sus, sus, m. (for disced-sus, fr. disced-o, the action of) _A
+departure._
+
+disc[)i]pl-�na, ae, f. (for discipul-ina, fr. discipul-us, a�thing
+pertaining to the) _Instruction; science, skill; custom, method,
+discipline._
+
+diss[)i]m[)u]l-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (dissimil-is) _To pretend a thing
+is not what it is; to dissemble._
+
+diss[)o]l�-tus, a, um, part. (for dissolv-tus, fr. dissolv-o) _Lax,
+remiss, negligent._
+
+dis-tr[)i]b[)u]o, tribui, trib�tum, tr[)i]b[)u][)e]re, a. _To
+distribute._
+
+d[)i]-u, adv. (di-es) _A long time, long._
+
+do, d[)a]re, d[)e]di, d[)a]tum, a. _To give, give up._
+
+d[)o]l-or, �ris, m. (dol-eo) _Pain, sorrow._
+
+d[)o]mes-t[)i]cus, a, um, adj. (dom-s) _Domestic, private._
+
+d[)o]mus. �s and i (domi, loc.), f. _A house, abode_; domi, _at home_.
+
+d[)u]b-[)i]to, [)i]t�vi, [)i]t�tum, [)i]t�re, n. intens. (primitive form
+du-bo, fr. du-o, _to vibrate to and fro_) _To doubt, hesitate._
+
+d�co, duxi, ductum, d�c[)e]re, a. _To lead, conduct._
+
+dum, conj. _While, as long as, until, if._
+
+d[)u]o, ae, o, card. num. adj. _Two._
+
+d[)u]od[)e]c[)i]m-us, a, um, ord. num. adj. (duodecim) _The twelfth._
+
+dux, d[)u]cis, com. gen. (d�co) _A leader, commander, general._
+
+
+E
+
+�, prep, with abl.; see ex.
+
+ec-quis, quod (ec = e; quis), inter. subst. pron. _Whether any? any one?
+any thing?_
+
+�d-�co, duxi, ductum, d�c[)e]re, a. _To lead forth._
+
+ef-f[)e]ro, ferre, ext[)u]li, �l�tum, a. irr. (ex; fero) _To bring
+forth; to lift up, exalt._
+
+effr�n�-tus, a, um, part, (effren[a]-o, _to unbridle_) _Unbridled._
+
+ef-f[)u]g[)i]o, f�gi, no sup., f[)u]g[)e]re, (ex; fugio), n. or a. _To
+flee away; escape, avoid._
+
+[)e]go, pers. pron. I.
+
+�-gr[)e]d[)i]or, gressus sum, gr[)e]di, dep. (ex; gradior) _To go out._
+
+�-j[)i]c[)i]o, j�ci, jectum, j[)i]c[)e]re, a. (e; jacio) _To drive out;
+to expel, banish._
+
+�-l�bor, lapsus sum, l�bi, dep. _To slip_ or _glide away._
+
+�-l�do, l�si, l�sum, l�d[)e]re, a. _To delude, deceive, cheat._
+
+�-mitto, m�si, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. _To send forth._
+
+�-m[)o]r[)i]or, mortuus sum, m[)o]ri, dep. _To die quite; to perish._
+
+[)e]nim, conj. _For_; etenim, _for, you see_.
+
+[)e]o, �re, [)i]vi or [)i]i, [)i]tum, n. _To go._
+
+[)e]�dem, dat. of idem, used adverbially. _To the same place._
+
+[)e]qu-e-s, [)i]tis, m. (for equ-i-[t]-s, fr. equ-us) _A horseman;
+a�horse soldier_; in pl., _cavalry_; equites, the order of _knights_.
+
+�-r[)i]pi[)o], r[)i]p[)u]i, reptum, r[)i]p[)e]re, a. (e; rapio) _To
+snatch; to remove, take away._
+
+�-rumpo, r�pi, ruptum, rump[)e]re, n. _To break out, sally forth._
+
+et, conj. _And_; et ... et, _both ... and, not only ... but also_.
+
+[)e]t[)e]nim: see enim.
+
+[)e]t[)i]am, conj. _And also, besides; and even, yet, indeed._
+
+�-verto, verti, versum, vert[)e]re, a. _To overthrow; to subvert,
+destroy._
+
+�v[)o]c�-tor, �ris, m. (evoc[a]o) _The one who calls forth_ (to arms);
+_summoner_.
+
+�x or � (e only before consonants). _Out of, from; immediately after; on
+account of._
+
+exaud[)i]o, aud�vi, aud�tum, aud�re, a. _To hear distinctly._
+
+ex-c[)i]do, cidi, no sup., c[)i]d[)e]re, n. (ex-cado) _To fall out_ or
+_down_;_ to slip out_.
+
+ex-cl�do, cl�si, cl�sum, cl�d[)e]re, a. (ex; claudo) _To exclude._
+
+ex-[)e]o, �re, [)i]i, [)i]tum, n. _To go forth, depart._
+
+ex-erc[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, erc�re, a. (ex; arceo) _To drive on,
+exercise._
+
+ex-haur[)i]o, hausi, haustum, haur�re, a. _To draw out; take away; to
+drain._
+
+ex-�stimo, ist[)i]m�vi, ist[)i]m�tum, ist[)i]m�re. _To judge, consider._
+
+ex[)i]-t[)i]um, ii, n. (exi, true root of exeo) _Destruction, ruin._
+
+exsl[)i]-[)i]um, ii, n. (for exsul-ium, fr. exsul, the condition of an)
+_Banishment, exile._
+
+ex-sisto, st[)i]ti, st[)i]tum, sist[)e]re, n. _To step forth; to appear;
+to be, exist._
+
+ex-specto, spect�vi, spect�tum, spect�re, a. _To await, expect._
+
+ex-stinguo, stinxi, stinctum, sting[)e]re, a. (ex; stinguo, _to
+extinguish_) _To put out; extinguish, destroy._
+
+ex-sul, [)u]lis, com. gen. (ex; solum; _one who is banished from his
+native soil_) _An exile._
+
+ex-sulto, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, n. intens. (for ex-salto, fr. exsal, true
+root of exsil-io) _To leap; exult, rejoice._
+
+ex-torqueo, torsi, tortum, torqu�re, a. _To wrench out, wrest away_.
+
+extr�, adv. and prep. with acc. _Outside of, beyond._
+
+
+F
+
+f[)a]c[)i]l-e, adv. (facil-is) _Easily, readily._
+
+f[)a]c-[)i]nus, [)o]ris, n. (fac-io, _the thing done_) _A deed; a�bad
+deed._
+
+f[)a]c-[)i]o, f�ci, factum, f[)a]c[)e]re, a.; pass., f�o, fieri, factus
+sum. _To make, do, perform; to cause._
+
+falc-�r[)i]us, [)i]i, m. (falx) _A scythe-maker._
+
+fallo, f[)e]felli, falsum, fall[)e]re, a. _To deceive; to escape the
+notice._
+
+fal-sus, a, um, part. (for fall-sus, fr. fall-o) _Deceptive; false,
+untrue._
+
+f�ma, ae, f. _Report, rumour; fame, reputation; infamy, ill-fame._
+
+f�mes, is, f. _Hunger, famine._
+
+f[)a]-t[)e]or, fassus sum, f[)a]t�ri, dep. a. (f[a]-or) _To confess._
+
+fauces, [)i]um, f. pl. _The throat; a�narrow way, defile,_
+
+fax, f[)a]cis, f. _A torch._
+
+f�bris, is, f. [ferveo, "to burn"] _Fever._
+
+f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, l�tum, a. irreg. [roots are FER and TUL. The
+second root has the form TOL, TLA, TAL. The supine _latum_ = _tlatum_ is
+from this latter root] _To bear, carry; to get, receive; to suffer,
+endure; to say, report, relate._
+
+ferrum, i, n. _Iron, an iron weapon, a�sword._
+
+f�nis, is [for fidnis; root FID, root of findo, "to divide"] m. and f.
+_A limit, end._
+
+f�o (pass, of facio), fieri, factus sum. _To be done; to become._
+
+firm-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (firmus) _To make firm; to strengthen._
+
+firmus, a, um, adj. _Strong._
+
+fl�g[)i]t-[)i]�m, ii, n. (flagit-o) _A shameful or disgraceful act;
+shame_
+
+foed-us, [)e]ris, n. (for fidus, fr. fido; _a trusting_) _A league,
+treaty._
+
+f[)o]re = futurus esse.
+
+fort-as-se, adv. (for forte; an; sit) _Perhaps._
+
+fortis, e, adj. _Courageous, brave._
+
+fort-[)i]t�do, [)i]nis, f. (fortis) _Firmness, courage, resolution._
+
+fort-�na, ae, f. (fors, that which belongs to) _Chance, fortune_; in
+pl., _property_.
+
+f[)o]rum, i, n. [akin to root PER, POR, "to go through;" cp. +poros+]
+_The marketplace; Forum_, which was a long open space between the
+Capitoline and Palatine Hills, surrounded by porticoes and the shops of
+bankers; _a market town, mart_.
+
+frango, fr�gi, fractum, frang[)e]re, a. [root FRAG, "to break"] _To
+break; to subdue._
+
+fr[)e]quent-[)i]a, ae, f. [root FARC, "to cram"] _An assembly,
+multitude, concourse._
+
+fr�gus, [)o]ris, n. _Cold._
+
+frons, frontis, f. _The forehead, brow._
+
+f[)u]g-a, ae, f. (fug-io) _Flight._
+
+f�nes-tus, a, um, adj. (for funer-tus; fr. funus, _death_) _Causing
+death; fatal, destructive._
+
+f[)u]r[)i]-�sus, a, um, adj. (furi-ae) _Full of madness; raging,
+furious._
+
+f[)u]r-or, �ris, m. (fur-o) _A raging, madness._
+
+
+G
+
+gaud[)i]um, [)i]i, n. (gaudeo) _Gladness, delight, pleasure._
+
+g[)e]l-[)i]dus, a, um, adj. (gel-o, _to freeze_) _Icy cold._
+
+gen-s, tis, f. (gen-o = gigno, _to beget; that which is begotten_) _A
+clan; a�tribe, nation._
+
+gl[)a]d[)i]-�tor, �ris, m. (gladi-us, one using�a) _A swordsman;
+a�gladiator._
+
+gl[)a]di[)u]s, [)i]i, m. _A sword._
+
+gl�r-[)i]a, ae, f. (akin to clarus) _Glory._
+
+gr�d-us, �s, m. (grad-ior, _to walk_) _A step; a�degree._
+
+gr�t-[)i]a, ae, f. (grat-us, the quality of the) _Regard, love;
+gratitude; thanks._
+
+gr[)a]vis, e, adj. _Heavy; severe; grave, impressive; venerable._
+
+gr[)a]v-[)i]ter, adv. _Violently, severely._
+
+
+H
+
+h[)a]b[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, h[)a]b�re, a. _To have, hold; to do,
+perform, make; to give._
+
+h[)a]b-[)i]to, [)i]t�vi, [)i]t�tum, [)i]t�re, intens., a. and n.
+(hab-eo) _To inhabit; live; to stay._
+
+haereo, haesi, haesum, haer�re, n. _To stick, adhere._
+
+hebe-sco, no perf., no sup., sc[)e]re, n. inch. (hebe-o, _to be blunt_)
+_To be dull._
+
+h�c, haec, hoc, pron. demonstr. _This._
+
+hic-ce, intensive form of hic.
+
+h�c, adv. _Here._
+
+h[)o]mo, [)i]nis, com. gen. _A human being; man or woman; person._
+
+h[)o]nest-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To adorn; to honor._
+
+hones-tus, a, um, adj. (for honor-tus, fr. honor) _Regarded with honor;
+honored, noble._
+
+h[)o]nor (os), �ris. m. _Honor; official dignity, office._
+
+h�ra, ae, f. _An hour._
+
+horr-[)i]b[)i]lis, e, adj. (horr-eo, _to be trembled at_) _Terrible,
+fearful, horrible._
+
+hortor, �tus sum, �re, dep. _To strongly urge, exhort._
+
+hostis, is, com. gen. _An enemy._
+
+h[)u]mus, i, f. _The ground_; humi (loc.), _on the ground_.
+
+
+I
+
+�dem, eadem, idem, pron. (root i, suffix dem) _The same._
+
+�d�s, uum, f. pi. _The Ides._
+
+[)i]g[)i]tur, conj. _Then; therefore, accordingly; well then._
+
+i-gn�min-ia. ae, f. (for in-gno-min-ia; fr. in, gnomen = nomen, _a
+depriving of one's good name_) _Disgrace, ignominy._
+
+i-gn�-ro, a. (for in-gno-ro; fr. in, _not_; GNO, root of gnosco = nosco)
+_Not to know, to be ignorant of._
+
+ille, a, ud, pron. demonstr. _That; he, she, it._
+
+ill[)e]c-[)e]bra, ae, f. (for illac-ebra, fr. illac, true root of
+illic-o, _to allure_) _An enticement, allurement._
+
+illust-ro, a. [in, LUC, "to shine:" cp. lux] _To light up, illumine; to
+make clear._
+
+imm�n-[)i]tas, �tis, f. (immanis, _huge_) _Hugeness, enormity._
+
+im-min[)e]o, no perf., no sup. m[)i]n�re, n. (in, mineo, _to hang over_)
+_To border upon, be near, impend._
+
+im-mitto, m�si, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. (in; mitto) _To send into; to let
+loose._
+
+immo, adv. (etym. dub.) _On the under side, on the reverse; on the
+contrary; no indeed, by no means; yes indeed._
+
+im-mort�lis, e, adj. (in; mortalis, _mortal_) _Immortal._
+
+imp[)e]d-[)i]o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (in; pes, _to get the feet in
+something_) _To hinder, prevent._
+
+im-pend[)e]o, no perf., no sup., pend�re, n. (in; pendeo, _to hang_) _To
+hang over; to impend, threaten._
+
+imp[)e]r�-tor, �ris, in. (imper-[a]-o) _A general; chief._
+
+im-p[)e]r�tus, a, um, adj. (in; per�tus, _skilled_) _Inexperienced,
+ignorant._
+
+imp[)e]r-[)i]um, i, n. (imper-o) _Authority, power, empire, government._
+
+im-p[)e]ro, p[)e]r�v[)i], p[)e]r�tum, p[)e]r�re. a. (in; patro, _to
+bring, to pass_) _To accomplish; obtain._
+
+imp[)e]tus, �s, m. (impeto, _to attack_) _An attack._
+
+im-p[)i]us, a, um, adj. (in; pius, _pious_) _Not pious, irreverent,
+unpatriotic._
+
+im-port�-nus, a, um, adj. (for _in-portu-nus_, fr. in; portus)
+_Unsuitable; savage; dangerous._
+
+im-pr[)o]bus, a, um, adj. (in; probus) _Wicked, base._
+
+im-p�n�tus, a, um, adj. (in; punitus, _punished_) _Not punished;
+unpunished._
+
+in, prep, with acc. and abl. _In, into, against_; of time, _up to, for,
+into, through_; with ablative, _in, upon, on_.
+
+[)i]n�nis, e, adj. _Empty, void._
+
+incend-[)i]um, ii, n. (incend-o) _A burning, conflagration, fire._
+
+in-cl�do, cl�si, cl�sum, cl�d[)e]re, a. _To shut up; to include._
+
+in-cr�d[)i]bilis, e, adj. _Incredible, extraordinary._
+
+increpo, (�vi) ui, (�tum) [)i]tum, �re, n. and a. _To make a noise._
+
+in-d�co, duxi, ductum, d�c[)e]re, a. _To introduce; to lead into,
+persuade._
+
+in-[)e]o, �re, [)i]i, [)i]tum, n. or a. _To go into, enter; begin._
+
+inert-[)i]a, ae, f. (inners, the quality of the) _Want of skill;
+inactivity._
+
+in-f[)e]ro, ferre, int�i, ill�tum, a. irr. _To produce, make; to bring,
+put_, or _place upon_.
+
+infestus, a, um, adj. _Hostile, dangerous._
+
+infiti-or, dep. (infiti-ae, _denial_) _To deny._
+
+in-flammo, flamm�vi, flamm�tum, flamm�re, a. _To set on fire._
+
+in-gr[)a]vesco, no perf., no sup., gr[)a]vesc[)e]re, n. _To grow heavy;
+to grow worse._
+
+[)i]n-[)i]m�cus, a, um, adj. (in; amicus) _Unfriendly_; as noun, m., _a
+private enemy_.
+
+[)i]n[)i]t[)i]-o, a. (initi-um) _To begin, to initiate, consecrate._
+
+inj�r[)i]-a, ae, f. (injuri-us, _injurious_) _Injury, wrong_; injuri�,
+as adv., _unjustly_.
+
+inl: see ill.
+
+[)i]n[)o]p-[)i]a, ae, f. (inops) _Need._
+
+inquam, def. verb. _To say._
+
+inr: see irr.
+
+inscr�bo, scripsi, scriptum, scr�b[)e]re, a. _To write upon; to
+inscribe; to impress upon._
+
+ins[)i]d-[)i]ae, �rum, f. pl. (insid-eo, _to sit in_) _An ambush,
+ambuscade; plot treachery._
+
+ins[)i]d[)i]-or, atus sum, ari, dep. (insidiae) _To wait for, expect; to
+plot against._
+
+intel-lego, lexi, lectum, l[)e]g[)e]re, a. (inter: lego, _to choose
+between_) _To perceive, understand._
+
+in-tendo, tendi, tentum, tend[)e]re, and tensum, a. _To stretch out; to
+strive; to aim at._
+
+inter, prep, with acc. _Between, among._
+
+inter-c�do, cessi, cessum, c�d[)e]re, n. _To go_ or _come between; to
+intervene_.
+
+inter-f[)i]c[)i]o, f�ci, fectum, f[)i]c[)e]re, a. (inter; facio) _To
+destroy; to kill._
+
+int[)e]r[)i]-tus, �s, m. (intereo) _Destruction; death._
+
+inter-r[)o]go, r[)o]g�vi, r[)o]g�tum, r[)o]g�re, a. _To ask, inquire._
+
+inter-sum, esse, fui, n. irr. _To be between; to differ_; interest,
+impers., _it interests_.
+
+intes-t�nus, a, um, adj. (for intus-tinus, fr. intus) _Internal;
+intestine, civil._
+
+intr�, prep, with acc. _Within, in._
+
+in-�ro, ussi, ustum, �r[)e]re, a. _To burn into; to brand._
+
+in-v[)e]nio, v�ni, ventum, v[)e]n�re, a. _To come upon, find._
+
+inv[)i]d-[)i]�, ae, f. (invid-us, _an envier_) _Envy, jealousy,
+unpopularity._
+
+inv�to, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To ask, invite, summon._
+
+i-pse, a, um, pron. demonstr. (for i-pse; fr. is and suffix pse)
+_Himself, herself, itself; he, she, it; very._
+
+ir-r�t[)i]-o, vi, �tum, �re, a. (for in-ret-io, fr. in; ret-e, _a net_)
+_To ensnare, captivate._
+
+is, ea, id. pron. demonstr. _This, that; he, she, it; such._
+
+is-te, ta, tud, pron. demonstr. (is; suffix te) _This of yours; this,
+that; that fellow, that thing_ (used with contempt).
+
+[)i]ta, adv. _In this way; so, thus._
+
+
+J
+
+j[)a]c[)e]o, ui, jac[)i]tum, �re, n. _To lie; to lie down._
+
+jac-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. freq. (jac-io) _To throw; to toss about;
+to boast, vaunt._
+
+jam, adv. _Now, already_; jamd�dum, _a long time since, long ago_ (with
+a present tense, giving the force of the perfect brought down to the
+present time); jam-pr�dem, adv. _long time ago, for a long time_.
+
+j[)u]b[)e]o, jussi, jussum, j[)u]b�re, a. _To command, order, bid._
+
+j�-cundus, a, um, adj. (for juv-cundus, fr. juv-o) _Pleasant, agreeable,
+pleasing._
+
+j�d[)i]c-[)i]um, ii, n. (judic-o) _A judging; a�judgment; a�sentence._
+
+j�-dico, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (jus; d[)i]co) _To judge; to think._
+
+jungo, junxi, junctum, jung[)e]re, a. _To join, unite._
+
+j�-s, j�ris, n. (akin to root ju, _to join_) _Law, right, justice_;
+jure, _justly_.
+
+jus-s�, m. (only in abl. sing.; jubeo) _By command._
+
+jus-tus, a, um, adj. (for jur-tus, fr. jus) _Just, right._
+
+
+L
+
+l�befac-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. intens. (labefacio) _To cause to
+totter; to injure, ruin; to imperil._
+
+l[)a]bor, �ris, m. _Labor, toil._
+
+laet-[)i]t[)i]a, ae, f. (laet-us) _Joy, gladness._
+
+l�tro, (a short or long), �nis, m. _A robber, highwayman._
+
+latr�c�n-[)i]um, ii, n. (latro) _Highway robbery, plundering._
+
+laus, laudis, f. _Praise, fame, honor._
+
+lect[)u]-lus, i, m. dim. (for lecto-lus, fr. lecto, stem of lectus) _A
+little couch, bed._
+
+l�nis, e, adj. _Soft, gentle, mild._
+
+lex, l�gis, f. (= leg-s, fr. l�g-o; _that which is read_) _A law._
+
+l�ber, [)e]ra, [)e]rum, adj. _Free, unrestrained._
+
+l�b[)e]r-i, �rum, m. pl. (liber) _Children._
+
+l�b[)e]r-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (id.) _To make free; to free._
+
+lib-�do, [)i]nis, f. (lib-et) _Desire; passion, lust._
+
+l[)i]cet, [)u]it, itum est, �re, imp. _It is permitted; one may_ or
+_can_.
+
+l[)o]cus, i, m. _A place_ (in pl., loci or loca).
+
+long-e, adv. (long-us) _Far off; greatly, much; by far._
+
+l[)o]quor, l[)o]c�tus sum, l[)o]qui, dep. _To speak, say._
+
+lux, l�cis, f. (= luc-s, fr. luc-eo, _to shine_) _Light; the light of
+day, daylight._
+
+
+M
+
+m�ch[)i]n-or, �tus sum, �ri, dep. (machin-a, _a device_) _To contrive,
+devise; to plot._
+
+mac-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. intens. (for mag-to, fr. obsolete mag-o,
+of same root as found in mag-nus) _To venerate, honor; to kill, slay; to
+immolate; to destroy._
+
+m[)a]-gis, adv. _More._
+
+mag-nus, a, um, adj. (comp. major, sup. maximus; root mag) _Great_;
+majores, _ancestors_.
+
+m�j-or, us, adj. comp. (magnus)
+
+mall[)e][)o]-lus, i, m. dim. (malleus, _a hammer_) _A small hammer;
+a�kind of fire-dart._
+
+m�-lo, malle, m�l[)u]i, a. irr. (contracted fr. mag-volo, fr. root mag;
+volo, _to have a great desire for_) _To prefer._
+
+m[)a]l-um, i, n. (malus) _An evil._
+
+man-do, d�vi, d�tum, d�re, a. (man-us; do, _to put into one's hand_) _To
+order; to commend, consign, intrust; to lay up_; se fugae mandare, _to
+take to flight_.
+
+m[)a]nus, �s, f. _A hand; band of troops._
+
+m�r�t-us, a, um, adj. (marit-a, mas) _Matrimonial, conjugal_; as noun,
+m. (sc. vir), _a husband_.
+
+m�t�r-�, adv. (matur-us) _Seasonably, at the proper time; soon._
+
+m�t�r-[)i]tas, �tis, f. (matur-us) _Ripeness, maturity, perfection._
+
+max[)i]m-�, adv. (maxim-us) _In the highest degree, especially._
+
+m[)e]d[)i]ocr-[)i]ter, adv. (mediocris) _Moderately._
+
+m[)e]d[)i]tor, �tus sum, �ri, dep. _To think, consider, meditate upon;
+to practise._
+
+meherc[)u]le, mehercle, mehercules, adv. _By Hercules._
+
+m[)e]m[)i]ni, isse, a. and n., dep. _To remember, recollect._
+
+m[)e]m[)o]ria, ae, f. (memor, _mindful_) _Memory._
+
+mens, mentis, f. _The mind; thought, purpose._
+
+m[)e]t[)u]-o, [)u]i, �tum, a. and n. (metu-s) _To fear._
+
+m[)e]tus, �s, m. _Fear._
+
+m[)e]-us, a, um, pron. pers. (me) _My, mine._
+
+m[)i]n-us, adv. (min-or) _Less, not._
+
+m[)i]s[)e]r[)i]cord-[)i]�, ae, f. (miseri-cors, _pitiful_) _Pity,
+compassion._
+
+mitto, m�si, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. _To let go, send._
+
+m[)o]do, adv. _Only_; non modo ... sed etiam, _not only; ... but also_.
+
+m[)o]dus, i, m. _A measure; limit; manner; kind._
+
+moen[)i]a, ium, n. pl. _Defensive walls; ramparts; city walls._
+
+m�les, is, f. _A huge mass; greatness, might._
+
+m�l-[)i]or, �tus sum, �ri, dep., n. and a. (mol-es) _To endeavor,
+strive; to undertake; to plot; to prepare._
+
+mol-lis, e, adj. (for mov-lis, fr. mov-eo, _that may_ or _can be moved_)
+_Weak, feeble; gentle; mild._
+
+m[)o]ra, ae, f. _A delay._
+
+morbus, i, m. _A sickness, disease._
+
+mor-s, tis, f. (mor-ior) _Death._
+
+mor-t[)u]us, a, um, part. (mor-ior) _Dead._
+
+mos, m�ris, m. [for meors; from meo, are, "to go"] _Usage, custom,
+practice._
+
+m[)o]v[)e]o, m�vi, m�tum, m[)o]v�re, a. _To move; to affect._
+
+mult-�, adv. (mult-us) _Much, greatly._
+
+mult-o (mulcto), �vi, �tum, �re (mult-a, _a fine_) _To fine; to punish._
+
+multus, a, um, adj. _Much_; in pl., _many_.
+
+m�n-[)i]o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (moenia) _To fortify._
+
+m�n�-tus, a, um, part. (muni-o) _Fortified, secure._
+
+m�rus, i, m. [for mun-rus; root MUN, "to defend"] _A wall._
+
+m�-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. intens. (for mov-to, fr. mov-eo) _To move;
+to alter, change._
+
+
+N
+
+nam, conj. _For._
+
+nanciscor, nanctus and nactus sum, nancisci, dep. _To get; to find._
+
+nascor, n�tus sum, nasci, dep. _To be born; to spring forth; to grow._
+
+n�-t�ra, ae, f. (na-scor; _a being born_) _Birth; nature._
+
+nau-fr[)a]gus, a, um, adj. (nav-frag-us; navis; frag, root of frango)
+_That suffers shipwreck; wrecked._
+
+n�, adv. and conj. _No, not_; ne ... quidem, _not even; that not, lest_.
+
+-n[)e], interrog. and enclitic particle, in direct questions with the
+ind. asking merely for information; in indirect questions with the subj.
+_Whether._
+
+nec, conj.: see neque.
+
+n[)e]cess-�r[)i]us, a, um, adj. (ne-cess-e) _Unavoidable, necessary_; as
+noun, m., _a relative, friend_.
+
+n[)e]-ces-se, neut. adj. (found only in nom. and acc. sing., for
+ne-ced-se, fr. ne; ed-o, _not yielding_) _Unavoidable, necessary._
+
+n[)e]f�r-[)i]us, a. um, adj. (for nefas-ius, fr. nefas) _Impious,
+nefarious._
+
+n�g-l[)e]g-o, lexi, lectum, l[)e]g[)e]re, a. (nec; lego, _not to
+gather_) _To neglect, disregard._
+
+n[)e]go, n[)e]g�vi, n[)e]g�tum, n[)e]g�re, n. and a. _To say "no;" to
+deny._
+
+n�-mo, [)i]nis, m. and f. (ne; homo) _No person, no one, nobody._
+
+n[)e]-que or nec, adv. _Not_; conj., _and not_; neque ... neque, nec ...
+nec, _neither ... nor_.
+
+n�qu-[)i]t[)i]a, ae, f. (nequ-am) _Badness; inactivity, negligence._
+
+ne-sc[)i]o, sc�vi, sc�tum, sc�re, a. _Not to know, to be ignorant of._
+
+nex, n[)e]cis, f. (= nec-s, fr. nec-o) _Death; murder, slaughter._
+
+n[)i]hil, n. indecl. (nihilum, by apocope) _Nothing; not at all._
+
+n[)i]mis, adv. _Too much; too._
+
+n[)i]m[)i]-um, adv. (nimi-us) _Too much; too._
+
+n[)i]-si, conj. _If not, unless._
+
+noct-urnus, a, um, adj. (nox) _Belonging to the night, nocturnal._
+
+n�m[)i]n-o (1), a. (nomen) _To name._
+
+n�n, adv. _Not, no._
+
+non-dum, adv. _Not yet._
+
+non-ne, inter. adv. (expects answer "yes") _Not?_
+
+non-nullus, a, um, adj. (not one) _Some, several._
+
+noster, tra, trum, poss. pron. (nos) _Our, our own, ours_; in plur., as
+noun, m., _our men_.
+
+n[)o]ta, ae, f. (nosco) _A mark, sign; a�brand._
+
+n[)o]t-o, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. (not-a) _To mark, designate._
+
+n[)o]vus, a, um, adj. _New._
+
+nox, noctis, f. _Night._
+
+n�dus, a, um, adj. _Naked, bare._
+
+n-ullus, a, um, adj. (ne; ullus) _None, no._
+
+num, inter. particle, used in direct questions expecting the answer
+"no;" in indirect questions, _Whether_.
+
+n[)u]m[)e]rus, i, m. _A number._
+
+nunc, adv. _Now, at present._
+
+n-unquam (numquam), adv. (ne; unquam) _Never._
+
+n�per, adv. (for nov-per, fr. nov-us) _Newly, lately._
+
+nupt-[)i]ae, �rum, f. pl. (nupt-a, _a married woman_) _Marriage,
+nuptials._
+
+
+O
+
+O, interj. _O! Oh!_
+
+ob, prep, with acc. _On account of._
+
+[)o]b[)e]o, �re, [)i]i, [)i]tum, n. _To engage in, execute._
+
+obl[)i]viscor, obl�tus sum, oblivisci, dep. _To forget._
+
+obsc�r-�, adv. (obscur-us) _Indistinctly, secretly._
+
+obsc�r-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (obscurus) _To obscure._
+
+�bsc�rus, a, um, adj. _Dark; unknown._
+
+ob-s[)i]d[)e]o, s�di, sessum, s[)i]d�re, a. (ob; sedeo, _to sit_) _To
+sit down at_ or _before; to invest; to watch for_.
+
+ob-s�do, no perf., no sup., s[)i]d�re, a. _To sit down over_ or
+_against; to invest, besiege_.
+
+ob-sisto, st[)i]ti, st[)i]tum, sist[)e]re, n. _To oppose, resist._
+
+ob-sto, st[)i]ti, st�tum, st�re, n. _To oppose._
+
+ob-temp[)e]ro, �vi, �tum, �re, n. _To comply with, obey._
+
+oc-c�do, c�di, c�sum, c�d[)e]re, a. (ob; caedo, _to strike against_) _To
+strike down; to kill._
+
+oc-c[)u]p-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (for ob-cap-o, fr. ob; capio) _To take,
+seize; to occupy._
+
+[)o]c[)u]lus, i, m. _An eye._
+
+�di, odisse, a., defective. _To hate._
+
+[)o]d-[)i]um, ii, n. (odi) _Hatred._
+
+of-fendo, fendi, fensum, fend[)e]re, a. _To hit; to offend._
+
+of-fensus, a, um, adj. _Odious_
+
+�men, [)i]nis, n. _An omen._
+
+o-mitto, m�si, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. (ob; mitto) _To let go; to pass
+over, omit._
+
+omnis, e, adj. _Every, all._
+
+[)o]p�n-or, �tus sum, �ri, dep. (opin-us, _thinking_) _To think,
+suppose, imagine._
+
+[)o]port-et, [)u]it, �re, impers. _It is necessary._
+
+op-pr[)i]mo, pressi, pressum, pr[)i]m[)e]re, a. (ob; premo) _To
+overwhelm, subdue, overpower; to cover._
+
+opt[)i]m-as, �tis, adj. (optim-us) _Aristocratic_; as noun (sc. homo),
+_an aristocrat_.
+
+opt-[)i]mus, a, um, adj. (super. of bonus) _Best, very good._
+
+orbis, is, m. _A circle; the world, the universe._
+
+ord-o, [)i]nis, m. (ord-ior, _to begin_) _Order; class, degree._
+
+�s, �ris, n. _The mouth; the face, countenance._
+
+osten-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. intens. (for ostend-to, fr. ostend-o)
+_To show; to display._
+
+�t[)i]-�sus, a, um, adj. (oti-um, full of) _At leisure; quiet; calm,
+tranquil._
+
+�t[)i]um, ii, n. _Leisure._
+
+
+P
+
+pa-ciscor, pactus sum, pacisci, dep., n. and a. _To contract; to agree,
+bargain._
+
+pac-tum, i, n. (pac-iscor) _An agreement, compact; manner, way._
+
+pango, pang-[)e]re, panxi, pactum. _To agree._
+
+par-ens, entis, m. and f. (par-io) _A parent._
+
+p[)a]r[)i]es, ietis, m. _A wall._
+
+p[)a]r[)i]o, p[)e]p[)e]ri, p[)a]r[)i]tum, p[)a]r[)e]re and partum, a.
+_To bring forth; to obtain._
+
+p[)a]r-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To make, get ready, prepare._
+
+parr[)i]-c�da, ae, m. (for patr-i-caed-a, fr. pater; [i]; caedo) _The
+murderer of one's father; parricide._
+
+parric�d-[)i]um, ii, n. (parricid-a) _Parricide, murder, treason._
+
+pars, partis, f. _A part, portion._
+
+part-[)i]-cep-s, c[)i]pis, adj. (for part-i-cap-s, fr. pars; [i];
+cap-io) _Sharing, partaking_; as noun, _a sharer, partaker_.
+
+parvus, a, um, adj. _Small, little, slight._
+
+pat-e-f[)a]c[)i]o, f�ci, factum, f[)a]c[)e]re, a. (pateo; facio) _To
+disclose, expose, bring to light._
+
+p[)a]t[)e]o, [)u]i, no sup., p[)a]t�re, n. _To stand_ or _lie open; to
+be clear, plain_.
+
+p[)a]ter, tris, m. _A father._
+
+p[)a]t[)i]ent-[)i]a, ae, f. (patior) _Patience._
+
+p[)a]tr-[)i]us, a, um (a long or short), adj. (pater) _Paternal,
+fatherly_; as noun, f. (sc. terra), _native land, country_.
+
+paucus, a, um, adj. _Small, little_; as noun, pl. m., _few, a�few_.
+
+paul-isper, adv. (paul-us, _little_) _For a little while._
+
+paul-� adv. (id., _little_) _By a little, a�little._
+
+paul-um, adv. (paul-us) _By a little, a�little._
+
+paul-us, a, um, adj. _A little, small._
+
+p[)e]n[)i]-tus, adv. (root pen) _From within; deeply._
+
+per, prep, with acc. _Through; by, by means of; on account of._
+
+per-c[)i]p[)i]-o, c�pi, ceptum, c[)i]p[)e]re, a. (per; capio) _To take
+possession of, seize; to comprehend, perceive, learn._
+
+perd-[)i]tus, a, um, part. (perd-o) _Ruined, desperate, abandoned._
+
+per-do, d[)i]di, d[)i]tum, d[)e]re, a. _To destroy, ruin._
+
+per-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, l�tum, a. irr. _To bear, endure._
+
+per-fringo, fr�gi, fractum, fring[)e]re, a. (per; frango) _To break
+through; to violate, infringe._
+
+per-fr[)u]or, fructus sum, fr[)u]i, dep. _To enjoy fully._
+
+per-go, perrexi, perrectum, perg[)e]re, a. and n. (for per-rego, _to
+make quite straight_) _To proceed, go on._
+
+p[)e]r�cl-�tor, �t�tus sum, tari, dep., a. and n. (per�cl-um) _To try;
+to endanger, risk; to venture, hazard._
+
+p[)e]r�-c[)u]lum (clum), i, n. (peri-or [obsolete], _to go through_) _A
+trial; hazard, danger, peril._
+
+per-mitto, m�si, missum, mittere, a. _To send through; to give up,
+intrust, surrender._
+
+per-m[)o]v[)e]o, m�vi, m�tum, m[)o]v�re, a. _To move thoroughly; to
+excite, arouse._
+
+pern[)i]c-[)i]es, [)i]�i, f. (pernec-o, _to kill utterly_)
+_Destruction._
+
+pern[)i]c[)i]-�sus, a, um, adj. (per-nici-es, full of) _Very
+destructive, ruinous, pernicious._
+
+perp[)e]t[)u]us, a, um, adj. _Continuous; constant, perpetual._
+
+per-saepe. _Very often, very frequently._
+
+per-sp[)i]c[)i]o, spexi, spectum, sp[)i]c[)e]re, a. (per; specio, _to
+look_) _To look through; to perceive, note._
+
+per-terr[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, terr�re, a. _To terrify thoroughly._
+
+per-t[)i]me-sco, t[)i]m[)u]i, no sup., t[)i]mesc[)e]re, a. and n. inch.
+(pertimeo) _To fear or dread greatly._
+
+per-t[)i]n-[)e]�, t[)i]n[)u]i, tentum, t[)i]n�re, n. (per; teneo) _To
+stretch; to concern; to pertain to._
+
+per-v[)e]n[)i]o, v�ni, ventum, v[)e]n�re, n. _To arrive at, reach._
+
+pestis, is, f. _Ruin, plague._
+
+p[)e]t-�t[)i]o, �nis, f. (pet-o) _An attack, thrust._
+
+p[)e]to, p[)e]t�vi, p[)e]t�tum, p[)e]t[)e]re, a. _To seek; to attack,
+thrust at._
+
+pl[)a]c[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, pl[)a]c�re, n. _To please_; placet,
+impers., _it seems good; it is resolved upon; it is determined_.
+
+pl�co, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To quiet, calm, reconcile._
+
+pl�n-�, adv. (plan-us) _Simply, clearly._
+
+pl�bes, ei, f. or plebs, pl�bis, f. _The common people, the plebeians._
+
+pl�-r[)i]mus, a, um, sup. adj. (multus) _Very much_; in pl., _the
+largest_ or _smaller number_; with quam, _as many as possible_.
+
+poena, ae, f. _Punishment._
+
+pol-l[)i]c[)e]or, licitus sum, l[)i]c�r[)i], dep. (pot, root of pot-is,
+_powerful_, and liceor, _to bid_) _To promise._
+
+pont[)i]fex, f[)i]cis, m. _The high priest, pontiff._
+
+p[)o]p[)u]lus, i, m. _A people, nation, multitude._
+
+porta, ae, f. _A gate; passage._
+
+pos-sum, posse, p[)o]t[)u]i, no sup., n. irr. (for pot-sum, fr. pot,
+root of pot-is, _able_, and sum) _To be able._
+
+post, adv. and prep. with acc. _Behind; after; next to, since._
+
+post-[)e]�, adv. _After this; afterwards._
+
+post[)e]r-[)i]tas, �tis, f. (poster-us) _Futurity; posterity._
+
+post[)u]lo, a. _To ask, demand, request._
+
+p[)o]t[)i]us, adv. (adv. neut. of potior, comp. of potis) _Rather,
+more._
+
+prae-cl�rus, a, um, adj. _Splendid, excellent; distinguished._
+
+prae-d[)i]co, d[)i]c�vi, d[)i]c�tum, d[)i]-c�re, a. _To publish, state,
+declare._
+
+prae-d�co, dixi, dictum, d�c[)e]re, a. _To say beforehand; to predict._
+
+prae-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, l�tum, a. irr. _To bear before; to
+display, to exhibit._
+
+prae-mitto, m�si, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. _To send forward._
+
+prae-s-ens, entis, adj. (prae; sum) _Present._
+
+praesent-[)i]a, ae, f. (praesens) _Presence._
+
+praes[)i]d-[)i]um, ii, n. (praesid-eo) _A guarding, defence, aid;
+a�garrison, guard._
+
+prae-st�lor (1), dep. n. and a. _To wait for._
+
+praet[)e]r-[)e]o, �re, ii, [)i]tum, n. and a. irr. _To pass over, omit._
+
+praeter-mitto, m�si, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. _To pass over, omit._
+
+prae-tor, �ris, m. (for praei-tor, fr. praeeo) _A leader; a�praetor_, an
+officer next to consul in rank.
+
+pr�-dem, adv. (for prae-dem, fr. prae; suffix dem) _A long time ago,
+long since._
+
+pr�-di�, adv. (for prae-die, fr. prae; dies) _On the day before._
+
+pr�-m�, adv. (primus) _At first._
+
+pri-mus, a, um, sup. adj. (for prae-mus, fr. prae, with superlative
+suffix mus) _The first, first._
+
+prin-cep-s, c[)i]pis, adj. (for prim-caps, fr. prim-us; cap-io) _First_;
+as noun, m. and f., _chief, leader_.
+
+pr[)i]-or, us, gen. �ris, comp. adj. (for prae-or, fr. prae; comparative
+suffix or) _Former._
+
+pr�v�-tus, a, um, part. (pr�v-[a]-o, _to deprive_) _Private_; as noun,
+m., _a private citizen_.
+
+prob-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To try; to approve._
+
+perfec-t[)i]o, �nis, f. (for profac-tio, fr. profic-iscor) _A setting
+out, departure._
+
+pr�-f[)i]c[)i]o, f�ci, fectum, f[)i]c[)e]re, n. and a. (pro; facio) _To
+accomplish, effect._
+
+pro-f[)i]c-iscor, fectus sum, f[)i]cisci, dep. n. inch, (for
+pro-fac-iscor, fr. pro; fac-io) _To set out._
+
+pr�-f[)u]g[)i]o, f�gi, f[)u]gitum, f[)u]g[)e]re, a. and n. _To flee._
+
+pr[)o]pe, adv. and prep, with acc. _Nearly, almost._
+
+pr[)o]pr[)i]us, a, um, adj. _One's one; proper, peculiar, suited to._
+
+prop-ter, prep. with acc. (prop-e) _Near; on account of._
+
+pro-s[)e]quor, s[)e]c�tus sum, s[)e]qui, dep. _To follow, accompany._
+
+prox[)i]mus, a, um, adj. (proc-simus, for prop-simus, fr. prop-e, and
+sup. ending simus) _The nearest, next; the last._
+
+publ[)i]c-�, adv. (public-us) _In behalf of the state, in the name of
+the state._
+
+publ-[)i]cus, a, um, adj. (populus) _public, common_.
+
+p[)u]d-or, �r[)i]s, m. (pudet) _Shame, modesty._
+
+pur-go, a. (p�r-us) _To clean, cleanse; purify._
+
+p[)u]t-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (put-us, _cleansed_) _To make clean; to
+reckon, think._
+
+
+Q
+
+quaero (quaeso), quaes�vi, ii, quaes�tum, quaer[)e]re, a. _To seek;
+demand, ask._
+
+quaeso: see quaero.
+
+qua�s-tio, �nis, f. (quaes-o) _A seeking; a�judicial investigation._
+
+quam, adv. (adverbial acc. of quis) _In what manner, how; as much, as;
+than_; with superlatives, _as_ (much as) _possible_, e.g. quam primum,
+_as soon as possible_.
+
+quam-d[)i]u, adv. _How long, as long as._
+
+quam-ob-rem, rel. adv. _On which account, wherefore._
+
+quam-quam, conj. _Although._
+
+quantus, a, um, adj. _How great, how much._
+
+qu�-r�, adv. (quis; res) _From what cause? wherefore?_
+
+-que, enclitic conj. _And_; que ... que, _both ... and_.
+
+qu[)e]r-[)i]m�n[)i]a, ae, f. (queror) _A complaint._
+
+qu[)e]ror, questus sum, qu[)e]ri, dep. a. and n. _To complain of,
+lament, bewail._
+
+qu�, quae, quod, rel. pron. _Who, which, what, that._
+
+qu�-dam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. _Some, some one, a�certain one._
+
+qu[)i]dem, adv. _Indeed, at least_; ne ... quidem, _not even_.
+
+qu[)i]e-sco, qu[)i]�vi, qu[)i]�tum, qu[)i]esc[)e]re, n. inch, (for
+quiet-sco, fr. quies) _To keep quiet._
+
+quin-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (quinqu-tus, fr. quinque) _The fifth._
+
+quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron. (quis, quae, quod, used adjectively)
+_Who? which? what?_ quid, _how? why? wherefore?_ preceded by ne, si,
+nisi, num, becomes an indefinite pron., _any, some_.
+
+quis-quam, quae-quam, quic-quam (quod-quam), indef. pron. _Any, any
+one._
+
+quis-que, quae-que, quod-que (and as noun, quic-que; quid-que), indef.
+pron. _Each, every_.
+
+quis-quis, quod-quod or quic-quid or quid-quid, indef. pron. _Whatever,
+whatsoever_; as noun, _whoever, whosoever_.
+
+qu�, adv. (qui) _Where; whither._
+
+quod, conj. (acc. neut. fr. qui) _That, in that, because_; quod si, _but
+if_.
+
+quon-dam, adv. (for quom-dam, fr. quom, old form of quem) _Once,
+formerly._
+
+qu[)o]n-[)i]am, conj. (for quom-iam, fr. quom = cum and jam) _Since._
+
+qu[)o]que, conj. _Also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes).
+
+quot, num. adj. indecl. _How many, as many._
+
+qu[)o]t�d-[)i]e, cotidie. _Daily._
+
+quot-[)i]es, iens, adv. (xuot) _How often._
+
+qu[)o]t[)i]es-cumque, adv. _How often soever; as often as._
+
+quo-usque, adv. (for quom; usque, fr. quom, old form of quem; usque)
+_Until what time; how long._
+
+
+R
+
+r[)a]p[)i]o, [)u]i, raptum, r[)a]p[)e]re, a. _To match_ or _draw away_.
