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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f57f44 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text +*.htm text +*.html text +*.png binary +*.jpg binary +*.svg text +*.pdf binary +*.bmp binary +*.zip binary +*.midi binary +*.mp3 binary diff --git a/249-0.txt b/249-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf1e2cc --- /dev/null +++ b/249-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,649 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of French Cave Paintings, by Jean Clottes + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** +** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ** + +Title: French Cave Paintings + +Author: Jean Clottes + +Release Date: March 10, 1995 [eBook #249] +[Most recently updated: November 13, 2022] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH CAVE PAINTINGS *** + + + + +Photographs of 20,000 Year Old Cave Paintings + +by Monsieur Jean Clottes + +Presumed to be under copyright. + + + + +We are not sure Mr. Clottes wants to keep a copyright on these, +or whether he wants to put them in the Public Domain; in either +case, we would prefer not to jeopardize his rights, and we thus +are preparing this release as if it were copyrighted in 1995. + +The translation in the original message we received was: +"All rights reserved" so we are presuming the copyright. +"Tous droits reserves" in the original French message... +which is also included in this package and in English. + +If you want to get permission to use these for more uses than a +private one, we suggest you contact the Minstry of Culture. + +Here is the permission statement we received in both French and +English, and we are VERY glad to have received it on such short +notice, and did not want to disturb things further by asking an +additional time for more details. + + +Monsieur, + +Comme suite votre courrier ilectronique du 7 fivrier dernier, je vous informe +que M. Jean Clottes, conseiller scientifique du sous-directeur de l'archiologie +et auteur des quatre photographies et du texte sur la grotte ricemment +dicouverte en Ardhche, a donni son autorisation pour l'utilisation de ses +photographies dans le cadre du projet de CD-ROM Gutenberg. + +Merci de ne pas oublier de mentionner son nom sur les documents publiis. + + +Sir, + +As per your email of February 7th, I informed Mr. Jean Clottes, Scientific +Consul to the Deputy-Director of Archeology and author of the four +photographs and the texts concerning the cave paintings discovered +in Ardhche, to get his authorization for the utilization +of his photographs by the staff of Project Gutenberg's CDROM. + +Please do not forget to mention his name in the documents you publish. + + + + +Following are the English- and French-language descriptions. + + + + +AN EXCEPTIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY + +A Paleolithical Embellished Cave found in France (Ardeche) + +An exceptional archeological discovery has been made public on +January 17, 1995, by the Minister of Culture and French-Speaking +language (Francophonie), Mr. Jacques TOUBON. + +Discovered during December 1994 at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc (Ardeche, +France), the cave, composed of several spacious galleries and +dens, is adorned with some 300 paleolithical paintings and +engravings (dating 18,000 - 20,000 years before present time), +which focus on a wide variety of animals including bears, owls, +mammooths, rhinos and felines. + +The cave has also retained several vestiges of human activities: +fireplaces (hearths), entailed flints and other clues which denote an +evolution in tools and habits. Totally left intact and untouched by any +human intrusion throughout the ages, the cave represents and +exceptional source of studies for archeologists. + +In the wake of the artistical and archeological interest spawned by +this thrilling discovery of national and international importance, the +Director of Cultural Heritage has signed on January 13th the +proceedings to classify the site. (I don't know if the translation +makes sense: a "classified site" is a site which, due to its cultural +importance, becomes an official patrimony of the nation.) This +urgency measure, taking effect immediately, confers the cave for +one year the same statute and privileges which the historical +monuments benefit. + +In order to ensure the preservation and the security of the cave, the +Prefect of Ardeche has also signed on January 13 a by-law +prohibiting the access to the cavity. + +Paris, January the 18th, 1995 + + + + + + +This is the original message we received in French. + + + + +Decouverte d'une grotte +ornee paleolithique a Vallon-Pont-d'Arc +(Ardeche) + +Cliches : Ministere de la culture et de la francophonie - Direction du +Patrimoine +Jean Clottes. Tous droits reserves. + + +Une decouverte archeologique d'une importance exceptionnelle vient +d'intervenir dans les gorges de l'Ardeche, en limite du site naturel +classe, en l'espece d'un vaste reseau souterrain orne d'un tres grand +nombre de peintures et de gravures d'epoque paleolithique (vers +18000-20000 ans avant le present). + +La decouverte est intervenue sur le territoire de la commune de +Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, le 25 decembre dernier, dans le cadre d'une +prospection archeologique autorisee au titre des dispositions de la loi +validee du 27 septembre 1941 portant reglementation de la recherche +archeologique de France. Elle est le fait de M. Jean-Marie Chauvet, +agent de surveillance titulaire au sein du Service regional de +l'archeologie (D.R.A.C Rhône-Alpes) assiste de deux benevoles Mme +Eliette Brunel-Deschamps et M. Christian Hillaire. + + +Au terme d'une desobstruction manuelle conduite dans un boyau tres +etroit marquant le fond d'une cavite mineure s'ouvrant dans les +falaises du Cirque d'Estre, les inventeurs ont debouche par une +cheminee dans un tres vaste reseau totalement vierge, richement +concretionne et recelant de nombreux restes paleontologiques en place +(os d'ours de cavernes- Ursus spelaeus- dans leur bauge d'hibernation). +Les galeries, fortement dimensionnees (section de 5 x 4 metres en +moyenne), joignent plusieurs vastes salles (jusqu'a 70 x 40 metres) et +sont, de place en place, decorees de peintures et de gravures de +figurations animalieres isolees ou organisees en panneaux comprenant +plus de cinquante unites dont les dimensions varient de 0,50 m a 4 +metres de long. Au total, environ 300 peintures a l'ocre rouge ou au +noir ont ete actuellement observees et au moins autant de gravures. On +remarque plusieurs cas de superposition, et, localement, des voiles +concretionnes ou des griffades d'ours, l'ensemble de ces faits +authentifiant (s'il en etait besoin) l'anciennete de ces decors. + +a chaque extremite du reseau visite on peut constater la presence +d'acces anciens actuellement colmates par des eboulis et des depots +argileux. + +L'ensemble des galeries parcourues cumule un lineaire de plusieurs +centaines de metres au long duquel se