+
+r[)a]-t[)i]o, �nis, f. (reor) _A calculation; judgment, reason; course,
+manner._
+
+r[)e]cens, ntis, adj. _Fresh, recent._
+
+r[)e]-c[)i]p[)i]o, c�pi, ceptum, r[)e]c[)i]p[)e]re, a. (re; capio) _To
+take back; to accept, receive._
+
+r[)e]-cognosco, cogn�vi, cognitum, cognosc[)e]re, a. _To know again,
+recognize; to examine, review._
+
+r[)e]-condo, cond[)i]di, cond[)i]tum, cond[)e]re, a. _To put back again;
+to sheath_ (of a sword); _to lay up; bury_.
+
+rec-tus, a, um, part, (for reg-tus, fr. reg-o) _Right; straight._
+
+red-und-o, �vi, �tum, �re, n. _To overflow; to abound._
+
+re-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, l�tum, a. irr. _To carry, bring_, or _give
+back; to return, pay back_.
+
+r�g[)i]-�, adv. (regi-us) _Royally, tyrannically._
+
+r[)e]-l[)e]vo, l[)e]v�vi, l[)e]v�tum, l[)e]v�re, a. _To make light; to
+relieve._
+
+r[)e]-linquo, l�qui, lictum, linqu[)e]re, a. (re; linquo, _to leave_)
+_To leave behind, leave._
+
+r[)e]l[)i]qu-us, a, um, adj. (reli[n]qu-o) _Remaining; the remainder of,
+rest._
+
+r[)e]m[)a]n[)e]o, mansi, no sup., m[)a]n�re, n. _To remain behind._
+
+r[)e]-m[)o]ror, m[)o]r�tus sum, m[)o]r�ri, dep., n. and a. _To stay,
+delay, to detain._
+
+re-pello, p[)u]li, pulsum, a. _To reject, repel._
+
+r[)e]-p[)e]rio, r[)e]p[)e]ri, r[)e]pertum, p[)e]r�re, a. (re; par-o) _To
+find._
+
+re-primo, pressi, pressum, a. (re; premo) _To check, restrain._
+
+r[)e]p[)u]d[)i]-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (repudi-um, _a casting off_) _To
+cast off; to reject._
+
+r�s, r[)e]i, f. _A thing, matter_; res publica, _the commonwealth, the
+state_.
+
+r[)e]-s[)i]d[)e]o, s�di, no sup., s[)i]d�re, n. (re; sedeo) _To remain;
+to remain behind._
+
+r�-spond[)e]o, spondi, sponsum, spond�re, a. (re; spondeo, _to promise_)
+_To answer, reply._
+
+respon-sum, i, n. (for respond-sum, fr. respond-eo) _An answer, reply._
+
+r�s-publ[)i]c�, r[)e]i-publ[)i]cae, f.; see res.
+
+r[)e]-v[)o]co, a. _To call back, to recall._
+
+r[)o]go, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To ask_; rogare legem, _to propose a law_.
+
+r[)u]-�na, ae, f. (ru-o) _A falling; ruin._
+
+
+S
+
+sacr-�r[)i]um, ii (a long or short), n, (sacr-um) _A place for keeping
+holy things; a�shrine._
+
+sacrum, i (a long or short), n. (sacer) _A sacred thing; a�religious
+rite, ceremony._
+
+saep-e, adv. (saep-is, _frequent_) _Often, frequently._
+
+s[)a]g-ax, �c[)i]s, adj. (sagio, _to perceive quickly_) _Sagacious,
+keen-scented._
+
+s[)a]l�-s, �tis, f. (for salvit-s; fr. salv-eo, _to be well_) _Health;
+safety, prosperity._
+
+s[)a]l�t-o, �vi, �tum, �re, a. (salus) _To greet, salute._
+
+sanc-tus, a, um, adj. (sancio) _Sacred, holy, venerable._
+
+sanguis, inis, m. _Blood._
+
+s[)a]telles, [)i]tis, com. gen. _An attendant; an accomplice, partner._
+
+s[)a]t[)i]s (sat), adv. _Enough._
+
+s[)a]tis-f[)a]c[)i]o, f�ci, factum, f[)a]c[)e]re, a. _To give
+satisfaction; satisfy, content._
+
+sc[)e]l[)e]r�t-�, adv. (scelerat-us) _Impiously, wickedly._
+
+sc[)e]l[)e]r�-tus, a, um, part. (sceler[a]-o, _to pollute_) _Polluted,
+bad_; as noun, m., _a wretch_.
+
+sc[)e]lus, [)e]ris, n. _An evil deed; a�crime, guilt._
+
+scio, sc�vi, sc�tum, sc�re, a. _To know, perceive._
+
+s�-c�do, cessi, cessum, c�d[)e]re, n. _To go apart; to go away._
+
+s�-cerno, cr�vi, cr�tum, cern[)e]re, a. _To put apart, separate._
+
+sed, conj. _But, yet, but also_; non solum ... sed etiam, _not only_ ...
+_but also_.
+
+s�d-[)i]-t[)i]o, �nis, f. (sed = sine; i, root of eo, _a going apart_)
+_Sedition, strife._
+
+s�-jungo, junxi, junctum, jung[)e]re, a. _To disjoin; to separate._
+
+s�-men, [)i]nis, n. (for s�-men, fr. sa, true root of sero) _the sown
+thing. Seed_.
+
+semper, adv. _Ever, always._
+
+s[)e]n-�tus, �s, m. (senex) _The council of the elders, the senate._
+
+s[)e]n�t�s-consultum, i, n. _A decree of the senate._
+
+sen-sus, [)u]s, m. (for sent-sus, fr. sent-io) _Perception, feeling._
+
+sentent-[)i]a, ae, f. (for sentient-ia, fr. sentiens, _thinking_) _An
+opinion, sentiment; sentence, vote._
+
+sent�na, ae, f. _Bilge-water; the lowest of the people, rabble; mob._
+
+sent[)i]o, sensi, sensum, sentire, a. _To feel, see; to perceive._
+
+sequor, s[)e]cutus sum, s[)e]qui, dep. _To follow, to comply with,
+conform to._
+
+sermo, �nis, m. _A speaking; talk, conversation._
+
+s�r-�, adv. (ser-us) _Late, too late._
+
+serv-[)i]o, ivi, itum, ire, n. (serv-us) _To be a slave; to serve,_
+
+servo, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To save, preserve, protect._
+
+s�rvus, i, m. _A slave._
+
+s�s�, reduplicated form of acc. or abl. of sui.
+
+s[)e]v�r-itas, �tis, f. (severus) _Strictness, severity._
+
+sex-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (sex) _The sixth._
+
+si, conj. _If, whether._
+
+s�c, adv. _In this manner, so thus._
+
+s�ca, ae, f. _A dagger, poniard._
+
+s�c-ut or s�c-uti, adv. _So as, just as._
+
+s[)i]lent-[)i]um, ii, n. (silens, _silent_) _Silence._
+
+s[)i]l[)e]o, ui, no sup., n. _To be noiseless, still_, or _silent_.
+
+s[)i]m[)i]l[)i]s, e, adj. (with gen. and dat.) _Like, similar._
+
+s[)i]mul, adv. _Together, at once_; simul-ac _or_ atque, _as soon as_.
+
+s�-n, conj. (si; ne) _But if._
+
+sine, prep. with abl. _Without._
+
+sing-[)u]li, ae, a, num. distrib. adj. _One to each, separate, single,
+each, every._
+
+s[)i]no, s�vi, s[)i]tum, s[)i]n[)a]re, a. _To let, suffer, allow._
+
+s[)o]c[)i]-etas, �tis, f. (soci-us) _Fellowship, association, society;
+a�league, an alliance._
+
+socius, ii, m. _A partner, companion; ally, confederate._
+
+s[)o]d�lis, is, com. gen. _A boon companion._
+
+s[)o]l[)e]o, s[)o]l[)i]tus sum, n. semi-dep. _To be wont, be
+accustomed._
+
+s�l-[)i]t�do, �n[)i]s, f. (sol-us) _Loneliness, aolitude; a�desert,
+wilderness._
+
+s�l-um, adv. (s�l-us) _Alone, only._
+
+somnus, i, m. _Sleep, slumber._
+
+sp[)e]c[)u]l-or, dep. a. and n. (specula, _a watch-tower_) _To watch,
+observe, explore._
+
+spe-s, sp[)e]i, f., gen., dat., and abl. pl. not found in good writers
+(for sper-s, fr. sp�r-o) _Hope._
+
+sp�r-[)i]tus, �s, m. (spir-o) _A breathing; a�breath._
+
+spon-te, abl., and spontis, gen. of the noun spons, f. (for spond-te,
+fr. spond-eo, _to pledge_) _Of one's own accord, willingly._
+
+st�-tor, �ris, m. _A supporter, stayer._
+
+st[)a]t[)u]-o, ui, �tum, [)e]re, a. (status) _To put, place; to decide,
+determine._
+
+st�-tus, �s, m. (sto) _Condition, situation, state._
+
+stirps, stirpis, f. _A stock, stem; source, origin._
+
+sto, st[)e]ti, st�tum, st�re, n. _To stand._
+
+st[)u]d[)e]o, [)u]i, no sup., �re, n. and a. _To be eager; to pursue, be
+devoted to._
+
+st[)u]d-[)i]um, ii, n. (stud-eo) _Assiduity, zeal._
+
+stultus, a, um, adj. _Foolish, simple._
+
+stuprum, i (u long or short), n. _Debauchery, lewdness._
+
+su�deo, su�si, su�sum, su�d�re, n. and a. _To advise, recommend._
+
+sub-sell-[)i]um, ii, n. (sub; sell-a) _A bench, judge's seat._
+
+s[)u]i, sibi, se or sese, pron. reflex. _Of himself, herself, itself_,
+or _themselves_.
+
+sum, esse, f[)u]i, no sup., n. irr. _To be, exist._
+
+summus, a, um, sup. adj. (superus) _The highest, greatest, very great;
+the most important; the top of, the summit of._
+
+s[)u]p[)e]r-[)i]or, [)i]us, comp. adj. (super) _Higher; earlier,
+former._
+
+suppl[)i]c-[)i]um, ii, n. (supplic-o) _A humble petition; punishment._
+
+sus-c[)i]p[)i]o, c�pi, ceptum, c[)i]p[)e]re, a. _To undertake._
+
+suspec-tus, a, um, part. (suspic-io, through true root suspec)
+_Mistrusted, suspected._
+
+su-sp[)i]c[)i]o, spexi, spectum, sp[)i]cere, a. and n. (sub; specio, _to
+look_) _To look at from under; to mistrust, suspect._
+
+susp�c-[)i]o, �nis, f. (suspic-or) _Mistrust, suspicion._
+
+susp[)i]c-or, �tus sum, �ri, dep. (suspic-io) _To suspect._
+
+suspitio: see suspicio.
+
+sus-t[)i]neo, t[)i]n[)u]i, tentum, t[)i]n�re, a. _To support, sustain._
+
+s[)u]-us, a, um, poss. pron. (su-i) _Of_ or _belonging to himself,
+herself, itself_, or _themselves; his own, her own, its own, their own_.
+
+
+T
+
+t[)a]b[)u]la, ae, f. _A board; a writing-tablet._
+
+t[)a]c[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, t[)a]c�re, n. _To be silent._
+
+t[)a]citurn-[)i]tas, �tis, f. (taciturnus, _quiet_) _Silence._
+
+t[)a]c-[)i]tus, a, um, adj. (taceo) _Silent._
+
+tae-ter, tra, trum, adj. (for taed-ter, fr. taed-et) _Foul, shameful,
+disgraceful._
+
+tam, adv. _So, so far, so very, so much._
+
+t[)a]men, adv. _Nevertheless, however, still._
+
+t[)a]m-etsi, conj. (contracted fr. tamen-etsi) _Although, though._
+
+tan-dem, adv. (tam) _At length_; in questions, _pray_.
+
+tam-quam, adv. (tam; quam) _As much as; just as, like as, as if, as it
+were._
+
+tantus, a, um, adj. _So great, so large, so many._
+
+tec-tum, i, n. (for teg-tum, fr. teg-o) _A roof, house._
+
+t�lum, i, n. _A spear; weapon._
+
+tempes-tas, �tis, f. (for tempor-tas, fr. tempus) _A space of time;
+a�time; weather_ (both good and bad), hence _a storm, tempest_.
+
+templum, i, n. _A temple, shrine._
+
+temp-to, t�vi, t�tum, t�re, a. intens. (also written ten-to, fr. teneo)
+_To handle; to try; to try the strength of; to attack._
+
+tempus, [)o]ris, n. _A portion of time; a�time; a�critical moment,
+circumstances._
+
+t[)e]n[)e]brae, �rum, f. pl. _Darkness._
+
+t[)e]n[)e]o, t[)e]n[)u]i, tentum, a., t[)e]n�re. _To hold, keep, have,
+guard._
+
+terra, ae, f. _The earth, land_; orbis terrarum, _the world; country_.
+
+t[)i]m[)e]o, �i, no sup., t[)i]m�re, a. and n. _To fear._
+
+t[)i]m-or, �ris, m. _Fear._
+
+tollo, sust[)u]li, subl[)a]tum, toll[)e]re, a. _To lift up; to destroy,
+take away._
+
+tot, num. adj. indecl. _So many._
+
+t[)o]t-[)i]es, (iens) num. adv. (tot) _So often, so many times._
+
+t�tus, a, um, adj. _All, all the; the whole_; in adverbial force,
+_altogether, wholly_.
+
+trans-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, l�tum, a. _To bear ucross; to transport,
+transfer._
+
+trib�n-al, �lis, n. (tribunus) _A judgment-seat, tribunal._
+
+trib-�nus, i, m. (trib-us) _A tribune._
+
+tru-c�do, a. (for truc-caedo, fr. trux [_savage_]; caedo) _To
+slaughter._
+
+t�, tui, pers. pron. _Thou, you_ (sing.)
+
+tum, adv. _Then, at that time._
+
+t[)u]multus, �s, m. _Disturbance, tumult._
+
+turp-[)i]t�do, inis, f. (turpis) _Baseness, infamy._
+
+t�-tus, a, um, (tu-eor) _Safe, secure._
+
+t[)u]-us, a, um, poss. pron. (tu) _Thy, thine, your, yours._
+
+
+U
+
+[)u]bi, adv. (akin to qui) _Where; when_; ubinam, _where, pray?_
+
+ul-lus, a, um, adj. dim. (for un-lus, fr. unus) _Any, any one._
+
+umquam: see unquam.
+
+�n�, adv. (adverbial abl. of unus) _At the same time, in company,
+together._
+
+
+V
+
+vir-tus, �tis, f. (vir) _Manliness, manhood; courage; worth, merit._
+
+vis, vis, f. _Strength, force._
+
+viscus, [)e]ris, n. (mostly in pl.) _The inwards; the viscera._
+
+v[)i]-ta, ae, f. (for viv-ta, fr. viv-o) _Life._
+
+v[)i]t[)i]um, ii, n. _Fault, blemish, error, crime, vice._
+
+v�to, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To shun, avoid._
+
+v�vo, vixi, victum, v�v[)e]re, n. _To live._
+
+v�v-us, a, um, adj. (v�v-o) _Alive._
+
+vix, adv. _With difficulty, hardly, scarcely_; vixdum, _scarcely_.
+
+v[)o]co, �vi, �tum, �re, a. _To call; summon._
+
+voln[)e]r-o, �vi, �tus sum, �re, a. (volnus) _To wound._
+
+volo, velle, vol[)u]i, no sup., a. irr. _To will, wish, desire._
+
+voltus: see vultus.
+
+volun-tas, �tis, f. (for volent-tas, fr. volens) _Will, wish, desire,
+inclination._
+
+volup-tas, �tis, f. (volup, _agreeable_) _Enjoyment, pleasure, delight._
+
+vox, v�cis, f. (for voc-s, fr. voc-o, _that which calls out_) _A voice;
+a�word_; in pl., _language, sayings, words_.
+
+vul-tus, �s, m. (for vol-tus, fr. vol-o) _The countenance; looks,
+aspect._
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+
+TEXT ALONE
+
+I.--1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu
+etiam furor iste tuus eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit
+audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae,
+nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic
+munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt.
+Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri
+conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
+ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum
+ignorare arbitraris?
+
+2.�O�tempora, O�mores! senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen
+vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consilii
+particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos
+autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furorem
+ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem
+oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris.
+
+3.�An vero vir amplissimus, P.�Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti.�Gracchum,
+mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit:
+Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos
+consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C.�Servilius
+Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit
+ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acerbioribus
+suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent.
+Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave: non deest
+rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis: nos, nos, dico
+aperte, consules desumus.
+
+II.--4. Decrevit quondam senatus ut L.�Opimius consul videret ne quid
+res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est
+propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C.�Gracchus, clarissimo patre,
+avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis M.�Fulvius consularis. Simili
+senatus consulto C.�Mario et L.�Valerio consulibus est permissa res
+publica: num unum diem postea L.�Saturninum tribunum plebis et
+C.�Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero
+nos vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere aciei horum auctoritatis.
+Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis
+tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim
+interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad
+deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me
+esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum
+videri, sed jam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno.
+
+5.�Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus
+collocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem
+castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu
+videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si
+te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, erit
+verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam
+crudelius factum se dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse
+oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique
+interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis
+inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fateatur.
+
+6.�Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita,
+ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te
+contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non
+sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
+
+III.--Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si neque
+nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus
+continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si inlustrantur, si erumpunt
+omnia? Muta jam istam mentem, mihi crede! obliviscere caedis atque
+incendiorum. Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia
+omnia; quae jam mecum licet recognoscas.
+
+7.�Meministine me ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres dicere in
+senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem sextum
+Kalendas Novembres, C.�Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum
+tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque
+incredibilis, verum id quod multo magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem
+in senatu, caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas
+Novembres, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui
+conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num
+infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum
+commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum
+nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas?
+
+8.�Quid? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum
+nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu
+meis praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil
+moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam
+planeque sentiam.
+
+
+IV.--Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: jam intelliges
+multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae.
+Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios--non agam obscure in
+M.�Laecae domum: convenisse eodem complures ejusdem amentiae scelerisque
+socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas: video enim
+esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt.
+
+9.�O di immortales! ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem publicam habemus? in
+qua urbe vivimus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in
+hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro
+omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio
+cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos
+ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud
+Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partess Italiae; statuisti quo
+quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos
+tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te
+ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiam tum morae,
+quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura
+liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo
+interfecturos esse pollicerentur.
+
+10.�Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum
+meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad
+me salutatum mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis
+ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos praedixeram.
+
+
+V.--11. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere
+aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te
+imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes
+tuos, si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum
+modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non
+potes: non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda
+est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis,
+gratia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei
+publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine
+summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato,
+Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata
+diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in
+campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos
+nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato:
+denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam
+videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse
+conjunctam.
+
+12.�Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum
+immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad
+exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod
+hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo,
+faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem
+utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica reliqua
+conjuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris,
+exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei
+publicae.
+
+13.�Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me facere, quod jam tua
+sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe jubet consul hostem. Interrogas me: num
+in exilium? non jubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo.
+
+
+VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delectare possit?
+In qua nemo est extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum qui te non
+metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non
+inusta vitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama?
+Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam tuis, quod
+flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem
+corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad
+libidinem facem praetulisti?
+
+14.�Quid vero? Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum
+vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus
+cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac
+civitate tanti facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata
+esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes
+impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad
+privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam
+difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad
+omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent.
+
+15.�Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse
+jucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas
+Januarias Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? Manum
+consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse sceleri
+ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi
+Romani obstitisse? Ac jam illa omitto--neque enim sunt aut obscura aut
+non multa commissa postea:--quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem
+interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita conjectas, ut vitari
+posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore
+effugi! nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis.
+
+16.�Quotiens tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens excidit
+aliquo casu et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac
+devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore
+defigere.
+
+
+VII.--Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar, non
+ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi
+nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta
+frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post
+hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis
+gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid? Quod adventu tuo ista
+subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad
+caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam
+subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi
+ferendum putas?
+
+17.�Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes
+cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi urbem nom
+arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque
+offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis oculis omnium
+conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium
+omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque
+vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent
+atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab
+eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria quae communis est parens
+omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de
+parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere nec
+judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
+
+18.�Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur:
+'Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium
+sine te: tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque
+sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: tu non solum ad negligendas leges et
+quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti.
+Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc
+vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit
+Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a
+tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quamobrem discede atque hunc
+mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem
+aliquando timere desinam.'
+
+
+VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare
+debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid? Quod tu te ipse in
+custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa apud M'. Lepidum te
+habitare velle dixisti? A�quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es,
+atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum
+tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui
+magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q.�Metellum
+praetorem venisti: a�quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum,
+M.�Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum
+diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum
+fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque
+vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit?
+
+20.�Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in
+aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis debitisque
+ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? Refer, inquis, ad senatum; id enim
+postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire in exilium,
+obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis
+moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere
+ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu in exilium, si hunc vocem
+exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid
+animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas
+auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis?
+
+21.�At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P.�Sestio, si fortissimo
+vero M.�Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo jure
+optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum
+quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque
+hi solum, quorum auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed
+etiam equites Romani honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique
+fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam
+videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti.
+Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile
+adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem usque
+ad portas prosequantur.
+
+IX.--22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te unquam
+corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam tibi
+istam mentem di immortales duint! Etsi video, si mea voce perterritus
+ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si
+minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in
+posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata
+calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis
+commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae
+cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor
+unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
+revocaverit.
+
+23.�Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico,
+ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exilium; vix
+feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in
+exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et
+gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad
+Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae
+bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed
+invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.
+
+24.�Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a�quo jam sciam esse praemissos, qui
+tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam pactam et
+constitutam cum Manlio diem. A�quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam
+tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui
+domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse
+praemissam? Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem
+proficisens solebas, a�cujus altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad
+necem civium transtulisti.
+
+X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista cupiditas
+effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem,
+sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit,
+voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo otium, sed ne
+bellum quidem, nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab
+omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum
+manum.
+
+26.�Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in
+voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum
+bonum quemquam neque videbis. Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt
+qui feruntur labores tui, jacere humi, non solum ad obsidendum stuprum,
+verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno
+maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes, illam tuam
+praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium, quibus te
+brevi tempore conectum senties.
+
+27.�Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius
+tentare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs
+te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
+
+XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae
+querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae
+dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum
+patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si omnis
+res publica sic loquatur; 'M.�Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quem esse
+hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari
+imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem
+conjurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere,
+ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem videatur? Nonne hunc
+in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari
+imperabis?
+
+28.�Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in
+hac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. An leges, quae de
+civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a
+re publica defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis
+times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per
+te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium
+per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiam aut alicujus
+periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis.
+
+29.�Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac
+fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum
+bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non
+existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?'
+
+XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui
+hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu
+judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram
+horae gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi viri et
+clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum
+complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam
+honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium
+interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi
+maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute
+partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
+
+30.�Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non
+videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: qui spem Catilinae mollibus
+sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo
+corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi,
+verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie
+factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana
+castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem
+esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno
+interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in
+perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et
+eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur
+atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum
+etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium.
+
+XIII.--31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis
+conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum
+ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus
+erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur
+fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum
+autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus
+rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febrique
+jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde
+multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui est in re
+publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis ingravescet.
+
+32.�Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum
+congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi, discernantur a
+nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal
+praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad
+inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius
+cujusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres
+conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis
+auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus
+bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta,
+inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis.
+
+33.�Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua
+peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere
+parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum,
+tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es
+constitutus, quem Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,
+hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a�tectis urbis ac
+moenibus a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos,
+hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria
+societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+
+ERRATA (noted by transcriber):
+
+General:
+
+_The shift from "Antony" ("Life of Cicero" section) to "Antonius"
+(remainder of the book) is unchanged. Date format has been regularized
+to "(year) B.C."; in the original, about a quarter of the dates were
+in the reversed form "B.C. (year)". A few cases of "scil," with comma
+have been silently changed to "scil." Four occurrences of "�"--three of
+them on the same page--have been regularized to "ae"._
+
+_In the Notes and Vocabulary sections, minor punctuation errors were
+silently corrected._
+
+Life of Cicero:
+
+  Chrysogonus, one of Sulla's favourites  [Sylla's]
+  Molo, the rhetorician  [rhetorican]
+  Marc Antony's designs  [Anthony's, and see above]
+  Sidenote: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus  [Sepidus]
+  The works of Cicero are:--  [Circero]
+
+Oratio
+
+_A number of typographical errors in the main text were corrected by
+hand, generally to agree with the form used in the Notes._
+
+  I. 3. C.�[3]Servilius Ahala
+    [_"Serviliusi", with "i" crossed out by hand_]
+  viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis  [supplicus]
+  II. 4. Vivis, [12]et vivis non ad
+    [_"Visis" corrected by hand to "Vivis"_]
+  II. 5. eorum autem castrorum  [castorum]
+  III. 6. obscurare ... continere
+    [_"-ari", "-eri" corrected by hand to "-are", "-ere"_]
+  III. 7. contentum esse dicebas
+    [_"se" corrected by hand to esse_]
+  IV. 9. sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat
+    [_"et" added by hand_]
+  partes Italiae  [partesJ taliae]
+  [10]statuisti quo
+    [_"loco" added by hand before "quo": see "scil." ff. in Notes_]
+  V. 11. ... periclitanda rei ... Catilina,
+    [_printed at consecutive line-ends as
+    "... periclitanda re" and "... Catilinai"_]
+  V. 12. magna et perniciosa sentina
+    [_omitted word "sentina" supplied from Notes and other editions_]
+  rei publicae  [_printed as one word_]
+  VII. 16. Sic enim  [enam]
+  VII. 17. Etsi me meis civibus  [Esti]
+  VII. 18. esse in metu propter unum te  [matu]
+  IX. 22. a rei publicae periculis sejungatur  [pablicae]
+  concita perditos cives,  [_, missing_]
+  X.--25.  [_text has "23" (without period) for "25."_]
+  X. 26. in tanto numero tuorum  [turorum]
+  X. 27. vexare rem publicam posses  [publiciam]
+  XI. 27. principem conjurationis  [principem, conjurationis]
+  XI. 29. incendio conflagraturum?'  [_close quote missing_]
+  XII. 30. verum etiam strips
+    [_"strips" corrected by hand to "stirps"_]
+  XIII. 33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina,
+    [_"omnibus" changed by hand to "ominibus" to agree with Notes:
+    both readings are possible_]
+
+Footnote Tags
+
+  I. 2. [6]  [7]
+  I. 3. [10]  [_There is no note corresponding to this tag_]
+  II. 5 [4]  [_missing_]
+  III. 8 [4]  [_missing_]
+  V. 11. [8], [9]  [_numbers reversed_]
+  VIII. 21. [5]prosequantur.  [6]
+  IX. 22. [2]Te ut ulla res frangat?  [_missing_]
+  X. 26. [5]  [_missing; following two tags numbered 5 and 6_]
+  XI. 28. supplicio [4]rogatae sunt?  [_missing_]
+
+Notes
+
+[Long dashes were changed to hyphens in contexts such as "_-re_ to
+_-ris_" and "compounds of _-lego_". A few Greek words were missing
+accents or breathing marks.]
+
+  I. 1. 1. quo usque--nostra?  [quosque]
+  I. 1. 6. "to toss the head contemptuously,"  [ontemptuously]
+  I. 1. 10. used partitively  [uses]
+  II. 4. 4:  [5]
+  II. 5. 1:  [_text has extraneous header "� 7.--"_]
+  II. 5. 4:  [_printed as part of note 3_]
+  II. 5. 6: or as Wilkins translates  [Wilkin's]
+  II. 5. 8: ... "you will be ordered to be put to death."
+    [_first "be" added by transcriber_]
+  III. 6. 9: ... (root _mun_, to defend: cp. +amunein+)
+    [_close parenthesis missing_]
+  III. 7. 9: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_:
+    [_impediendorum_:" with superfluous close quote]
+  ---- _num--dicebas?_ [_printed ? for !_]
+  IV. 6. 7:  [_Note number missing_]
+  IV. 9. 6: _Sententiam rogo_ is said  [vogo]
+  VI. 14. 4: _tanti--immanitas_  [_printed as part of note 3_]
+  VI. 16. 1: --_de manibus_ is explanatory  [mauibus]
+  VII. 18. 4: the persecution came to nothing  [came so]
+  VII. 18. 5: _praetor peregrinus_
+    [_printed as "_praetor_ peregrinus" (wrong word, not italicized)_]
+  VIII. 19. 2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, � 16.  [16, � 11]
+  VIII. 20. 5: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement  [deferee]
+  IX. 24. 2: 2: _qui--armati?_ "to wait for you arms
+    [_Text given as printed: missing words after "you"?_]
+  X. 26. 3: 3: _ad--stuprum_:  [struprum]
+  XI. 27. 4: by imploring (_precari_) their aid."
+    [_close quote missing_]
+  XI. 28. 3: _an leges?_  [au]
+  XII. 30. 2: this explains this subjunctive.  [suhjunctive]
+  XII. 30. 6: but cannot for ever be suppressed
+    [_printed "can-/for ever" at line break_]
+  XIII. 31. 1: _jamdiu_:  [jamdia]
+  XIII. 33. 2: "with the best interests  [_open quote missing_]
+  ---- z, 472  [_error for Z = Zumpt?_]
+  XIII. 33. 6: _arcebis_:  [_Note number missing_]
+
+Vocabulary
+
+The word "invisible" means that there is an appropriately sized
+empty space in the text.
+
+  [)a]d[)u]lescent-ulus ... A young man;  [youn]
+  [)a]l[)i]qu-ando, adv. (aliquis ...  [_No closing parenthesis_]
+  comp[)e]t-�tor, �ris, m. [com = cum;  [[com = bum]
+  con-c[)u]pi-sco  [can-]
+  conj�r�-t[)i]o, �nis, f. (conj�r[a]-o,
+    [_"co j�r[a]-o" with invisible n_]
+  cust�d[)i]-a, ae, f. (custod-io)  [eustod-io]
+  d�-b[)e]o ... in duty bound  [dutg]
+  moen[)i]a, ium ... Defensive wall  [Defeusive]
+  n�qu-[)i]t[)i]a, ae, f. (nequ-am)  [_Open parenthesis missing_]
+  p[)a]tr-[)i]us, a, um ... as noun, f. (sc. terra)
+    [_"te ra" with invisible r_]
+  p[)e]n[)i]-tus ... From within;  [withiu]
+  prae-d�co .. To say beforehand  [sag]
+  quis, quae, quid ... preceded by ne, si, nisi,  [nisl]
+  r[)e]-linquo, l�qui, lictum, linqu[)e]re,  [liuqu[)e]re]
+  r[)e]l[)i]qu-us, a, um, adj. (rel[n]qu-o)
+    [_Text shown as printed: error for "reli[n]qu-o"?_]
+  s�-men, [)i]nis, n. (for s�-men, fr. sa, true root of sero)
+    [_; for close parenthesis_]
+  sum, esse ... To be  [Te be]
+  t[)a]c[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, t[)a]c�re, n. _To be silent._
+    [_Infinite displaced to previous entry:
+    "t[)a]citurn-[)i]tas, �tis, t[)a]c�re,"_]
+  temp-to ... (also written ten-to, fr. teneo)  [ten-td]
+  t[)i]m[)e]o, �i, no sup., t[)i]m�re,  [t[)i]n�re]
+  trans-f[)e]ro ... To bear across  [ucross]
+  voln[)e]r-o, �vi, �tus sum,  [voln[)e]r-o, �vi, �tissu,]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against
+Catiline, by John Henderson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST ORATION OF CICERO - CATILINE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 24967-8.txt or 24967-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/9/6/24967/
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline, by 
+John Henderson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline
+       with Notices, Notes and Complete Vocabulary
+
+Author: John Henderson
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2008 [EBook #24967]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST ORATION OF CICERO - CATILINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+
+<p>This e-text includes a few words of accented Greek:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">δῆτα, ἀγαθός</p>
+
+<p>If the words do not display properly, or if the apostrophes and
+quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you may have an
+incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure that the
+browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).
+You may also need to change your browser’s default font.</p>
+
+<p>Typographical errors have been marked in the text with <ins class =
+"correction" title = "like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>. The shift
+from “Antony” (“Life of Cicero” section) to “Antonius” (remainder of the
+book) is unchanged. Date format has been regularized to “(year) B.C.”;
+in the original, about a quarter of the dates were in the reversed form
+“B.C. (year)”. A&nbsp;few cases of “scil,” with comma have been silently
+changed to “scil.” Four occurrences of “æ”&mdash;three of them on the
+same page&mdash;have been regularized to “ae”.</p>
+
+<p>Missing footnote anchors have been supplied or restored; they are
+marked <a class = "tag missing" href = "#contents">N</a>like this
+without further annotation.</p>
+
+<p>All links from the Oration lead to Notes; all links in the
+Notes&mdash;except obvious cross-references to other Notes&mdash;lead
+back to the Oration. This e-text includes a second, “stripped-down” text
+of the Oration, retaining correction popups but with all links to Notes
+removed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<table class = "contents" summary = "table of contents">
+<tr><td>
+<h5><a name = "contents" id = "contents">
+<b>Contents</b></a>
+(added by transcriber)</h5>
+<p><a href = "#preface">Preface</a></p>
+<p><a href = "#cicero">Cicero:</a><br>
+<a href = "#cicero">I. Life of Cicero</a><br>
+<a href = "#catiline">II. Life of Catiline</a><br>
+<a href = "#chronology">III. Chronology of the Conspiracy</a><br>
+<a href = "#summary">IV. Summary of first oration</a></p>
+<p><a href = "#oration">FIRST ORATION</a> (linked to notes)</p>
+<p><a href = "#notes">Notes</a></p>
+<p><a href = "#names">Proper Names</a></p>
+<p><a href = "#vocab">Vocabulary</a></p>
+<p><a href = "#oration_bare">FIRST ORATION</a> (free-standing)</p>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "titlepage">
+
+<h4><b>Classical Text-Book Series</b></h4>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2>FIRST ORATION</h2>
+
+<h6>OF</h6>
+
+<h1>CICERO AGAINST CATILINE</h1>
+
+<h6>WITH</h6>
+
+<h5>NOTICES, NOTES AND COMPLETE VOCABULARY.</h5>
+
+<h6>BY</h6>
+
+<h4 class = "extended">JOHN HENDERSON, M.A.</h4>
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<h5>TORONTO:<br>
+THE COPP CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED,</h5>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class = "copyright">
+Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one
+thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, by THE COPP CLARK COMPANY, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Limited</span>, Toronto, Ontario, in the Office of
+the Minister of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p>It has been the aim of the Editor to explain what seemed to him
+difficulties in the text. There are many points which might have been
+noted, but which a judicious teacher will supply in the ordinary class
+work.</p>
+
+<p>References are made to the standard grammars of Zumpt, Madvig,
+Harkness, Allen and Greenough.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">1</span>
+<a name = "page1" id = "page1"> </a>
+
+<p><a class = "toplink" href = "#contents">TOP</a></p>
+
+<h3><a name = "cicero" id = "cicero">LIFE OF CICERO.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h6>I.</h6>
+
+<div class = "lifestory">
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Birth.</span>
+
+<p>Marcus Tullius Cicero, the greatest name in Roman literature, was
+born near Arpinum, a&nbsp;town of Latium, January 3rd, B.C.&nbsp;106.
+His father, a&nbsp;man of large views and liberal culture, belonged to
+the <i>equites</i>, and possessed an hereditary estate in the
+neighbourhood of the town. To give his sons, Marcus and Quintus, that
+education which could not be obtained at a provincial school,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Removes to Rome, B.C.&nbsp;92.</span>
+he removed to Rome, where the young Ciceros were placed under the best
+teachers of the day.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Early teachers.</span>
+From Aelius they learned philosophy; from Archias, the mechanism of
+verse, though not the inspiration of poetry.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Early works.</span>
+A&nbsp;translation of the <i>Phaenomena</i> and <i>Prognostics</i> of
+Aratus, and a mythological poem on the fable of <i>Pontius Glaucus</i>
+were the first fruits of Cicero’s genius.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Assumes the toga virilis B.C.&nbsp;89.</span>
+On assuming the <i>toga virilis</i>, B.C.&nbsp;89, Cicero attached
+himself to the jurist Scaevola, who was then in the zenith of his fame.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Serves his first campaign, B.C.&nbsp;88.</span>
+In the following year he served a brief campaign in the Social War under
+Cn.&nbsp;Pompeius Strabo, the father of Pompey the Great.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Studies philosophy.</span>
+Philosophical studies had, however, more attractions for him than arms.
+Under Philo, the Academic, and Diodotus, the Stoic, he laid the
+foundation of that Eclecticism which is so observable in his
+philosophical works.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Pleads his first cause pro Quinct.</span>
+At the age of 25 he pleaded his first cause, and in the following year
+he defended Sextus Roscius of Ameria, who had been accused of parricide
+by Chrysogonus, one of <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Sylla’s’">Sulla’s</ins> favourites. In this cause he
+<span class = "pagenum">2</span>
+<a name = "page2" id = "page2"> </a>
+acquired the acquittal of his client, but incurred the enmity of the
+dictator.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Goes to Athens, Asia, and Rhodes.</span>
+With the ostensible object of regaining his health he went to Athens,
+where he studied philosophy under Antiochus, the Academic, and under
+Zeno and Phaedrus, both Epicureans. From Athens he travelled through
+Asia Minor and finally settled for a short time at Rhodes, attending
+there the lectures of Molo, the <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘rhetorican’">rhetorician</ins>.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Returns home.</span>
+Returning home, he at once entered on that political career to which his
+commanding ability destined him,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Elected quaestor of Sicily.</span>
+and was elected <i>quaestor</i> of Sicily. During his term of office he
+so endeared himself to the inhabitants of the island by his integrity
+that they selected him as their patron at Rome.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Indicts Verres, B.C.&nbsp;70.</span>
+In their behalf he subsequently conducted the prosecution against
+Verres, who was charged with extortion.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Elected aedile, 69&nbsp;B.C.</span>
+His success in this cause, and his consequent popularity, procured him
+the office of <i>curule aedile</i>.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Praetor, 66&nbsp;B.C.</span>
+After the usual interval he was chosen <i>praetor</i>, and, while
+holding this office,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+His first political speech.</span>
+delivered the first of his political harangues,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Pro lege Manilia, 65&nbsp;B.C.</span>
+in defence of the bill proposed by C.&nbsp;Manilius to invest Pompey
+with supreme command in the Mithradatic War.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Consul, 63&nbsp;B.C.</span>
+Two years afterwards he gained the <i>consulship</i>, the goal of his
+ambition. His consulate is memorable for the bold attempt of Catiline to
+subvert the government&mdash;an attempt which was frustrated by the
+patriotic zeal of the consul.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Unpopularity of Cicero.</span>
+Cicero had quickly soared to the pinnacle of fame: as quickly did he
+fall. In crushing the conspiracy of Catiline questionable means had been
+employed.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Causes of Exile.</span>
+Clodius, his implacable enemy, revived a law exiling all who had been
+guilty of putting to death Roman citizens without a formal trial before
+the people.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Deserted by the Triumvirs.</span>
+The Triumvirs, too, were disgusted with the vanity of the man who was
+constantly reminding the people that he was the “Saviour of Italy” and
+the “Father of
+<span class = "pagenum">3</span>
+<a name = "page3" id = "page3"> </a>
+His Country.” Deserted by his friends, and exposed to the hatred of his
+foes,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Goes into exile, 58&nbsp;B.C.</span>
+Cicero went to Thessalonica into voluntary exile. The wanton destruction
+of his villas and the insults offered to his wife and children soon,
+however, produced a feeling of sympathy for the exiled orator.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Recall, 51&nbsp;B.C.</span>
+His return to Rome was attended with all the pomp and circumstance of a
+triumphant general. Henceforth his voice was little heard in the Senate.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Elected Augur, 53&nbsp;B.C.</span>
+After his return he was appointed to a seat in the <i>College of
+Augurs</i>. In obtaining this office he had placed himself under
+obligations to both Pompey and Caesar, and this may account for his
+neutrality in the civil struggles of the time.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Proconsul, 52&nbsp;B.C.</span>
+He was subsequently appointed, much against his will, proconsul of
+Cilicia, where his administration was marked by the same integrity as he
+had displayed in Sicily. Cicero arrived in Italy from Cilicia on the 4th
+of January, B.C.&nbsp;49, just after the breaking out of the civil war
+between Pompey and Caesar.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Sides with Pompey.</span>
+After some hesitation he decided to take the part of Pompey, but his
+support was never cordial: it was a source of weakness rather than of
+strength.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Pharsalia, B.C.&nbsp;48.</span>
+When the battle of Pharsalia decided the fate of the Roman world, he
+returned to Brundisium to await the arrival of the victorious Caesar,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Pardoned by Caesar.</span>
+who generously extended a full and frank pardon to the vacillating
+orator. Cicero from this time withdrew from active public life and
+devoted himself to philosophy, except during the period immediately
+preceding his death.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Gloom.</span>
+The loss of his daughter Tullia, the divorce of his wife Terentia, and
+the unhappy marriage with Publilia darkened the gloom which settled on
+his declining years. His high exultation on the assassination of Caesar
+was of only momentary duration, and was succeeded by dark forebodings of
+Marc <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Anthony’s’">Antony’s</ins>
+designs. As soon as the plans of the scheming triumvir were evident,
+<span class = "pagenum">4</span>
+<a name = "page4" id = "page4"> </a>
+<span class = "sidenote">
+His Philippic Orations.</span>
+Cicero attacked Antony’s character with all the powers of invective.
+Again he was the idol of the people and the champion of senatorial
+rights, but his popularity was only the last gasp of the dying liberties
+of Rome.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Antony, Octavianus, and <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Sepidus’">Lepidus</ins> form the second triumvirate.</span>
+The second triumvirate was formed, and each member of it sacrificed his
+friends to glut the vengeance of his colleagues; and to appease the
+brutal Antony, Cicero was sacrificed by Octavianus. Refusing to seek
+refuge in exile, he determined to die in the land he had saved,
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Killed at Caieta, B.C.&nbsp;43.</span>
+and was slain at Caieta by the emissaries of the bloodthirsty
+triumvir.</p>
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Works.</span>
+
+<p>The works of <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Circero’">Cicero</ins> are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>(1) <i>Orations</i>: Of the eighty speeches composed by him we
+possess, either entire or in part, fifty-nine. (See list).</p>
+
+<p>(2) <i>Philosophical works</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(3) <i>Correspondence</i>: Comprising <i>thirty-six</i> books,
+<i>sixteen</i> of which are addressed to Athens, <i>three</i> to his
+brother Quintus, <i>one</i> to Brutus, and <i>sixteen</i> to his
+different friends.</p>
+
+<p>(4) <i>Poems</i>: Consisting of the heroic poems, <i>Alcyones</i>,
+<i>Marcus</i>, <i>Elegy of Tamelastis</i>, and <i>Translations</i> of
+Homer and Aratus.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div lifestory -->
+
+
+<h4><span class = "subhead">
+<a name = "catiline" id = "catiline">II.</a></span><br>
+LIFE OF CATILINE.</h4>
+
+<div class = "lifestory">
+
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Birth.</span>
+
+<p><b>L. Sergius Catilina</b> was a Roman patrician, born about
+108&nbsp;B.C. From his father he inherited nothing but a noble name. In
+the turbulent scenes of the Sullan rule, Catiline played a conspicuous
+part, to which his undoubted ability, his undaunted courage, his iron
+constitution, his depraved morals, and excessive cruelty notoriously
+fitted him.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+His crimes.</span>
+He
+<span class = "pagenum">5</span>
+<a name = "page5" id = "page5"> </a>
+commenced his career by slaying, with his own hand, Q.&nbsp;Caecilius,
+his own brother-in-law, and by torturing to death M.&nbsp;Marius
+Gratidianus, a&nbsp;kinsman of Cicero. Though his youth was spent in
+open debauchery, and reckless extravagance, though he made away with his
+first wife and his son to marry the worthless and profligate Aurelia
+Orestilla, the guilty crimes of Catiline do not seem to have been any
+barrier to his advancement to political honors.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Offices held.</span>
+He obtained the praetorship B.C.&nbsp;68, and in the following year was
+propraetor of Africa. He returned to Rome B.C.&nbsp;66 to press his suit
+for the consulship. The two consuls who had the highest votes were
+P.&nbsp;Autronius Paetus and P.&nbsp;Cornelius Sulla, both of whom were
+convicted of bribery, and their election was declared void. Their places
+were filled by L.&nbsp;Aurelius Cotta and L.&nbsp;Manlius Torquatus.
+Catiline was prevented from being a candidate in consequence of an
+impeachment brought against him for mal-administration of his province
+of Africa by P.&nbsp;Clodius Pulcher, afterwards the implacable enemy of
+Cicero.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+First Conspiracy.</span>
+Autronius and Catiline, exasperated by their disappointment, formed a
+league with Cn.&nbsp;Calpurnius Piso to murder the consuls on the first
+of January, to seize the <i>fasces</i>, and to occupy Spain. The plan
+leaked out, and was postponed till the fifth of February. The scheme,
+however, failed in consequence of Catiline giving the signal too soon.
+Resolutions were passed by the Senate condemning the conspiracy, but
+these were quashed by the intercession of a tribune. Some say that both
+Caesar and Crassus were involved in this First Conspiracy of Catiline.
+About this time, Catiline was acquitted of extortion (<i>res
+repetundae</i>), but the trial rendered him penniless. About the
+beginning of June, 64&nbsp;B.C., he began to plot more systematically to
+carry out his plans for a general
+<span class = "pagenum">6</span>
+<a name = "page6" id = "page6"> </a>
+revolution. A&nbsp;meeting was called for all those interested in the
+conspiracy. To this convention, eleven senators, four knights, and many
+of the noted men from the provincial towns assembled to hear the bold
+designs of the conspirator.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Catiline’s Proposals.</span>
+Catiline proposed that all debts should be cancelled (<i>novae
+tabulae</i>), that the wealthy citizens should be proscribed, that
+offices of honor and emolument should be divided among his friends, and
+that the leaders of the conspiracy should raise armies in Spain and in
+Mauretania. Again he was a candidate for the consulship, and again he
+was doomed to disappointment. Cicero and Antonius were chosen, the
+latter, however, by only a few centuries over Catiline. This defeat
+embittered the animosity between the two parties. The conspirator raised
+large sums of money on his own security and on the credit of his
+friends, sent arms to various parts of Italy, levied troops in Etruria,
+and sent Manlius a veteran of Sulla to take command of the newly raised
+forces. The slaves were to be armed, the buildings of the city set on
+fire, the citizens indiscriminately massacred, and a reign of terror and
+bloodshed was to be inaugurated. In the midst of all these schemes,
+Catiline stood again for the consulship (63&nbsp;B.C.), and was thwarted
+by the wariness and exertions of Cicero, who checkmated his schemes at
+every turn. One of the conspirators was Q.&nbsp;Curius, a&nbsp;man weak
+and vacillating.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+The Conspiracy divulged.</span>
+This man had a mistress, Fulvia, who was the repository of all his
+secrets. Alarmed at the audacious designs of the conspirators, she
+imparted her secrets to some of her acquaintances, and through her
+confidants the matter was betrayed to Cicero. After securing his
+personal safety, and withdrawing Antonius from the side of Catiline, the
+consul deferred the consular elections to lay before the Senate the
+<span class = "pagenum">7</span>
+<a name = "page7" id = "page7"> </a>
+whole conspiracy.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+First Speech against Catiline.</span>
+At a meeting of the Senate, October 21st, 63, he told the Senators the
+danger that threatened the state. Many of those complicated in the
+conspiracy fled. By virtue of a <i>decretum ultimum</i>, which formula
+(<i>consules videant, ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat</i>) gave the
+consuls absolute civil and military power, Catiline was in danger of
+losing his life. Catiline, who was again a candidate for the consulship
+for 62&nbsp;B.C., was rejected. An impeachment of sedition was also
+brought against him by L.&nbsp;Aemilius Paulus. On the 6th November,
+Catiline summoned the conspirators to the house of M.&nbsp;Porcius
+Laeca, and after accusing them of inactivity, he laid before him his
+plans. Cicero was to be removed, and L.&nbsp;Vargunteius,
+a&nbsp;senator, and C.&nbsp;Cornelius, a&nbsp;knight, were despatched to
+carry out the scheme, but were frustrated. Cicero called the Senate on
+November 8th, and delivered his first speech against Catiline, who,
+though overwhelmed with guilt, had still the audacity to appear among
+the senators.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether four speeches were delivered against Catiline. In the
+final debate as to the sentence, it was decided to put the apprehended
+conspirators to death. This sentence was carried out against some.
+Catiline and most fell, however, in the field at Pistoria
+(62&nbsp;B.C.), fighting with a valour worthy of a better cause.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div lifestory -->
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">8</span>
+<a name = "page8" id = "page8"> </a>
+
+<h4><span class = "subhead">
+<a name = "chronology" id = "chronology">III.</a></span><br>
+CHRONOLOGY OF THE<br>
+CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE.</h4>
+
+<table class = "chron" summary = "chronology">
+<tr>
+<th width = "4%">Date B.C.</th>
+<th width = "32%">Consuls.</th>
+<th width = "32%">Life of Catiline.</th>
+<th>Life of Cicero.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>68</td>
+<td class = "bracket">
+L.&nbsp;Caecilius Metellus<br>P.&nbsp;Marcus Rex</td>
+<td><p>Catiline praetor</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>67</td>
+<td class = "bracket">
+Calpurnius Piso<br>M.&nbsp;Acilius Glabrio</td>
+<td><p>Catiline propraetor of Africa</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>66</td>
+<td class = "bracket">
+L.&nbsp;Volcatius Tullus<br>M.&nbsp;Aemilius Lepidus</td>
+<td><p>Catiline canvasses for the consulship: is accused of extortion by
+P.&nbsp;Clodius. Catiline defeated in suing for consulship: forms a
+league with Autronius and Piso. First conspiracy.</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>65</td>
+<td class = "bracket">
+L.&nbsp;Manlius Torquatus<br>L.&nbsp;Aurelius Cotta</td>
+<td><p>Catiline determines to slay the new consuls on the kalends of
+January: plan discovered and deferred to February: Catiline gives signal
+too soon and his plans frustrated.</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>64</td>
+<td class = "bracket">
+L.&nbsp;Julius Caesar<br>C.&nbsp;Marcus Figulus</td>
+<td><p>On the kalends of June, Catiline convenes his associates for a
+second conspiracy. Eleven senators, four knights, and many distinguished
+men assemble. Catiline again defeated for consulship.</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>63</td>
+<td class = "bracket">
+M.&nbsp;Tullius Cicero<br>C.&nbsp;Antonius Hybrida</td>
+<td><p>Catiline accused by Lucullus of murder. Catiline again candidate
+for consulship and defeated.</p></td>
+<td><p>Cicero convenes Senate, Oct. 20; lays plans of conspirators
+before Senate: elections for consuls, which should take place Oct. 21st,
+deferred.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
+<a name = "page9" id = "page9"> </a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Oct. 23rd: Catiline accused under <i>Lex Plautia de vi</i> by
+Lucius Paulus.</p></td>
+<td rowspan = "3">
+<p>Oct. 21st: Letters brought by Crassus, threatening danger to the
+State: the Senate convened in the temple of Concord. The Senate passes
+<i>decretum ultimum</i>. On 22nd Oct. L.&nbsp;Licinius Murena and
+D.&nbsp;Junius Silanus elected consuls.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Oct. 27th: Manlius takes up arms in Etruria.</p></td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Oct. 28th: Day appointed by Catiline for the murder of the
+leading senators. (Cat. I.,&nbsp;3).</p></td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Nov. 1: Catiline endeavors to take Praeneste by a night
+attack.</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Nov. 6th: Catiline assembles his friends at house of
+Laeca.</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Nov. 7th: Vargunteius and Cornelius attempt to assassinate
+Cicero.</p></td>
+<td rowspan = "2">
+<p>Nov. 8: Cicero invokes the Senate in the temple of Juppiter Stator.
+First Catilinarian oration delivered.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Nov. 8th: Catiline leaves Rome.</p></td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>The <i>second Catilinarian oration</i> delivered from the
+<i>rostra</i> to the people, Nov. 9th.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Nov. 20th: A&nbsp;decree passed declaring Catiline and Manlius
+public enemies.</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Dec. 2nd: The ambassadors of the Allobroges are seized with
+documents proving conspiracy.</p></td>
+<td><p>Dec. 3rd: The <i>third Catilinarian oration</i> delivered from
+the rostra to the people. Rewards offered to all who would give
+information as to the conspiracy.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
+<a name = "page10" id = "page10"> </a>
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Dec. 5th: Fourth Catilinarian oration delivered in the temple of
+Concord. The Senate decrees that the death penalty should be inflicted
+on the conspirators. Five conspirators put to death.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>62</td>
+<td class = "bracket">
+D.&nbsp;Junius Silanus<br>L.&nbsp;Licinius Murena</td>
+<td><p>Jan. 5th: Battle of <i>Pistoria</i>: defeat and death of
+Catiline.</p></td>
+<td><p>Many Senators tried under the law <i>Lex Plautia de vi</i> and
+exiled.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4><span class = "subhead">
+<a name = "summary" id = "summary">IV.</a></span><br>
+FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.</h4>
+
+
+<p>This speech may be divided into three parts:</p>
+
+<p>I. In the introduction Cicero in impassioned language expresses
+astonishment that Catiline should be so audacious as to come into the
+Senate while plotting the destruction of his country. The orator reminds
+Catiline that men less guilty have been slain in the earlier days of the
+republic, and gives reasons why the penalty of death should be meted out
+to the arch conspirator (I., II.).</p>
+
+<p>II. In the next part, Cicero gives reasons why Catiline should leave
+Rome and go to the camp of Manlius:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+(<i>a</i>) That his nefarious plot was well known, that his personal
+character was stained with many crimes, that his public life was
+<span class = "pagenum">11</span>
+<a name = "page11" id = "page11"> </a>
+abhorred by all, that his native land, though silent, eloquently pleads
+with Catiline to withdraw (III.-IX.).</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+(<i>b</i>) That Catiline should depart to the troops raised in Etruria,
+whither he had sent Manlius to carry on the war, that the great delight
+of Catiline was to make war on his native land, and to mingle in the
+society of the conspirators.</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+(<i>c</i>) That such withdrawal would be more advantageous to the State
+than the execution of the conspirators, that in the former case his
+abandoned followers would accompany Catiline, and thus the seeds of the
+rebellion would be extirpated.</p>
+
+<p>III. The orator promises the co-operation of all patriotic citizens
+in suppressing the conspiracy after Catiline and his associates had
+withdrawn. Then beseeching Catiline and the other conspirators to remove
+from Rome, the orator invokes the aid of Juppiter Stator to save Rome
+from the nefarious schemes of abandoned men.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
+<a name = "page13" id = "page13"> </a>
+
+<p><a class = "toplink" href = "#contents">TOP</a></p>
+
+<h3><span class = "subhead">
+<a name = "oration" id = "oration">M. TULLII CICERONIS</a></span><br>
+ORATIO IN L. CATILINAM<br>
+<span class = "subhead">PRIMA.<br>
+HABITA IN SENATU.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p><a name = "chapI" id = "chapI" href = "#notes_chapI">I.</a>&mdash;
+<a name = "sec1" id = "sec1" href = "#notes_sec1"><b>1.</b></a> <a class
+= "tag" name = "tag1_1" id = "tag1_1" href = "#note1_1">1</a>Quo usque
+tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag1_2" id = "tag1_2" href = "#note1_2">2</a>etiam <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag1_3" id = "tag1_3" href = "#note1_3">3</a>furor iste
+tuus <a class = "tag" name = "tag1_4" id = "tag1_4" href =
+"#note1_4">4</a>eludet? <a class = "tag" name = "tag1_5" id = "tag1_5"
+href = "#note1_5">5</a>Quem ad finem sese effrenata <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag1_6" id = "tag1_6" href = "#note1_6">6</a>jactabit audacia?
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_7" id = "tag1_7" href =
+"#note1_7">7</a>Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis
+vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic
+munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt.
+Patere tua consilia non sentis? <a class = "tag" name = "tag1_8" id =
+"tag1_8" href = "#note1_8">8</a>Constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri
+conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid <a class = "tag" name = "tag1_9" id =
+"tag1_9" href = "#note1_9">9</a>proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
+ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag1_10" id = "tag1_10" href = "#note1_10">10</a>nostrum
+ignorare arbitraris?
+<a name = "sec2" id = "sec2" href =
+"#notes_sec2"><b>2.</b></a>&nbsp;O&nbsp;tempora, O&nbsp;mores! senatus
+haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag2_1" id = "tag2_1" href = "#note2_1">1</a> Vivit? immo vero etiam
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_2" id = "tag2_2" href = "#note2_2">2</a>in
+senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag2_3" id = "tag2_3" href = "#note2_3">3</a>notat et designat oculis
+ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag2_4" id = "tag2_4" href = "#note2_4">4</a>viri fortes, satis facere
+rei publicae <a class = "tag" name = "tag2_5" id = "tag2_5" href =
+"#note2_5">5</a>videmur, si istius furorem ac tela <!-- printed 7 for 6
+--> <a class = "tag missing" name = "tag2_6" id = "tag2_6" href =
+"#note2_6">6</a>vitemus. <a class = "tag missing" name = "tag2_7" id =
+"tag2_7" href = "#note2_7">7</a>Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu
+consulis jam pridem oportebat, <a class = "tag" name = "tag2_8" id =
+"tag2_8" href = "#note2_8">8</a>in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in
+nos machinaris.
+<a name = "sec3" id = "sec3" href = "#notes_sec3"><b>3.</b></a>&nbsp;<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag3_1" id = "tag3_1" href = "#note3_1">1</a>An
+vero vir amplissimus, P.&nbsp;Scipio, pontifex maximus,
+Ti.&nbsp;Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae,
+privatus interfecit: Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis
+vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag3_2" id = "tag3_2" href = "#note3_2">2</a>illa nimis
+<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
+<a name = "page14" id = "page14"> </a>
+antiqua praetereo, quod C.&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_3" id =
+"tag3_3" href = "#note3_3">3</a><ins class = "correction" title =
+"corrected by hand from ‘Serviliusi’">Servilius</ins> Ahala Sp. Maelium,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_4" id = "tag3_4" href =
+"#note3_4">4</a>novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag3_5" id = "tag3_5" href = "#note3_5">5</a>Fuit, fuit
+ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, <a class = "tag" name = "tag3_6"
+id = "tag3_6" href = "#note3_6">6</a>ut viri fortes acerbioribus <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘supplicus’">suppliciis</ins>
+civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus <a class
+= "tag" name = "tag3_7" id = "tag3_7" href = "#note3_7">7</a>senatus
+consultum in te, Catilina, <a class = "tag" name = "tag3_8" id =
+"tag3_8" href = "#note3_8">8</a>vehemens et grave: non deest <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag3_9" id = "tag3_9" href = "#note3_9">9</a>rei publicae
+consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis: <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag3_10" id = "tag3_10" href = "#note3_10">10</a>nos, nos, dico aperte,
+consules desumus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "chapII" id = "chapII" href =
+"#notes_chapII">II.</a>&mdash;
+<a name = "sec4" id = "sec4" href = "#notes_sec4"><b>4.</b></a> Decrevit
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_1" id = "tag4_1" href =
+"#note4_1">1</a>quondam senatus ut L.&nbsp;Opimius consul videret ne
+quid res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag4_2" id = "tag4_2" href = "#note4_2">2</a>intercessit; interfectus
+est <a class = "tag" name = "tag4_3" id = "tag4_3" href =
+"#note4_3">3</a>propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C.&nbsp;Gracchus,
+clarissimo <a class = "tag" name = "tag4_4" id = "tag4_4" href =
+"#note4_4">4</a>patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag4_5" id = "tag4_5" href = "#note4_5">5</a>
+M.&nbsp;Fulvius consularis. <a class = "tag" name = "tag4_6" id =
+"tag4_6" href = "#note4_6">6</a>Simili senatus consulto C.&nbsp;Mario et
+L.&nbsp;Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica: <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag4_7" id = "tag4_7" href = "#note4_7">7</a>num unum diem
+postea L.&nbsp;Saturninum tribunum plebis et C.&nbsp;Servilium praetorem
+mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag4_8" id = "tag4_8" href = "#note4_8">8</a>vicesimum jam diem
+patimur hebescere <a class = "tag" name = "tag4_9" id = "tag4_9" href =
+"#note4_9">9</a>aciei horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim hujus modi
+senatus consultum, verum <a class = "tag" name = "tag4_10" id =
+"tag4_10" href = "#note4_10">10</a>inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina
+reconditum,<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_11" id = "tag4_11" href =
+"#note4_11">11</a> quo ex senatus consulto confestim interfectum te
+esse, Catilina, convenit. <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘Visis’">Vivis</ins>, <a class = "tag" name = "tag4_12" id
+= "tag4_12" href = "#note4_12">12</a>et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad
+confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem,
+cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag4_13" id = "tag4_13" href = "#note4_13">13</a>dissolutum videri, sed
+jam me ipse <a class = "tag" name = "tag4_14" id = "tag4_14" href =
+"#note4_14">14</a>inertiae nequitiaeque condemno.
+<a name = "sec5" id = "sec5" href = "#notes_sec5"><b>5.</b></a>&nbsp;<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag5_1" id = "tag5_1" href =
+"#note5_1">1</a>Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae
+faucibus collocata, crescit <a class = "tag" name = "tag5_2" id =
+"tag5_2" href = "#note5_2">2</a>in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum
+autem <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘castorum’">castrorum</ins> imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia
+atque <a class = "tag" name = "tag5_3" id = "tag5_3" href =
+"#note5_3">3</a>adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie
+perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te <a class = "tag missing" name =
+"tag5_4" id = "tag5_4" href = "#note5_4">4</a>jam, Catilina,
+comprehendi, si interfici jussero, <a class = "tag" name = "tag5_5" id =
+"tag5_5" href = "#note5_5">5</a>credo, erit <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag5_6" id = "tag5_6" href = "#note5_6">6</a>verendum mihi, ne non
+potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum se
+dicat. Verum ego hoc,
+<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
+<a name = "page15" id = "page15"> </a>
+quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, <a class = "tag" name = "tag5_7"
+id = "tag5_7" href = "#note5_7">7</a>certa de causa nondum adducor, ut
+faciam. Tum denique <a class = "tag" name = "tag5_8" id = "tag5_8" href
+= "#note5_8">8</a>interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus,
+tam <a class = "tag" name = "tag5_9" id = "tag5_9" href =
+"#note5_9">9</a>tui similis inveniri poterit, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag5_10" id = "tag5_10" href = "#note5_10">10</a>qui id non jure factum
+esse fateatur.
+<a name = "sec6" id = "sec6" href =
+"#notes_sec6"><b>6.</b></a>&nbsp;Quam diu <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag6_1" id = "tag6_1" href = "#note6_1">1</a>quisquam erit qui te
+defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag6_2" id = "tag6_2" href = "#note6_2">2</a>vivis, multis meis et
+firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne <a class = "tag" name = "tag6_3" id =
+"tag6_3" href = "#note6_3">3</a>commovere te contra rem publicam possis.
+Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag6_4" id = "tag6_4" href = "#note6_4">4</a>fecerunt,
+speculabuntur atque custodient.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "chapIII" id = "chapIII" href =
+"#notes_chapIII">III.</a>&mdash;<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_5" id =
+"tag6_5" href = "#note6_5">5</a>Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam
+amplius <a class = "tag" name = "tag6_6" id = "tag6_6" href =
+"#note6_6">6</a>exspectes, si neque nox tenebris <ins class =
+"correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘obscurari’">obscurare</ins> <a class = "tag" name = "tag6_7" id =
+"tag6_7" href = "#note6_7">7</a>coeptus nefarios neque <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag6_8" id = "tag6_8" href = "#note6_8">8</a>privata domus
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_9" id = "tag6_9" href =
+"#note6_9">9</a>parietibus <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘contineri’">continere</ins> <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag6_10" id = "tag6_10" href = "#note6_10">10</a>voces conjurationis
+tuae potest? Si <a class = "tag" name = "tag6_11" id = "tag6_11" href =
+"#note6_11">11</a>inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag6_12" id = "tag6_12" href = "#note6_12">12</a>istam
+mentem, <a class = "tag" name = "tag6_13" id = "tag6_13" href =
+"#note6_13">13</a>mihi crede! obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum.
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_14" id = "tag6_14" href =
+"#note6_14">14</a>Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia
+omnia; quae jam mecum licet <a class = "tag" name = "tag6_15" id =
+"tag6_15" href = "#note6_15">15</a>recognoscas.
+<a name = "sec7" id = "sec7" href = "#notes_sec7"><b>7.</b></a>&nbsp;<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag7_1" id = "tag7_1" href =
+"#note7_1">1</a>Meministine me <a class = "tag" name = "tag7_2" id =
+"tag7_2" href = "#note7_2">2</a>ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres
+dicere in senatu, fore in armis <a class = "tag" name = "tag7_3" id =
+"tag7_3" href = "#note7_3">3</a>certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante
+diem sextum Kalendas Novembres, C.&nbsp;Manlium, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag7_4" id = "tag7_4" href = "#note7_4">4</a>audaciae satellitem atque
+administrum tuae? <a class = "tag" name = "tag7_5" id = "tag7_5" href =
+"#note7_5">5</a>Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam
+atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum id quod multo magis admirandum, dies?
+Dixi ego idem in senatu, <a class = "tag" name = "tag7_6" id = "tag7_6"
+href = "#note7_6">6</a>caedem te <a class = "tag" name = "tag7_7" id =
+"tag7_7" href = "#note7_7">7</a>optimatium contulisse in ante diem
+quintum Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non
+tam <a class = "tag" name = "tag7_8" id = "tag7_8" href =
+"#note7_8">8</a>sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag7_9" id = "tag7_9" href = "#note7_9">9</a>reprimendorum causa
+profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea
+diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse,
+cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede
+contentum <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘se’">esse</ins> dicebas?
+<a name = "sec8" id = "sec8" href = "#notes_sec8"><b>8.</b></a>&nbsp;<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag8_1" id = "tag8_1" href = "#note8_1">1</a>Quid?
+cum tu <a class = "tag" name = "tag8_2" id = "tag8_2" href =
+"#note8_2">2</a>te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum
+nocturno impetu esse confideres, <a class = "tag" name = "tag8_3" id =
+"tag8_3" href = "#note8_3">3</a>sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu meis
+<a class = "tag missing" name = "tag8_4" id = "tag8_4" href =
+"#note8_4">4</a>praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam?
+<span class = "pagenum">16</span>
+<a name = "page16" id = "page16"> </a>
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_5" id = "tag8_5" href =
+"#note8_5">5</a>Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego
+non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name = "chapIV" id = "chapIV" href =
+"#notes_chapIV">IV.</a>&mdash;Recognosce mecum <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag8_6" id = "tag8_6" href = "#note8_6">6</a>tandem <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag8_7" id = "tag8_7" href = "#note8_7">7</a>noctem illam
+superiorem: <a class = "tag" name = "tag8_8" id = "tag8_8" href =
+"#note8_8">8</a>jam intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam
+te ad perniciem rei publicae. <a class = "tag" name = "tag8_9" id =
+"tag8_9" href = "#note8_9">9</a>Dico te <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag8_10" id = "tag8_10" href = "#note8_10">10</a>priore nocte venisse
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_11" id = "tag8_11" href =
+"#note8_11">11</a>inter falcarios&mdash;non agam obscure <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag8_12" id = "tag8_12" href = "#note8_12">12</a>in
+M.&nbsp;Laecae domum: convenisse eodem <a class = "tag" name = "tag8_13"
+id = "tag8_13" href = "#note8_13">13</a>complures ejusdem <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag8_14" id = "tag8_14" href = "#note8_14">14</a>amentiae
+scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? <a class = "tag" name
+= "tag8_15" id = "tag8_15" href = "#note8_15">15</a>convincam, si negas:
+video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt.
+<a name = "sec9" id = "sec9" href = "#notes_sec9"><b>9.</b></a>&nbsp;O
+di immortales! <a class = "tag" name = "tag9_1" id = "tag9_1" href =
+"#note9_1">1</a>ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem publicam habemus? in qua
+urbe vivimus? <a class = "tag" name = "tag9_2" id = "tag9_2" href =
+"#note9_2">2</a>Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag9_3" id = "tag9_3" href = "#note9_3">3</a>patres conscripti,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_4" id = "tag9_4" href = "#note9_4">4</a>in
+hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag9_5" id = "tag9_5" href = "#note9_5">5</a>qui de nostro
+omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio
+cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag9_6" id = "tag9_6" href = "#note9_6">6</a>sententiam rogo, <ins
+class = "correction" title = "added by hand">et</ins> quos ferro
+trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce <a class = "tag" name = "tag9_7" id
+= "tag9_7" href = "#note9_7">7</a>vulnero. Fuisti <a class = "tag" name
+= "tag9_8" id = "tag9_8" href = "#note9_8">8</a>igitur apud Laecam illa
+nocte, Catilina; <a class = "tag" name = "tag9_9" id = "tag9_9" href =
+"#note9_9">9</a>distribuisti <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘partesJ taliae’">partes Italiae</ins>; <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag9_10" id = "tag9_10" href = "#note9_10">10</a>statuisti quo quemque
+proficisci placeret, <a class = "tag" name = "tag9_11" id = "tag9_11"
+href = "#note9_11">11</a>delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum
+educeres, <a class = "tag" name = "tag9_12" id = "tag9_12" href =
+"#note9_12">12</a>discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te
+ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti <a class = "tag" name = "tag9_13" id =
+"tag9_13" href = "#note9_13">13</a>paullulum tibi esse <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag9_14" id = "tag9_14" href = "#note9_14">14</a>etiam tum
+morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt <a class = "tag" name = "tag9_15"
+id = "tag9_15" href = "#note9_15">15</a>duo equites Romani, <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag9_16" id = "tag9_16" href = "#note9_16">16</a>qui te
+ista cura liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_17" id = "tag9_17" href =
+"#note9_17">17</a>lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur.
+<a name = "sec10" id = "sec10" href =
+"#notes_sec10"><b>10.</b></a>&nbsp;Haec ego omnia, <a class = "tag" name
+= "tag10_1" id = "tag10_1" href = "#note10_1">1</a>vixdum etiam coetu
+vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque
+firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me <a class = "tag" name = "tag10_2" id
+= "tag10_2" href = "#note10_2">2</a>salutatum <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag10_3" id = "tag10_3" href = "#note10_3">3</a>mane miseras, cum illi
+ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis ac summis viris ad me <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag10_4" id = "tag10_4" href = "#note10_4">4</a>id
+temporis venturos praedixeram.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name = "chapV" id = "chapV" href = "#notes_chapV">V.</a>&mdash;
+<a name = "sec11" id = "sec11" href = "#notes_sec11"><b>11.</b></a>
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_1" id = "tag11_1" href =
+"#note11_1">1</a>Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag11_2" id = "tag11_2" href = "#note11_2">2</a>perge quo coepisti,
+egredere aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere.
+<span class = "pagenum">17</span>
+<a name = "page17" id = "page17"> </a>
+Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ
+tecum etiam omnes tuos, <a class = "tag" name = "tag11_3" id = "tag11_3"
+href = "#note11_3">3</a>si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me
+metu liberabis, <a class = "tag" name = "tag11_4" id = "tag11_4" href =
+"#note11_4">4</a>dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum
+versari jam diutius non potes: <a class = "tag" name = "tag11_5" id =
+"tag11_5" href = "#note11_5">5</a>non feram, non patiar, non sinam.
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_6" id = "tag11_6" href =
+"#note11_6">6</a>Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi
+Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, <a class = "tag" name
+= "tag11_7" id = "tag11_7" href = "#note11_7">7</a>quod hanc tam
+taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens jam
+effugimus. <a class = "tag missing" name = "tag11_8" id = "tag11_8" href
+= "#note11_8">8</a>Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus
+periclitanda <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘re, ... Catilinai’ at successive line-ends">re,</ins> publicae. Quam diu mihi,
+<!-- tag numbers 8, 9 reversed--> <a class = "tag missing" name =
+"tag11_9" id = "tag11_9" href = "#note11_9">9</a>consuli designato, <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘re, ... Catilinai’ at successive line-ends">Catilinai</ins> insidiatus es, non publico me
+praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis
+consularibus me consulem <a class = "tag" name = "tag11_10" id =
+"tag11_10" href = "#note11_10">10</a>in campo et <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag11_11" id = "tag11_11" href = "#note11_11">11</a>competitores tuos
+interficere voluisti, <a class = "tag" name = "tag11_12" id = "tag11_12"
+href = "#note11_12">12</a>compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum
+praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato: denique, <a class
+= "tag" name = "tag11_13" id = "tag11_13" href =
+"#note11_13">13</a>quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_14" id = "tag11_14" href =
+"#note11_14">14</a>quamquam videbam <a class = "tag" name = "tag11_15"
+id = "tag11_15" href = "#note11_15">15</a>perniciem meam cum magna
+calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam.
+<a name = "sec12" id = "sec12" href =
+"#notes_sec12"><b>12.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_1" id
+= "tag12_1" href = "#note12_1">1</a>Nunc jam aperte rem publicam
+universam petis: templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium
+civium, Italiam <a class = "tag" name = "tag12_2" id = "tag12_2" href =
+"#note12_2">2</a>denique totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. <a class
+= "tag" name = "tag12_3" id = "tag12_3" href = "#note12_3">3</a>Quare
+quoniam id, quod est primum et quod hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum
+proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id, quod est <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag12_4" id = "tag12_4" href = "#note12_4">4</a>ad severitatem
+lenius et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero,
+residebit in re publica <a class = "tag" name = "tag12_5" id = "tag12_5"
+href = "#note12_5">5</a>reliqua conjuratorum manus: <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag12_6" id = "tag12_6" href = "#note12_6">6</a>sin tu, quod te
+jam dudum hortor, exieris, <a class = "tag" name = "tag12_7" id =
+"tag12_7" href = "#note12_7">7</a>exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum
+magna et perniciosa <ins class = "correction" title = "missing word supplied from notes and OCT">sentina</ins> <ins class = "correction"
+title = "printed as one word">rei publicae</ins>.
+<a name = "sec13" id = "sec13" href =
+"#notes_sec13"><b>13.</b></a>&nbsp;Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_1" id = "tag13_1" href =
+"#note13_1">1</a>imperante me facere, quod jam tua sponte <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag13_2" id = "tag13_2" href = "#note13_2">2</a>faciebas?
+Exire ex urbe jubet <a class = "tag" name = "tag13_3" id = "tag13_3"
+href = "#note13_3">3</a>consul hostem. Interrogas me: <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag13_4" id = "tag13_4" href = "#note13_4">4</a>num in exilium?
+non jubeo, sed, si <a class = "tag" name = "tag13_5" id = "tag13_5" href
+= "#note13_5">5</a>me consulis, suadeo.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
+<a name = "page18" id = "page18"> </a>
+<p><a name = "chapVI" id = "chapVI" href =
+"#notes_chapVI">VI.</a>&mdash;Quid est enim, Catilina, <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag13_6" id = "tag13_6" href = "#note13_6">6</a>quod te jam in
+hac urbe delectare possit? In qua nemo est <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag13_7" id = "tag13_7" href = "#note13_7">7</a>extra ista
+conjurationem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit.
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_8" id = "tag13_8" href =
+"#note13_8">8</a>Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae
+est? <a class = "tag" name = "tag13_9" id = "tag13_9" href =
+"#note13_9">9</a>Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama?
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_10" id = "tag13_10" href =
+"#note13_10">10</a>Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam
+tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag13_11" id = "tag13_11" href = "#note13_11">11</a>Cui tu
+adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad
+audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti?
+<a name = "sec14" id = "sec14" href =
+"#notes_sec14"><b>14.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_1" id
+= "tag14_1" href = "#note14_1">1</a>Quid vero? <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag14_2" id = "tag14_2" href = "#note14_2">2</a>Nuper, cum morte
+superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio
+incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et
+facile <a class = "tag" name = "tag14_3" id = "tag14_3" href =
+"#note14_3">3</a>patior sileri, ne in hac civitate <a class = "tag" name
+= "tag14_4" id = "tag14_4" href = "#note14_4">4</a>tanti facinoris
+immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto
+ruinas fortunarum tuarum, <a class = "tag" name = "tag14_5" id =
+"tag14_5" href = "#note14_5">5</a>quas omnes impendere tibi proximis
+Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum
+tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad
+summam rem publicam atque <a class = "tag" name = "tag14_6" id =
+"tag14_6" href = "#note14_6">6</a>ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque
+pertinent.
+<a name = "sec15" id = "sec15" href =
+"#notes_sec15"><b>15.</b></a>&nbsp;Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut
+hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus, <a class = "tag" name = "tag15_1" id
+= "tag15_1" href = "#note15_1">1</a>cum scias esse horum <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag15_2" id = "tag15_2" href = "#note15_2">2</a>neminem
+qui nesciat, te <a class = "tag" name = "tag15_3" id = "tag15_3" href =
+"#note15_3">3</a>pridie Kalendas Januarias <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag15_4" id = "tag15_4" href = "#note15_4">4</a>Lepido et Tullo
+Consulibus stetisse in <a class = "tag" name = "tag15_5" id = "tag15_5"
+href = "#note15_5">5</a>comitio cum telo? Manum consulum et principum
+civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag15_6" id = "tag15_6" href = "#note15_6">6</a>sceleri ac furori tuo
+non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani
+obstitisse? Ac jam illa omitto&mdash;<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_7"
+id = "tag15_7" href = "#note15_7">7</a>neque enim sunt aut obscura aut
+non multa commissa postea:&mdash;quotiens tu me <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag15_8" id = "tag15_8" href = "#note15_8">8</a>designatum, quotiens
+consulem interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag15_9" id = "tag15_9" href = "#note15_9">9</a>petitiones <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag15_10" id = "tag15_10" href = "#note15_10">10</a>ita
+conjectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et,
+ut aiunt, corpore effugi! nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle
+desistis.
+<a name = "sec16" id = "sec16" href =
+"#notes_sec16"><b>16.</b></a>&nbsp;Quotiens <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag16_1" id = "tag16_1" href = "#note16_1">1</a>tibi jam extorta est
+sica ista de manibus! quotiens <a class = "tag" name = "tag16_2" id =
+"tag16_2" href = "#note16_2">2</a>excidit
+<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
+<a name = "page19" id = "page19"> </a>
+aliquo casu et elapsa est! <a class = "tag" name = "tag16_3" id =
+"tag16_3" href = "#note16_3">3</a>quae quidem quibus abs te initiata
+sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis
+corpore defigere.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name = "chapVII" id = "chapVII" href =
+"#notes_chapVII">VII.</a>&mdash;Nunc vero quae <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag16_4" id = "tag16_4" href = "#note16_4">4</a>tua est ista vita? Sic
+<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘enam’">enim</ins> jam
+tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag16_5" id = "tag16_5" href = "#note16_5">5</a>sed ut
+misericordia, quae tibi <a class = "tag" name = "tag16_6" id = "tag16_6"
+href = "#note16_6">6</a>nulla debetur. Venisti <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag16_7" id = "tag16_7" href = "#note16_7">7</a>paulo ante in senatum.
+Quis te ex hac tanta <a class = "tag" name = "tag16_8" id = "tag16_8"
+href = "#note16_8">8</a>frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis
+salutavit? Si hoc <a class = "tag" name = "tag16_9" id = "tag16_9" href
+= "#note16_9">9</a>post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag16_10" id = "tag16_10" href = "#note16_10">10</a>vocis
+exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis
+oppressus? <a class = "tag" name = "tag16_11" id = "tag16_11" href =
+"#note16_11">11</a>Quid? Quod <a class = "tag" name = "tag16_12" id =
+"tag16_12" href = "#note16_12">12</a>adventu tuo <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag16_13" id = "tag16_13" href = "#note16_13">13</a>ista subsellia
+vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag16_14" id = "tag16_14" href = "#note16_14">14</a>qui tibi persaepe
+ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam
+subselliorum <a class = "tag" name = "tag16_15" id = "tag16_15" href =
+"#note16_15">15</a>nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag16_16" id = "tag16_16" href = "#note16_16">16</a>tandem animo
+hoc tibi ferendum putas?
+<a name = "sec17" id = "sec17" href =
+"#notes_sec17"><b>17.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_1" id
+= "tag17_1" href = "#note17_1">1</a>Servi <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag17_2" id = "tag17_2" href = "#note17_2">2</a>mehercule mei si me
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_3" id = "tag17_3" href =
+"#note17_3">3</a>isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui,
+domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag17_4" id = "tag17_4" href = "#note17_4">4</a>urbem nom arbitraris?
+<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Esti’">Etsi</ins> me meis
+civibus <a class = "tag" name = "tag17_5" id = "tag17_5" href =
+"#note17_5">5</a>injuria suspectum tam graviter atque <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag17_6" id = "tag17_6" href = "#note17_6">6</a>offensum
+viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam <a class = "tag" name = "tag17_7"
+id = "tag17_7" href = "#note17_7">7</a>infestis oculis omnium conspici
+mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag17_8" id = "tag17_8" href = "#note17_8">8</a>agnoscas odium omnium
+justum et jam diu tibi debitum, <a class = "tag" name = "tag17_9" id =
+"tag17_9" href = "#note17_9">9</a>dubitas, quorum <a class = "tag" name
+= "tag17_10" id = "tag17_10" href = "#note17_10">10</a>mentes sensusque
+vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent
+atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab
+eorum oculis <a class = "tag" name = "tag17_11" id = "tag17_11" href =
+"#note17_11">11</a>aliquo concederes: <a class = "tag" name = "tag17_12"
+id = "tag17_12" href = "#note17_12">12</a>nunc te patria <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag17_13" id = "tag17_13" href = "#note17_13">13</a>quae
+communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te
+judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_14" id = "tag17_14" href =
+"#note17_14">14</a>verebere nec judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
+<a name = "sec18" id = "sec18" href =
+"#notes_sec18"><b>18.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_1" id
+= "tag18_1" href = "#note18_1">1</a>Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et
+quodam modo tacita loquitur: <a class = "tag" name = "tag18_2" id =
+"tag18_2" href = "#note18_2">2</a>‘Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus
+exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_3" id = "tag18_3" href =
+"#note18_3">3</a>neces, tibi vexatio direptioque <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag18_4" id = "tag18_4" href = "#note18_4">4</a>sociorum impunita fuit
+ac libera:
+<span class = "pagenum">20</span>
+<a name = "page20" id = "page20"> </a>
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_5" id = "tag18_5" href =
+"#note18_5">5</a>tu non solum ad negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum
+etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam
+ferenda non fuerunt, tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in
+<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘matu’">metu</ins> propter
+unum te, quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me
+consilium iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag18_6" id = "tag18_6" href = "#note18_6">6</a>non est
+ferendum. Quamobrem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_7" id = "tag18_7" href =
+"#note18_7">7</a>ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere
+desinam.’</p>
+
+
+<p><a name = "chapVIII" id = "chapVIII" href =
+"#notes_chapVIII">VIII.</a>&mdash;
+<a name = "sec19" id = "sec19" href = "#notes_sec19"><b>19.</b></a> Haec
+si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag19_1" id = "tag19_1" href = "#note19_1">1</a>impetrare debeat, etiam
+si vim adhibere non possit? <a class = "tag" name = "tag19_2" id =
+"tag19_2" href = "#note19_2">2</a>Quid? Quod tu te ipse <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag19_3" id = "tag19_3" href = "#note19_3">3</a>in custodiam
+dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag19_4" id = "tag19_4" href = "#note19_4">4</a>apud M’. Lepidum te
+habitare velle dixisti? A&nbsp;quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus
+es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id
+responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag19_5" id = "tag19_5" href = "#note19_5">5</a>isdem parietibus tuto
+esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus
+contineremur, ad <a class = "tag" name = "tag19_6" id = "tag19_6" href =
+"#note19_6">6</a>Q.&nbsp;Metellum praetorem venisti: a&nbsp;quo
+repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, <a class = "tag" name = "tag19_7" id =
+"tag19_7" href = "#note19_7">7</a>virum optimum, M.&nbsp;Metellum
+demigrasti, quem tu <a class = "tag" name = "tag19_8" id = "tag19_8"
+href = "#note19_8">8</a>videlicet et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et
+ad suspicandum sagacissimum et <a class = "tag" name = "tag19_9" id =
+"tag19_9" href = "#note19_9">9</a>ad vindicandum fortissimum fore
+putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque vinculis abesse debere,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_10" id = "tag19_10" href =
+"#note19_10">10</a>qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit?
+<a name = "sec20" id = "sec20" href =
+"#notes_sec20"><b>20.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_1" id
+= "tag20_1" href = "#note20_1">1</a>Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_2" id = "tag20_2" href =
+"#note20_2">2</a>emori aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et
+vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis debitisque ereptam, fugae
+solitudinique mandare? <a class = "tag" name = "tag20_3" id = "tag20_3"
+href = "#note20_3">3</a>Refer, inquis, ad senatum; id enim postulas, et,
+si hic ordo <a class = "tag" name = "tag20_4" id = "tag20_4" href =
+"#note20_4">4</a>sibi placere decreverit te ire in exilium,
+obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod <a class = "tag" name
+= "tag20_5" id = "tag20_5" href = "#note20_5">5</a>abhorret a meis
+moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere
+ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu in exilium, <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag20_6" id = "tag20_6" href = "#note20_6">6</a>si hunc vocem
+exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina?
+<span class = "pagenum">21</span>
+<a name = "page21" id = "page21"> </a>
+Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag20_7" id = "tag20_7" href = "#note20_7">7</a>Patiuntur,
+tacent. <a class = "tag" name = "tag20_8" id = "tag20_8" href =
+"#note20_8">8</a>Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum
+voluntatem tacitorum perspicis?
+<a name = "sec21" id = "sec21" href =
+"#notes_sec21"><b>21.</b></a>&nbsp;At si hoc idem <a class = "tag" name
+= "tag21_1" id = "tag21_1" href = "#note21_1">1</a>huic adulescenti
+optimo, P.&nbsp;Sestio, si fortissimo vero M.&nbsp;Marcello dixissem,
+jam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo jure optimo senatus <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag21_2" id = "tag21_2" href = "#note21_2">2</a>vim et manus
+intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum <a class = "tag" name = "tag21_3"
+id = "tag21_3" href = "#note21_3">3</a>quiescunt, probant, cum
+patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque hi solum, quorum
+auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam equites Romani
+honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag21_4" id = "tag21_4" href = "#note21_4">4</a>cives, qui stant
+circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et
+voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus
+ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem
+vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas <a class = "tag missing"
+name = "tag21_5" id = "tag21_5" href =
+"#note21_5">5</a>prosequantur.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "chapIX" id = "chapIX" href =
+"#notes_chapIX">IX.</a>&mdash;
+<a name = "sec22" id = "sec22" href = "#notes_sec22"><b>22.</b></a>
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_1" id = "tag22_1" href =
+"#note22_1">1</a>Quamquam quid loquor? <a class = "tag missing" name =
+"tag22_2" id = "tag22_2" href = "#note22_2">2</a>Te ut ulla res frangat?
+Tu ut te unquam corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium
+cogites? Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag22_3" id = "tag22_3" href = "#note22_3">3</a>duint! Etsi video, si
+mea voce perterritus ire in exilium <a class = "tag" name = "tag22_4" id
+= "tag22_4" href = "#note22_4">4</a>animum induxeris, <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag22_5" id = "tag22_5" href = "#note22_5">5</a>quanta tempestas
+invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum
+tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. <a class = "tag" name = "tag22_6"
+id = "tag22_6" href = "#note22_6">6</a>Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit
+privata calamitas, et a rei <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘pablicae’">publicae</ins> periculis sejungatur. Sed tu <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag22_7" id = "tag22_7" href = "#note22_7">7</a>ut vitiis
+commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae
+cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor
+unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
+revocaverit.
+<a name = "sec23" id = "sec23" href =
+"#notes_sec23"><b>23.</b></a>&nbsp;Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi,
+proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag23_1" id = "tag23_1" href = "#note23_1">1</a>conflare vis
+invidiam, <a class = "tag" name = "tag23_2" id = "tag23_2" href =
+"#note23_2">2</a>recta perge in exilium; <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag23_3" id = "tag23_3" href = "#note23_3">3</a>vix feram sermones
+hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in exilium jussu
+consulis ieris, sustinebo. <a class = "tag" name = "tag23_4" id =
+"tag23_4" href = "#note23_4">4</a>Sin autem servire meae laudi et
+gloriae
+<span class = "pagenum">22</span>
+<a name = "page22" id = "page22"> </a>
+mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad Manlium,
+concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_5" id = "tag23_5" href =
+"#note23_5">5</a>exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad
+alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.
+<a name = "sec24" id = "sec24" href =
+"#notes_sec24"><b>24.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_1" id
+= "tag24_1" href = "#note24_1">1</a>Quamquam quid ego te invitem,
+a&nbsp;quo jam sciam esse praemissos, <a class = "tag" name = "tag24_2"
+id = "tag24_2" href = "#note24_2">2</a>qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium
+praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam <a class = "tag" name = "tag24_3" id =
+"tag24_3" href = "#note24_3">3</a>pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem.
+A&nbsp;quo etiam <a class = "tag" name = "tag24_4" id = "tag24_4" href =
+"#note24_4">4</a>aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus
+perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag24_5" id = "tag24_5" href = "#note24_5">5</a>cui domi tuae sacrarium
+scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag24_6" id = "tag24_6" href = "#note24_6">6</a>Tu ut illa
+diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficisens solebas,
+a&nbsp;cujus <a class = "tag" name = "tag24_7" id = "tag24_7" href =
+"#note24_7">7</a>altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium
+transtulisti.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "chapX" id = "chapX" href = "#notes_chapX">X.</a>&mdash;
+<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘23’">
+<a name = "sec25" id = "sec25" href =
+"#notes_sec25"><b>25.</b></a></ins> Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam
+pridem ista <a class = "tag" name = "tag25_1" id = "tag25_1" href =
+"#note25_1">1</a>cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim
+tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed <a class = "tag" name = "tag25_2" id =
+"tag25_2" href = "#note25_2">2</a>quandam incredibilem voluptatem.
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_3" id = "tag25_3" href = "#note25_3">3</a>Ad
+hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit.
+Nunquam tu <a class = "tag" name = "tag25_4" id = "tag25_4" href =
+"#note25_4">4</a>non modo <a class = "tag missing" name = "tag25_5" id =
+"tag25_5" href = "#note25_5">5</a>otium, sed ne bellum quidem, nisi <ins
+class = "correction" title = "misnumbered as 5"><a class = "tag" name =
+"tag25_6" id = "tag25_6" href = "#note25_6">6</a></ins>nefarium
+concupisti. <ins class = "correction" title = "misnumbered as 6"><a
+class = "tag" name = "tag25_7" id = "tag25_7" href =
+"#note25_7">7</a></ins>Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo
+fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis <a class = "tag" name = "tag25_8" id
+= "tag25_8" href = "#note25_8">8</a>conflatam, improborum manum.
+<a name = "sec26" id = "sec26" href =
+"#notes_sec26"><b>26.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_1" id
+= "tag26_1" href = "#note26_1">1</a>Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere!
+quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto
+numero <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘turorum’">tuorum</ins> neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis.