developpe un bestiaire tres +original et particulierement varie (chevaux, rhinoceros, lions, bisons, +aurochs, ours, pantheres, mammouths, bouquetins, hiboux, etc...) +accompagne de signes symboliques, de panneaux ponctues et de mains +positives ou negatives. + +Au plan artistique, il se degage un ensemble absolument unique dans le +Sud de la France, que son importance et son originalite placent au meme +rang que l'ensemble figure de Lascaux meme s'il n'offre pas de +veritable polychromie ni le meme dimensionnement des representations. + +Partout, les traits peints ou graves sont plus ou moins concretionnes. +Les traits peints, vus dans leurs details, presentent l'aspect erode +caracteristique des peintures anciennes, meme celles apparemment les +mieux conservees. En outre, la grotte est vierge, avec des sols intacts +et d'innombrables vestiges non touches. Dans une salle, un ensemble de +gravures (cheval, mammouth, hibou) se trouve sur une retombee de voute +a 5 ou 6 m du sol ; au-dessous, un vaste effondrement ancien explique +ce qui s'est passe : une aspiration a provoque la formation de cet +entonnoir et le sol sur lequel se trouvait l'artiste a alors disparu, +de sorte que les gravures sont maintenant inaccessibles. Donc, +l'authenticite est evidente. + + +La zone a peintures rouges comprend plusieurs panneaux de points, +auxquels s'ajoutent parfois des signes, y compris des signes complexes +originaux. Les panneaux avec des animaux rouges sont divers : dans une +petite galerie, un cerf, est suivi tout au fond, de trois ours des +cavernes et d'un cheval. Ailleurs, un grand panneau comprend plusieurs +ours, dont un a l'avant-train tachete, un felin lui aussi tachete sur +le haut du corps, un bouquetin et deux mammouths. Sur une paroi se +voient un enorme rhinoceros a la corne disproportionnee, trois autres +rhinoceros, un mammouth, deux felins, quatre mains positives et deux ou +trois negatives, un demi-cercles de points rouges, un grand bovine, +un signe fait de deux demi-cercles accoles. En tout, outre les points +et les signes, plusieurs mains negatives completes et les mains +positives, une trentaine de representations animales rouges et deux +petites tetes de chevaux jaunes ont deja ete denombres. L'ours domine +suivi du mammouth, du cheval, du rhinoceros, du felin ; le cerf, le +bouquetin, l'aurochs, les indetermines, n'etant representes qu'a un +seul exemplaire chacun. + + + +Une centaine de figures noires a ete denombree : les rhinoceros +dominent largement, suivis des felins puis des chevaux, les ours, des +rennes, des bisons, des aurochs. On note la presence de mammouths, de +cerfs megaceros, d'un bouquetin, de deux indetermines. Parmi les +gravures, a noter 5 mammouths, 3 bouquetins, 2 rhinoceros, 2 chevaux, 1 +aurochs, 1 hibou. + +La facture de ces representations est excellente. Les proportions des +corps sont naturalistes. Il s'agit surtout de dessins au trait, encore +que certains presentent des a-plats de peinture a l'interieur des tetes +ou des corps et un rendu savant du modele. De nombreux details +anatomiques sont precises, de sorte que les animaux sont le plus +souvent determinables sans ambiguite quant a l'espece et meme quant au +sexe (femelles bisons, par exemple). Les dessins noirs ont "un air de +famille" : la composition des panneaux, la facture des animaux, la +technique employee partout avec une egale maitrise feraient penser a +une meme "main". On peut legitimement se demander s'il ne s'agirait +pas, en tres grande partie, de l'œuvre d'une seule personne, un +grand maitre du trait. Les recherches futures le preciseront. + +Par le nombre et la diversite des œuvres, par leur qualite esthetique +et leur conservation, par leur originalite aussi (dominance d'especes +rares ailleurs), par la preservation du contexte, cette grotte est +unique et d'une importance mondiale. C'est l'un des plus grand chefs +d'œuvres de l'art prehistorique. + +Au plan paleontologique, la cavite recele egalement les restes d'une +centaine d'ursides, soit en place dans leur loge d'hibernation, soit en +position secondaire, que les os aient ete deplaces par le passage de +l'Homme, ou que certains cranes aient ete redisposes par lui en des +emplacements privilegies de la grotte (par exemple au centre d'une +salle en rotonde, sur un bloc rocheux). + +Cette abondance de restes dans un milieu preserve de toute perturbation +moderne confere un second caractere d'importance a la decouverte. + +Au plan archeologique, il convient de souligner le caractere unique +d'un milieu clos exempt de toute intrusion et de tout remaniement. +Outre les figurations, l'Homme a laisse dans la cavite de nombreux +temoins de ses activites : foyers, silex tailles, traces de torches +d'eclairage, amenagements de blocs rocheux, agencement de restes +faunistiques et, surtout, de tres nombreuses empreintes de cheminement +melees a celles des ours qui ont ete leurs contemporains dans les +galeries. On remarque egalement des points d'extraction du sediment : +confection de boulettes d'argile, recherche d'oxydes de fer et de +manganese pour la confection des peintures. + +a ce jour, il parait que la grotte est le seul reseau orne totalement +intact qui nous soit parvenu depuis le Paleolithique. + +Au plan de l'etude du milieu, la tres recente ouverture de la cavite +permettra d'en etudier la climatologie interne. Il convient aussi de +souligner la puissance des depots sedimentaires que la reprise +d'erosion posterieure a l'occupation humaine a permis de mettre +ponctuellement en evidence dans des puits de dissolution diriges vers +le reseau perenne toujours actif a ce jour. La carbonatation des +galeries est egalement intervenue apres le passage de l'Homme, scellant +en de nombreux points des artefacts dans la calcite. + +Il existe la une occasion unique d'etude naturaliste visant a retracer +l'evolution des milieux naturels durant le dernier glaciaire et +l'Holocene. + +C'est la convergence de l'ensemble de ces caracteres, deja +exceptionnels pour chacun d'entre eux, qui confere une importance +absolue au reseau nouvellement decouvert. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH CAVE PAINTINGS *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +*** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook. Details Below.<br /> +Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. *** +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: French Cave Paintings</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Jean Clottes</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 10, 1995 [eBook #249]<br /> +[Most recently updated: November 13, 2022]</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH CAVE PAINTINGS ***</div> + +<h1>20,000 Year Old Cave Paintings</h1> + +<h4>Foreword by the Editor</h4> + +<p>This is a XHTML version of "French Cave Paintings", originally published by +Project Gutenberg on April 1995 as e-text #249 and consisting of a set of +documents available under the Generic Name of "cavepxxx.xxx".