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_2" id = "tag26_2" href =
+"#note26_2">2</a>Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur
+labores tui, jacere humi, non solum <a class = "tag" name = "tag26_3" id
+= "tag26_3" href = "#note26_3">3</a>ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_4" id = "tag26_4" href =
+"#note26_4">4</a>ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem
+somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis <a class = "tag" name = "tag26_5" id
+= "tag26_5" href = "#note26_5">5</a>otiosorum. <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag26_6" id = "tag26_6" href = "#note26_6">6</a>Habes, ubi ostentes,
+illam tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_7" id = "tag26_7" href =
+"#note26_7">7</a>quibus te brevi tempore conectum senties.
+<a name = "sec27" id = "sec27" href =
+"#notes_sec27"><b>27.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_1" id
+= "tag27_1" href = "#note27_1">1</a>Tantum profeci tum, <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag27_2" id = "tag27_2" href = "#note27_2">2</a>cum te a
+consulatu reppuli, ut <a class = "tag" name = "tag27_3" id = "tag27_3"
+href = "#note27_3">3</a>exsul potius tentare quam consul vexare
+<span class = "pagenum">23</span>
+<a name = "page23" id = "page23"> </a>
+rem <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘publiciam’">publicam</ins> posses atque ut id, quod est abs te
+scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name = "chapXI" id = "chapXI" href =
+"#notes_chapXI">XI.</a>&mdash;Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam
+prope justam patriae querimoniam <a class = "tag" name = "tag27_4" id =
+"tag27_4" href = "#note27_4">4</a>detester ac deprecer, percipite,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_5" id = "tag27_5" href =
+"#note27_5">5</a>quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis
+vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea
+multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica sic <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag27_6" id = "tag27_6" href = "#note27_6">6</a>loquatur;
+‘M.&nbsp;Tulli, quid agis? <a class = "tag" name = "tag27_7" id =
+"tag27_7" href = "#note27_7">7</a>Tune eum, quem esse hostem comperisti,
+quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris
+hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem<ins class = "correction"
+title = "text has comma"> </ins>conjurationis, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag27_8" id = "tag27_8" href = "#note27_8">8</a>evocatorem servorum et
+civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag27_9" id = "tag27_9" href = "#note27_9">9</a>emissus ex urbe, sed
+immisus in urbem videatur? Nonne <a class = "tag" name = "tag27_10" id =
+"tag27_10" href = "#note27_10">10</a>hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem
+rapi, non summo supplicio <a class = "tag" name = "tag27_11" id =
+"tag27_11" href = "#note27_11">11</a>mactari imperabis?
+<a name = "sec28" id = "sec28" href =
+"#notes_sec28"><b>28.</b></a>&nbsp;Quid <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag28_1" id = "tag28_1" href = "#note28_1">1</a>tandem te impedit?
+Mosne majorum? <a class = "tag" name = "tag28_2" id = "tag28_2" href =
+"#note28_2">2</a>At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos
+cives morte multarunt. <a class = "tag" name = "tag28_3" id = "tag28_3"
+href = "#note28_3">3</a>An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio
+<a class = "tag missing" name = "tag28_4" id = "tag28_4" href =
+"#note28_4">4</a>rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica
+defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times?
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_5" id = "tag28_5" href =
+"#note28_5">5</a>Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_6" id = "tag28_6" href =
+"#note28_6">6</a>hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum
+tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_7" id = "tag28_7" href =
+"#note28_7">7</a>propter invidiam aut alicujus periculi metum salutem
+civium tuorum neglegis.
+<a name = "sec29" id = "sec29" href =
+"#notes_sec29"><b>29.</b></a>&nbsp;Sed si quis est invidiae metus,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_1" id = "tag29_1" href =
+"#note29_1">1</a>num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia
+quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur
+Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae
+incendio conflagraturum<ins class = "correction" title = "close quote missing">?’</ins></p>
+
+
+<p><a name = "chapXII" id = "chapXII" href =
+"#notes_chapXII">XII.</a>&mdash;His ego sanctissimis rei publicae
+vocibus et eorum hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca
+<span class = "pagenum">24</span>
+<a name = "page24" id = "page24"> </a>
+respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum <a class = "tag" name = "tag29_2" id =
+"tag29_2" href = "#note29_2">2</a>factu <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag29_3" id = "tag29_3" href = "#note29_3">3</a>judicarem, patres
+conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, <a class = "tag" name = "tag29_4"
+id = "tag29_4" href = "#note29_4">4</a>unius usuram horae <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag29_5" id = "tag29_5" href = "#note29_5">5</a>gladiatori
+isti, ad vivendum non dedissem. <a class = "tag" name = "tag29_6" id =
+"tag29_6" href = "#note29_6">6</a>Etenim si <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag29_7" id = "tag29_7" href = "#note29_7">7</a>summi viri et
+clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum
+complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag29_8" id = "tag29_8" href =
+"#note29_8">8</a>honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc
+parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret.
+Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut
+invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
+<a name = "sec30" id = "sec30" href =
+"#notes_sec30"><b>30.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_1" id
+= "tag30_1" href = "#note30_1">1</a>Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc
+ordine, <a class = "tag" name = "tag30_2" id = "tag30_2" href =
+"#note30_2">2</a>qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut quae vident
+dissimulent: <a class = "tag" name = "tag30_3" id = "tag30_3" href =
+"#note30_3">3</a>qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt
+conjurationemque nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt; quorum
+auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_4" id = "tag30_4" href = "#note30_4">4</a>si
+in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc
+intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra <a class = "tag"
+name = "tag30_5" id = "tag30_5" href = "#note30_5">5</a>pervenerit,
+neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem esse factam,
+neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto
+intellego hanc rei publicae pestem <a class = "tag" name = "tag30_6" id
+= "tag30_6" href = "#note30_6">6</a>paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum
+comprimi posse. Quodsi <a class = "tag" name = "tag30_7" id = "tag30_7"
+href = "#note30_7">7</a>se ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_8" id = "tag30_8" href =
+"#note30_8">8</a>ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregaverit,
+exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag30_9" id = "tag30_9" href = "#note30_9">9</a>tam adulta rei publicae
+pestis, verum etiam <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘strips’">stirps</ins> ac semen malorum omnium.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "chapXIII" id = "chapXIII" href =
+"#notes_chapXIII">XIII.</a>&mdash;
+<a name = "sec31" id = "sec31" href = "#notes_sec31"><b>31.</b></a>
+Etenim <a class = "tag" name = "tag31_1" id = "tag31_1" href =
+"#note31_1">1</a>jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis
+conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag31_2" id = "tag31_2" href = "#note31_2">2</a>omnium
+scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus
+tempus erupit. Quodsi <a class = "tag" name = "tag31_3" id = "tag31_3"
+href = "#note31_3">3</a>ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur,
+videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati,
+periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in
+<span class = "pagenum">25</span>
+<a name = "page25" id = "page25"> </a>
+venis atque <a class = "tag" name = "tag31_4" id = "tag31_4" href =
+"#note31_4">4</a>in visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri
+morbo gravi, <a class = "tag" name = "tag31_5" id = "tag31_5" href =
+"#note31_5">5</a>cum aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam <a class
+= "tag" name = "tag31_6" id = "tag31_6" href =
+"#note31_6">6</a>biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius
+vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag31_7" id = "tag31_7" href = "#note31_7">7</a>qui est in re publica,
+relevatus istius poena, <a class = "tag" name = "tag31_8" id = "tag31_8"
+href = "#note31_8">8</a>vehementius vivis reliquis ingravescet.
+<a name = "sec32" id = "sec32" href =
+"#notes_sec32"><b>32.</b></a>&nbsp;Quare secedant improbi, secernant se
+a bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam
+dixi, discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli,
+circumstare tribunal <a class = "tag" name = "tag32_1" id = "tag32_1"
+href = "#note32_1">1</a>praetoris urbani, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag32_2" id = "tag32_2" href = "#note32_2">2</a>obsidere cum gladiis
+curiam, <a class = "tag" name = "tag32_3" id = "tag32_3" href =
+"#note32_3">3</a>malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit
+denique inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque, <a class = "tag" name =
+"tag32_4" id = "tag32_4" href = "#note32_4">4</a>quid de re publica
+sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis
+consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in
+equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut
+Catilinae profectione <a class = "tag" name = "tag32_5" id = "tag32_5"
+href = "#note32_5">5</a>omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa vindicata
+esse videatis.
+<a name = "sec33" id = "sec33" href =
+"#notes_sec33"><b>33.</b></a>&nbsp;<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_1" id
+= "tag33_1" href = "#note33_1">1</a>Hisce <ins class = "correction"
+title = "corrected by hand from ‘omnibus’">ominibus</ins>, Catilina,
+<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_2" id = "tag33_2" href =
+"#note33_2">2</a>cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua peste ac
+pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque
+junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum, <a class =
+"tag" name = "tag33_3" id = "tag33_3" href = "#note33_3">3</a>tu,
+Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs <a class = "tag" name = "tag33_4"
+id = "tag33_4" href = "#note33_4">4</a>auspiciis a Romulo es
+constitutus, quem <a class = "tag" name = "tag33_5" id = "tag33_5" href
+= "#note33_5">5</a>Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,
+hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a&nbsp;tectis urbis
+ac moenibus a vita fortunisque civium <a class = "tag" name = "tag33_6"
+id = "tag33_6" href = "#note33_6">6</a>arcebis, et homines bonorum
+inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac
+nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque
+mactabis.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">26</span>
+<a name = "page26" id = "page26"> </a>
+
+<p><a class = "toplink" href = "#contents">TOP</a></p>
+
+<h3><a name = "notes" id = "notes">NOTES.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapI" id = "notes_chapI" href = "#chapI">
+CHAPTER I.</a></h5>
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec1" id = "notes_sec1" href = "#sec1">§
+1.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note1_1" id = "note1_1" href = "#tag1_1">1:</a>
+<i>quosque&mdash;nostra?</i> “How far, then, Catiline, will you trample
+upon our patience?” The abrupt opening of the speech shows the feelings
+of the orator whose indignation was naturally aroused when the
+conspirator dared to appear in the Senate after being declared a public
+enemy (<i>hostis patriae</i>). &mdash;<i>tandem</i>: “pray:” cp. <span
+class = "greek" title = "dêta">δῆτα</span>. &mdash;<i>abutere</i>:
+a&nbsp;future, as shown by <i>eludet, jactabit</i>. Cicero prefers the
+more poetic termination <ins class = "correction" title = "printed with long dashes"><i>-re</i> to <i>-ris</i></ins> in the imperf. and fut.
+indic. and in the pres. and impf. subj. pass. In the pres. indic. he
+rarely uses it. Madvig. §&nbsp;114.6. &mdash;<i>nostra</i>: Cicero
+includes the Senators and Consuls.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_2" id = "note1_2" href = "#tag1_2">2:</a>
+<i>etiam</i>: “still,” belongs to <i>quamdiu</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_3" id = "note1_3" href = "#tag1_3">3:</a>
+<i>furor iste</i>: note the energy imparted by personifying <i>furor</i>
+and <i>audacia</i>. &mdash;<i>iste</i> is strictly a pronoun
+demonstrative of the second person: <i>iste locus</i>, “the place where
+you are standing:” <i>ista verba</i>: “the words you utter.” It often
+had a contemptuous meaning in Cicero’s orations.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_4" id = "note1_4" href = "#tag1_4">4:</a>
+<i>eludet</i>: “will turn us into mockery:” a&nbsp;gladiatorial term of
+avoiding a thrust by the rapid movement of the body: hence, to baffle,
+deceive, and, as here, to mock. <i>Nos</i> is omitted by some
+editors.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_5" id = "note1_5" href = "#tag1_5">5:</a>
+<i>quem&mdash;audacia</i>: “to what length will your unbridled audacity
+proceed?” &mdash;<i>quem ad finem</i> = <i>quousque</i> or
+<i>quamdiu</i>. According to Schultz <i>quousque</i> puts the more
+general question of <i>time</i> and <i>degree</i>: <i>quamdiu</i>, the
+more special question, of <i>time</i> only: <i>quem ad finem</i>: of
+<i>degree</i> only.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_6" id = "note1_6" href = "#tag1_6">6:</a>
+<i>jactabit</i> = <i>insolenter se efferet: se jactare</i>, “to toss the
+head <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘ontemptuously’">contemptuously</ins>,” “to walk with a conceited
+swing.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_7" id = "note1_7" href = "#tag1_7">7:</a>
+<i>nihilne&mdash;moverunt?</i> “Have the guards nightly stationed on the
+Palatine nothing daunted you? Nothing, the sentinels of the city;
+nothing, the trepidation of the people; nothing, the thronging together
+of all patriotic (citizens); nothing, this most impregnable place for
+convening the Senate; nothing, the countenances and looks of these?”
+Observe the emphatic position of <i>nihil</i> in the beginning of
+successive clauses (<i>anaphora</i>). &mdash;<i>Palatii</i>: the
+Palatine hill was adjacent to the Forum. It was
+<span class = "pagenum">27</span>
+<a name = "page27" id = "page27"> </a>
+here that Augustus built a splendid mansion: hence our word
+<i>palace</i> from the residence of the emperor built on the
+<i>Palatium</i>. In times of danger the Palatium, one of the most
+important military posts of the city, was occupied by a guard.
+Originally the word meant the “feeding place:” root <i>pal, pascere</i>:
+cp. <i>Pales, Palilia</i>. Varro derives it from <i>pal</i>, “to
+wander:” cp. <i>palor</i>. It may have been the “common” for cattle in
+early days. <i>Vigiliae</i>: under the republic, on emergencies, the
+<i>triumviri capitales, aediles</i> or <i>tribuni plebis</i> acting as a
+kind of police appointed night watches to keep order. &mdash;<i>timor
+populi</i>: cp. Sallust. Cat.: C. 31: <i>immutata urbis facies erat: ex
+summa laetitia atque lascivia ... repente omnes tristitia invasit</i>.
+&mdash;<i>bonorum omnium</i>: with <i>bonus</i>: cp. <span class =
+"greek" title = "agathos">ἀγαθός</span>, often used in the sense of
+“patriotic,” opposed to <i>malus civis</i>, <span class = "greek" title
+= "kakos">κακός</span>: “unpatriotic.” &mdash;<i>locus</i>: the Senate
+was usually convened on the Kalends, Nones and Ides of each month, and
+the meeting usually held in the Curia Hostilia. Extraordinary meetings
+(<i>senatus indictus</i>) as the present one were convened in some
+temple, or other place consecrated by the augurs. The present meeting
+was held in the temple of Juppiter Stator, near the <i>via sacra</i>, at
+the foot of the Palatine, which might be said to be <i>munitissimus</i>
+from the special guard there as well as from its position. &mdash;<i>ora
+vultusque</i>: the former denotes the natural and habitual state, as
+expressed by the mouth and the lower part of the face: while the latter
+indicates the temporary and changing state, as expressed by the motion
+of the eye and brow.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_8" id = "note1_8" href = "#tag1_8">8:</a>
+<i>constrictam&mdash;vides</i>: “do you not see that your conspiracy has
+already come within the privity of all these?” literally, “is held bound
+by.” Orelli distinguishes between <i>non</i> and <i>nonne</i> in direct
+questions. Where <i>non</i> is used, the speaker, sure of his opinion,
+does not heed the answer of the opponent; where <i>nonne</i> is used,
+the speaker expects and wishes that the person questioned will agree
+with him. &mdash;<i>constrictam teneri</i>: the metaphor is taken from
+chaining a wild beast to which he here compares the conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_9" id = "note1_9" href = "#tag1_9">9:</a>
+<i>proxima</i>: this speech was delivered November 8th: so <i>nox
+proxima</i> would be the night of 7th: <i>nox superior</i>, the night of
+the 6th, also called <i>nox prior</i>, §&nbsp;8. On this occasion they
+were at the house of M.&nbsp;Porcius Laeca. What they did on the <i>nox
+proxima</i> we are not informed. &mdash;<i>egeris, fueris, convocaveris,
+ceperis</i>: subjunctive of dependent question: H. 529,&nbsp;I.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note1_10" id = "note1_10" href = "#tag1_10">10:</a>
+<i>nostrûm</i>: distinguish <i>nostrum</i> <ins class = "correction"
+title = "text reads ‘uses’">used</ins> partitively and <i>nostri</i>
+used possessively.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec2" id = "notes_sec2" href = "#sec2">§
+2.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note2_1" id = "note2_1" href = "#tag2_1">1:</a>
+<i>vivit? immo vero</i>: Cicero often connects a word by putting that
+word in the form of a question with or without
+<span class = "pagenum">28</span>
+<a name = "page28" id = "page28"> </a>
+<i>dicam</i> and answering it by <i>immo</i>. According to Madvig,
+(§&nbsp;454) <i>immo</i> corrects a former statement as being quite
+inaccurate, or too weak, though true as far as it goes. &mdash;<i>immo
+vero</i>: “nay, indeed.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_2" id = "note2_2" href = "#tag2_2">2:</a>
+<i>in senatum venit</i>: as <i>vir praetorius</i> Catiline had a right
+to enter the Senate.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_3" id = "note2_3" href = "#tag2_3">3:</a>
+<i>notat et designat</i>: a metaphor from the marking of the animals
+appointed for sacrifice. Cicero often uses synonymous words to impress
+the idea more strongly: “he marks and stamps each one of us for
+slaughter:” cp. Leg. Man. 3,&nbsp;7. <i>Cives Romanes necandos
+trucidandosque denotavit.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_4" id = "note2_4" href = "#tag2_4">4:</a>
+<i>viri fortes</i>: ironical.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_5" id = "note2_5" href = "#tag2_5">5:</a>
+<i>videmur</i>, scil. <i>nobis</i>: “we fancy that we are doing our duty
+to the state.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_6" id = "note2_6" href = "#tag2_6">6:</a>
+<i>si&mdash;vitemus</i>: for the subj. in <i>protasis</i>, and indic. in
+<i>apodosis</i>, see H. 511.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_7" id = "note2_7" href = "#tag2_7">7:</a>
+<i>ad mortem&mdash;opportebat</i>: “to death long ago, O&nbsp;Catiline,
+ought you to have been dragged by the order of the consul?” Note the
+emphatic position of <i>ad mortem. &mdash;duci</i>: for the present inf:
+see. H., 537, I. &mdash;<i>jussu consulis</i>: the Senate had entrusted
+the safety of the State by the <i>decretum ultimum</i> (<i>videant
+consules, ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat</i>). By the power vested
+in the consuls in consequence of this decree they had the power to put
+Catiline to death.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note2_8" id = "note2_8" href = "#tag2_8">8:</a>
+<i>in te&mdash;machinaris</i>: “On you should that ruin long since have
+been hurled which you for a long time have been plotting against us
+all.” Join <i>jampridem</i> from the previous clause with
+<i>conferri</i>. The present tense in Latin with <i>jamdiu</i> includes
+past tense: cf. <span class = "greek" title = "palai legô">πάλαι
+λέγω</span>, <i>jamdiu dico</i>: “I&nbsp;have long ago told you and do
+so still.” &mdash;<i>machinari</i>; <span class = "greek" title =
+"mêchanasthai">μηχανᾶσθαι</span>, to plan by <i>artful</i> and
+<i>secret</i> means: <i>moliri</i>, to plan by <i>strong</i> effort.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec3" id = "notes_sec3" href = "#sec3">§
+3.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note3_1" id = "note3_1" href = "#tag3_1">1:</a>
+<i>An vero</i>: the original force of <i>an</i> is “or,” and when used
+interrogatively the sentence is elliptical. Here we may supply: “Am I
+right in my conjecture or, in fact, did that illustrious man,
+P.&nbsp;Scipio, chief pontiff, though filling no magistracy, slay
+Tiberius Gracchus when slightly disturbing the settled order of the
+State.” We may conveniently translate here <i>an vero</i> by: “while, in
+fact.” The argument here is <i>a minore ad majus</i>. P.&nbsp;Cornelius
+Scipio Nasica consul with D.&nbsp;Junius Brutus 138&nbsp;B.C. Cicero
+probably adds <i>pontifex maximus</i> to remind his hearers of the high
+dignity and prudence which a man gifted with this office would possess.
+He also uses <i>privatus</i> because in contrast to <i>consules</i>, the
+office of <i>pontifex maximus</i> not being a <i>magistratus</i>.
+<i>Tiberium Gracchum</i>:
+<span class = "pagenum">29</span>
+<a name = "page29" id = "page29"> </a>
+see Proper Names &mdash;<i>mediocriter labefactantem</i>: Cicero
+designedly extenuates the guilt of Gracchus to heighten the crimes of
+Catiline. In fact, the orator represents the guilt of Gracchus in
+different lights according to the exigencies of his cause: cp. De Leg.
+Ag., 2, 5, 10: De Off. II., 12, 43. <i>Catilinam</i>: emphatic position:
+“Catiline, desiring to devastate the world with sword and fire shall we
+consuls tolerate?” &mdash;<i>orbis terrae</i>: there is little
+difference between <i>orbis terrae</i> and <i>orbis terrarum</i>.
+&mdash;<i>caede atque incendiis</i>: also <i>ferro et igni</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_2" id = "note3_2" href = "#tag3_2">2:</a>
+<i>illa</i>: “the following instance:” though only the case of Ahala is
+mentioned, the plural is probably used to intimate that other cases
+might be adduced.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_3" id = "note3_3" href = "#tag3_3">3:</a>
+<i>C. Servilius Ahala</i>: see Proper Names.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_4" id = "note3_4" href = "#tag3_4">4:</a>
+<i>novis&mdash;studentem</i>: “aiming to overturn the government:” cp.
+<span class = "greek" title = "neôterizein">νεωτερίζειν</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_5" id = "note3_5" href = "#tag3_5">5:</a>
+<i>fuit-fuit</i>: note the emphatic repetition of the word
+(<i>epizeuxis</i>).
+&mdash;<i>ista virtus</i>: here <i>ista</i> = <i>illa</i>: “that
+well-known public spirit:” We may take <i>virtus</i> = <i>amor
+patriae</i>: “patriotism.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_6" id = "note3_6" href = "#tag3_6">6:</a>
+<i>ut&mdash;coercerent</i>: “that brave men inflicted severer punishment
+on a factious citizen then on the bitterest foe”
+&mdash;<i>suppliciis</i>: abl. means.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_7" id = "note3_7" href = "#tag3_7">7:</a>
+<i>senatus consultum</i>: the decree arming the consuls with civil and
+military power. The formula was <i>videant consules ne quid respublica
+detrimenti capiat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_8" id = "note3_8" href = "#tag3_8">8:</a>
+<i>vehemens et grave</i>: “full of force and severity.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note3_9" id = "note3_9" href = "#tag3_9">9:</a>
+<i>rei publicae</i>: generally taken as a dative after <i>deest</i>:
+others take it as a genitive depending on <i>consilium</i>, i.e., there
+is no lack of precedents of the state, i.e., the state have many
+instances of wicked citizens being punished. The state, according to
+Cicero, has enough of wisdom (<i>consilium</i>) and determining
+authority (<i>auctoritas</i>), but the executive power is weak.</p>
+
+<p class = "mynote"><a name = "note3_10" id = "note3_10" href =
+"#tag3_10">10:</a>
+<i>nos, nos, dico</i>: There is no note corresponding to these
+words.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapII" id = "notes_chapII" href = "#chapII">
+CHAPTER II.</a></h5>
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec4" id = "notes_sec4" href = "#sec4">§
+4.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note4_1" id = "note4_1" href = "#tag4_1">1:</a>
+<i>quondam</i>: B.C.&nbsp;121: see <i>C. Gracchus</i>, in Proper Names.
+In a decree of this kind both consuls were named. The other,
+Q.&nbsp;Fabius, was at that time in that part of Gaul known afterwards
+as Provincia, and his absence from Rome may account for the omission of
+his name from the decree.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_2" id = "note4_2" href = "#tag4_2">2:</a>
+<i>intercessit</i>: i.e., between the passing of the decree and the
+death of Gracchus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_3" id = "note4_3" href = "#tag4_3">3:</a>
+<i>propter&mdash;suspiciones</i>: another case of extenuation to bring
+out more vividly the guilt of Catiline. Distinguish <i>suspĭcĭo,
+suspīcĭo</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">30</span>
+<a name = "page30" id = "page30"> </a>
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘5’"><a name =
+"note4_4" id = "note4_4" href = "#tag4_4">4:</a></ins>
+<i>patre-majoribus</i>, scil. <i>ortus</i>: abl. of origin. The father
+of C.&nbsp;Sempronius Gracchus was Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, who twice
+held the consulship (B.C.&nbsp;177, and B.C.&nbsp;163), the censorship
+(169&nbsp;B.C.), twice enjoyed a triumph, once over the Celtiberians,
+178&nbsp;B.C., and once over the Sardinians, 175&nbsp;B.C. The mother of
+the Gracchi was Cornelia, daughter of P.&nbsp;Scipio Africanus Major,
+who defeated Hannibal at Zama B.C.&nbsp;202. Thus Gracchus united in
+himself two of the noblest families in Rome.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_5" id = "note4_5" href = "#tag4_5">5:</a>
+<i>M. Fulvius</i>: one of the commissioners appointed to carry out the
+<i>lex agraria</i> of C.&nbsp;Gracchus. He was killed with his eldest
+son in the fray in which Gracchus was slain. The youngest son was killed
+after the conflict.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_6" id = "note4_6" href = "#tag4_6">6:</a>
+<i>simili-publica</i>: some omit the commas after <i>senatusconsulto</i>
+and <i>consulibus</i> and thus make <i>Mario, Valerio</i> datives;
+others retain the commas and make these words ablative absolute. The
+event happened in the sixth consulship of Marius, B.C. 102. Lucius
+Saturninus and C.&nbsp;Servilius Glaucia were guilty of killing
+C.&nbsp;Memmius who was seeking the consulship. Both Saturninus and
+Glaucia were driven into the Capitol and put to death.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_7" id = "note4_7" href = "#tag4_7">7:</a>
+<i>num&mdash;est?</i> “Did the punishment of death inflicted by the
+state cause L.&nbsp;Saturninus, the tribune of the people, and
+C.&nbsp;Servilius, the praetor, to wait for a single day?”
+&mdash;<i>mors ac rei publicae poena</i> = <i>mortis poena a re publica
+inflicta</i>. &mdash;<i>at vero</i>: “but we assuredly.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_8" id = "note4_8" href = "#tag4_8">8:</a>
+<i>vicesimum diem</i>: the 18th day since the <i>senatus consultum</i>
+was passed. The decree was passed Oct. 21st and this oration was
+delivered Nov. 8th. The Romans, however, reckoned both days.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_9" id = "note4_9" href = "#tag4_9">9:</a>
+<i>aciei</i>: “the edge:” root <i>ac</i>: “sharp.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_10" id = "note4_10" href = "#tag4_10">10:</a>
+<i>inclusum in tabulis</i>: “shut up among our records” i.e.
+a&nbsp;useless decree unless carried into effect.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_11" id = "note4_11" href = "#tag4_11">11:</a>
+<i>quo&mdash;convenit</i>: “and in accordance with this decree, you,
+O&nbsp;Catiline, should be at once put to death:” with <i>confestim</i>:
+cp. <i>festino</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_12" id = "note4_12" href = "#tag4_12">12:</a>
+<i>et vivis</i>: rhetorical for <i>et vivis quidem</i> or <i>idque</i>.
+&mdash;<i>cupio&mdash;cupio</i>: “I&nbsp;desire, on the one
+hand,&mdash;I am anxious, on the other.” &mdash;The acc. of pronouns
+gives more prominence to the circumstance wished by disconnecting it
+from the <i>cupio</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_13" id = "note4_13" href = "#tag4_13">13:</a>
+<i>dissolutus</i>: “remiss,” “forgetful of duty.” Synonymous with
+<i>neglegens</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note4_14" id = "note4_14" href = "#tag4_14">14:</a>
+<i>inertiae nequitiaeque</i>: “of sloth and irresolution.”</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">31</span>
+<a name = "page31" id = "page31"> </a>
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec5" id = "notes_sec5" href = "#sec5">§
+5.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note5_1" id = "note5_1" href = "#tag5_1">1:</a>
+<i>castra&mdash;collocata</i>: “a camp is pitched,” at Faesulae (now
+<i>Fiesole</i>), which lies on a spur of the western slope of the
+Appenines, not far from Florence. At this place Manlius had collected a
+number of soldiers who had served under Sulla.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "extraneous header § 7 printed here">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</ins></p>
+
+<p>The term <i>fauces</i>, literally “jaws,” is often used for a
+mountain pass: cp. Scott: Lady of the Lake: “Led slowly through the
+pass’s jaws.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_2" id = "note5_2" href = "#tag5_2">2:</a>
+<i>in dies singulos</i>: “daily,” always joined to some word of
+comparative force and expressing daily increase or diminution:
+<i>cottidie</i>, simply daily repetition. &mdash;<i>imperatorem
+ducemque: imperator</i>, a&nbsp;military leader deriving his authority
+from the Senate: <i>dux</i>, simply a leader.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_3" id = "note5_3" href = "#tag5_3">3:</a>
+<i>adeo in Senatu</i>: “in the very Senate,” or as Zumpt (§&nbsp;737)
+takes it, “nay more,” “nay even in the Senate.”</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "printed as part of note 3"><a name
+= "note5_4" id = "note5_4" href = "#tag5_4">4:</a></ins>
+<i>jam</i>: “now at once.” &mdash;<i>jussero</i>: the fut. pf. often
+represents the speedy accomplishment of a fut. action.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_5" id = "note5_5" href = "#tag5_5">5:</a>
+<i>credo</i>: used ironically: cp. <span class = "greek" title =
+"oiomai">οἴομαι</span>. Here the word may be equivalent to <i>non erit
+verendum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_6" id = "note5_6" href = "#tag5_6">6:</a>
+<i>verendum mihi</i>, etc.: “I shall have to fear (i.e. I&nbsp;am
+convinced) that all patriots will regard your death as occuring too
+late, rather than as too severe and cruel,” or as <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘Wilkin’s’">Wilkins</ins> translates:
+“Certainly it is more likely that all patriots will consider this action
+too late, than that anyone should consider it too cruel.” Explain
+<i>quisquam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_7" id = "note5_7" href = "#tag5_7">7:</a>
+<i>certe&mdash;adducor</i>: “for a certain reason, I&nbsp;am not yet led
+to do:” i.e. the fear of punishing Catiline before his guilt was fully
+ascertained lest he might pass for an injured man with his sympathizers.
+Cicero’s object was to cause Catiline and his associates to leave
+Rome.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_8" id = "note5_8" href = "#tag5_8">8:</a>
+<i>interficiere</i>: i.e. “you will <ins class = "correction" title =
+"word missing">be</ins> ordered to be put to death.” Others read
+<i>interficiam te</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_9" id = "note5_9" href = "#tag5_9">9:</a>
+<i>tui similis</i>: <i>similis</i> in Cicero generally takes <i>genitive
+or dative</i> of persons: <i>dative</i> of things.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note5_10" id = "note5_10" href = "#tag5_10">10:</a>
+<i>qui</i> = <i>ut is</i>: “as not to confess that it was justly
+inflicted.” &mdash;<i>id</i>, i.e. <i>te interficiam</i> from
+<i>interficiere</i> before.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec6" id = "notes_sec6" href = "#sec6">§
+6.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note6_1" id = "note6_1" href = "#tag6_1">1:</a>
+<i>quisquam</i>: for use, see H. 457.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_2" id = "note6_2" href = "#tag6_2">2:</a>
+<i>multis&mdash;oppressus</i>: “beset by many powerful guards placed by
+me:” note the idiom. Cicero had guards placed not only in the capital,
+but also throughout Italy.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_3" id = "note6_3" href = "#tag6_3">3:</a>
+<i>te commovere</i>: “to make any farther movement:” a&nbsp;metaphor
+taken from the gladiatorial contests.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_4" id = "note6_4" href = "#tag6_4">4:</a>
+<i>fecerunt</i> = <i>speculati sunt et custodiverunt</i>: the verb
+<i>facio</i> in Latin, and <span class = "greek" title = "poieô [printed ποιεώ with incorrect accent]">ποιέω</span> in Greek, and <i>do</i> in
+English, are often used as substitutes for other verbs.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">32</span>
+<a name = "page32" id = "page32"> </a>
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapIII" id = "notes_chapIII" href = "#chapIII">
+CHAPTER III.</a></h5>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_5" id = "note6_5" href = "#tag6_5">5:</a>
+<i>Etenim&mdash;potest?</i> This gives a reason for the clause <i>sed
+vives&mdash;possis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_6" id = "note6_6" href = "#tag6_6">6:</a>
+<i>exspectes</i>: H. 503, I.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_7" id = "note6_7" href = "#tag6_7">7:</a>
+<i>coeptus nefarios</i>: “your traitorous attempts:” another reading is
+<i>coetus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_8" id = "note6_8" href = "#tag6_8">8:</a>
+<i>privata domus</i>: the house of M. Porcius Laeca.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_9" id = "note6_9" href = "#tag6_9">9:</a>
+<i>parietibus</i>: abl. means. Distinguish <i>moenia</i> (root
+<i>mun</i>, to defend: cp. <span class = "greek" title =
+"amunein">ἀμύνειν</span><ins class = "correction" title = "close parenthesis missing">),</ins> the walls of a city for defensive
+purposes: <i>murus</i> (=&nbsp;<i>mun-rus</i>), any kind of wall:
+<i>paries</i> (root <i>par</i>, to separate): the partition walls of a
+house: <i>maceria</i>, a&nbsp;garden wall.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_10" id = "note6_10" href = "#tag6_10">10:</a>
+<i>voces conjurationis</i> = <i>voces conjuratorum</i>: “the voices of
+the conspirators:” Cicero often uses abstract for concrete terms.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_11" id = "note6_11" href = "#tag6_11">11:</a>
+<i>inlustrantur</i> opposed to <i>obscurare</i> as <i>erumpunt</i> to
+<i>domus ... continet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_12" id = "note6_12" href = "#tag6_12">12:</a>
+<i>istam mentem</i>: “that resolve of thine,” i.e. of remaining in the
+city to murder the people.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_13" id = "note6_13" href = "#tag6_13">13:</a>
+<i>mihi crede</i> = <i>me sequere</i>: “follow my advice:” <i>mihi
+crede</i> is the common order in Cicero: <i>crede mihi</i> in other
+writers.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_14" id = "note6_14" href = "#tag6_14">14:</a>
+<i>teneris undique</i>: “you are hemmed in (i.e. convicted) on every
+hand.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6_15" id = "note6_15" href = "#tag6_15">15:</a>
+<i>quae&mdash;recognoscas</i>: “and these plans you may now review with
+me:” Construe: <i>quae</i> (=&nbsp;<i>et haec</i>, scil.
+<i>consilia</i>) <i>licit</i> (<i>tibi ut</i>) <i>recognoscas jam
+mecum</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec7" id = "notes_sec7" href = "#sec7">§
+7.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note7_1" id = "note7_1" href = "#tag7_1">1:</a>
+<i>meministine</i> = <i>nonne meministi</i>: the particle <i>-ne</i>
+added to a verb has sometimes in Cicero the force of <i>nonne</i>. Cp.
+Cat. Major, C. 10. <i>videtisne</i> = <i>nonne videtis</i>. So
+frequently in Terence, Plautus, and in colloquial Latin: H. 396, II.
+<span class = "smallcaps">i</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_2" id = "note7_2" href = "#tag7_2">2:</a>
+<i>ante-Novembres</i>: “on the 12th day before the Kalends of November,”
+i.e. on October 21st. This anomolous mode of expression probably arose
+from the transposition of <i>ante</i>. Having one written <i>ante die
+duodecimo Kalendas</i>, they would easily be led to infer that
+<i>ante</i> governed <i>die</i> and so would write <i>ante diem
+duodecimum Kalendas</i>. For the method of computation of time among the
+Romans, see H. 642.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_3" id = "note7_3" href = "#tag7_3">3:</a>
+<i>certo die, qui dies</i>: the repetition of the subst. after the
+relation may be explained on the ground of clearness.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_4" id = "note7_4" href = "#tag7_4">4:</a>
+<i>audaciae&mdash;tuae</i>: “the partisan and agent of your audacious
+schemes.” The words <i>satelles</i> and <i>administer</i> are
+synonymous,
+<span class = "pagenum">33</span>
+<a name = "page33" id = "page33"> </a>
+the former being more poetical and explained by the latter, which is the
+more common.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_5" id = "note7_5" href = "#tag7_5">5:</a>
+<i>num&mdash;dies?</i> “was I, O Catiline, ignorant not merely of an
+attempt so enormous, so wicked, so surpassing belief, but, a&nbsp;thing
+which is more to be wondered at, of the day?” &mdash;<i>me fallit</i>:
+cf. <i>latet me</i>, <span class = "greek" title = "lanthanei me">λανθάνει με</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_6" id = "note7_6" href = "#tag7_6">6:</a>
+<i>caedem&mdash;Novembres</i>: “that you had fixed the 28th October for
+the slaughter of the nobles.” The construction is <i>in diem quintum
+ante Kalendas Novembres</i>. Predetermination of future time is often
+expressed by <i>in</i> with acc.: as <i>in diem posterum senatum
+convocavit</i>, not “he summoned the Senate <i>on</i> the next day,” but
+“<i>for</i> the next day.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_7" id = "note7_7" href = "#tag7_7">7:</a>
+<i>optimatium</i>: is the only word, not a proper name, in <i>-at</i>,
+that makes the gen. pl. in <i>-ium</i>. <i>Roma</i>: Give rules for the
+construction of the names of towns.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_8" id = "note7_8" href = "#tag7_8">8:</a>
+<i>sui conservandi</i>: <i>sui</i> like <i>nostri, vestri</i> is not a
+gen. pl. but a gen. sing. of an adj. used collectively and abstractly:
+“not for self-preservation:” Madvig, 297, b.&nbsp;c.: 417.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note7_9" id = "note7_9" href = "#tag7_9">9:</a>
+<i>reprimendorum</i>: here used in the sense of <i>impediendorum</i><ins
+class = "correction" title = "text has superfluous close quote">:
+</ins>“of preventing your plans being carried out.” This is probably a
+rhetorical flourish on the part of Cicero, as no such fact is mentioned
+by Sallust. Among those who fled, according to Plutarch, was
+M.&nbsp;Crassus. <i>num&mdash;dicebas!</i> “Can you deny that on that
+very day, beset by the guards I had placed, by my watchfulness, you
+could take not one step against the state, when on the departure of the
+others you, nevertheless, expressed yourself satisfied with the murder
+of us who remained?” &mdash;<i>discessu ceterorum</i>: the ablative here
+supplies the place of a participial abl. absol.
+&mdash;<i>nostra&mdash;caede&mdash;qui</i>: the relative is made to
+refer to an antecedent implied in <i>nostra</i>: H. 445, 6.
+&mdash;<i>quum</i>: is often used by Cicero in the impf. indic. when the
+bare notion of time or of continuance is to be expressed.
+&mdash;<i>remansissemus</i>: virtual oblique narrative: hence the
+subjunctive.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec8" id = "notes_sec8" href = "#sec8">§
+8.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note8_1" id = "note8_1" href = "#tag8_1">1:</a>
+<i>quid</i>: “further”: lit. “what shall I say?” scil. <i>dicam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_2" id = "note8_2" href = "#tag8_2">2:</a>
+<i>te&mdash;occupaturum</i>: “that you would anticipate us in seizing
+Praeneste in an attack by night on the first of November.” With
+<i>occupare</i>: cp. <span class = "greek" title =
+"phthanein">φθάνειν</span>: no other writer mentions this fact.
+&mdash;<i>ipsis</i>: <i>ipse</i> denotes exactness in temporal
+expressions: <i>triginta ipsi dies</i>, “exactly thirty days.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_3" id = "note8_3" href = "#tag8_3">3:</a>
+<i>sensistisne</i> = <i>nonne sensistis</i>: see <a href =
+"#note7_1">note&nbsp;1, §&nbsp;7</a>, above.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_4" id = "note8_4" href = "#tag8_4">4:</a>
+<i>praesidium</i>, a guard in a general sense: <i>custodiae</i>, watches
+on the wall: <i>vigiliae</i>, night watches.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">34</span>
+<a name = "page34" id = "page34"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note8_5" id = "note8_5" href = "#tag8_5">5:</a>
+<i>nihil&mdash;nihil, nihil</i>: see <a href = "#note1_7">note&nbsp;7,
+§&nbsp;1</a>. “There is nothing you do, nothing you plan, nothing you
+think which I do not hear only, but also see or clearly perceive.” Some
+read <i>non modo</i> for <i>non modo non</i>, which the senses
+requires.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapIV" id = "notes_chapIV" href = "#chapIV">
+CHAPTER IV.</a></h5>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_6" id = "note8_6" href = "#tag8_6">6:</a>
+<i>tandem</i>: see <a href = "#note1_1">note&nbsp;1, §&nbsp;1</a>. The
+orator implies by this particle the fulness of his knowledge.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "number missing">
+<a name = "note8_7" id = "note8_7" href = "#tag8_7">7:</a></ins>
+<i>noctem illam superiorem</i>: “the events on the night preceding the
+last:” i.e., the events on the night of the 6th November, when the
+meeting was held at the house of M.&nbsp;Porcius Laeca.
+&mdash;<i>illam</i> here does duty for the definite article in
+English.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_8" id = "note8_8" href = "#tag8_8">8:</a>
+<i>jam&mdash;reipublicae</i>: “You shall presently perceive that I am
+much more actively watchful for the safety of the state than you are for
+its destruction” &mdash;<i>intelliges</i>: what compounds of
+<i>-lego</i> have <i>lexi</i> in the perfect? &mdash;<i>acrius</i>?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_9" id = "note8_9" href = "#tag8_9">9:</a>
+<i>dico</i>: this passage is executed with fine skill. At first the
+orator states the fact clearly and briefly. He notes the effect on the
+conspirator and calls for an answer: after no reply is given, Cicero
+goes into details.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_10" id = "note8_10" href = "#tag8_10">10:</a>
+<i>priore nocte</i>: “on the night preceding (the last)”: a&nbsp;change
+for <i>superiore nocte</i>. Others say it means <i>initio
+noctis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_11" id = "note8_11" href = "#tag8_11">11:</a>
+<i>inter falcarios</i>, scil. <i>opifices</i>: “through the scythe
+makers’ street:” a&nbsp;street in Rome deriving its name from the
+occupation of its inhabitants. Cp. Isocr. Areopag. §&nbsp;48: <span
+class = "greek" title = "en tais aulêtrisin">ἐν ταῖς αὐλητρίσιν</span>:
+Livy, 35, 43: <i>inter lignarios</i> “in the woodcutters’ street.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_12" id = "note8_12" href = "#tag8_12">12:</a>
+<i>in&mdash;domum</i>: is the preposition necessary?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_13" id = "note8_13" href = "#tag8_13">13:</a>
+<i>complures</i>: Sallust (Cat. 17) gives the names of eleven senators
+who were present on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_14" id = "note8_14" href = "#tag8_14">14:</a>
+<i>amentiae</i>: distinguish <i>amentia</i> and <i>dementia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note8_15" id = "note8_15" href = "#tag8_15">15:</a>
+<i>convincam</i>: “I&nbsp;will prove it.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec9" id = "notes_sec9" href = "#sec9">§
+9.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note9_1" id = "note9_1" href = "#tag9_1">1:</a>
+<i>ubinam gentium sumus!</i> This phrase is very much the same as ours,
+“where in the world are we?” It is often used in rhetorical writings and
+in the comic poets. For the partitive genitive, see H. 397,&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_2" id = "note9_2" href = "#tag9_2">2:</a>
+<i>hic, hic</i>: Epizeuxis: note the emphatic repetition.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_3" id = "note9_3" href = "#tag9_3">3:</a>
+<i>patres conscripti</i>: said to be for <i>patres et conscripti</i>.
+The senators were called <i>patres</i>. In the wars of the early
+republic many were killed. To fill the place of those slain some were
+summoned (<i>conscripti</i>.) Hence the original senators&mdash;those
+summoned&mdash;were addressed as <i>patres et conscripti</i>: afterwards
+the <i>et</i> was omitted.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">35</span>
+<a name = "page35" id = "page35"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note9_4" id = "note9_4" href = "#tag9_4">4:</a>
+<i>in&mdash;consilio</i>: “in this most venerable and respectable
+assembly of the whole world.” The term <i>sanctus</i> applied to the
+senate may refer to the building in which it was convened. The usual
+distinction between <i>consilium</i> and <i>concilium</i>, that the
+former means advice, plans, while the latter means an assemblage, with
+regard to those who compose it, does not hold good. The roots of these
+words are different, <i>consilium</i>: from <i>con</i>, <i>sed</i>, to
+sit: cp. <i>sedes</i>, <i>solium</i>, <span class = "greek" title =
+"hedos">ἕδος</span>; for the change of <i>d</i> to <i>l</i>: cp. <span
+class = "greek" title = "dakru">δάκρυ</span>, lacrima; <i>olere</i>,
+<i>odere</i>. &mdash;<i>concilium</i>: <i>con</i>, <i>cal</i>, to
+summon: cp. <i>Kalendae</i>, <i>calare</i>, <span class = "greek" title
+= "kalein">καλεῖν</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_5" id = "note9_5" href = "#tag9_5">5:</a>
+<i>qui&mdash;cogitent</i>: “(are men so nefarious) as to plan the
+destruction of every one of us, and the ruin of this city and further of
+the whole world.” &mdash;<i>qui</i> = <i>tales ut. &mdash;adeo</i>:
+literally, “up to this point:” then, “in fact.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_6" id = "note9_6" href = "#tag9_6">6:</a>
+<i>sententiam rogo</i>: supply <i>hos</i> from the preceding.
+<i>Sententiam <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘vogo’">rogo</ins></i> is said of the presiding magistrate who, in
+proposing a <i>senatus consultum</i>, asked individually the will of the
+senators.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_7" id = "note9_7" href = "#tag9_7">7:</a>
+<i>vulnero</i>: by mentioning their names publicly.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_8" id = "note9_8" href = "#tag9_8">8:</a>
+<i>igitur</i>: resumes (<i>analeptic</i>) the argument referring to the
+question, <i>num rogare audes?</i> Catiline had left this unanswered.