</p> + +<p>These documents have been embedded together in this strictly valid (as of +the time it was prepared) XHTML 1.0 document, thanks to which they can be +viewed as a single multimedia document using any Web browser capable to render +standard, well-formed HTML or XHTML files.</p> + +<p>Complete, up-to-date, information about the Library Catalog Record +referring to this work, and its past and possible future editions, can be +found starting from the Project Gutenberg Web site, http://www.gutenberg.org/</p> + +<p>Rome, November 2000.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="#Document_Cavep.eng">Document: Cavep.eng</a></li> + <li><a href="#Document_Cavep.fr">Document: Cavep.fr</a></li> + <li><a href="#List_of_Pictures_JPEG">List of Pictures (JPEG)</a></li> + <li><a href="#JPEG_PICTURES">JPEG Pictures</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#chevo11.jpg">chevo11.jpg</a></li> + <li><a href="#mamot11.jpg">mamot11.jpg</a></li> + <li><a href="#gvpda11.jpg">gvpda11.jpg</a></li> + <li><a href="#hyene11.jpg">hyene11.jpg</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#List_of_Pictures_GIF">List of Pictures (GIF)</a></li> + <li><a href="#GIF_PICTURES">GIF Pictures</a> + <ul> + <li><a href="#chevo11.gif">chevo11.gif</a></li> + <li><a href="#mamot11.gif">mamot11.gif</a></li> + <li><a href="#gvpda.gif">gvpda.gif</a></li> + <li><a href="#hyene11.gif">hyene11.gif</a></li> + </ul> + </li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<p> +We are not sure Mr. Clottes wants to keep a copyright on these, +or whether he wants to put them in the Public Domain; in either +case, we would prefer not to jeopardize his rights, and we thus +are preparing this release as if it were copyrighted in 1995. +</p> + +<p> +The translation in the original message we received was: +"All rights reserved" so we are presuming the copyright. +"Tous droits reserves" in the original French message... +which is also included in this package and in English. +</p> + +<p> +If you want to get permission to use these for more uses than a +private one, we suggest you contact the Minstry of Culture. +</p> + +<p> +Here is the permission statement we received in both French and +English, and we are VERY glad to have received it on such short +notice, and did not want to disturb things further by asking an +additional time for more details. +</p> + +<p> +Monsieur, +</p> + +<p> +Comme suite votre courrier ilectronique du 7 fivrier dernier, je vous informe +que M. Jean Clottes, conseiller scientifique du sous-directeur de l'archiologie +et auteur des quatre photographies et du texte sur la grotte ricemment +dicouverte en Ardhche, a donni son autorisation pour l'utilisation de ses +photographies dans le cadre du projet de CD-ROM Gutenberg. +</p> + +<p> +Merci de ne pas oublier de mentionner son nom sur les documents publiis. +</p> + +<p> +Sir, +</p> + +<p> +As per your email of February 7th, I informed Mr. Jean Clottes, Scientific +Consul to the Deputy-Director of Archeology and author of the four +photographs and the texts concerning the cave paintings discovered +in Ardhche, to get his authorization for the utilization +of his photographs by the staff of Project Gutenberg's CDROM. +</p> + +<p> +Please do not forget to mention his name in the documents you publish. +</p> + +<p class="buttonbar"> +<span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS"><Contents</a></span> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="Document_Cavep.eng" id="Document_Cavep.eng">Project Gutenberg +Document: Cavep.eng</a></h2> + +<table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><p>This is an English translation of the original message we received. +This file should be named cavep.eng +The original French language file should be names cavep.fr +</p> + +<p> +Only the first portion has been translated, more coming. +</p> + +<p> +AN EXCEPTIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY +</p> + +<p> +A Paleolithical Embellished Cave found in France (Ardeche) +</p> + +<p> +An exceptional archeological discovery has been made public on +January 17, 1995, by the Minister of Culture and French-Speaking +language <Francophonie>, Mr. Jacques TOUBON. +</p> + +<p> +Discovered during December 1994 at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc (Ardeche, +France), the cave, composed of several spacious galleries and +dens, is adorned with some 300 paleolithical paintings and +engravings (dating 18,000 - 20,000 years before present time), +which focus on a wide variety of animals including bears, owls, +mammooths, rhinos and felines. +</p> + +<p> +The cave has also retained several vestiges of human activities: +fireplaces <hearths>, entailed flints and other clues which denote an +evolution in tools and habits. Totally left intact and untouched by any +human intrusion throughout the ages, the cave represents and +exceptional source of studies for archeologists. +</p> + +<p> +In the wake of the artistical and archeological interest spawned by +this thrilling discovery of national and international importance, the +Director of Cultural Heritage has signed on January 13th the +proceedings to classify the site. <I don't know if the translation +makes sense: a "classified site" is a site which, due to its cultural +importance, becomes an official patrimony of the nation> This +urgency measure, taking effect immediately, confers the cave for +one year the same statute and privileges which the historical +monuments benefit. +</p> + +<p> +In order to ensure the preservation and the security of the cave, the +Prefect of Ardeche has also signed on January 13 a by-law +prohibiting the access to the cavity. +</p> + +<p> +Paris, January the 18th, 1995</p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p class="buttonbar"> +<span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< +Contents</a></span> <span class="button"><a href="#Document_Cavep.eng">< +Document: Cavep.eng</a></span></p> + +<p></p> +<hr /> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h2><a name="Document_Cavep.fr" id="Document_Cavep.fr">Project Gutenberg +Document: Cavep.fr</a></h2> + +<table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><p>This is the original message we received in French. +This file should be named cavep.fr +The English translation should be named cavep.eng +</p> + +<p> +Decouverte d'une grotte +ornee paleolithique a Vallon-Pont-d'Arc +(Ardeche) +</p> + +<p> +Cliches : Ministere de la culture et de la francophonie - Direction du +Patrimoine +Jean Clottes. Tous droits reserves. +</p> + +<p>Une decouverte archeologique d'une importance exceptionnelle vient +d'intervenir dans les gorges de l'Ardeche, en limite du site naturel +classe, en l'espece d'un vaste reseau souterrain orne d'un tres grand +nombre de peintures et de gravures d'epoque paleolithique (vers +18000-20000 ans avant le present). +</p> + +<p> +La decouverte est intervenue sur le territoire de la commune de +Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, le 25 decembre dernier, dans le cadre d'une +prospection archeologique autorisee au titre des dispositions de la loi +validee du 27 septembre 1941 portant reglementation de la recherche +archeologique de France. Elle est le fait de M. Jean-Marie Chauvet, +agent de surveillance titulaire au sein du Service regional de +l'archeologie (D.R.A.C Rhône-Alpes) assiste de deux benevoles Mme +Eliette Brunel-Deschamps et M. Christian Hillaire. +</p> + +<p> +Au terme d'une desobstruction manuelle conduite dans un boyau tres +etroit marquant le fond d'une cavite mineure s'ouvrant dans les +falaises du Cirque d'Estre, les inventeurs ont debouche par une +cheminee dans un tres vaste reseau totalement vierge, richement +concretionne et recelant de nombreux restes paleontologiques en place +(os d'ours de cavernes- Ursus spelaeus- dans leur bauge d'hibernation). +Les galeries, fortement dimensionnees (section de 5 x 4 metres en +moyenne), joignent plusieurs vastes salles (jusqu'a 70 x 40 metres) et +sont, de place en place, decorees de peintures et de gravures de +figurations animalieres isolees ou organisees en panneaux comprenant +plus de cinquante unites dont les dimensions varient de 0,50 m a 4 +metres de long. Au total, environ 300 peintures a l'ocre rouge ou au +noir ont ete actuellement observees et au moins autant de gravures. On +remarque plusieurs cas de superposition, et, localement, des voiles +concretionnes ou des griffades d'ours, l'ensemble de ces faits +authentifiant (s'il en etait besoin) l'anciennete de ces decors. +</p> + +<p> +a chaque extremite du reseau visite on peut constater la presence +d'acces anciens actuellement colmates par des eboulis et des depots +argileux. +</p> + +<p> +L'ensemble des galeries parcourues cumule un lineaire de plusieurs +centaines de metres au long duquel se developpe un bestiaire tres +original et particulierement varie (chevaux, rhinoceros, lions, bisons, +aurochs, ours, pantheres, mammouths, bouquetins, hiboux, etc...) +accompagne de signes symboliques, de panneaux ponctues et de mains +positives ou negatives. +</p> + +<p> +Au plan artistique, il se degage un ensemble absolument unique dans le +Sud de la France, que son importance et son originalite placent au meme +rang que l'ensemble figure de Lascaux meme s'il n'offre pas de +veritable polychromie ni le meme dimensionnement des representations. +</p> + +<p> +Partout, les traits peints ou graves sont plus ou moins concretionnes. +Les traits peints, vus dans leurs details, presentent l'aspect erode +caracteristique des peintures anciennes, meme celles apparemment les +mieux conservees. En outre, la grotte est vierge, avec des sols intacts +et d'innombrables vestiges non touches. Dans une salle, un ensemble de +gravures (cheval, mammouth, hibou) se trouve sur une retombee de voute +a 5 ou 6 m du sol ; au-dessous, un vaste effondrement ancien explique +ce qui s'est passe : une aspiration a provoque la formation de cet +entonnoir et le sol sur lequel se trouvait l'artiste a alors disparu, +de sorte que les gravures sont maintenant inaccessibles. Donc, +l'authenticite est evidente. +</p> + +<p> +La zone a peintures rouges comprend plusieurs panneaux de points, +auxquels s'ajoutent parfois des signes, y compris des signes complexes +originaux. Les panneaux avec des animaux rouges sont divers : dans une +petite galerie, un cerf, est suivi tout au fond, de trois ours des +cavernes et d'un cheval. Ailleurs, un grand panneau comprend plusieurs +ours, dont un a l'avant-train tachete, un felin lui aussi tachete sur +le haut du corps, un bouquetin et deux mammouths. Sur une paroi se +voient un enorme rhinoceros a la corne disproportionnee, trois autres +rhinoceros, un mammouth, deux felins, quatre mains positives et deux ou +trois negatives, un demi-cercles de points rouges, un grand bovine, +un signe fait de deux demi-cercles accoles. En tout, outre les points +et les signes, plusieurs mains negatives completes et les mains +positives, une trentaine de representations animales rouges et deux +petites tetes de chevaux jaunes ont deja ete denombres. L'ours domine +suivi du mammouth, du cheval, du rhinoceros, du felin ; le cerf, le +bouquetin, l'aurochs, les indetermines, n'etant representes qu'a un +seul exemplaire chacun. +</p> + +<p> +Une centaine de figures noires a ete denombree : les rhinoceros +dominent largement, suivis des felins puis des chevaux, les ours, des +rennes, des bisons, des aurochs. On note la presence de mammouths, de +cerfs megaceros, d'un bouquetin, de deux indetermines. Parmi les +gravures, a noter 5 mammouths, 3 bouquetins, 2 rhinoceros, 2 chevaux, 1 +aurochs, 1 hibou. +</p> + +<p> +La facture de ces representations est excellente. Les proportions des +corps sont naturalistes. Il s'agit surtout de dessins au trait, encore +que certains presentent des a-plats de peinture a l'interieur des tetes +ou des corps et un rendu savant du modele. De nombreux details +anatomiques sont precises, de sorte que les animaux sont le plus +souvent determinables sans ambiguite quant a l'espece et meme quant au +sexe (femelles bisons, par exemple). Les dessins noirs ont "un air de +famille" : la composition des panneaux, la facture des animaux, la +technique employee partout avec une egale maitrise feraient penser a +une meme "main". On peut legitimement se demander s'il ne s'agirait +pas, en tres grande partie, de l'œuvre d'une seule personne, un +grand maitre du trait. Les recherches futures le preciseront. +</p> + +<p> +Par le nombre et la diversite des œuvres, par leur qualite esthetique +et leur conservation, par leur originalite aussi (dominance d'especes +rares ailleurs), par la preservation du contexte, cette grotte est +unique et d'une importance mondiale. C'est l'un des plus grand chefs +d'œuvres de l'art prehistorique. +</p> + +<p> +Au plan paleontologique, la cavite recele egalement les restes d'une +centaine d'ursides, soit en place dans leur loge d'hibernation, soit en +position secondaire, que les os aient ete deplaces par le passage de +l'Homme, ou que certains cranes aient ete redisposes par lui en des +emplacements privilegies de la grotte (par exemple au centre d'une +salle en rotonde, sur un bloc rocheux). +</p> + +<p> +Cette abondance de restes dans un milieu preserve de toute perturbation +moderne confere un second caractere d'importance a la decouverte. +</p> + +<p> +Au plan archeologique, il convient de souligner le caractere unique +d'un milieu clos exempt de toute intrusion et de tout remaniement. +Outre les figurations, l'Homme a laisse dans la cavite de nombreux +temoins de ses activites : foyers, silex tailles, traces de torches +d'eclairage, amenagements de blocs rocheux, agencement de restes +faunistiques et, surtout, de tres nombreuses empreintes de cheminement +melees a celles des ours qui ont ete leurs contemporains dans les +galeries. On remarque egalement des points d'extraction du sediment : +confection de boulettes d'argile, recherche d'oxydes de fer et de +manganese pour la confection des peintures. +</p> + +<p> +a ce jour, il parait que la grotte est le seul reseau orne totalement +intact qui nous soit parvenu depuis le Paleolithique. +</p> + +<p> +Au plan de l'etude du milieu, la tres recente ouverture de la cavite +permettra d'en etudier la climatologie interne. Il convient aussi de +souligner la puissance des depots sedimentaires que la reprise +d'erosion posterieure a l'occupation humaine a permis de mettre +ponctuellement en evidence dans des puits de dissolution diriges vers +le reseau perenne toujours actif a ce jour. La carbonatation des +galeries est egalement intervenue apres le passage de l'Homme, scellant +en de nombreux points des artefacts dans la calcite. +</p> + +<p> +Il existe la une occasion unique d'etude naturaliste visant a retracer +l'evolution des milieux naturels durant le dernier glaciaire et +l'Holocene. +</p> + +<p> +C'est la convergence de l'ensemble de ces caracteres, deja +exceptionnels pour chacun d'entre eux, qui confere une importance +absolue au reseau nouvellement decouvert.