+Having been interrupted by the outbreak of his indignation, the orator
+now returns to the doings of the conspirators at the house of Laeca.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_9" id = "note9_9" href = "#tag9_9">9:</a>
+<i>distribuisti</i>: Sallust (C. 27) informs us that C.&nbsp;Manlius was
+sent to Faesulae, and the adjoining territory of Etruria: Septimius,
+into the Picene territory: C.&nbsp;Julius, into Apulia.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_10" id = "note9_10" href = "#tag9_10">10:</a>
+<i>statuisti&mdash;placeret</i>: scil: <i>locum</i>: “you appointed the
+place to which it was agreed on that each should set out:” For
+subjunctive in <i>placeret</i>, see H. 529,&nbsp;I.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_11" id = "note9_11" href = "#tag9_11">11:</a>
+<i>delegisti&mdash;educeres</i>: “you picked out those whom you were to
+leave at Rome, whom you were to take with you.” Sallust (Cat. C. 43)
+says that Statilius and Gabinius were to set fire to the city, and
+Cethegus was to assassinate Cicero, and Lentulus to superintend the
+general massacre.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_12" id = "note9_12" href = "#tag9_12">12:</a>
+<i>discripsisti</i>: <i>discribo</i> is used where the fundamental
+notion is to map out, plan, arrange, put in order, as
+<i>distribuere</i>, <i>dividere</i>, <i>disponere</i>: <i>describo</i>
+is to write down, to compose. Sallust (Cat. C. 43) says that the
+conspirators were to fire twelve (Plutarch says a hundred) parts of the
+city at one and the same time. For <i>discripsisti</i>: cf. Cic. Pro
+Sulla,&nbsp;8: <i>Tam Catilina dies exurendi tum caeteris manendi
+conditio, tum discriptio totam per orbem caedis atque incendiorum
+constituta est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_13" id = "note9_13" href = "#tag9_13">13:</a>
+<i>paullulum&mdash;morae</i>: “that you still had even now a slight
+cause of delay.” <i>Paullulus</i> is a dual diminutive for
+<i>paurululus</i> =
+<span class = "pagenum">36</span>
+<a name = "page36" id = "page36"> </a>
+<i>paullulus</i>: <i>u</i> being omitted before the first <i>l</i> and
+the <i>r</i> assimilated: cp. <i>sterula</i> = <i>stella</i>.
+&mdash;<i>viverem</i>: subj.: giving the opinion of Catiline.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_14" id = "note9_14" href = "#tag9_14">14:</a>
+<i>etiam tum</i>: is used to express the words of Catilina, not those of
+Cicero.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_15" id = "note9_15" href = "#tag9_15">15:</a>
+<i>duo equites</i>: according to Cic. (Pro Sulla, 18, 52) one was
+C.&nbsp;Cornelius: Sallust (Cat. C. 18) mentions the Senator
+L.&nbsp;Vargunteius as the other.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_16" id = "note9_16" href = "#tag9_16">16:</a>
+<i>qui&mdash;liberarent</i>: “to free you from the fear you had:”
+<i>qui</i> = <i>tales ut</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>illa ipsa nocte</i>: these knights were to pay their intended
+visit in the morning, where the Roman magistrates and distinguished men
+held their audiences and received their clients.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note9_17" id = "note9_17" href = "#tag9_17">17:</a>
+<i>lectulo</i>: the diminutive here has scarcely any force. There may be
+a slight reference to its comfort: “my dear bed.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec10" id = "notes_sec10" href = "#sec10">§
+10.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note10_1" id = "note10_1" href = "#tag10_1">1:</a>
+<i>vixdum&mdash;dimisso</i>: “when your meeting was hardly as yet
+broken&nbsp;up.”</p>
+
+<p><i>Comperi</i>: Cicero gained his knowledge from Curius and Fulvia
+(Sall. Cat. C. 28). According to Merivale, Cicero used <i>comperio</i>
+when he was wont to indicate his knowledge of facts, though afraid of
+revealing the sources of his information. The word does not always have
+this force.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_2" id = "note10_2" href = "#tag10_2">2:</a>
+<i>salutatum</i>: supine after a verb of motion. What different ways of
+expressing a purpose in Latin?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_3" id = "note10_3" href = "#tag10_3">3:</a>
+<i>mane</i>: another form is <i>mani</i>: cp. <i>luci</i>, <i>heri</i>,
+locatives.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10_4" id = "note10_4" href = "#tag10_4">4:</a>
+<i>id temporis</i>: for partitive genitive: H. 397, note&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapV" id = "notes_chapV" href = "#chapV">
+CHAPTER V.</a></h5>
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec11" id = "notes_sec11" href = "#sec11">§
+11.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note11_1" id = "note11_1" href = "#tag11_1">1:</a>
+<i>quae&mdash;sint</i>: “since these facts are so:” often used to sum up
+a chain of facts founded on evidence.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_2" id = "note11_2" href = "#tag11_2">2:</a>
+<i>perge quo coepisti</i>, scil. <i>pergere</i>: “proceed as you have
+begun.” Conjugate <i>pergere</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>desiderant</i>: “feel the loss of.” <i>desiderare</i>, to feel the
+loss of an object of love or sympathy: hence “to yearn after;”
+<i>requirere</i>: to feel the loss of a thing, as an act of the
+understanding.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_3" id = "note11_3" href = "#tag11_3">3:</a>
+<i>si minus</i> = <i>si non</i>. Construe: <i>si minus (educis omnes,
+educ) quam plurimos (educere potes)</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_4" id = "note11_4" href = "#tag11_4">4:</a>
+<i>dummodo&mdash;intersit</i>: cp. Plutarch (Cicero 16): “and Cicero
+arising ordered him to leave the city; for while he himself
+<span class = "pagenum">37</span>
+<a name = "page37" id = "page37"> </a>
+carried on his political contest by words and Catiline by arms, there
+must needs be a city wall between them.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_5" id = "note11_5" href = "#tag11_5">5:</a>
+<i>non&mdash;sinam</i>: note the <i>anaphora</i>. Cicero uses three
+synonymous verbs to express the thought that he will not endure the
+conduct of Catiline under any circumstances. We may translate:
+“I&nbsp;cannot, will not, shall not endure&nbsp;it.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_6" id = "note11_6" href = "#tag11_6">6:</a>
+<i>magna&mdash;urbis</i>: “much gratitude is due to the immortal gods
+and especially (<i>atque</i>) to this Juppiter Stator, the most ancient
+guardian of our city.” Distinguish <i>gratiam habere</i>, to feel
+thankful: <i>gratias agere</i>, to return thanks in words: <i>gratiam
+referre</i>, to show oneself thankful by deeds. Juppiter obtained the
+name Stator because he is said to have stayed the flight of the Romans
+when they were hard pressed by the Sabines. The place where the flight
+was arrested was marked by a temple vowed by Romulus at the foot of the
+Palatine (Livy I. 12).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_7" id = "note11_7" href = "#tag11_7">7:</a>
+<i>quod&mdash;effugimus</i>: “because we have already escaped so often a
+pest so cruel, so dreadful, so dangerous to the state”
+&mdash;<i>toties</i>: referring to the earlier conspiracy of Catiline
+which failed.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_8" id = "note11_8" href = "#tag11_8">8:</a>
+<i>non&mdash;reipublicae</i>: “it must not again and again depend on one
+man that the existence of the state should be in peril:” or, “the safety
+of the state must not be often exposed to danger by one man.”
+A&nbsp;similar expression is found: Cic. Pro. Rosc. Amer. 51. 148:
+<i>summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_9" id = "note11_9" href = "#tag11_9">9:</a>
+<i>consuli designato</i>: in the days of Cicero the consuls were elected
+on the 22nd October, but did not formally enter upon their office till
+January 1st. Between the time of their election and entering upon office
+they were called <i>consules designati</i>. <i>proximis comitiis
+consularibus</i>: referring to Oct. 22nd.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_10" id = "note11_10" href = "#tag11_10">10:</a>
+<i>in campo</i>, scil. <i>Martio</i>: the consular elections were held
+in the Campus Martius, a&nbsp;plain between the city and the Tiber.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_11" id = "note11_11" href = "#tag11_11">11:</a>
+<i>competitores</i>: D. Junius Silanus and L.&nbsp;Licinius Murena.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_12" id = "note11_12" href = "#tag11_12">12:</a>
+<i>compressi&mdash;copiis</i>: on the day of the consular elections, we
+are told by Plutarch, Cicero put on a coat of mail and was attended by
+the chief men of Rome and a great number of youths to the Campus
+Martius. He there threw off his <i>toga</i> and displayed his coat of
+mail to show the danger to which he was exposed. The people were so
+angry with Catiline that they chose Murena and Silanus as consuls.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_13" id = "note11_13" href = "#tag11_13">13:</a>
+<i>quotiescumque&mdash;obstiti</i>: “as often as you aimed at my life,
+by my own resources did I oppose you:” <i>petere</i> is a gladiatorial
+term, “to aim a blow at an opponent.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_14" id = "note11_14" href = "#tag11_14">14:</a>
+<i>quamquam videbam</i>: distinguish <i>quamquam</i>, introducing a
+conceded fact and in good authors used with the indicative
+<span class = "pagenum">38</span>
+<a name = "page38" id = "page38"> </a>
+from <i>quamvis</i> introducing a purely hypothetical case and used with
+the subjunctive. H., 516, I. and&nbsp;II.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11_15" id = "note11_15" href = "#tag11_15">15:</a>
+<i>perniciem&mdash;conjunctum</i>: “that my destruction was linked with
+the signal downfall of the state”
+&mdash;<i>pernicies</i>: from <i>per-</i> root <i>nec</i>: cp.
+<i>nex</i>, <i>noceo</i>, hence utter destruction
+&mdash;<i>calamitas</i>: another form is <i>cadamitas</i>: from
+<i>cado</i>, to fall: for the interchange of <i>d</i> and <i>l</i>: cp.
+<i>odere</i>, <i>olere</i>: <i>dingua</i>, <i>lingua</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec12" id = "notes_sec12" href = "#sec12">§
+12.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note12_1" id = "note12_1" href = "#tag12_1">1:</a>
+<i>nunc jam</i>: emphatically, “now”
+&mdash;<i>jam nunc</i>: is “even now” (i.e., before the regular time),
+or “now at last.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_2" id = "note12_2" href = "#tag12_2">2:</a>
+<i>denique</i>: “in a word.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_3" id = "note12_3" href = "#tag12_3">3:</a>
+<i>quare&mdash;audeo</i>: “wherefore since I do not yet dare to pursue
+that course which first presents itself and which is in accordance with
+the power (I&nbsp;hold) and the principles of our ancestors”
+&mdash;<i>imperii</i> genitive after <i>proprium</i>. What cases may
+<i>proprius</i> govern?
+&mdash;<i>imperii</i> refers to the extraordinary power which he had by
+the decree <i>videant consules ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat</i>.
+This decree (<i>decretum ultimum</i>) armed the consuls with civil and
+military authority. Others say <i>imperii proprium</i> means, “in
+accordance with this government.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_4" id = "note12_4" href = "#tag12_4">4:</a>
+<i>ad&mdash;lenius</i>: “milder as regards severity,” or “in point of
+severity.” <i>Ad</i> = <i>quoad, quoad attinet ad, si spectes</i>. He
+uses <i>ad communem salutem utilius</i> to balance <i>ad severitatem
+lenius</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_5" id = "note12_5" href = "#tag12_5">5:</a>
+<i>reliqua&mdash;manus</i>: “a remnant of the conspirators.” Ernesti
+reads <i>aliqua</i> for <i>reliqua</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_6" id = "note12_6" href = "#tag12_6">6:</a>
+<i>sin</i>: “if, on the other hand.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note12_7" id = "note12_7" href = "#tag12_7">7:</a>
+<i>exhaurietur&mdash;reipublicae</i>: “there shall be drained off from
+the city a great and destructive refuse of the state composed of your
+comrades.” <i>Exhaurio</i>: cp. <span class = "greek" title =
+"antleô">ἀντλέω</span> properly to drain the bilge water (<span class =
+"greek" title = "antlos [printed ἀντλος without accent]">ἄντλος</span>
+<i>sentina</i>) out of the hold of a vessel. &mdash;<i>tuorum
+comitum</i>: this secondary genitive is one of explanation
+(<i>expexegetical</i>).</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec13" id = "notes_sec13" href = "#sec13">§
+13.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note13_1" id = "note13_1" href = "#tag13_1">1:</a>
+<i>imperante me</i>: abl. absolute.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_2" id = "note13_2" href = "#tag13_2">2:</a>
+<i>faciebas</i> = <i>facere volebas</i>: Madvig, §&nbsp;337,
+obs.&nbsp;I.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_3" id = "note13_3" href = "#tag13_3">3:</a>
+<i>consul hostem</i>: note the emphatic juxtaposition of these
+words.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_4" id = "note13_4" href = "#tag13_4">4:</a>
+<i>num&mdash;exilium</i>, scil. <i>jubes me exire</i>: “You do not order
+me to go into exile, do you?” Distinguish <i>exilium</i>,
+<i>deportatio</i>, and <i>relegatio</i>: see Antiquities.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_5" id = "note13_5" href = "#tag13_5">5:</a>
+<i>me consulis</i>: distinguish <i>me consulit</i>, <i>mihi
+consulit</i>, <i>in me consulit</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">39</span>
+<a name = "page39" id = "page39"> </a>
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapVI" id = "notes_chapVI" href = "#chapVI">
+CHAPTER VI.</a></h5>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_6" id = "note13_6" href = "#tag13_6">6:</a>
+<i>quod&mdash;possit</i>: H., 503, I.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_7" id = "note13_7" href = "#tag13_7">7:</a>
+<i>extra&mdash;hominum</i>: “unconnected with that band of conspirators
+composed of worthless men”
+&mdash;<i>conjuratio</i>: used in a concrete sense: cp.
+<i>advocatio</i>, <i>servitium</i>. For subjunctive: H.,
+500,&nbsp;I.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_8" id = "note13_8" href = "#tag13_8">8:</a>
+<i>quae&mdash;est?</i> “what stain of domestic infamy has not been
+branded on your life?” Distinguish: <i>nŏtă, nōtă, nŏtā</i>. The
+expression <i>nota domesticae turpitudinis</i> differs in meaning from
+<i>privatarum rerum dedecus</i>: the former relates to moral or immoral
+domestic life, the latter to all private actions as opposed to those
+that affect a man’s public character. <i>Nota</i> is applied (1) to the
+brand on cattle; Virg. Georg. 3, 158: (2) to the mark placed on a
+fugitive slave when retaken: (3) to the mark placed by the censor
+(<i>nota censoria</i>) on revising the list of citizens, opposite the
+name of the person degraded. According to Plutarch, Catiline had slain
+his own brother and murdered his own son that there might be no obstacle
+to his marrying Aurelia Orestilla.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_9" id = "note13_9" href = "#tag13_9">9:</a>
+<i>quod&mdash;fama</i>: “what scandal in private life does not cling to
+your notorious acts?” Some read <i>infamiae</i>, a&nbsp;dat, after
+<i>haeret</i>, which is sometimes found. Give the different
+constructions of <i>haerere</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_10" id = "note13_10" href = "#tag13_10">10:</a>
+<i>quae&mdash;afuit</i>: “what act of impurity ever was strange to your
+eyes, what enormity to your hands, what pollution to your whole body?”
+&mdash;<i>libido</i>; licentiousness, in a general sense;
+<i>facinus</i>, a&nbsp;bold, daring deed, in a bad sense, unless
+justified by some favourable epithet: <i>flagitium</i>,
+a&nbsp;disgraceful, lustful excess.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13_11" id = "note13_11" href = "#tag13_11">11:</a>
+<i>cui&mdash;praetulisti?</i> “to what youth, after you had once
+entangled him by the allurements of vice, did you not hand either a
+dagger to commit some daring deed, or a torch to inflame his passion?”
+&mdash;<i>adulescentulo</i>: the diminutive is used in a depreciatory
+sense, since many a weak youth was misled by Catiline (Sallust Cat.,
+c.&nbsp;14).
+&mdash;<i>facem</i>: the figure refers to the nightly revels and
+debauches of Catiline. Slaves carried torches before their masters at
+night to show the way. The torch of Catiline not merely showed the way
+to crimes, but served to inflame the passions of lust.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec14" id = "notes_sec14" href = "#sec14">§
+14.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note14_1" id = "note14_1" href = "#tag14_1">1:</a>
+<i>quid vero?</i> scil. <i>dicam</i>; “further:” lit. “what, indeed,
+shall I say?”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_2" id = "note14_2" href = "#tag14_2">2:</a>
+<i>nuper&mdash;cumulasti?</i> “When lately by the death of your first
+wife you had rendered your home empty to contract a new marriage, did
+you not aggravate this crime by committing
+<span class = "pagenum">40</span>
+<a name = "page40" id = "page40"> </a>
+another incredible act of guilt?” It is said that Catiline poisoned his
+first wife and murdered his own son, to marry Aurelia Orestilla.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_3" id = "note14_3" href = "#tag14_3">3:</a>
+<i>patior</i>: “I&nbsp;suffer myself:” a kind of middle form: cp.
+<i>glorior</i>, <i>vescor</i>, <i>vertor</i>, <i>lavor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "printed as part of note 3"><a name
+= "note14_4" id = "note14_4" href = "#tag14_4">4:</a></ins>
+<i>tanti&mdash;immanitas</i>: “so enormous a crime.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_5" id = "note14_5" href = "#tag14_5">5:</a>
+<i>quas&mdash;senties</i>: “which you will find wholly threaten you on
+the next Ides.” On the <i>ides</i> it was usual to pay interest on
+borrowed money, cp. Hor. Ep.&nbsp;2. The <i>ides</i> (<i>idus</i>, from
+<i>iduare</i>, to divide) were on the 13th of each month, except in
+March, May, July, October, when they fell on the 15th. As this oration
+was delivered on the 8th, Catiline had only five days to prepare against
+bankruptcy. Decline <i>idus</i>? What words are fem. of 4th decl.?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note14_6" id = "note14_6" href = "#tag14_6">6:</a>
+<i>ad&mdash;pertinent</i>: “to these I come, which concern not the
+personal disgrace which attaches to your vices, (which concern) not the
+embarassment and scandal of your home, but (which concern) the welfare
+of the state and the life and safety of us all.”
+&mdash;<i>ignominiam</i>: referring to his personal crimes.
+&mdash;<i>difficultatem</i>: his financial difficulties.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec15" id = "notes_sec15" href = "#sec15">§
+15.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note15_1" id = "note15_1" href = "#tag15_1">1:</a>
+<i>cum scias</i>: for subjunctive: H. 522, II.&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_2" id = "note15_2" href = "#tag15_2">2:</a>
+<i>neminem</i>: decline this word.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_3" id = "note15_3" href = "#tag15_3">3:</a>
+<i>pridie&mdash;Januarias</i>: scil <i>ante</i>: “on the day before the
+Kalends of January,” i.e. December 31st, Sallust gives an account of
+this earlier conspiracy. The plan was to murder the consuls in the
+capitol, then Catiline and Autronius were to seize the consular power.
+Suetonius says that both Crassus and Caesar were partners in guilt, and
+that the scheme failed because Crassus did not appear at the proper
+time. A&nbsp;second time (5th February) an attempt was made, but this
+also failed in consequence of Catiline having given the signal too soon
+before a sufficient number of followers had arrived.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_4" id = "note15_4" href = "#tag15_4">4:</a>
+<i>Lepido et Tullo consulibus</i>: M. Aemilius Lepidus and
+L.&nbsp;Volcatius Tullus were consuls 66&nbsp;B.C. The <i>consules
+designati</i> were P.&nbsp;Autronius Paetus and P.&nbsp;Cornelius Sulla:
+but these were disqualified for bribery and L.&nbsp;Aurelius Cotta and
+L.&nbsp;Manlius Torquatius (their accusers) obtained the consulship.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_5" id = "note15_5" href = "#tag15_5">5:</a>
+<i>comitio</i>: distinguish <i>comitium</i> and <i>comitia</i>. Where
+was the <i>comitium</i>? <i>manum&mdash;paravisse?</i> scil.
+<i>potestne&mdash;scias</i>: “that you collected a gang to slay the
+consuls and leading men of the state?”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_6" id = "note15_6" href = "#tag15_6">6:</a>
+<i>sceleri&mdash;obstitisse?</i> “that no reflection or fear of yours,
+but the good luck of the state thwarted your wicked and frenzied
+attempt!” Is <i>aliquis</i> commonly used in negative clauses?</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">41</span>
+<a name = "page41" id = "page41"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note15_7" id = "note15_7" href = "#tag15_7">7:</a>
+<i>neque&mdash;postea</i>: i.e., <i>nam quae post a te commissa sunt, ea
+neque obscura sunt, neque panca</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_8" id = "note15_8" href = "#tag15_8">8:</a>
+<i>Consulem designatum</i>: see <a href = "#note11_9">note&nbsp;9,
+§&nbsp;11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_9" id = "note15_9" href = "#tag15_9">9:</a>
+<i>petitiones</i>: see <a href = "#note11_7">note&nbsp;7,
+§&nbsp;11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note15_10" id = "note15_10" href = "#tag15_10">10:</a>
+<i>ita&mdash;effugi</i>: “aimed in such a way that they seemed
+impossible to be parried have I avoided by a slight side movement, and,
+as they term it, by (a&nbsp;deflection of) the body.”
+&mdash;<i>petitio</i>, <i>declinatio</i>, <i>corpus</i>, <i>effugio</i>,
+are terms of the fencing school purposely used by Cicero to show that
+Catiline was no better than a gladiator: cp. Cic. Cat. II. 2.
+&mdash;<i>ut aiunt</i>: cp. <span class = "greek" title = "hôs phasi">ὡς
+ϕασί</span>: “as the saying&nbsp;is.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec16" id = "notes_sec16" href = "#sec16">§
+16.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note16_1" id = "note16_1" href = "#tag16_1">1:</a>
+<i>tibi</i>: ethical dative: H. 389. &mdash;<i>jam</i>: “ere now.”
+&mdash;<i>de <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘mauibus’">manibus</ins></i> is explanatory (<i>epexegetical</i>) to
+<i>tibi</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_2" id = "note16_2" href = "#tag16_2">2:</a>
+<i>excidit</i>, distinguish <i>excīdit</i>, <i>excĭdit</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_3" id = "note16_3" href = "#tag16_3">3:</a>
+<i>quae&mdash;defigere</i>: the position of the relative and the
+indirect interrogation is foreign to our idiom, and must be avoided in
+translation: <i>quae</i> = <i>et haec</i>, scil. <i>sica</i>: “and I
+know not by what (unhallowed) rites it has been consecrated and devoted
+to its purpose by you that you deem it necessary to plunge it in the
+body of the consul.” Cicero here refers to the fact that a human
+sacrifice took place at the house of Catiline, and that the dagger used
+on that occasion was dedicated to the purpose of slaying the consuls:
+cp. Sallust, Cat. C.&nbsp;23.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapVII" id = "notes_chapVII" href = "#chapVII">
+CHAPTER VII.</a></h5>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_4" id = "note16_4" href = "#tag16_4">4:</a>
+<i>tua&mdash;ista vita</i>: “that life that you lead.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_5" id = "note16_5" href = "#tag16_5">5:</a>
+<i>sed ut</i>: construe <i>sed (tecum loquar) ut misericordia (permotus
+esse videar)</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_6" id = "note16_6" href = "#tag16_6">6:</a>
+<i>nulla</i>: stronger than <i>non</i>: “not at all,” “not a
+particle.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_7" id = "note16_7" href = "#tag16_7">7:</a>
+<i>paullo ante</i>: “a moment ago.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_8" id = "note16_8" href = "#tag16_8">8:</a>
+<i>frequentia</i>: “throng,”: cp. <i>frequens senatus</i>:
+“a&nbsp;crowded senate,”: &mdash;<i>necessarii</i>: cp. <span class =
+"greek" title = "anankaioi">ἀναγκαῖοι</span>. &mdash;<i>salutavit</i>:
+among the Romans it was customary when they saw their friends or eminent
+men approaching to rise up, and salute or courteously address them.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_9" id = "note16_9" href = "#tag16_9">9:</a>
+<i>post&mdash;memoriam</i>: “within the memory of men”: cp. Thucy. I. 7:
+<span class = "greek" title = "aph’ hou Hellênes memnêntai">ἀϕ᾽ οὗ
+Ἕλληνες μέμνηνται</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>contigit</i>: generally means, “it befalls” of fortunate
+occurences, but not always.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_10" id = "note16_10" href = "#tag16_10">10:</a>
+<i>vocis&mdash;contumeliam ... judicio taciturnitatis</i>: Chiasmus.
+&mdash;<i>vocis&mdash;taciturnitatis</i> =
+<i>loquentium&mdash;tacitorum</i>: “are you waiting for reproofs from
+those speaking, when you are overpowered
+<span class = "pagenum">42</span>
+<a name = "page42" id = "page42"> </a>
+by the most solemn sentence of those, though they are silent.” The
+reference is to the fact that the Senate had declared Catiline
+<i>patriae hostis</i>, and had received him with silence on entering the
+Senate.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_11" id = "note16_11" href = "#tag16_11">11:</a>
+<i>quid?</i> scil. <i>dicam</i>. We often find <i>quid? quod</i> used by
+Cicero in rapid rhetorical questions: Madvig., 479, d. obs.&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_12" id = "note16_12" href = "#tag16_12">12:</a>
+<i>adventu tuo</i>: see <a href = "#note7_9">note&nbsp;9, §&nbsp;7</a>:
+<i>abl. time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_13" id = "note16_13" href = "#tag16_13">13:</a>
+<i>ista subsellia</i>: “the benches near you.” The seats of the senators
+(<i>subsellia</i>) were beneath that of the consul (<i>sella
+curulis</i>), which was on a platform.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_14" id = "note16_14" href = "#tag16_14">14:</a>
+<i>qui fuerunt</i>: “who have been often destined for slaughter by you.”
+&mdash;<i>tibi</i>: dat. for abl. with <i>abs</i> = <i>abs te</i>.
+Distinguish <i>constituti sunt</i> and <i>constituti fuerunt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_15" id = "note16_15" href = "#tag16_15">15:</a>
+<i>nudam atque inanem</i>: “completely bare:” Cicero often uses two
+epithets of nearly the same meaning to emphasize the idea to be
+conveyed.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note16_16" id = "note16_16" href = "#tag16_16">16:</a>
+<i>tandem</i>: see <a href = "#note1_1">note&nbsp;1, §&nbsp;1</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec17" id = "notes_sec17" href = "#sec17">§
+17.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note17_1" id = "note17_1" href = "#tag17_1">1:</a>
+<i>servi&mdash;arbitraris</i>: a fine example of the argument <i>a
+fortiori</i>. The Latins call this <i>amplificatio</i> (Quint. 8,
+4,&nbsp;9), the Greeks <span class = "greek" title =
+"enthumêma">ἐνθύμημα</span>, a&nbsp;rhetorical conclusion, drawn from
+opposites.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_2" id = "note17_2" href = "#tag17_2">2:</a>
+<i>me hercule</i>: either (1) <i>me, Hercules juvet</i>, or (2) <i>me,
+Hercules, juves</i>. We also find <i>me hercules</i>, <i>mehercle</i>,
+<i>mercule</i>, varieties of the same oath. For the tendency to drop
+<i>s</i> final: cp. Peile (Greek and Latin Etymology, p. 355).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_3" id = "note17_3" href = "#tag17_3">3:</a>
+<i>isto pacto</i>: “in the way.” &mdash;<i>isto</i> here does duty for
+the article or may be = <i>eodem</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>omnes</i>: the fellow-conspirators are no longer regarded as
+citizens by Cicero.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_4" id = "note17_4" href = "#tag17_4">4:</a>
+<i>urbem</i>: scil., <i>relinquendam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_5" id = "note17_5" href = "#tag17_5">5:</a>
+<i>injuria</i>: “without any just cause.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_6" id = "note17_6" href = "#tag17_6">6:</a>
+<i>offensum</i> = <i>invisum</i>, <i>odiosum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_7" id = "note17_7" href = "#tag17_7">7:</a>
+<i>infestis</i>: another form is <i>infensis</i>: “menacing.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_8" id = "note17_8" href = "#tag17_8">8:</a>
+<i>agnoscas</i>: distinguish <i>agnosco</i>, <i>ignosco</i>,
+<i>cognosco</i>, <i>recognosco</i>, in meaning.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_9" id = "note17_9" href = "#tag17_9">9:</a>
+<i>dubitas&mdash;vitare</i>: when <i>dubito</i> means “to doubt:” <i>non
+dubito</i> is properly construed with <i>quin</i> and the subjunctive,
+rarely with the infinitive. But when <i>dubito</i> means “to scruple,”
+“to hesitate,” and the sentence following contained the same subject,
+<i>non dubito</i> is generally construed with the infinitive.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_10" id = "note17_10" href = "#tag17_10">10:</a>
+<i>mentes sensusque</i>: “souls and senses.”</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">43</span>
+<a name = "page43" id = "page43"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note17_11" id = "note17_11" href = "#tag17_11">11:</a>
+<i>aliquo</i>: “to some place or other.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_12" id = "note17_12" href = "#tag17_12">12:</a>
+<i>nunc</i> = <span class = "greek" title = "nun de">νῦν δέ</span>, “but
+now, as it is,” used to contrast <i>actual</i> and <i>imagined</i>
+condition.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_13" id = "note17_13" href = "#tag17_13">13:</a>
+<i>jamdiu&mdash;cogitare</i>: “and for a long time has it come to the
+conclusion that you have been planning nothing but her ruin.”
+&mdash;<i>nihil = de nulla re</i>. &mdash;<i>parricidio</i> =
+<i>interitu</i>, because <i>patria</i> is regarded <i>communis
+parens</i>. According to Roman law <i>parricidium</i> included the
+murder of intimate friends as well as of parents.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note17_14" id = "note17_14" href = "#tag17_14">14:</a>
+<i>verebere</i>: <i>vereor</i>, a religious reverence due to a superior:
+<i>pertimesco</i>, an excessive dread of impending calamity.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec18" id = "notes_sec18" href = "#sec18">§
+18.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note18_1" id = "note18_1" href = "#tag18_1">1:</a>
+<i>quae&mdash;loquitur</i>: a fine personification. Note the
+<i>oxymoron</i> in <i>tacita&mdash;loquitur</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_2" id = "note18_2" href = "#tag18_2">2:</a>
+<i>nullum</i>: note the emphatic positions of
+<i>nullum&mdash;nullum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_3" id = "note18_3" href = "#tag18_3">3:</a>
+<i>neces</i>: alluding to the murders which Catiline perpetrated as a
+partisan of Sulla, during the dictatorship of the latter.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_4" id = "note18_4" href = "#tag18_4">4:</a>
+<i>sociorum</i>: in 67 B.C. Catiline was propraetor of Africa. In
+65&nbsp;B.C. he was accused by P.&nbsp;Clodius Pulcher, the inveterate
+enemy of Cicero, for cruel oppression of the provincials, but he
+succeeded in buying off the accuser, and the persecution came <ins class
+= "correction" title = "text reads ‘so’">to</ins> nothing.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_5" id = "note18_5" href = "#tag18_5">5:</a>
+<i>tu&mdash;valuisti</i>: “you had power enough not only to disregard
+the judicial trials, but also to subvert them and weaken their power.”
+Distinguish <i>jus</i>, what the law ordains, or the obligations it
+imposes, from <i>lex</i>, a&nbsp;written statute or ordinance.
+&mdash;<i>quaestiones</i>: the <i>praetor urbanus</i> and <i>praetor
+peregrinus</i> dispensed justice in private and less important cases. In
+case of any magnitude the people acted as jury themselves, or appointed
+one or more to preside at the trial. Those appointed were called
+<i>quaesitores</i> or <i>quaestores</i>. In 150&nbsp;B.C. <i>four</i>
+permanent praetors were appointed to aid the <i>praetor urbanus</i> and
+<i>praetor <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘peregimus’ without italics">peregrinus</ins></i>. One had charge of all cases of
+extortion; another, of bribery; another, of treason; another, of frauds
+against the public treasury. These four classes of trials were called
+<i>quaestiones perpetuae</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>superiora</i>: “former acts of yours.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_6" id = "note18_6" href = "#tag18_6">6:</a>
+<i>nunc&mdash;ferendum</i>: “but now that I should be wholly on your
+account the slave of fear, that in every, even the least rumour,
+Catiline should be dreaded, that no plot seems possible to be entered
+into, in which your villany has no share (these things, I&nbsp;say), are
+not to be endured.” &mdash;<i>totam</i>: fem: referring to
+<i>patriam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note18_7" id = "note18_7" href = "#tag18_7">7:</a>
+<i>ne&mdash;opprimar</i>: scil. <i>discede, atque hunc mihi timorem
+eripe</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">44</span>
+<a name = "page44" id = "page44"> </a>
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapVIII" id = "notes_chapVIII" href = "#chapVIII">
+CHAPTER VIII.</a></h5>
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec19" id = "notes_sec19" href = "#sec19">§
+19.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note19_1" id = "note19_1" href = "#tag19_1">1:</a>
+<i>Impetrare</i>: “to obtain its request:” i.e. <i>ut ex urbe
+exeas</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_2" id = "note19_2" href = "#tag19_2">2:</a>
+<i>quid? quod</i>: see <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘note 16, § 11’"><a href = "#note16_11">note&nbsp;11,
+§&nbsp;16</a></ins>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_3" id = "note19_3" href = "#tag19_3">3:</a>
+<i>custodiam</i>: when a person of rank was suspected of any treasonable
+act, he generally surrendered himself into the hands of some responsible
+person, to be guarded until his guilt or innocence was established. This
+was called <i>custodia libera.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_4" id = "note19_4" href = "#tag19_4">4:</a>
+<i>apud M’</i>: another reading is <i>ad M.</i> The person was Manius
+(not Marcus) Lepidus who held the office of consulship with Volcatius
+Tullus B.C.&nbsp;68.</p>
+
+<p><i>domi meae</i>: would <i>domi</i> with other adjectives be
+allowable?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_5" id = "note19_5" href = "#tag19_5">5:</a>
+<i>isdem parietibus</i>: here the idea of <i>means</i> is combined with
+that of place: H. 425, II., 1.1.</p>
+
+<p><i>qui&mdash;essem=quippe qui&mdash;essem</i>: “inasmuch as I was in
+great danger.”</p>
+
+<p><i>quod&mdash;contineremur</i>: when does <i>quod</i> take the
+indicative and when the subjunctive: H. 516, I., II.?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_6" id = "note19_6" href = "#tag19_6">6:</a>
+<i>sodalem</i>: “your boon companion:” distinguish <i>socius</i> (root
+<i>sec</i>, to follow, hence <i>sequor</i>), a&nbsp;follower:
+<i>consors</i>, a&nbsp;partner in lot: <i>comes</i>, a&nbsp;companion on
+a journey: <i>sodalis</i>, a&nbsp;boon companion.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_7" id = "note19_7" href = "#tag19_7">7:</a>
+<i>virum optimum</i>: probably ironical: nothing is known of him, except
+that he was weak and simple.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_8" id = "note19_8" href = "#tag19_8">8:</a>
+<i>videlicet</i> and <i>scilicet</i>: “no doubt”: both introduce an
+explanation with the difference, that the former generally indicates the
+true, the latter, the wrong explanation, though sometimes, as in the
+present passage, the meanings are reversed. Z. 345.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_9" id = "note19_9" href = "#tag19_9">9:</a>
+<i>ad vindicandum</i>: “in bringing you to punishment.”</p>
+
+<p><i>a vinculis</i>: the state prison which was used to detain
+prisoners, not for penal imprisonment in opposition to (<i>custodia
+libera</i>) private custody.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note19_10" id = "note19_10" href = "#tag19_10">10:</a>
+<i>qui</i> = <i>quippe qui</i>: H., 517.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec20" id = "notes_sec20" href = "#sec20">§
+20.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note20_1" id = "note20_1" href = "#tag20_1">1:</a>
+<i>quae cum ita sint</i>: see note.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_2" id = "note20_2" href = "#tag20_2">2:</a>
+<i>emori</i>: another reading is <i>morari</i>, antithetical to
+<i>abire</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_3" id = "note20_3" href = "#tag20_3">3:</a>
+<i>refer ad senatum</i>: “bring up (the matter scil. <i>rem</i>) before
+the Senate.” &mdash;<i>referre</i> is the technical term to express the
+laying of the subject for debate before the Senate, which was done by
+the consul or presiding magistrate: <i><ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘deferee’">deferre</ins></i>, denotes the simple
+announcement of anything: <i>placere</i>, is the usual term to express
+the decision of the Senate. The aristocratic party had
+<span class = "pagenum">45</span>
+<a name = "page45" id = "page45"> </a>
+advised Catiline to go into exile, preferring that he should take this
+course rather than that they should have an open conflict with him.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_4" id = "note20_4" href = "#tag20_4">4:</a>
+<i>sibi&mdash;decreverit</i>: “shall decree by their vote.” The senators
+voted “yea” or “nay” by saying <i>placet</i> or <i>non placet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_5" id = "note20_5" href = "#tag20_5">5:</a>
+<i>abhorret&mdash;moribus</i>: “is inconsistent with my character.” The
+fact is the Senate could not pass a sentence of exile.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_6" id = "note20_6" href = "#tag20_6">6:</a>
+<i>si&mdash;expectas</i>: “if it is this word (exile) you are waiting
+for.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_7" id = "note20_7" href = "#tag20_7">7:</a>
+<i>patiuntur&mdash;tacent</i>: i.e., they suffer me to use this bold
+language to you and still they raise no word on your behalf.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note20_8" id = "note20_8" href = "#tag20_8">8:</a>
+<i>quid&mdash;perspicis?</i> “why do you wait for the sentence of these
+in words, where will you perceive, though they are silent?”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec21" id = "notes_sec21" href = "#sec21">§
+21.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note21_1" id = "note21_1" href = "#tag21_1">1:</a>
+<i>huic</i>: “who is present.” P. Sestius Gallus was quaestor to the
+consul Antonius who as <i>tribunus plebis</i> in 57 B.C. was active for
+Cicero’s recall from banishment. Cicero defended him in 56&nbsp;B.C. in
+an action <i>de vi</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_2" id = "note21_2" href = "#tag21_2">2:</a>
+<i>vim&mdash;intulisset</i>: “would have laid violent hands on me:”
+a&nbsp;species of hendiadys. Even his dignity as consul, and the sacred
+shrine of Juppiter Stator would not have shielded him.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_3" id = "note21_3" href = "#tag21_3">3:</a>
+<i>quiescunt probant</i>: <i>patiuntur</i>, <i>decernunt</i>:
+<i>tacent</i>, <i>clamant</i>: note these examples of
+<i>oxymoron</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_4" id = "note21_4" href = "#tag21_4">4:</a>
+<i>cives</i>, scil. <i>idem faciunt</i> i.e. <i>silentio probant</i>.
+The <i>equites</i> formed the second or middle order of the Roman
+State.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note21_5" id = "note21_5" href = "#tag21_5">5:</a>
+<i>prosequantur</i>: those who went into voluntary exile were often
+accompanied to the gates by their friends. An escort is promised
+Catiline to express the delight in getting rid of him.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapIX" id = "notes_chapIX" href = "#chapIX">
+CHAPTER IX.</a></h5>
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec22" id = "notes_sec22" href = "#sec22">§
+22.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note22_1" id = "note22_1" href = "#tag22_1">1:</a>
+<i>quamquam</i>: cp. <span class = "greek" title =
+"kaitoi">καίτοι</span>; “and yet,” used here as a corrective
+particle.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_2" id = "note22_2" href = "#tag22_2">2:</a>
+<i>te</i>; scil. <i>sperandumne sit fore ut</i>: “is it to be expected
+that anything will break your resolve?” Note the emphatic positions of
+<i>te</i>, <i>tu</i>, <i>tu</i>, <i>tu</i>. What feelings do these
+interrogations express?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_3" id = "note22_3" href = "#tag22_3">3:</a>
+<i>duint</i> = <i>dent</i>: often used in religious formulas. Give the
+construction of <i>utinam</i>: H., 483,&nbsp;I.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_4" id = "note22_4" href = "#tag22_4">4:</a>
+<i>animum induxeris</i>: Cicero uses the form <i>animum inducere</i>
+(except in Pro Sulla, 30, 83) and Livy always <i>in animum in
+pucere</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">46</span>
+<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note22_5" id = "note22_5" href = "#tag22_5">5:</a>
+<i>quanta&mdash;impendeat</i>: “what a storm of unpopularity threatens
+me, if not at present, on account of the memory of your crimes being
+fresh, still in the future time.” <i>recenti</i> = <i>memoria</i>: abl.
+of cause. <i>in posteritatem</i> = <i>in posterum tempus</i>.
+<i>impendeat</i>: indirect question.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_6" id = "note22_6" href = "#tag22_6">6:</a>
+<i>sed&mdash;sejungatur</i>: “but (the unpopularity you threaten)
+willingly will I undergo (literally, pays me well) provided the loss
+which you forbode is confined to myself and does not involve danger to
+the State.” <i>tanti</i>: genitive of price. The subject of <i>est</i>
+is <i>invidiam istam mihi impendere</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note22_7" id = "note22_7" href = "#tag22_7">7:</a>
+<i>ut&mdash;ut&mdash;ut</i>: these three clauses are explained by the
+three beginning with <i>aut, aut, aut</i>. <i>pudor</i> = <span class =
+"greek" title = "aidôs">αἰδώς</span>; “a&nbsp;sense of shame, or
+modesty.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec23" id = "notes_sec23" href = "#sec23">§
+23.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note23_1" id = "note23_1" href = "#tag23_1">1:</a>
+<i>conflare</i>: a metaphor taken from metals: literally, “to smelt
+together:” hence “to heap upon.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_2" id = "note23_2" href = "#tag23_2">2:</a>
+<i>recta</i>, scil. <i>via</i>: “straightway.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_3" id = "note23_3" href = "#tag23_3">3:</a>
+<i>vix&mdash;vix</i>: note the emphatic positions: “hard will it be for
+me to bear the weight of the unpopularity caused by you, if you go into
+exile by the order of the consul,” &mdash;<i>sermones</i>: “the
+censure:” cp. our expression “to be the talk of the town.”
+<i>feceris</i>: see <a href = "#note6_4">note&nbsp;4, §&nbsp;6</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_4" id = "note23_4" href = "#tag23_4">4:</a>
+<i>sui&mdash;mavis</i>: “but if, however, you prefer to consult my
+praise and glory.” <i>laus&mdash;gloria</i> are originally derived from
+the same root CLU, “to hear:” <i>laus</i> = <i>(c)lau(d)s</i>: <i>gloria
+= clu-oria</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note23_5" id = "note23_5" href = "#tag23_5">5:</a>
+<i>exsulta&mdash;latrocinio</i>: “triumph in your impious bandit war.”
+<i>latro</i>: properly a mercenary soldier who serves for pay (<span
+class = "greek" title = "latreia">λατρεία</span>): afterwards,
+“a&nbsp;brigand.” <i>impio</i>: as being against his native land: cp.
+<i>pietas erga patriam</i>, “patriotism.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec24" id = "notes_sec24" href = "#sec24">§
+24.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note24_1" id = "note24_1" href = "#tag24_1">1:</a>
+<i>quamquam</i>: see <a href = "#note22_1">note&nbsp;1, §&nbsp;22</a>.
+<i>invitem</i>: rhetorical question: H. 529.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_2" id = "note24_2" href = "#tag24_2">2:</a>
+<i>qui&mdash;armati?</i> “to wait for <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text shown as printed">you arms</ins> near Forum Amelium.” <i>ad</i>
+before the name of towns denotes (1) direction; (2) proximity, as in
+this passage. Towns were called <i>Fora</i>, by the Romans, where the
+praetor held his circuits for administering justice and where markets
+were established. The town mentioned here was in Etruria between the
+Armenta (<i>Fiora</i>) and Marta, not from the sea. It is now called
+<i>Monte Alto</i>. It derived its name from one Aurelius, who built the
+<i>Via Aurelia</i> from Rome to Pisa.</p>
+
+<p><i>praestolarentur</i>: the word <i>praestolari</i>, is “to wait for”
+said of a subordinate who performs some services for a superior.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">47</span>
+<a name = "page47" id = "page47"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note24_3" id = "note24_3" href = "#tag24_3">3:</a>
+<i>pactam&mdash;diem</i>: from what verb is <i>pactam</i>?
+&mdash;<i>dies</i>, in the sense of a “fixed day” is usually
+feminine.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_4" id = "note24_4" href = "#tag24_4">4:</a>
+<i>aquilam</i>: the same that Marius carried in his Cimbric war.