</p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p class="buttonbar"> +<span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< +Contents</a></span> <span class="button"><a href="#Document_Cavep.fr">< +Document: Cavep.fr</a></span></p> + +<p></p> +<hr /> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h2><a name="List_of_Pictures_JPEG" id="List_of_Pictures_JPEG">List of +Pictures (JPEG)</a></h2> + +<table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>Cave Painting featuring several + animals including equines and bovines.</h3> + + <p class="buttonbar"><span class="button"><a href="images/chevo11.jpg">IMAGE + ></a></span></p> + + <h4>Picture Information</h4> + <ul> + <li><i>File name:</i> chevo11.jpg</li> + <li><i>Width:</i>9.50000 inches (684 pixels)</li> + <li><i>Height:</i> 6.38889 inches (460 pixels)</li> + <li><i>X dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Y dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Size on media support (bytes):</i> 63,429</li> + <li><i>Format:</i>JPEG Bitmaps (JPG)</li> + <li><i>Subformat:</i> JPEG Compression</li> + <li><i>Type:</i>24 Bit RGB Color</li> + </ul> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>Cave Painting featuring a Mammoth and + other animals</h3> + + <p class="buttonbar"><span class="button"><a href="images/mamot11.jpg">IMAGE + ></a></span></p> + + <h4>Picture Information</h4> + <ul> + <li><i>File name:</i> mamot11.jpg</li> + <li><i>Width:</i> 9.40278 inches (677 pixels)</li> + <li><i>Height:</i>6.47222 inches (466 pixels)</li> + <li><i>X dpi:</i>72</li> + <li><i>Y dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Size on media support (bytes):</i> 70,961</li> + <li><i>Format:</i>JPEG Bitmaps (JPG)</li> + <li><i>Subformat:</i>JPEG Compression</li> + <li><i>Type:</i> 24 Bit RGB Color</li> + </ul> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>Cave Painting featuring several + animals including rhinoceros.</h3> + + <p class="buttonbar"><span class="button"><a href="images/gvpda11.jpg">IMAGE + ></a></span></p> + + <h4>Picture Information</h4> + <ul> + <li><i>File name:</i>gvpda11.jpg</li> + <li><i>Width:</i>9.44444 inches (680 pixels)</li> + <li><i>Height:</i>6.45833 inches (465 pixels)</li> + <li><i>X dpi:</i>72</li> + <li><i>Y dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Size on media support (bytes):</i> 86,155</li> + <li><i>Format:</i>JPEG Bitmaps (JPG)</li> + <li><i>Subformat:</i> JPEG Compression</li> + <li><i>Type:</i> 24 Bit RGB Color</li> + </ul> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>Cave Painting featuring a hy(a)ena and + another unidentified maculated animal.</h3> + + <p class="buttonbar"><span class="button"><a href="images/hyene11.jpg">IMAGE + ></a></span></p> + + <h4>Picture Information</h4> + <ul> + <li><i>File name:</i> hyene11.jpg</li> + <li><i>Width:</i>9.43055 inches (679 pixels)</li> + <li><i>Height:</i> 6.47222 inches (466 pixels)</li> + <li><i>X dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Y dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Size on media support (bytes):</i> 72,802</li> + <li><i>Format:</i>JPEG Bitmaps (JPG)</li> + <li><i>Subformat:</i>JPEG Compression</li> + <li><i>Type:</i>24 Bit RGB Color</li> + </ul> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p class="buttonbar"> +<span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS"><Contents</a></span> +<span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_JPEG"><List of Pictures (JPEG)</a></span> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="JPEG_PICTURES" id="JPEG_PICTURES">Pictures (JPEG)</a></h2> + +<table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th><a name="chevo11.jpg">Cave Painting + featuring several animals including equines and bovines. + (JPEG)</a></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> + <img alt="Image Description: Cave Painting featuring several animals including equines and bovines." + src="images/chevo11.jpg" width="684" height="460" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><p class="buttonbar"> + <span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< Contents</a></span> + <span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_JPEG"><List of Pictures (JPEG)</a></span> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th><a name="mamot11.jpg" id="mamot11.jpg">Cave Painting + featuring a Mammoth and other animals. (JPEG)</a></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><img + alt="Image Description: Cave Painting featuring a Mammoth and other animals." + src="images/mamot11.jpg" width="677" height="466" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><p class="buttonbar"> + <span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< Contents</a></span> + <span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_JPEG">< + List of Pictures (JPEG)</a></span></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p><br /></p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th><a name="gvpda11.jpg" id="gvpda11.jpg">Cave Painting + featuring several animals including rhinoceros. + (JPEG)</a></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><img + alt="Image Description: Cave Painting featuring several animals including rhinoceros." + src="images/gvpda11.jpg" width="680" height="465" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><p class="buttonbar"> + <span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< Contents</a></span> + <span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_JPEG">< + List of Pictures (JPEG)</a></span></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p><br /></p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th><a name="hyene11.jpg" id="hyene11.jpg">Cave Painting featuring a hy(a)ena and another unidentified + maculated animal. (JPEG)</a></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><img + alt="Image Description: Cave Painting featuring a hy(a)ena and another unidentified maculated animal." + src="images/hyene11.jpg" width="679" height="466" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><p class="buttonbar"> + <span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< Contents</a></span> + <span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_JPEG">< + List of Pictures JPEG)</a></span></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p><br /></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p></p> +<hr /> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h2><a name="List_of_Pictures_GIF" id="List_of_Pictures_GIF">List of Pictures +(GIF)</a></h2> + +<table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>Cave Painting featuring several + animals including equines and bovines.</h3> + + <p class="buttonbar"><span class="button"><a href="images/chevo11.gif">IMAGE + ></a></span></p> + + <h4>Picture Information</h4> + <ul> + <li><i>File name:</i> chevo11.gif</li> + <li><i>Width:</i>9.50000 inches (684 pixels)</li> + <li><i>Height:</i> 6.38889 inches (460 pixels)</li> + <li><i>X dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Y dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Size on media support (bytes):</i> 263,751</li> + <li><i>Format:</i>CompuServe Bitmap (GIF)</li> + <li><i>Subformat:</i> ZW Compression</li> + <li><i>Type:</i>8 Bit paletted</li> + </ul> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>Cave Painting featuring a Mammoth and + other animals</h3> + + <p class="buttonbar"><span class="button"><a href="images/mamot11.gif">IMAGE + ></a></span></p> + + <h4>Picture Information</h4> + <ul> + <li><i>File name:</i> mamot11.gif</li> + <li><i>Width:</i> 9.40278 inches (677 pixels)</li> + <li><i>Height:</i>6.47222 inches (466 pixels)</li> + <li><i>X dpi:</i>72</li> + <li><i>Y dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Size on media support (bytes):</i> 268,285</li> + <li><i>Format:</i>CompuServe Bitmap (GIF)</li> + <li><i>Subformat:</i>ZW Compression</li> + <li><i>Type:</i> 8 Bit paletted</li> + </ul> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>Cave Painting featuring several + animals including rhinoceros.</h3> + + <p class="buttonbar"><span class="button"><a href="images/gvpda.gif">IMAGE + ></a></span></p> + + <h4>Picture Information</h4> + <ul> + <li><i>File name:</i>gvpda.gif</li> + <li><i>Width:</i>9.44444 inches (680 pixels)</li> + <li><i>Height:</i>6.45833 inches (465 pixels)</li> + <li><i>X dpi:</i>72</li> + <li><i>Y dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Size on media support (bytes):</i> 312,161</li> + <li><i>Format:</i>CompuServe Bitmap (GIF)</li> + <li><i>Subformat:</i> ZW Compression</li> + <li><i>Type:</i> 8 Bit paletted</li> + </ul> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>Cave Painting featuring a hy(a)ena and + another unidentified maculated animal.</h3> + + <p class="buttonbar"><span class="button"><a href="images/hyene11.gif">IMAGE + ></a></span></p> + + <h4>Picture Information</h4> + <ul> + <li><i>File name:</i> hyene11.gif</li> + <li><i>Width:</i>9.43055 inches (679 pixels)</li> + <li><i>Height:</i> 6.47222 inches (466 pixels)</li> + <li><i>X dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Y dpi:</i> 72</li> + <li><i>Size on media support (bytes):</i> 285,906</li> + <li><i>Format:</i>CompuServe Bitmap (GIF)</li> + <li><i>Subformat:</i>ZW Compression</li> + <li><i>Type:</i>8 Bit paletted</li> + </ul> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p class="buttonbar"> +<span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS"><Contents</a></span> +<span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_GIF"><List of Pictures (GIF)</a></span> +</p> + +<p></p> +<hr /> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h2><a name="GIF_PICTURES" id="GIF_PICTURES">Pictures (GIF)</a></h2> + +<table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th><a name="chevo11.gif" id="chevo11.gif">Cave Painting + featuring several animals including equines and bovines. + (GIF)</a></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><img + alt="Image Description: Cave Painting featuring several animals including equines and bovines." + src="images/chevo11.gif" width="684" height="460" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><p class="buttonbar"> + <span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< Contents</a></span> + <span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_GIF">< List + of Pictures (GIF)</a></span></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p><br /></p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th><a name="mamot11.gif" id="mamot11.gif">Cave Painting + featuring a Mammoth and other animals. (GIF)</a></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><img + alt="Image Description: Cave Painting featuring a Mammoth and other animals." + src="images/mamot11.gif" width="677" height="466" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><p class="buttonbar"> + <span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< Contents</a></span> + <span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_GIF">< List + of Pictures (GIF)</a></span></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p><br /></p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th><a name="gvpda.gif" id="gvpda.gif">Cave Painting + featuring several animals including rhinoceros. (GIF)</a></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><img + alt="Image Description: Cave Painting featuring several animals including rhinoceros." + src="images/gvpda.gif" width="680" height="465" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><p class="buttonbar"> + <span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< Contents</a></span> + <span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_GIF">< List + of Pictures (GIF)</a></span></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p><br /></p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <table class="tbl_bg" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th><a name="hyene11.gif" id="hyene11.gif">Cave Painting featuring a hy(a)ena and another unidentified + maculated animal. (GIF)</a></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><img + alt="Image Description: Cave Painting featuring a hy(a)ena and another unidentified maculated animal." + src="images/hyene11.gif" width="679" height="466" /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><p class="buttonbar"> + <span class="button"><a href="#CONTENTS">< Contents</a></span> + <span class="button"><a href="#List_of_Pictures_GIF">< List + of Pictures (GIF)</a></span></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p><br /></p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH CAVE PAINTINGS ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0b7cc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook [#$ebook_number](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/$ebook_number) diff --git a/old/249.txt b/old/249.