+Catiline fell beside it at Pistoria (Gall. Cat. C. 59). A&nbsp;silver
+eagle with extended wings, and on the top of a spear was the ensign of
+the whole legion. The <i>signa</i> were the standards of the
+<i>manipuli</i> and the <i>vexillum</i> is the standard of the
+cavalry.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_5" id = "note24_5" href = "#tag24_5">5:</a>
+<i>cui&mdash;fuit</i>: “for which the secret place where you concocted
+your crimes was prepared in your house.” The eagle was usually kept in a
+part of the <i>praetorium</i> which was consecrated
+(<i>sacrarium</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_6" id = "note24_6" href = "#tag24_6">6:</a>
+<i>tu&mdash;solebas</i>: scil. <i>credendumne sil fore</i>: “is it to be
+believed that you could any longer be without this, to which you when
+setting out to slaughter were wont to pay your vows?”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note24_7" id = "note24_7" href = "#tag24_7">7:</a>
+<i>altaribus</i>: only plural in classical Latin.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapX" id = "notes_chapX" href = "#chapX">
+CHAPTER X.</a></h5>
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec25" id = "notes_sec25" href = "#sec25">§
+25.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note25_1" id = "note25_1" href = "#tag25_1">1:</a>
+<i>haec res</i>: i.e. <i>hoc bellum contra patriam, haec civium
+caedes</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_2" id = "note25_2" href = "#tag25_2">2:</a>
+<i>quandam&mdash;voluptatem</i>: “a kind of delight, (really)
+inconceivable.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_3" id = "note25_3" href = "#tag25_3">3:</a>
+<i>ad&mdash;servavit</i>: “it was for this mad career that nature gave
+you being, inclination trained you, fate reserved you:” distinguish
+<i>amentia</i>, and <i>dementia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_4" id = "note25_4" href = "#tag25_4">4:</a>
+<i>non modo</i>, for the omission of <i>non</i> after <i>non modo</i>,
+see Madvig., §&nbsp;461,&nbsp;C. When the sentence is negative, <i>non
+modo = non modo non</i>, the second <i>non</i> being omitted, if both
+sentences have the same verb, and if the verb is contained in the second
+sentence, for the negative is thus considered to belong conjointly to
+both sentences. Z. 724.,&nbsp;b.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_5" id = "note25_5" href = "#tag25_5">5:</a>
+<i>otium</i>: “peace,” opposed to <i>bellum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_6" id = "note25_6" href = "#tag25_6">6:</a>
+<i>nefarium</i>: “unhallowed,” as involving <i>impietas contra
+patriam</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_7" id = "note25_7" href = "#tag25_7">7:</a>
+<i>nanctus es</i>: “you have got together.” &mdash;The orator is
+<i>atque (ex) derelictis ab non modo omni fortuna, verum etiam (a)
+spe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note25_8" id = "note25_8" href = "#tag25_8">8:</a>
+<i>conflatam</i>: a metaphor taken from metals, “smelted together,”
+hence “collected.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec26" id = "notes_sec26" href = "#sec26">§
+26.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note26_1" id = "note26_1" href = "#tag26_1">1:</a>
+<i>hic</i>: i.e. <i>inter ejusmodi hominum gregem</i>.
+&mdash;<i>qua&mdash;perfruere</i>: “what gratification will you
+experience.” Notice the climax in this sentence.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">48</span>
+<a name = "page48" id = "page48"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note26_2" id = "note26_2" href = "#tag26_2">2:</a>
+<i>ad&mdash;tui</i>: “it was for the earnest prosecution of this life
+that these feats of endurance, which are made so much of, were
+practised.” &mdash;<i>meditari</i>: is used passively: as <i>abominatus,
+amplexus, confessus, detestatus, dimensus, exsecratus, moderatus,
+suetus</i>. M. 153. With <i>meditari</i>: cp. <span class = "greek"
+title = "meletan">μελετᾶν</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_3" id = "note26_3" href = "#tag26_3">3:</a>
+<i>ad&mdash;<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘struprum’">stuprum</ins></i>: “to watch for an opportunity to commit an
+act of debauchery.” = <i>ad tempus stupro opportunum observandum</i>.
+The infinitive clauses <i>jacere, vigilare</i>, are in opposition with
+<i>labores</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_4" id = "note26_4" href = "#tag26_4">4:</a>
+<i>ad&mdash;obeundum</i>: “to execute some daring deed.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_5" id = "note26_5" href = "#tag26_5">5:</a>
+<i>otiosorum</i>: “the peaceable citizens.” Another reading is
+<i>occisorum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_6" id = "note26_6" href = "#tag26_6">6:</a>
+<i>habes&mdash;omnium</i>: “you have (now) an opportunity of showing the
+renowned endurance you have for withstanding hunger, cold, (and)
+a&nbsp;need of all things:” cp. Sallust, Cat. C., 5: <i>corpus potiens
+inediae, vigiliae, algoris, supra quam unquam credibile est</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note26_7" id = "note26_7" href = "#tag26_7">7:</a>
+<i>quibus</i>: to be referred to <i>famis, frigoris, inopiae</i>, not to
+<i>omnium rerum</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec27" id = "notes_sec27" href = "#sec27">§
+27.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note27_1" id = "note27_1" href = "#tag27_1">1:</a>
+<i>tantum confeci</i>: “this much, I gained.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_2" id = "note27_2" href = "#tag27_2">2:</a>
+<i>quum&mdash;reppuli</i>: at the last election, Cicero adopted these
+measures especially aimed at Catiline: a&nbsp;bill to increase the
+penalty against bribery (<i>ambitus</i>); by disarranging the plans of
+Catiline in putting off the elections, and appearing in the Campus
+Martius in armour.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_3" id = "note27_3" href = "#tag27_3">3:</a>
+<i>exul&mdash;consul: latrocinium&mdash;bellum</i>: note the
+<i>paronomasia</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapXI" id = "notes_chapXI" href = "#chapXI">
+CHAPTER XI.</a></h5>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_4" id = "note27_4" href = "#tag27_4">4:</a>
+<i>detester ac deprecer</i>: both these words mean “to seek to remove
+anything from one, such as blame, &amp;c., by calling the gods to
+witness (<i>testari deos</i>) and by imploring (<i>precari</i>) their
+aid<ins class = "correction" title = "close quote missing">.” </ins>Note
+the middle force of these deponents.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_5" id = "note27_5" href = "#tag27_5">5:</a>
+<i>quaeso</i>: conjugate this verb.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_6" id = "note27_6" href = "#tag27_6">6:</a>
+<i>loquatur</i>: see §&nbsp;18.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_7" id = "note27_7" href = "#tag27_7">7:</a>
+<i>tune</i>: join with <i>exire patiere</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_8" id = "note27_8" href = "#tag27_8">8:</a>
+<i>evoratorum servorum</i>: Catiline, however, refused the help of
+slaves (Sallust, Cat. C., 56), though Lentulus urged him to use
+these.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_9" id = "note27_9" href = "#tag27_9">9:</a>
+<i>emissus&mdash;immissus</i>: paronomasia.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note27_10" id = "note27_10" href = "#tag27_10">10:</a>
+<i>hunc&mdash;duci</i>: what is the usual construction of
+<i>imperari</i>? H. 498,&nbsp;I. The infinitive with <i>imperare</i> is
+always passive.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">49</span>
+<a name = "page49" id = "page49"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note27_11" id = "note27_11" href = "#tag27_11">11:</a>
+<i>mactari</i>: the official word of sacrifice, “to slay a victim.” It
+is connected with old verb <i>magere</i>: probably “to strike:” cp.
+<span class = "greek" title = "machê">μάχη</span>, hence “to kill.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec28" id = "notes_sec28" href = "#sec28">§
+28.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note28_1" id = "note28_1" href = "#tag28_1">1:</a>
+<i>tandem</i>: cp. <a href = "#note1_1">note&nbsp;1, §&nbsp;1</a>.
+Cicero shews that neither precedent, nor laws, nor the judgment of
+future generations deter Catiline.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_2" id = "note28_2" href = "#tag28_2">2:</a>
+<i>At</i>: introduces the objection of an opponent: “Yes, but.” Cicero
+refers here to the case of P.&nbsp;Scipio Nasica who headed the nobility
+against Tib. Gracchus.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_3" id = "note28_3" href = "#tag28_3">3:</a>
+<i><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘au’">an</ins>
+leges?</i> Principally the <i>leges Valeriae</i>, and <i>leges
+Porciae</i>. The former were proposed by (1) P.&nbsp;Valerius Poplicola
+509 B.C. which enacted that no Roman magistrate should put to death or
+flog a Roman citizen if he had appealed to the people: (2) in
+449&nbsp;B.C. L.&nbsp;Valerius Potitus enacted that no magistracy should
+be held with an exemption from appeal: (3) in 300&nbsp;B.C.
+M.&nbsp;Valerius Corvus brought in a bill sanctioning the other laws on
+the subject of appeal. The <i>leges Porciae</i> were proposed by three
+of the <i>Porcii</i>, and exempted from stripes the persons of Roman
+citizens, and imposed heavy fines on any one who should scourge or kill
+a Roman citizen.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_4" id = "note28_4" href = "#tag28_4">4:</a>
+<i>rogatae sunt</i>: “have been passed.” The people at the
+<i>comitia</i> were <i>asked</i> to pass a law by the presiding
+magistrate in the words “<i>velitis, jubeatis, Quirites</i>.” Hence
+<i>rogare legem</i>, “to pass a bill.” When the people voted <i>two</i>
+ballots were usually given them, one marked with the letters U R (i.e.
+<i>uti rogas</i> or “yea”), and the other with A (i.e. <i>antiquo,
+antiqua probo</i>, “I&nbsp;annul”).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_5" id = "note28_5" href = "#tag28_5">5:</a>
+<i>praeclaram gratiam</i>: “a fine return:” strongly ironical.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_6" id = "note28_6" href = "#tag28_6">6:</a>
+<i>hominem&mdash;cognitum</i>: i.e. <i>hominem novum</i>: the Romans
+applied the term (<i>novus homo</i>) to the first of a family who had
+raised himself to a consul office, <i>tam mature</i>: the <i>lex
+annalis</i> enacted that no one could obtain the <i>quaetorship</i> till
+he was 31; the <i>aedileship</i> till 37; the <i>praetorship</i> till
+41; and the <i>consulship</i> till 43. Cicero means that he obtained
+these offices as soon as he was eligible to hold them.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note28_7" id = "note28_7" href = "#tag28_7">7:</a>
+<i>propter invidiam</i>: “because of too disquieting fear of
+unpopularity.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec29" id = "notes_sec29" href = "#sec29">§
+29.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note29_1" id = "note29_1" href = "#tag29_1">1:</a>
+<i>num&mdash;pertimescenda?</i> “Is the ill-will arising from a strict
+and a firm discharge of duty to be feared rather than that arising from
+indolence and indifference.”</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">50</span>
+<a name = "page50" id = "page50"> </a>
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapXII" id = "notes_chapXII" href = "#chapXII">
+CHAPTER XII.</a></h5>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_2" id = "note29_2" href = "#tag29_2">2:</a>
+<i>factu</i>: give rules for the use of the supines: H. 547.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_3" id = "note29_3" href = "#tag29_3">3:</a>
+<i>judicarem</i>: this tense in the <i>protasis</i> with the plupf. in
+the <i>apodosis</i>, denotes that the action is going on
+simultaneously.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_4" id = "note29_4" href = "#tag29_4">4:</a>
+<i>unius&mdash;horae</i>: “the enjoyment of a single hour.”
+<i>Usura</i>: properly “interest” paid for the <i>use</i> of
+capital.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_5" id = "note29_5" href = "#tag29_5">5:</a>
+<i>gladiatori isti</i>: contemptuously.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_6" id = "note29_6" href = "#tag29_6">6:</a>
+<i>etenim</i>: “and (well may I make this assertion), for:” cp. <span
+class = "greek" title = "kai gar">καὶ γάρ</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_7" id = "note29_7" href = "#tag29_7">7:</a>
+<i>summi viri</i>: referred to the <i>magistratus; clarissimi cives</i>,
+to the <i>viri privati</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note29_8" id = "note29_8" href = "#tag29_8">8:</a>
+<i>honestarunt</i>=<i>decoraverunt</i>: “graced.”</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec30" id = "notes_sec30" href = "#sec30">§
+30.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note30_1" id = "note30_1" href = "#tag30_1">1:</a>
+<i>quamquam</i> = <span class = "greek" title = "kaitoi">καίτοι</span>,
+corrective: “and yet.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_2" id = "note30_2" href = "#tag30_2">2:</a>
+<i>qui&mdash;dissimulent</i>: “of such a character that they either are
+blind to those evils which threaten us, or profess blindness in regard
+to the things they see.” <i>Qui</i> = <i>tales ut</i>: H. 501: this
+explains this <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘suhjunctive’">subjunctive</ins>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_3" id = "note30_3" href = "#tag30_3">3:</a>
+<i>qui&mdash;aluerunt</i> = <i>hi&mdash;aluerunt</i>: not to be
+connected with <i>nonnulli sunt</i>, as this would require
+<i>aluerint</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_4" id = "note30_4" href = "#tag30_4">4:</a>
+<i>si&mdash;animadvertissem</i>: “if I had punished him,”: with such a
+meaning understand <i>supplicio</i>: the preposition <i>in</i> is
+necessary when the meaning is “to punish with an authoritative and
+steady hand.” <i>regie</i>: “in a tyrannical manner.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_5" id = "note30_5" href = "#tag30_5">5:</a>
+<i>pervenerit</i>: fut. perf.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_6" id = "note30_6" href = "#tag30_6">6:</a>
+<i>paulisper&mdash;posse</i>: “may for a season be repressed, but <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘can-’ at line-end">cannot</ins> for ever be suppressed”; <i>reprimo</i>: to hold
+in check merely for a short time; <i>comprimo</i>: to completely
+check.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_7" id = "note30_7" href = "#tag30_7">7:</a>
+<i>se ejecerit</i> scil. <i>ex urbe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_8" id = "note30_8" href = "#tag30_8">8:</a>
+<i>ceteros naufragos</i>: “the rest of his shipwrecked band of
+followers”: i.e., shipwrecked in character and fortune by reason of
+their excesses.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note30_9" id = "note30_9" href = "#tag30_9">9:</a>
+<i>tam adulta pestis</i>: “this fully developed plague-poison”:
+<i>adulta</i>: from root <i>ul, ol, al</i>, “high.”</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "notes_chapXIII" id = "notes_chapXIII" href = "#chapXIII">
+CHAPTER XIII.</a></h5>
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec31" id = "notes_sec31" href = "#sec31">§
+31.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note31_1" id = "note31_1" href = "#tag31_1">1:</a>
+<i><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘jamdia’">jamdiu</ins></i>: for the space of three years from the
+consulate of Lepidus and Tullus, 66&nbsp;B.C.; <i>nescio quo pacto</i>:
+“in some way or other”: literally, “I&nbsp;know not on what terms”: cp.
+<span class = "greek" title = "ouk oida hontina tropon [missing diacritics on “hontina”]">οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον</span>, <i>nescio quo
+modo</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">51</span>
+<a name = "page51" id = "page51"> </a>
+<p><a name = "note31_2" id = "note31_2" href = "#tag31_2">2:</a>
+<i>omnium&mdash;erupit</i>: a&nbsp;pregnant construction as if he had
+meant: “all these crimes have been a-ripening up to, and the continued
+career of frenzy and boldness have burst forth in, the time of my
+consulship.” The metaphor is probably borrowed from an ulcer, bursting
+when ripe.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_3" id = "note31_3" href = "#tag31_3">3:</a>
+<i>ex tanto latrocinio</i> = <i>ex tot latronum numero</i>,
+<i>latrocinium</i> = <i>latrones</i>, cp. <i>servitium</i> =
+<i>servi</i>: <i>conjuratio</i> = <i>conjurati&mdash;residebit</i>: the
+metaphor is taken from a subtle poison in the system. The state is
+looked upon by the orator as the body, the conspiracy as the fever, and
+the execution of Catiline as the draught of cool water which momentarily
+refreshes.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_4" id = "note31_4" href = "#tag31_4">4:</a>
+<i>visceribus</i>: <i>viscera</i> were the upper vitals, including the
+heart, lungs, liver, &amp;c: <i>intestina</i>, were the liver vitals.
+Observe the force of <i>atque</i> and the repetition of the
+preposition.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_5" id = "note31_5" href = "#tag31_5">5:</a>
+<i>cum&mdash;jactantur</i>: there is no hendiadys here, but merely an
+accumulation of synonymous terms. Observe the middle force of
+<i>jactantur</i>: “toss themselves about.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_6" id = "note31_6" href = "#tag31_6">6:</a>
+<i>biberint</i>: Madvig reads <i>biberunt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_7" id = "note31_7" href = "#tag31_7">7:</a>
+<i>qui est</i>: “which exists.” &mdash;<i>relevatus</i>:
+“mitigated.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note31_8" id = "note31_8" href = "#tag31_8">8:</a>
+<i>vehementius&mdash;ingravescet</i>: “shall become more chronic if the
+others are allowed to live”: <i>vivis reliquis</i>: abl. abs.</p>
+
+
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec32" id = "notes_sec32" href = "#sec32">§
+32.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note32_1" id = "note32_1" href = "#tag32_1">1:</a>
+<i>praetoris urbani</i>: L. Valerius Flaccus was <i>Praetor Urbanus</i>
+at this time, and the partisans of Catiline thronged around his
+<i>tribunal</i> to intimidate him when delivering judgment in cases of
+debt.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_2" id = "note32_2" href = "#tag32_2">2:</a>
+<i>obsīdĕre&mdash;curiam</i>: “to beset the senate house in arms.”
+Romulus divided the people into three tribes (<i>tribus</i>) and each
+tribe was divided into ten wards (<i>curiae</i>). Each <i>curia</i> had
+a temple for the performance of its religious rites and for holding
+political meetings: the root is <i>cur</i>: “to be powerful;” cp.
+Quirites, hence, “the powerful men”: <span class = "greek" title =
+"kurios, koiranos">κύριος, κοίρανος</span>
+&mdash;<i>cum gladiis</i> = <i>armati</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_3" id = "note32_3" href = "#tag32_3">3:</a>
+<i>malleolos</i>: properly <i>malleolus</i>, is “a hammer,” the
+tranverse head of which was formed for holding pitch and tow. These
+latter were set on fire and thrown slowly that they might not be
+extinguished, to ignite houses and other buildings. Translate
+“fire-darts.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_4" id = "note32_4" href = "#tag32_4">4:</a>
+<i>quid&mdash;sentiat</i>: “what his sentiments are respecting the
+state:” dep. quest. &mdash;<i>polliceor&mdash;fore</i>: what verbs are
+construed with the future infinitive?</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note32_5" id = "note32_5" href = "#tag32_5">5:</a>
+<i>patefacta&mdash;oppressa</i>: note the balancing of these words, and
+the <i>asyndeton</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">52</span>
+<a name = "page52" id = "page52"> </a>
+<p><b><a name = "notes_sec33" id = "notes_sec33" href = "#sec33">§
+33.</a>&mdash;</b>
+<a name = "note33_1" id = "note33_1" href = "#tag33_1">1:</a>
+<i>hisce ominibus</i>: “with these prophetic words”: a&nbsp;kind of abl.
+absolute.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_2" id = "note33_2" href = "#tag33_2">2:</a>
+<i>cum&mdash;exitio</i>:<ins class = "correction" title = "open quote missing"> “</ins>with the best interests of the republic (fully
+established), and with your own calamity and ruin (fully assured) and
+with the destruction of these”: <i>cum</i> here denotes an accompanying
+circumstance as a result or consequence of an action: <ins class =
+"correction" title = "error for Z (Zumpt)?">z</ins>, 472.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_3" id = "note33_3" href = "#tag33_3">3:</a>
+<i>tu</i>: addressing the statue of Juppiter in the temple of Juppiter
+Stator.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_4" id = "note33_4" href = "#tag33_4">4:</a>
+<i>auspiciis</i>: not only temples but also statues were consecrated, by
+taking auspices.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note33_5" id = "note33_5" href = "#tag33_5">5:</a>
+<i>statorem</i>: “the flight staying”: see <a href =
+"#note11_6">note&nbsp;6, §&nbsp;11</a>. A&nbsp;kind of rhetorical
+exaggeration, as the temple was only viewed by Romulus and built much
+later; Livy x.&nbsp;37.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "number missing">
+<a name = "note33_6" id = "note33_6" href = "#tag33_6">6:</a></ins>
+<i>arcebis</i>: with a softened imperative force: so also
+<i>mactabis</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">53</span>
+<a name = "page53" id = "page53"> </a>
+
+<p><a class = "toplink" href = "#contents">TOP</a></p>
+
+<h3><a name = "names" id = "names">PROPER NAMES.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+
+<div class = "names">
+
+<h5><a name = "names_A" id = "names_A" href = "#names">A</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Ahāla, -ae</b>: m.: <i>Caius Servilius Ahala</i> was master of the
+horse to the dictator Cincinnatus, 439&nbsp;B.C.&nbsp;Spurius Maelius,
+one of the <i>Equites</i>, bought corn at a low rate and distributed it
+gratuitiously to the poor. By this he gained the favour of the
+plebeians, but incurred the enmity of the patricians. When he was
+summoned by the dictator to appear on the charge of aiming at royal
+power, he refused, and Ahala, with an armed band, rushed into the crowd
+where he was standing, and slew him. Cicero often praises the deed of
+Ahala, but it is doubtful whether it can be defended.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_E" id = "names_E" href = "#names">E</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Etrūrĭa, -ae</b>: f.: a large district of Italy, lying west and
+north of the Tiber. This part of Italy was generally favorable to
+Catiline. In it were <i>Faesulae</i>, and <i>Pistoria</i>, where
+Catiline fell, 62&nbsp;B.C.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_F" id = "names_F" href = "#names">F</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Faesulae, ārum</b>: f.: now <i>Fiesole</i>, near Florentia
+(<i>Florence</i>), in Etruria. Here Catiline raised the standard of
+rebellion.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fŏrum Aurēlĭum, Fŏri Aurēlĭi</b>: n.: a&nbsp;town of Etruria, on
+the Aurelian way; now <i>Monte Alto</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Flaccus, -i</b>: m.: <i>M. Fulvius Flaccus</i> was charged with
+the execution of the Agrarian law of the Gracchi, and aided Tib.
+Gracchus to gain for all the Italians the rights of Roman citizenship.
+He was cited along with the consul Opimius to render an account of his
+conduct with regard to the revolutionary measures then proposed. This he
+refused to obey, and was slain along with his eldest son.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fulvius, -i</b>: m.: see preceding.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_G" id = "names_G" href = "#names">G</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Gracchus, -i</b>: m.: <i>Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus</i> and
+<i>Caius Sempronius Gracchus</i> were sons of Tiberius Sempronius
+Gracchus and of Cornelia, Daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. The object
+of both brothers was to have the public lands divided and given to the
+poor, by allowing no one to hold more than 500 <i>jugera</i> of land.
+The state was to compensate the wealthy for all the loss. Both brothers
+fell in the sedition that arose out of their revolutionary schemes:
+Tiberius in 132&nbsp;B.C., and Caius in 122&nbsp;B.C.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_I" id = "names_I" href = "#names">I</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Itălĭa, -ae</b>: f.: Italy, a country of Southern Europe.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">54</span>
+<a name = "page54" id = "page54"> </a>
+<h5><a name = "names_J" id = "names_J" href = "#names">J</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Jānŭārĭus, -a, -um</b>: adj.: of or belonging to
+<i>January</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Juppĭter, Jŏvis</b>: m.: Juppiter, the supreme god of Roman
+mythology.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_L" id = "names_L" href = "#names">L</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Laeca, -ae</b>: m.: <i>M. Porcius Laeca</i>, an accomplice of
+Catiline, who convened at his house the leading members of the
+conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lĕpĭdus, -i</b>: m.: <i>M’. Lepidus</i>, consul with
+L.&nbsp;Volcatius Tullus 67&nbsp;B.C.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lĕpĭdus, -i</b>: m.: <i>M. Lepidus</i>, consul with Catulus
+79&nbsp;B.C.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_M" id = "names_M" href = "#names">M</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Maelĭus, -i</b>: m.: <i>Spurius Maelius</i>, a&nbsp;Roman
+<i>Eques</i>, who attempted to gain regal power at Rome by securing the
+favour of the plebeians 449 B.C. This he tried to do by supplying corn
+at a low rate. He was summoned to appear before Cincinnatus, the
+dictator, but refused, and was slain by Ahala.</p>
+
+<p><b>Manlĭānus, -a, -um</b>: adj.: of or belonging to Manlius.</p>
+
+<p><b>Manlĭus, -i</b>: m.: <i>Caius Manlius</i>, an accomplice of
+Catiline, and sent to Etruria to collect troops. He commanded the right
+wing of Catiline’s army at Pistoria, and “foremost fighting fell.”</p>
+
+<p><b>Marcellus, -i</b>: m.: <i>Marcus Marcellus</i>, an accomplice and
+intimate friend of Catiline.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mĕtellus, -i</b>: m.: <i>Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer</i>, praetor
+in 63&nbsp;B.C. He was despatched by Cicero into the Gallic and Picene
+districts to raise a force against Catiline. He was consul 61&nbsp;B.C.,
+and poisoned by his wife Clodia 59&nbsp;B.C.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_N" id = "names_N" href = "#names">N</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Nŏvembris, -e</b>: adj.: belonging to November.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_O" id = "names_O" href = "#names">O</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Opīmĭus, -i</b>: m.: <i>Lucius Opimius</i> was consul in
+122&nbsp;B.C. He opposed the designs of C.&nbsp;Gracchus.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_P" id = "names_P" href = "#names">P</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Pălātĭum, -i</b>: n.: the Palatine hill was the largest of the
+seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus laid here the foundation of
+the city, and here in the imperial period were the residences of the
+Roman emperors.</p>
+
+<p><b>Praeneste, -is</b>: n.: now <i>Palestrina</i>, an ancient city of
+Latium, 23 miles S.E. of Rome. Its citadel was remarkable for the
+strength of its position.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_R" id = "names_R" href = "#names">R</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Rōma, -ae</b>: f.: Rome, a celebrated town on the Tiber.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rōmānus, -a, -um</b>: adj.: of or belonging to Rome:
+<i>Roman</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rōmŭlus, -i</b>: m.; the founder of Rome and king of the city from
+753-715&nbsp;B.C.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">55</span>
+<a name = "page55" id = "page55"> </a>
+<h5><a name = "names_S" id = "names_S" href = "#names">S</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Sāturnīnus, -i</b>: m.: <i>L. Saturninus</i>, a&nbsp;tribune of
+the people and a violent partisan of Marius, who abetted him in his
+numerous misdeeds. He is said to have caused the death of
+C.&nbsp;Memmius 102&nbsp;B.C. At length, after many cruel acts, the
+people became aroused against him, and he was slain in the forum.</p>
+
+<p><b>Scīpĭo, -ōnis</b>: m.: <i>P. Cornelius Scipio Nasīca</i> was
+consul 138&nbsp;B.C. His character was held in the highest estimation by
+his countrymen. He opposed the measures of Gracchi. After the death of
+Tiberius Gracchus, unpopularity overtook Scipio, and he was sent to
+Asia, where he died of chagrin.</p>
+
+<p><b>Servilius, -i</b>: m.: <i>C. Servilius Glaucia</i>,
+a&nbsp;seditious and profligate individual, put to death
+121&nbsp;B.C.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stator</b>: “the flight staying:” an epithet of Juppiter.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_T" id = "names_T" href = "#names">T</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Tullĭus, -i</b>: m.: <i>M. Tullius Cicero</i>. See
+Introduction.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tullus, -i</b>: m.: See <i>M’. Lepidus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "names_V" id = "names_V" href = "#names">V</a></h5>
+
+<p><b>Vălērĭus, -i</b>: m.: <i>L. Valerius</i> a partner of Marius in
+the consulship, 121&nbsp;B.C.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div names -->
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">56</span>
+<a name = "page56" id = "page56"> </a>
+<h4><a name = "abbrev" id = "abbrev">ABBREVIATIONS.</a></h4>
+
+<table class = "abbrev" summary = "list of abbreviations">
+<col>
+<col>
+<col class = "leftline">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<td>a. <i>or</i> act.</td>
+<td>active.</td>
+<td>inf.</td>
+<td>infinitive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>abl.</td>
+<td>ablative.</td>
+<td>intens.</td>
+<td>intensive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>acc.</td>
+<td>accusative.</td>
+<td>interj.</td>
+<td>interjection.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>adj.</td>
+<td>adjective.</td>
+<td>interrog.</td>
+<td>interrogative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>adv.</td>
+<td>adverb.</td>
+<td>m.</td>
+<td>masculine.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>cp.</td>
+<td>compare.</td>
+<td>n.</td>
+<td>neuter.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>com. gen.</td>
+<td>common gender.</td>
+<td>nom.</td>
+<td>nominative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>comp.</td>
+<td>comparative degree.</td>
+<td>num.</td>
+<td>numeral.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>conj.</td>
+<td>conjunction.</td>
+<td>part.</td>
+<td>participle.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>dat.</td>
+<td>dative.</td>
+<td>pa.</td>
+<td>participal adjective.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>def.</td>
+<td>defective.</td>
+<td>pass.</td>
+<td>passive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>dem.</td>
+<td>demonstrative.</td>
+<td>perf.</td>
+<td>perfect.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>dep.</td>
+<td>deponent.</td>
+<td>pl.</td>
+<td>plural.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>dim.</td>
+<td>diminutive.</td>
+<td>pluperf.</td>
+<td>pluperfect.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>f.</td>
+<td>feminine.</td>
+<td>pos.</td>
+<td>positive degree.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>fr.</td>
+<td>from.</td>
+<td>poss.</td>
+<td>possessive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>fut.</td>
+<td>future.</td>
+<td>prep.</td>
+<td>preposition.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>freq.</td>
+<td>frequentative.</td>
+<td>pres.</td>
+<td>present.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>gen.</td>
+<td>genitive.</td>
+<td>pret.</td>
+<td>preteritive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gr.</td>
+<td>Greek.</td>
+<td>pron.</td>
+<td>pronoun.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>imperat.</td>
+<td>imperative.</td>
+<td>rel.</td>
+<td>relative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>impers.</td>
+<td>impersonal.</td>
+<td>semi-dep.</td>
+<td>semi-deponent.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>inc.</td>
+<td>inceptive.</td>
+<td>sing.</td>
+<td>singular.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>inch.</td>
+<td>inchoative.</td>
+<td>subj.</td>
+<td>subjunctive.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>ind.</td>
+<td>indicative.</td>
+<td>sup.</td>
+<td>superlative degree.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>indecl</td>
+<td>indeclinable.</td>
+<td>voc.</td>
+<td>vocative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>indef.</td>
+<td>indefinite.</td>
+<td>=</td>
+<td>equal to.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p><i>N.B.</i>&mdash;Where the etymology is not given, the word is of
+very uncertain or unknown origin.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">57</span>
+<a name = "page57" id = "page57"> </a>
+
+<h3><a name = "vocab" id = "vocab">VOCABULARY.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p><a class = "toplink" href = "#contents">TOP</a></p>
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+<p>Most verbs are given in a non-standard order, with the present active
+infinitive placed <i>after</i> the other principal parts. Exceptions are
+mainly irregular verbs such as <i>eo</i>, <i>ferre</i>, <i>fio</i>,
+<i>volo</i> and their compounds.</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<a href = "#vocab_A">&nbsp;A&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_B">&nbsp;B&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_C">&nbsp;C&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_D">&nbsp;D&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_E">&nbsp;E&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_F">&nbsp;F&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_G">&nbsp;G&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_H">&nbsp;H&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_I">&nbsp;I&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_J">&nbsp;J&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_L">&nbsp;L&nbsp;</a><br>
+<a href = "#vocab_M">&nbsp;M&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_N">&nbsp;N&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_O">&nbsp;O&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_P">&nbsp;P&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_Q">&nbsp;Q&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_R">&nbsp;R&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_S">&nbsp;S&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_T">&nbsp;T&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_U">&nbsp;U&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocab_V">&nbsp;V&nbsp;</a>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "vocab">
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_A" id = "vocab_A" href = "#vocab">A</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ā, ab, abs</span>, prep. with abl. (a, only
+before consonants; ab, before vowels and consonants). <i>From, away
+from; by</i> [akin to Gr. <span class = "greek" title =
+"ap-o">ἀπ-ό</span>].</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ab-eo</span>, īre, īi, ĭtum, v. n. [ab,
+“away;” ĕo, “to go”] <i>To go away, depart.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ab-horreo</span>, horrui, no sup., horrēre, n.
+and a. [ab, “from;” horreo, “to dread”] <i>To be averse</i> or
+<i>disinclined to; to be free from.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ab-sum</span>, esse, fui, n. irreg. <i>To be
+away from; to be absent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ab-ūtor</span>, ūsus sum, uti, dep. n. [ab,
+“away from,” hence “wrongly;” utor, “I&nbsp;use”] <i>To misuse,
+abuse.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ac</span>, conj. (used before consonants).
+<i>And.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ācer</span>, ācris, ācre, adj. [<span class =
+"smallcaps">ac</span>, “to sharpen”] <i>Sharp, severe.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">āc-erb-us</span>, a, um, adj. (ac-er)
+<i>Unripe, sour; violent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">āc-ĭes</span>, iēi, f. (ac-er) <i>An edge,
+point.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ācr-ĭter</span>, adv. (ācer) <i>Strongly,
+sharply, keenly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad</span>, prep. with acc. Locally: a, <i>To,
+towards</i>. &mdash;(b) <i>Before</i> a place. &mdash;<i>Up to</i> a
+certain time. &mdash;With Gerunds or Gerundives: <i>For, for the
+purposes of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-dūco</span>, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. [ad,
+“to;” duco, “I&nbsp;lead”] <i>To lead to; induce, lead.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-eo</span>, adv. <i>So far; so long; so
+much.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-fero</span>, ferre, attuli, allātum, irr.
+a. (ad; fero) <i>To bring to, bring.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">adflic-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a.,
+intens. (for adflig-to, fr. adflig-o). <i>To greatly trouble, harass,
+annoy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-grego</span>: see aggrego.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-hibeo</span>, hibui, hibitum, hĭbēre, a.
+(ad; habeo) <i>To apply to, to use, employ.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-huc</span>, adv. <i>Thus far, up to this
+time.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-minister</span>, tri, m. [ad, “to;”
+ministro, “to serve”] <i>A servant, assistant.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-mīror</span>, mīratus sum; mīrari [ad,
+“to;” miror, “to wonder at”] dep. <i>To wonder at, admire.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-sĕquor</span>, secūtus (quūtus), sequi,
+dep. a. <i>To follow, pursue.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-servo</span>, servāvi, servātum, servāre
+[ad, “to;” servo, “to keep”] <i>To preserve, protect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ad-sĭdĕo</span>, sēdi, sessum, sĭdēre [ad,
+“near;” sedeo, “to sit”] n. (ad; sedeo) <i>To sit by</i> or
+<i>near.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ădŭlesc-ens</span>, entis, m. and f. [ad,
+“to;” ŏlesco, “to grow;” the root assumes the form of <span class =
+"smallcaps">al, ol, ul</span>, in Latin as <i>altus, sub-oles,
+adultus</i>] <i>A young man</i> (from the 15th or 17th until past the
+30th year).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ădŭlescent-ulus</span>, i, m., dim.
+(adulescens) <i>A <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘youn’">young</ins> man; stripling.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ădul-tus</span>, a, um, part. (adol-esco)
+<i>Grown up, adult, full-grown.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">adven-tus</span>, ūs, m. [ad, “to;” venio, “to
+come”] <i>A coming, arrival.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">aeger</span>, gra, grum, adj. <i>Weak,
+sick.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">aequus</span>, a, um, adj. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">ik</span>, “to make even:” cp. aequor] <i>Plain, smooth,
+even;</i> aequo animo, <i>with great composure.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">aes-tus</span>, ūs, m. [for aed-tus: root
+<span class = "smallcaps">aed</span>, “to burn:” cp. aestas; <span class
+= "greek" title = "aithô">αἴθω</span>] <i>Heat.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">aet-ernus</span>, a, um, adj. [for ae (vi)
+ternus: root <span class = "smallcaps">aiv</span>, a&nbsp;lengthened
+form of <span class = "smallcaps">i</span>, “to go;” cp. <span class =
+"greek" title = "aiôn">αἰών</span>] <i>Eternal, everlasting.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ag-grĕgo</span>, grĕgāvi, grĕgātum, gregare,
+v. a. [ad; grex, <i>to lead to a flock</i>] <i>To assemble, collect
+together.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">58</span>
+<a name = "page58" id = "page58"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">a-gnosco</span>, gnōvi, gnĭtum, gnoscĕre, a.
+(for ad-gnosco, gnosco = nosco) <i>To recognize, to discern.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ăgo</span>, ĕgi, actum, ăgĕre [<span class =
+"smallcaps">ag</span>, “to set in motion”] a. <i>To drive; to do,
+perform, effect; to treat; plead.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">aio</span>, def. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">agh</span>, “to say”] <i>To speak; to say “yes;” to
+affirm.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălĭ-ēnus</span>, a, um, adj. (ali-us,
+belonging to the) <i>Belonging to another, foreign; unfriendly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălĭqu-ando</span>, adv.<ins class =
+"correction" title = "no closing parenthesis"> (</ins>aliquis, <i>of
+time, past, future, and present. At some time or other; at
+length.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălĭ-qui</span>, qua, quod, indef. pron. adj,
+(ali-us; qui) <i>Some, any.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălĭquid</span>, adv. (adverbial neut. acc. of
+aliquis) <i>In some degree, somewhat.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălĭ-quis</span>, aliquid [fem. sing, and fem.
+and neut. plur. not used; alius; quis, root <span class =
+"smallcaps">al</span>, “another:” cp. alter, <span class = "greek" title
+= "allos">ἄλλος</span>: Eng. else], indef. pron. subst. <i>Some one, any
+one; something.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălĭquo</span>, adv. (adverbial abl. of
+aliquis) <i>Some whither, to some place.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălĭ-quot</span>, indef. num. adj., indecl.
+(alius; quot) <i>Some, several.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălĭus</span>, a, ud, adj, (gen. sing. alĭus,
+dat. alii) <i>Another, other</i>; alius ... alius, <i>one ...
+another.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ălo</span>, ălŭi, ălĭtum, or altum, alĕre, a.
+<i>To nourish; to foster.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">altārĭa</span>, ium, n. (alt-um, things
+pertaining to the; hence) <i>An altar.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">āmentĭa</span>, ae, f. [a, prio, mens, “mind”]
+<i>Madness.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">am-īcus</span>, i, m. (amo) <i>A
+friend.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ampl-ĭus</span>, comp. adv. <i>More;
+longer.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">am-plus</span>, a, um, adj. [am = ambi,
+“around;” root <span class = "smallcaps">ple</span>, “to fill;” hence
+<i>plebs, pleo, plenus</i>] <i>Abundant, full; illustrious,
+noble.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">an</span>, conj. <i>Or, whether.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ănĭm-adverto</span>, verti, versum, advertĕre,
+a. (animus; adverto) <i>To attend to; to consider, perceive</i>;
+animadvertere in aliquem, <i>to inflict punishment on one.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ănĭmus</span>, i, m. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">au</span>, “to breathe”] <i>The mind; disposition,
+thought.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">annus</span>, i, m. [perhaps for amnus; root
+<span class = "smallcaps">am</span>, “to go round”] <i>A year.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ante</span>, prep. with acc. <i>Before, in
+front of;</i> as adverb, <i>before, previously.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ant-īquus</span>, a, um, adj. [ant-e,
+“before”] <i>Ancient, old.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ăperte</span>, adv. (apertus)
+<i>Openly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ăpud</span>, prep. with acc. (obs. apo, <i>to
+seize</i>) <i>Near, at, by, with.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ăqua</span>, ae, f. <i>Water.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ăquĭla</span>, ae, f. [<span class =
+"smallcaps">ac</span>, “sharp,” or “swift”] <i>The eagle; the standard
+of the legion.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">arbĭtr-or</span>, ātus sum, ari, v. dep. a.
+[ar = ad, “to;” bito, “to go:” hence one who approaches a cause to
+enquire into it] <i>To judge, think.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">arcĕo</span>, arcŭi, no sup., arcēre [root
+<span class = "smallcaps">arc</span>, “to protect:” cp. arcus, <span
+class = "greek" title = "arkein">ἀρκεῖν</span>] a. <i>To shut up; to
+keep</i> or <i>hold off.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ardĕo</span>, arsi, arsum, ardēre, n. <i>To
+burn, blaze.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">argent-ĕus</span>, a, um, adj. (argentum,
+pertaining to) <i>Of silver.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">arma</span>, ōrum, n. pl. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">ar</span>, “to fit:” hence all things fitted on] <i>Arms,
+weapons.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">armā-tus</span>, i, m. <i>An armed man, a
+soldier.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">arm-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre. <i>To furnish
+with arms; to arm.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">aspec-tus</span>, tūs, m. (aspic-io) <i>A
+seeing, sight.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">at [old form <i>ast</i>: cp. <span class =
+"greek" title = "at-ar">ἀτ-άρ</span>]</span>, conj. <i>But, yet</i> (to
+introduce a reason for a supposed objection), <i>but certainly, but
+consider.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">atque or āc (the latter only before
+consonants)</span>, conj. <i>And also, and especially.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ātrox</span>, ōcis, [a, intens.: trux,
+“cruel”] adj. <i>Horrid, terrible, frightful.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">at-tendo (3)</span>, tendi, tentum, a. (ad;
+tendo) <i>To apply the mind to; to consider.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">auctor</span>, ōris, m. (augeo) <i>An author,
+contriver.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">auctōrĭtas</span>, ātis, f. (auctor)
+<i>Authority.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">59</span>
+<a name = "page59" id = "page59"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">audā-cĭa</span>, ae, f. (audax, the quality of
+the) <i>Audacity, insolence.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">audĕo</span>, ausus sum, audēre, semidep.
+<i>To dare.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">audĭo</span>, audĭvi, audītum, audīre [<span
+class = "smallcaps">av</span>, “to hear”] a. <i>To hear.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">aur-is</span>, is, f. (audio, <i>the hearing
+thing</i>) <i>The ear.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">auspĭc-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (auspex, <i>a bird
+inspector, diviner</i>, one who marks the flight and cries of birds, and
+then gives predictions] <i>Augury from birds, auspices.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">aut</span>, conj. <i>Or</i>; aut ... aut,
+<i>either ... or.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">autem</span>, conj. <i>But, moreover.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">avus [<span class =
+"smallcaps">av</span></span>, “to hear,” hence “to obey,” cp. obedio],
+i, m. <i>A grandfather.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_B" id = "vocab_B" href = "#vocab">B</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">bacch-or (1)</span>, dep. n. (Bacch-us) <i>To
+revel.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">b-ellum (old form du-ellum)</span>, i, n.
+(duo, <i>a contest between two parties</i>) <i>War, warfare.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">bĭbo</span>, bibi, no sup., bĭbĕre [root <span
+class = "smallcaps">po</span>, “to drink;” cp. poto, <span class =
+"greek" title = "pinô">πίνω</span>], a. <i>To drink.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">bŏnum</span>, i, n. <i>A good thing</i>; in
+pl., <i>goods.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">bŏnus</span>, a, um, adj. (comp. melior, sup.
+optimus) <i>Good, well-disposed.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">brĕvis</span>, e, adj. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">frag</span>, “to break”] <i>Little, small, short.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_C" id = "vocab_C" href = "#vocab">C</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">caedes</span>, is, f. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">cad</span>, “to fall:” cp. cado] <i>Slaughter.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">caelum</span>, i, n. [for cavillum; fr. cavus,
+“hollow”] <i>Heaven.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">calamitas</span>, ātis, f. [for cadamitas;
+root <span class = "smallcaps">cad</span>, “to fall”] <i>Loss, calamity,
+disaster.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">campus</span>, i, m. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">scap</span>, “to dig:” cp. <span class = "greek" title =
+"kêpos">κῆπος</span>] <i>A plain, field.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">căpĭo</span>, cēpi, captum, căpĕre [root <span
+class = "smallcaps">cap</span>, “to hold”] a. <i>To take</i>; consilium
+capere, <i>to form a plan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">carcer</span>, ĕris, m. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">arc</span>, “to enclose:” cp. ark] <i>A prison.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cărĕo</span>, ŭi, ĭtum, ēre, n. <i>To be
+without.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cārus</span>, a, um, adj. [for camrus: cam,
+“to love:” amare = (c)amare] <i>Dear, precious.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">castrum</span>, i, n. [for scadtrum: <span
+class = "smallcaps">scad</span>, “to cover:” Eng. shed]
+<i>A&nbsp;castle, fort</i>; in pl., castra, ōrum, n. <i>a camp</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cā-sus</span>, sūs, um. (for cad-sus, fr.
+cad-o, “to fall”) <i>Accident, chance.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">causa</span>, ae, f. <i>A cause,
+reason.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cēdo</span>, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. <i>To
+go; to yield.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">certē</span>, adv. (certus)
+<i>Certainly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cer-tus</span>, a, um, adj. (cer-no)
+<i>Decided, fixed, definite.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cēterus</span>, a, um, (the nom. sing, masc.
+not in use), adj. <i>The other, the rest, the remainder.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">circum-clūdo</span>, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre
+(circum; claudo). <i>To shut in, enclose.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">circum-sto</span>, steti, no sup., stāre, n.
+or a. <i>To stand around.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cīvis</span>, is, com. gen. [root <span class
+= "smallcaps">ci</span>, “to lie,” or “dwell:” hence “a dweller”] <i>A
+citizen.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cīv-itas, ātis</span>, f. (id., the condition
+or state of the; gen. pl., ium and um) <i>Citizenship;
+a&nbsp;state.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">clāmo</span>, clāmāvi, clāmātum, clāmăre [root
+<span class = "smallcaps">cal</span>, “to shout”] n. and a. <i>To call,
+shout aloud.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">clārus</span>, a, um, adj. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">kal</span>. “to call”] <i>Clear, renowned.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">clē-mens</span>, mentis, adj. (clino, <i>to
+bend</i>; mens, <i>having the heart bent</i>) <i>Mild, kind.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">coepi</span>, coepisse, a. or n. def.
+(contracted fr. co-apio, fr. con; apo, <i>to seize</i>) <i>To
+begin.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">co-erceo</span>, ui, itum, ercere, a. (con;
+arceo, <i>to shut up</i>) <i>To surround, restrain, check.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">coe-tus</span>, tūs, m. [con, “together:” eo,
+“to go”] <i>A coming together; an assemblage, company.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cō-gito</span>, gitāvi, gĭtātum, gĭtăre [co =
+con, “together:” agito, “to set in motion”] <i>To weigh thoroughly in
+the mind; to think over; reflect upon; plan.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">co-gnosco</span>, gnōvi, gnitum, gnoscĕre, a.
+[co (=&nbsp;cum), in augmentative</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">60</span>
+<a name = "page60" id = "page60"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">sense; gnosco = nosco</span>, “to become
+acquainted with”] <i>To know.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">col-ligo</span>, lēgi, lectum, lĭgĕre [col
+(=&nbsp;cum), in an augmentative sense; lego, “to gather”] <i>To gather
+or collect together.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">col-loco</span>, a. (con; loco) <i>To lay,
+place.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cŏlōn-ĭa</span>, ae, f. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">col</span>, “to till;” cp. colo] <i>A colony,
+settlement.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cŏm-e-s</span>, ĭtis, com. gen. (con; eo,
+<i>one who goes with another</i>) <i>A companion.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cŏm-ĭ-tĭum</span>, ii, n. (con; i, root of eo,
+<i>a coming together</i>) <i>The Comitium</i>, i.e. the place where the
+Romans assembled to vote; in pl., <i>the comitia</i>, i.e. <i>the
+assembly itself</i>, hence <i>election</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">commendā-tĭo</span>, tĭōnis, f. (commend[a]-o)
+<i>A recommendation, praise.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">com-mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a.