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e63aed --- /dev/null +++ b/old/249.txt @@ -0,0 +1,676 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of French Cave Paintings, by Jean Clottes + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** +** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ** + +Title: French Cave Paintings + +Author: Jean Clottes + +Posting Date: April 18, 2015 [EBook #249] +Release Date: April, 1995 +First Posted: March 10, 1995 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH CAVE PAINTINGS *** + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Photographs of 20,000 Year Old Cave Paintings + +by Monsieur Jean Clottes + +Presumed to be under copyright. + + + + +We are not sure Mr. Clottes wants to keep a copyright on these, +or whether he wants to put them in the Public Domain; in either +case, we would prefer not to jeopardize his rights, and we thus +are preparing this release as if it were copyrighted in 1995. + +The translation in the original message we received was: +"All rights reserved" so we are presuming the copyright. +"Tous droits reserves" in the original French message... +which is also included in this package and in English. + +If you want to get permission to use these for more uses than a +private one, we suggest you contact the Minstry of Culture. + +Here is the permission statement we received in both French and +English, and we are VERY glad to have received it on such short +notice, and did not want to disturb things further by asking an +additional time for more details. + + +Monsieur, + +Comme suite votre courrier ilectronique du 7 fivrier dernier, je vous informe +que M. Jean Clottes, conseiller scientifique du sous-directeur de l'archiologie +et auteur des quatre photographies et du texte sur la grotte ricemment +dicouverte en Ardhche, a donni son autorisation pour l'utilisation de ses +photographies dans le cadre du projet de CD-ROM Gutenberg. + +Merci de ne pas oublier de mentionner son nom sur les documents publiis. + + +Sir, + +As per your email of February 7th, I informed Mr. Jean Clottes, Scientific +Consul to the Deputy-Director of Archeology and author of the four +photographs and the texts concerning the cave paintings discovered +in Ardhche, to get his authorization for the utilization +of his photographs by the staff of Project Gutenberg's CDROM. + +Please do not forget to mention his name in the documents you publish. + + + + +Following are the English- and French-language descriptions. + + + + +AN EXCEPTIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY + +A Paleolithical Embellished Cave found in France (Ardeche) + +An exceptional archeological discovery has been made public on +January 17, 1995, by the Minister of Culture and French-Speaking +language (Francophonie), Mr. Jacques TOUBON. + +Discovered during December 1994 at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc (Ardeche, +France), the cave, composed of several spacious galleries and +dens, is adorned with some 300 paleolithical paintings and +engravings (dating 18,000 - 20,000 years before present time), +which focus on a wide variety of animals including bears, owls, +mammooths, rhinos and felines. + +The cave has also retained several vestiges of human activities: +fireplaces (hearths), entailed flints and other clues which denote an +evolution in tools and habits. Totally left intact and untouched by any +human intrusion throughout the ages, the cave represents and +exceptional source of studies for archeologists. + +In the wake of the artistical and archeological interest spawned by +this thrilling discovery of national and international importance, the +Director of Cultural Heritage has signed on January 13th the +proceedings to classify the site. (I don't know if the translation +makes sense: a "classified site" is a site which, due to its cultural +importance, becomes an official patrimony of the nation.) This +urgency measure, taking effect immediately, confers the cave for +one year the same statute and privileges which the historical +monuments benefit. + +In order to ensure the preservation and the security of the cave, the +Prefect of Ardeche has also signed on January 13 a by-law +prohibiting the access to the cavity. + +Paris, January the 18th, 1995 + + + + + + +This is the original message we received in French. + + + + +Decouverte d'une grotte +ornee paleolithique a Vallon-Pont-d'Arc +(Ardeche) + +Cliches : Ministere de la culture et de la francophonie - Direction du +Patrimoine +Jean Clottes. Tous droits reserves. + + +Une decouverte archeologique d'une importance exceptionnelle vient +d'intervenir dans les gorges de l'Ardeche, en limite du site naturel +classe, en l'espece d'un vaste reseau souterrain orne d'un tres grand +nombre de peintures et de gravures d'epoque paleolithique (vers +18000-20000 ans avant le present). + +La decouverte est intervenue sur le territoire de la commune de +Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, le 25 decembre dernier, dans le cadre d'une +prospection archeologique autorisee au titre des dispositions de la loi +validee du 27 septembre 1941 portant reglementation de la recherche +archeologique de France. Elle est le fait de M. Jean-Marie Chauvet, +agent de surveillance titulaire au sein du Service regional de +l'archeologie (D.R.A.C Rhne-Alpes) assiste de deux benevoles Mme +Eliette Brunel-Deschamps et M. Christian Hillaire. + + +Au terme d'une desobstruction manuelle conduite dans un boyau tres +etroit marquant le fond d'une cavite mineure s'ouvrant dans les +falaises du Cirque d'Estre, les inventeurs ont debouche par une +cheminee dans un tres vaste reseau totalement vierge, richement +concretionne et recelant de nombreux restes paleontologiques en place +(os d'ours de cavernes- Ursus spelaeus- dans leur bauge d'hibernation). +Les galeries, fortement dimensionnees (section de 5 x 4 metres en +moyenne), joignent plusieurs vastes salles (jusqu'a 70 x 40 metres) et +sont, de place en place, decorees de peintures et de gravures de +figurations animalieres isolees ou organisees en panneaux comprenant +plus de cinquante unites dont les dimensions varient de 0,50 m a 4 +metres de long. Au total, environ 300 peintures a l'ocre rouge ou au +noir ont ete actuellement observees et au moins autant de gravures. On +remarque plusieurs cas de superposition, et, localement, des voiles +concretionnes ou des griffades d'ours, l'ensemble de ces faits +authentifiant (s'il en etait besoin) l'anciennete de ces decors. + +a chaque extremite du reseau visite on peut constater la presence +d'acces anciens actuellement colmates par des eboulis et des depots +argileux. + +L'ensemble des galeries parcourues cumule un lineaire de plusieurs +centaines de metres au long duquel se developpe un bestiaire tres +original et particulierement varie (chevaux, rhinoceros, lions, bisons, +aurochs, ours, pantheres, mammouths, bouquetins, hiboux, etc...) +accompagne de signes symboliques, de panneaux ponctues et de mains +positives ou negatives. + +Au plan artistique, il se degage un ensemble absolument unique dans le +Sud de la France, que son importance et son originalite placent au meme +rang que l'ensemble figure de Lascaux meme s'il n'offre pas de +veritable polychromie ni le meme dimensionnement des representations. + +Partout, les traits peints ou graves sont plus ou moins concretionnes. +Les traits peints, vus dans leurs details, presentent l'aspect erode +caracteristique des peintures anciennes, meme celles apparemment les +mieux conservees. En outre, la grotte est vierge, avec des sols intacts +et d'innombrables vestiges non touches. Dans une salle, un ensemble de +gravures (cheval, mammouth, hibou) se trouve sur une retombee de voute +a 5 ou 6 m du sol ; au-dessous, un vaste effondrement ancien explique +ce qui s'est passe : une aspiration a provoque la formation de cet +entonnoir et le sol sur lequel se trouvait l'artiste a alors disparu, +de sorte que les gravures sont maintenant inaccessibles. Donc, +l'authenticite est evidente. + + +La zone a peintures rouges comprend plusieurs panneaux de points, +auxquels s'ajoutent parfois des signes, y compris des signes complexes +originaux. Les panneaux avec des animaux rouges sont divers : dans une +petite galerie, un cerf, est suivi tout au fond, de trois ours des +cavernes et d'un cheval. Ailleurs, un grand panneau comprend plusieurs +ours, dont un a l'avant-train tachete, un felin lui aussi tachete sur +le haut du corps, un bouquetin et deux mammouths. Sur une paroi se +voient un enorme rhinoceros a la corne disproportionnee, trois autres +rhinoceros, un mammouth, deux felins, quatre mains positives et deux ou +trois negatives, un demi-cercles de points rouges, un grand bovine, +un signe fait de deux demi-cercles accoles. En tout, outre les points +et les signes, plusieurs mains negatives completes et les mains +positives, une trentaine de representations animales rouges et deux +petites tetes de chevaux jaunes ont deja ete denombres. L'ours domine +suivi du mammouth, du cheval, du rhinoceros, du felin ; le cerf, le +bouquetin, l'aurochs, les indetermines, n'etant representes qu'a un +seul exemplaire chacun. + + + +Une centaine de figures noires a ete denombree : les rhinoceros +dominent largement, suivis des felins puis des chevaux, les ours, des +rennes, des bisons, des aurochs. On note la presence de mammouths, de +cerfs megaceros, d'un bouquetin, de deux indetermines. Parmi les +gravures, a noter 5 mammouths, 3 bouquetins, 2 rhinoceros, 2 chevaux, 1 +aurochs, 1 hibou. + +La facture de ces representations est excellente. Les proportions des +corps sont naturalistes. Il s'agit surtout de dessins au trait, encore +que certains presentent des a-plats de peinture a l'interieur des tetes +ou des corps et un rendu savant du modele. De nombreux details +anatomiques sont precises, de sorte que les animaux sont le plus +souvent determinables sans ambiguite quant a l'espece et meme quant au +sexe (femelles bisons, par exemple). Les dessins noirs ont "un air de +famille" : la composition des panneaux, la facture des animaux, la +technique employee partout avec une egale maitrise feraient penser a +une meme "main". On peut legitimement se demander s'il ne s'agirait +pas, en tres grande partie, de l'oeuvre d'une seule personne, un +grand maitre du trait. Les recherches futures le preciseront. + +Par le nombre et la diversite des oeuvres, par leur qualite esthetique +et leur conservation, par leur originalite aussi (dominance d'especes +rares ailleurs), par la preservation du contexte, cette grotte est +unique et d'une importance mondiale. C'est l'un des plus grand chefs +d'oeuvres de l'art prehistorique. + +Au plan paleontologique, la cavite recele egalement les restes d'une +centaine d'ursides, soit en place dans leur loge d'hibernation, soit en +position secondaire, que les os aient ete deplaces par le passage de +l'Homme, ou que certains cranes aient ete redisposes par lui en des +emplacements privilegies de la grotte (par exemple au centre d'une +salle en rotonde, sur un bloc rocheux). + +Cette abondance de restes dans un milieu preserve de toute perturbation +moderne confere un second caractere d'importance a la decouverte. + +Au plan archeologique, il convient de souligner le caractere unique +d'un milieu clos exempt de toute intrusion et de tout remaniement. +Outre les figurations, l'Homme a laisse dans la cavite de nombreux +temoins de ses activites : foyers, silex tailles, traces de torches +d'eclairage, amenagements de blocs rocheux, agencement de restes +faunistiques et, surtout, de tres nombreuses empreintes de cheminement +melees a celles des ours qui ont ete leurs contemporains dans les +galeries. On remarque egalement des points d'extraction du sediment : +confection de boulettes d'argile, recherche d'oxydes de fer et de +manganese pour la confection des peintures. + +a ce jour, il parait que la grotte est le seul reseau orne totalement +intact qui nous soit parvenu depuis le Paleolithique. + +Au plan de l'etude du milieu, la tres recente ouverture de la cavite +permettra d'en etudier la climatologie interne. Il convient aussi de +souligner la puissance des depots sedimentaires que la reprise +d'erosion posterieure a l'occupation humaine a permis de mettre +ponctuellement en evidence dans des puits de dissolution diriges vers +le reseau perenne toujours actif a ce jour. La carbonatation des +galeries est egalement intervenue apres le passage de l'Homme, scellant +en de nombreux points des artefacts dans la calcite. + +Il existe la une occasion unique d'etude naturaliste visant a retracer +l'evolution des milieux naturels durant le dernier glaciaire et +l'Holocene. + +C'est la convergence de l'ensemble de ces caracteres, deja +exceptionnels pour chacun d'entre eux, qui confere une importance +absolue au reseau nouvellement decouvert. + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of French Cave Paintings, by Jean Clottes + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH CAVE PAINTINGS *** + +***** This file should be named 249.txt or 249.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/249/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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Totally left intact and untouched by any +human intrusion throughout the ages, the cave represents and +exceptional source of studies for archeologists. + +In the wake of the artistical and archeological interest spawned by +this thrilling discovery of national and international importance, the +Director of Cultural Heritage has signed on January 13th the +proceedings to classify the site. <I don't know if the translation +makes sense: a "classified site" is a site which, due to its cultural +importance, becomes an official patrimony of the nation> This +urgency measure, taking effect immediately, confers the cave for +one year the same statute and privileges which the historical +monuments benefit. + +In order to ensure the preservation and the security of the cave, the +Prefect of Ardeche has also signed on January 13 a by-law +prohibiting the access to the cavity. + +Paris, January the 18th, 1995 + diff --git a/old/cavep10.zip b/old/cavep10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b94314 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/cavep10.zip diff --git a/old/cavep11.zip b/old/cavep11.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c98a89 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/cavep11.zip diff --git a/old/cavep11h.zip b/old/cavep11h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d262354 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/cavep11h.zip |