+(con; mitto, <i>to cause to go together</i>) <i>To commit.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">com-mŏvĕo</span>, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a.
+(con; moveo) <i>To move, rouse.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">com-mūnis</span>, e, adj. [com = cum; munis,
+“serving”] <i>Common, general.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">com-păro</span>, părāvi, părātum, părārĭ, v.
+a. [com = cum; paro, “to prepare”] <i>To make ready.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">com-pĕrio</span>, pĕri, pertum, perīre, a.
+(cum; root per, akin to perior, <i>to go through</i>) <i>To
+discover.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">compĕt-ītor</span>, ōris, m. [com = <ins class
+= "correction" title = "text reads ‘bum’">cum</ins>; peto, “to seek;”
+hence to seek office] <i>A rival, competitor.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">com-plūres</span>, a, and ia, adj. (con; plus)
+<i>Several together, very many.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">com-prĕhendo</span>, prĕhendi, prĕhensum,
+prehendere [com = cum; intensive: prehendo, “to seize”] <i>To lay hold
+of, arrest.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">com-prĭmo</span>, pressi, pressum, primĕre, a.
+(con; premo) <i>To press together; to hinder, check.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cōnā-tus</span>, tūs, m. <i>An
+attempt.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-cēdo</span>, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n. or
+a. <i>To depart, withdraw.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">concĭ-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens.
+(conci-eo, <i>to urge</i>) <i>To rouse up, excite.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger"><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘can’">con</ins>-cŭpi-sco</span>, cŭpīvi or cŭpii, cŭp-ītum, cŭpiscĕre,
+a. inch, (con; cupi-o) <i>To be very desirous of; to long for.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">concur-sus</span>, sūs, m. [for concurr-sus,
+fr. concurr-o, the action of) <i>A running, flocking together;
+a&nbsp;concourse.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-demno</span>, demnāvi, demnātum, demnāre,
+v. a. [con = cum, intensive; damnum, “loss”] a. (con; damno) <i>To
+condemn.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-fĕro</span>, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. [con =
+cum, intensive; fero, “to bring” or “bear”] <i>To bring; to carry; to
+direct; to arrange.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">confes-tim</span>, adv.
+<i>Immediately.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-ficio</span>, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a,
+(con; facio) <i>To prepare, complete; to exhaust.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-fīdo</span>, fīsus sum, fīdĕre, n. or a.
+semi-dep. <i>To trust; to believe certainly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-firmo</span>, firmāvi, firmātum, firmāre.
+<i>To strengthen; to assure.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-flāgro</span>, flāgrāvi, flāgrātum,
+flāgrāre [con = cum, in an augmentative; <span class =
+"smallcaps">flag</span>, “to burn;” cp. flamma (=&nbsp;flag-ma)] <i>To
+be on fire, to burn up.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-flo</span>, flāre, flāvi, flātum. <i>To
+blow together, kindle; to excite.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-grĕgo</span>, grĕgāvi, grĕgātum, grĕgāre,
+a. (con; grex) <i>To flock together, assemble, unite.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-jĭcĭo</span>, jēci, jectum, jĭcĕre, a.
+(con; jacio) <i>To hurl, send, cast.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-jungo</span>, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a.
+<i>To join together, unite, associate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">conjūrā-tĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (<ins class =
+"correction" title = "‘n’ invisible">conjūr[a]-o</ins>, the action of)
+<i>An agreement; conspiracy, plot.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">conjūrā-tus</span>, m. (id.) <i>A
+conspirator.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">conl</span>: see coll.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cōnor</span>, ātus sum, āri, dep. <i>To
+undertake, attempt.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">conscĭentia</span>, ae, f. (consciens,
+<i>conscious</i>) <i>Consciousness, knowledge</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-scrībo</span>, scripsi, scriptum,
+scrībĕre, a. <i>To write together</i> (in a list); <i>to enroll.</i></p>
+
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-scrībo</span>, scripsi, scriptum,
+scrĭbĕre, a. <i>To write together</i> (in a list); <i>to enroll.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">61</span>
+<a name = "page61" id = "page61"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">conscrip-tus</span>, a, um, part. (for
+scrib-tus, fr. conscrib-o) As noun, m. (sc. pater) <i>a senator</i>;
+patres conscripti, <i>the old senators together with those who were
+afterwards admitted</i> (enrolled) <i>into its ranks</i>; originally,
+patres et conscripti, <i>senators</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">consen-sĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (con-sentio)
+<i>Unanimity, agreement.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">consensus</span>, ūs, m. [id.] <i>Unanimity,
+agreement.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-servo</span>, servāvi, servātum, servāre,
+a. <i>To preserve.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">consĭliŭm</span>, ii, n. <i>Deliberation,
+counsel; plan, purpose; council.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-spĭcĭo</span>, spexi, spectum, spĭcĕre, a.
+(con; specio, <i>to look</i>) <i>To observe, behold.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-stĭtŭo</span>, stĭtŭi, stĭtūtum, stĭtŭere,
+a. (con; statuo) <i>To place; to erect; to arrange, settle, agree upon;
+to appoint.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-stringo</span>, strinxi, strictum,
+stringĕre, a. <i>To draw, bind together; to hold, hold fast.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">consul</span>, ŭlis, m. <i>A consul</i>, one
+of the two chief magistrates of the Roman state, chosen yearly after the
+expulsion of the kings.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">consŭl-āris</span>, e, adj. (consul) <i>Of</i>
+or <i>pertaining to a consul; consular</i>; as noun, m., <i>ex-consul;
+one of the rank of consul.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">consŭl-ātus</span>, ūs, m. (consul) <i>The
+consulship.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">consŭl-o</span>, ŭi, tum, ĕre, n. or a. <i>To
+consider, consult</i>; consulere alicui, <i>to take counsel for some
+one</i>; consulere aliquem, <i>to ask the advice of some one</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">consul-tum</span>, i, n. (con-sulo) <i>A
+decree, decision.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-tā-mĭno</span>, a. (for con-tag-mino; fr.
+con; tag, root of tango) <i>To defile, contaminate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">conten-tus</span>, a, um, part. (contineo)
+<i>Contented, satisfied.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-tĭnĕo</span>, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, a.
+(con; tene) <i>To hold together; to keep in, restrain, confine.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-tingo</span>, tĭgi, tactum, tingĕre, a.
+(con; tango) <i>To touch, take hold of; to happen.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">contrā</span>, adv. and prep. with acc.
+<i>Against, contrary to.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">contumēl-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (obsolete
+contumēl-us, <i>swelling greatly</i>) <i>Abuse, insult, disgrace;
+reproach.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-vĕnĭo</span>, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, n. or
+a. <i>To assemble</i>; used impersonally, <i>it is suitable,
+proper</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-vinco</span>, vīci, victum, vincĕre, a.
+<i>To convict.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">con-vŏco</span>, vŏcāvi, vŏcātum, vŏcāre, a.
+[con, “together;” voco, “to call”] <i>To convoke, assemble.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cō-p-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (contracted fr.
+co-op-ia, fr. con; ops) <i>Abundance; wealth, riches; forces, troops</i>
+(generally in plural with the latter two meanings).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">corpus</span>, ŏris, n. <i>A body,
+corpse.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cor-rĭgo</span>, rexi, rectum, rīgĕre, a.
+(con; rego) <i>To make straight; to improve, correct.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cor-rōbŏro</span>, a. (con; rōbŏro, <i>to
+strengthen</i>) <i>To strengthen; to corroborate, support.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">corrupt-ēla</span>, ae, f. (corru[m]po)
+<i>That which corrupts; a&nbsp;corruption, seduction: seductive
+arts.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cot-ī-dīē</span>, adv. (quot; (i); die, abl.
+of dies) <i>Daily.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">crēdo</span>, dĭdi, dĭtum, crēdĕre n. or a.
+<i>To trust in, believe; to think, suppose.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cresco</span>, crēvi, crētum, crescĕre, n.
+[root <span class = "smallcaps">cre</span>, “to make grow;” cp. creo]
+<i>To grow, increase.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">crūdēlĭ-ter</span>, adv. (crudēlis,
+<i>cruel</i>) <i>Cruelly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cum</span>, prep, with abl. <i>With.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cum</span>. <i>When, since, though.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cŭmŭl-o</span>, a. (cumul-us) <i>To
+accumulate; to complete; to increase.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cunctus</span>, a, um, adj. (contracted from
+conjunctus) <i>The whole, all.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cupīd-ĭtas</span>, ātis, f. (cupidus)
+<i>Desire; passion; eagerness; avarice.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cŭp-ĭdus</span>, a, um, adj. (cup-io)
+<i>Longing, desirous.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cŭpĭo</span>, īvi or ii, ītum, cŭpĕre, a. and
+n. <i>To long for, desire.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cur</span>, adv. <i>Why?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">cur-a</span>, ae, f. (for caer-a, fr. caero,
+old form of quaero) <i>Trouble, care.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">62</span>
+<a name = "page62" id = "page62"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">cūrĭa</span>, ae, f. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">cur</span>, “to be strong;” cp. <span class = "greek" title
+= "kurios, kurein">κύριος, κυρεῖν</span>] <i>Senate-house.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">custōdĭ-a</span>, ae, f. (<ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘eustod-io’">custod-io</ins>) <i>Watch,
+guard, custody.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">custōd-ĭo</span>, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (cus-tos)
+<i>To watch, guard.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">custos</span>, ōdis, com. gen. <i>A guard,
+protector.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_D" id = "vocab_D" href = "#vocab">D</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">de</span>, prep, with abl. <i>From;
+concerning, on account of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-bĕo</span>, bŭi, bĭtum, bēre, a. (de;
+habeo) <i>To have from; to owe; to be in <ins class = "correction" title
+= "text reads ‘dutg’">duty</ins> bound to, ought, must.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-cerno</span>, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a.
+<i>To decide, decree.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dēclīnā-tĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (declin[a]-o)
+<i>A turning aside; a&nbsp;departure; an avoiding, shunning.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dĕ-dĕcus</span>, ŏris, n. <i>Disgrace,
+dishonor.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-fendo</span>, fendi, fensum, fendĕre, a.
+<i>To ward off; to defend, guard.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-fĭcĭo</span>, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a. or
+n. (de: facio) <i>To leave; to desert, revolt.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-fīgo</span>, fixi, fixum, fīgĕre, a. <i>To
+fix down; to drive; to plunge.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">de-inde</span>, adv. <i>After this, next,
+then.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dēlec-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens.
+(dēlic-io, <i>to allure</i>) <i>To delight, please.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dēlĕo</span>, ēvi, ētum, ēre, a. <i>To
+destroy, annihilate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-lĭgo</span>, lēgi, lectum, lĭgĕre, a. (de;
+lego) <i>To choose out, select.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-migro</span>, migrāvi, migrātum, migrāre,
+n. <i>To migrate from; to emigrate; to depart.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dēnĭque</span>, adv. <i>At length, finally; in
+a word, briefly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-pōno</span>, pŏsŭi, pŏsĭtum, pōnĕre, a.
+<i>To lay down; to lay aside.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-prĕcor</span>, prĕcātus sum, prĕcāre, dep.
+(de; precor, <i>to pray</i>) <i>To avert by prayer; to avert.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-rĕlinquo</span>, līqui, lictum, rĕlinquĕre,
+a. <i>To abandon, desert.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-scrībo</span>, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre,
+a. <i>To mark off, to divide.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-sīdĕro</span>, sīdĕrāvi, sīdĕrātum,
+sīdĕrāre, v. a. <i>To long for, desire; to miss; to regret,
+require.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-signo</span>, signāvi, signātum, signāre,
+v. a. (de; signo, <i>to mark</i>) <i>To mark out, designate; to
+elect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-sĭno</span>, sīvi or sĭi, sĭtum, sĭnĕre, a.
+and n. <i>To leave off, cease..</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-sisto</span>, stĭti, stĭtum, n. <i>To
+desist.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-sum</span>, esse, fŭi. n. <i>To be away, to
+fail, be wanting.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-testor</span>, testātus sum, testāri, dep.
+(de; testor, <i>to be a witness</i>) <i>To curse; to deprecate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dētrī-mentum</span>, i, n. (for
+deter-[i]mentum fr. deter-o, <i>that which rubs off</i>) <i>Loss,
+damage.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">deus</span>, i, m. <i>A god.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dē-vŏvĕo</span>, vōvi, vōtum, vŏvĕre, a. <i>To
+vow, devote.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dexter</span>, tĕra, tĕrum, and tra, trum,
+adj. <i>Right, on the right</i>; dextra, ae, f., <i>the right
+hand</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dīco</span>, dixi, dictum, dīcĕre, a. [<span
+class = "smallcaps">dic</span>, “to point out”] <i>To say,
+assert.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dĭes</span>, ēi, m. (in sing. sometimes f.)
+<i>A day</i>; in dies, <i>from day to day, daily</i> (with an idea of
+increase).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">diffĭcul-tas</span>, ātis, f. (for
+difficil-tas, fr. difficil-is, the state or condition of) <i>Difficulty,
+perplexity.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dignus</span>, a, um, adj. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">dic</span>, “to point out”] <i>Worthy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dīlĭg-ens</span>, entis, part, (dilig-o)
+<i>Careful, diligent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dīlĭgen-ter</span>, adv. (diligens)
+<i>Attentively, diligently, earnestly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dīligent-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (diligens, the
+quality of the) <i>Diligence.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dī-mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mĭttĕre, a.
+<i>To dismiss.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dīrep-tĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (for dirap-tio. fr.
+dirap, true root of dirip-io) A&nbsp;<i>plundering, pillaging.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dis-cēdo</span>, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n.
+<i>To depart.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dis-cerno</span>, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a.
+<i>To separate, divide.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">disces-sus</span>, sus, m. (for disced-sus,
+fr. disced-o, the action of) <i>A departure.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">63</span>
+<a name = "page63" id = "page63"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">discĭpl-īna</span>, ae, f. (for discipul-ina,
+fr. discipul-us, a&nbsp;thing pertaining to the) <i>Instruction;
+science, skill; custom, method, discipline.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dissĭmŭl-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a.
+(dissimil-is) <i>To pretend a thing is not what it is; to
+dissemble.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dissŏlū-tus</span>, a, um, part. (for
+dissolv-tus, fr. dissolv-o) <i>Lax, remiss, negligent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dis-trĭbŭo</span>, tribui, tribūtum, trĭbŭĕre,
+a. <i>To distribute.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dĭ-u</span>, adv. (di-es) <i>A long time,
+long.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">do</span>, dăre, dĕdi, dătum, a. <i>To give,
+give up.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dŏl-or</span>, ōris, m. (dol-eo) <i>Pain,
+sorrow.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dŏmes-tĭcus</span>, a, um, adj. (dom-s)
+<i>Domestic, private.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dŏmus. ūs and i (domi</span>, loc.), f. <i>A
+house, abode</i>; domi, <i>at home</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dŭb-ĭto</span>, ĭtāvi, ĭtātum, ĭtāre, n.
+intens. (primitive form du-bo, fr. du-o, <i>to vibrate to and fro</i>)
+<i>To doubt, hesitate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dūco</span>, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. <i>To
+lead, conduct.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dum</span>, conj. <i>While, as long as, until,
+if.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dŭo</span>, ae, o, card. num. adj.
+<i>Two.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dŭodĕcĭm-us</span>, a, um, ord. num. adj.
+(duodecim) <i>The twelfth.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">dux</span>, dŭcis, com. gen. (dūco) <i>A
+leader, commander, general.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_E" id = "vocab_E" href = "#vocab">E</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē</span>, prep, with abl.; see ex.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ec-quis</span>, quod (ec = e; quis), inter.
+subst. pron. <i>Whether any? any one? any thing?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ēd-ūco</span>, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. <i>To
+lead forth.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ef-fĕro</span>, ferre, extŭli, ēlātum, a. irr.
+(ex; fero) <i>To bring forth; to lift up, exalt.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">effrēnā-tus</span>, a, um, part, (effren[a]-o,
+<i>to unbridle</i>) <i>Unbridled.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ef-fŭgĭo</span>, fūgi, no sup., fŭgĕre, (ex;
+fugio), n. or a. <i>To flee away; escape, avoid.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĕgo</span>, pers. pron. I.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-grĕdĭor</span>, gressus sum, grĕdi, dep.
+(ex; gradior) <i>To go out.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-jĭcĭo</span>, jēci, jectum, jĭcĕre, a. (e;
+jacio) <i>To drive out; to expel, banish.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-lābor</span>, lapsus sum, lābi, dep. <i>To
+slip</i> or <i>glide away.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-lūdo</span>, lūsi, lūsum, lūdĕre, a. <i>To
+delude, deceive, cheat.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a.
+<i>To send forth.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-mŏrĭor</span>, mortuus sum, mŏri, dep. <i>To
+die quite; to perish.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĕnim</span>, conj. <i>For</i>; etenim, <i>for,
+you see</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĕo</span>, īre, ĭvi or ĭi, ĭtum, n. <i>To
+go.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĕōdem</span>, dat. of idem, used adverbially.
+<i>To the same place.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĕqu-e-s</span>, ĭtis, m. (for equ-i-[t]-s, fr.
+equ-us) <i>A horseman; a&nbsp;horse soldier</i>; in pl., <i>cavalry</i>;
+equites, the order of <i>knights</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-rĭpiŏ</span>, rĭpŭi, reptum, rĭpĕre, a. (e;
+rapio) <i>To snatch; to remove, take away.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-rumpo</span>, rūpi, ruptum, rumpĕre, n.
+<i>To break out, sally forth.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">et</span>, conj. <i>And</i>; et ... et,
+<i>both ... and, not only ... but also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĕtĕnim</span>: see enim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĕtĭam</span>, conj. <i>And also, besides; and
+even, yet, indeed.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ē-verto</span>, verti, versum, vertĕre, a.
+<i>To overthrow; to subvert, destroy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ēvŏcā-tor</span>, ōris, m. (evoc[a]o) <i>The
+one who calls forth</i> (to arms); <i>summoner</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ēx</span> or ē (e only before consonants).
+<i>Out of, from; immediately after; on account of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">exaudĭo</span>, audīvi, audītum, audīre, a.
+<i>To hear distinctly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-cĭdo</span>, cidi, no sup., cĭdĕre, n.
+(ex-cado) <i>To fall out</i> or <i>down</i>;<i> to slip out</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-clūdo</span>, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre, a.
+(ex; claudo) <i>To exclude.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-ĕo</span>, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. <i>To go
+forth, depart.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-ercĕo</span>, ŭi, ĭtum, ercēre, a. (ex;
+arceo) <i>To drive on, exercise.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">64</span>
+<a name = "page64" id = "page64"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-haurĭo</span>, hausi, haustum, haurīre, a.
+<i>To draw out; take away; to drain.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-īstimo</span>, istĭmāvi, istĭmātum,
+istĭmāre. <i>To judge, consider.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">exĭ-tĭum</span>, ii, n. (exi, true root of
+exeo) <i>Destruction, ruin.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">exslĭ-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (for exsul-ium, fr.
+exsul, the condition of an) <i>Banishment, exile.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-sisto</span>, stĭti, stĭtum, sistĕre, n.
+<i>To step forth; to appear; to be, exist.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-specto</span>, spectāvi, spectātum,
+spectāre, a. <i>To await, expect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-stinguo</span>, stinxi, stinctum, stingĕre,
+a. (ex; stinguo, <i>to extinguish</i>) <i>To put out; extinguish,
+destroy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-sul</span>, ŭlis, com. gen. (ex; solum;
+<i>one who is banished from his native soil</i>) <i>An exile.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-sulto</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, n. intens.
+(for ex-salto, fr. exsal, true root of exsil-io) <i>To leap; exult,
+rejoice.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ex-torqueo</span>, torsi, tortum, torquēre, a.
+<i>To wrench out, wrest away</i>.</p>
+<p><span class = "larger">extrā</span>, adv. and prep. with acc.
+<i>Outside of, beyond.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_F" id = "vocab_F" href = "#vocab">F</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">făcĭl-e</span>, adv. (facil-is) <i>Easily,
+readily.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">făc-ĭnus</span>, ŏris, n. (fac-io, <i>the
+thing done</i>) <i>A deed; a&nbsp;bad deed.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">făc-ĭo</span>, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a.;
+pass., fīo, fieri, factus sum. <i>To make, do, perform; to
+cause.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">falc-ārĭus</span>, ĭi, m. (falx) <i>A
+scythe-maker.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fallo</span>, fĕfelli, falsum, fallĕre, a.
+<i>To deceive; to escape the notice.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fal-sus</span>, a, um, part. (for fall-sus,
+fr. fall-o) <i>Deceptive; false, untrue.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fāma</span>, ae, f. <i>Report, rumour; fame,
+reputation; infamy, ill-fame.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fāmes</span>, is, f. <i>Hunger,
+famine.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fă-tĕor</span>, fassus sum, fătēri, dep. a.
+(f[a]-or) <i>To confess.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fauces</span>, ĭum, f. pl. <i>The throat;
+a&nbsp;narrow way, defile,</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fax</span>, făcis, f. <i>A torch.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fēbris</span>, is, f. [ferveo, “to burn”]
+<i>Fever.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fĕro</span>, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irreg.
+[roots are <span class = "smallcaps">fer</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">tul</span>. The second root has the form <span class =
+"smallcaps">tol, tla, tal</span>. The supine <i>latum</i> =
+<i>tlatum</i> is from this latter root] <i>To bear, carry; to get,
+receive; to suffer, endure; to say, report, relate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ferrum</span>, i, n. <i>Iron, an iron weapon,
+a&nbsp;sword.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fīnis</span>, is [for fidnis; root <span class
+= "smallcaps">fid</span>, root of findo, “to divide”] m. and f. <i>A
+limit, end.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fīo (pass</span>, of facio), fieri, factus
+sum. <i>To be done; to become.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">firm-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (firmus)
+<i>To make firm; to strengthen.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">firmus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Strong.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">flāgĭt-ĭūm</span>, ii, n. (flagit-o) <i>A
+shameful or disgraceful act; shame</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">foed-us</span>, ĕris, n. (for fidus, fr. fido;
+<i>a trusting</i>) <i>A league, treaty.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fŏre</span> = futurus esse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fort-as-se</span>, adv. (for forte; an; sit)
+<i>Perhaps.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fortis</span>, e, adj. <i>Courageous,
+brave.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fort-ĭtūdo</span>, ĭnis, f. (fortis)
+<i>Firmness, courage, resolution.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fort-ūna</span>, ae, f. (fors, that which
+belongs to) <i>Chance, fortune</i>; in pl., <i>property</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fŏrum</span>, i, n. [akin to root <span class
+= "smallcaps">per, por</span>, “to go through;” cp. <span class =
+"greek" title = "poros">πόρος</span>] <i>The marketplace; Forum</i>,
+which was a long open space between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills,
+surrounded by porticoes and the shops of bankers; <i>a market town,
+mart</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">frango</span>, frēgi, fractum, frangĕre, a.
+[root <span class = "smallcaps">frag</span>, “to break”] <i>To break; to
+subdue.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">frĕquent-ĭa</span>, ae, f. [root <span class =
+"smallcaps">farc</span>, “to cram”] <i>An assembly, multitude,
+concourse.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">frīgus</span>, ŏris, n. <i>Cold.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">frons</span>, frontis, f. <i>The forehead,
+brow.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fŭg-a</span>, ae, f. (fug-io)
+<i>Flight.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fūnes-tus</span>, a, um, adj. (for funer-tus;
+fr. funus, <i>death</i>) <i>Causing death; fatal, destructive.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">65</span>
+<a name = "page65" id = "page65"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">fŭrĭ-ōsus</span>, a, um, adj. (furi-ae)
+<i>Full of madness; raging, furious.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">fŭr-or</span>, ōris, m. (fur-o) <i>A raging,
+madness.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_G" id = "vocab_G" href = "#vocab">G</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">gaudĭum</span>, ĭi, n. (gaudeo) <i>Gladness,
+delight, pleasure.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">gĕl-ĭdus</span>, a, um, adj. (gel-o, <i>to
+freeze</i>) <i>Icy cold.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">gen-s</span>, tis, f. (gen-o = gigno, <i>to
+beget; that which is begotten</i>) <i>A clan; a&nbsp;tribe,
+nation.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">glădĭ-ātor</span>, ōris, m. (gladi-us, one
+using&nbsp;a) <i>A swordsman; a&nbsp;gladiator.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">glădiŭs</span>, ĭi, m. <i>A sword.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">glōr-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (akin to clarus)
+<i>Glory.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">grād-us</span>, ūs, m. (grad-ior, <i>to
+walk</i>) <i>A step; a&nbsp;degree.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">grāt-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (grat-us, the quality
+of the) <i>Regard, love; gratitude; thanks.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">grăvis</span>, e, adj. <i>Heavy; severe;
+grave, impressive; venerable.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">grăv-ĭter</span>, adv. <i>Violently,
+severely.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_H" id = "vocab_H" href = "#vocab">H</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hăbĕo</span>, ŭi, ĭtum, hăbēre, a. <i>To have,
+hold; to do, perform, make; to give.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hăb-ĭto</span>, ĭtāvi, ĭtātum, ĭtāre, intens.,
+a. and n. (hab-eo) <i>To inhabit; live; to stay.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">haereo</span>, haesi, haesum, haerēre, n.
+<i>To stick, adhere.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hebe-sco</span>, no perf., no sup., scĕre, n.
+inch. (hebe-o, <i>to be blunt</i>) <i>To be dull.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hīc</span>, haec, hoc, pron. demonstr.
+<i>This.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hic-ce</span>, intensive form of hic.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hīc</span>, adv. <i>Here.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hŏmo</span>, ĭnis, com. gen. <i>A human being;
+man or woman; person.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hŏnest-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To
+adorn; to honor.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hones-tus</span>, a, um, adj. (for honor-tus,
+fr. honor) <i>Regarded with honor; honored, noble.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hŏnor (os)</span>, ōris. m. <i>Honor; official
+dignity, office.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hōra</span>, ae, f. <i>An hour.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">horr-ĭbĭlis</span>, e, adj. (horr-eo, <i>to be
+trembled at</i>) <i>Terrible, fearful, horrible.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hortor</span>, ātus sum, āre, dep. <i>To
+strongly urge, exhort.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hostis</span>, is, com. gen. <i>An
+enemy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">hŭmus</span>, i, f. <i>The ground</i>; humi
+(loc.), <i>on the ground</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_I" id = "vocab_I" href = "#vocab">I</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">īdem</span>, eadem, idem, pron. (root i,
+suffix dem) <i>The same.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">īdūs</span>, uum, f. pi. <i>The Ides.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĭgĭtur</span>, conj. <i>Then; therefore,
+accordingly; well then.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">i-gnōmin-ia. ae</span>, f. (for in-gno-min-ia;
+fr. in, gnomen = nomen, <i>a depriving of one’s good name</i>)
+<i>Disgrace, ignominy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">i-gnō-ro</span>, a. (for in-gno-ro; fr. in,
+<i>not</i>; <span class = "smallcaps">gno</span>, root of gnosco =
+nosco) <i>Not to know, to be ignorant of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ille</span>, a, ud, pron. demonstr. <i>That;
+he, she, it.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">illĕc-ĕbra</span>, ae, f. (for illac-ebra, fr.
+illac, true root of illic-o, <i>to allure</i>) <i>An enticement,
+allurement.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">illust-ro</span>, a. [in, <span class =
+"smallcaps">luc</span>, “to shine:” cp. lux] <i>To light up, illumine;
+to make clear.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">immān-ĭtas</span>, ātis, f. (immanis,
+<i>huge</i>) <i>Hugeness, enormity.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-minĕo</span>, no perf., no sup. mĭnēre, n.
+(in, mineo, <i>to hang over</i>) <i>To border upon, be near,
+impend.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a.
+(in; mitto) <i>To send into; to let loose.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">immo</span>, adv. (etym. dub.) <i>On the under
+side, on the reverse; on the contrary; no indeed, by no means; yes
+indeed.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-mortālis</span>, e, adj. (in; mortalis,
+<i>mortal</i>) <i>Immortal.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">impĕd-ĭo</span>, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (in; pes,
+<i>to get the feet in something</i>) <i>To hinder, prevent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-pendĕo</span>, no perf., no sup., pendēre,
+n. (in; pendeo, <i>to hang</i>) <i>To hang over; to impend,
+threaten.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">impĕrā-tor</span>, ōris, in. (imper-[a]-o)
+<i>A general; chief.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">66</span>
+<a name = "page66" id = "page66"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">im-pĕrītus</span>, a, um, adj. (in; perītus,
+<i>skilled</i>) <i>Inexperienced, ignorant.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">impĕr-ĭum</span>, i, n. (imper-o)
+<i>Authority, power, empire, government.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-pĕro</span>, pĕrāvĭ, pĕrātum, pĕrāre. a.
+(in; patro, <i>to bring, to pass</i>) <i>To accomplish; obtain.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">impĕtus</span>, ūs, m. (impeto, <i>to
+attack</i>) <i>An attack.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-pĭus</span>, a, um, adj. (in; pius,
+<i>pious</i>) <i>Not pious, irreverent, unpatriotic.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-portū-nus</span>, a, um, adj. (for
+<i>in-portu-nus</i>, fr. in; portus) <i>Unsuitable; savage;
+dangerous.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-prŏbus</span>, a, um, adj. (in; probus)
+<i>Wicked, base.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">im-pūnītus</span>, a, um, adj. (in; punitus,
+<i>punished</i>) <i>Not punished; unpunished.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in</span>, prep, with acc. and abl. <i>In,
+into, against</i>; of time, <i>up to, for, into, through</i>; with
+ablative, <i>in, upon, on</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĭnānis</span>, e, adj. <i>Empty, void.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">incend-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (incend-o) <i>A
+burning, conflagration, fire.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-clūdo</span>, clūsi, clūsum, clūdĕre, a.
+<i>To shut up; to include.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-crēdĭbilis</span>, e, adj. <i>Incredible,
+extraordinary.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">increpo</span>, (āvi) ui, (ātum) ĭtum, āre, n.
+and a. <i>To make a noise.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-dūco</span>, duxi, ductum, dūcĕre, a. <i>To
+introduce; to lead into, persuade.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-ĕo</span>, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. or a. <i>To go
+into, enter; begin.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inert-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (inners, the quality
+of the) <i>Want of skill; inactivity.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-fĕro</span>, ferre, intūi, illātum, a. irr.
+<i>To produce, make; to bring, put</i>, or <i>place upon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">infestus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Hostile,
+dangerous.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">infiti-or</span>, dep. (infiti-ae,
+<i>denial</i>) <i>To deny.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-flammo</span>, flammāvi, flammātum,
+flammāre, a. <i>To set on fire.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-grăvesco</span>, no perf., no sup.,
+grăvescĕre, n. <i>To grow heavy; to grow worse.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĭn-ĭmīcus</span>, a, um, adj. (in; amicus)
+<i>Unfriendly</i>; as noun, m., <i>a private enemy</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĭnĭtĭ-o</span>, a. (initi-um) <i>To begin, to
+initiate, consecrate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">injūrĭ-a</span>, ae, f. (injuri-us,
+<i>injurious</i>) <i>Injury, wrong</i>; injuriâ, as adv.,
+<i>unjustly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inl</span>: see ill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĭnŏp-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (inops)
+<i>Need.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inquam</span>, def. verb. <i>To say.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inr</span>: see irr.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inscrībo</span>, scripsi, scriptum, scrībĕre,
+a. <i>To write upon; to inscribe; to impress upon.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">insĭd-ĭae</span>, ārum, f. pl. (insid-eo,
+<i>to sit in</i>) <i>An ambush, ambuscade; plot treachery.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">insĭdĭ-or</span>, atus sum, ari, dep.
+(insidiae) <i>To wait for, expect; to plot against.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">intel-lego</span>, lexi, lectum, lĕgĕre, a.
+(inter: lego, <i>to choose between</i>) <i>To perceive,
+understand.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-tendo</span>, tendi, tentum, tendĕre, and
+tensum, a. <i>To stretch out; to strive; to aim at.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inter</span>, prep, with acc. <i>Between,
+among.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inter-cēdo</span>, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n.
+<i>To go</i> or <i>come between; to intervene</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inter-fĭcĭo</span>, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, a.
+(inter; facio) <i>To destroy; to kill.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">intĕrĭ-tus</span>, ūs, m. (intereo)
+<i>Destruction; death.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inter-rŏgo</span>, rŏgāvi, rŏgātum, rŏgāre, a.
+<i>To ask, inquire.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">inter-sum</span>, esse, fui, n. irr. <i>To be
+between; to differ</i>; interest, impers., <i>it interests</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">intes-tīnus</span>, a, um, adj. (for
+intus-tinus, fr. intus) <i>Internal; intestine, civil.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">intrā</span>, prep, with acc. <i>Within,
+in.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-ūro</span>, ussi, ustum, ūrĕre, a. <i>To
+burn into; to brand.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">in-vĕnio</span>, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, a.
+<i>To come upon, find.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">invĭd-ĭā</span>, ae, f. (invid-us, <i>an
+envier</i>) <i>Envy, jealousy, unpopularity.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">67</span>
+<a name = "page67" id = "page67"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">invīto</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To ask,
+invite, summon.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">i-pse</span>, a, um, pron. demonstr. (for
+i-pse; fr. is and suffix pse) <i>Himself, herself, itself; he, she, it;
+very.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ir-rētĭ-o</span>, vi, ītum, īre, a. (for
+in-ret-io, fr. in; ret-e, <i>a net</i>) <i>To ensnare,
+captivate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">is</span>, ea, id. pron. demonstr. <i>This,
+that; he, she, it; such.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">is-te</span>, ta, tud, pron. demonstr. (is;
+suffix te) <i>This of yours; this, that; that fellow, that thing</i>
+(used with contempt).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ĭta</span>, adv. <i>In this way; so,
+thus.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_J" id = "vocab_J" href = "#vocab">J</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jăcĕo</span>, ui, jacĭtum, ēre, n. <i>To lie;
+to lie down.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jac-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. freq.
+(jac-io) <i>To throw; to toss about; to boast, vaunt.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jam</span>, adv. <i>Now, already</i>;
+jamdūdum, <i>a long time since, long ago</i> (with a present tense,
+giving the force of the perfect brought down to the present time);
+jam-prīdem, adv. <i>long time ago, for a long time</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jŭbĕo</span>, jussi, jussum, jŭbēre, a. <i>To
+command, order, bid.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jū-cundus</span>, a, um, adj. (for juv-cundus,
+fr. juv-o) <i>Pleasant, agreeable, pleasing.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jūdĭc-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (judic-o) <i>A
+judging; a&nbsp;judgment; a&nbsp;sentence.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jū-dico</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (jus; dĭco)
+<i>To judge; to think.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jungo</span>, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a.
+<i>To join, unite.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jū-s</span>, jūris, n. (akin to root ju, <i>to
+join</i>) <i>Law, right, justice</i>; jure, <i>justly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jus-sū</span>, m. (only in abl. sing.; jubeo)
+<i>By command.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">jus-tus</span>, a, um, adj. (for jur-tus, fr.
+jus) <i>Just, right.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_L" id = "vocab_L" href = "#vocab">L</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lābefac-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a.
+intens. (labefacio) <i>To cause to totter; to injure, ruin; to
+imperil.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lăbor</span>, ōris, m. <i>Labor, toil.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">laet-ĭtĭa</span>, ae, f. (laet-us) <i>Joy,
+gladness.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lātro</span>, (a short or long), ōnis, m. <i>A
+robber, highwayman.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">latrōcīn-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (latro) <i>Highway
+robbery, plundering.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">laus</span>, laudis, f. <i>Praise, fame,
+honor.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lectŭ-lus</span>, i, m. dim. (for lecto-lus,
+fr. lecto, stem of lectus) <i>A little couch, bed.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lēnis</span>, e, adj. <i>Soft, gentle,
+mild.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lex</span>, lēgis, f. (= leg-s, fr. lēg-o;
+<i>that which is read</i>) <i>A law.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">līber</span>, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. <i>Free,
+unrestrained.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lībĕr-i</span>, ōrum, m. pl. (liber)
+<i>Children.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lībĕr-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (id.) <i>To
+make free; to free.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lib-īdo</span>, ĭnis, f. (lib-et) <i>Desire;
+passion, lust.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lĭcet</span>, ŭit, itum est, ēre, imp. <i>It
+is permitted; one may</i> or <i>can</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lŏcus</span>, i, m. <i>A place</i> (in pl.,
+loci or loca).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">long-e</span>, adv. (long-us) <i>Far off;
+greatly, much; by far.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lŏquor</span>, lŏcūtus sum, lŏqui, dep. <i>To
+speak, say.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">lux</span>, lūcis, f. (= luc-s, fr. luc-eo,
+<i>to shine</i>) <i>Light; the light of day, daylight.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_M" id = "vocab_M" href = "#vocab">M</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">māchĭn-or</span>, ātus sum, āri, dep.
+(machin-a, <i>a device</i>) <i>To contrive, devise; to plot.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mac-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens.
+(for mag-to, fr. obsolete mag-o, of same root as found in mag-nus) <i>To
+venerate, honor; to kill, slay; to immolate; to destroy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mă-gis</span>, adv. <i>More.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mag-nus</span>, a, um, adj. (comp. major, sup.
+maximus; root mag) <i>Great</i>; majores, <i>ancestors</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">māj-or</span>, us, adj. comp. (magnus)</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mallĕŏ-lus</span>, i, m. dim. (malleus, <i>a
+hammer</i>) <i>A small hammer; a&nbsp;kind of fire-dart.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mā-lo</span>, malle, mālŭi, a. irr.
+(contracted fr. mag-volo, fr. root mag;</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">68</span>
+<a name = "page68" id = "page68"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">volo</span>, <i>to have a great desire
+for</i>) <i>To prefer.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">măl-um</span>, i, n. (malus) <i>An
+evil.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">man-do</span>, dāvi, dātum, dāre, a. (man-us;
+do, <i>to put into one’s hand</i>) <i>To order; to commend, consign,
+intrust; to lay up</i>; se fugae mandare, <i>to take to flight</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mănus</span>, ūs, f. <i>A hand; band of
+troops.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mārīt-us</span>, a, um, adj. (marit-a, mas)
+<i>Matrimonial, conjugal</i>; as noun, m. (sc. vir), <i>a
+husband</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mātūr-ē</span>, adv. (matur-us) <i>Seasonably,
+at the proper time; soon.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mātūr-ĭtas</span>, ātis, f. (matur-us)
+<i>Ripeness, maturity, perfection.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">maxĭm-ē</span>, adv. (maxim-us) <i>In the
+highest degree, especially.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĕdĭocr-ĭter</span>, adv. (mediocris)
+<i>Moderately.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĕdĭtor</span>, ātus sum, āri, dep. <i>To
+think, consider, meditate upon; to practise.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mehercŭle</span>, mehercle, mehercules, adv.
+<i>By Hercules.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĕmĭni</span>, isse, a. and n., dep. <i>To
+remember, recollect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĕmŏria</span>, ae, f. (memor, <i>mindful</i>)
+<i>Memory.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mens</span>, mentis, f. <i>The mind; thought,
+purpose.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĕtŭ-o</span>, ŭi, ūtum, a. and n. (metu-s)
+<i>To fear.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĕtus</span>, ūs, m. <i>Fear.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĕ-us</span>, a, um, pron. pers. (me) <i>My,
+mine.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĭn-us</span>, adv. (min-or) <i>Less,
+not.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mĭsĕrĭcord-ĭā</span>, ae, f. (miseri-cors,
+<i>pitiful</i>) <i>Pity, compassion.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. <i>To
+let go, send.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mŏdo</span>, adv. <i>Only</i>; non modo ...
+sed etiam, <i>not only; ... but also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mŏdus</span>, i, m. <i>A measure; limit;
+manner; kind.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">moenĭa</span>, ium, n. pl. <i><ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘Defeusive’">defensive</ins> walls;
+ramparts; city walls.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mōles</span>, is, f. <i>A huge mass;
+greatness, might.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mōl-ĭor</span>, ītus sum, īri, dep., n. and a.
+(mol-es) <i>To endeavor, strive; to undertake; to plot; to
+prepare.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mol-lis</span>, e, adj. (for mov-lis, fr.
+mov-eo, <i>that may</i> or <i>can be moved</i>) <i>Weak, feeble; gentle;
+mild.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mŏra</span>, ae, f. <i>A delay.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">morbus</span>, i, m. <i>A sickness,
+disease.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mor-s</span>, tis, f. (mor-ior)
+<i>Death.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mor-tŭus</span>, a, um, part. (mor-ior)
+<i>Dead.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mos</span>, mōris, m. [for meors; from meo,
+are, “to go”] <i>Usage, custom, practice.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mŏvĕo</span>, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a. <i>To
+move; to affect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mult-ō</span>, adv. (mult-us) <i>Much,
+greatly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mult-o (mulcto)</span>, āvi, ātum, āre
+(mult-a, <i>a fine</i>) <i>To fine; to punish.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">multus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Much</i>; in
+pl., <i>many</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mūn-ĭo</span>, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (moenia)
+<i>To fortify.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mūnī-tus</span>, a, um, part. (muni-o)
+<i>Fortified, secure.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mūrus</span>, i, m. [for mun-rus; root <span
+class = "smallcaps">mun</span>, “to defend”] <i>A wall.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">mū-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens.
+(for mov-to, fr. mov-eo) <i>To move; to alter, change.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_N" id = "vocab_N" href = "#vocab">N</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nam</span>, conj. <i>For.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nanciscor</span>, nanctus and nactus sum,
+nancisci, dep. <i>To get; to find.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nascor</span>, nātus sum, nasci, dep. <i>To be
+born; to spring forth; to grow.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nā-tūra</span>, ae, f. (na-scor; <i>a being
+born</i>) <i>Birth; nature.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nau-frăgus</span>, a, um, adj. (nav-frag-us;
+navis; frag, root of frango) <i>That suffers shipwreck; wrecked.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nē</span>, adv. and conj. <i>No, not</i>; ne
+... quidem, <i>not even; that not, lest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">-nĕ</span>, interrog. and enclitic particle,
+in direct questions with the ind. asking merely for information; in
+indirect questions with the subj. <i>Whether.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger"><span class = "larger">nec</span>,
+conj.</span>: see neque.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nĕcess-ārĭus</span>, a, um, adj. (ne-cess-e)
+<i>Unavoidable, necessary</i>; as noun, m., <i>a relative,
+friend</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">69</span>
+<a name = "page69" id = "page69"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">nĕ-ces-se</span>, neut. adj. (found only in
+nom. and acc. sing., for ne-ced-se, fr. ne; ed-o, <i>not yielding</i>)
+<i>Unavoidable, necessary.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nĕfār-ĭus</span>, a. um, adj. (for nefas-ius,
+fr. nefas) <i>Impious, nefarious.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nēg-lĕg-o</span>, lexi, lectum, lĕgĕre, a.
+(nec; lego, <i>not to gather</i>) <i>To neglect, disregard.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nĕgo</span>, nĕgāvi, nĕgātum, nĕgāre, n. and
+a. <i>To say “no;” to deny.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nē-mo</span>, ĭnis, m. and f. (ne; homo) <i>No
+person, no one, nobody.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nĕ-que or nec</span>, adv. <i>Not</i>; conj.,
+<i>and not</i>; neque ... neque, nec ... nec, <i>neither ...
+nor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nēqu-ĭtĭa</span>, ae, f.<ins class =
+"correction" title = "open parenthesis missing"> (</ins>nequ-am)
+<i>Badness; inactivity, negligence.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ne-scĭo</span>, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a.
+<i>Not to know, to be ignorant of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nex</span>, nĕcis, f. (= nec-s, fr. nec-o)
+<i>Death; murder, slaughter.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nĭhil</span>, n. indecl. (nihilum, by apocope)
+<i>Nothing; not at all.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nĭmis</span>, adv. <i>Too much; too.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nĭmĭ-um</span>, adv. (nimi-us) <i>Too much;
+too.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nĭ-si</span>, conj. <i>If not, unless.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">noct-urnus</span>, a, um, adj. (nox)
+<i>Belonging to the night, nocturnal.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nōmĭn-o</span> (1), a. (nomen) <i>To
+name.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nōn</span>, adv. <i>Not, no.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">non-dum</span>, adv. <i>Not yet.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">non-ne</span>, inter. adv. (expects answer
+“yes”) <i>Not?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">non-nullus</span>, a, um, adj. (not one)
+<i>Some, several.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">noster</span>, tra, trum, poss. pron. (nos)
+<i>Our, our own, ours</i>; in plur., as noun, m., <i>our men</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nŏta</span>, ae, f. (nosco) <i>A mark, sign;
+a&nbsp;brand.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nŏt-o</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. (not-a)
+<i>To mark, designate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nŏvus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>New.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nox</span>, noctis, f. <i>Night.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nūdus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Naked,
+bare.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">n-ullus</span>, a, um, adj. (ne; ullus)
+<i>None, no.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">num</span>, inter. particle, used in direct
+questions expecting the answer “no;” in indirect questions,
+<i>Whether</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nŭmĕrus</span>, i, m. <i>A number.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nunc</span>, adv. <i>Now, at present.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">n-unquam (numquam)</span>, adv. (ne; unquam)
+<i>Never.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nūper</span>, adv. (for nov-per, fr. nov-us)
+<i>Newly, lately.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">nupt-ĭae</span>, ārum, f. pl. (nupt-a, <i>a
+married woman</i>) <i>Marriage, nuptials.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_O" id = "vocab_O" href = "#vocab">O</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">O</span>, interj. <i>O! Oh!</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ob</span>, prep, with acc. <i>On account
+of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ŏbĕo</span>, īre, ĭi, ĭtum, n. <i>To engage
+in, execute.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">oblĭviscor</span>, oblītus sum, oblivisci,
+dep. <i>To forget.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">obscūr-ē</span>, adv. (obscur-us)
+<i>Indistinctly, secretly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">obscūr-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (obscurus)
+<i>To obscure.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ōbscūrus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Dark;
+unknown.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ob-sĭdĕo</span>, sēdi, sessum, sĭdēre, a. (ob;
+sedeo, <i>to sit</i>) <i>To sit down at</i> or <i>before; to invest; to
+watch for</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ob-sīdo</span>, no perf., no sup., sĭdēre, a.
+<i>To sit down over</i> or <i>against; to invest, besiege</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ob-sisto</span>, stĭti, stĭtum, sistĕre, n.
+<i>To oppose, resist.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ob-sto</span>, stĭti, stātum, stāre, n. <i>To
+oppose.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ob-tempĕro</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, n. <i>To
+comply with, obey.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">oc-cīdo</span>, cīdi, cīsum, cīdĕre, a. (ob;
+caedo, <i>to strike against</i>) <i>To strike down; to kill.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">oc-cŭp-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (for
+ob-cap-o, fr. ob; capio) <i>To take, seize; to occupy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ŏcŭlus</span>, i, m. <i>An eye.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ōdi</span>, odisse, a., defective. <i>To
+hate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ŏd-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (odi) <i>Hatred.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">of-fendo</span>, fendi, fensum, fendĕre, a.
+<i>To hit; to offend.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">of-fensus</span>, a, um, adj.
+<i>Odious</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ōmen</span>, ĭnis, n. <i>An omen.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">70</span>
+<a name = "page70" id = "page70"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">o-mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a. (ob;
+mitto) <i>To let go; to pass over, omit.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">omnis</span>, e, adj. <i>Every, all.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ŏpīn-or</span>, ātus sum, āri, dep. (opin-us,
+<i>thinking</i>) <i>To think, suppose, imagine.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ŏport-et</span>, ŭit, ēre, impers. <i>It is
+necessary.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">op-prĭmo</span>, pressi, pressum, prĭmĕre, a.
+(ob; premo) <i>To overwhelm, subdue, overpower; to cover.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">optĭm-as</span>, ātis, adj. (optim-us)
+<i>Aristocratic</i>; as noun (sc. homo), <i>an aristocrat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">opt-ĭmus</span>, a, um, adj. (super. of bonus)
+<i>Best, very good.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">orbis</span>, is, m. <i>A circle; the world,
+the universe.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ord-o</span>, ĭnis, m. (ord-ior, <i>to
+begin</i>) <i>Order; class, degree.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ōs</span>, ōris, n. <i>The mouth; the face,
+countenance.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">osten-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens.
+(for ostend-to, fr. ostend-o) <i>To show; to display.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ōtĭ-ōsus</span>, a, um, adj. (oti-um, full of)
+<i>At leisure; quiet; calm, tranquil.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ōtĭum</span>, ii, n. <i>Leisure.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_P" id = "vocab_P" href = "#vocab">P</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pa-ciscor</span>, pactus sum, pacisci, dep.,
+n. and a. <i>To contract; to agree, bargain.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pac-tum</span>, i, n. (pac-iscor) <i>An
+agreement, compact; manner, way.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pango</span>, pang-ĕre, panxi, pactum. <i>To
+agree.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">par-ens</span>, entis, m. and f. (par-io) <i>A
+parent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">părĭes</span>, ietis, m. <i>A wall.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">părĭo</span>, pĕpĕri, părĭtum, părĕre and
+partum, a. <i>To bring forth; to obtain.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">păr-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To make,
+get ready, prepare.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">parrĭ-cīda</span>, ae, m. (for patr-i-caed-a,
+fr. pater; [i]; caedo) <i>The murderer of one’s father;
+parricide.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">parricīd-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (parricid-a)
+<i>Parricide, murder, treason.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pars</span>, partis, f. <i>A part,
+portion.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">part-ĭ-cep-s</span>, cĭpis, adj. (for
+part-i-cap-s, fr. pars; [i]; cap-io) <i>Sharing, partaking</i>; as noun,
+<i>a sharer, partaker</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">parvus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Small, little,
+slight.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pat-e-făcĭo</span>, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a.
+(pateo; facio) <i>To disclose, expose, bring to light.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pătĕo</span>, ŭi, no sup., pătēre, n. <i>To
+stand</i> or <i>lie open; to be clear, plain</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">păter</span>, tris, m. <i>A father.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pătĭent-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (patior)
+<i>Patience.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pătr-ĭus</span>, a, um (a long or short), adj.
+(pater) <i>Paternal, fatherly</i>; as noun, f. (sc. <ins class =
+"correction" title = "first ‘r’ invisible">terra</ins>), <i>native land,
+country</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">paucus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Small,
+little</i>; as noun, pl. m., <i>few, a&nbsp;few</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">paul-isper</span>, adv. (paul-us,
+<i>little</i>) <i>For a little while.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">paul-ō adv. (id.</span>, <i>little</i>) <i>By
+a little, a&nbsp;little.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">paul-um</span>, adv. (paul-us) <i>By a little,
+a&nbsp;little.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">paul-us</span>, a, um, adj. <i>A little,
+small.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pĕnĭ-tus</span>, adv. (root pen) <i>From <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘withiu’">within</ins>;
+deeply.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per</span>, prep, with acc. <i>Through; by, by
+means of; on account of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-cĭpĭ-o</span>, cēpi, ceptum, cĭpĕre, a.
+(per; capio) <i>To take possession of, seize; to comprehend, perceive,
+learn.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">perd-ĭtus</span>, a, um, part. (perd-o)
+<i>Ruined, desperate, abandoned.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-do</span>, dĭdi, dĭtum, dĕre, a. <i>To
+destroy, ruin.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-fĕro</span>, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr.
+<i>To bear, endure.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-fringo</span>, frēgi, fractum, fringĕre,
+a. (per; frango) <i>To break through; to violate, infringe.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-frŭor</span>, fructus sum, frŭi, dep.
+<i>To enjoy fully.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-go</span>, perrexi, perrectum, pergĕre, a.
+and n. (for per-rego, <i>to make quite straight</i>) <i>To proceed, go
+on.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pĕrīcl-ītor</span>, ītātus sum, tari, dep., a.
+and n. (perīcl-um) <i>To try; to endanger, risk; to venture,
+hazard.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">71</span>
+<a name = "page71" id = "page71"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">pĕrī-cŭlum (clum)</span>, i, n. (peri-or
+[obsolete], <i>to go through</i>) <i>A trial; hazard, danger,
+peril.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mittere, a.
+<i>To send through; to give up, intrust, surrender.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-mŏvĕo</span>, mōvi, mōtum, mŏvēre, a.
+<i>To move thoroughly; to excite, arouse.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pernĭc-ĭes</span>, ĭēi, f. (pernec-o, <i>to
+kill utterly</i>) <i>Destruction.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pernĭcĭ-ōsus</span>, a, um, adj. (per-nici-es,
+full of) <i>Very destructive, ruinous, pernicious.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">perpĕtŭus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Continuous;
+constant, perpetual.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-saepe</span>. <i>Very often, very
+frequently.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-spĭcĭo</span>, spexi, spectum, spĭcĕre, a.
+(per; specio, <i>to look</i>) <i>To look through; to perceive,
+note.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-terrĕo</span>, ŭi, ĭtum, terrēre, a. <i>To
+terrify thoroughly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-tĭme-sco</span>, tĭmŭi, no sup.,
+tĭmescĕre, a. and n. inch. (pertimeo) <i>To fear or dread
+greatly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-tĭn-ĕō</span>, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, n.
+(per; teneo) <i>To stretch; to concern; to pertain to.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">per-vĕnĭo</span>, vēni, ventum, vĕnīre, n.
+<i>To arrive at, reach.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pestis</span>, is, f. <i>Ruin, plague.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pĕt-ītĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (pet-o) <i>An
+attack, thrust.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pĕto</span>, pĕtīvi, pĕtītum, pĕtĕre, a. <i>To
+seek; to attack, thrust at.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">plăcĕo</span>, ŭi, ĭtum, plăcēre, n. <i>To
+please</i>; placet, impers., <i>it seems good; it is resolved upon; it
+is determined</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">plāco</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To quiet,
+calm, reconcile.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">plān-ē</span>, adv. (plan-us) <i>Simply,
+clearly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">plēbes</span>, ei, f. or plebs, plēbis, f.
+<i>The common people, the plebeians.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">plū-rĭmus</span>, a, um, sup. adj. (multus)
+<i>Very much</i>; in pl., <i>the largest</i> or <i>smaller number</i>;
+with quam, <i>as many as possible</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">poena</span>, ae, f. <i>Punishment.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pol-lĭcĕor</span>, licitus sum, lĭcērĭ, dep.
+(pot, root of pot-is, <i>powerful</i>, and liceor, <i>to bid</i>) <i>To
+promise.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pontĭfex</span>, fĭcis, m. <i>The high priest,
+pontiff.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pŏpŭlus</span>, i, m. <i>A people, nation,
+multitude.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">porta</span>, ae, f. <i>A gate;
+passage.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pos-sum</span>, posse, pŏtŭi, no sup., n. irr.
+(for pot-sum, fr. pot, root of pot-is, <i>able</i>, and sum) <i>To be
+able.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">post</span>, adv. and prep. with acc.
+<i>Behind; after; next to, since.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">post-ĕā</span>, adv. <i>After this;
+afterwards.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">postĕr-ĭtas</span>, ātis, f. (poster-us)
+<i>Futurity; posterity.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">postŭlo</span>, a. <i>To ask, demand,
+request.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pŏtĭus</span>, adv. (adv. neut. of potior,
+comp. of potis) <i>Rather, more.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prae-clārus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Splendid,
+excellent; distinguished.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prae-dĭco</span>, dĭcāvi, dĭcātum, dĭ-cāre, a.
+<i>To publish, state, declare.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prae-dīco</span>, dixi, dictum, dīcĕre, a.
+<i>To <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘sag’">say</ins>
+beforehand; to predict.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prae-fĕro</span>, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr.
+<i>To bear before; to display, to exhibit.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prae-mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mittĕre, a.
+<i>To send forward.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prae-s-ens</span>, entis, adj. (prae; sum)
+<i>Present.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">praesent-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (praesens)
+<i>Presence.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">praesĭd-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (praesid-eo) <i>A
+guarding, defence, aid; a&nbsp;garrison, guard.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prae-stōlor</span> (1), dep. n. and a. <i>To
+wait for.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">praetĕr-ĕo</span>, īre, ii, ĭtum, n. and a.
+irr. <i>To pass over, omit.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">praeter-mitto</span>, mīsi, missum, mittĕre,
+a. <i>To pass over, omit.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prae-tor</span>, ōris, m. (for praei-tor, fr.
+praeeo) <i>A leader; a&nbsp;praetor</i>, an officer next to consul in
+rank.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prī-dem</span>, adv. (for prae-dem, fr. prae;
+suffix dem) <i>A long time ago, long since.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prī-diē</span>, adv. (for prae-die, fr. prae;
+dies) <i>On the day before.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prī-mō</span>, adv. (primus) <i>At
+first.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">72</span>
+<a name = "page72" id = "page72"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">pri-mus</span>, a, um, sup. adj. (for
+prae-mus, fr. prae, with superlative suffix mus) <i>The first,
+first.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prin-cep-s</span>, cĭpis, adj. (for prim-caps,
+fr. prim-us; cap-io) <i>First</i>; as noun, m. and f., <i>chief,
+leader</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prĭ-or</span>, us, gen. ōris, comp. adj. (for
+prae-or, fr. prae; comparative suffix or) <i>Former.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prīvā-tus</span>, a, um, part. (prīv-[a]-o,
+<i>to deprive</i>) <i>Private</i>; as noun, m., <i>a private
+citizen</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prob-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To try;
+to approve.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">perfec-tĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (for profac-tio,
+fr. profic-iscor) <i>A setting out, departure.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prō-fĭcĭo</span>, fēci, fectum, fĭcĕre, n. and
+a. (pro; facio) <i>To accomplish, effect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pro-fĭc-iscor</span>, fectus sum, fĭcisci,
+dep. n. inch, (for pro-fac-iscor, fr. pro; fac-io) <i>To set
+out.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prō-fŭgĭo</span>, fūgi, fŭgitum, fŭgĕre, a.
+and n. <i>To flee.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prŏpe</span>, adv. and prep, with acc.
+<i>Nearly, almost.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prŏprĭus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>One’s one;
+proper, peculiar, suited to.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">prop-ter</span>, prep. with acc. (prop-e)
+<i>Near; on account of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pro-sĕquor</span>, sĕcūtus sum, sĕqui, dep.
+<i>To follow, accompany.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">proxĭmus</span>, a, um, adj. (proc-simus, for
+prop-simus, fr. prop-e, and sup. ending simus) <i>The nearest, next; the
+last.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">publĭc-ē</span>, adv. (public-us) <i>In behalf
+of the state, in the name of the state.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">publ-ĭcus</span>, a, um, adj. (populus)
+<i>public, common</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pŭd-or</span>, ōrĭs, m. (pudet) <i>Shame,
+modesty.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pur-go</span>, a. (pūr-us) <i>To clean,
+cleanse; purify.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">pŭt-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (put-us,
+<i>cleansed</i>) <i>To make clean; to reckon, think.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_Q" id = "vocab_Q" href = "#vocab">Q</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quaero</span> (quaeso), quaesīvi, ii,
+quaesītum, quaerĕre, a. <i>To seek; demand, ask.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quaeso</span>: see quaero.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quaēs-tio</span>, ōnis, f. (quaes-o) <i>A
+seeking; a&nbsp;judicial investigation.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quam</span>, adv. (adverbial acc. of quis)
+<i>In what manner, how; as much, as; than</i>; with superlatives,
+<i>as</i> (much as) <i>possible</i>, e.g. quam primum, <i>as soon as
+possible</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quam-dĭu</span>, adv. <i>How long, as long
+as.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quam-ob-rem</span>, rel. adv. <i>On which
+account, wherefore.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quam-quam</span>, conj. <i>Although.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quantus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>How great, how
+much.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quā-rē</span>, adv. (quis; res) <i>From what
+cause? wherefore?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">-que</span>, enclitic conj. <i>And</i>; que
+... que, <i>both ... and</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quĕr-ĭmōnĭa</span>, ae, f. (queror) <i>A
+complaint.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quĕror</span>, questus sum, quĕri, dep. a. and
+n. <i>To complain of, lament, bewail.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quī</span>, quae, quod, rel. pron. <i>Who,
+which, what, that.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quī-dam</span>, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.
+<i>Some, some one, a&nbsp;certain one.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quĭdem</span>, adv. <i>Indeed, at least</i>;
+ne ... quidem, <i>not even</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quĭe-sco</span>, quĭēvi, quĭētum, quĭescĕre,
+n. inch, (for quiet-sco, fr. quies) <i>To keep quiet.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quin-tus</span>, a, um, ord. num. adj.
+(quinqu-tus, fr. quinque) <i>The fifth.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quis</span>, quae, quid, interrog. pron.
+(quis, quae, quod, used adjectively) <i>Who? which? what?</i> quid,
+<i>how? why? wherefore?</i> preceded by ne, si, <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘nisl’">nisi</ins>, num, becomes an
+indefinite pron., <i>any, some</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quis-quam</span>, quae-quam, quic-quam
+(quod-quam), indef. pron. <i>Any, any one.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quis-que</span>, quae-que, quod-que (and as
+noun, quic-que; quid-que), indef. pron. <i>Each, every</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quis-quis</span>, quod-quod or quic-quid or
+quid-quid, indef. pron. <i>Whatever, whatsoever</i>; as noun,
+<i>whoever, whosoever</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quō</span>, adv. (qui) <i>Where;
+whither.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">73</span>
+<a name = "page73" id = "page73"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">quod</span>, conj. (acc. neut. fr. qui)
+<i>That, in that, because</i>; quod si, <i>but if</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quon-dam</span>, adv. (for quom-dam, fr. quom,
+old form of quem) <i>Once, formerly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quŏn-ĭam</span>, conj. (for quom-iam, fr. quom
+= cum and jam) <i>Since.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quŏque</span>, conj. <i>Also, too</i> (placed
+after the word it emphasizes).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quot</span>, num. adj. indecl. <i>How many, as
+many.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quŏtīd-ĭe</span>, cotidie. <i>Daily.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quot-ĭes</span>, iens, adv. (xuot) <i>How
+often.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quŏtĭes-cumque</span>, adv. <i>How often
+soever; as often as.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">quo-usque</span>, adv. (for quom; usque, fr.
+quom, old form of quem; usque) <i>Until what time; how long.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_R" id = "vocab_R" href = "#vocab">R</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">răpĭo</span>, ŭi, raptum, răpĕre, a. <i>To
+match</i> or <i>draw away</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ră-tĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (reor) <i>A
+calculation; judgment, reason; course, manner.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕcens</span>, ntis, adj. <i>Fresh,
+recent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-cĭpĭo</span>, cēpi, ceptum, rĕcĭpĕre, a.
+(re; capio) <i>To take back; to accept, receive.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-cognosco</span>, cognōvi, cognitum,
+cognoscĕre, a. <i>To know again, recognize; to examine, review.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-condo</span>, condĭdi, condĭtum, condĕre,
+a. <i>To put back again; to sheath</i> (of a sword); <i>to lay up;
+bury</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rec-tus</span>, a, um, part, (for reg-tus, fr.
+reg-o) <i>Right; straight.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">red-und-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, n. <i>To
+overflow; to abound.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">re-fĕro</span>, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a. irr.
+<i>To carry, bring</i>, or <i>give back; to return, pay back</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rēgĭ-ē</span>, adv. (regi-us) <i>Royally,
+tyrannically.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-lĕvo</span>, lĕvāvi, lĕvātum, lĕvāre, a.
+<i>To make light; to relieve.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-linquo</span>, līqui, lictum, <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘liuquĕre’">linquĕre</ins>, a. (re;
+linquo, <i>to leave</i>) <i>To leave behind, leave.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕlĭqu-us</span>, a, um, adj. (<ins class =
+"correction" title = "error for ‘reli[n]qu-o’?">rel[n]qu-o</ins>)
+<i>Remaining; the remainder of, rest.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕmănĕo</span>, mansi, no sup., mănēre, n.
+<i>To remain behind.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-mŏror</span>, mŏrātus sum, mŏrāri, dep., n.
+and a. <i>To stay, delay, to detain.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">re-pello</span>, pŭli, pulsum, a. <i>To
+reject, repel.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-pĕrio</span>, rĕpĕri, rĕpertum, pĕrīre, a.
+(re; par-o) <i>To find.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">re-primo</span>, pressi, pressum, a. (re;
+premo) <i>To check, restrain.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕpŭdĭ-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a.
+(repudi-um, <i>a casting off</i>) <i>To cast off; to reject.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rēs</span>, rĕi, f. <i>A thing, matter</i>;
+res publica, <i>the commonwealth, the state</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-sĭdĕo</span>, sēdi, no sup., sĭdēre, n.
+(re; sedeo) <i>To remain; to remain behind.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rē-spondĕo</span>, spondi, sponsum, spondēre,
+a. (re; spondeo, <i>to promise</i>) <i>To answer, reply.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">respon-sum</span>, i, n. (for respond-sum, fr.
+respond-eo) <i>An answer, reply.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rēs-publĭcā</span>, rĕi-publĭcae, f.; see
+res.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rĕ-vŏco</span>, a. <i>To call back, to
+recall.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rŏgo</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To ask</i>;
+rogare legem, <i>to propose a law</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">rŭ-īna</span>, ae, f. (ru-o) <i>A falling;
+ruin.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_S" id = "vocab_S" href = "#vocab">S</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sacr-ārĭum</span>, ii (a long or short), n,
+(sacr-um) <i>A place for keeping holy things; a&nbsp;shrine.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sacrum</span>, i (a long or short), n. (sacer)
+<i>A sacred thing; a&nbsp;religious rite, ceremony.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">saep-e</span>, adv. (saep-is, <i>frequent</i>)
+<i>Often, frequently.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">săg-ax</span>, ācĭs, adj. (sagio, <i>to
+perceive quickly</i>) <i>Sagacious, keen-scented.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sălū-s</span>, ūtis, f. (for salvit-s; fr.
+salv-eo, <i>to be well</i>) <i>Health; safety, prosperity.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sălūt-o</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (salus)
+<i>To greet, salute.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sanc-tus</span>, a, um, adj. (sancio)
+<i>Sacred, holy, venerable.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">74</span>
+<a name = "page74" id = "page74"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">sanguis</span>, inis, m. <i>Blood.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sătelles</span>, ĭtis, com. gen. <i>An
+attendant; an accomplice, partner.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sătĭs (sat)</span>, adv. <i>Enough.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sătis-făcĭo</span>, fēci, factum, făcĕre, a.
+<i>To give satisfaction; satisfy, content.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">scĕlĕrāt-ē</span>, adv. (scelerat-us)
+<i>Impiously, wickedly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">scĕlĕrā-tus</span>, a, um, part. (sceler[a]-o,
+<i>to pollute</i>) <i>Polluted, bad</i>; as noun, m., <i>a
+wretch</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">scĕlus</span>, ĕris, n. <i>An evil deed;
+a&nbsp;crime, guilt.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">scio</span>, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. <i>To
+know, perceive.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sē-cēdo</span>, cessi, cessum, cēdĕre, n.
+<i>To go apart; to go away.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sē-cerno</span>, crēvi, crētum, cernĕre, a.
+<i>To put apart, separate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sed</span>, conj. <i>But, yet, but also</i>;
+non solum ... sed etiam, <i>not only</i> ... <i>but also</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sēd-ĭ-tĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (sed = sine; i,
+root of eo, <i>a going apart</i>) <i>Sedition, strife.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sē-jungo</span>, junxi, junctum, jungĕre, a.
+<i>To disjoin; to separate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sē-men</span>, ĭnis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa,
+true root of sero<ins class = "correction" title = "; for close parenthesis">) </ins><i>the sown thing. Seed</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">semper</span>, adv. <i>Ever, always.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sĕn-ātus</span>, ūs, m. (senex) <i>The council
+of the elders, the senate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sĕnātūs-consultum</span>, i, n. <i>A decree of
+the senate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sen-sus</span>, ŭs, m. (for sent-sus, fr.
+sent-io) <i>Perception, feeling.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sentent-ĭa</span>, ae, f. (for sentient-ia,
+fr. sentiens, <i>thinking</i>) <i>An opinion, sentiment; sentence,
+vote.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sentīna</span>, ae, f. <i>Bilge-water; the
+lowest of the people, rabble; mob.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sentĭo</span>, sensi, sensum, sentire, a.
+<i>To feel, see; to perceive.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sequor</span>, sĕcutus sum, sĕqui, dep. <i>To
+follow, to comply with, conform to.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sermo</span>, ōnis, m. <i>A speaking; talk,
+conversation.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sēr-ō</span>, adv. (ser-us) <i>Late, too
+late.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">serv-ĭo</span>, ivi, itum, ire, n. (serv-us)
+<i>To be a slave; to serve,</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">servo</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To save,
+preserve, protect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sērvus</span>, i, m. <i>A slave.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sēsē</span>, reduplicated form of acc. or abl.
+of sui.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sĕvēr-itas</span>, ātis, f. (severus)
+<i>Strictness, severity.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sex-tus</span>, a, um, ord. num. adj. (sex)
+<i>The sixth.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">si</span>, conj. <i>If, whether.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sīc</span>, adv. <i>In this manner, so
+thus.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sīca</span>, ae, f. <i>A dagger,
+poniard.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sīc-ut</span> or sīc-uti, adv. <i>So as, just
+as.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sĭlent-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (silens,
+<i>silent</i>) <i>Silence.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sĭlĕo</span>, ui, no sup., n. <i>To be
+noiseless, still</i>, or <i>silent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sĭmĭlĭs</span>, e, adj. (with gen. and dat.)
+<i>Like, similar.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sĭmul</span>, adv. <i>Together, at once</i>;
+simul-ac <i>or</i> atque, <i>as soon as</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sī-n</span>, conj. (si; ne) <i>But if.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sine</span>, prep. with abl.
+<i>Without.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sing-ŭli</span>, ae, a, num. distrib. adj.
+<i>One to each, separate, single, each, every.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sĭno</span>, sīvi, sĭtum, sĭnăre, a. <i>To
+let, suffer, allow.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sŏcĭ-etas</span>, ātis, f. (soci-us)
+<i>Fellowship, association, society; a&nbsp;league, an alliance.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">socius</span>, ii, m. <i>A partner, companion;
+ally, confederate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sŏdālis</span>, is, com. gen. <i>A boon
+companion.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sŏlĕo</span>, sŏlĭtus sum, n. semi-dep. <i>To
+be wont, be accustomed.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sōl-ĭtūdo</span>, īnĭs, f. (sol-us)
+<i>Loneliness, aolitude; a&nbsp;desert, wilderness.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sōl-um</span>, adv. (sōl-us) <i>Alone,
+only.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">somnus</span>, i, m. <i>Sleep,
+slumber.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">spĕcŭl-or</span>, dep. a. and n. (specula,
+<i>a watch-tower</i>) <i>To watch, observe, explore.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">spe-s</span>, spĕi, f., gen., dat., and abl.
+pl. not found in good writers (for sper-s, fr. spēr-o) <i>Hope.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">75</span>
+<a name = "page75" id = "page75"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">spīr-ĭtus</span>, ūs, m. (spir-o) <i>A
+breathing; a&nbsp;breath.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">spon-te</span>, abl., and spontis, gen. of the
+noun spons, f. (for spond-te, fr. spond-eo, <i>to pledge</i>) <i>Of
+one’s own accord, willingly.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">stā-tor</span>, ōris, m. <i>A supporter,
+stayer.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">stătŭ-o</span>, ui, ūtum, ĕre, a. (status)
+<i>To put, place; to decide, determine.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">stā-tus</span>, ūs, m. (sto) <i>Condition,
+situation, state.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">stirps</span>, stirpis, f. <i>A stock, stem;
+source, origin.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sto</span>, stĕti, stātum, stāre, n. <i>To
+stand.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">stŭdĕo</span>, ŭi, no sup., ēre, n. and a.
+<i>To be eager; to pursue, be devoted to.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">stŭd-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (stud-eo)
+<i>Assiduity, zeal.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">stultus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>Foolish,
+simple.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">stuprum</span>, i (u long or short), n.
+<i>Debauchery, lewdness.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">suādeo</span>, suāsi, suāsum, suādēre, n. and
+a. <i>To advise, recommend.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sub-sell-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (sub; sell-a) <i>A
+bench, judge’s seat.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sŭi</span>, sibi, se or sese, pron. reflex.
+<i>Of himself, herself, itself</i>, or <i>themselves</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sum</span>, esse, fŭi, no sup., n. irr.
+<i><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Te’">to</ins> be,
+exist.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">summus</span>, a, um, sup. adj. (superus)
+<i>The highest, greatest, very great; the most important; the top of,
+the summit of.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sŭpĕr-ĭor</span>, ĭus, comp. adj. (super)
+<i>Higher; earlier, former.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">supplĭc-ĭum</span>, ii, n. (supplic-o) <i>A
+humble petition; punishment.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sus-cĭpĭo</span>, cēpi, ceptum, cĭpĕre, a.
+<i>To undertake.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">suspec-tus</span>, a, um, part. (suspic-io,
+through true root suspec) <i>Mistrusted, suspected.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">su-spĭcĭo</span>, spexi, spectum, spĭcere, a.
+and n. (sub; specio, <i>to look</i>) <i>To look at from under; to
+mistrust, suspect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">suspīc-ĭo</span>, ōnis, f. (suspic-or)
+<i>Mistrust, suspicion.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">suspĭc-or</span>, ātus sum, āri, dep.
+(suspic-io) <i>To suspect.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">suspitio</span>: see suspicio.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sus-tĭneo</span>, tĭnŭi, tentum, tĭnēre, a.
+<i>To support, sustain.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">sŭ-us</span>, a, um, poss. pron. (su-i)
+<i>Of</i> or <i>belonging to himself, herself, itself</i>, or
+<i>themselves; his own, her own, its own, their own</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_T" id = "vocab_T" href = "#vocab">T</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tăbŭla</span>, ae, f. <i>A board; a
+writing-tablet.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tăcĕo</span>, ŭi, ĭtum, <ins class =
+"correction" title = "printed after ‘-atis’ on following line">tăcēre</ins>, n. <i>To be silent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tăciturn-ĭtas</span>, ātis, f. (taciturnus,
+<i>quiet</i>) <i>Silence.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tăc-ĭtus</span>, a, um, adj. (taceo)
+<i>Silent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tae-ter</span>, tra, trum, adj. (for taed-ter,
+fr. taed-et) <i>Foul, shameful, disgraceful.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tam</span>, adv. <i>So, so far, so very, so
+much.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tămen</span>, adv. <i>Nevertheless, however,
+still.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tăm-etsi</span>, conj. (contracted fr.
+tamen-etsi) <i>Although, though.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tan-dem</span>, adv. (tam) <i>At length</i>;
+in questions, <i>pray</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tam-quam</span>, adv. (tam; quam) <i>As much
+as; just as, like as, as if, as it were.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tantus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>So great, so
+large, so many.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tec-tum</span>, i, n. (for teg-tum, fr. teg-o)
+<i>A roof, house.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tēlum</span>, i, n. <i>A spear;
+weapon.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tempes-tas</span>, ātis, f. (for tempor-tas,
+fr. tempus) <i>A space of time; a&nbsp;time; weather</i> (both good and
+bad), hence <i>a storm, tempest</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">templum</span>, i, n. <i>A temple,
+shrine.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">temp-to</span>, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens.
+(also written <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘ten-td’">ten-to</ins>, fr. teneo) <i>To handle; to try; to try the
+strength of; to attack.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tempus</span>, ŏris, n. <i>A portion of time;
+a&nbsp;time; a&nbsp;critical moment, circumstances.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tĕnĕbrae</span>, ārum, f. pl.
+<i>Darkness.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">76</span>
+<a name = "page76" id = "page76"> </a>
+<p><span class = "larger">tĕnĕo</span>, tĕnŭi, tentum, a., tĕnēre. <i>To
+hold, keep, have, guard.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">terra</span>, ae, f. <i>The earth, land</i>;
+orbis terrarum, <i>the world; country</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tĭmĕo</span>, ūi, no sup., <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘tĭnēre’">tĭmēre</ins>, a. and n. <i>To
+fear.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tĭm-or</span>, ōris, m. <i>Fear.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tollo</span>, sustŭli, sublătum, tollĕre, a.
+<i>To lift up; to destroy, take away.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tot</span>, num. adj. indecl. <i>So
+many.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tŏt-ĭes</span>, (iens) num. adv. (tot) <i>So
+often, so many times.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tōtus</span>, a, um, adj. <i>All, all the; the
+whole</i>; in adverbial force, <i>altogether, wholly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">trans-fĕro</span>, ferre, tŭli, lātum, a.
+<i>To bear <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘ucross’">across</ins>; to transport, transfer.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tribūn-al</span>, ālis, n. (tribunus) <i>A
+judgment-seat, tribunal.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">trib-ūnus</span>, i, m. (trib-us) <i>A
+tribune.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tru-cīdo</span>, a. (for truc-caedo, fr. trux
+[<i>savage</i>]; caedo) <i>To slaughter.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tū</span>, tui, pers. pron. <i>Thou, you</i>
+(sing.)</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tum</span>, adv. <i>Then, at that
+time.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tŭmultus</span>, ūs, m. <i>Disturbance,
+tumult.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">turp-ĭtūdo</span>, inis, f. (turpis)
+<i>Baseness, infamy.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tū-tus</span>, a, um, (tu-eor) <i>Safe,
+secure.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">tŭ-us</span>, a, um, poss. pron. (tu) <i>Thy,
+thine, your, yours.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_U" id = "vocab_U" href = "#vocab">U</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ŭbi</span>, adv. (akin to qui) <i>Where;
+when</i>; ubinam, <i>where, pray?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ul-lus</span>, a, um, adj. dim. (for un-lus,
+fr. unus) <i>Any, any one.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">umquam</span>: see unquam.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">ūnā</span>, adv. (adverbial abl. of unus)
+<i>At the same time, in company, together.</i></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocab_V" id = "vocab_V" href = "#vocab">V</a></h5>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vir-tus</span>, ūtis, f. (vir) <i>Manliness,
+manhood; courage; worth, merit.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vis</span>, vis, f. <i>Strength,
+force.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">viscus</span>, ĕris, n. (mostly in pl.) <i>The
+inwards; the viscera.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vĭ-ta</span>, ae, f. (for viv-ta, fr. viv-o)
+<i>Life.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vĭtĭum</span>, ii, n. <i>Fault, blemish,
+error, crime, vice.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vīto</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To shun,
+avoid.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vīvo</span>, vixi, victum, vīvĕre, n. <i>To
+live.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vīv-us</span>, a, um, adj. (vīv-o)
+<i>Alive.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vix</span>, adv. <i>With difficulty, hardly,
+scarcely</i>; vixdum, <i>scarcely</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vŏco</span>, āvi, ātum, āre, a. <i>To call;
+summon.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">volnĕr-o</span>, āvi, <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘ātissu’">ātus sum</ins>, āre, a.
+(volnus) <i>To wound.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">volo</span>, velle, volŭi, no sup., a. irr.
+<i>To will, wish, desire.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">voltus</span>: see vultus.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">volun-tas</span>, ātis, f. (for volent-tas,
+fr. volens) <i>Will, wish, desire, inclination.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">volup-tas</span>, ātis, f. (volup,
+<i>agreeable</i>) <i>Enjoyment, pleasure, delight.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vox</span>, vōcis, f. (for voc-s, fr. voc-o,
+<i>that which calls out</i>) <i>A voice; a&nbsp;word</i>; in pl.,
+<i>language, sayings, words</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "larger">vul-tus</span>, ūs, m. (for vol-tus, fr.
+vol-o) <i>The countenance; looks, aspect.</i></p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div vocab -->
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/tail81.png" width = "261" height = "54"
+alt = "decoration">
+</p>
+
+
+<p><a class = "toplink" href = "#contents">TOP</a></p>
+
+<h3><span class = "subhead">
+<a name = "oration_bare" id = "oration_bare">
+M. TULLII CICERONIS</a></span><br>
+ORATIO IN L. CATILINAM<br>
+<span class = "subhead">PRIMA.<br>
+HABITA IN SENATU.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>I.&mdash; <b>1.</b> Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia
+nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus eludet? Quem ad finem sese
+effrenata jactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii,
+nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum
+omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora
+vultusque moverunt. Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam omnium
+horum scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid
+superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii
+ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris?
+<b>2.</b>&nbsp;O&nbsp;tempora, O&nbsp;mores! senatus haec intellegit,
+consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit,
+fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum
+quemque nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae
+videmur, si istius furorem ac tela <!-- printed 7 for 6 --> vitemus. Ad
+mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem oportebat, in te
+conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris.
+<b>3.</b>&nbsp;An vero vir amplissimus, P.&nbsp;Scipio, pontifex
+maximus, Ti.&nbsp;Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei
+publicae, privatus interfecit: Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque
+incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis
+antiqua praetereo, quod C.&nbsp;<ins class = "correction" title =
+"corrected by hand from ‘Serviliusi’">Servilius</ins> Ahala Sp. Maelium,
+novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac
+re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acerbioribus <ins class = "correction"
+title = "text reads ‘supplicus’">suppliciis</ins> civem perniciosum quam
+acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te,
+Catilina, vehemens et grave: non deest rei publicae consilium neque
+auctoritas hujus ordinis: nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.</p>
+
+<p>II.&mdash; <b>4.</b> Decrevit quondam senatus ut L.&nbsp;Opimius
+consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla
+intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones
+C.&nbsp;Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum
+liberis M.&nbsp;Fulvius consularis. Simili senatus consulto
+C.&nbsp;Mario et L.&nbsp;Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica:
+num unum diem postea L.&nbsp;Saturninum tribunum plebis et
+C.&nbsp;Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At
+vero nos vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere aciei horum auctoritatis.
+Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis
+tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim
+interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. <ins class = "correction" title
+= "corrected by hand from ‘Visis’">Vivis</ins>, et vivis non ad
+deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me
+esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum
+videri, sed jam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno.
+<b>5.</b>&nbsp;Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae
+faucibus collocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum
+autem <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘castorum’">castrorum</ins> imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia
+atque adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei
+publicae molientem. Si te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici
+jussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius
+a me quam quisquam crudelius factum se dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam
+pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor, ut faciam.
+Tum denique interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam
+tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fateatur.
+<b>6.</b>&nbsp;Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives,
+sed vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne
+commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et
+aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque
+custodient.</p>
+
+<p>III.&mdash;Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si
+neque nox tenebris <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘obscurari’">obscurare</ins> coeptus nefarios neque privata domus
+parietibus <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘contineri’">continere</ins> voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si
+inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam istam mentem, mihi crede!
+obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique: luce sunt
+clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae jam mecum licet recognoscas.
+<b>7.</b>&nbsp;Meministine me ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres
+dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante
+diem sextum Kalendas Novembres, C.&nbsp;Manlium, audaciae satellitem
+atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta,
+tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum id quod multo magis admirandum,
+dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante
+diem quintum Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma
+non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa
+profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea
+diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse,
+cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede
+contentum <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘se’">esse</ins> dicebas?
+<b>8.</b>&nbsp;Quid? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus
+occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam
+meo jussu meis praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil
+agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed
+etiam videam planeque sentiam.</p>
+
+
+<p>IV.&mdash;Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: jam
+intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei
+publicae. Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios&mdash;non agam
+obscure in M.&nbsp;Laecae domum: convenisse eodem complures ejusdem
+amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si
+negas: video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt.
+<b>9.</b>&nbsp;O di immortales! ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem publicam
+habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres
+conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui
+de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis
+terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam
+rogo, <ins class = "correction" title = "added by hand">et</ins> quos
+ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud
+Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; distribuisti <ins class = "correction"
+title = "text reads ‘partesJ taliae’">partes Italiae</ins>; statuisti
+quo quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos
+tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te
+ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiam tum morae,
+quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura
+liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo
+interfecturos esse pollicerentur.
+<b>10.</b>&nbsp;Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso,
+comperi, domum meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi
+eos, quos tu ad me salutatum mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos
+ego jam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos
+praedixeram.</p>
+
+
+<p>V.&mdash; <b>11.</b> Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti,
+egredere aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te
+imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes
+tuos, si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum
+modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non
+potes: non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda
+est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis,
+gratia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei
+publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine
+summa salus periclitanda <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘re, ... Catilinai’ at successive line-ends">re,</ins> publicae. Quam
+diu mihi, <!-- tag numbers 8, 9 reversed--> consuli designato, <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘re, ... Catilinai’ at successive line-ends">Catilinai</ins> insidiatus es, non publico me
+praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis
+consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores tuos interficere
+voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis,
+nullo tumultu publice concitato: denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per
+me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate
+rei publicae esse conjunctam.
+<b>12.</b>&nbsp;Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa
+deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique
+totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum
+et quod hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum
+audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem
+utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica reliqua
+conjuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris,
+exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa <ins class =
+"correction" title = "missing word supplied from notes and OCT">sentina</ins> <ins class = "correction" title = "printed as one word">rei publicae</ins>.
+<b>13.</b>&nbsp;Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me facere,
+quod jam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe jubet consul hostem.
+Interrogas me: num in exilium? non jubeo, sed, si me consulis,
+suadeo.</p>
+
+<p>VI.&mdash;Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delectare
+possit? In qua nemo est extra ista conjurationem perditorum hominum qui
+te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis
+non inusta vitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in
+fama? Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam tuis, quod
+flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem
+corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad
+libidinem facem praetulisti?
+<b>14.</b>&nbsp;Quid vero? Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis
+nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc
+scelus cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in
+hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata
+esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes
+impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad
+privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam
+difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad
+omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent.
+<b>15.</b>&nbsp;Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli
+spiritus esse jucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te
+pridie Kalendas Januarias Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse in comitio
+cum telo? Manum consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa
+paravisse sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed
+fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac jam illa omitto&mdash;neque enim
+sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa postea:&mdash;quotiens tu me
+designatum, quotiens consulem interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas
+petitiones ita conjectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam
+declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi! nihil adsequeris, neque tamen
+conari ac velle desistis.
+<b>16.</b>&nbsp;Quotiens tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus!
+quotiens excidit aliquo casu et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te
+initiata sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in
+consulis corpore defigere.</p>
+
+
+<p>VII.&mdash;Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘enam’">enim</ins> jam tecum loquar,
+non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae
+tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta
+frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post
+hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis
+gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid? Quod adventu tuo ista
+subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad
+caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam
+subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi
+ferendum putas?
+<b>17.</b>&nbsp;Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te
+metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi urbem
+nom arbitraris? <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Esti’">Etsi</ins> me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque
+offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis oculis omnium
+conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium
+omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque
+vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent
+atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab
+eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria quae communis est parens
+omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de
+parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere nec
+judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
+<b>18.</b>&nbsp;Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita
+loquitur: ‘Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum
+flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio
+direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: tu non solum ad
+negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas
+perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt,
+tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘matu’">metu</ins> propter unum te,
+quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium
+iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quamobrem
+discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin
+falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.’</p>
+
+
+<p>VIII.&mdash; <b>19.</b> Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur,
+nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid? Quod tu
+te ipse in custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa apud M’.
+Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti? A&nbsp;quo non receptus etiam ad me
+venire ausus es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me
+quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto
+esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus
+contineremur, ad Q.&nbsp;Metellum praetorem venisti: a&nbsp;quo
+repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M.&nbsp;Metellum demigrasti,
+quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum
+sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe
+videtur a carcere atque vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse jam dignum
+custodia judicarit?
+<b>20.</b>&nbsp;Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non
+potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis
+debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? Refer, inquis, ad
+senatum; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi placere decreverit te
+ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod
+abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid hi de te
+sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu in
+exilium, si hunc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina?
+Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent.
+Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum
+perspicis?
+<b>21.</b>&nbsp;At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P.&nbsp;Sestio,
+si fortissimo vero M.&nbsp;Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc ipso
+in templo jure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De te autem,
+Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent,
+clamant: neque hi solum, quorum auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita
+vilissima, sed etiam equites Romani honestissimi atque optimi viri,
+ceterique fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et
+frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire
+potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem
+facile adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem
+usque ad portas prosequantur.</p>
+
+<p>IX.&mdash; <b>22.</b> Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res frangat?
+Tu ut te unquam corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium
+cogites? Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales duint! Etsi video, si
+mea voce perterritus ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas
+invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum
+tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit
+privata calamitas, et a rei <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘pablicae’">publicae</ins> periculis sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis
+commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae
+cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor
+unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
+revocaverit.
+<b>23.</b>&nbsp;Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si
+mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in
+exilium; vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius
+invidiae, si in exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem
+servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum
+manu. Confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis,
+infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad
+alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris.
+<b>24.</b>&nbsp;Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a&nbsp;quo jam sciam esse
+praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam
+pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem. A&nbsp;quo etiam aquilam illam
+argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac
+funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum
+fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam
+venerari ad caedem proficisens solebas, a&nbsp;cujus altaribus saepe
+istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti.</p>
+
+<p>X.&mdash; <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘23’">
+<b>25.</b></ins> Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista cupiditas
+effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem,
+sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit,
+voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo otium, sed ne
+bellum quidem, nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab
+omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum
+manum.
+<b>26.</b>&nbsp;Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis
+exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘turorum’">tuorum</ins> neque
+audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis. Ad hujus vitae studium
+meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, jacere humi, non solum ad
+obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum
+insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi
+ostentes, illam tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae
+verum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore conectum senties.
+<b>27.</b>&nbsp;Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul
+potius tentare quam consul vexare rem <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘publiciam’">publicam</ins> posses atque ut id, quod est abs
+te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.</p>
+
+
+<p>XI.&mdash;Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam
+patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter
+quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si
+mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si
+omnis res publica sic loquatur; ‘M.&nbsp;Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum,
+quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem
+exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris,
+principem<ins class = "correction" title = "text has comma">
+</ins>conjurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire
+patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem videatur?
+Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio
+mactari imperabis?
+<b>28.</b>&nbsp;Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam
+privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. An leges,
+quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe,
+qui a re publica defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam
+posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui
+te, hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad
+summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiam
+aut alicujus periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis.
+<b>29.</b>&nbsp;Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius
+severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae
+pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta
+ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum<ins
+class = "correction" title = "close quote missing">?’</ins></p>
+
+
+<p>XII.&mdash;His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum
+hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc
+optimum factu judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari,
+unius usuram horae gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si
+summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et
+superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam
+honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium
+interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi
+maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute
+partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
+<b>30.</b>&nbsp;Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae
+imminent non videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: qui spem Catilinae
+mollibus sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo
+corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi,
+verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie
+factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana
+castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem
+esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno
+interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in
+perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et
+eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur
+atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum
+etiam <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘strips’">stirps</ins> ac semen malorum omnium.</p>
+
+<p>XIII.&mdash; <b>31.</b> Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, in his
+periculis conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto
+omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri
+consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur,
+videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati,
+periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in
+visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu
+febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur,
+deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui
+est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis
+ingravescet.
+<b>32.</b>&nbsp;Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in
+locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi, discernantur a
+nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal
+praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad
+inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius
+cujusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres
+conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis
+auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus
+bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta,
+inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis.
+<b>33.</b>&nbsp;Hisce <ins class = "correction" title = "corrected by hand from ‘omnibus’">ominibus</ins>, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae
+salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni
+scelere parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac
+nefarium. Tum, tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a
+Romulo es constitutus, quem Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere
+nominamus, hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis,
+a&nbsp;tectis urbis ac moenibus a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et
+homines bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum
+foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis
+vivos mortuosque mactabis.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against
+Catiline, by John Henderson
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+</pre>
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+</body>
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